@article {pmid38301355, year = {2024}, author = {Xu, C and Yang, Y and Shao, Z and Ren, R and Zhang, Y and Jin, Y and Shi, H}, title = {Candidate urinary biomarkers show promise for distinguishing between calcium oxalate versus struvite urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.23.09.0214}, pmid = {38301355}, issn = {1943-5681}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify metabolites and metabolic pathways affected in dogs with struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis compared to healthy dogs. To explore the candidate urinary biomarkers to distinguish dogs with struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: 13 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis, 7 dogs with struvite urolithiasis, and 13 healthy dogs were recruited between September 2021 and January 2023.

METHODS: Metabolomic profiles were analyzed from urine samples using UPLC-MS MS. According to the variable importance in the projection (> 1) and correlation coefficient (P < .05) obtained by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, the differential metabolites were screened. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database was used to identify the metabolic pathways involved.

RESULTS: Compared to healthy dogs, those with calcium oxalate urolithiasis exhibited distinct metabolites primarily associated with phenylalanine metabolism, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide metabolic pathways. Conversely, dogs with struvite urolithiasis demonstrated variations in metabolites mainly linked to tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways. Between calcium oxalate and struvite groups, pyocyanin, glycylprolylarginine, traumatin, cysteinyl-leucine, and 8-hydroxydodecylcarnitine are candidate urinary biomarkers.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings provide an in-depth analysis of metabolic perturbations associated with calcium oxalate and struvite urolithiasis in dogs. We also identified candidate urinary biomarkers distinguishing between dogs with calcium oxalate and struvite urolithiasis, which can be subsequently validated to assist in stone diagnosis and guide treatment choices.}, } @article {pmid37800280, year = {2024}, author = {Stavroulaki, EM and Ortega, C and Lawlor, A and Lulich, J and Cuq, B}, title = {Trends in urolith composition and factors associated with different urolith types in dogs from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 2010 and 2020.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {30-38}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.13676}, pmid = {37800280}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Male ; Female ; Dogs ; Animals ; Struvite ; Calcium Oxalate ; Northern Ireland/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Magnesium Compounds ; Risk Factors ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in urolith trends and factors associated with different urolith types in dogs from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland between 2010 and 2020.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A laboratory database was searched for canine urolith submissions between 2010 and 2020. Trends in urolith composition between 2014 and 2020, and associations between patient characteristics with each urolith type were evaluated.

RESULTS: A total of 1162 submissions were included. Struvite (39.0%), calcium oxalate (27.8%) and compound (10.2%) were the most prevalent uroliths. Calcium oxalate urolith (CaOx) incidence significantly increased from 27.8% to 31.2% and that of struvite significantly decreased from 41.7% to 33.0% between 2014 and 2020. Struvite uroliths were overrepresented among females compared to males (odds ratio 8.7, 95% confidence interval 6.6 to 11.5). Males (odds ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 6.9 to 13.3) and dogs >7 years of age (odds ratio 4.1, 95%, confidence interval 3.0 to 5.4) were more likely to have CaOx while males (odds ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 5.3 to 17.8) and dogs ≤7 year of age, purine uroliths (odds ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 5.0). Incidence was higher in bichon frise (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.4) and Yorkshire terrier (odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 4.1) for CaOx and higher in shih-tzu for compound uroliths (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.7) compared to the remaining reported breeds.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Factors associated with different uroliths were similar to the ones previously reported. Proportion of CaOx submissions increased and that of struvite decreased over the study period which was in agreement with the changes identified in other European countries.}, } @article {pmid38084870, year = {2023}, author = {Reynolds, BS and Chetboul, V and Elliott, J and Laxalde, J and Nguyen, P and Testault, I and Dorso, L and Abadie, J and Lefebvre, HP and Biourge, V}, title = {Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jvim.16952}, pmid = {38084870}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {N/A//Royal Canin SAS, Aimargues France/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial).

ANIMALS: Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]).

METHODS: Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models.

RESULTS: Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings.

In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.}, } @article {pmid38032049, year = {2023}, author = {Allinder, M and Tynan, B and Martin, C and Furbish, A and Austin, G and Bartges, J and Lourenço, BN}, title = {Uroliths composed of antiviral compound GS-441524 in 2 cats undergoing treatment for feline infectious peritonitis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jvim.16954}, pmid = {38032049}, issn = {1939-1676}, abstract = {Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) historically has been a fatal disease in cats. Recent unlicensed use of antiviral medication has been shown to markedly improve survival of this infection. An 8-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat undergoing treatment for presumptive FIP with the antiviral nucleoside analog GS-441524 developed acute progressive azotemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified multifocal urolithiasis including renal, ureteral, and cystic calculi. Unilateral ureteral obstruction progressed to suspected bilateral ureteral obstruction and subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) was performed along with urolith removal and submission for analysis. A 2-year-old male neutered domestic medium-haired cat undergoing treatment for confirmed FIP with GS-441524 developed dysuria (weak urine stream, urinary incontinence, and difficulty expressing the urinary bladder). This cat also was diagnosed sonographically with multifocal urolithiasis requiring temporary tube cystostomy after cystotomy and urolith removal. In both cases, initial urolith analysis showed unidentified material. Additional testing confirmed the calculi in both cats to be 98% consistent with GS-441524. Additional clinical studies are required to determine best screening practices for cats presented for urolithiasis during treatment with GS-441524.}, } @article {pmid37964384, year = {2023}, author = {Naeverdal, TV and Midtgård, JE and Llarena, AK and Ziener, ML}, title = {A retrospective study on epidemiology and management of canine cystine uroliths in one part of Norway from 2015 to 2020.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Scandinavica}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {47}, pmid = {37964384}, issn = {1751-0147}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary tract problems are a common complaint in small animal medicine and urolithiasis is considered to be an important cause of urinary tract disease in dogs. In this study the main aim was to investigate whether the occurrence of cystine urolithiasis increased during a five-year period. A second aim was to evaluate possible risk-factors as breed, age and gender. This study also evaluated how urine specific gravity, pH and level of cystine in urine responded to preventive strategies. Medical records of dogs with urolithiasis presented at nine Norwegian animal clinics and one animal hospital between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS: The incidence of cystine uroliths increased significantly during the five study years (R[2] = 0.72, P = 0.0199). Dogs with cystine uroliths were significantly younger (5.0 years (n = 84, 95% CI [4.4-5.6])) when they were diagnosed with cystine uroliths compared to dogs with other types of uroliths (8.1 years (n = 255, 95% CI[7.8-8.5]) P < < 0.0001). Cystine levels in urine were increased in 93% of the dogs with cystine urolithiasis. Cystinuria decreased significantly after neutering (P < 0.0001). Breeds most commonly affected with cystine urolithiasis in this study were Staffordshire bull terrier, Danish Swedish farmdog and Chihuahua.

CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study supports a suggested genetic basis for cystine urolithiasis as described in previous studies. Neutering is considered an important part of preventing reoccurrence since cystine values decreased significantly after neutering.}, } @article {pmid37497780, year = {2023}, author = {Labelle, O and Penninck, D and Butty, EM and Hahn, S and Dunn, M}, title = {Pseudomembranous cystitis in cats with presumed or confirmed mineralization: A retrospective study of 26 cases (2016-2021).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {1806-1814}, pmid = {37497780}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Cats ; Male ; Animals ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; *Cystitis/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; *Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomembranous cystitis (PMC) in cats is a recognized disease, but concurrent mineralization is reported rarely and its outcome is poorly described.

HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES: Describe a population of cats with PMC and the prevalence of concurrent mineralization.

ANIMALS: Twenty-six cats with PMC.

METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (January 2016 to December 2021). Cats with an ultrasound diagnosis of PMC were included. Clinicopathologic results, imaging, treatment, and outcome were reviewed.

RESULTS: All cats were male and 21 (80%) were diagnosed with urethral obstruction (UO). Five cats (23.8%) had positive urine culture (Staphylococcus felis, 3/5; Proteus mirabilis, 2/5) with a median urine pH of 8 (range, 6-9). All cats had ultrasonographic changes suggestive of mineralization. On ultrasound examination, 10 cats (38.5%) had pseudomembranes with acoustic shadowing suggestive of mineralization, 15 (57.7%) had changes indicative of ulceration, and 8 (31%) had changes compatible with of a urachal anomaly. Twenty-two cats received medical treatment, 4 underwent surgery (3 percutaneous cystolithotomy, 1 cystotomy). Twenty cats (77%) survived to discharge. Follow-up ultrasound examination indicated resolution of PMC in 6/7 cats, 4 had persistent hyperechoic bladder lining. Five of 12 cats with follow-up had a relapse of lower urinary tract signs.

Pseudomembranous cystitis was diagnosed mainly in male cats with UO and imaging findings suggestive of mineralization were present in all cases. Frequent negative urine culture suggests a different etiology than encrusting cystitis related to urease-positive bacteria. Good outcomes can be achieved with medical management.}, } @article {pmid37853984, year = {2023}, author = {Igreja, IA and Lourenço, AL and Vernooij, JCM and Corbee, RJ}, title = {Effects of two commercial diets and two supplements on urinary pH in dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/vms3.1285}, pmid = {37853984}, issn = {2053-1095}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary pH manipulation by therapeutic foods or supplements is part of the treatment for urolithiasis. The effectiveness of these diets and supplements should be studied to determine which of these strategies is most effective.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of the oral supplementation of potassium citrate, an ammonium chloride solution (Urical) and two dry therapeutic foods-Hill's® Prescription Diet® u/d® Canine (u/d diet) and Royal Canin® Urinary S/O dog (S/O diet)-on a dog's urinary pH at different time points over 8 h.

ANIMALS: Seven healthy adult male research beagle dogs.

METHODS: A prospective interventional study lasting 31 days. The dogs either received a supplement (potassium citrate or rical) with a dry adult maintenance diet (control diet) or the therapeutic diet (u/d diet or S/O diet). Each treatment had a duration of 2-5 days, with 2- to 4-day washout periods in between. Urinary pH measurements were performed every 2 h between 07h00 and 15h00, with the food being given at 07h00 and 15h00, right after urine collection. The pH measurements obtained in each of the four treatments were compared to control (same dogs fed the control diet exclusively).

RESULTS: When compared to the control diet at the same time points, biologically relevant changes in urinary pH (defined as ≥0.5) were: increase with potassium citrate at 7h00 and 13h00; increase with u/d diet at 9h00, 13h00, and 15h00; decrease with S/O diet at 9h00 and 11h00; Urical did not have a detectable effect on urinary pH.

The present study confirms that therapeutic foods S/O and u/d, and potassium citrate supplement affected acid-base balance in healthy adult male beagle dogs, with the tested diets being more effective than the administered doses of the tested supplements at influencing urinary pH.}, } @article {pmid37835666, year = {2023}, author = {Kaempfle, M and Bergmann, M and Koelle, P and Hartmann, K}, title = {High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Description of Purine Content of Diets Suitable for Dogs with Leishmania Infection during Allopurinol Treatment-A Pilot Trial.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {13}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani13193060}, pmid = {37835666}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Reducing the alimentary purine intake contributes to the prevention of purine (especially xanthine) urolith formation, a common adverse effect of allopurinol treatment in dogs with Leishmania infections. Analyses of the purine content are not required in order to advertise a diet as low in purine. Due to different analytical methods, data provided on purine content are barely comparable. The aim of this study was to investigate the total purine content of 12 different dog diets. For this, the purine bases adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were determined by standardised high performance liquid chromatography in commercially available urinary diets (n = 4), kidney diets (n = 2), low protein diets (n = 3), 1 vegan diet, 1 regular diet for healthy adult dogs, and 1 homemade low purine diet. Total purine amounts ranged between 10.2 and 90.9 mg/100 g of dry matter. The daily purine intake calculated for a 20 kg standard dog with the analysed diets ranged between 21.9 and 174.7 mg. The lowest daily purine intakes were achieved by 2 urinary urate diets, followed by the homemade diet. Differences in the purine content of commercially available diets need to be considered. Awareness has to be raised when selecting diets for dogs with Leishmania infections during allopurinol treatment in order to minimise the risk of urolith formation.}, } @article {pmid37801093, year = {2023}, author = {Watanabe, M and Ando, R and Sugisawa, R and Sasaki, N and Iwai, S}, title = {A novel in vivo model of ureteral fibrosis induced by calcium oxalate beads in C57BL/6J mice.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {119}, pmid = {37801093}, issn = {2194-7236}, abstract = {The global incidence of ureteroliths in humans is increasing, particularly posing a problem in developed countries. The most common stone type is calcium oxalate, which is associated with a high recurrence rate. In veterinary medicine, stones are the most common cause of ureteral obstruction in cats, accounting for 72-87% of cases. In cats, stones cause irreversible ureteral damage, necessitating stone treatment as well as ureteral therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying the ureteral damage caused by stones remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to create a mouse model suitable for studying the ureteral fibrosis caused by oxalate stones by artificially embedding calcium oxalate in the ureter. Pathological tissue analysis was used to compare normal ureters without ligation and ureters with sham or oxalate bead implantation. The ureters of the sham and oxalate bead groups showed granulation tissue formation, transitional epithelium exfoliation, and densely packed connective tissue in the proprietary and muscle layer regions. Particularly in the oxalate bead group, infiltration of degenerated neutrophils, presence of foreign body giant cells, and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium were observed. The proportion of fibrosis was higher in the oxalate group than in the sham group. Overall, this mouse model created using oxalate bead implantation has the potential to efficiently induce ureteral obstruction. This mouse model is expected to be used for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of ureteral fibrosis and evaluating therapeutic drugs in future.}, } @article {pmid37799401, year = {2023}, author = {Ji, Y and Hwang, G and Lee, SJ and Lee, K and Yoon, H}, title = {A deep learning model for automated kidney calculi detection on non-contrast computed tomography scans in dogs.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1236579}, pmid = {37799401}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common urinary disorders in dogs. Although a majority of kidney calculi are non-obstructive and are likely to be asymptomatic, they can lead to parenchymal loss and obstruction as they progress. Thus, early diagnosis of kidney calculi is important for patient monitoring and better prognosis. However, detecting kidney calculi and monitoring changes in the sizes of the calculi from computed tomography (CT) images is time-consuming for clinicians. This study, in a first of its kind, aims to develop a deep learning model for automatic kidney calculi detection using pre-contrast CT images of dogs. A total of 34,655 transverseimage slices obtained from 76 dogs with kidney calculi were used to develop the deep learning model. Because of the differences in kidney location and calculi sizes in dogs compared to humans, several processing methods were used. The first stage of the models, based on the Attention U-Net (AttUNet), was designed to detect the kidney for the coarse feature map. Five different models-AttUNet, UTNet, TransUNet, SwinUNet, and RBCANet-were used in the second stage to detect the calculi in the kidneys, and the performance of the models was evaluated. Compared with a previously developed model, all the models developed in this study yielded better dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) for the automatic segmentation of the kidney. To detect kidney calculi, RBCANet and SwinUNet yielded the best DSC, which was 0.74. In conclusion, the deep learning model developed in this study can be useful for the automated detection of kidney calculi.}, } @article {pmid37455335, year = {2023}, author = {DeBow, P and Auger, M and Fazio, C and Cline, K and Zhu, X and Lulich, J and de Swarte, M and Lamb, D and Hespel, AM}, title = {The most common types of uroliths larger than 1 mm are readily visible and accurately measured in an in vitro setting mimicking the canine abdomen using digital radiography.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, pages = {806-812}, doi = {10.1111/vru.13268}, pmid = {37455335}, issn = {1740-8261}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Struvite ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Calcium Oxalate ; Uric Acid ; Cystine ; Prospective Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Abdomen ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {Abdominal radiography is an important diagnostic to detect uroliths. Cystine and urate uroliths were historically characterized as nonmineral opaque on survey radiographs. However, recent research and clinical observations indicate that pure urate and cystine uroliths may be detected with digital radiography. The primary purpose of this prospective, in vitro, diagnostic accuracy study was to determine the sensitivity of digital radiography in detecting cystoliths of varying size and composition. Forty canine uroliths of pure composition (10 each of calcium oxalate, struvite, cystine, and urate), acquired from Minnesota Urolith Center and ranging from 1 to 10 mm, were placed in phantoms of three various sizes and radiographed. The radiographs, including three sets of each urolith separately, were evaluated by three blinded radiologists on two separate occasions. Evaluation included presence or absence of urolith, number of uroliths, and maximum diameter of the urolith(s). For all four types of uroliths and all readers, the specificity and PPV were 100% with an associated very high sensitivity (94.4%-98.9%) and NPV (94.8%-98.9%). Calcium oxalate uroliths were the most accurately measured and struvite were the least accurately measured when compared with the gross measurement. Smaller uroliths were more accurately measured than larger uroliths. Uroliths placed in smaller bladder phantoms were more accurately measured than in larger bladder phantoms. Though accurate measurement of uroliths is complicated by and dependent on numerous variables, our results reveal that urate and cystine uroliths are visualized on digital radiography making them a relevant differential diagnosis when seen clinically.}, } @article {pmid37660015, year = {2023}, author = {Maxwell, AD and Kim, GW and Furrow, E and Lulich, JP and Torre, M and MacConaghy, B and Lynch, E and Leotta, DF and Wang, YN and Borofsky, MS and Bailey, MR}, title = {Development of a burst wave lithotripsy system for noninvasive fragmentation of ureteroliths in pet cats.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {141}, pmid = {37660015}, issn = {1746-6148}, support = {P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK043881/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 DK104854/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Cats ; Humans ; Animals ; Swine ; *Lithotripsy/veterinary ; Kidney ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; Calcium Oxalate ; Models, Animal ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/therapy ; *Swine Diseases ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Upper urinary tract stones are increasingly prevalent in pet cats and are difficult to manage. Surgical procedures to address obstructing ureteroliths have short- and long-term complications, and medical therapies (e.g., fluid diuresis and smooth muscle relaxants) are infrequently effective. Burst wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive, ultrasound-guided, handheld focused ultrasound technology to disintegrate urinary stones, which is now undergoing human clinical trials in awake unanesthetized subjects.

RESULTS: In this study, we designed and performed in vitro testing of a modified burst wave lithotripsy system to noninvasively fragment stones in cats. The design accounted for differences in anatomic scale, acoustic window, skin-to-stone depth, and stone size. Prototypes were fabricated and tested in a benchtop model using 35 natural calcium oxalate monohydrate stones from cats. In an initial experiment, burst wave lithotripsy was performed using peak ultrasound pressures of 7.3 (n = 10), 8.0 (n = 5), or 8.9 MPa (n = 10) for up to 30 min. Fourteen of 25 stones fragmented to < 1 mm within the 30 min. In a second experiment, burst wave lithotripsy was performed using a second transducer and peak ultrasound pressure of 8.0 MPa (n = 10) for up to 50 min. In the second experiment, 9 of 10 stones fragmented to < 1 mm within the 50 min. Across both experiments, an average of 73-97% of stone mass could be reduced to fragments < 1 mm. A third experiment found negligible injury with in vivo exposure of kidneys and ureters in a porcine animal model.

CONCLUSIONS: These data support further evaluation of burst wave lithotripsy as a noninvasive intervention for obstructing ureteroliths in cats.}, } @article {pmid37635755, year = {2023}, author = {Er, Y and Fick, ME and Long Mays, E}, title = {Case report: Utility, complications, and short-term outcomes in three dogs managed with percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters for urethral obstruction.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1200406}, pmid = {37635755}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the utility, complications, and short-term outcomes of three dogs managed with percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters placed in the emergency room (ER).

CASE SUMMARY: Three dogs were presented separately to the ER for unalleviated mechanical urethral obstruction secondary to urolithiasis and urethral neoplasia. Retrograde urinary catheterization and urohydropulsion were not successful after multiple attempts. Percutaneous pigtail cystostomy catheters were placed under sedation to achieve temporary urinary diversion, and were successful in two of the three dogs. Complications encountered include mild abdominal effusion, unsuccessful placement resulting in hemorrhagic abdominal effusion, steatitis, abdominal pain, and kinking of the catheter. The two dogs diagnosed with urolithiasis were discharged from the hospital, and the dog diagnosed with urethral neoplasia was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis.

When successful, the placement of pigtail cystostomy catheters allowed for temporary urinary diversion until definitive treatment could be performed and were well tolerated. Short-term outcomes were good. Complications arising from this procedure were common and increased morbidity. The risk of unsuccessful catheter placement may be increased when the procedure is performed in an over conditioned patient or by an inexperienced operator. Careful case selection and risk-benefit analysis should be considered before attempting this procedure. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the ideal technique, incidence of complications, and outcomes of this procedure.}, } @article {pmid37561125, year = {2023}, author = {Kerley, JB and Tart, KM and Rendahl, A and Powell, LL}, title = {Retrospective evaluation of the incidence of presumed feline urethral obstruction during a prepandemic year compared to a pandemic year.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/vec.13333}, pmid = {37561125}, issn = {1476-4431}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the incidence of urethral obstruction (UO) in male cats.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

SETTING: One veterinary university teaching hospital and 6 private practice veterinary specialty and emergency centers.

ANIMALS: A total of 24,937 total feline cases presenting to the emergency room (ER) between March 2019 and March 2021.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Out of 24,937 total cases, 1793 male cats met the inclusion criteria for diagnosis of UO. Of those, 327 cases were identified in which an additional diagnosis of either urolithiasis or neoplasia was made and were therefore excluded. The remaining 1466 UO cases were presumed to be idiopathic urethral obstruction (iUO) caused by feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) alone. Of those, 637 cats presented during the prepandemic year and 829 cats presented during the pandemic year.

KEY FINDINGS: Incidence of presumptive iUO increased by 30% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Total feline emergency caseload increased by 38%. iUO accounted for 6.08% and 5.73% of total feline emergency cases during the prepandemic and pandemic years, respectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The reported increase in incidence of feline UO is likely due to the increase in overall emergency feline caseload.}, } @article {pmid37332737, year = {2023}, author = {Anthony, RM and Davidson, S and MacLeay, JM and Brejda, J and Werness, P and Jewell, DE}, title = {Comparison of two software programs used to determine the relative supersaturation of urine ions.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1146945}, pmid = {37332737}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Relative supersaturation (RSS) values for urine crystals are a measure of the risk of urinary stone formation and have been shown to be lowered in foods shown to aid in the management of urolithiasis. In order to calculate RSS in pets, computer programs have been developed to calculate RSS and aid in the understanding of stone formation in veterinary medicine. However, some older programs have not been updated for use in animals, and the specific coefficients used are not publically available. One of the first RSS programs was developed in BASIC computer language and published in 1985 which was called EQUIL2. The EQUIL2 program was updated to a compiled version compatible with a PC platform. However, the formulas could not be read or altered.

METHODS: This study evaluates a new program with known coefficients to the original EQUIL2 program. The RSS values of the two programs were compared through a t-test, calculating the r[2] from correlation analysis, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and by a Bland-Altman analysis of outputs from the two programs using urine samples from healthy dogs and cats.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results show that for both magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium oxalate, the RSS values of the original program could be calculated from the new programs RSS values. Although the actual RSS values were different (as might be expected through the use of the updated coefficients and different thermodynamic stability constants in the calculations) the results were highly correlated, finding elevations and reductions in RSS proportionally in the same urine samples. The current work creates a foundation for using the modernized program to calculate RSS and provides a shared method for understanding the risk of struvite and calcium oxalate stone formation.}, } @article {pmid37073892, year = {2023}, author = {Merindol, I and Vachon, C and Juette, T and Dunn, M}, title = {Benign ureteral obstruction in cats: Outcome with medical management.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {1047-1058}, pmid = {37073892}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Pyonephrosis/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Constriction, Pathologic/veterinary ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging ; Creatinine ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited information is available regarding the outcome of medical management (MM) of benign ureteral obstruction in cats (BUO).

HYPOTHESIS: Describe clinical characteristics and outcome of MM of BUO.

ANIMALS: Seventy-two client-owned cats with 103 obstructed kidneys.

METHODS: Medical records of cats diagnosed with BUO between 2010 and 2021 that received >72 hours of MM were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. Outcome was classified as success, partial success, or failure based on ultrasound findings. Factors associated with outcome were assessed.

RESULTS: Seventy-two cats with 103 obstructed kidneys were enrolled. The causes of obstruction were uroliths in 73% (75/103), strictures in 13.5% (14/103), and pyonephrosis in 13.5% (14/103) of affected kidneys. Median serum creatinine concentration at presentation was 4.01 mg/dL (range, 1.30-21.3 mg/dL). Outcome after MM was considered a success in 30% (31/103), partial success in 13% (13/103), and failure in 57% (59/103) of kidneys. Success was reported in 23% (17/75) of kidneys with uroliths, 50% (7/14) with pyonephrosis, and 50% (7/14) with strictures. Median time to a successful outcome was 16 days (range, 3-115 days). Distal and smaller uroliths (median length, 1.85 mm) were significantly associated with success (P = .05 and P = .01, respectively). Median survival times were 1188 days (range, 60-1700 days), 518 days (range, 7-1812 days), and 234 days (range, 4-3494 days) for success, partial success, and failure, respectively.

We found a higher success rate for MM of BUO than previously reported. Smaller distal uroliths (<1-2 mm) were more likely to pass.}, } @article {pmid37217177, year = {2023}, author = {Burger, NC and Devriendt, N and Serrano, G and Stock, E and Rooster, H and Paepe, D}, title = {Dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts that have persistent shunting after surgery have a higher prevalence of urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.2460/javma.23.02.0087}, pmid = {37217177}, issn = {1943-569X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To report the presence of urolithiasis in dogs long-term after gradual attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS).

ANIMALS: 25 client-owned dogs that underwent gradual attenuation of a cEHPSS, of which 19 had a closed cEHPSS and 6 developed multiple acquired portosystemic shunts (MAPSS) following surgery.

PROCEDURES: A retrospective study with prospective follow-up was performed. Dogs that underwent cEHPSS surgery and had their postoperative cEHPSS status determined by transsplenic portal scintigraphy or CT angiography 3 months postoperatively were prospectively contacted and invited for a long-term follow-up visit (a minimum of 6 months postoperatively). Retrospective data were collected, and during the prospective follow-up visit a thorough history, blood tests and urinalysis, and ultrasonography of the urinary tract were performed to assess the presence of urinary signs and urolithiasis.

RESULTS: Of 25 included dogs, 1 of 19 (5%) dogs with closed cEHPSS and 4 of 6 (67%) dogs with MAPSS had urolithiasis at long-term follow-up. Three (50%) dogs with MAPSS developed new uroliths. Long-term, dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with and without urolithiasis had significantly less urolithiasis compared to dogs with MAPSS (P = .013 and P = .010, respectively). In the 4 dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with nephrolithiasis, nephroliths became smaller or were no longer visible at the long-term follow-up visit.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dogs that developed MAPSS following cEHPSS surgery are at greater risk of urolithiasis compared to those with closed cEHPSS. Furthermore, ammonium urate uroliths might dissolve if portosystemic shunting ceases to exist.}, } @article {pmid37150637, year = {2023}, author = {Ungerer, GN and Liaw, CW and Potretzke, AM and Sas, DJ and Gargollo, PC and Granberg, CF and Koo, K}, title = {Examination of nutritional factors associated with urolithiasis risk in plant based meat alternatives marketed to children and infants.}, journal = {Journal of pediatric urology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.04.017}, pmid = {37150637}, issn = {1873-4898}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The global prevalence of pediatric nephrolithiasis continues to rise amidst increased sodium and animal protein intake. Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) have recently gained popularity due to health benefits, environmental sustainability, and increased retail availability. PBMAs have the potential to reduce the adverse metabolic impact of animal protein on kidney stone formation. We analyzed PBMAs targeted to children to characterize potential lithogenic risk vs animal protein.

METHODS: We performed a dietary assessment using a sample of PBMAs marketed to or commonly consumed by children and commercially available at national retailers. Nutrient profiles for PBMAs were compiled from US Department of Agriculture databases and compared to animal protein sources using standardized serving sizes. We also analyzed nutrient profiles for plant-based infant formulas against typical dairy protein-based formulas. Primary protein sources were identified using verified ingredient lists. Oxalate content was extrapolated from dietary data sources.

RESULTS: A total of 41 PBMAs were analyzed: chicken (N = 18), hot dogs (N = 3), meatballs (N = 5), fish (N = 10), and infant formula (N = 5). Most products (76%) contained a high-oxalate ingredient as the primary protein source (soy, wheat, or almond). Average oxalate content per serving was substantially higher in these products (soy 11.6 mg, wheat 3.8 mg, almond 10.2 mg) vs animal protein (negligible oxalate). PBMAs containing pea protein (24%) had lower average oxalate (0.11 mg). Most PBMAs averaged up to six times more calcium and three times more sodium per serving compared to their respective animal proteins. Protein content was similar for most categories.

CONCLUSIONS: Three-quarters of the examined plant-based meat products for children and infants contain high-oxalate protein sources. Coupled with higher per-serving sodium and calcium amounts, our findings raise questions about possible lithogenic risk in some PBMAs, and further studies are needed to assess the relationship between PBMAs and nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid37116882, year = {2023}, author = {Harris, ASM and Bartges, JW and Moyers, TD}, title = {d,l-Methionine in combination with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid successfully dissolves spontaneously occurring infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs: a pilot study.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.2460/javma.23.02.0063}, pmid = {37116882}, issn = {1943-569X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of a urinary acidifier (d,l-methionine [Methio-Form]) and an antimicrobial agent (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid [Clavamox]) without changing diet for dissolving infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: 14 dogs were recruited for this prospective study; 11 completed it and 3 dogs withdrew due to inability of the owners to administer the treatment (n = 2) or refusal of treatment by the dog (1).

PROCEDURES: All dogs were administered d,l-methionine (approx initial dose of 75 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) based on urine culture and sensitivity. Urine pH, urinalysis, urine culture, venous blood gas and serum biochemical analysis, and lateral survey abdominal radiographic images were evaluated initially and every 4 weeks until urolith dissolution (success) or lack of change in size and/or shape of urocystoliths on 2 consecutive reevaluation points (failure) occurred.

RESULTS: Uroliths dissolved in 8 of 11 dogs in a median of 2 months (range, 1 to 4 months) with a final effective dosage of d,l-methionine of approximately 100 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours. In 3 dogs, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically; they contained variable amounts of calcium oxalate. No adverse events occurred.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infection-induced struvite urolithiasis is 1 of the 2 most common minerals occurring in canine uroliths. Results of this study supported the use of d,l-methionine and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid without changing diet for dissolution of infection-induced struvite urocystoliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid37055748, year = {2023}, author = {Coffey, EL and Gomez, AM and Ericsson, AC and Burton, EN and Granick, JL and Lulich, JP and Furrow, E}, title = {The impact of urine collection method on canine urinary microbiota detection: a cross-sectional study.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {101}, pmid = {37055748}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The urinary tract harbors unique microbial communities that play important roles in urogenital health and disease. Dogs naturally suffer from several of the same urological disorders as humans (e.g., urinary tract infections, neoplasia, urolithiasis) and represent a valuable translational model for studying the role of urinary microbiota in various disease states. Urine collection technique represents a critical component of urinary microbiota research study design. However, the impact of collection method on the characterization of the canine urinary microbiota remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether urine collection technique alters the microbial populations detected in canine urine samples. Urine was collected from asymptomatic dogs by both cystocentesis and midstream voiding. Microbial DNA was isolated from each sample and submitted for amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene, followed by analyses to compare microbial diversity and composition between urine collection techniques.

RESULTS: Samples collected via midstream voiding exhibited significantly higher sequence read counts (P = .036) and observed richness (P = .0024) than cystocentesis urine. Bray Curtis and Unweighted UniFrac measures of beta diversity showed distinct differences in microbial composition by collection method (P = .0050, R[2] = 0.06 and P = .010, R[2] = 0.07, respectively). Seven taxa were identified as differentially abundant between groups. Pasteurellaceae, Haemophilus, Friedmanniella, two variants of Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium were over-represented in voided urine, while a greater abundance of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia characterized cystocentesis samples. Analyses were performed at five thresholds for minimum sequence depth and using three data normalization strategies to validate results; patterns of alpha and beta diversity remained consistent regardless of minimum read count requirements or normalization method.

CONCLUSION: Microbial composition differs in canine urine samples collected via cystocentesis as compared to those collected via midstream voiding. Future researchers should select a single urine collection method based on the biological question of interest when designing canine urinary microbiota studies. Additionally, the authors suggest caution when interpreting results across studies that did not utilize identical urine collection methods.}, } @article {pmid37031165, year = {2023}, author = {Noonin, C and Itsaranawet, T and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Calcium oxalate crystal-induced secretome derived from proximal tubular cells, not that from distal tubular cells, induces renal fibroblast activation.}, journal = {European journal of medical research}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {150}, pmid = {37031165}, issn = {2047-783X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Secretome ; Epithelial Cells ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; *Kidney Calculi ; Fibroblasts ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kidney stone disease (KSD) is commonly accompanied with renal fibrosis, characterized by accumulation and reorganization of extracellular matrix (ECM). During fibrogenesis, resident renal fibroblasts are activated to become myofibroblasts that actively produce ECM. However, such fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation in KSD remained unclear. Our present study thus examined effects of secreted products (secretome) derived from proximal (HK-2) vs. distal (MDCK) renal tubular cells exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals on activation of renal fibroblasts (BHK-21).

METHODS: HK-2 and MDCK cells were treated with 100 µg/ml COM crystals under serum-free condition for 16 h. In parallel, the cells maintained in serum-free medium without COM treatment served as the control. Secretome derived from culture supernatant of each sample was mixed (1:1) with fresh serum-free medium and then used for BHK-21 culture for another 24 h.

RESULTS: Analyses revealed that COM-treated-HK-2 secretome significantly induced proliferation, caused morphological changes, increased spindle index, and upregulated fibroblast-activation markers (F-actin, α-SMA and fibronectin) in BHK-21 cells. However, COM-treated-MDCK secretome had no significant effects on these BHK-21 parameters. Moreover, level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a profibrotic factor, significantly increased in the COM-treated-HK-2 secretome but not in the COM-treated-MDCK secretome.

CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate, for the first time, that proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells exposed to COM crystals send different messages to resident renal fibroblasts. Only the secretome derived from proximal tubular cells, not that from the distal cells, induces renal fibroblast activation after their exposure to COM crystals. Such differential effects are partly due to TGF-β1 secretion, which is induced by COM crystals only in proximal tubular cells.}, } @article {pmid36860138, year = {2023}, author = {Geddes, RF and Davison, LJ and Elliott, J and Syme, HM and O'Neill, DG}, title = {Risk factors for upper urinary tract uroliths and ureteral obstruction in cats under referral veterinary care in the United Kingdom.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {567-577}, pmid = {36860138}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Cats ; Female ; Animals ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; *Ureteral Obstruction/epidemiology/veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract ; Risk Factors ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cats presenting with upper urinary tract uroliths (UUTUs) and ureteral obstruction ("obstructive UUTU") are typically younger than cats with idiopathic CKD that often have incidental nephroliths.

HYPOTHESIS: Cats with upper urinary tract urolith have 2 clinical phenotypes; a more aggressive phenotype at risk of obstructive UUTU at a young age and a more benign phenotype in older cats, with reduced risk of obstructive UUTU.

OBJECTIVES: Identify risk factors for UUTU and for obstructive UUTU.

ANIMALS: Eleven thousand four hundred thirty-one cats were referred for care over 10 years; 521 (4.6%) with UUTU.

METHODS: Retrospective VetCompass observational cross-sectional study. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify risk factors for a diagnosis of UUTU vs no UUTU and additionally, obstructive UUTU vs nonobstructive UUTU.

RESULTS: Risk factors for UUTU included female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.9; P < .001), British shorthair, Burmese, Persian, Ragdoll or Tonkinese (vs non-purebred ORs 1.92-3.31; P < .001) breed and being ≥4 years (ORs 2.1-3.9; P < .001). Risk factors for obstructive UUTU were female sex (OR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6; P = .002), having bilateral uroliths (OR 2.0, CI 1.4-2.9; P = .002) and age, with the odds of obstructive UUTU increasing as age at diagnosis of UUTU decreased (≥12 years, reference category; 8-11.9 years, OR 2.7, CI 1.6-4.5; 4-7.9 years, OR 4.1, CI 2.5-7.0; 0-3.9 years, OR 4.3, CI 2.2-8.6; P < 0.001).

Cats diagnosed with UUTU at a younger age have a more aggressive phenotype with higher risk of obstructive UUTU compared to cats over 12 years of age diagnosed with UUTU.}, } @article {pmid36971195, year = {2023}, author = {Fitzwilliams, T and Wolff-Sneedorff, JL and Fredholm, M and Karlskov-Mortensen, P and Guldbrandtsen, B and Bruun, CS}, title = {Evaluation of the value of genetic testing for cystinuria in the Danish population of English bulldogs.}, journal = {Animal genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/age.13321}, pmid = {36971195}, issn = {1365-2052}, abstract = {Cystinuria is a genetic disease that can lead to cystine urolith formation. The English bulldog is the dog breed most frequently affected. In this breed, three missense mutations have been suggested to be associated with cystinuria: c.568A>G and c.2086A>G in SLC3A1 and c.649G>A in SLC7A9. In this study, the occurrence of these three mutations in the Danish population of English bulldogs was investigated. Seventy-one English bulldogs were genotyped using TaqMan assays. The dogs' owners were given questionnaires concerning the medical histories of their dogs. Allele frequencies of 0.40, 0.40, and 0.52 were found for the mutant alleles in the three loci: c.568A>G, c.2086A>G, and c.649G>A, respectively. For both mutations in SLC3A1, a statistically significant association was found between cystinuria and homozygosity for the G allele among male, English bulldogs. For the mutation in SLC7A9, there was no statistically significant association between homozygosity for the mutant allele and cystinuria. Due to high allele frequencies, limited genetic diversity, continued uncertainty about the genetic background of cystinuria, and more severe health problems in the breed, selection based on genetic testing for the mutations in SLC3A1 cannot be recommended in the Danish population of English bulldogs. However, results of the genetic test may be used as a guide to recommend prophylactic treatment.}, } @article {pmid36970934, year = {2023}, author = {Pritchard, E and Samaha, G and Mizzi, K and Boland, L and , and Haase, B}, title = {Candidate causative variant for xanthinuria in a Domestic Shorthair cat.}, journal = {Animal genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/age.13318}, pmid = {36970934}, issn = {1365-2052}, abstract = {Xanthinuria is a clinically significant form of urolithiasis in cats with poor clinical outcomes and limited treatment options. In humans, xanthinuria has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, with variants in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) responsible for cases. While causative genetic variants have not been identified in the domestic cat, a recessive mode of inheritance has been suggested. DNA was extracted from EDTA-stabilised blood obtained from a Domestic Shorthair cat with clinically confirmed xanthinuria. Whole-genome sequencing and variant assessment in XDH and MOCOS identified XDH:c.2042C>T (XDH:p.(A681V)) as a candidate causative variant for xanthinuria in this cat. The variant is located in a highly conserved part of the molybdenum-pterin co-factor domain, responsible for catalysing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid. Variants in this domain of XDH have been shown to disrupt enzyme function and to cause xanthinuria in other species. When assessed in the wider cat population, the variant had an allele frequency of 15.8%, with 0.9% of the animals assessed homozygous for the alternative allele. Cats diagnosed with xanthinuria should be tested for this variant to validate its clinical relevance in the wider population.}, } @article {pmid36871933, year = {2023}, author = {Casali, CI and Pescio, LG and Sendyk, DE and Erjavec, LC and Morel Gómez, E and Parra, LG and Fernández-Tomé, MC}, title = {Dynamics of differentiated-renal epithelial cell monolayer after calcium oxalate injury: The role of cyclooxygenase-2.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {319}, number = {}, pages = {121544}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121544}, pmid = {36871933}, issn = {1879-0631}, mesh = {*Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; *Kidney Calculi/chemistry ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Animals ; Dogs ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Calcium oxalate (Oxa), constituent of most common kidney stones, damages renal tubular epithelial cells leading to kidney disease. Most in vitro studies designed to evaluate how Oxa exerts its harmful effects were performed in proliferative or confluent non-differentiated renal epithelial cultures; none of them considered physiological hyperosmolarity of renal medullary interstitium. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) has been associated to Oxa deleterious actions; however, up to now, it is not clear how COX2 acts. In this work, we proposed an in vitro experimental system resembling renal differentiated-epithelial cells that compose medullary tubular structures which were grown and maintained in a physiological hyperosmolar environment and evaluated whether COX2 → PGE2 axis (COX2 considered a cytoprotective protein for renal cells) induces Oxa damage or epithelial restitution.

MAIN METHODS: MDCK cells were differentiated with NaCl hyperosmolar medium for 72 h where cells acquired the typical apical and basolateral membrane domains and a primary cilium. Then, cultures were treated with 1.5 mM Oxa for 24, 48, and 72 h to evaluate epithelial monolayer restitution dynamics and COX2-PGE2 effect.

KEY FINDINGS: Oxa completely turned the differentiated phenotype into mesenchymal one (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Such effect was partially and totally reverted after 48 and 72 h, respectively. Oxa damage was even deeper when COX2 was blocked by NS398. PGE2 addition restituted the differentiated-epithelial phenotype in a time and concentration dependence.

SIGNIFICANCE: This work presents an experimental system that approaches in vitro to in vivo renal epithelial studies and, more important, warns about NSAIDS use in patients suffering from kidney stones.}, } @article {pmid36401505, year = {2023}, author = {Jiang, P and Okhunov, Z and Afyouni, AS and Ali, S and Hosseini Sharifi, SH and Bhatt, R and Brevik, A and Ayad, M and Larson, K and Osann, K and Patel, RM and Landman, J and Clayman, RV}, title = {Comparison of Superpulse Thulium Fiber Laser vs Holmium Laser for Ablation of Renal Calculi in an In Vivo Porcine Model.}, journal = {Journal of endourology}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {335-340}, doi = {10.1089/end.2022.0445}, pmid = {36401505}, issn = {1557-900X}, abstract = {Introduction and Objectives: We sought to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the superpulse thulium fiber laser (sTFL to the holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet [Ho:YAG] laser for ureteroscopic "dusting" of implanted renal stones in an in vivo porcine model. Methods: Twenty-four porcine kidneys (12 juvenile female Yorkshire pigs) were randomized to Ho:YAG or sTFL treatment groups. Canine calcium oxalate stones were scanned with computed tomography to calculate stone volume and stone density; the stones were randomized and implanted into each renal pelvis via an open pyelotomy. In all trials, a 14F, 35 cm ureteral access sheath was placed. With a 9.9F dual lumen flexible ureteroscope, laser lithotripsy was performed using dusting settings: Ho:YAG 200 μm laser fiber at 16 W (0.4 J, 40 Hz) or sTFL 200 μm laser fiber at 16 W (0.2 J, 80 Hz). Lithotripsy continued until no fragments over 1 mm were observed. No stone basketing was performed. Throughout the procedures, intrarenal and renal pelvis temperatures were measured using two percutaneously positioned K-type thermocouples, one in the upper pole calyx and one in the renal pelvis. After the lithotripsy, the ureteropelvic junction was occluded, the kidneys were bivalved, and all residual fragments were collected, dried, weighed, and then measured with an optical laser particle sizer. Results: Implanted stones were similar in volume and density in both groups. Intraoperative collecting system temperatures were similar for both groups (all <44°C). Compared to Ho:YAG, sTFL ablated stones faster (9 vs 27 minutes, p < 0.001) with less energy expenditure (8 vs 26 kJ, p < 0.001), and a greater stone clearance rate (73% vs 45%, p = 0.001). After sTFL lithotripsy, 77% of the remaining fragments were ≤1 mm vs 17% of fragments ≤1 mm after Ho:YAG treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In an in vivo porcine kidney, using dusting settings, sTFL lithotripsy resulted in shorter ablation times, higher stone clearance rates, and markedly smaller stone fragments than Ho:YAG lithotripsy.}, } @article {pmid36824047, year = {2023}, author = {Victor, PP and Narayanaswamy, R and Kadry, S and Gurunathan, B}, title = {Identification of novel inhibitor against human phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase from phytochemicals of Citrus sinensis peel extract by in vitro and in silico approach.}, journal = {Biotechnology and applied biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bab.2453}, pmid = {36824047}, issn = {1470-8744}, abstract = {Kidney stone is a major global menace that demands research on nonsurgical treatment involving biological compounds for the benefit of the patients. Among the biological extracts, citric acid is traditionally used to dissolve kidney stones. The current research focuses on evaluating the in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity and in silico study of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis (ECS) peel against c: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PCYT). The diuretic activity was evaluated using in vitro model against the synthesized calcium oxalate crystals and cytotoxicity study in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. The phytochemicals were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The interaction mechanism was studied using computational docking studies to confirm their involvement in the dissolution of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Further molecular properties, drug-likeness, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and toxicity analysis were followed for the ligands using software tools. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (citronellyl acetate), 3',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone, and ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside showed good binding affinities against PCYT. Moreover, the docking studies showed the ligand 3',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone has the highest binding energy (-6.68 kcal/mol) for human CTP. The present investigation concludes that these compounds of C. sinensis peel extract compounds are responsible as novel inhibitors against human CTP and extend their use in the pharmaceutical drug development process.}, } @article {pmid36867274, year = {2023}, author = {Khan, A and Gilani, AH}, title = {An insight investigation to the antiurolithic activity of Trachyspermum ammi using the in vitro and in vivo experiments.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {43}, pmid = {36867274}, issn = {2194-7236}, abstract = {The crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (Ta.Cr) was studied for its antiurolithic activity using the in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, Ta.Cr treatment showed a diuretic activity at the dose of 30 and 100 mg/kg and exhibited curative effect in male hyperoxaluric Wistar rats, which received 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water given for 3 weeks, with 1% ammonium chloride (AC) for initial three days. In the in vitro experiments, Ta.Cr delayed the slopes of nucleation and inhibited the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner like that of potassium citrate. Ta.Cr also inhibited DPPH free radicals like standard antioxidant drug butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and significantly reduced cell toxicity and LDH release in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, exposed to oxalate (0.5 mM) and COM (66 µg/cm[2]) crystals. In isolated rabbit urinary bladder strips, Ta.Cr relaxed high K[+] (80 mM) and CCh (1 µM)-induced contractions, showing antispasmodic activity. The findings of this study suggest that the antiurolithic activity of crude extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds may be mediated by a number of mechanisms, including a diuretic, an inhibitor of CaOx crystal aggregation, an antioxidant, renal epithelial cell protection, and an antispasmodic, thus, showing the therapeutic potential in urolithiasis, for which there is no viable non-invasive option in modern medicine.}, } @article {pmid36798076, year = {2023}, author = {Aubrecht, AM and Lulich, JP}, title = {Resolution of urethral obstruction using temporary urethral stents in two female cats.}, journal = {JFMS open reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {20551169221149677}, pmid = {36798076}, issn = {2055-1169}, abstract = {CASE SUMMARY: The management of urethral obstructions is well documented in male cats but is less established for females. These cases describe two female cats that presented with non-dissolvable urocystoliths. Urocystoliths were removed by laser lithotripsy and basket retrieval. Following urolith removal, urethral obstruction occurred in both cats. Both cats were successfully managed using temporary urethral stents in lieu of indwelling urethral catheters permitting outpatient, spontaneous recovery of the urethra.

Use of temporary urethral stents has not been described in cats. These novel stents are constructed from materials available in most veterinary facilities, placed without advanced imaging and reside entirely within the urethra and vestibule. Temporary stents are used to bypass urethral disease, facilitating outpatient recovery, and are easily removed when no longer needed. For these reasons, temporary stents are a cost-efficient alternative to permanent stents or indwelling urinary catheters attached to closed urine-collection systems.}, } @article {pmid36740712, year = {2023}, author = {Ortega, CJ and Stavroulaki, EM and Lawlor, A and Lulich, J and Cuq, B}, title = {Retrospective analysis of 131 feline uroliths from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (2010-2020).}, journal = {Irish veterinary journal}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {36740712}, issn = {2046-0481}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The proportions of different urolith types have not been investigated in cats from the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI) previously. The objective of this study was to investigate the proportions of different feline urolith types submitted to Minnesota Urolith Center from the ROI and NI from 2010 to 2020. An additional aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors associated with each urolith type in cats in this geographic area.

RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-one uroliths were submitted for the studied period with 44.3% being struvite, 43.5% calcium oxalate and 7.6% compound. Only 11 uroliths were submitted in the first 4 years. The number of submissions increased after 2015, peaking in 2019 with 25 submissions. Due to low numbers no conclusions could be made about changes in incidence of urolith types over time. Cats ≤7 years of age were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with struvite uroliths (OR, 2.87 [1.37-6.06]; p = 0.007) while cats ≥7 years of age with calcium oxalate uroliths (OR, 2.67, [1.29-5.37], p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first epidemiologic study of urolithiasis from cats in the ROI and NI. The most prevalent types of uroliths in our study population were struvite and calcium oxalate. Due to the low number of urolith submissions, changes in the incidence of different uroliths could not be accurately determined. Increasing age was associated with calcium oxalate formation while younger cats were more commonly diagnosed with struvite urolithiasis which can be medically dissolved. Therefore, urolith dissolution is more likely to be successful in young cats than older cats.}, } @article {pmid36718335, year = {2022}, author = {Chamsuwan, S and Buranakarl, C and Angkanaporn, K and Dissayabutra, T and Chuaypen, N and Pisitkun, T and Kalpongnukul, N}, title = {A urinary proteomic study in hypercalciuric dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {2937-2944}, pmid = {36718335}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypercalciuria is an important predisposing factor commonly found in humans and dogs with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate crystals can induce an inflammatory reaction that subsequently produces several proteins that have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on stone formation. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in urinary proteomic profiles between hypercalciuric CaOx stone dogs and hypercalciuric stone-free dogs (CaOx stone and control groups, respectively).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven dogs with hypercalciuric CaOx urolithiasis and breed-, sex-, and aged-matched controls with hypercalciuria were included in the study. Serum and urine samples were obtained from all dogs to analyze electrolytes. Urinary proteomic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Student's t-test was used to compare the differences between groups.

RESULTS: Forty-nine urinary proteins were identified in the stone-free and CaOx stone groups, whereas 19 and 6 proteins were unique in the CaOx stone and stone-free groups, respectively. The urinary thrombomodulin level was significantly higher in the CaOx stone group (relative ratio = 1.8, p < 0.01) than in the stone-free group.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that urinary proteomic profiles may be used as a candidate biomarker for urinary tract injury in CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.}, } @article {pmid36645022, year = {2023}, author = {Broughton, SE and O'Neill, DG and Syme, HM and Geddes, RF}, title = {Ionized hypercalcemia in 238 cats from a referral hospital population (2009-2019).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jvim.16627}, pmid = {36645022}, issn = {1939-1676}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ionized calcium concentration ([iCa]) is more sensitive for detecting calcium disturbances than serum total calcium concentration but literature on ionized hypercalcemia in cats is limited. Urolithiasis is a possible adverse consequence of hypercalcemia.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical details of diagnoses associated with ionized hypercalcemia in cats and association with urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: Cats (238) seen between 2009 and 2019 at a referral hospital with [iCa] above the normal reference interval.

METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study. Signalment, serum biochemical and imaging findings were reviewed for cats with ionized hypercalcemia considered to be clinically relevant (>1.41 mmol/L). Data were summarized by cause of hypercalcemia (i.e., diagnosis).

RESULTS: Diagnoses for the 238 cats with [iCa] >1.41 mmol/L included: acute kidney injury (AKI; 13%), malignancy-associated (10.1%), idiopathic hypercalcemia (IHC; 10.1%), chronic kidney disease/renal diet-associated (8.4%), iatrogenic (5.5%), primary hyperparathyroidism (2.1%), vitamin D toxicity (2.1%) and granulomatous disease (1.7%). In 112 cases (47.1%), no cause for ionized hypercalcemia could be determined (n = 95), hypercalcemia was transient (n = 12), or the cat was juvenile (<1 year; n = 5). Urolithiasis was identified in 83.3% of AKI, 72.7% of iatrogenic, 61.1% of CKD/renal diet-associated and 50% of IHC cases that were imaged (<50% for other diagnoses). Diagnoses with a high proportion of concurrent total hypercalcemia included primary hyperparathyroidism (100%), vitamin D toxicity (100%), malignancy-associated (71.4%), granulomatous disease (66.7%) and IHC (65.2%).

Ionized hypercalcemia was most commonly associated with kidney diseases, neoplasia or IHC. The proportion of urolithiasis cases varied by diagnosis.}, } @article {pmid36593937, year = {2023}, author = {Clark, H and Lasarev, M and Wood, M}, title = {Risk factors of enterococcal bacteriuria in cats: A retrospective study.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, pages = {40-44}, pmid = {36593937}, issn = {0008-5286}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine if factors associated with urothelial damage and inflammation, including urinary catheterization, urinary obstruction, and urolithiasis are associated with the presence of enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.

ANIMALS: Thirty-one cats with Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria and 31 cats with Escherichia coli bacteriuria.

PROCEDURE: A retrospective case-control study with cases and controls identified by records search for Enterococcus spp. (case) and E. coli (control) bacteriuria from August 1, 2014 to July 31, 2019. Cases and controls were balanced with respect to average age. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate and test whether the odds of having Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria (instead of E. coli) were associated with the presence of any characteristic.

RESULTS: Urinary catheterization, urinary obstruction, and urolithiasis were not observed more often in Enterococcus cases versus E. coli controls (19% versus 25%, P = 0.543; 19% versus 32%, P = 0.244; and 16% versus 16%, P = 1, respectively). Signs of lower urinary tract disease were significantly less common in Enterococcus cases than in E. coli controls (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.83, P = 0.02). Hematuria was significantly less common in cases than controls (P = 0.048).

CONCLUSION: No association was identified between urinary catheterization, urolithiasis, or any other comorbidities (hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease) and enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Unlike in humans and dogs, urothelial damage and inflammation caused by factors such as urinary catheterization and urolithiasis may not be the mechanism for enterococcal bacteriuria in cats.}, } @article {pmid36467376, year = {2022}, author = {Shin, PT and Aoki, K}, title = {Successful conservative management in a dog with substantial urinary bladder ischemia.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {63}, number = {12}, pages = {1193-1197}, pmid = {36467376}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Female ; Dogs ; Animals ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Conservative Treatment/veterinary ; Ischemia/veterinary ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/surgery ; }, abstract = {A 7-year-old spayed female pug dog was brought to the veterinary college with a severely and diffusely ischemic urinary bladder secondary to obstructive uroliths in the lower urinary tract. Cystotomy was performed to remove the uroliths and the ischemic bladder was managed with conservative treatment. A recheck abdominal ultrasound 4.5 mo after surgery revealed an abdominal mass that was associated with the urinary bladder. An exploratory laparotomy and partial cystectomy were performed. Histopathology of the mass showed granulomatous inflammation centered on necrotic tissue. The dog recovered well, and long-term prognosis is good. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first veterinary case report describing conservative management of an ischemic urinary bladder. An uncommon complication following cystotomy and the relevant imaging findings is also described. The positive outcome for the dog demonstrated that conservative management may serve as an option for treatment of substantial ischemia of the urinary bladder.}, } @article {pmid36411489, year = {2022}, author = {Weinekötter, J and Gurtner, C and Protschka, M and von Bomhard, W and Böttcher, D and Schlinke, A and Alber, G and Rösch, S and Steiner, JM and Seeger, J and Oechtering, GU and Heilmann, RM}, title = {Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {412}, pmid = {36411489}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Female ; *Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/diagnosis/veterinary/pathology ; *Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/veterinary ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/urine ; Neutrophils/pathology ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; S100A12 Protein ; Lymphocytes ; Calgranulin A ; Biomarkers ; *Dog Diseases/pathology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine lower urinary tract, affecting approximately 2% of dogs. Elderly female patients of certain breeds are predisposed, and clinical signs of UC can easily be confused with urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging given the lack of disease-specific markers and treatments. The S100A8/A9 complex and S100A12 protein are Ca[2+]-binding proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system and have shown promise as urinary screening markers for UC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can also aid in distinguishing certain neoplastic from inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of S100/calgranulins and the blood NLR in dogs with UC. Urinary bladder and/or urethral tissue samples from dogs with UC (n = 10), non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions (NNUTD; n = 6), and no histologic changes (n = 11) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Blood NLRs were analyzed in dogs with UC (n = 22) or NNUTD (n = 26).

RESULTS: Tissue S100A12-positive cell counts were significantly higher in dogs with lower urinary tract disease than healthy controls (P = 0.0267 for UC, P = 0.0049 for NNUTD), with no significant difference between UC and NNUTD patients. Tissue S100A8/A9-positivity appeared to be higher with NNUTD than UC, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The S100A8/A9[+]-to-S100A12[+] ratio was significantly decreased in neoplastic and inflamed lower urinary tract tissue compared to histologically normal specimens (P = 0.0062 for UC, P = 0.0030 for NNUTD). NLRs were significantly higher in dogs with UC than in dogs with NNUTD, and a cut-off NLR of ≤ 2.83 distinguished UC from NNUTD with 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Higher NLRs were also associated with a poor overall survival time (P = 0.0417).

CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that the S100/calgranulins play a role in the immune response to inflammatory and neoplastic lower urinary tract diseases in dogs, but the tissue expression of these proteins appears to differ from their concentrations reported in urine samples. Further investigations of the S100/calgranulin pathways in UC and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets are warranted. The NLR as a routinely available marker might be a useful surrogate to distinguish UC from inflammatory conditions.}, } @article {pmid36395195, year = {2022}, author = {Uttamamul, N and Suksawat, M and Phetcharaburanin, J and Jitpean, S and Lulitanond, A and Sae-Ung, N and Boonsiri, P and Tavichakorntrakool, R}, title = {1H NMR metabolic profiling of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from canine uroliths.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {e0277808}, pmid = {36395195}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; Urease ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology ; *Urinary Calculi/etiology ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; Metabolomics ; }, abstract = {Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a urease-producing bacteria which is a major cause of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) urolithiasis in canine. A positive urolith culture is an important risk factor for MAP urolithiasis in canine. The mechanism underlying the metabolic changes of S. pseudintermedius after crystallization in artificial urine (AU) needs more defined baseline metabolic information. Therefore, we extensively investigated the metabolic changes of S. pseudintermedius extensively after crystallization in AU. A high urease activity and positive biofilm formation strain, entitled the S. pseudintermedius (SPMAP09) strain, was isolated from canine MAP uroliths, and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics. The molecular mechanism-specific metabolic phenotypes were clearly observed after crystallization in AU at day 3. The crystals induced by SPMAP09 were also confirmed and the major chemical composition identified as struvite. Interestingly, our findings demonstrated that a total of 11 identified metabolites were significantly changed. The levels of formate, homocarnosine, tyrosine, cis-aconitate, glycolate, ethyl malonate, valine and acetate level were significantly higher, accompanied with decreased levels of inosine, glucose, and threonine at day 3 compared with the initial time-point (day 0). In addition, our results exhibited that the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism was significantly related to the SPMAP09 strain at day 3 in AU. Thus, metabolic changes of the SPMAP09 strain after crystallization in AU potentially helps to explain the preliminary molecular mechanism for the crystals induced by S. pseudintermedius.}, } @article {pmid36359058, year = {2022}, author = {Tabbì, M and Rifici, C and Cicero, L and Macrì, F and Mazzullo, G and Sfacteria, A and Cassata, G and De Majo, M and Di Pietro, S}, title = {Nontraumatic Paraureteral Urinoma in a Cat with Urolithiasis.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {12}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {36359058}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Urinoma is an encapsulated collection of urine due to a disruption in the collection system of the urinary tract. This condition is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and diagnostic findings of a well-encapsulated paraureteral urinoma associated with urinary tract stones in a critical feline patient. The ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed a well-defined collection of anechoic fluid containing the left kidney in the retroperitoneal space, while the radiographic examination revealed a loss of soft tissue contrast in the lumbar region. Both techniques confirmed the presence of stones in the bladder. Following the ultrasound-guided drainage of the lesion, the nature of the fluid was also confirmed to be urine. Due to the worsening of the cat's health, to better define the extent and genesis of the lesion, a positive contrast radiographic study was performed by means of an ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of a contrast medium into the lesion, which highlighted a wide and homogeneous radiopaque area in the left retroperitoneal space. These findings were confirmed with a postmortem examination, corroborating the diagnostic suspicion of urinoma. The percutaneous contrast inoculation performed in this critically ill patient plays a role in the diagnostic process to reach a final diagnosis in cases in which the patient's clinical condition does not allow for performing an excretory positive contrast study.}, } @article {pmid36349591, year = {2022}, author = {Hadpech, S and Peerapen, P and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Alpha-tubulin relocalization is involved in calcium oxalate-induced tight junction disruption in renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Chemico-biological interactions}, volume = {368}, number = {}, pages = {110236}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110236}, pmid = {36349591}, issn = {1872-7786}, mesh = {Dogs ; Animals ; *Tight Junctions ; *Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Tubulin/metabolism ; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Microtubule (MT) is associated with tight junction (TJ) structure and function. While calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) commonly causes TJ disruption, its effects on MT remain unknown. This study thus addressed the involvement of a major MT protein, α-tubulin, in COM-induced TJ disruption. Protein-protein interactions analysis demonstrated that α-tubulin directly interacted with a TJ protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). MDCK renal cells were polarized and incubated with COM crystals for 48 h. Western blotting showed that COM reduced ZO-1, but not α-tubulin, level. Immunofluorescence staining revealed COM-induced relocalization of α-tubulin from apical membranes to cytoplasm and ZO-1 disruption at cell borders. COM also mediated progressive fall of epithelial barrier function, represented by transepithelial resistance (TER), which reached the lowest at 12-h till the end of crystal exposure. Pretreatment of the cells with docetaxel, the MT/tubulin stabilizer, completely prevented such α-tubulin relocalization, ZO-1 disruption/down-regulation, and TER reduction. These data indicate that α-tubulin relocalization is involved in COM-induced TJ disruption in renal epithelial cells.}, } @article {pmid36315023, year = {2022}, author = {Job, C and Lecavalier, J and Dunn, M and Gatineau, M and Planté, J and Benamou, J and Coutellier, M and Javard, R}, title = {Comparison of percutaneous cystolithotomy and open cystotomy for removal of urethral and bladder uroliths in dogs: Retrospective study of 81 cases (2014-2018).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {2063-2070}, pmid = {36315023}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Dogs ; Cats ; Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary/adverse effects/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; *Cat Diseases/surgery/etiology ; Urinary Bladder ; *Dog Diseases/surgery/etiology ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Compare percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and open cystotomy (OC) for removal of bladder and urethral uroliths.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs and cats that underwent PCCL (n = 41) or OC (n = 40) between January 1, 2014 and February 28, 2018 at a referral center.

METHODS: Medical records of dogs and cats that underwent a PCCL or an OC were reviewed. History, signalment, physical examination, diagnostic tests, length of the procedure and anesthesia, complications, and duration of hospitalization were recorded.

RESULTS: A total 17 cats (PCCL = 10; OC = 7) and 64 dogs (PCCL = 31; OC = 33) were included. There was no significant difference, regardless of species, in the mean surgical time (45 min [24-160 min] and 48.5 min [15-122 min] with P = .54 in dogs, P = .65 in cats) nor mean duration of anesthesia (90 min [50-120 min] and 98 min [54-223 min] with P = .87 in dogs, P = .08 in cats) in the PCCL and OC groups respectively. Number of uroliths did not affect duration of surgery in either group. Complete urolith removal was achieved in 98% of dogs and cats in both groups. The median hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the PCCL group for dogs (11.3 hours [range 4 to 51.3] in the PCCL vs 56.6 hours [range 7.3 to 96] in the OC group; P < .001) but did not differ for cats (24.5 hours [range 8.3 to 30] in the PCCL vs 56.6 hours [range 10.1 to 193.2] in the OC group; P = .08).

Bladder urolith removal by PCCL procedure is no longer than OC. Further studies are needed to compare the pain related to procedure between PCCL and OC.}, } @article {pmid36225798, year = {2022}, author = {Park, J and Jang, K and Jo, HM and Kim, SE}, title = {Laparoscopic attenuation of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog-a thin-film banding for splenophrenic shunt: A case report.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {918153}, pmid = {36225798}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {A 6-year-old castrated male Shih-Tzu dog weighing 6. 5 kg presented with chief complaints of pollakiuria and urine dribbling. He had a history of urolithiasis for 3 years, which was confirmed by the presence of ammonium urate in the urinary stone analysis, performed 2 years prior to the presentation. Blood examination showed high values of fasting ammonia, post-prandial bile acid, and low blood urea nitrogen. Microhepatica and urolithiasis were identified on plain radiography and ultrasonography. A computed tomography angiography demonstrated a shunting vessel, diameter up to 9.6 mm, originated from the splenic vein, and linked with the phrenic vein. A surgical attenuation with a thin-film banding was performed under laparoscopic visualization. Left triangular ligament was incised, and one stay suture was placed to the stomach to expose the vessel. The shunting vessel was dissected before it entered the diaphragm, and a thin-film band was applied around the vessel. The patient recovered uneventfully without post-attenuation neurologic signs. Portal vein diameter increased with time, and complete closure of the shunting vessel was identified on computed tomography angiography performed at 14 months after attenuation. The patient was doing well for 31 months after surgery without protein restriction. This is a report of laparoscopic attenuation for splenophrenic type of canine congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt with a favorable outcome using thin-film banding.}, } @article {pmid36214243, year = {2022}, author = {Waite, LA and Hahn, AM and Sturgeon, GL and Lulich, J}, title = {UROLITHIASIS IN FOXES: ASSESSMENT OF 65 UROLITH SUBMISSIONS TO THE MINNESOTA UROLITH CENTER FROM 1981 TO 2021.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {578-582}, doi = {10.1638/2021-0034}, pmid = {36214243}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; *Calculi/veterinary ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Humans ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Struvite ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article summarizes urinary stone submissions from foxes in human care to the Minnesota Urolith Center over 40 years. A previous report documented the analysis of uroliths from foxes that were submitted between 1981 and 2007.[13] New data compiled from 2008 to 2021 included an additional 38 stones submitted from foxes, totaling 65 fox urolith submissions from 1981 to 2021. Struvite and cystine uroliths were most common, with the remainder comprised of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, compound, mixed, or miscellaneous material. Most stones were submitted from male foxes. Seventy-two percent of the stones were urocystoliths, and from 2010 to 2021, most stones were diagnosed antemortem and removed surgically. More than half of the stones were submitted from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda). Urolithiasis in foxes may be an underrecognized condition, and data from this study suggest that clinicians should consider routine urinalysis and diagnostic imaging as part of the preventive medicine program for fox species, especially red foxes and fennec foxes.}, } @article {pmid36181368, year = {2022}, author = {Kurtz, M and Desquilbet, L and Maire, J and Da Riz, F and Canonne-Guibert, M and Benchekroun, G and Maurey, C}, title = {Alendronate treatment in cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia: A retrospective cohort study of 20 cases.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {1921-1930}, pmid = {36181368}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Cats ; Animals ; *Hypercalcemia/drug therapy/veterinary ; Alendronate/therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Calcium/therapeutic use ; Cohort Studies ; *Cat Diseases/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited information is available concerning treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in cats.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Describe clinical findings in a cohort of cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia and evaluate long-term tolerance and efficacy of alendronate in these patients.

ANIMALS: Twenty cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia of undetermined origin, presented for routine or referral consultation at the teaching hospital of Maisons-Alfort (France).

METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Cats were divided into Group 1 (cats that received alendronate as well as other treatments, n = 11) and Group 2 (cats that did not receive alendronate, n = 9). Survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models) was conducted to compare time to selected outcomes.

RESULTS: Azotemia was present in 15 cats (75%). Alendronate treatment was administered and well tolerated during the entire follow-up period (median, 9.5 months; interquartile range [IQR], 6.3; 27) in all cats from Group 1, except in 1 cat that developed severe hypophosphatemia, prompting treatment discontinuation. Univariate analysis determined that alendronate treatment was significantly associated with shorter time to reach a 15% decrease in ionized calcium concentration (iCa) from baseline during follow-up (119 days vs median not reached, P = .02). This association was no longer significant after adjustment for age and initial iCa.

Alendronate overall was well tolerated with chronic use in this cohort, and can be considered a treatment option for persistent ionized hypercalcemia in cats.}, } @article {pmid36180755, year = {2022}, author = {Wesson, JA and Zenka, R and Lulich, J and Eisenhauer, J and Davis, C}, title = {Comparison of cat and human calcium oxalate monohydrate kidney stone matrix proteomes.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {653-664}, pmid = {36180755}, issn = {2194-7236}, support = {DK 82550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK 82550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Calcium Oxalate/metabolism ; Cations ; *Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Proteome/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Despite its critical nature, the role of matrix in calcium oxalate stone formation is poorly understood. The wide diversity of proteins comprising matrix has contributed to the ambiguity. This study compares the protein distributions measured by mass spectrometry in human calcium oxalate stone matrix to that observed in cat stone matrix, because cats share many clinical characteristics of their stone disease with humans. The observed protein distributions were analyzed in the context of a recent model based on the aggregation of strongly anionic and strongly cationic proteins which includes selective adsorption of other proteins based on total charge. Matrix protein distributions shared many common features between species, including enrichment of both strongly anionic and strongly cationic proteins, increased total charge in matrix proteins compared to urine proteins, and a high degree of similarity of prominent strongly anionic proteins in the matrix of both species. However, there was weaker overlap of the specific dominant proteins in other regions of the net charge distribution. Collectively, these observations support the conceptual model where the strongly anionic proteins associate most strongly with the calcium oxalate crystal surfaces, while the other proteins associate with the strongly anionic proteins through non-specific, charge interactions with each other to create stones. Also, cats appear to be the best animal model of human stone disease identified to date based on these similarities.}, } @article {pmid36137162, year = {2022}, author = {Faria, LA and Meirelles, AÉWB and Froes, TR and Cintra, TCF and Pereira, DP and Rodrigues, MA and Gouvêa, FN and Pennacchi, CS and Assaf, ND and Crivellenti, LZ}, title = {Comparison of radiographic methods for detecting radiolucent uroliths in dogs.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {e0274087}, pmid = {36137162}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiography ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare positive cystography techniques at 5%, 10%, and 20%, as well as three different double-contrast protocols for detecting radiolucent uroliths with a diameter of less than 3.0 mm in dogs. Six cadavers were used, one was selected at random to represent the negative control, and the others were submitted to urolith implantation in the bladder by urethral catheter. Three radiology professionals blindly accessed ventrodorsal and -lateral projections of each test. Contrast at 20% showed greater diagnostic sensitivity, but with greater difficulty identifying the number and size of the uroliths. Consequently, double-contrast techniques are better and should be used for diagnostic and therapeutic planning. Sensitivity and specificity tests demonstrated that positive 5% cystography and different concentrations of double contrast obtained better results in terms of sensitivity and specificity. However, due to the presence of a greater amount of artifacts in the 5% cystography, it is suggested that double contrast is used for this purpose, especially with the removal of contrast excess (protocol 2).}, } @article {pmid36038186, year = {2022}, author = {Bruwier, A and Godart, B and Gatel, L and Leperlier, D and Bedu, AS}, title = {Computed tomographic assessment of retrograde urohydropropulsion in male dogs and prediction of stone composition using Hounsfield unit in dogs and cats.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary science}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {e65}, pmid = {36038186}, issn = {1976-555X}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; *Calculi/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Struvite ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Uric Acid ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent uroliths after a cystotomy in dogs are a common cause of surgical failure.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the following: the success rate of retrograde urohydropropulsion in male dogs using non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), whether the CT mean beam attenuation values in Hounsfield Units (mHU) measured in vivo could predict the urolithiasis composition and whether the selected reconstruction kernel may influence the measured mHU.

METHODS: All dogs and cats that presented with lower urinary tract uroliths and had a non-enhanced CT preceding surgery were included. In male dogs, CT was performed after retrograde urohydropropulsion to detect the remaining urethral calculi. The percentage and location of persistent calculi were recorded. The images were reconstructed using three kernels, from smooth to ultrasharp, and the calculi mHU were measured.

RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were included in the study. The success rate of retrograde urohydropropulsion in the 45 male dogs was 55.6% and 86.7% at the first and second attempts, respectively. The predominant components of the calculi were cystine (20), struvite (15), calcium oxalate (8), and urate (7). The convolution kernel influenced the mHU values (p < 0.05). The difference in mHU regarding the calculus composition was better assessed using the smoother kernel. A mHU greater than 1,000 HU was predictive of calcium oxalate calculi.

CONCLUSIONS: Non-enhanced CT is useful for controlling the success of retrograde urohydropropulsion. The mHU could allow a prediction of the calculus composition, particularly for calcium oxalate, which may help determine the therapeutic strategy.}, } @article {pmid35962261, year = {2022}, author = {Jewell, DE and Tavener, SK and Hollar, RL and Panickar, KS}, title = {Metabolomic changes in cats with renal disease and calcium oxalate uroliths.}, journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {68}, pmid = {35962261}, issn = {1573-3890}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/metabolism ; Cats ; Death ; *Kidney Diseases ; Metabolomics ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: There is a significant incidence of cats with renal disease (RD) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney uroliths in domesticated cats. Foods which aid in the management of these diseases may be enhanced through understanding the underlying metabolomic changes.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the metabolomic profile with a view to identifying metabolomic targets which could aid in the management of renal disease and CaOx uroliths.

METHOD: This is a retrospective investigation of 42 cats: 19 healthy kidney controls, 11 with RD, and 12 that formed CaOx nephroliths. Cats were evaluated as adults (2 through 7 years) and at the end of life for plasma metabolomics, body composition, and markers of renal dysfunction. Kidney sections were assessed by Pizzolato stain at the end of life for detection of CaOx crystals. CaOx stone presence was also assessed by analysis of stones removed from the kidney at the end of life.

RESULTS: There were 791 metabolites identified with 91 having significant (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) changes between groups. Many changes in metabolite concentrations could be explained by the loss of renal function being most acute in the cats with RD while the cats with CaOx stones were intermediate between control and RD (e.g., urea, creatinine, pseudouridine, dimethylarginines). However, the concentrations of some metabolites differentiated RD from CaOx stone forming cats. These were either increased in the RD cats (e.g., cystathionine, dodecanedioate, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine) or comparatively increased in the CaOx stone forming cats (phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, alpha-ketobutyrate, retinal).

CONCLUSIONS: The metabolomic changes show specific metabolites which respond generally to both renal diseases while the metabolomic profile still differentiates cats with RD and cats with CaOx uroliths.}, } @article {pmid35850013, year = {2022}, author = {Ichii, O and Oyamada, K and Mizukawa, H and Yokoyama, N and Namba, T and Otani, Y and Elewa, YHA and Sasaki, N and Nakamura, T and Kon, Y}, title = {Ureteral morphology and pathology during urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {151}, number = {}, pages = {10-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.029}, pmid = {35850013}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/pathology ; Cats ; Collagen ; Inflammation/pathology/veterinary ; *Ureter/pathology ; *Ureteral Obstruction/pathology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Cats exhibit high susceptibility to urinary organ-related diseases. We investigated the healthy ureter morphologies and compared these with ureters that were surgically resected distal to a urolithiasis obstruction in cats. Healthy ureters (total length 9.88 ± 0.38 cm) developed adventitia composed of collagen fibers (ADCF), containing a longitudinal muscular layer, toward the distal segment. The healthy ureter was the smallest in the middle segment (4.71-6.90 cm from the urinary bladder) with significantly decreased luminal and submucosal areas compared to those in the proximal segment. Diseased cats exhibited a high incidence of calcium oxalate urolithiasis with renal dysfunction, regardless of age, sex, and body size. Diseased ureters showed increased perimeters, inflammation, and decreased nerves in ADCF. Collagen fibers were increased in the submucosal area, intermuscular spaces, and ADCF, particularly near the obstructed lesion. The mean resected ureter length was 5.66 ± 0.49 cm, suggesting a high obstruction risk in the middle segment. The middle segment also increased the cross-sectional area of the ureter and ADCF, regardless of the distance from the obstructed lesion. The ureters in several cases either lacked the transitional epithelium, or exhibited transitional epithelial hyperplasia, and some of these formed the mucosal folds. In conclusion, we demonstrated the following characteristics and histopathological features of cat ureters: decreases in the ureter size, lumen area, and submucosa area from proximal to middle segment in healthy; ADCF changes in urolithiasis, including increased connective tissues with inflammation and decreased nerves. These data are important to understand the pathogenesis of feline ureteral obstruction.}, } @article {pmid35796316, year = {2022}, author = {Coffey, EL and Gomez, AM and Burton, EN and Granick, JL and Lulich, JP and Furrow, E}, title = {Characterization of the urogenital microbiome in Miniature Schnauzers with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {1341-1352}, pmid = {35796316}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {T32 OD010993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; *Nephrolithiasis/veterinary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are common in dogs. Humans with CaOx urolithiasis exhibit alterations of the urinary and urogenital microbiomes that might mediate urolith formation. Detection of urogenital microbes associated with CaOx in dogs could inform disease pathophysiology.

OBJECTIVE: To identify compositional differences in the urogenital microbiome of Miniature Schnauzers with and without CaOx uroliths.

ANIMALS: Nineteen midstream, voided urine samples from Miniature Schnauzers with (n = 9) and without (n = 10) a history of CaOx urolithiasis.

METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. Microbial DNA was extracted from previously frozen urine samples and sequenced for the bacterial 16S rRNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions. Diversity and composition of microbial populations were compared between urolith formers and controls.

RESULTS: Alpha and beta diversity measures were similar between groups. Five individual bacterial taxa differed in abundance (indicator values >0.5 and P < .05): Acinetobacter, 2 Geobacillus variants, and Hydrogenophaga were overrepresented in the urine of urolith formers, and Sphingopyxis was overrepresented in controls. Two distinct subtypes of urine microbial composition were observed based on beta diversity measures, independent of urolith status, and other clinical variables.

Although we did not detect a difference in the overall urogenital microbial composition between groups, observed differences in individual bacterial taxa might be clinically relevant. For example, Acinetobacter was overrepresented in urolith formers and is associated with CaOx urolithiasis in humans. Two unique clusters of the microbiome were identified, independent of urolith status, which may represent distinct urotypes present in Miniature Schnauzers.}, } @article {pmid35737335, year = {2022}, author = {Hoelmer, AM and Lulich, JP and Rendahl, AK and Furrow, E}, title = {Prevalence and Predictors of Radiographically Apparent Upper Urinary Tract Urolithiasis in Eight Dog Breeds Predisposed to Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis and Mixed Breed Dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {35737335}, issn = {2306-7381}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Data on upper urinary tract (UUT) uroliths in dogs are important to understanding their etiology. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to determine the prevalence and identify predictors of radiographically apparent UUT uroliths in dog breeds at increased risk for calcium oxalate uroliths (CaOx risk breeds) and mixed breed dogs. Radiologist reports of three-view abdominal radiographs were reviewed from 251 purebred dogs of 8 CaOx risk breeds and 68 mixed breed dogs. UUT uroliths were more common in CaOx risk breeds than mixed breed dogs (23% versus 6%, respectively; OR = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-18.9, p < 0.001). UUT uroliths were more common in dogs with lower urinary tract (LUT) uroliths (predominantly calcium-containing) than those without (41% versus 5%, respectively; OR = 13.6, 95% CI 6.3-33.1, p < 0.001), and LUT uroliths predicted the presence of UUT uroliths in the multivariable regression (OR = 6.5, 95% CI 2.8-16.7, p < 0.001). Increasing age (p < 0.001) and lower body weight (p = 0.0016) were also predictors of UUT urolith presence in the multivariable regression. The high prevalence of UUT uroliths in dogs with LUT uroliths supports a shared mechanism for their formation.}, } @article {pmid35523164, year = {2022}, author = {Breu, D and Müller, E}, title = {[Feline uroliths: Analysis of frequency and epidemiology in Germany (2016-2020)].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {102-111}, doi = {10.1055/a-1795-8078}, pmid = {35523164}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Cystine ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis/chemistry ; Struvite ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to assess the distribution and frequency of uroliths in cats as well as to evaluate gender-, age-, and breed-specific differences.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3629 uroliths from cats in Germany were analyzed by infrared-spectroscopy during the period 2016-2020. The majority (3300) of the uroliths originated from purebred cats of 22 breeds.

RESULTS: Uroliths were prevalent in the order of male neutered (45.3 %), female spayed (35.3 %), male intact (7.4 %), and female intact cats (6.3 %). Median age of the cats with uroliths was 7 years, although it varied slightly depending on types of the urolith. The most frequent uroliths were calcium oxalate (59.5 %), followed by struvite (33.7 %), ammonium urate (2 %), calcium phosphate (1.7 %), cystine (0.7 %) and xanthine (0.4 %). Males (59.4 %) and females (59.2 %) showed nearly identical prevalence of calcium oxalates, whereas it significantly diverged in castrated (60.2 %) versus intact animals (54.4 %; p = 0.01). With regard to struvites, male cats (32.6 %) were less prone than females (35.4 %; p = 0.08) while intact cats (38.2 %) significantly outnumbered the castrated cohorts (33.1 %; p = 0.02). The prevalence for calcium oxalate uroliths increased by 6.6 % during the study period, contrasting a decrease of 5.5 % for struvites. Some breeds (> 10 individuals) showed significantly higher propensities than others for urolith formation. Calcium oxalates were significantly more frequent in British shorthair cats (85.2 %), Ragdoll (75 %), Scottish fold (74.1 %) and Persians (72.4 %). Struvites were prevailing in Norwegian forest cats (48.5 %), British longhair (41.7 %), European shorthair (41.7 %) and Siberian forest cats (36.8 %). Siamese cats had the significantly highest percentage of cystine uroliths (16 %).

The occurrence of urine calculi in cats from Germany was found to be most frequent for calcium oxalate and struvite types. We also found breed-, age-, gender- specific differences in addition to variations depending on the neutering status of the animals.}, } @article {pmid35502263, year = {2022}, author = {Ho, J and Lavallée, J}, title = {Obstructive struvite ureterolithiasis in 4-month-old intact male Bernese mountain dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, pages = {504-509}, pmid = {35502263}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/genetics/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Struvite ; *Ureterolithiasis/complications/surgery/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 4-month-old, 7 kg, intact male, Bernese mountain dog was presented for obstructive struvite ureterolithiasis. Multiple urethroliths, ureteroliths, and urocystoliths were present. Based on an abdominal ultrasound, there was severe left hydronephrosis and hydroureter from distal ureterolith obstruction, just proximal to the vesicoureteral junction. The dog was not azotemic. Successful treatment was accomplished via ventral cystotomy. Bladder wall culture revealed a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. No predisposing cause was identified. There are no known genetic predispositions in Bernese mountain dogs for struvite urolithiasis. The urinary tract infection resolved with surgical retrieval of the uroliths and antibiotic treatment. The dog remained clinically normal after the cystotomy but developed a subclinