@article {pmid39059429,
year = {2024},
author = {Andrews, C and Williams, R and Arjoonsingh, A and Vilaplana Grosso, FR},
title = {Cystine and urate cystoliths in dogs are frequently visible on radiographs prior to surgical or nonsurgical removal.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {262},
number = {10},
pages = {1338-1342},
doi = {10.2460/javma.24.05.0302},
pmid = {39059429},
issn = {1943-569X},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Dog Diseases/surgery/diagnostic imaging ; *Cystine/analysis ; *Uric Acid ; Female ; *Radiography/veterinary ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary/diagnostic imaging ; Retrospective Studies ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency at which cystine and urate cystoliths (stones) are visible on radiographs prior to surgical or nonsurgical retrieval.

METHODS: Records of client-owned dogs (n = 331) were analyzed between January 2019 and December 2023 for cystoliths submitted for stone analysis after surgical removal or nonsurgical retrieval. Records were analyzed for cystolith type; when cystine or urate stones were identified, records were analyzed for signalment, procedure, presence of mineral opaque cystoliths on pre-procedural radiographs, urine pH and crystalluria, history of previous cystoliths, prior prescription diet attempt, recurrence, and genetic, congenital and acquired comorbidities. Descriptive statistics were generated after data collection.

RESULTS: 31 of 331 (9%) were cystine stones, 49 of 331 (15%) were urate, and 1 of 331 (0.3%) was a mix of urate and cystine. When radiographs were taken prior to stone removal, 24 of 28 (85%) of urate, 24 of 26 (92%) of cystine, and 1 of 1 (100%) of urate/cystine were visible on radiographs.

CONCLUSIONS: Cystine and urate stones are visible on survey radiography at a high frequency in dogs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: While cystine and urate stones have been historically designated as radiolucent, they are frequently radiopaque on radiographs. Radiopacity is commonly used as one of the criterion to determine whether a dissolution or prevention diet is an appropriate management technique, particularly when determination of the stone type has yet to be performed. As a result, these findings may prompt clinicians to investigate other patient-specific factors before a specific dietary recommendation is made.},
}

Animals
Dogs
*Dog Diseases/surgery/diagnostic imaging
*Cystine/analysis
*Uric Acid
Female
*Radiography/veterinary
Male
Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary/diagnostic imaging
Retrospective Studies

@article {pmid9843186,
year = {1998},
author = {Brodmann, M and Ramschak, H and Schreiber, F and Stark, G and Pabst, E and Pilger, E},
title = {Venous thrombosis after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in a patient with heterozygous APC-resistance.},
journal = {Thrombosis and haemostasis},
volume = {80},
number = {5},
pages = {861},
pmid = {9843186},
issn = {0340-6245},
mesh = {Activated Protein C Resistance/*complications/genetics ; Animals ; Dogs ; Factor V/*genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/complications/therapy ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk ; Thrombophlebitis/*etiology ; Veins/injuries ; },
}

Activated Protein C Resistance/*complications/genetics
Animals
Dogs
Factor V/*genetics
Heterozygote
Humans
Kidney Calculi/complications/therapy
Lithotripsy/*adverse effects
Male
Middle Aged
Risk
Thrombophlebitis/*etiology
Veins/injuries

@article {pmid7493896,
year = {1995},
author = {Casal, ML and Giger, U and Bovee, KC and Patterson, DF},
title = {Inheritance of cystinuria and renal defect in Newfoundlands.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {207},
number = {12},
pages = {1585-1589},
pmid = {7493896},
issn = {0003-1488},
support = {RR 02512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Cystinuria/complications/genetics/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Pedigree ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical features, characterize metabolic renal abnormalities, and evaluate mode of inheritance of cystinuria in Newfoundlands.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

ANIMALS: Two families of Newfoundlands including 11 dogs with dysuria, stranguria, or obstruction attributable to cystine calculi.

PROCEDURE: Urinalysis and nitroprusside spot tests were performed to evaluate cystinuria in the affected dogs. All calculi were analyzed by crystallography. Amino acid concentrations in urine and plasma of affected dogs were compared with those in clinically normal related dogs. Renal fractional excretion and reabsorption of amino acids were determined in 5 affected Newfoundlands.

RESULTS: Nine dogs had pure cystine calculi in the bladder, and 4 of these had renal cystine calculi. Affected dogs persistently excreted excessive amounts of cystine (> 500 nmol/mg of creatinine; reference = 54 +/- 38 nmol/mg of creatinine) and had typical cystine crystals in acidic urine. Urinary excretion of ornithine, lysine, and arginine was also high. Dogs with cystinuria had complete lack of reabsorption and active secretion of cystine, and reabsorption of lysine, ornithine, and arginine was moderately impaired. Although clinical signs of urinary obstruction were observed only in males, cystinuric male and female offspring were produced from noncystinuric parents, consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Obligate heterozygotes did not have clinical signs, and had normal urinary cystine content and renal amino acid reabsorption.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because detection of carriers by routine urinalysis is currently not possible, Newfoundlands with cystinuria and their parents and offspring should be excluded from breeding.},
}

Animals
Breeding
Cystinuria/complications/genetics/*veterinary
Dog Diseases/*genetics/surgery
Dogs
Female
Male
Pedigree
Prospective Studies
Recurrence
Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/veterinary

@article {pmid4982510,
year = {1969},
author = {Delbarre, F and Holtzer, A and Auscher, C},
title = {[Xanthine urinary lithiasis and xanthinuria in a dachshund. Deficiency, probably genetic, of the xanthine oxidase system].},
journal = {Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences. Serie D: Sciences naturelles},
volume = {269},
number = {15},
pages = {1449-1452},
pmid = {4982510},
mesh = {Allantoin/analysis ; Animals ; Dogs ; Infrared Rays ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics/*urine ; Purines/urine ; Spectrum Analysis ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Xanthine Oxidase/*metabolism ; Xanthines/*urine ; },
}

Allantoin/analysis
Animals
Dogs
Infrared Rays
Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics/*urine
Purines/urine
Spectrum Analysis
Ultraviolet Rays
Uric Acid/urine
Urinary Calculi/*veterinary
X-Ray Diffraction
Xanthine Oxidase/*metabolism
Xanthines/*urine

@article {pmid39362266,
year = {2024},
author = {Johnson, KA and Cline, M and Bastian, RP and Eck, A and Davis, S and Davis, GJ},
title = {Cystine urolithiasis-free duration after first occurrence and treatment is longer for castrated dogs than for sexually intact male dogs.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.2460/javma.24.05.0299},
pmid = {39362266},
issn = {1943-569X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcome in 60 dogs with cystine urolithiasis treated with surgical removal with and without castration and postoperative therapeutic diet to determine frequency of recurrence and urolith-free duration.

METHODS: Patient records were reviewed for dogs with documented cystine urolithiasis from September 2010 to December 2020. Medical records, client interviews, and referring veterinarians were contacted to document the absence of clinical signs associated with subsequent urolith formation and to evaluate risk factors for urolith reoccurrence.

RESULTS: 80 patients were identified with cystine uroliths, with 60 qualifying for inclusion in the study. Seven dogs were neutered prior to surgery, and 25 dogs were neutered at the time of the first surgery. Recurrence occurred in 20 dogs; 17 of those patients were intact (85%) at the time of recurrent urinary signs. Of the 20 dogs with recurrence, 50% (10 of 20) were being treated with dietary modifications.

CONCLUSIONS: The risk of recurrence among neutered pets was 23% versus 47% for intact pets, but this difference was not statistically significant; however, neutered pets had a longer urolithiasis-free duration. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of recurrence and urolith-free duration between pets with and without therapeutic diet management, (30% vs 32.5%) respectively. Multivariant analysis showed no significant interaction between surgical intervention with therapeutic diet, with nonsignificant hazard ratios (HRs) for neuter status (HR = 0.503), diet (HR = 1.056), and their interaction (HR = 4.32 to 9).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sexually intact (vs castrated) male dogs should be monitored more closely for recurrence of surgical cystine urolithiasis.},
}

@article {pmid39271505,
year = {2024},
author = {Wesson, JA and Zenka, R and Sherman, K and Eisenhauer, J and Lulich, J and Davis, C},
title = {Comparison of cat stone matrix and cat urine proteomes to human calcium oxalate stone matrix and urine proteomes.},
journal = {Urolithiasis},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {130},
pmid = {39271505},
issn = {2194-7236},
support = {CX-001492//U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs/ ; DK 082550/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Cats ; *Calcium Oxalate/urine/analysis ; *Proteome/analysis ; Humans ; Animals ; *Kidney Calculi/urine/chemistry ; Proteomics/methods ; Struvite ; },
abstract = {Cat calcium oxalate monohydrate kidney stone matrix proteome showed great similarity to human calcium oxalate monohydrate stone matrix proteome, but inference of mechanistic similarity was limited by the absence of cat urine proteomic data. In this study, urine proteome distributions were measured by the same methods in 7 healthy cats for comparison to both the published human urine and cat calcium oxalate stone matrix proteomes to assess for similar enrichment patterns in both species. Furthermore, proteomic distributions were determined in cat struvite stone matrix to test for similarity to calcium oxalate monohydrate stone matrix and urine proteomes. Cat urine proteins demonstrated a similar distribution of abundance as a function of isoelectric points or net charge to human urine samples, and consequently the similarly altered patterns of protein distributions seen in calcium oxalate monohydrate stone matrix seen from both cat and human stones likely derives from the same preferential adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, the fact that protein abundance patterns seen in cat struvite stone matrix samples differ from both urine and calcium oxalate monohydrate stone matrix proteomes in systematic ways suggests that a combination of protein-protein and protein crystal interactions underly the formation of the crystal aggregates that comprise stones.},
}

Cats
*Calcium Oxalate/urine/analysis
*Proteome/analysis
Humans
Animals
*Kidney Calculi/urine/chemistry
Proteomics/methods
Struvite

@article {pmid39185780,
year = {2024},
author = {Lim, S and Hennig, GS and Niedzwecki, A and Yankin, I},
title = {Uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/vec.13415},
pmid = {39185780},
issn = {1476-4431},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia.

CASE SUMMARY: A 2-year-old intact female Boston Terrier was referred for prolonged labor of 72 hours. At presentation, the dog had delivered 8 puppies at home, with the last pup being stillborn. The dog was in hypovolemic shock and had free abdominal effusion. Abdominal radiographs showed no evidence of remaining fetuses. Abdominal fluid analysis revealed a fluid potassium that was 1.8 times higher than the peripheral blood potassium. Retrograde positive contrast cystography identified leakage of contrast into the abdomen, consistent with uroabdomen secondary to bladder rupture. Bloodwork abnormalities included a mild monocytic leukocytosis with a left shift, moderate azotemia, mild hyperbilirubinemia, mild increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, moderate hyponatremia, and moderate hypochloremia. The dog was resuscitated with IV fluids and received IV antimicrobials out of concerns for septic peritonitis and sepsis. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a moderate volume abdominal effusion, uterine enlargement with no identifiable fetuses, and a small rupture of the urinary bladder wall apex. The bladder wall defect was repaired, and the dog underwent an ovariohysterectomy. Perioperative systemic hypotension was treated with a norepinephrine constant rate infusion and resolved within 24 hours. The dog was discharged 5 days later. The combined peritoneal fluid and uterine fluid culture and sensitivity testing revealed Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, both susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin. Bladder wall histopathology revealed severe mural congestion, edema, and hemorrhage, without evidence of neoplasia, cystitis, or urolithiasis.

UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: This is the first case report of a dog with uroabdomen secondary to a bladder wall rupture associated with dystocia. Early recognition of this rare phenomenon and vigilance in treatment is essential for a good prognosis and outcome.},
}

@article {pmid39173651,
year = {2024},
author = {Emming, C and Hadjiafxentis, M and Liesegang, A and Gampe, L},
title = {[First detection of the SLC2A9:p.C188F gene defect in a German Hunting Terrier with ammonium urate urolithiasis].},
journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere},
volume = {52},
number = {4},
pages = {232-237},
doi = {10.1055/a-2364-2603},
pmid = {39173651},
issn = {2567-5842},
mesh = {Dogs ; Male ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases/genetics/diagnosis ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary/genetics/diagnosis ; *Uric Acid/urine ; *Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics ; },
abstract = {A 1,5-year-old intact male German Hunting Terrier was initially presented 2018 with hematuria. An abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple hyperechogenic structures in the urinary bladder. A urinalysis indicated severe crystalluria (ammonium urate or xanthine). Following cystotomy and urinary calculus analysis, ammonium urate urolithiasis was diagnosed in 2019. The patient was tested homozygous at the SLC2A9:p.C188F variant, which results in severe hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria. This case report presents the first incidence of the SLC2A9:p.C188F gene variant being detected in a German Hunting Terrier. Veterinary practitioners are encouraged to consider the possibility of this gene defect presenting in breeds beyond the Dalmatian.},
}

Dogs
Male
Animals
*Dog Diseases/genetics/diagnosis
*Urolithiasis/veterinary/genetics/diagnosis
*Uric Acid/urine
*Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics

@article {pmid39163476,
year = {2024},
author = {Krause, LR and Li, E and Lilly, ML and Byron, J and Cooper, E and Quimby, J},
title = {Survey of veterinarians in the USA to evaluate trends in the treatment approach for non-obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis.},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {26},
number = {8},
pages = {1098612X241260716},
pmid = {39163476},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases/therapy ; *Cystitis/veterinary/drug therapy/therapy ; *Veterinarians ; United States ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to gather information on treatment approaches and trends for the treatment of non-obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC).

METHODS: An internet-based survey of veterinarians was conducted focusing on outpatient treatment approaches for cats that are stable, not obstructed and that exhibit lower urinary signs suspected to be due to FIC, where other causes (eg, urolithiasis, urinary tract infection, other) have been ruled out.

RESULTS: A total of 606 veterinarians submitted complete surveys for inclusion. Respondents reported that when obtaining patient histories, in ⩾75% of client interactions they gathered information about feline stressors (542/606, 89%), resource set-up (eg, number of litter boxes; 466/606, 77%) and diet (552/606, 91%). Only 31% (187/606) of respondents reported that they gathered information about daily human/cat interaction in ⩾75% of client interactions, with 69% (419/606) of veterinarians inquiring about this information 50% of the time or less. Top treatments selected for acute presentations of FIC were analgesics (537/606, 89%), modified litter box management (435/606, 72%) and synthetic feline pheromones (422/606, 70%). Top treatments selected for chronic FIC management were prescription diets (519/606, 86%), modified litter box management (508/606, 84%) and environmental enhancements (493/606, 81%). Challenges with owner compliance and expectations were selected as barriers to achieving a positive treatment outcome by 81% (486/599) and 62% (372/599) of respondents, respectively. Rehoming or euthanasia were recommended by 37% (224/606) and 10% (59/606) of veterinarians, respectively, due to difficulties managing FIC.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The treatment approach for non-obstructive FIC appears to be multimodal and recommendations vary between acute and chronic presentations. An area of opportunity is client communication and education, which may improve owner compliance and help set appropriate expectations. The importance of human/cat interaction as a management strategy appears under-emphasized.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Cat Diseases/therapy
*Cystitis/veterinary/drug therapy/therapy
*Veterinarians
United States
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid39067742,
year = {2024},
author = {Campbell, JA and Franz, JA and Romanczyk, LJ and Wunschel, DJ and Metz, TO and Petersen, CE},
title = {An outbreak of renal failure in asian dogs due to s-triazine adulteration of pet food raw material: Analysis of unique, green kidney stones formed as a result.},
journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
volume = {191},
number = {},
pages = {114878},
doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2024.114878},
pmid = {39067742},
issn = {1873-6351},
mesh = {Animals ; *Triazines/analysis/toxicity ; Dogs ; *Food Contamination/analysis ; *Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; *Animal Feed/analysis ; *Kidney Calculi/epidemiology/chemistry ; Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Renoliths were removed at necropsy from dogs that had died from acute kidney injury in Asia in 2004 and submitted to our laboratories for analysis including elemental composition, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The presence of a mixed s-triazine matrix comprising melamine, cyanuric acid, and ammelide, but no detectable ammeline, was found in the stone samples we analyzed. The unusual and unique green coloration of these stones was determined to be due to the presence of biliverdin. The occurrence of these green stones distinguished the 2004 incident from another incident in 2007 in the USA and other reported cases. The presence of crystals was reported in renal tubules and collecting ducts in both outbreaks, but no stones were reported in the 2007 incident. This difference suggested a variation in the disease process caused by mixed s-triazine ingestion. Careful monitoring of food additives is warranted to prevent future problems in animals and humans.},
}

Animals
*Triazines/analysis/toxicity
Dogs
*Food Contamination/analysis
*Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/epidemiology
*Animal Feed/analysis
*Kidney Calculi/epidemiology/chemistry
Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology

@article {pmid38952766,
year = {2024},
author = {Park, J and Lee, SG and Jeong, SM and Nam, A},
title = {Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in the urinary bladder in a dog.},
journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne},
volume = {65},
number = {7},
pages = {643-648},
pmid = {38952766},
issn = {0008-5286},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Male ; *Dog Diseases/pathology/surgery/diagnosis ; *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/veterinary/surgery/pathology/diagnosis ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue/veterinary/pathology/surgery/diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Inflammation/veterinary ; },
abstract = {An 8-year-old castrated male Maltese dog was presented with a urinary bladder mass, urolithiasis, and hematuria. A solitary, pedunculated, intraluminal mass on the caudodorsal wall was identified with extensive irregular bladder wall thickening, and the mass was surgically removed. Postoperative histopathology demonstrated a submucosal lesion comprising spindle cells with marked inflammatory cell infiltration, without malignant changes. Immunohistochemical staining revealed vimentin and desmin positivity in the mass. An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) was definitively diagnosed. No recurrence was observed during a 43-month follow-up period. Although IMTs are rare in dogs, they should be considered a differential diagnosis for mass-like urinary bladder lesions accompanying a chronic inflammatory disease process. Key clinical message: Canine IMT should be included in the differential diagnoses of bladder masses, especially when dogs exhibit chronic irritation and inflammation.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Male
*Dog Diseases/pathology/surgery/diagnosis
*Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/veterinary/surgery/pathology/diagnosis
Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue/veterinary/pathology/surgery/diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Inflammation/veterinary

@article {pmid38930480,
year = {2024},
author = {Joubran, P and Roux, FA and Serino, M and Deschamps, JY},
title = {Gut and Urinary Microbiota in Cats with Kidney Stones.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {12},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {38930480},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {unknow//LOOF/AGRIA/ ; },
abstract = {Upper urinary tract urolithiasis is an emerging disease in cats, with 98% of kidney stones composed of calcium oxalate. In humans, disturbances in the intestinal and urinary microbiota are suspected to contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. We hypothesized that similar mechanisms may be at play in cats. This study examines the intestinal and urinary microbiota of nine cats with kidney stones compared to nine healthy cats before, during, and after treatment with the antibiotic cefovecin, a cephalosporin. Initially, cats with kidney stones displayed a less diverse intestinal microbiota. Antibiotic treatment reduced microbiota diversity in both groups. The absence of specific intestinal bacteria could lead to a loss of the functions these bacteria perform, such as oxalate degradation, which may contribute to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. This study confirms the presence of a distinct urobiome in cats with kidney stones, characterized by greater richness and diversity compared to healthy cats. These findings highlight the potential of microbiota modulation as a strategy to prevent renal lithiasis in cats.},
}

@article {pmid38823223,
year = {2024},
author = {Furbish, A and Allinder, M and Austin, G and Tynan, B and Byrd, E and Gomez, IP and Peterson, Y},
title = {First analytical confirmation of drug-induced crystal nephropathy in felines caused by GS-441524, the active metabolite of Remdesivir.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis},
volume = {247},
number = {},
pages = {116248},
pmid = {38823223},
issn = {1873-264X},
support = {R01 DE029637/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; TL1 TR001451/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR001450/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives ; *Alanine/analogs & derivatives ; *Antiviral Agents/analysis ; Cats ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Adenosine/analogs & derivatives ; Cat Diseases/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; },
abstract = {GS-441524 is an adenosine nucleoside antiviral demonstrating significant efficacy in the treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), an otherwise fatal illness, resulting from infection with feline coronavirus. However, following the emergence of COVID-19, veterinary development was halted, and Gilead pursued clinical development of a GS-441524 pro-drug, resulting in the approval of Remdesivir under an FDA emergency use authorization. Despite lack of regulatory approval, GS-441524 is available without a prescription through various unlicensed online distributors and is commonly purchased by pet owners for the treatment of FIP. Herein, we report data obtained from the analytical characterization of two feline renal calculi, demonstrating the propensity for GS-441524 to cause renal toxicity through drug-induced crystal nephropathy in vivo. As definitive diagnosis of drug-induced crystal nephropathy requires confirmation of the lithogenic material to accurately attribute a mechanism of toxicity, renal stone composition and crystalline matrix were characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA), ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This work serves to provide the first analytical confirmation of GS-441524-induced crystal nephropathy in an effort to support toxicologic identification of adverse renal effects caused by administration of GS-441524 or any pro-drug thereof.},
}

Animals
*Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives
*Alanine/analogs & derivatives
*Antiviral Agents/analysis
Cats
Kidney Calculi/chemically induced
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
Cat Diseases/chemically induced/drug therapy
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods

@article {pmid38717789,
year = {2024},
author = {Pritchard, EC and Haase, B and Wall, MJ and O'Brien, CR and Gowan, R and Mizzi, K and Kicinski, A and Podadera, J and Boland, LA},
title = {Xanthinuria in a familial group of Munchkin cats and an unrelated domestic shorthair cat.},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {1098612X241241408},
pmid = {38717789},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis/urine/genetics ; Male ; Female ; *Pedigree ; Urolithiasis/veterinary/diagnosis/urine ; },
abstract = {CASE SERIES SUMMARY: Four confirmed cases of xanthinuria in cats, and one suspected case based on pedigree analysis, were identified. Clinical presentations varied and included haematuria, pollakiuria, dysuria, and urethral and ureteral obstruction. All cats had upper urinary tract uroliths. Diagnosis was obtained through infrared mass spectrometry of uroliths or urine. Clinical signs commenced at 3-8 months of age and reduced in all cats in the medium to long term after the introduction of a protein-restricted diet. Four cats were castrated males and one was a spayed female. Cases consisted of four Munchkin pedigree cats and one unrelated domestic shorthair cat. All four affected Munchkin pedigree cats were related, with three cases full siblings and the fourth case a half-sibling. No connection to the Munchkin pedigree could be established for the domestic shorthair cat. A candidate causative genetic variant (XDH p.A681V) proposed for this cat was excluded in the Munchkin family.

All affected cats presented diagnostic challenges and routine urinalysis was insufficient to obtain a diagnosis. Cases of feline xanthinuria may be underdiagnosed due to situations where uroliths cannot be retrieved for analysis and there is an inability to make a diagnosis using crystal morphology alone on routine urinalysis. Metabolic screening of urine may provide an effective mechanism to confirm xanthinuria in suspected cases where uroliths are inaccessible or absent. In this case series, male cats were more common. Their anatomy may increase the risk of lower urinary tract signs and urethral obstruction developing secondary to xanthine urolithiasis. A protein-restricted diet appears to reduce clinical signs as part of long-term management.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Four closely related Munchkin cats and one domestic shorthair cat were found with a suspected genetic disease causing high levels of xanthine in their urine. The case series looks at similarities and differences in their clinical signs, as well as difficulties experienced in obtaining a correct diagnosis. All cats had upper urinary tract stones and required metabolic testing of the stones or urine to diagnose. All cats were young when their clinical signs started and were on a high-protein diet. Four cats were desexed males and one was a desexed female. A genetic variant that may have caused the disease in the domestic shorthair cat was ruled out in the Munchkin family. Cases of high xanthine levels in feline urine may be underdiagnosed as the stones may not be accessed for testing. In this case series, male cats were more common. Their anatomy may increase the risk of lower urinary tract signs. A protein-restricted diet appears to reduce clinical signs as part of long-term management.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Cat Diseases/diagnosis/urine/genetics
Male
Female
*Pedigree
Urolithiasis/veterinary/diagnosis/urine

@article {pmid38682149,
year = {2024},
author = {Mulyani, GT and Pramono, AB and Pangestiningsih, TW},
title = {Diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis in a Toy Poodle dog.},
journal = {Open veterinary journal},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {937-940},
pmid = {38682149},
issn = {2218-6050},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery/therapy ; Male ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary/diagnosis/surgery/therapy ; Indonesia ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis in dogs is a disorder of the urinary tract caused by the development of crystals. These crystals are composed of minerals such as phosphates, oxalates, urates, cystine, carbonates, and silica. It can be fatal if the diagnosis and treatment are inaccurate. This report aims to report a case of urolithiasis in a Toy Poodle dog.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old male Toy Poodle dog weighing 4.2 kg with black hair, and having trouble urinating was presented to Prof. Soeparwi Animal Hospital, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. The dog is examined physically and, in the laboratory, diagnosed and continued with operative therapy. The history and physical examination revealed that the dog had been experiencing hematuria, stranguria, and oliguria for 2 months, with the last few days accompanied by decreased appetite. The dog exhibited decreased skin turgor, a capillary refill time (CRT) of less than 2 seconds, signs of pain and distress during urination, and palpation of distended urinary vesicles. Ultrasound scans revealed uroliths in the urinary vesica, which were identified by an acoustic shadow. Blood tests indicated a decrease in hematocrit and erythrocytes along with an increase in leukocytes. Urolithiasis was diagnosed in the case dog based on anamnesis, physical examination, hematological examination, and ultrasonography. Subsequently, a cystotomy was performed, and uroliths located in urinary vesicles were removed. The dog received ceftriaxone injections at 15 mg/kg body weight and vitamin B-complex injections at a concentration of 10 mg/kg body weight for 5 days. Four days post-surgery, the case dog was able to successfully urinate and pass clean urine.

CONCLUSION: The Toy Poodle dog was diagnosed with silica urolithiasis in the urinary vesicles and the urolith is quite large. Cystotomy was performed to remove the urolith. Postoperative care were included the administration of antibiotics and vitamins to facilitate the healing process. The condition of the Poodle toy dog improved.},
}

Animals
Dogs
*Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery/therapy
Male
*Urolithiasis/veterinary/diagnosis/surgery/therapy
Indonesia

@article {pmid38572822,
year = {2024},
author = {Gloor, C and Schweighauser, A and Rytz, U and Francey, T},
title = {Placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass in a Miniature Pinscher with presumed xanthine urolithiasis as a result of allopurinol treatment.},
journal = {Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde},
volume = {166},
number = {4},
pages = {207-215},
doi = {10.17236/sat00422},
pmid = {38572822},
issn = {1664-2848},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Cats ; *Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; *Azotemia/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary ; *Leishmaniasis/veterinary ; Xanthines ; Stents/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy/surgery ; },
abstract = {This case report describes the long-term success of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device in a dog for treatment of a ureteral obstruction. The suspected xanthine urolithiasis was secondary to treatment with allopurinol for leishmaniasis. The dog presented initially with lethargy, anuria and abdominal pain. Mild azotemia was found on biochemical analysis and abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral ureteral obstruction. A subcutaneous ureteral bypass was subsequently placed using a standard surgical technique. The dog recovered uneventfully and the azotemia resolved within days. Follow-up examinations were performed every trimester for over three years and no complications like obstruction of the bypass tubes, urinary tract infection or azotemia were recognized during this follow-up period. Allopurinol was replaced with domperidone as long-term treatment against Leishmaniasis which resulted in a mild increase of the leishmania serum antibody titer. The subcutaneous ureteral bypass placement was successful and safe in this dog and is a valuable alternative in cases of ureteral obstruction also in dogs.},
}

Animals
Dogs
Cats
*Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/surgery/veterinary
Allopurinol/therapeutic use
*Azotemia/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary
*Leishmaniasis/veterinary
Xanthines
Stents/veterinary
*Cat Diseases
*Dog Diseases/drug therapy/surgery

@article {pmid38570155,
year = {2024},
author = {Sanz, CR and Sarquis, J and Daza, MÁ and Miró, G},
title = {Exploring the impact of epidemiological and clinical factors on the progression of canine leishmaniosis by statistical and whole genome analyses: from breed predisposition to comorbidities.},
journal = {International journal for parasitology},
volume = {54},
number = {8-9},
pages = {401-414},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.006},
pmid = {38570155},
issn = {1879-0135},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases/parasitology/epidemiology/genetics ; *Leishmania infantum/genetics ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary/epidemiology/parasitology/genetics ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Disease Progression ; Leishmaniasis/veterinary/epidemiology/parasitology ; Prevalence ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; },
abstract = {Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a complex disease of growing importance in Europe. Clinical manifestations result from the down-modulation of the host immune response through multiple host-parasite interactions. Although several factors might influence CanL progression, this is the first known study evaluating risk factors for its different clinical stages in a large referral hospital population (n = 35.669) from an endemic area, over a 20 year period. Genome-wide scans for selection signatures were also conducted to explore the genomic component of clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection. The prevalence of CanL was 3.2% (16.7% stage I; 43.6% stage II; 32.1% stage III; 7.6% stage IV). Dog breed (crossbreed), bodyweight (<10 kg), living conditions (indoors), regular deworming treatment, and being vaccinated against Leishmania significantly decreased the transmission risk and the risk for developing severe clinical forms. Conversely, the detection of comorbidities was associated with advanced clinical forms, particularly chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, cryptorchidism, infectious tracheobronchitis and urate urolithiasis, although those did not impact the clinical outcome. Significant associations between an increased risk of severe clinical stages and findings in the anamnesis (renal or skin-related manifestations) and physical examination (ocular findings) were also detected, highlighting their diagnostic value in referred cases of CanL. Sixteen breeds were found to be significantly more susceptible to developing severe stages of leishmaniosis (e.g. Great Dane, Rottweiler, English Springer Spaniel, Boxer, American Staffordshire Terrier, Golden Retriever), while 20 breeds displayed a clinical resistantance phenotype and, thus, are more likely to mount an efficient immune response against L. infantum (e.g. Pointer, Samoyed, Spanish Mastiff, Spanish Greyhound, English Setter, Siberian Husky). Genomic analyses of these breeds retrieved 12 regions under selection, 63 candidate genes and pinpointed multiple biological pathways such as the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, which could play a critical role in clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection.},
}

Dogs
Animals
*Dog Diseases/parasitology/epidemiology/genetics
*Leishmania infantum/genetics
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Male
Risk Factors
Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary/epidemiology/parasitology/genetics
Comorbidity
Female
Disease Progression
Leishmaniasis/veterinary/epidemiology/parasitology
Prevalence
Genome-Wide Association Study

@article {pmid38301355,
year = {2024},
author = {Xu, C and Yang, Y and Shao, Z and Ren, R and Zhang, Y and Jin, Y and Shi, H},
title = {Candidate urinary biomarkers show promise for distinguishing between calcium oxalate versus struvite urolithiasis in dogs.},
journal = {American journal of veterinary research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.2460/ajvr.23.09.0214},
pmid = {38301355},
issn = {1943-5681},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify metabolites and metabolic pathways affected in dogs with struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis compared to healthy dogs. To explore the candidate urinary biomarkers to distinguish dogs with struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: 13 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis, 7 dogs with struvite urolithiasis, and 13 healthy dogs were recruited between September 2021 and January 2023.

METHODS: Metabolomic profiles were analyzed from urine samples using UPLC-MS MS. According to the variable importance in the projection (> 1) and correlation coefficient (P < .05) obtained by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, the differential metabolites were screened. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database was used to identify the metabolic pathways involved.

RESULTS: Compared to healthy dogs, those with calcium oxalate urolithiasis exhibited distinct metabolites primarily associated with phenylalanine metabolism, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide metabolic pathways. Conversely, dogs with struvite urolithiasis demonstrated variations in metabolites mainly linked to tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways. Between calcium oxalate and struvite groups, pyocyanin, glycylprolylarginine, traumatin, cysteinyl-leucine, and 8-hydroxydodecylcarnitine are candidate urinary biomarkers.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings provide an in-depth analysis of metabolic perturbations associated with calcium oxalate and struvite urolithiasis in dogs. We also identified candidate urinary biomarkers distinguishing between dogs with calcium oxalate and struvite urolithiasis, which can be subsequently validated to assist in stone diagnosis and guide treatment choices.},
}

@article {pmid38084870,
year = {2024},
author = {Reynolds, BS and Chetboul, V and Elliott, J and Laxalde, J and Nguyen, P and Testault, I and Dorso, L and Abadie, J and Lefebvre, HP and Biourge, V},
title = {Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {285-299},
pmid = {38084870},
issn = {1939-1676},
support = {N/A//Royal Canin SAS, Aimargues France/ ; },
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects ; *Arachis ; Prospective Studies ; Kidney ; Sodium ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial).

ANIMALS: Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]).

METHODS: Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models.

RESULTS: Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings.

In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects
*Arachis
Prospective Studies
Kidney
Sodium

@article {pmid38032049,
year = {2024},
author = {Allinder, M and Tynan, B and Martin, C and Furbish, A and Austin, G and Bartges, J and Lourenço, BN},
title = {Uroliths composed of antiviral compound GS-441524 in 2 cats undergoing treatment for feline infectious peritonitis.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {370-374},
pmid = {38032049},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Male ; Cats ; Female ; Animals ; *Feline Infectious Peritonitis/drug therapy/surgery ; *Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/drug therapy/surgery/veterinary ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *Coronavirus, Feline ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/surgery ; Adenosine/*analogs & derivatives ; },
abstract = {Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) historically has been a fatal disease in cats. Recent unlicensed use of antiviral medication has been shown to markedly improve survival of this infection. An 8-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat undergoing treatment for presumptive FIP with the antiviral nucleoside analog GS-441524 developed acute progressive azotemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified multifocal urolithiasis including renal, ureteral, and cystic calculi. Unilateral ureteral obstruction progressed to suspected bilateral ureteral obstruction and subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) was performed along with urolith removal and submission for analysis. A 2-year-old male neutered domestic medium-haired cat undergoing treatment for confirmed FIP with GS-441524 developed dysuria (weak urine stream, urinary incontinence, and difficulty expressing the urinary bladder). This cat also was diagnosed sonographically with multifocal urolithiasis requiring temporary tube cystostomy after cystotomy and urolith removal. In both cases, initial urolith analysis showed unidentified material. Additional testing confirmed the calculi in both cats to be 98% consistent with GS-441524. Additional clinical studies are required to determine best screening practices for cats presented for urolithiasis during treatment with GS-441524.},
}

Male
Cats
Female
Animals
*Feline Infectious Peritonitis/drug therapy/surgery
*Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/drug therapy/surgery/veterinary
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*Coronavirus, Feline
*Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/surgery
Adenosine/*analogs & derivatives

@article {pmid37964384,
year = {2023},
author = {Naeverdal, TV and Midtgård, JE and Llarena, AK and Ziener, ML},
title = {A retrospective study on epidemiology and management of canine cystine uroliths in one part of Norway from 2015 to 2020.},
journal = {Acta veterinaria Scandinavica},
volume = {65},
number = {1},
pages = {47},
pmid = {37964384},
issn = {1751-0147},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Retrospective Studies ; Cystine/analysis ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary/complications ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary/complications ; Norway/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary tract problems are a common complaint in small animal medicine and urolithiasis is considered to be an important cause of urinary tract disease in dogs. In this study the main aim was to investigate whether the occurrence of cystine urolithiasis increased during a five-year period. A second aim was to evaluate possible risk-factors as breed, age and gender. This study also evaluated how urine specific gravity, pH and level of cystine in urine responded to preventive strategies. Medical records of dogs with urolithiasis presented at nine Norwegian animal clinics and one animal hospital between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS: The incidence of cystine uroliths increased significantly during the five study years (R[2] = 0.72, P = 0.0199). Dogs with cystine uroliths were significantly younger (5.0 years (n = 84, 95% CI [4.4-5.6])) when they were diagnosed with cystine uroliths compared to dogs with other types of uroliths (8.1 years (n = 255, 95% CI[7.8-8.5]) P < < 0.0001). Cystine levels in urine were increased in 93% of the dogs with cystine urolithiasis. Cystinuria decreased significantly after neutering (P < 0.0001). Breeds most commonly affected with cystine urolithiasis in this study were Staffordshire bull terrier, Danish Swedish farmdog and Chihuahua.

CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study supports a suggested genetic basis for cystine urolithiasis as described in previous studies. Neutering is considered an important part of preventing reoccurrence since cystine values decreased significantly after neutering.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Retrospective Studies
Cystine/analysis
*Dog Diseases/diagnosis
*Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary/complications
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary/complications
Norway/epidemiology

@article {pmid37853984,
year = {2023},
author = {Igreja, IA and Lourenço, AL and Vernooij, JCM and Corbee, RJ},
title = {Effects of two commercial diets and two supplements on urinary pH in dogs.},
journal = {Veterinary medicine and science},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
pages = {2566-2575},
pmid = {37853984},
issn = {2053-1095},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Male ; *Potassium Citrate ; Prospective Studies ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Diet/veterinary ; Dietary Supplements ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary pH manipulation by therapeutic foods or supplements is part of the treatment for urolithiasis. The effectiveness of these diets and supplements should be studied to determine which of these strategies is most effective.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of the oral supplementation of potassium citrate, an ammonium chloride solution (Urical) and two dry therapeutic foods-Hill's® Prescription Diet® u/d® Canine (u/d diet) and Royal Canin® Urinary S/O dog (S/O diet)-on a dog's urinary pH at different time points over 8 h.

ANIMALS: Seven healthy adult male research beagle dogs.

METHODS: A prospective interventional study lasting 31 days. The dogs either received a supplement (potassium citrate or rical) with a dry adult maintenance diet (control diet) or the therapeutic diet (u/d diet or S/O diet). Each treatment had a duration of 2-5 days, with 2- to 4-day washout periods in between. Urinary pH measurements were performed every 2 h between 07h00 and 15h00, with the food being given at 07h00 and 15h00, right after urine collection. The pH measurements obtained in each of the four treatments were compared to control (same dogs fed the control diet exclusively).

RESULTS: When compared to the control diet at the same time points, biologically relevant changes in urinary pH (defined as ≥0.5) were: increase with potassium citrate at 7h00 and 13h00; increase with u/d diet at 9h00, 13h00, and 15h00; decrease with S/O diet at 9h00 and 11h00; Urical did not have a detectable effect on urinary pH.

The present study confirms that therapeutic foods S/O and u/d, and potassium citrate supplement affected acid-base balance in healthy adult male beagle dogs, with the tested diets being more effective than the administered doses of the tested supplements at influencing urinary pH.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Male
*Potassium Citrate
Prospective Studies
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
*Diet/veterinary
Dietary Supplements

@article {pmid37835666,
year = {2023},
author = {Kaempfle, M and Bergmann, M and Koelle, P and Hartmann, K},
title = {High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Description of Purine Content of Diets Suitable for Dogs with Leishmania Infection during Allopurinol Treatment-A Pilot Trial.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {37835666},
issn = {2076-2615},
abstract = {Reducing the alimentary purine intake contributes to the prevention of purine (especially xanthine) urolith formation, a common adverse effect of allopurinol treatment in dogs with Leishmania infections. Analyses of the purine content are not required in order to advertise a diet as low in purine. Due to different analytical methods, data provided on purine content are barely comparable. The aim of this study was to investigate the total purine content of 12 different dog diets. For this, the purine bases adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were determined by standardised high performance liquid chromatography in commercially available urinary diets (n = 4), kidney diets (n = 2), low protein diets (n = 3), 1 vegan diet, 1 regular diet for healthy adult dogs, and 1 homemade low purine diet. Total purine amounts ranged between 10.2 and 90.9 mg/100 g of dry matter. The daily purine intake calculated for a 20 kg standard dog with the analysed diets ranged between 21.9 and 174.7 mg. The lowest daily purine intakes were achieved by 2 urinary urate diets, followed by the homemade diet. Differences in the purine content of commercially available diets need to be considered. Awareness has to be raised when selecting diets for dogs with Leishmania infections during allopurinol treatment in order to minimise the risk of urolith formation.},
}

@article {pmid37801093,
year = {2023},
author = {Watanabe, M and Ando, R and Sugisawa, R and Sasaki, N and Iwai, S},
title = {A novel in vivo model of ureteral fibrosis induced by calcium oxalate beads in C57BL/6J mice.},
journal = {Urolithiasis},
volume = {51},
number = {1},
pages = {119},
pmid = {37801093},
issn = {2194-7236},
mesh = {Humans ; Mice ; Cats ; Animals ; *Ureter/pathology ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; *Ureteral Obstruction/complications ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oxalates ; Fibrosis ; },
abstract = {The global incidence of ureteroliths in humans is increasing, particularly posing a problem in developed countries. The most common stone type is calcium oxalate, which is associated with a high recurrence rate. In veterinary medicine, stones are the most common cause of ureteral obstruction in cats, accounting for 72-87% of cases. In cats, stones cause irreversible ureteral damage, necessitating stone treatment as well as ureteral therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying the ureteral damage caused by stones remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to create a mouse model suitable for studying the ureteral fibrosis caused by oxalate stones by artificially embedding calcium oxalate in the ureter. Pathological tissue analysis was used to compare normal ureters without ligation and ureters with sham or oxalate bead implantation. The ureters of the sham and oxalate bead groups showed granulation tissue formation, transitional epithelium exfoliation, and densely packed connective tissue in the proprietary and muscle layer regions. Particularly in the oxalate bead group, infiltration of degenerated neutrophils, presence of foreign body giant cells, and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium were observed. The proportion of fibrosis was higher in the oxalate group than in the sham group. Overall, this mouse model created using oxalate bead implantation has the potential to efficiently induce ureteral obstruction. This mouse model is expected to be used for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of ureteral fibrosis and evaluating therapeutic drugs in future.},
}

Humans
Mice
Cats
Animals
*Ureter/pathology
Calcium Oxalate/analysis
*Ureteral Obstruction/complications
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Oxalates
Fibrosis

@article {pmid37800280,
year = {2024},
author = {Stavroulaki, EM and Ortega, C and Lawlor, A and Lulich, J and Cuq, B},
title = {Trends in urolith composition and factors associated with different urolith types in dogs from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 2010 and 2020.},
journal = {The Journal of small animal practice},
volume = {65},
number = {1},
pages = {30-38},
doi = {10.1111/jsap.13676},
pmid = {37800280},
issn = {1748-5827},
mesh = {Male ; Female ; Dogs ; Animals ; Struvite ; Calcium Oxalate ; Northern Ireland/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Magnesium Compounds ; Risk Factors ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in urolith trends and factors associated with different urolith types in dogs from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 2010 and 2020.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A laboratory database was searched for canine urolith submissions between 2010 and 2020. Trends in urolith composition between 2014 and 2020, and associations between patient characteristics with each urolith type were evaluated.

RESULTS: A total of 1162 submissions were included. Struvite (39.0%), calcium oxalate (27.8%) and compound (10.2%) were the most prevalent uroliths. Calcium oxalate urolith (CaOx) incidence significantly increased from 27.8% to 31.2% and that of struvite significantly decreased from 41.7% to 33.0% between 2014 and 2020. Struvite uroliths were overrepresented among females compared to males (odds ratio 8.7, 95% confidence interval 6.6 to 11.5). Males (odds ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 6.9 to 13.3) and dogs >7 years of age (odds ratio 4.1, 95%, confidence interval 3.0 to 5.4) were more likely to have CaOx while males (odds ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 5.3 to 17.8) and dogs ≤7 year of age, purine uroliths (odds ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 5.0). Incidence was higher in bichon frise (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.4) and Yorkshire terrier (odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 4.1) for CaOx and higher in shih-tzu for compound uroliths (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.7) compared to the remaining reported breeds.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Factors associated with different uroliths were similar to the ones previously reported. Proportion of CaOx submissions increased and that of struvite decreased over the study period which was in agreement with the changes identified in other European countries.},
}

Male
Female
Dogs
Animals
Struvite
Calcium Oxalate
Northern Ireland/epidemiology
Phosphates/analysis
Magnesium Compounds
Risk Factors
*Dog Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
*Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid37799401,
year = {2023},
author = {Ji, Y and Hwang, G and Lee, SJ and Lee, K and Yoon, H},
title = {A deep learning model for automated kidney calculi detection on non-contrast computed tomography scans in dogs.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1236579},
pmid = {37799401},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common urinary disorders in dogs. Although a majority of kidney calculi are non-obstructive and are likely to be asymptomatic, they can lead to parenchymal loss and obstruction as they progress. Thus, early diagnosis of kidney calculi is important for patient monitoring and better prognosis. However, detecting kidney calculi and monitoring changes in the sizes of the calculi from computed tomography (CT) images is time-consuming for clinicians. This study, in a first of its kind, aims to develop a deep learning model for automatic kidney calculi detection using pre-contrast CT images of dogs. A total of 34,655 transverseimage slices obtained from 76 dogs with kidney calculi were used to develop the deep learning model. Because of the differences in kidney location and calculi sizes in dogs compared to humans, several processing methods were used. The first stage of the models, based on the Attention U-Net (AttUNet), was designed to detect the kidney for the coarse feature map. Five different models-AttUNet, UTNet, TransUNet, SwinUNet, and RBCANet-were used in the second stage to detect the calculi in the kidneys, and the performance of the models was evaluated. Compared with a previously developed model, all the models developed in this study yielded better dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) for the automatic segmentation of the kidney. To detect kidney calculi, RBCANet and SwinUNet yielded the best DSC, which was 0.74. In conclusion, the deep learning model developed in this study can be useful for the automated detection of kidney calculi.},
}

@article {pmid37660015,
year = {2023},
author = {Maxwell, AD and Kim, GW and Furrow, E and Lulich, JP and Torre, M and MacConaghy, B and Lynch, E and Leotta, DF and Wang, YN and Borofsky, MS and Bailey, MR},
title = {Development of a burst wave lithotripsy system for noninvasive fragmentation of ureteroliths in pet cats.},
journal = {BMC veterinary research},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {141},
pmid = {37660015},
issn = {1746-6148},
support = {K01 DK104854/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Cats ; Humans ; Animals ; Swine ; *Lithotripsy/veterinary ; Kidney ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; Calcium Oxalate ; Models, Animal ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/therapy ; *Swine Diseases ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Upper urinary tract stones are increasingly prevalent in pet cats and are difficult to manage. Surgical procedures to address obstructing ureteroliths have short- and long-term complications, and medical therapies (e.g., fluid diuresis and smooth muscle relaxants) are infrequently effective. Burst wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive, ultrasound-guided, handheld focused ultrasound technology to disintegrate urinary stones, which is now undergoing human clinical trials in awake unanesthetized subjects.

RESULTS: In this study, we designed and performed in vitro testing of a modified burst wave lithotripsy system to noninvasively fragment stones in cats. The design accounted for differences in anatomic scale, acoustic window, skin-to-stone depth, and stone size. Prototypes were fabricated and tested in a benchtop model using 35 natural calcium oxalate monohydrate stones from cats. In an initial experiment, burst wave lithotripsy was performed using peak ultrasound pressures of 7.3 (n = 10), 8.0 (n = 5), or 8.9 MPa (n = 10) for up to 30 min. Fourteen of 25 stones fragmented to < 1 mm within the 30 min. In a second experiment, burst wave lithotripsy was performed using a second transducer and peak ultrasound pressure of 8.0 MPa (n = 10) for up to 50 min. In the second experiment, 9 of 10 stones fragmented to < 1 mm within the 50 min. Across both experiments, an average of 73-97% of stone mass could be reduced to fragments < 1 mm. A third experiment found negligible injury with in vivo exposure of kidneys and ureters in a porcine animal model.

CONCLUSIONS: These data support further evaluation of burst wave lithotripsy as a noninvasive intervention for obstructing ureteroliths in cats.},
}

Cats
Humans
Animals
Swine
*Lithotripsy/veterinary
Kidney
*Urolithiasis/veterinary
Calcium Oxalate
Models, Animal
*Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/therapy
*Swine Diseases

@article {pmid37635755,
year = {2023},
author = {Er, Y and Fick, ME and Long Mays, E},
title = {Case report: Utility, complications, and short-term outcomes in three dogs managed with percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters for urethral obstruction.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1200406},
pmid = {37635755},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the utility, complications, and short-term outcomes of three dogs managed with percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters placed in the emergency room (ER).

CASE SUMMARY: Three dogs were presented separately to the ER for unalleviated mechanical urethral obstruction secondary to urolithiasis and urethral neoplasia. Retrograde urinary catheterization and urohydropulsion were not successful after multiple attempts. Percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters were placed under sedation to achieve temporary urinary diversion, and were successful in two of the three dogs. Complications encountered include mild abdominal effusion, unsuccessful placement resulting in hemorrhagic abdominal effusion, steatitis, abdominal pain, and kinking of the catheter. The two dogs diagnosed with urolithiasis were discharged from the hospital, and the dog diagnosed with urethral neoplasia was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis.

When successful, the placement of pigtail cystostomy catheters allowed for temporary urinary diversion until definitive treatment could be performed and were well tolerated. Short-term outcomes were good. Complications arising from this procedure were common and increased morbidity. The risk of unsuccessful catheter placement may be increased when the procedure is performed in an over conditioned patient or by an inexperienced operator. Careful case selection and risk-benefit analysis should be considered before attempting this procedure. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the ideal technique, incidence of complications, and outcomes of this procedure.},
}

@article {pmid37561125,
year = {2023},
author = {Kerley, JB and Tart, KM and Rendahl, A and Powell, LL},
title = {Retrospective evaluation of the incidence of presumed feline urethral obstruction during a prepandemic year compared to a pandemic year.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)},
volume = {33},
number = {5},
pages = {624-627},
doi = {10.1111/vec.13333},
pmid = {37561125},
issn = {1476-4431},
mesh = {Humans ; Cats ; Male ; Animals ; Retrospective Studies ; Incidence ; Pandemics ; *Urethral Obstruction/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the incidence of urethral obstruction (UO) in male cats.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

SETTING: One veterinary university teaching hospital and 6 private practice veterinary specialty and emergency centers.

ANIMALS: A total of 24,937 total feline cases presenting to the emergency room (ER) between March 2019 and March 2021.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Out of 24,937 total cases, 1793 male cats met the inclusion criteria for diagnosis of UO. Of those, 327 cases were identified in which an additional diagnosis of either urolithiasis or neoplasia was made and were therefore excluded. The remaining 1466 UO cases were presumed to be idiopathic urethral obstruction (iUO) caused by feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) alone. Of those, 637 cats presented during the prepandemic year and 829 cats presented during the pandemic year.

KEY FINDINGS: Incidence of presumptive iUO increased by 30% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Total feline emergency caseload increased by 38%. iUO accounted for 6.08% and 5.73% of total feline emergency cases during the prepandemic and pandemic years, respectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The reported increase in incidence of feline UO is likely due to the increase in overall emergency feline caseload.},
}

Humans
Cats
Male
Animals
Retrospective Studies
Incidence
Pandemics
*Urethral Obstruction/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology

@article {pmid37497780,
year = {2023},
author = {Labelle, O and Penninck, D and Butty, EM and Hahn, S and Dunn, M},
title = {Pseudomembranous cystitis in cats with presumed or confirmed mineralization: A retrospective study of 26 cases (2016-2021).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {37},
number = {5},
pages = {1806-1814},
pmid = {37497780},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Cats ; Male ; Animals ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; *Cystitis/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; *Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomembranous cystitis (PMC) in cats is a recognized disease, but concurrent mineralization is reported rarely and its outcome is poorly described.

HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES: Describe a population of cats with PMC and the prevalence of concurrent mineralization.

ANIMALS: Twenty-six cats with PMC.

METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (January 2016 to December 2021). Cats with an ultrasound diagnosis of PMC were included. Clinicopathologic results, imaging, treatment, and outcome were reviewed.

RESULTS: All cats were male and 21 (80%) were diagnosed with urethral obstruction (UO). Five cats (23.8%) had positive urine culture (Staphylococcus felis, 3/5; Proteus mirabilis, 2/5) with a median urine pH of 8 (range, 6-9). All cats had ultrasonographic changes suggestive of mineralization. On ultrasound examination, 10 cats (38.5%) had pseudomembranes with acoustic shadowing suggestive of mineralization, 15 (57.7%) had changes indicative of ulceration, and 8 (31%) had changes compatible with of a urachal anomaly. Twenty-two cats received medical treatment, 4 underwent surgery (3 percutaneous cystolithotomy, 1 cystotomy). Twenty cats (77%) survived to discharge. Follow-up ultrasound examination indicated resolution of PMC in 6/7 cats, 4 had persistent hyperechoic bladder lining. Five of 12 cats with follow-up had a relapse of lower urinary tract signs.

Pseudomembranous cystitis was diagnosed mainly in male cats with UO and imaging findings suggestive of mineralization were present in all cases. Frequent negative urine culture suggests a different etiology than encrusting cystitis related to urease-positive bacteria. Good outcomes can be achieved with medical management.},
}

Cats
Male
Animals
Female
Retrospective Studies
*Cystitis/diagnosis/veterinary
Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology
*Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary
*Urethral Obstruction/veterinary
*Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology

@article {pmid37455335,
year = {2023},
author = {DeBow, P and Auger, M and Fazio, C and Cline, K and Zhu, X and Lulich, J and de Swarte, M and Lamb, D and Hespel, AM},
title = {The most common types of uroliths larger than 1 mm are readily visible and accurately measured in an in vitro setting mimicking the canine abdomen using digital radiography.},
journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
volume = {64},
number = {5},
pages = {806-812},
doi = {10.1111/vru.13268},
pmid = {37455335},
issn = {1740-8261},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Struvite ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Calcium Oxalate ; Uric Acid ; Cystine ; Prospective Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Abdomen ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; },
abstract = {Abdominal radiography is an important diagnostic to detect uroliths. Cystine and urate uroliths were historically characterized as nonmineral opaque on survey radiographs. However, recent research and clinical observations indicate that pure urate and cystine uroliths may be detected with digital radiography. The primary purpose of this prospective, in vitro, diagnostic accuracy study was to determine the sensitivity of digital radiography in detecting cystoliths of varying size and composition. Forty canine uroliths of pure composition (10 each of calcium oxalate, struvite, cystine, and urate), acquired from Minnesota Urolith Center and ranging from 1 to 10 mm, were placed in phantoms of three various sizes and radiographed. The radiographs, including three sets of each urolith separately, were evaluated by three blinded radiologists on two separate occasions. Evaluation included presence or absence of urolith, number of uroliths, and maximum diameter of the urolith(s). For all four types of uroliths and all readers, the specificity and PPV were 100% with an associated very high sensitivity (94.4%-98.9%) and NPV (94.8%-98.9%). Calcium oxalate uroliths were the most accurately measured and struvite were the least accurately measured when compared with the gross measurement. Smaller uroliths were more accurately measured than larger uroliths. Uroliths placed in smaller bladder phantoms were more accurately measured than in larger bladder phantoms. Though accurate measurement of uroliths is complicated by and dependent on numerous variables, our results reveal that urate and cystine uroliths are visualized on digital radiography making them a relevant differential diagnosis when seen clinically.},
}

Animals
Dogs
Struvite
Radiographic Image Enhancement
Calcium Oxalate
Uric Acid
Cystine
Prospective Studies
*Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary
Abdomen
*Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging

@article {pmid37332737,
year = {2023},
author = {Anthony, RM and Davidson, S and MacLeay, JM and Brejda, J and Werness, P and Jewell, DE},
title = {Comparison of two software programs used to determine the relative supersaturation of urine ions.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1146945},
pmid = {37332737},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Relative supersaturation (RSS) values for urine crystals are a measure of the risk of urinary stone formation and have been shown to be lowered in foods shown to aid in the management of urolithiasis. In order to calculate RSS in pets, computer programs have been developed to calculate RSS and aid in the understanding of stone formation in veterinary medicine. However, some older programs have not been updated for use in animals, and the specific coefficients used are not publically available. One of the first RSS programs was developed in BASIC computer language and published in 1985 which was called EQUIL2. The EQUIL2 program was updated to a compiled version compatible with a PC platform. However, the formulas could not be read or altered.

METHODS: This study evaluates a new program with known coefficients to the original EQUIL2 program. The RSS values of the two programs were compared through a t-test, calculating the r[2] from correlation analysis, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and by a Bland-Altman analysis of outputs from the two programs using urine samples from healthy dogs and cats.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results show that for both magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium oxalate, the RSS values of the original program could be calculated from the new programs RSS values. Although the actual RSS values were different (as might be expected through the use of the updated coefficients and different thermodynamic stability constants in the calculations) the results were highly correlated, finding elevations and reductions in RSS proportionally in the same urine samples. The current work creates a foundation for using the modernized program to calculate RSS and provides a shared method for understanding the risk of struvite and calcium oxalate stone formation.},
}

@article {pmid37217177,
year = {2023},
author = {Burger, NC and Devriendt, N and Serrano, G and Stock, E and Rooster, H and Paepe, D},
title = {Dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts that have persistent shunting after surgery have a higher prevalence of urolithiasis.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {261},
number = {9},
pages = {1337-1344},
doi = {10.2460/javma.23.02.0087},
pmid = {37217177},
issn = {1943-569X},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Portal System/surgery/abnormalities ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; *Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Treatment Outcome ; *Dog Diseases/surgery/congenital ; *Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To report the presence of urolithiasis in dogs long-term after gradual attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS).

ANIMALS: 25 client-owned dogs that underwent gradual attenuation of a cEHPSS, of which 19 had a closed cEHPSS and 6 developed multiple acquired portosystemic shunts (MAPSS) following surgery.

PROCEDURES: A retrospective study with prospective follow-up was performed. Dogs that underwent cEHPSS surgery and had their postoperative cEHPSS status determined by transsplenic portal scintigraphy or CT angiography 3 months postoperatively were prospectively contacted and invited for a long-term follow-up visit (a minimum of 6 months postoperatively). Retrospective data were collected, and during the prospective follow-up visit a thorough history, blood tests and urinalysis, and ultrasonography of the urinary tract were performed to assess the presence of urinary signs and urolithiasis.

RESULTS: Of 25 included dogs, 1 of 19 (5%) dogs with closed cEHPSS and 4 of 6 (67%) dogs with MAPSS had urolithiasis at long-term follow-up. Three (50%) dogs with MAPSS developed new uroliths. Long-term, dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with and without urolithiasis had significantly less urolithiasis compared to dogs with MAPSS (P = .013 and P = .010, respectively). In the 4 dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with nephrolithiasis, nephroliths became smaller or were no longer visible at the long-term follow-up visit.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dogs that developed MAPSS following cEHPSS surgery are at greater risk of urolithiasis compared to those with closed cEHPSS. Furthermore, ammonium urate uroliths might dissolve if portosystemic shunting ceases to exist.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Portal System/surgery/abnormalities
Retrospective Studies
Prospective Studies
*Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic/veterinary
Prevalence
Treatment Outcome
*Dog Diseases/surgery/congenital
*Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary

@article {pmid37150637,
year = {2023},
author = {Ungerer, GN and Liaw, CW and Potretzke, AM and Sas, DJ and Gargollo, PC and Granberg, CF and Koo, K},
title = {Examination of nutritional factors associated with urolithiasis risk in plant based meat alternatives marketed to children and infants.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric urology},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {513.e1-513.e7},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.04.017},
pmid = {37150637},
issn = {1873-4898},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Child ; Infant ; *Calcium ; Risk Factors ; *Kidney Calculi/epidemiology ; Calcium, Dietary ; Meat/adverse effects ; Oxalates ; Sodium ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The global prevalence of pediatric nephrolithiasis continues to rise amidst increased sodium and animal protein intake. Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) have recently gained popularity due to health benefits, environmental sustainability, and increased retail availability. PBMAs have the potential to reduce the adverse metabolic impact of animal protein on kidney stone formation. We analyzed PBMAs targeted to children to characterize potential lithogenic risk vs animal protein.

METHODS: We performed a dietary assessment using a sample of PBMAs marketed to or commonly consumed by children and commercially available at national retailers. Nutrient profiles for PBMAs were compiled from US Department of Agriculture databases and compared to animal protein sources using standardized serving sizes. We also analyzed nutrient profiles for plant-based infant formulas against typical dairy protein-based formulas. Primary protein sources were identified using verified ingredient lists. Oxalate content was extrapolated from dietary data sources.

RESULTS: A total of 41 PBMAs were analyzed: chicken (N = 18), hot dogs (N = 3), meatballs (N = 5), fish (N = 10), and infant formula (N = 5). Most products (76%) contained a high-oxalate ingredient as the primary protein source (soy, wheat, or almond). Average oxalate content per serving was substantially higher in these products (soy 11.6 mg, wheat 3.8 mg, almond 10.2 mg) vs animal protein (negligible oxalate). PBMAs containing pea protein (24%) had lower average oxalate (0.11 mg). Most PBMAs averaged up to six times more calcium and three times more sodium per serving compared to their respective animal proteins. Protein content was similar for most categories.

CONCLUSIONS: Three-quarters of the examined plant-based meat products for children and infants contain high-oxalate protein sources. Coupled with higher per-serving sodium and calcium amounts, our findings raise questions about possible lithogenic risk in some PBMAs, and further studies are needed to assess the relationship between PBMAs and nephrolithiasis.},
}

Animals
Humans
Child
Infant
*Calcium
Risk Factors
*Kidney Calculi/epidemiology
Calcium, Dietary
Meat/adverse effects
Oxalates
Sodium

@article {pmid37116882,
year = {2023},
author = {Harris, ASM and Bartges, JW and Moyers, TD},
title = {d,l-Methionine in combination with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid successfully dissolves spontaneously occurring infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs: a pilot study.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {261},
number = {8},
pages = {1152-1159},
doi = {10.2460/javma.23.02.0063},
pmid = {37116882},
issn = {1943-569X},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Struvite ; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/therapeutic use ; Pilot Projects ; Magnesium Compounds/therapeutic use ; Methionine/therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Phosphates/analysis/therapeutic use ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/drug therapy/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of a urinary acidifier (d,l-methionine [Methio-Form]) and an antimicrobial agent (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid [Clavamox]) without changing diet for dissolving infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: 14 dogs were recruited for this prospective study; 11 completed it and 3 dogs withdrew due to inability of the owners to administer the treatment (n = 2) or refusal of treatment by the dog (1).

PROCEDURES: All dogs were administered d,l-methionine (approx initial dose of 75 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) based on urine culture and sensitivity. Urine pH, urinalysis, urine culture, venous blood gas and serum biochemical analysis, and lateral survey abdominal radiographic images were evaluated initially and every 4 weeks until urolith dissolution (success) or lack of change in size and/or shape of urocystoliths on 2 consecutive reevaluation points (failure) occurred.

RESULTS: Uroliths dissolved in 8 of 11 dogs in a median of 2 months (range, 1 to 4 months) with a final effective dosage of d,l-methionine of approximately 100 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours. In 3 dogs, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically; they contained variable amounts of calcium oxalate. No adverse events occurred.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infection-induced struvite urolithiasis is 1 of the 2 most common minerals occurring in canine uroliths. Results of this study supported the use of d,l-methionine and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid without changing diet for dissolution of infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Struvite
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/therapeutic use
Pilot Projects
Magnesium Compounds/therapeutic use
Methionine/therapeutic use
Prospective Studies
Phosphates/analysis/therapeutic use
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/drug therapy/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/drug therapy

@article {pmid37073892,
year = {2023},
author = {Merindol, I and Vachon, C and Juette, T and Dunn, M},
title = {Benign ureteral obstruction in cats: Outcome with medical management.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {37},
number = {3},
pages = {1047-1058},
pmid = {37073892},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Pyonephrosis/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Constriction, Pathologic/veterinary ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging ; Creatinine ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited information is available regarding the outcome of medical management (MM) of benign ureteral obstruction in cats (BUO).

HYPOTHESIS: Describe clinical characteristics and outcome of MM of BUO.

ANIMALS: Seventy-two client-owned cats with 103 obstructed kidneys.

METHODS: Medical records of cats diagnosed with BUO between 2010 and 2021 that received >72 hours of MM were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. Outcome was classified as success, partial success, or failure based on ultrasound findings. Factors associated with outcome were assessed.

RESULTS: Seventy-two cats with 103 obstructed kidneys were enrolled. The causes of obstruction were uroliths in 73% (75/103), strictures in 13.5% (14/103), and pyonephrosis in 13.5% (14/103) of affected kidneys. Median serum creatinine concentration at presentation was 4.01 mg/dL (range, 1.30-21.3 mg/dL). Outcome after MM was considered a success in 30% (31/103), partial success in 13% (13/103), and failure in 57% (59/103) of kidneys. Success was reported in 23% (17/75) of kidneys with uroliths, 50% (7/14) with pyonephrosis, and 50% (7/14) with strictures. Median time to a successful outcome was 16 days (range, 3-115 days). Distal and smaller uroliths (median length, 1.85 mm) were significantly associated with success (P = .05 and P = .01, respectively). Median survival times were 1188 days (range, 60-1700 days), 518 days (range, 7-1812 days), and 234 days (range, 4-3494 days) for success, partial success, and failure, respectively.

We found a higher success rate for MM of BUO than previously reported. Smaller distal uroliths (<1-2 mm) were more likely to pass.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary
*Pyonephrosis/veterinary
Retrospective Studies
Constriction, Pathologic/veterinary
Kidney/diagnostic imaging
Creatinine
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy

@article {pmid37055748,
year = {2023},
author = {Coffey, EL and Gomez, AM and Ericsson, AC and Burton, EN and Granick, JL and Lulich, JP and Furrow, E},
title = {The impact of urine collection method on canine urinary microbiota detection: a cross-sectional study.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {101},
pmid = {37055748},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 OD010993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Dogs ; Animals ; Urine Specimen Collection/methods ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Urinary Tract/microbiology ; *Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The urinary tract harbors unique microbial communities that play important roles in urogenital health and disease. Dogs naturally suffer from several of the same urological disorders as humans (e.g., urinary tract infections, neoplasia, urolithiasis) and represent a valuable translational model for studying the role of urinary microbiota in various disease states. Urine collection technique represents a critical component of urinary microbiota research study design. However, the impact of collection method on the characterization of the canine urinary microbiota remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether urine collection technique alters the microbial populations detected in canine urine samples. Urine was collected from asymptomatic dogs by both cystocentesis and midstream voiding. Microbial DNA was isolated from each sample and submitted for amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene, followed by analyses to compare microbial diversity and composition between urine collection techniques.

RESULTS: Samples collected via midstream voiding exhibited significantly higher sequence read counts (P = .036) and observed richness (P = .0024) than cystocentesis urine. Bray Curtis and Unweighted UniFrac measures of beta diversity showed distinct differences in microbial composition by collection method (P = .0050, R[2] = 0.06 and P = .010, R[2] = 0.07, respectively). Seven taxa were identified as differentially abundant between groups. Pasteurellaceae, Haemophilus, Friedmanniella, two variants of Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium were over-represented in voided urine, while a greater abundance of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia characterized cystocentesis samples. Analyses were performed at five thresholds for minimum sequence depth and using three data normalization strategies to validate results; patterns of alpha and beta diversity remained consistent regardless of minimum read count requirements or normalization method.

CONCLUSION: Microbial composition differs in canine urine samples collected via cystocentesis as compared to those collected via midstream voiding. Future researchers should select a single urine collection method based on the biological question of interest when designing canine urinary microbiota studies. Additionally, the authors suggest caution when interpreting results across studies that did not utilize identical urine collection methods.},
}

Humans
Dogs
Animals
Urine Specimen Collection/methods
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Urinary Tract/microbiology
*Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/microbiology
*Microbiota

@article {pmid37031165,
year = {2023},
author = {Noonin, C and Itsaranawet, T and Thongboonkerd, V},
title = {Calcium oxalate crystal-induced secretome derived from proximal tubular cells, not that from distal tubular cells, induces renal fibroblast activation.},
journal = {European journal of medical research},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {150},
pmid = {37031165},
issn = {2047-783X},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Secretome ; Epithelial Cells ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; *Kidney Calculi ; Fibroblasts ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is commonly accompanied with renal fibrosis, characterized by accumulation and reorganization of extracellular matrix (ECM). During fibrogenesis, resident renal fibroblasts are activated to become myofibroblasts that actively produce ECM. However, such fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation in KSD remained unclear. Our present study thus examined effects of secreted products (secretome) derived from proximal (HK-2) vs. distal (MDCK) renal tubular cells exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals on activation of renal fibroblasts (BHK-21).

METHODS: HK-2 and MDCK cells were treated with 100 µg/ml COM crystals under serum-free condition for 16 h. In parallel, the cells maintained in serum-free medium without COM treatment served as the control. Secretome derived from culture supernatant of each sample was mixed (1:1) with fresh serum-free medium and then used for BHK-21 culture for another 24 h.

RESULTS: Analyses revealed that COM-treated-HK-2 secretome significantly induced proliferation, caused morphological changes, increased spindle index, and upregulated fibroblast-activation markers (F-actin, α-SMA and fibronectin) in BHK-21 cells. However, COM-treated-MDCK secretome had no significant effects on these BHK-21 parameters. Moreover, level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a profibrotic factor, significantly increased in the COM-treated-HK-2 secretome but not in the COM-treated-MDCK secretome.

CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate, for the first time, that proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells exposed to COM crystals send different messages to resident renal fibroblasts. Only the secretome derived from proximal tubular cells, not that from the distal cells, induces renal fibroblast activation after their exposure to COM crystals. Such differential effects are partly due to TGF-β1 secretion, which is induced by COM crystals only in proximal tubular cells.},
}

Animals
Dogs
Humans
*Calcium Oxalate/chemistry
Transforming Growth Factor beta1
Secretome
Epithelial Cells
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
*Kidney Calculi
Fibroblasts

@article {pmid36998641,
year = {2023},
author = {Baptista da Silva, C and Hermans, M and Ruiz-Suárez, N and Verdoodt, F and Bhatti, SFM and Hesta, M},
title = {Long-term nutritional management of an obese German Spitz with paroxysmal dyskinesia, calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and suspected pancreatitis-A case report.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1054251},
pmid = {36998641},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, this is the first description of long-term nutritional management in a dog with paroxysmal dyskinesia.

CASE SUMMARY: An obese 9-year-old, male entire, German Spitz was presented for dietary management after being diagnosed with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and suspected pancreatitis. Since he was seven years old, the dog has had a history of neurological signs, which were thought to be epileptic seizures. He was treated with phenobarbital and potassium bromide and was clinically controlled. For his nutritional advice, aiming to minimize one of the most important risk factors for the diseases, a weight loss program was started and successfully executed. However, 10 months later, the dog restarted presenting neurological episodes at a high frequency (3x/week). Based on videos and the characteristics of the neurological signs, the dog was diagnosed with paroxysmal dyskinesia. To investigate the role of gluten intake on this patient's neurological signs, a dietary trial with a commercial hypoallergenic diet (gluten-free; hydrolyzed protein) was followed. During the 3 months of the dietary trial, four neurologic episodes related to food indiscretion occurred. Upon the decrease in neurological episodes, the anti-seizure drugs were slowly discontinued. During this period, the dog presented only two neurologic episodes that were related to the days that the anti-seizure drugs were decreased. For 4 months the dog remained episode-free. However, a change in the dog's diet to another gluten-free diet (higher fat) led the dog to vomit and experience another neurologic episode. Once the dog was back to the previous gluten-free diet, it clinically improved, and no other clinical signs were reported by the client during the next 5 months.

CONCLUSION: Although a relationship between gluten and paroxysmal dyskinesia cannot be confirmed, the dog's improvement after the nutritional management and the removal of the anti-seizure therapy is supportive of dietary association.},
}

@article {pmid36971195,
year = {2023},
author = {Fitzwilliams, T and Wolff-Sneedorff, JL and Fredholm, M and Karlskov-Mortensen, P and Guldbrandtsen, B and Bruun, CS},
title = {Evaluation of the value of genetic testing for cystinuria in the Danish population of English bulldogs.},
journal = {Animal genetics},
volume = {54},
number = {4},
pages = {566-569},
doi = {10.1111/age.13321},
pmid = {36971195},
issn = {1365-2052},
support = {//Danish Kennel Club/ ; //The Danish Centre for Studies of Companion Animals that is funded by a grant from the Danish charitable foundation Skibsreder Per Henriksen, R. og Hustrus Fond/ ; },
mesh = {Dogs ; Male ; Animals ; *Cystinuria/genetics/veterinary ; Mutation ; Genotype ; Genetic Testing/veterinary ; Denmark ; *Dog Diseases/genetics ; },
abstract = {Cystinuria is a genetic disease that can lead to cystine urolith formation. The English bulldog is the dog breed most frequently affected. In this breed, three missense mutations have been suggested to be associated with cystinuria: c.568A>G and c.2086A>G in SLC3A1 and c.649G>A in SLC7A9. In this study, the occurrence of these three mutations in the Danish population of English bulldogs was investigated. Seventy-one English bulldogs were genotyped using TaqMan assays. The dogs' owners were given questionnaires concerning the medical histories of their dogs. Allele frequencies of 0.40, 0.40, and 0.52 were found for the mutant alleles in the three loci: c.568A>G, c.2086A>G, and c.649G>A, respectively. For both mutations in SLC3A1, a statistically significant association was found between cystinuria and homozygosity for the G allele among male, English bulldogs. For the mutation in SLC7A9, there was no statistically significant association between homozygosity for the mutant allele and cystinuria. Due to high allele frequencies, limited genetic diversity, continued uncertainty about the genetic background of cystinuria, and more severe health problems in the breed, selection based on genetic testing for the mutations in SLC3A1 cannot be recommended in the Danish population of English bulldogs. However, results of the genetic test may be used as a guide to recommend prophylactic treatment.},
}

Dogs
Male
Animals
*Cystinuria/genetics/veterinary
Mutation
Genotype
Genetic Testing/veterinary
Denmark
*Dog Diseases/genetics

@article {pmid36970934,
year = {2023},
author = {Pritchard, E and Samaha, G and Mizzi, K and Boland, L and , and Haase, B},
title = {Candidate causative variant for xanthinuria in a Domestic Shorthair cat.},
journal = {Animal genetics},
volume = {54},
number = {4},
pages = {576-580},
doi = {10.1111/age.13318},
pmid = {36970934},
issn = {1365-2052},
support = {//Witton Chronic Disease Felids Fund, Sydney School of Veterinary Science/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Cats/genetics ; Animals ; Xanthine ; *Xanthine Dehydrogenase/genetics ; *DNA ; Sulfurtransferases/genetics ; },
abstract = {Xanthinuria is a clinically significant form of urolithiasis in cats with poor clinical outcomes and limited treatment options. In humans, xanthinuria has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, with variants in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) responsible for cases. While causative genetic variants have not been identified in the domestic cat, a recessive mode of inheritance has been suggested. DNA was extracted from EDTA-stabilised blood obtained from a Domestic Shorthair cat with clinically confirmed xanthinuria. Whole-genome sequencing and variant assessment in XDH and MOCOS identified XDH:c.2042C>T (XDH:p.(A681V)) as a candidate causative variant for xanthinuria in this cat. The variant is located in a highly conserved part of the molybdenum-pterin co-factor domain, responsible for catalysing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid. Variants in this domain of XDH have been shown to disrupt enzyme function and to cause xanthinuria in other species. When assessed in the wider cat population, the variant had an allele frequency of 15.8%, with 0.9% of the animals assessed homozygous for the alternative allele. Cats diagnosed with xanthinuria should be tested for this variant to validate its clinical relevance in the wider population.},
}

Humans
Cats/genetics
Animals
Xanthine
*Xanthine Dehydrogenase/genetics
*DNA
Sulfurtransferases/genetics

@article {pmid36871933,
year = {2023},
author = {Casali, CI and Pescio, LG and Sendyk, DE and Erjavec, LC and Morel Gómez, E and Parra, LG and Fernández-Tomé, MC},
title = {Dynamics of differentiated-renal epithelial cell monolayer after calcium oxalate injury: The role of cyclooxygenase-2.},
journal = {Life sciences},
volume = {319},
number = {},
pages = {121544},
doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121544},
pmid = {36871933},
issn = {1879-0631},
mesh = {*Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; *Kidney Calculi/chemistry ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Animals ; Dogs ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Calcium oxalate (Oxa), constituent of most common kidney stones, damages renal tubular epithelial cells leading to kidney disease. Most in vitro studies designed to evaluate how Oxa exerts its harmful effects were performed in proliferative or confluent non-differentiated renal epithelial cultures; none of them considered physiological hyperosmolarity of renal medullary interstitium. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) has been associated to Oxa deleterious actions; however, up to now, it is not clear how COX2 acts. In this work, we proposed an in vitro experimental system resembling renal differentiated-epithelial cells that compose medullary tubular structures which were grown and maintained in a physiological hyperosmolar environment and evaluated whether COX2 → PGE2 axis (COX2 considered a cytoprotective protein for renal cells) induces Oxa damage or epithelial restitution.

MAIN METHODS: MDCK cells were differentiated with NaCl hyperosmolar medium for 72 h where cells acquired the typical apical and basolateral membrane domains and a primary cilium. Then, cultures were treated with 1.5 mM Oxa for 24, 48, and 72 h to evaluate epithelial monolayer restitution dynamics and COX2-PGE2 effect.

KEY FINDINGS: Oxa completely turned the differentiated phenotype into mesenchymal one (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Such effect was partially and totally reverted after 48 and 72 h, respectively. Oxa damage was even deeper when COX2 was blocked by NS398. PGE2 addition restituted the differentiated-epithelial phenotype in a time and concentration dependence.

SIGNIFICANCE: This work presents an experimental system that approaches in vitro to in vivo renal epithelial studies and, more important, warns about NSAIDS use in patients suffering from kidney stones.},
}

*Calcium Oxalate/chemistry
Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
Dinoprostone/metabolism
Epithelial Cells/metabolism
*Kidney Calculi/chemistry
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Animals
Dogs

@article {pmid36867274,
year = {2023},
author = {Khan, A and Gilani, AH},
title = {An insight investigation to the antiurolithic activity of Trachyspermum ammi using the in vitro and in vivo experiments.},
journal = {Urolithiasis},
volume = {51},
number = {1},
pages = {43},
pmid = {36867274},
issn = {2194-7236},
mesh = {Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Dogs ; Rabbits ; Rats, Wistar ; *Ammi ; Antioxidants ; Calcium Oxalate ; Parasympatholytics ; Diuretics ; },
abstract = {The crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (Ta.Cr) was studied for its antiurolithic activity using the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, Ta.Cr treatment showed a diuretic activity at the dose of 30 and 100 mg/kg and exhibited curative effect in male hyperoxaluric Wistar rats, which received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water given for 3 weeks, with 1% ammonium chloride (AC) for initial three days. In the in vitro experiments, Ta.Cr delayed the slopes of nucleation and inhibited the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner like that of potassium citrate. Ta.Cr also inhibited DPPH free radicals like standard antioxidant drug butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and significantly reduced cell toxicity and LDH release in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 µg/cm[2]) crystals. In isolated rabbit urinary bladder strips, Ta.Cr relaxed high K[+] (80 mM) and CCh (1 µM)-induced contractions, showing antispasmodic activity. The findings of this study suggest that the antiurolithic activity of crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds may be mediated by a number of mechanisms, including a diuretic, an inhibitor of CaOx crystal aggregation, an antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protection, and an antispasmodic, thus, showing the therapeutic potential in urolithiasis, for which there is no viable non-invasive option in modern medicine.},
}

Male
Rats
Animals
Dogs
Rabbits
Rats, Wistar
*Ammi
Antioxidants
Calcium Oxalate
Parasympatholytics
Diuretics

@article {pmid36860138,
year = {2023},
author = {Geddes, RF and Davison, LJ and Elliott, J and Syme, HM and O'Neill, DG},
title = {Risk factors for upper urinary tract uroliths and ureteral obstruction in cats under referral veterinary care in the United Kingdom.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {567-577},
pmid = {36860138},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; *Ureteral Obstruction/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cats presenting with upper urinary tract uroliths (UUTUs) and ureteral obstruction ("obstructive UUTU") are typically younger than cats with idiopathic CKD that often have incidental nephroliths.

HYPOTHESIS: Cats with upper urinary tract urolith have 2 clinical phenotypes; a more aggressive phenotype at risk of obstructive UUTU at a young age and a more benign phenotype in older cats, with reduced risk of obstructive UUTU.

OBJECTIVES: Identify risk factors for UUTU and for obstructive UUTU.

ANIMALS: Eleven thousand four hundred thirty-one cats were referred for care over 10 years; 521 (4.6%) with UUTU.

METHODS: Retrospective VetCompass observational cross-sectional study. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify risk factors for a diagnosis of UUTU vs no UUTU and additionally, obstructive UUTU vs nonobstructive UUTU.

RESULTS: Risk factors for UUTU included female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.9; P < .001), British shorthair, Burmese, Persian, Ragdoll or Tonkinese (vs non-purebred ORs 1.92-3.31; P < .001) breed and being ≥4 years (ORs 2.1-3.9; P < .001). Risk factors for obstructive UUTU were female sex (OR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6; P = .002), having bilateral uroliths (OR 2.0, CI 1.4-2.9; P = .002) and age, with the odds of obstructive UUTU increasing as age at diagnosis of UUTU decreased (≥12 years, reference category; 8-11.9 years, OR 2.7, CI 1.6-4.5; 4-7.9 years, OR 4.1, CI 2.5-7.0; 0-3.9 years, OR 4.3, CI 2.2-8.6; P < 0.001).

Cats diagnosed with UUTU at a younger age have a more aggressive phenotype with higher risk of obstructive UUTU compared to cats over 12 years of age diagnosed with UUTU.},
}

Animals
Cats
Female
Male
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
United Kingdom/epidemiology
*Ureteral Obstruction/epidemiology/veterinary
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urinary Tract

@article {pmid36824047,
year = {2023},
author = {Victor, PP and Narayanaswamy, R and Kadry, S and Gurunathan, B},
title = {Identification of novel inhibitor against human phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase from phytochemicals of Citrus sinensis peel extract by in vitro and in silico approach.},
journal = {Biotechnology and applied biochemistry},
volume = {70},
number = {5},
pages = {1565-1581},
doi = {10.1002/bab.2453},
pmid = {36824047},
issn = {1470-8744},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; *Citrus sinensis/chemistry ; Calcium Oxalate ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Kidney Calculi/chemistry/drug therapy ; Phytochemicals ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; },
abstract = {Kidney stone is a major global menace that demands research on nonsurgical treatment involving biological compounds for the benefit of the patients. Among the biological extracts, citric acid is traditionally used to dissolve kidney stones. The current research focuses on evaluating the in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity and in silico study of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis (ECS) peel against c: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PCYT). The diuretic activity was evaluated using in vitro model against the synthesized calcium oxalate crystals and cytotoxicity study in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. The phytochemicals were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The interaction mechanism was studied using computational docking studies to confirm their involvement in the dissolution of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Further molecular properties, drug-likeness, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and toxicity analysis were followed for the ligands using software tools. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (citronellyl acetate), 3',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone, and ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside showed good binding affinities against PCYT. Moreover, the docking studies showed the ligand 3',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone has the highest binding energy (-6.68 kcal/mol) for human CTP. The present investigation concludes that these compounds of C. sinensis peel extract compounds are responsible as novel inhibitors against human CTP and extend their use in the pharmaceutical drug development process.},
}

Humans
Animals
Dogs
*Citrus sinensis/chemistry
Calcium Oxalate
Plant Extracts/pharmacology
*Kidney Calculi/chemistry/drug therapy
Phytochemicals
Molecular Docking Simulation

@article {pmid36798076,
year = {2023},
author = {Aubrecht, AM and Lulich, JP},
title = {Resolution of urethral obstruction using temporary urethral stents in two female cats.},
journal = {JFMS open reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {20551169221149677},
pmid = {36798076},
issn = {2055-1169},
abstract = {CASE SUMMARY: The management of urethral obstructions is well documented in male cats but is less established for females. These cases describe two female cats that presented with non-dissolvable urocystoliths. Urocystoliths were removed by laser lithotripsy and basket retrieval. Following urolith removal, urethral obstruction occurred in both cats. Both cats were successfully managed using temporary urethral stents in lieu of indwelling urethral catheters permitting outpatient, spontaneous recovery of the urethra.

Use of temporary urethral stents has not been described in cats. These novel stents are constructed from materials available in most veterinary facilities, placed without advanced imaging and reside entirely within the urethra and vestibule. Temporary stents are used to bypass urethral disease, facilitating outpatient recovery, and are easily removed when no longer needed. For these reasons, temporary stents are a cost-efficient alternative to permanent stents or indwelling urinary catheters attached to closed urine-collection systems.},
}

@article {pmid36740712,
year = {2023},
author = {Ortega, CJ and Stavroulaki, EM and Lawlor, A and Lulich, J and Cuq, B},
title = {Retrospective analysis of 131 feline uroliths from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (2010-2020).},
journal = {Irish veterinary journal},
volume = {76},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
pmid = {36740712},
issn = {2046-0481},
support = {Hill's Pet Nutrition//Hill's Pet Nutrition/ ; School of Veterinary Medicine - Fee Waiver//University College Dublin/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The proportions of different urolith types have not been investigated in cats from the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI) previously. The objective of this study was to investigate the proportions of different feline urolith types submitted to Minnesota Urolith Center from the ROI and NI from 2010 to 2020. An additional aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors associated with each urolith type in cats in this geographic area.

RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-one uroliths were submitted for the studied period with 44.3% being struvite, 43.5% calcium oxalate and 7.6% compound. Only 11 uroliths were submitted in the first 4 years. The number of submissions increased after 2015, peaking in 2019 with 25 submissions. Due to low numbers no conclusions could be made about changes in incidence of urolith types over time. Cats ≤7 years of age were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with struvite uroliths (OR, 2.87 [1.37-6.06]; p = 0.007) while cats ≥7 years of age with calcium oxalate uroliths (OR, 2.67, [1.29-5.37], p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first epidemiologic study of urolithiasis from cats in the ROI and NI. The most prevalent types of uroliths in our study population were struvite and calcium oxalate. Due to the low number of urolith submissions, changes in the incidence of different uroliths could not be accurately determined. Increasing age was associated with calcium oxalate formation while younger cats were more commonly diagnosed with struvite urolithiasis which can be medically dissolved. Therefore, urolith dissolution is more likely to be successful in young cats than older cats.},
}

@article {pmid36718335,
year = {2022},
author = {Chamsuwan, S and Buranakarl, C and Angkanaporn, K and Dissayabutra, T and Chuaypen, N and Pisitkun, T and Kalpongnukul, N},
title = {A urinary proteomic study in hypercalciuric dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.},
journal = {Veterinary world},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {2937-2944},
pmid = {36718335},
issn = {0972-8988},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypercalciuria is an important predisposing factor commonly found in humans and dogs with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate crystals can induce an inflammatory reaction that subsequently produces several proteins that have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on stone formation. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in urinary proteomic profiles between hypercalciuric CaOx stone dogs and hypercalciuric stone-free dogs (CaOx stone and control groups, respectively).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven dogs with hypercalciuric CaOx urolithiasis and breed-, sex-, and aged-matched controls with hypercalciuria were included in the study. Serum and urine samples were obtained from all dogs to analyze electrolytes. Urinary proteomic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Student's t-test was used to compare the differences between groups.

RESULTS: Forty-nine urinary proteins were identified in the stone-free and CaOx stone groups, whereas 19 and 6 proteins were unique in the CaOx stone and stone-free groups, respectively. The urinary thrombomodulin level was significantly higher in the CaOx stone group (relative ratio = 1.8, p < 0.01) than in the stone-free group.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that urinary proteomic profiles may be used as a candidate biomarker for urinary tract injury in CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.},
}

@article {pmid36645022,
year = {2023},
author = {Broughton, SE and O'Neill, DG and Syme, HM and Geddes, RF},
title = {Ionized hypercalcemia in 238 cats from a referral hospital population (2009-2019).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {80-91},
pmid = {36645022},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Hypercalcemia/etiology/veterinary ; Calcium ; *Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary ; *Neoplasms/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/complications/diagnosis/veterinary ; *Acute Kidney Injury/complications/veterinary ; Iatrogenic Disease/veterinary ; Vitamin D ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis/etiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ionized calcium concentration ([iCa]) is more sensitive for detecting calcium disturbances than serum total calcium concentration but literature on ionized hypercalcemia in cats is limited. Urolithiasis is a possible adverse consequence of hypercalcemia.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical details of diagnoses associated with ionized hypercalcemia in cats and association with urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: Cats (238) seen between 2009 and 2019 at a referral hospital with [iCa] above the normal reference interval.

METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study. Signalment, serum biochemical and imaging findings were reviewed for cats with ionized hypercalcemia considered to be clinically relevant (>1.41 mmol/L). Data were summarized by cause of hypercalcemia (i.e., diagnosis).

RESULTS: Diagnoses for the 238 cats with [iCa] >1.41 mmol/L included: acute kidney injury (AKI; 13%), malignancy-associated (10.1%), idiopathic hypercalcemia (IHC; 10.1%), chronic kidney disease/renal diet-associated (8.4%), iatrogenic (5.5%), primary hyperparathyroidism (2.1%), vitamin D toxicity (2.1%) and granulomatous disease (1.7%). In 112 cases (47.1%), no cause for ionized hypercalcemia could be determined (n = 95), hypercalcemia was transient (n = 12), or the cat was juvenile (<1 year; n = 5). Urolithiasis was identified in 83.3% of AKI, 72.7% of iatrogenic, 61.1% of CKD/renal diet-associated and 50% of IHC cases that were imaged (<50% for other diagnoses). Diagnoses with a high proportion of concurrent total hypercalcemia included primary hyperparathyroidism (100%), vitamin D toxicity (100%), malignancy-associated (71.4%), granulomatous disease (66.7%) and IHC (65.2%).

Ionized hypercalcemia was most commonly associated with kidney diseases, neoplasia or IHC. The proportion of urolithiasis cases varied by diagnosis.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Hypercalcemia/etiology/veterinary
Calcium
*Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/veterinary
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary
*Neoplasms/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/complications/diagnosis/veterinary
*Acute Kidney Injury/complications/veterinary
Iatrogenic Disease/veterinary
Vitamin D
*Cat Diseases/diagnosis/etiology

@article {pmid36593937,
year = {2023},
author = {Clark, H and Lasarev, M and Wood, M},
title = {Risk factors of enterococcal bacteriuria in cats: A retrospective study.},
journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne},
volume = {64},
number = {1},
pages = {40-44},
pmid = {36593937},
issn = {0008-5286},
mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; *Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary/diagnosis ; Case-Control Studies ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Enterococcus ; Escherichia coli ; Inflammation/complications/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Urethral Diseases/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine if factors associated with urothelial damage and inflammation, including urinary catheterization, urinary obstruction, and urolithiasis are associated with the presence of enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.

ANIMALS: Thirty-one cats with Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria and 31 cats with Escherichia coli bacteriuria.

PROCEDURE: A retrospective case-control study with cases and controls identified by records search for Enterococcus spp. (case) and E. coli (control) bacteriuria from August 1, 2014 to July 31, 2019. Cases and controls were balanced with respect to average age. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate and test whether the odds of having Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria (instead of E. coli) were associated with the presence of any characteristic.

RESULTS: Urinary catheterization, urinary obstruction, and urolithiasis were not observed more often in Enterococcus cases versus E. coli controls (19% versus 25%, P = 0.543; 19% versus 32%, P = 0.244; and 16% versus 16%, P = 1, respectively). Signs of lower urinary tract disease were significantly less common in Enterococcus cases than in E. coli controls (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.83, P = 0.02). Hematuria was significantly less common in cases than controls (P = 0.048).

CONCLUSION: No association was identified between urinary catheterization, urolithiasis, or any other comorbidities (hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease) and enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Unlike in humans and dogs, urothelial damage and inflammation caused by factors such as urinary catheterization and urolithiasis may not be the mechanism for enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.},
}

Animals
Cats
*Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary/diagnosis
Case-Control Studies
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
Enterococcus
Escherichia coli
Inflammation/complications/veterinary
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
*Urethral Diseases/veterinary
*Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid36467376,
year = {2022},
author = {Shin, PT and Aoki, K},
title = {Successful conservative management in a dog with substantial urinary bladder ischemia.},
journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne},
volume = {63},
number = {12},
pages = {1193-1197},
pmid = {36467376},
issn = {0008-5286},
mesh = {Female ; Dogs ; Animals ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Conservative Treatment/veterinary ; Ischemia/veterinary ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/surgery ; },
abstract = {A 7-year-old spayed female pug dog was brought to the veterinary college with a severely and diffusely ischemic urinary bladder secondary to obstructive uroliths in the lower urinary tract. Cystotomy was performed to remove the uroliths and the ischemic bladder was managed with conservative treatment. A recheck abdominal ultrasound 4.5 mo after surgery revealed an abdominal mass that was associated with the urinary bladder. An exploratory laparotomy and partial cystectomy were performed. Histopathology of the mass showed granulomatous inflammation centered on necrotic tissue. The dog recovered well, and long-term prognosis is good. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first veterinary case report describing conservative management of an ischemic urinary bladder. An uncommon complication following cystotomy and the relevant imaging findings is also described. The positive outcome for the dog demonstrated that conservative management may serve as an option for treatment of substantial ischemia of the urinary bladder.},
}

Female
Dogs
Animals
Urinary Bladder/surgery
Conservative Treatment/veterinary
Ischemia/veterinary
Cystotomy/veterinary
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/surgery

@article {pmid36411489,
year = {2022},
author = {Weinekötter, J and Gurtner, C and Protschka, M and von Bomhard, W and Böttcher, D and Schlinke, A and Alber, G and Rösch, S and Steiner, JM and Seeger, J and Oechtering, GU and Heilmann, RM},
title = {Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.},
journal = {BMC veterinary research},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {412},
pmid = {36411489},
issn = {1746-6148},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Female ; *Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/diagnosis/veterinary/pathology ; *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/veterinary ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/urine ; Neutrophils/pathology ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; S100A12 Protein ; Lymphocytes ; Calgranulin A ; Biomarkers ; *Dog Diseases/pathology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine lower urinary tract, affecting approximately 2% of dogs. Elderly female patients of certain breeds are predisposed, and clinical signs of UC can easily be confused with urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging given the lack of disease-specific markers and treatments. The S100A8/A9 complex and S100A12 protein are Ca[2+]-binding proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system and have shown promise as urinary screening markers for UC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can also aid in distinguishing certain neoplastic from inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of S100/calgranulins and the blood NLR in dogs with UC. Urinary bladder and/or urethral tissue samples from dogs with UC (n = 10), non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions (NNUTD; n = 6), and no histologic changes (n = 11) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Blood NLRs were analyzed in dogs with UC (n = 22) or NNUTD (n = 26).

RESULTS: Tissue S100A12-positive cell counts were significantly higher in dogs with lower urinary tract disease than healthy controls (P = 0.0267 for UC, P = 0.0049 for NNUTD), with no significant difference between UC and NNUTD patients. Tissue S100A8/A9-positivity appeared to be higher with NNUTD than UC, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The S100A8/A9[+]-to-S100A12[+] ratio was significantly decreased in neoplastic and inflamed lower urinary tract tissue compared to histologically normal specimens (P = 0.0062 for UC, P = 0.0030 for NNUTD). NLRs were significantly higher in dogs with UC than in dogs with NNUTD, and a cut-off NLR of ≤ 2.83 distinguished UC from NNUTD with 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Higher NLRs were also associated with a poor overall survival time (P = 0.0417).

CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that the S100/calgranulins play a role in the immune response to inflammatory and neoplastic lower urinary tract diseases in dogs, but the tissue expression of these proteins appears to differ from their concentrations reported in urine samples. Further investigations of the S100/calgranulin pathways in UC and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets are warranted. The NLR as a routinely available marker might be a useful surrogate to distinguish UC from inflammatory conditions.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Female
*Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/diagnosis/veterinary/pathology
*Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/veterinary
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/urine
Neutrophils/pathology
Urinary Bladder/pathology
S100A12 Protein
Lymphocytes
Calgranulin A
Biomarkers
*Dog Diseases/pathology

@article {pmid36401505,
year = {2023},
author = {Jiang, P and Okhunov, Z and Afyouni, AS and Ali, S and Hosseini Sharifi, SH and Bhatt, R and Brevik, A and Ayad, M and Larson, K and Osann, K and Patel, RM and Landman, J and Clayman, RV},
title = {Comparison of Superpulse Thulium Fiber Laser vs Holmium Laser for Ablation of Renal Calculi in an In Vivo Porcine Model.},
journal = {Journal of endourology},
volume = {37},
number = {3},
pages = {335-340},
doi = {10.1089/end.2022.0445},
pmid = {36401505},
issn = {1557-900X},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Holmium ; *Kidney Calculi/surgery ; *Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use ; *Lithotripsy ; *Lithotripsy, Laser/methods ; Swine ; Thulium ; },
abstract = {Introduction and Objectives: We sought to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the superpulse thulium fiber laser (sTFL to the holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet [Ho:YAG] laser for ureteroscopic "dusting" of implanted renal stones in an in vivo porcine model. Methods: Twenty-four porcine kidneys (12 juvenile female Yorkshire pigs) were randomized to Ho:YAG or sTFL treatment groups. Canine calcium oxalate stones were scanned with computed tomography to calculate stone volume and stone density; the stones were randomized and implanted into each renal pelvis via an open pyelotomy. In all trials, a 14F, 35 cm ureteral access sheath was placed. With a 9.9F dual lumen flexible ureteroscope, laser lithotripsy was performed using dusting settings: Ho:YAG 200 μm laser fiber at 16 W (0.4 J, 40 Hz) or sTFL 200 μm laser fiber at 16 W (0.2 J, 80 Hz). Lithotripsy continued until no fragments over 1 mm were observed. No stone basketing was performed. Throughout the procedures, intrarenal and renal pelvis temperatures were measured using two percutaneously positioned K-type thermocouples, one in the upper pole calyx and one in the renal pelvis. After the lithotripsy, the ureteropelvic junction was occluded, the kidneys were bivalved, and all residual fragments were collected, dried, weighed, and then measured with an optical laser particle sizer. Results: Implanted stones were similar in volume and density in both groups. Intraoperative collecting system temperatures were similar for both groups (all <44°C). Compared to Ho:YAG, sTFL ablated stones faster (9 vs 27 minutes, p < 0.001) with less energy expenditure (8 vs 26 kJ, p < 0.001), and a greater stone clearance rate (73% vs 45%, p = 0.001). After sTFL lithotripsy, 77% of the remaining fragments were ≤1 mm vs 17% of fragments ≤1 mm after Ho:YAG treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In an in vivo porcine kidney, using dusting settings, sTFL lithotripsy resulted in shorter ablation times, higher stone clearance rates, and markedly smaller stone fragments than Ho:YAG lithotripsy.},
}

Animals
Dogs
Female
Holmium
*Kidney Calculi/surgery
*Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use
*Lithotripsy
*Lithotripsy, Laser/methods
Swine
Thulium

@article {pmid36395195,
year = {2022},
author = {Uttamamul, N and Suksawat, M and Phetcharaburanin, J and Jitpean, S and Lulitanond, A and Sae-Ung, N and Boonsiri, P and Tavichakorntrakool, R},
title = {1H NMR metabolic profiling of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from canine uroliths.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {e0277808},
pmid = {36395195},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Urease ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology ; *Urinary Calculi/etiology ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; Metabolomics ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a urease-producing bacteria which is a major cause of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) urolithiasis in canine. A positive urolith culture is an important risk factor for MAP urolithiasis in canine. The mechanism underlying the metabolic changes of S. pseudintermedius after crystallization in artificial urine (AU) needs more defined baseline metabolic information. Therefore, we extensively investigated the metabolic changes of S. pseudintermedius extensively after crystallization in AU. A high urease activity and positive biofilm formation strain, entitled the S. pseudintermedius (SPMAP09) strain, was isolated from canine MAP uroliths, and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics. The molecular mechanism-specific metabolic phenotypes were clearly observed after crystallization in AU at day 3. The crystals induced by SPMAP09 were also confirmed and the major chemical composition identified as struvite. Interestingly, our findings demonstrated that a total of 11 identified metabolites were significantly changed. The levels of formate, homocarnosine, tyrosine, cis-aconitate, glycolate, ethyl malonate, valine and acetate level were significantly higher, accompanied with decreased levels of inosine, glucose, and threonine at day 3 compared with the initial time-point (day 0). In addition, our results exhibited that the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism was significantly related to the SPMAP09 strain at day 3 in AU. Thus, metabolic changes of the SPMAP09 strain after crystallization in AU potentially helps to explain the preliminary molecular mechanism for the crystals induced by S. pseudintermedius.},
}

Dogs
Animals
Urease
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
*Dog Diseases/microbiology
*Urinary Calculi/etiology
*Urolithiasis/veterinary
Metabolomics

@article {pmid36359058,
year = {2022},
author = {Tabbì, M and Rifici, C and Cicero, L and Macrì, F and Mazzullo, G and Sfacteria, A and Cassata, G and De Majo, M and Di Pietro, S},
title = {Nontraumatic Paraureteral Urinoma in a Cat with Urolithiasis.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {12},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {36359058},
issn = {2076-2615},
abstract = {Urinoma is an encapsulated collection of urine due to a disruption in the collection system of the urinary tract. This condition is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and diagnostic findings of a well-encapsulated paraureteral urinoma associated with urinary tract stones in a critical feline patient. The ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed a well-defined collection of anechoic fluid containing the left kidney in the retroperitoneal space, while the radiographic examination revealed a loss of soft tissue contrast in the lumbar region. Both techniques confirmed the presence of stones in the bladder. Following the ultrasound-guided drainage of the lesion, the nature of the fluid was also confirmed to be urine. Due to the worsening of the cat's health, to better define the extent and genesis of the lesion, a positive contrast radiographic study was performed by means of an ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of a contrast medium into the lesion, which highlighted a wide and homogeneous radiopaque area in the left retroperitoneal space. These findings were confirmed with a postmortem examination, corroborating the diagnostic suspicion of urinoma. The percutaneous contrast inoculation performed in this critically ill patient plays a role in the diagnostic process to reach a final diagnosis in cases in which the patient's clinical condition does not allow for performing an excretory positive contrast study.},
}

@article {pmid36349591,
year = {2022},
author = {Hadpech, S and Peerapen, P and Thongboonkerd, V},
title = {Alpha-tubulin relocalization is involved in calcium oxalate-induced tight junction disruption in renal epithelial cells.},
journal = {Chemico-biological interactions},
volume = {368},
number = {},
pages = {110236},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110236},
pmid = {36349591},
issn = {1872-7786},
mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; *Tight Junctions ; *Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Tubulin/metabolism ; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Microtubule (MT) is associated with tight junction (TJ) structure and function. While calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) commonly causes TJ disruption, its effects on MT remain unknown. This study thus addressed the involvement of a major MT protein, α-tubulin, in COM-induced TJ disruption. Protein-protein interactions analysis demonstrated that α-tubulin directly interacted with a TJ protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). MDCK renal cells were polarized and incubated with COM crystals for 48 h. Western blotting showed that COM reduced ZO-1, but not α-tubulin, level. Immunofluorescence staining revealed COM-induced relocalization of α-tubulin from apical membranes to cytoplasm and ZO-1 disruption at cell borders. COM also mediated progressive fall of epithelial barrier function, represented by transepithelial resistance (TER), which reached the lowest at 12-h till the end of crystal exposure. Pretreatment of the cells with docetaxel, the MT/tubulin stabilizer, completely prevented such α-tubulin relocalization, ZO-1 disruption/down-regulation, and TER reduction. These data indicate that α-tubulin relocalization is involved in COM-induced TJ disruption in renal epithelial cells.},
}

Dogs
Animals
*Tight Junctions
*Calcium Oxalate/chemistry
Tubulin/metabolism
Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Epithelial Cells/metabolism

@article {pmid36315023,
year = {2022},
author = {Job, C and Lecavalier, J and Dunn, M and Gatineau, M and Planté, J and Benamou, J and Coutellier, M and Javard, R},
title = {Comparison of percutaneous cystolithotomy and open cystotomy for removal of urethral and bladder uroliths in dogs: Retrospective study of 81 cases (2014-2018).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {36},
number = {6},
pages = {2063-2070},
pmid = {36315023},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Dogs ; Cats ; Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary/adverse effects/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; *Cat Diseases/surgery/etiology ; Urinary Bladder ; *Dog Diseases/surgery/etiology ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Compare percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and open cystotomy (OC) for removal of bladder and urethral uroliths.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs and cats that underwent PCCL (n = 41) or OC (n = 40) between January 1, 2014 and February 28, 2018 at a referral center.

METHODS: Medical records of dogs and cats that underwent a PCCL or an OC were reviewed. History, signalment, physical examination, diagnostic tests, length of the procedure and anesthesia, complications, and duration of hospitalization were recorded.

RESULTS: A total 17 cats (PCCL = 10; OC = 7) and 64 dogs (PCCL = 31; OC = 33) were included. There was no significant difference, regardless of species, in the mean surgical time (45 min [24-160 min] and 48.5 min [15-122 min] with P = .54 in dogs, P = .65 in cats) nor mean duration of anesthesia (90 min [50-120 min] and 98 min [54-223 min] with P = .87 in dogs, P = .08 in cats) in the PCCL and OC groups respectively. Number of uroliths did not affect duration of surgery in either group. Complete urolith removal was achieved in 98% of dogs and cats in both groups. The median hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the PCCL group for dogs (11.3 hours [range 4 to 51.3] in the PCCL vs 56.6 hours [range 7.3 to 96] in the OC group; P < .001) but did not differ for cats (24.5 hours [range 8.3 to 30] in the PCCL vs 56.6 hours [range 10.1 to 193.2] in the OC group; P = .08).

Bladder urolith removal by PCCL procedure is no longer than OC. Further studies are needed to compare the pain related to procedure between PCCL and OC.},
}

Dogs
Cats
Animals
Cystotomy/veterinary/adverse effects/methods
Retrospective Studies
*Cat Diseases/surgery/etiology
Urinary Bladder
*Dog Diseases/surgery/etiology
*Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary

@article {pmid36225798,
year = {2022},
author = {Park, J and Jang, K and Jo, HM and Kim, SE},
title = {Laparoscopic attenuation of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog-a thin-film banding for splenophrenic shunt: A case report.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {918153},
pmid = {36225798},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {A 6-year-old castrated male Shih-Tzu dog weighing 6. 5 kg presented with chief complaints of pollakiuria and urine dribbling. He had a history of urolithiasis for 3 years, which was confirmed by the presence of ammonium urate in the urinary stone analysis, performed 2 years prior to the presentation. Blood examination showed high values of fasting ammonia, post-prandial bile acid, and low blood urea nitrogen. Microhepatica and urolithiasis were identified on plain radiography and ultrasonography. A computed tomography angiography demonstrated a shunting vessel, diameter up to 9.6 mm, originated from the splenic vein, and linked with the phrenic vein. A surgical attenuation with a thin-film banding was performed under laparoscopic visualization. Left triangular ligament was incised, and one stay suture was placed to the stomach to expose the vessel. The shunting vessel was dissected before it entered the diaphragm, and a thin-film band was applied around the vessel. The patient recovered uneventfully without post-attenuation neurologic signs. Portal vein diameter increased with time, and complete closure of the shunting vessel was identified on computed tomography angiography performed at 14 months after attenuation. The patient was doing well for 31 months after surgery without protein restriction. This is a report of laparoscopic attenuation for splenophrenic type of canine congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt with a favorable outcome using thin-film banding.},
}

@article {pmid36214243,
year = {2022},
author = {Waite, LA and Hahn, AM and Sturgeon, GL and Lulich, J},
title = {UROLITHIASIS IN FOXES: ASSESSMENT OF 65 UROLITH SUBMISSIONS TO THE MINNESOTA UROLITH CENTER FROM 1981 TO 2021.},
journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians},
volume = {53},
number = {3},
pages = {578-582},
doi = {10.1638/2021-0034},
pmid = {36214243},
issn = {1042-7260},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; *Calculi/veterinary ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Humans ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Struvite ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {This article summarizes urinary stone submissions from foxes in human care to the Minnesota Urolith Center over 40 years. A previous report documented the analysis of uroliths from foxes that were submitted between 1981 and 2007.[13] New data compiled from 2008 to 2021 included an additional 38 stones submitted from foxes, totaling 65 fox urolith submissions from 1981 to 2021. Struvite and cystine uroliths were most common, with the remainder comprised of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, compound, mixed, or miscellaneous material. Most stones were submitted from male foxes. Seventy-two percent of the stones were urocystoliths, and from 2010 to 2021, most stones were diagnosed antemortem and removed surgically. More than half of the stones were submitted from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda). Urolithiasis in foxes may be an underrecognized condition, and data from this study suggest that clinicians should consider routine urinalysis and diagnostic imaging as part of the preventive medicine program for fox species, especially red foxes and fennec foxes.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Phosphates/analysis
*Calculi/veterinary
Cystine
*Dog Diseases
Dogs
Humans
Magnesium Compounds/analysis
Male
Minnesota/epidemiology
Phosphates/analysis
Struvite
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid36181368,
year = {2022},
author = {Kurtz, M and Desquilbet, L and Maire, J and Da Riz, F and Canonne-Guibert, M and Benchekroun, G and Maurey, C},
title = {Alendronate treatment in cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia: A retrospective cohort study of 20 cases.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {36},
number = {6},
pages = {1921-1930},
pmid = {36181368},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Hypercalcemia/drug therapy/veterinary ; Alendronate/therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Calcium/therapeutic use ; Cohort Studies ; *Cat Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited information is available concerning treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in cats.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Describe clinical findings in a cohort of cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia and evaluate long-term tolerance and efficacy of alendronate in these patients.

ANIMALS: Twenty cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia of undetermined origin, presented for routine or referral consultation at the teaching hospital of Maisons-Alfort (France).

METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Cats were divided into Group 1 (cats that received alendronate as well as other treatments, n = 11) and Group 2 (cats that did not receive alendronate, n = 9). Survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models) was conducted to compare time to selected outcomes.

RESULTS: Azotemia was present in 15 cats (75%). Alendronate treatment was administered and well tolerated during the entire follow-up period (median, 9.5 months; interquartile range [IQR], 6.3; 27) in all cats from Group 1, except in 1 cat that developed severe hypophosphatemia, prompting treatment discontinuation. Univariate analysis determined that alendronate treatment was significantly associated with shorter time to reach a 15% decrease in ionized calcium concentration (iCa) from baseline during follow-up (119 days vs median not reached, P = .02). This association was no longer significant after adjustment for age and initial iCa.

Alendronate overall was well tolerated with chronic use in this cohort, and can be considered a treatment option for persistent ionized hypercalcemia in cats.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Hypercalcemia/drug therapy/veterinary
Alendronate/therapeutic use
Retrospective Studies
Calcium/therapeutic use
Cohort Studies
*Cat Diseases/drug therapy

@article {pmid36180755,
year = {2022},
author = {Wesson, JA and Zenka, R and Lulich, J and Eisenhauer, J and Davis, C},
title = {Comparison of cat and human calcium oxalate monohydrate kidney stone matrix proteomes.},
journal = {Urolithiasis},
volume = {50},
number = {6},
pages = {653-664},
pmid = {36180755},
issn = {2194-7236},
support = {I01 CX001491/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; R01 DK082550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK 82550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Calcium Oxalate/metabolism ; Cations ; *Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Proteome/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Despite its critical nature, the role of matrix in calcium oxalate stone formation is poorly understood. The wide diversity of proteins comprising matrix has contributed to the ambiguity. This study compares the protein distributions measured by mass spectrometry in human calcium oxalate stone matrix to that observed in cat stone matrix, because cats share many clinical characteristics of their stone disease with humans. The observed protein distributions were analyzed in the context of a recent model based on the aggregation of strongly anionic and strongly cationic proteins which includes selective adsorption of other proteins based on total charge. Matrix protein distributions shared many common features between species, including enrichment of both strongly anionic and strongly cationic proteins, increased total charge in matrix proteins compared to urine proteins, and a high degree of similarity of prominent strongly anionic proteins in the matrix of both species. However, there was weaker overlap of the specific dominant proteins in other regions of the net charge distribution. Collectively, these observations support the conceptual model where the strongly anionic proteins associate most strongly with the calcium oxalate crystal surfaces, while the other proteins associate with the strongly anionic proteins through non-specific, charge interactions with each other to create stones. Also, cats appear to be the best animal model of human stone disease identified to date based on these similarities.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Calcium Oxalate/metabolism
Cations
*Kidney Calculi/etiology
Mass Spectrometry
Proteome/metabolism

@article {pmid36137162,
year = {2022},
author = {Faria, LA and Meirelles, AÉWB and Froes, TR and Cintra, TCF and Pereira, DP and Rodrigues, MA and Gouvêa, FN and Pennacchi, CS and Assaf, ND and Crivellenti, LZ},
title = {Comparison of radiographic methods for detecting radiolucent uroliths in dogs.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {17},
number = {9},
pages = {e0274087},
pmid = {36137162},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiography ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare positive cystography techniques at 5%, 10%, and 20%, as well as three different double-contrast protocols for detecting radiolucent uroliths with a diameter of less than 3.0 mm in dogs. Six cadavers were used, one was selected at random to represent the negative control, and the others were submitted to urolith implantation in the bladder by urethral catheter. Three radiology professionals blindly accessed ventrodorsal and -lateral projections of each test. Contrast at 20% showed greater diagnostic sensitivity, but with greater difficulty identifying the number and size of the uroliths. Consequently, double-contrast techniques are better and should be used for diagnostic and therapeutic planning. Sensitivity and specificity tests demonstrated that positive 5% cystography and different concentrations of double contrast obtained better results in terms of sensitivity and specificity. However, due to the presence of a greater amount of artifacts in the 5% cystography, it is suggested that double contrast is used for this purpose, especially with the removal of contrast excess (protocol 2).},
}

Animals
*Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Dogs
Radiography
Sensitivity and Specificity
Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging
*Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging

@article {pmid36038186,
year = {2022},
author = {Bruwier, A and Godart, B and Gatel, L and Leperlier, D and Bedu, AS},
title = {Computed tomographic assessment of retrograde urohydropropulsion in male dogs and prediction of stone composition using Hounsfield unit in dogs and cats.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary science},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {e65},
pmid = {36038186},
issn = {1976-555X},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; *Calculi/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Struvite ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Uric Acid ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent uroliths after a cystotomy in dogs are a common cause of surgical failure.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the following: the success rate of retrograde urohydropropulsion in male dogs using non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), whether the CT mean beam attenuation values in Hounsfield Units (mHU) measured in vivo could predict the urolithiasis composition and whether the selected reconstruction kernel may influence the measured mHU.

METHODS: All dogs and cats that presented with lower urinary tract uroliths and had a non-enhanced CT preceding surgery were included. In male dogs, CT was performed after retrograde urohydropropulsion to detect the remaining urethral calculi. The percentage and location of persistent calculi were recorded. The images were reconstructed using three kernels, from smooth to ultrasharp, and the calculi mHU were measured.

RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were included in the study. The success rate of retrograde urohydropropulsion in the 45 male dogs was 55.6% and 86.7% at the first and second attempts, respectively. The predominant components of the calculi were cystine (20), struvite (15), calcium oxalate (8), and urate (7). The convolution kernel influenced the mHU values (p < 0.05). The difference in mHU regarding the calculus composition was better assessed using the smoother kernel. A mHU greater than 1,000 HU was predictive of calcium oxalate calculi.

CONCLUSIONS: Non-enhanced CT is useful for controlling the success of retrograde urohydropropulsion. The mHU could allow a prediction of the calculus composition, particularly for calcium oxalate, which may help determine the therapeutic strategy.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate
*Calculi/veterinary
*Cat Diseases/surgery
Cats
Cystine
*Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/surgery
Dogs
Male
Struvite
Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
Uric Acid
*Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary

@article {pmid35962261,
year = {2022},
author = {Jewell, DE and Tavener, SK and Hollar, RL and Panickar, KS},
title = {Metabolomic changes in cats with renal disease and calcium oxalate uroliths.},
journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society},
volume = {18},
number = {8},
pages = {68},
pmid = {35962261},
issn = {1573-3890},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/metabolism ; Cats ; Death ; *Kidney Diseases ; Metabolomics ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: There is a significant incidence of cats with renal disease (RD) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney uroliths in domesticated cats. Foods which aid in the management of these diseases may be enhanced through understanding the underlying metabolomic changes.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the metabolomic profile with a view to identifying metabolomic targets which could aid in the management of renal disease and CaOx uroliths.

METHOD: This is a retrospective investigation of 42 cats: 19 healthy kidney controls, 11 with RD, and 12 that formed CaOx nephroliths. Cats were evaluated as adults (2 through 7 years) and at the end of life for plasma metabolomics, body composition, and markers of renal dysfunction. Kidney sections were assessed by Pizzolato stain at the end of life for detection of CaOx crystals. CaOx stone presence was also assessed by analysis of stones removed from the kidney at the end of life.

RESULTS: There were 791 metabolites identified with 91 having significant (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) changes between groups. Many changes in metabolite concentrations could be explained by the loss of renal function being most acute in the cats with RD while the cats with CaOx stones were intermediate between control and RD (e.g., urea, creatinine, pseudouridine, dimethylarginines). However, the concentrations of some metabolites differentiated RD from CaOx stone forming cats. These were either increased in the RD cats (e.g., cystathionine, dodecanedioate, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine) or comparatively increased in the CaOx stone forming cats (phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, alpha-ketobutyrate, retinal).

CONCLUSIONS: The metabolomic changes show specific metabolites which respond generally to both renal diseases while the metabolomic profile still differentiates cats with RD and cats with CaOx uroliths.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate/analysis/metabolism
Cats
Death
*Kidney Diseases
Metabolomics
Retrospective Studies
*Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/metabolism

@article {pmid35850013,
year = {2022},
author = {Ichii, O and Oyamada, K and Mizukawa, H and Yokoyama, N and Namba, T and Otani, Y and Elewa, YHA and Sasaki, N and Nakamura, T and Kon, Y},
title = {Ureteral morphology and pathology during urolithiasis in cats.},
journal = {Research in veterinary science},
volume = {151},
number = {},
pages = {10-20},
doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.029},
pmid = {35850013},
issn = {1532-2661},
mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/pathology ; Cats ; Collagen ; Inflammation/pathology/veterinary ; *Ureter/pathology ; *Ureteral Obstruction/pathology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Cats exhibit high susceptibility to urinary organ-related diseases. We investigated the healthy ureter morphologies and compared these with ureters that were surgically resected distal to a urolithiasis obstruction in cats. Healthy ureters (total length 9.88 ± 0.38 cm) developed adventitia composed of collagen fibers (ADCF), containing a longitudinal muscular layer, toward the distal segment. The healthy ureter was the smallest in the middle segment (4.71-6.90 cm from the urinary bladder) with significantly decreased luminal and submucosal areas compared to those in the proximal segment. Diseased cats exhibited a high incidence of calcium oxalate urolithiasis with renal dysfunction, regardless of age, sex, and body size. Diseased ureters showed increased perimeters, inflammation, and decreased nerves in ADCF. Collagen fibers were increased in the submucosal area, intermuscular spaces, and ADCF, particularly near the obstructed lesion. The mean resected ureter length was 5.66 ± 0.49 cm, suggesting a high obstruction risk in the middle segment. The middle segment also increased the cross-sectional area of the ureter and ADCF, regardless of the distance from the obstructed lesion. The ureters in several cases either lacked the transitional epithelium, or exhibited transitional epithelial hyperplasia, and some of these formed the mucosal folds. In conclusion, we demonstrated the following characteristics and histopathological features of cat ureters: decreases in the ureter size, lumen area, and submucosa area from proximal to middle segment in healthy; ADCF changes in urolithiasis, including increased connective tissues with inflammation and decreased nerves. These data are important to understand the pathogenesis of feline ureteral obstruction.},
}

Animals
*Cat Diseases/pathology
Cats
Collagen
Inflammation/pathology/veterinary
*Ureter/pathology
*Ureteral Obstruction/pathology/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/veterinary

@article {pmid35796316,
year = {2022},
author = {Coffey, EL and Gomez, AM and Burton, EN and Granick, JL and Lulich, JP and Furrow, E},
title = {Characterization of the urogenital microbiome in Miniature Schnauzers with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {1341-1352},
pmid = {35796316},
issn = {1939-1676},
support = {//University of Minnesota's College of Veterinary Medicine Resident and Graduate Student Research Grant/ ; T32 OD010993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912//NIH ORIP K01 Mentored Research Scientist Development Award/ ; T32 OD010993-15//NIH T32 Comparative Medicine and Pathology Training Grant/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; *Nephrolithiasis/veterinary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are common in dogs. Humans with CaOx urolithiasis exhibit alterations of the urinary and urogenital microbiomes that might mediate urolith formation. Detection of urogenital microbes associated with CaOx in dogs could inform disease pathophysiology.

OBJECTIVE: To identify compositional differences in the urogenital microbiome of Miniature Schnauzers with and without CaOx uroliths.

ANIMALS: Nineteen midstream, voided urine samples from Miniature Schnauzers with (n = 9) and without (n = 10) a history of CaOx urolithiasis.

METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. Microbial DNA was extracted from previously frozen urine samples and sequenced for the bacterial 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions. Diversity and composition of microbial populations were compared between urolith formers and controls.

RESULTS: Alpha and beta diversity measures were similar between groups. Five individual bacterial taxa differed in abundance (indicator values >0.5 and P < .05): Acinetobacter, 2 Geobacillus variants, and Hydrogenophaga were overrepresented in the urine of urolith formers, and Sphingopyxis was overrepresented in controls. Two distinct subtypes of urine microbial composition were observed based on beta diversity measures, independent of urolith status, and other clinical variables.

Although we did not detect a difference in the overall urogenital microbial composition between groups, observed differences in individual bacterial taxa might be clinically relevant. For example, Acinetobacter was overrepresented in urolith formers and is associated with CaOx urolithiasis in humans. Two unique clusters of the microbiome were identified, independent of urolith status, which may represent distinct urotypes present in Miniature Schnauzers.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Dog Diseases/genetics
Dogs
Humans
*Microbiota
*Nephrolithiasis/veterinary
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/veterinary

@article {pmid35737335,
year = {2022},
author = {Hoelmer, AM and Lulich, JP and Rendahl, AK and Furrow, E},
title = {Prevalence and Predictors of Radiographically Apparent Upper Urinary Tract Urolithiasis in Eight Dog Breeds Predisposed to Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis and Mixed Breed Dogs.},
journal = {Veterinary sciences},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {35737335},
issn = {2306-7381},
support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Data on upper urinary tract (UUT) uroliths in dogs are important to understanding their etiology. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to determine the prevalence and identify predictors of radiographically apparent UUT uroliths in dog breeds at increased risk for calcium oxalate uroliths (CaOx risk breeds) and mixed breed dogs. Radiologist reports of three-view abdominal radiographs were reviewed from 251 purebred dogs of 8 CaOx risk breeds and 68 mixed breed dogs. UUT uroliths were more common in CaOx risk breeds than mixed breed dogs (23% versus 6%, respectively; OR = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7−18.9, p < 0.001). UUT uroliths were more common in dogs with lower urinary tract (LUT) uroliths (predominantly calcium-containing) than those without (41% versus 5%, respectively; OR = 13.6, 95% CI 6.3−33.1, p < 0.001), and LUT uroliths predicted the presence of UUT uroliths in the multivariable regression (OR = 6.5, 95% CI 2.8−16.7, p < 0.001). Increasing age (p < 0.001) and lower body weight (p = 0.0016) were also predictors of UUT urolith presence in the multivariable regression. The high prevalence of UUT uroliths in dogs with LUT uroliths supports a shared mechanism for their formation.},
}

@article {pmid35523164,
year = {2022},
author = {Breu, D and Müller, E},
title = {[Feline uroliths: Analysis of frequency and epidemiology in Germany (2016-2020)].},
journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {102-111},
doi = {10.1055/a-1795-8078},
pmid = {35523164},
issn = {2567-5842},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Cystine ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis/chemistry ; Struvite ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to assess the distribution and frequency of uroliths in cats as well as to evaluate gender-, age-, and breed-specific differences.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3629 uroliths from cats in Germany were analyzed by infrared-spectroscopy during the period 2016-2020. The majority (3300) of the uroliths originated from purebred cats of 22 breeds.

RESULTS: Uroliths were prevalent in the order of male neutered (45.3 %), female spayed (35.3 %), male intact (7.4 %), and female intact cats (6.3 %). Median age of the cats with uroliths was 7 years, although it varied slightly depending on types of the urolith. The most frequent uroliths were calcium oxalate (59.5 %), followed by struvite (33.7 %), ammonium urate (2 %), calcium phosphate (1.7 %), cystine (0.7 %) and xanthine (0.4 %). Males (59.4 %) and females (59.2 %) showed nearly identical prevalence of calcium oxalates, whereas it significantly diverged in castrated (60.2 %) versus intact animals (54.4 %; p = 0.01). With regard to struvites, male cats (32.6 %) were less prone than females (35.4 %; p = 0.08) while intact cats (38.2 %) significantly outnumbered the castrated cohorts (33.1 %; p = 0.02). The prevalence for calcium oxalate uroliths increased by 6.6 % during the study period, contrasting a decrease of 5.5 % for struvites. Some breeds (> 10 individuals) showed significantly higher propensities than others for urolith formation. Calcium oxalates were significantly more frequent in British shorthair cats (85.2 %), Ragdoll (75 %), Scottish fold (74.1 %) and Persians (72.4 %). Struvites were prevailing in Norwegian forest cats (48.5 %), British longhair (41.7 %), European shorthair (41.7 %) and Siberian forest cats (36.8 %). Siamese cats had the significantly highest percentage of cystine uroliths (16 %).

The occurrence of urine calculi in cats from Germany was found to be most frequent for calcium oxalate and struvite types. We also found breed-, age-, gender- specific differences in addition to variations depending on the neutering status of the animals.},
}

Age Factors
Animals
Calcium
Calcium Oxalate/chemistry
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology
Cats
Cystine
Female
Germany/epidemiology
Magnesium Compounds/chemistry
Male
Phosphates/analysis/chemistry
Struvite
*Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid35502263,
year = {2022},
author = {Ho, J and Lavallée, J},
title = {Obstructive struvite ureterolithiasis in 4-month-old intact male Bernese mountain dog.},
journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne},
volume = {63},
number = {5},
pages = {504-509},
pmid = {35502263},
issn = {0008-5286},
mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/genetics/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Struvite ; *Ureterolithiasis/complications/surgery/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary ; },
abstract = {A 4-month-old, 7 kg, intact male, Bernese mountain dog was presented for obstructive struvite ureterolithiasis. Multiple urethroliths, ureteroliths, and urocystoliths were present. Based on an abdominal ultrasound, there was severe left hydronephrosis and hydroureter from distal ureterolith obstruction, just proximal to the vesicoureteral junction. The dog was not azotemic. Successful treatment was accomplished via ventral cystotomy. Bladder wall culture revealed a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. No predisposing cause was identified. There are no known genetic predispositions in Bernese mountain dogs for struvite urolithiasis. The urinary tract infection resolved with surgical retrieval of the uroliths and antibiotic treatment. The dog remained clinically normal after the cystotomy but developed a subclinical urinary tract infection 4 mo post-operatively. Key clinical message: Urolithiasis is rare in pediatric veterinary patients. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive ureterolithiasis in a puppy. There is no known genetic predisposition for urolithiasis in Bernese mountain dogs.},
}

Animals
*Dog Diseases/genetics/surgery
Dogs
Female
Humans
Male
*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Struvite
*Ureterolithiasis/complications/surgery/veterinary
*Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary

@article {pmid35471088,
year = {2022},
author = {Hsu, HH and Ueno, S and Miyakawa, H and Ogawa, M and Miyagawa, Y and Takemura, N},
title = {Upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and investigation of serum and urinary calcium concentrations.},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {e70-e75},
pmid = {35471088},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate/urine ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Prevalence ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to define the prevalence of upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a referral population, and to compare urinary calcium:creatinine ratio (UCa:Cr), and total and ionised calcium between cats with CKD with and without upper urolithiasis.

METHODS: The medical records of cats diagnosed with CKD were reviewed for signalment, body weight, diet and prevalence of upper urolithiasis. Cats with preserved urine samples were further classified into two groups: urolithiasis group (upper urolithiasis identified by abdominal ultrasonography) and control group (CKD of unknown origin). Serum biochemical analysis, CKD stage, blood gas analysis, urine specific gravity and UCa:Cr were compared between groups using a two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variable and a χ[2] test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors.

RESULTS: Among the 140 cats with CKD, the prevalence of upper urolithiasis was 73%. Fifty cats (5, 29 and 16 cats with CKD stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with urine samples met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Among cats with CKD, being purebred (odds ratio [OR] = 81.56; P = 0.03) and being fed dry food only (OR = 25.06; P = 0.001) were identified as independent upper urolithiasis risk factors; those with upper urolithiasis were more likely to be exclusively fed with urine-acidifying food (P <0.001) and have increased serum ionised calcium (iCa) (P = 0.044), fractional excretion of calcium (P = 0.45) and UCa:Cr (P = 0.005) than cats with CKD without upper urolithiasis.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cats with CKD that were purebred, fed dry food and fed urine-acidifying food only often had upper urolithiasis. A higher UCa:Cr may be a result of increased serum iCa and may cause upper urolithiasis.},
}

Animals
Calcium
Calcium Oxalate/urine
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology
Cats
Prevalence
*Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid35323643,
year = {2022},
author = {Tsamouri, MM and Durbin-Johnson, BP and Culp, WTN and Palm, CA and Parikh, M and Kent, MS and Ghosh, PM},
title = {Untargeted Metabolomics Identify a Panel of Urinary Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder, as Compared to Urolithiasis with or without Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {35323643},
issn = {2218-1989},
support = {P30 CA093373/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA185509/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30CA093373/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; I01 BX004423/BX/BLRD VA/United States ; },
abstract = {Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urologic cancer in dogs, is often diagnosed late because the clinical signs are shared by other non-malignant lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The urine-based BRAFV595E test for UC is highly effective only in certain breeds; hence additional non-invasive biomarkers of UC are needed. Here, urine from dogs with UC (n = 27), urolithiasis (n = 8), or urolithiasis with urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 8) were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analyses, using GC-TOF-MS for primary metabolites, QTOF-MS for complex lipids, and HILIC-QTOF MS for secondary and charged metabolites. After adjusting for age and sex, we identified 1123 known metabolites that were differentially expressed between UC and LUTD. Twenty-seven metabolites were significant (1.5 ≤ log2FC ≤ −1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.05); however, 10 of these could be attributed to treatment-related changes. Of the remaining 17, 6 (hippuric acid, N-Acetylphenylalanine, sarcosine, octanoylcarnitine, N-alpha-methylhistamine, glycerol-3-galactoside) discriminated between UC and LUTD (area under the ROC curve > 0.85). Of the 6 metabolites, only hippuric acid and N-alpha-methylhistamine were discriminatory in both male (n = 20) and female (n = 23) dogs, while sarcosine was an effective discriminator in several breeds, but only in females. Further investigation of these metabolites is warranted for potential use as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of dogs with UC that present with LUTD-related clinical signs.},
}

@article {pmid35240487,
year = {2022},
author = {Jesus, L and Arenas, C and Domínguez-Ruiz, M and Silvestrini, P and Englar, RE and Roura, X and Leal, RO},
title = {Xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis: Current perspectives of the Iberian veterinary community.},
journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases},
volume = {83},
number = {},
pages = {101783},
doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101783},
pmid = {35240487},
issn = {1878-1667},
mesh = {Allopurinol/adverse effects ; Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; *Leishmaniasis/drug therapy/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Xanthinuria is a significant adverse effect in dogs on long-term allopurinol for treatment of leishmaniosis. The study aims to investigate how the Iberian veterinary community (IVC) identifies, manages, and proactively prevents xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey, translated into two languages, and disseminated to the IVC via social networking forums. Respondents were asked to share their treatment regimens, adverse effects attributed to treatment, as well as preventive and reactive measures against xanthuria. Of two-hundred and thirty respondents, 99.6% prescribe allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis. Xanthinuria was estimated to happen in less than one out of every four dogs by 91.7% of the clinicians. Xanthinuria has been detected by 71.6% of respondents at least once. Three out of every four respondents inform owners about deleterious effects of allopurinol, and 28.4% consider implementing a change in diet in advance of treatment as a proactive measure. To monitor xanthinuria, urinalysis and diagnostic imaging are used by 71.2% and 31% of clinicians respectively. When xanthinuria is detected, 43.2% of the respondents discontinue allopurinol, 24% replace it by nucleotide-analogs, 14.9% reduce its dosage, and 3.1% split its dosage but increase administration frequency. Additional measures are taken by 72.1% of the respondents, 59.4% of whom prescribe a low-purine diet. The IVC recognizes xanthinuria as a fairly common secondary effect of long-term allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis and recommends periodically monitoring and preventive measures.},
}

Allopurinol/adverse effects
Animals
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Dog Diseases/drug therapy
Dogs
*Leishmaniasis/drug therapy/veterinary

@article {pmid35175927,
year = {2022},
author = {Lew, LJ and Berent, AC and Kirsch, MS and Weisse, CW},
title = {Bladder wall adhesion causing a vesicular septum in a dog following surgical cystotomy.},
journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association},
volume = {260},
number = {7},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.2460/javma.21.01.0021},
pmid = {35175927},
issn = {1943-569X},
mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery ; Dogs ; Dysuria/veterinary ; Female ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; },
abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: An 8-year-old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier-Poodle dog was evaluated for persistent pollakiuria and stranguria following routine cystotomy for calcium oxalate cystoliths.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: The dog presented for a cystotomy with intermittent hematuria. Postoperative radiographs revealed no remaining cystoliths. Urine, cystolith, and bladder mucosal aerobic cultures were negative. Pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria developed immediately after surgery and persisted despite antibiotics. Ultrasound revealed suspected fibrous adhesions within the urinary bladder lumen connecting the dorsal and ventral bladder wall creating a septum. This was confirmed cystoscopically 4 weeks after surgery.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was performed to incise abnormal tissue connecting the ventral and dorsal bladder wall using a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Three weeks later, ultrasound revealed adhesion resolution though mild pollakiuria and stranguria persisted. Oxybutynin was prescribed and clinical signs resolved. At 27 months after ablation, hematuria occurred with recurrent cystoliths. These cystoliths were removed by percutaneous cystolithotomy, documenting a cystoscopically normal bladder wall. The patient had normal urination for 55.5 months after ablation, with normal bladder wall thickness on ultrasound repeated at 27 and 36 months after ablation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors' knowledge, an adhesion creating a septum between the dorsal and ventral bladder wall has not been previously reported as a complication after cystotomy in any species and should be considered as a cause of persistent lower urinary signs after surgery. Ultrasound identified the lesion in this dog. Because bladder abnormalities can develop quickly after surgery, ultrasound might be considered if urine testing is not supportive of infection. Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was a successful minimally invasive treatment in this case.},
}

Animals
Cystotomy/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery
Dogs
Dysuria/veterinary
Female
Hematuria/veterinary
Urinary Bladder/surgery
*Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary

@article {pmid35142590,
year = {2022},
author = {Blanchard, G and Amato, C and André, A and Bleis, P and Ninet, S and Zentek, J and Nguyen, P},
title = {Beneficial effects of a prescription home-prepared diet and of zucchini on urine calcium oxalate supersaturation and urinary parameters in adult cats.},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {24},
number = {12},
pages = {1203-1211},
pmid = {35142590},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; *Oxalates ; Calcium ; Diet/veterinary ; Prescriptions ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: From the authors' experience, the consumption of a balanced prescription home-prepared diet that includes zucchini (courgette) benefits cats with recurrent urolithiasis, but there is no published evidence to support this. The aim was to study the effects on urinary parameters of (1) a balanced prescription home-prepared diet containing zucchini, and (2) the addition of zucchini to a dry food, compared with two commercial therapeutic diets.

METHODS: Eight healthy cats were included in a Latin-square designed protocol. Five diets were evaluated: two commercial diets, designed for cats with urinary disorders, one high-moisture (U-WET) and one high-sodium dry (U-DRY); one home-prepared diet (HOME); one commercial dry food for adult maintenance (DRY); and DRY given together with 10 g of zucchini per kg body weight (DRY-Zuc). After a 7-day adaptation period, urine was collected and daily food and water intakes were assessed for 12 days. Urinary parameters, and relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite, were determined. Data underwent repeated measures ANOVA analysis.

RESULTS: The digestibility of energy, dry matter, protein and fat was highest with the HOME diet. CaOx RSS was lowest in cats eating the HOME diet, but not significantly different from the U-WET or U-DRY diets. CaOx RSS was lower in cats eating the DRY-Zuc diet than in cats eating the DRY diet. Struvite RSS did not differ significantly among groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study shows that a balanced prescription home-prepared diet was safe and allowed a very low urinary CaOx RSS. It also showed that adding zucchini to dry food lowered the urine CaOx RSS.},
}

Cats
Animals
*Calcium Oxalate
*Oxalates
Calcium
Diet/veterinary
Prescriptions

@article {pmid35133180,
year = {2022},
author = {Miyakawa, H and Hsu, HH and Ogawa, M and Akabane, R and Miyagawa, Y and Takemura, N},
title = {Association between serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations and blood calcium levels in chronic kidney disease cats with upper urolithiasis.},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {24},
number = {12},
pages = {1245-1252},
pmid = {35133180},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; Calcium ; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 ; Retrospective Studies ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 concentrations are associated with serum total calcium (tCa) and blood ionised calcium (iCa) concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and upper urolithiasis.

METHODS: Serum samples and the medical records of cats with CKD with nephroliths, ureteroliths or both were investigated retrospectively. Cats with a serum creatinine concentration >250 μmol/l and/or a serum phosphorus concentration ⩾1.50 mmol/l were excluded. Based on cut-offs for serum tCa (2.70 mmol/l) or blood iCa (1.40 mmol/l), cats were divided into the following groups: total hypercalcaemia (H-tCa) (>2.70 mmol/l) and total normocalcaemia (N-tCa) (⩽2.70 mmol/l) groups, or ionised hypercalcaemia (H-iCa) (>1.40 mmol/l) and ionised normocalcaemia (N-iCa) (⩽1.40 mmol/l) groups, respectively. Serum FGF-23 concentrations were compared between groups and correlation analysis was performed.

RESULTS: Thirty-two cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis were included. Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-tCa group (median 573 pg/ml [range 125-3888]; n = 12) were significantly higher compared with the N-tCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94-627]; n = 20) (P = 0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-iCa group (median 1479 pg/ml [range 509-3888]; n = 6) increased significantly compared with the N-iCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94-637]; n = 26) (P <0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations significantly correlated with serum tCa (r = 0.511, P = 0.003) and blood iCa concentrations (r = 0.425, P = 0.015) but not serum creatinine (r = 0.279, P = 0.122) or phosphorus concentrations (r = 0.208, P = 0.253).Conclusions and relevance Increased serum FGF-23 concentrations were associated with hypercalcaemia independently of creatinine and phosphate status in cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis.},
}

Cats
Animals
Calcium
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
Retrospective Studies
*Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/veterinary
*Cat Diseases

@article {pmid35088952,
year = {2022},
author = {Uttamamul, N and Jitpean, S and Lulitanond, A and Wonglakorn, L and Sae-Ung, N and Boonsiri, P and Daduang, J and Tavichakorntrakool, R},
title = {Risk factors for canine magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis associated with bacterial infection.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary science},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {e6},
pmid = {35088952},
issn = {1976-555X},
support = {6200012//Khon Kaen University/Thailand ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria ; *Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Urease ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: With limited information available, the association among urinary tract infections, urease-producing bacteria and the presence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) urolithiasis in canines in Thailand requires more study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between demographic characteristics of canines and the presence of MAP urolithiasis in canines, and to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from canine uroliths.

METHODS: A total of 56 canines admitted for treatment with surgical removal of uroliths were recruited. Demographic characteristics and clinical chemistry data were recorded. Bacteria isolated from the removed uroliths were identified. Chemical compositions of the uroliths were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Potential risk factors were determined with univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS: Of 56 canine urolithiasis, bacteria were isolated from uroliths of 38 canines (27 MAP and 11 non-MAP) but not from uroliths of 18 canines (5 MAP and 13 non-MAP). The most common bacteria found in nidus of MAP uroliths was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (approximately 51%). An antimicrobial resistance was frequently found in Staphylococci isolates (42.86%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the predictors of MAP urolith in canine urolithiasis were being female (p = 0.044; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 10.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-98.24) and the positive urolith culture (p = 0.012; adjusted OR, 8.60; 95% CI, 1.60-46.30).

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that S. pseudintermedius (a urease-producing bacterium) is the major causative bacteria of MAP uroliths. A positive urolith culture and being female are risk factors of MAP urolithiasis in canines.},
}

Animals
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
Bacteria
*Bacterial Infections/veterinary
*Dog Diseases
Dogs
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Female
Phosphates
Risk Factors
Struvite
Urease
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/veterinary

@article {pmid34861726,
year = {2021},
author = {},
title = {[Not Available].},
journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere},
volume = {49},
number = {6},
pages = {475},
doi = {10.1055/a-1508-2222},
pmid = {34861726},
issn = {2567-5842},
mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; },
}

Animals
*Cat Diseases
Cats
*Dog Diseases
Dogs
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/veterinary

@article {pmid34854133,
year = {2022},
author = {Paulin, MV and Dunn, M and Vachon, C and Beauchamp, G and Conversy, B},
title = {Association between hyperlipidemia and calcium oxalate lower urinary tract uroliths in dogs.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {146-155},
pmid = {34854133},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; *Hyperlipidemias/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urinary Tract ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is associated with formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in humans.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia with CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths in client-owned dogs.

ANIMALS: Dogs with (n = 55, U [uroliths]-dogs) and without (n = 39, UF [uroliths-free]-dogs) CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths.

METHODS: Case-control study. U-dogs were retrospectively enrolled and compared to UF-dogs. Body condition score (BCS; 1-9 scoring scale), serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CH) concentrations and glycemia (after >12-hour food withholding) were recorded in both groups.

RESULTS: On univariate logistic regression, when excluding Miniature Schnauzers, odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 3.32 (95% CI 1.38-11.12) for each mmol/L of TG (P = .027), of 39 (95% CI 9.27-293.22) for each mmol/L of glycemia (P < .0001), and of 2.43 (95% CI 1.45-4.45) per unit of BCS (P = .002). In multivariable models, the effect of TG was retained when all breeds were included for analysis and odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 4.34 per mmol/L of TG (95% CI 1.45-19.99; P = .02).

Serum lipid screening in dogs diagnosed with CaOx uroliths might be recommended to improve their medical staging and management.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate
Case-Control Studies
*Dog Diseases/etiology
Dogs
*Hyperlipidemias/veterinary
Retrospective Studies
*Urinary Tract
*Urolithiasis/veterinary

@article {pmid34822955,
year = {2022},
author = {Peeters, L and Foubert, K and Breynaert, A and Schreurs, G and Verhulst, A and Pieters, L and Hermans, N},
title = {Effects of medicagenic acid metabolites, originating from biotransformation of an Herniaria hirsuta extract, on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {285},
number = {},
pages = {114860},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.114860},
pmid = {34822955},
issn = {1872-7573},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Caryophyllaceae/*chemistry ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Medicine, Traditional ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Triterpenes/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Herniaria hirsuta is traditionally used in Moroccan folk medicine for treatment of urinary stones and as a diuretic. It is rich in saponins, which are known to be deglycosylated in the colon, whereafter aglycones such as medicagenic acid are absorbed and further metabolized in the liver.

AIM OF THE STUDY: A sample of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid, with medicagenic acid glucuronide as the most abundant one, was evaluated for in vitro activity against urinary stones. A crystallization assay and a crystal-cell interaction assay were used to evaluate in vitro activity of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid on CaC2O4 (calciumoxalate) crystals, present in the majority of urinary stones.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the crystallization assay the effects on nucleation of Ca[2+] and C2O4[2-] and aggregation of the CaC2O4 crystals are studied. In the crystal-cell interaction assay crystal retention is investigated by determining the amount of Ca[2+] bound to injured monolayers of MDCK I cells.

RESULTS: Results of the crystallization assay showed a tentative effect on crystal aggregation. The crystal-cell interaction assay showed a significant inhibition of crystal binding, which may reduce crystal retention in the urinary tract.

CONCLUSIONS: As both formation of crystals by inhibiting aggregation and retention of crystals is affected, the beneficial effect of H. hirsuta against urinary stones may at least in part be attributed to medicagenic acid metabolites, indicating that saponins containing medicagenic acid may act as prodrugs.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry
Caryophyllaceae/*chemistry
Cell Survival/drug effects
Crystallization
Dogs
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Medicine, Traditional
*Phytotherapy
Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology
Triterpenes/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology

@article {pmid34624363,
year = {2022},
author = {Rezakahn Khajeh, N and Black, KM and Daignault-Newton, S and Hall, TL and Roberts, WW and Ghani, KR},
title = {Impact of Pulse Mode on Dusting Effect for Holmium Laser Lithotripsy: In Vitro Evaluation With Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stones.},
journal = {Urology},
volume = {159},
number = {},
pages = {53-58},
doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.042},
pmid = {34624363},
issn = {1527-9995},
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*therapy ; Lasers, Solid-State/*therapeutic use ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*methods ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the distribution of stone fragments (<0.25->2 mm) after in vitro dusting laser lithotripsy with varying pulse modes using canine calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones. Recent work demonstrates that fragments <0.25 mm are ideal for dusting, and we hypothesized advanced pulse modes might improve this outcome.

METHODS: A 3D-printed bulb was used as a calyceal model containing a single COM stone. A 230-core fiber (Lumenis) was passed through a ureteroscope (LithoVue, Boston Scientific). Contact laser lithotripsy by a single operator was performed with dusting settings (0.5J x 30Hz; Moses Pulse120H) to deliver 1kJ of energy for each trial. Short pulse (SP), long pulse (LP), Moses Distance (MD) and Moses Contact (MC) modes were tested with 5 trials for each parameter. Primary outcome was mass of fragments <0.25, <0.5, <1, and <2 mm. Laser fiber tip degradation was measured using a digital caliper.

RESULTS: Mass of stone fragments <0.25 mm varied from 34.6%-43.0% depending on the pulse mode, with no statistically significant differences between modes. MC (98.5%) produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP (86.1%; P = .046) but not SP (92.0%). Significantly less fiber tip burnback occurred with MC (0.29 mm) and MD (0.28 mm), compared to SP (0.83 mm; P < .0005).

CONCLUSION: Regardless of pulse mode, greater than one-third of the mass of COM stone was reduced to fragments <0.25 mm following contact laser lithotripsy. MC produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP and demonstrated less fiber tip burnback compared to SP.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate/analysis
Dogs
Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*therapy
Lasers, Solid-State/*therapeutic use
Lithotripsy, Laser/*methods

@article {pmid34584846,
year = {2021},
author = {Tate, NM and Minor, KM and Lulich, JP and Mickelson, JR and Berent, A and Foster, JD and Petersen, KH and Furrow, E},
title = {Multiple variants in XDH and MOCOS underlie xanthine urolithiasis in dogs.},
journal = {Molecular genetics and metabolism reports},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {100792},
pmid = {34584846},
issn = {2214-4269},
support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Hereditary xanthinuria is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by missense and loss of function variants in the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) or molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) genes. The aim of this study was to uncover variants underlying risk for xanthinuria in dogs. Affected dogs included two Manchester Terriers, three Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, an English Cocker Spaniel, a Dachshund, and a mixed-breed dog. Four putative causal variants were discovered: an XDH c.654G > A splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 8 (mixed-breed dog), a MOCOS c.232G > T splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 2 (Manchester Terriers), a MOCOS p.Leu46Pro missense variant (Dachshund), and a MOCOS p.Ala128Glyfs*30 frameshift variant that results in a premature stop codon (Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and English Cocker Spaniel). The two splice site variants suggest that the regions skipped are critical to the respective enzyme function, though protein misfolding is an alternative theory for loss of function. The MOCOS p.Leu46Pro variant has not been previously reported in human or other animal cases and provides novel data supporting this residue as critical to MOCOS function. All variants were present in the homozygous state in affected dogs, indicating an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Allele frequencies of these variants in breed-specific populations ranged from 0 to 0.18. In conclusion, multiple diverse variants appear to be responsible for hereditary xanthinuria in dogs.},
}

@article {pmid34554867,
year = {2021},
author = {Lepold, AM and Tesfamichael, DH and Hartmann, FA and Wiley, CA and Wood, MW},
title = {Comparison of urine fibrinogen and interleukin-6 concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria.},
journal = {American journal of veterinary research},
volume = {82},
number = {10},
pages = {846-852},
doi = {10.2460/ajvr.82.10.846},
pmid = {34554867},
issn = {1943-5681},
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Fibrinogen ; Interleukin-6 ; Risk Factors ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare urine concentrations of fibrinogen (uFIB) and interleukin-6 (uIL-6) between dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria and healthy dogs.

SAMPLE: Banked urine samples with negative aerobic culture results from 8 dogs with urolithiasis, 9 dogs with anatomic abnormalities of the lower portion of the urinary tract (LUT), 10 dogs with LUT neoplasia, and 21 healthy control dogs.

PROCEDURES: Urine creatinine concentration (uCrea) was determined by an automated biochemical analyzer, and uFIB and uIL-6 were determined by dog-specific ELISAs. The uFIB:uCrea and uIL-6:uCrea ratios were calculated for each sample to normalize intersample differences in urine concentration and were compared among the 4 experimental groups.

RESULTS: Median uFIB:uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.72; interquartile [25th to 75 percentile] range [IQR], 0.46 to 3.48) and LUT neoplasia (6.16; IQR, 3.89 to 12.75), but not for dogs with LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.48; IQR, 0.27 to 0.69), were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.17; IQR, 0.07 to 0.39). Median uIL-6: uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.48; IQR, 0.18 to 1.61), LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.25; IQR, 0.17 to 0.33), and LUT neoplasia (0.25; IQR, 0.12 to 1.01) were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.08; IQR, 0.06 to 0.11).

The uFIB and uIL-6 in dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria were generally greater than corresponding values in control dogs. Further investigation is necessary to determine the role of fibrinogen in enterococcal colonization of the urinary tract of dogs.},
}

Animals
*Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/epidemiology
Dogs
Fibrinogen
Interleukin-6
Risk Factors
Urinalysis/veterinary
*Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary

@article {pmid34469023,
year = {2021},
author = {Wingert, AM and Murray, OA and Lulich, JP and Hoelmer, AM and Merkel, LK and Furrow, E},
title = {Efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {2287-2295},
pmid = {34469023},
issn = {1939-1676},
support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Retrospective Studies ; Solubility ; Struvite ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Medical dissolution of struvite uroliths in dogs is commonly recommended, but data on success rates and complications are limited.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: Fifty client-owned dogs fed a therapeutic dissolution diet, with or without administration of antimicrobials, for treatment of suspected struvite cystoliths.

METHODS: Single institution, retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed for dogs with at least 1 follow-up visit. Dissolution success, complications, and possible predictors of success were evaluated.

RESULTS: Full dissolution of cystoliths was achieved in 58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13-167). Of 21 dogs without success, 7 each had partial dissolution, no dissolution, or undetermined outcome. Uroliths containing >10% nonstruvite mineral were common in the nonsuccess group (11/16 analyzed). Maximum urolith diameter, number of uroliths, and baseline urine pH did not differ significantly between dogs with and without success. Dissolution was more likely in dogs receiving antimicrobial therapy (OR = 16.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9-787.4, P = .002). Adverse events occurred in 9 dogs (18%); urethral obstructions were the most common, but 3 of 4 dogs with this complication were obstructed on presentation, before trial initiation.

Results support a medical dissolution trial for dogs with suspected struvite cystoliths. If no reduction in urolith size or number occurs by 1 month, a nonstruvite composition is likely, and alternative interventions should be considered. Dogs presenting with urethral obstructions should not be considered candidates for medical dissolution.},
}

Animals
*Dog Diseases/drug therapy
Dogs
Magnesium Compounds
Phosphates
Retrospective Studies
Solubility
Struvite
*Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary

@article {pmid34448284,
year = {2021},
author = {de Campos Fonseca Pinto, ACB and Murakami, M and Steinbach, SML and Vickery, W and Fulkerson, CV},
title = {Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a hair foreign body in the urinary bladder of a dog.},
journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
volume = {62},
number = {6},
pages = {e25-e28},
doi = {10.1111/vru.13011},
pmid = {34448284},
issn = {1740-8261},
mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; *Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Pelvis ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; },
abstract = {A 13-year-old male neutered mixed-breed dog with a history of gallbladder mucocele and urolithiasis was evaluated by ultrasound. Two hyperechoic, linear foreign bodies with no distal acoustic shadowing were detected in the urinary bladder and urethra. Following the ultrasound examination, the patient underwent cystoscopy, and two single hairs were found and successfully retrieved. Considering that urinary bladder foreign bodies may be a source for urinary tract infection and can act as a nidus for urocystolith formation, removal is recommended. This is the first published report describing ultrasonographic diagnosis of a hair foreign body in the canine urinary bladder and urethra.},
}

Animals
*Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Dogs
*Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging/veterinary
Male
Pelvis
Urethra
Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging

@article {pmid34438894,
year = {2021},
author = {Kovaříková, S and Maršálek, P and Vrbová, K},
title = {Cystinuria in Dogs and Cats: What Do We Know after Almost 200 Years?.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {11},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {34438894},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {FVHE/Večerek/ITA2020//University of Veterinary Sciences Brno/ ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, lysine, and arginine are involved (COLA). At a normal urine pH, ornithine, lysine, and arginine are soluble, but cysteine forms a dimer, cystine, which is relatively insoluble, resulting in crystal precipitation. Mutations in genes coding COLA transporter and the mode of inheritance were identified only in some canine breeds. Cystinuric dogs may form uroliths (mostly in lower urinary tract) which are associated with typical clinical symptoms. The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis is much higher in European countries (up to 14% according to the recent reports) when compared to North America (United States and Canada) where it is approximately 1-3%. Cystinuria may be diagnosed by the detection of cystine urolithiasis, cystine crystalluria, assessment of amino aciduria, or using genetic tests. The management of cystinuria is aimed at urolith removal or dissolution which may be reached by dietary changes or medical treatment. In dogs with androgen-dependent cystinuria, castration will help. In cats, cystinuria occurs less frequently in comparison with dogs.},
}

@article {pmid34359236,
year = {2021},
author = {Hall, JA and Vanchina, MA and Ogleby, B and Jewell, DE},
title = {Increased Water Viscosity Enhances Water Intake and Reduces Risk of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in Cats.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {11},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {34359236},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {CP607//Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS/ ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this study is to determine if water with increased viscosity results in increased water intake, thus lowering the risk of urolithiasis in cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were fed pre-trial standard dry maintenance food for 1 week and then randomized into two groups for the study phase. The cats continued to receive the same food but were provided either control (deionized) water or viscous (1% methylcellulose) water for two months and then switched to the other water type for two months in a cross-over study design with repeated measures. Complete blood counts, serum chemistry profiles, and urinalysis were performed at the initiation of the study and again at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Daily water consumption and energy intake for each cat were recorded. Body weights were assessed weekly. Cats consuming 1% methylcellulose water with increased viscosity had increased water intake (p < 0.001; 25% and 21% higher at 28 and 56 days, respectively). Increased consumption of water resulted in lower urine specific gravity (p = 0.04), serum creatinine (p = 0.02), and blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.002) concentrations (without changing serum albumin, glucose, and calcium concentrations or serum osmolality) and decreased urine calcium concentration (p = 0.01) compared with cats consuming control water. In addition, the increased water intake increased (p = 0.05) resistance to oxalate crystal formation.},
}

@article {pmid34357620,
year = {2021},
author = {Saver, A and Lulich, JP and Van Buren, S and Furrow, E},
title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in juvenile dogs.},
journal = {The Veterinary record},
volume = {189},
number = {3},
pages = {e141},
pmid = {34357620},
issn = {2042-7670},
support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912//National Institute of Health ORIP K01 Mentored Research Scientist Development Award/ ; },
mesh = {Age of Onset ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*isolation & purification ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The features of juvenile-onset calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs have not been previously reported.

METHODS: Calcium oxalate urolith submissions to the Minnesota Urolith Center between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed to identify those originating from juvenile (≤2 years, n = 510) or mature (7-9 years, n = 39,093) dogs. Breed, sex, urolith salt type and urolith location were compared between groups. Breeds represented in both groups were also compared with respect to sex, urolith salt type and urolith location.

RESULTS: French (odds ratios [OR] = 14.7, p < 0.001) and English (OR = 14.3, p < 0.001) Bulldogs were overrepresented in juvenile submissions. All juvenile French and English Bulldogs were male. Across all breeds, juvenile dogs were more likely to be male (89%, p < 0.001) than mature dogs (79%). Juvenile dogs were also more likely to form dihydrate stones compared to mature dogs (33% versus 14%, respectively; p < 0.001). Breed differences were discovered in sex, urolith salt type and stone location.

CONCLUSIONS: French and English Bulldogs comprise a greater proportion of juvenile calcium oxalate urolith submissions than expected based on their rarity in mature submissions. Inherited risk factors, particularly X chromosome variants, should be investigated due to the strong breed and sex predispositions identified.},
}

Age of Onset
Animals
Calcium Oxalate/*isolation & purification
Dog Diseases/*epidemiology
Dogs
Female
Male
Risk Factors
Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary

@article {pmid34346241,
year = {2022},
author = {Mérindol, I and Dunn, M and Vachon, C},
title = {Feline urinary incontinence: a retrospective case series (2009-2019).},
journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {506-516},
pmid = {34346241},
issn = {1532-2750},
mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis/therapy ; Cats ; Hospitals, Animal ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the feline population presented for urinary incontinence at a veterinary teaching hospital between 2009 and 2019, with a particular focus on cats with a non-neurologic underlying cause.

METHODS: The medical records of cats diagnosed with urinary incontinence were retrospectively evaluated. Signalment, clinical presentation, results of diagnostic tests, diagnosis of the underlying cause and treatments were recorded. When information was available, outcome was recorded and follow-ups divided into three time frames (0-1 week, 1 week to 3 months and >3 months).

RESULTS: Thirty-five cats were presented with urinary incontinence. Of these, 18 cats with complete medical records presented urinary incontinence of non-neurologic origin. The most common clinical signs at presentation were urine leakage while resting (12/18), urine-soiled perineum (8/18), urine dribbling (8/18) and no spontaneous micturition (5/18). The most common underlying cause was urethral obstruction (67%; 12/18), with a majority due to urethral strictures (58%; 7/12). Other causes were suspected inflammation (2/12), neoplasia (1/12), urolithiasis (1/12) and foreign body (1/12). In 8/10 cats in which it was performed, cystoscopy and contrast cystourethrography were the methods that led to the diagnosis. Twelve cats with urethral obstruction underwent interventional procedures, resulting in complete resolution of incontinence in 7/12 and improvement in 1/12. Urinary tract infection was a common complication after 3 months (4/18).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: When incontinence of non-neurologic origin is suspected in a cat, urethral obstruction should be considered. Advanced imaging studies (cystoscopy and contrast studies) are useful for diagnosis. A good prognosis was reported in cats undergoing interventional procedures with no long-term treatment.},
}

Animals
*Cat Diseases/diagnosis/therapy
Cats
Hospitals, Animal
Hospitals, Teaching
Retrospective Studies
*Urethral Obstruction/veterinary
*Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/veterinary

@article {pmid34328112,
year = {2021},
author = {Khamchun, S and Yoodee, S and Thongboonkerd, V},
title = {Dual modulatory effects of diosmin on calcium oxalate kidney stone formation processes: Crystallization, growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion, internalization into renal tubular cells, and invasion through extracellular matrix.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {141},
number = {},
pages = {111903},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111903},
pmid = {34328112},
issn = {1950-6007},
mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Diosmin/*therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Extracellular Matrix/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/*metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Nephrolithiasis/*drug therapy/pathology ; },
abstract = {Diosmin is a natural flavone glycoside (bioflavonoid) found in fruits and plants with several pharmacological activities. It has been widely used as a dietary supplement or therapeutic agent in various diseases/disorders. Although recommended, evidence of its protective mechanisms against kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis), especially calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) that is the most common type, remained unclear. In this study, we thus systematically evaluated the effects of diosmin (at 2.5-160 nM) on various stages of kidney stone formation processes, including COM crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion, internalization into renal tubular cells and invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM). The results showed that diosmin had dose-dependent modulatory effects on all the mentioned COM kidney stone processes. Diosmin significantly increased COM crystal number and mass during crystallization, but reduced crystal size and growth. While diosmin promoted crystal aggregation, it inhibited crystal-cell adhesion and internalization into renal tubular cells. Finally, diosmin promoted crystal invasion through the ECM. Our data provide evidence demonstrating both inhibiting and promoting effects of diosmin on COM kidney stone formation processes. Based on these dual modulatory activities of diosmin, its anti-urolithiasis role is doubtful and cautions should be made for its use in kidney stone disease.},
}

Animals
*Calcium Oxalate
Cell Adhesion/*drug effects
Cells, Cultured
Crystallization
Diosmin/*therapeutic use
Disease Progression
Dogs
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Extracellular Matrix/drug effects/*metabolism
Kidney Tubules/drug effects/*metabolism
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Nephrolithiasis/*drug therapy/pathology

@article {pmid34322901,
year = {2021},
author = {Chamsuwan, S and Angkanaporn, K and Dissayabutra, T and Chuaypen, N and Buranakarl, C},
title = {The association between single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {2263-2270},
pmid = {34322901},
issn = {1939-1676},
support = {//The 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)/ ; //The 100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarship/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs ; *Nephrolithiasis/genetics/veterinary ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics ; *Urolithiasis/genetics/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in humans.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.

ANIMALS: Thirty-five dogs with CaOx urolithiasis were compared with 40 stone-free dogs.

METHODS: This was a case-control study. Two VDR gene polymorphisms (rs851998024 and rs852900542) were detected by specific TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and their relationship with serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, serum and urinary electrolyte concentrations was evaluated.

RESULTS: The distribution of the rs852900542 polymorphism was significantly different between the case and the control dogs (x[2]  = 6.369, P = .04). Dogs with a CC or CT genotype had an increased risk of CaOx stones than those with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval 1.04-13.98). The CaOx dogs with the TT genotype had a significantly lower urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio than the CT+CC genotypes. 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations did not differ between the cases and the controls (308.7 ± 217.4 vs 286.7 ± 185.1 pg/mL, P = .45).

This finding suggests that vitamin D metabolism might play a role in CaOx stone formation in dogs.},
}

Animals
Calcium Oxalate
Case-Control Studies
*Dog Diseases/genetics
Dogs
*Nephrolithiasis/genetics/veterinary
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
*Urolithiasis/genetics/veterinary

@article {pmid34285795,
year = {2021},
author = {Mendoza-López, CI and Del-Angel-Caraza, J and Aké-Chiñas, MA and Quijano-Hernández, IA and Lulich, JP and Esteller-Alberich, MV},
title = {Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico, Associated with the Concentration of Dissolved Silica in Tap Water.},
journal = {Veterinary medicine international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {6667927},
pmid = {34285795},
issn = {2090-8113},
abstract = {Silica urolithiasis is infrequent in dogs, but in Mexico represents 12.9%. Our hypothesis is the consumption of high amounts of silicates in the diet, especially that dissolved in tap water. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of silica in the tap water in different geographical areas and their relationship with cases of silicate urolithiasis in dogs. From 179 cases of silicate urolithiasis, 98.9% were from dogs within a geographic area called the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which represents a cross shaft to the center of the country. Silica concentrations in tap water ranged between 3 and 76 mg/L, with a range of 27 to 76 mg/L, a mean of 49.9 ± 12 mg/L within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and a concentration from 3 to 30 mg/L, with a mean of 16.4 ± 7 mg/L outside this area; these were significantly different (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that there is a geographic risk factor for silicate urolithiasis in urolith-forming dogs, related to the consumption of tap water with a high concentration of silica. Further studies are necessary to identify this same pathophysiological association in other species.},
}

@article {pmid34258789,
year = {2021},
author = {Testault, I and Gatel, L and Vanel, M},
title = {Comparison of nonenhanced computed tomography and ultrasonography for detection of ureteral calculi in cats: A prospective study.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {2241-2248},
pmid = {34258789},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Animals ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Ultrasonography/veterinary ; *Ureter/diagnostic imaging ; *Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Radiographs and ultrasound (US) are the primary imaging modalities used to assess ureteral calculi in cats. Reports describing the use of nonenhanced computed tomography (CT) are scarce.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare US and nonenhanced CT for detection, number and localization of ureteral calculi in cats.

ANIMALS: Fifty-one cats with at least 1 ureteral calculus, and 101 ureters.

METHODS: Prospective case series. All cats underwent an US followed by a nonenhanced CT. Cats were included in the study if at least 1 ureteral calculus was diagnosed on either modality. Number of calculi and their localization (proximal, middle, and distal) were recorded on both modalities. Pelvic dilatation and maximal ureteral diameter were recorded with US.

RESULTS: More calculi were detected by nonenhanced CT (126) compared to US (90), regardless of localization (P < .001). More ureters were affected on nonenhanced CT (70) compared to US (57; P < .001). The number of calculi detected was significantly different between US and nonenhanced CT in the proximal (P = .02) and distal ureteral region (P < .001). Bilateral calculi were more frequent with nonenhanced CT (19 cats) compared to US (9 cats; P < .001). A pelvic size superior to 5 mm and a maximal ureteral diameter value superior to 3 mm were always associated with ureteral calculi.

Computed tomography is an emerging imaging modality in cats with a suspected ureteral obstruction. Combination of CT and US can be beneficial for case management.},
}

Animals
Prospective Studies
Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
Ultrasonography/veterinary
*Ureter/diagnostic imaging
*Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary

@article {pmid34219767,
year = {2021},
author = {Nell, E and Garofolo, SQ and Ober, C},
title = {Pure cystine and urate calculi can be clearly visible using survey digital radiography.},
journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne},
volume = {62},
number = {6},
pages = {605-607},
pmid = {34219767},
issn = {0008-5286},
mesh = {Animals ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Uric Acid ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Cystine and urate calculi are considered nonradiopaque to faintly radiopaque. Two canine cases in which these types of calculi are radiopaque and clearly apparent in vivo on survey digital radiography are described. The densities of cystine and urate calculi, as determined in vitro with computed tomography, are compared to other pure calculi and mixed or compound calculi to further explore the relative attenuation characteristics.},
}

Animals
Cystine
*Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Dogs
Radiographic Image Enhancement
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Uric Acid
*Urinary Calculi/veterinary

@article {pmid34204431,
year = {2021},
author = {Bijsmans, E and Quéau, Y and Biourge, V},
title = {Increasing Dietary Potassium Chloride Promotes Urine Dilution and Decreases Calcium Oxalate Relative Supersaturation in Healthy Dogs and Cats.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {34204431},
issn = {2076-2615},
abstract = {Urine dilution is a strategy used to decrease the risk of crystallization in cats and dogs at risk of urolithiasis. Sodium chloride has been used in prescription diets to effectively promote urine dilution, but the effect of the salt-substitute potassium chloride (KCl) on urine parameters has not been extensively investigated. Two diets differing only in KCl (Diet A; K 0.44 g/MJ, Diet B; K 1.03 g/MJ) were fed to 17 cats and 22 dogs for seven days, followed by three days of urine collection. Urinary ion concentrations were determined by ionic chromatography, and SUPERSAT software was used to calculate the relative supersaturation (RSS) value for struvite and calcium oxalate. Water intake and urine volume increased, and USG decreased on diet B (p < 0.001). Urine concentration of potassium increased on diet B, but concentrations of all other ions did not change or decrease in line with urine dilution. Calcium oxalate RSS decreased on diet B (p < 0.05). This short-term study showed that increased dietary KCl in a dry extruded diet effectively dilutes the urine of cats and dogs and therefore offers a novel nutritional strategy for the prevention of urolithiasis. This finding is of interest for patients that would benefit from dietary sodium restriction.},
}

@article {pmid34044828,
year = {2021},
author = {Deprey, J and Baldinger, A and Livet, V and Blondel, M and Taroni, M and Lefebvre, C and Goy-Thollot, I and Moissonnier, P and Viguier, É and Pouzot-Nevoret, C and Carozzo, C and Cachon, T},
title = {Risk factors and clinical relevance of positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass.},
journal = {BMC veterinary research},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {199},
pmid = {34044828},
issn = {1746-6148},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery/urine ; Cats ; Female ; Incidence ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to report the incidence and risk factors associated with positive urine bacterial cultures as well as long-term outcome in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices.

RESULTS: Medical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment of the cat, laterality of the ureteral obstruction, surgery, anesthesia and hospitalization duration, bacterial culture results and follow-up data were retrieved. Thirty-two cats met the inclusion criteria. Four cats (12.5%) had a positive intraoperative culture, with two of them being treated successfully. Ten cats out of 28 (35.7%) were documented with a positive urine culture during follow-up period, with a median time between discharge and identification of the first positive urine culture of 159 days (range 8-703 days). Bacteriuria resolved in 60% of cats (6/10). Escherichia coli was the most common organism, isolated in 4 out of 10 postoperative urine cultures. Overall, subclinical bacteriura was documented for 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats and 5 of 32 (15.6%) cats displayed clinicals signs suggestive of persistent UTI. One cat had subclinical bacteriuria. Three cats died during the follow-up period. There was a significant difference between negative and positive urine bacterial culture groups in median hospitalization duration (5 days versus 6 days, P = 0.022) and in median body condition score (5/9 versus 4/9, P = 0.03). Cats with a longer hospital stay and with a lower body condition score were more likely to have a positive urine culture during follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS: SUB device placement surgery is associated with complications such as chronic bacteriuria. Bacteriuria in our study resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment in more than half of cats. Risk factors identified for positive urine culture were a longer hospitalization duration and a decreased body condition score.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/isolation & purification
Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery/urine
Cats
Female
Incidence
Male
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Time Factors
Ureter/*surgery
Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary
Urinary Tract Infections/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary

@article {pmid33960543,
year = {2021},
author = {Kopecny, L and Palm, CA and Segev, G and Westropp, JL},
title = {Urolithiasis in dogs: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2006-2018).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {1406-1415},
pmid = {33960543},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is a common and often recurrent problem in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in urolith composition in dogs and to assess risk factors for urolithiasis, including age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.

SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 10 444 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.

METHODS: The laboratory database at the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from dogs between January 2006 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and urolith culture were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.

RESULTS: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite-containing uroliths comprised the majority of all submissions from dogs, representing 47.0% and 43.6%, respectively. The proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths significantly decreased from 49.5% in 2006 to 41.8% in 2018 (P = .006), with no change in the proportion of struvite-containing urolith submissions. Cystine-containing uroliths comprised 2.7% of all submissions between 2006 and 2018 and a significant nonlinear increase in this mineral type occurred over time (1.4% of all submissions in 2006 to 8.7% in 2018; P < .001). Of all cystine-containing uroliths, 70.3% were from intact male dogs. Age, breed, and sex predispositions for uroliths were similar to those previously identified.

Although calcium oxalate- and struvite-containing uroliths continue to be the most common uroliths submitted from dogs, a decrease in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths and an increase in the proportion of cystine-containing uroliths occurred during the time period evaluated.},
}

Animals
*Dog Diseases/epidemiology
Dogs
Magnesium Compounds
Male
Phosphates
Risk Factors
*Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary

@article {pmid33955071,
year = {2021},
author = {Kopecny, L and Palm, CA and Segev, G and Larsen, JA and Westropp, JL},
title = {Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005-2018).},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {1397-1405},
pmid = {33955071},
issn = {1939-1676},
mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is an important upper and lower urinary tract disease in cats that results in morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in composition of uroliths in cats and evaluate risk factors related to age, breed, sex, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.

SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 3940 uroliths and the cats from which they were obtained.

METHODS: The database of the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats between January 2005 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, and urolith location and culture results were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.

RESULTS: A significant decrease in the proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx)-containing uroliths occurred over time (P = .02), from 50.1% (204/407) of all submissions in 2005 to 37.7% (58/154) in 2018. In contrast, the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths increased significantly (P = .002), from 41.8% (170/407) in 2005 to 54.5% (84/154) in 2018. The proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths in the upper urinary tract was significantly higher compared to the proportion of other urolith types in the upper urinary tract. Urate-containing uroliths were the third most common type (361/3940, 9.2%). Overall, sex and age predispositions were similar to those reported previously.

The decrease in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths and increase in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths warrants investigation. Further education regarding the efficacy of medical dissolution of struvite-containing uroliths is recommended.},
}

Animals
*Cat Diseases/epidemiology
Cats
Magnesium Compounds
Phosphates
Risk Factors
*Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary
*Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary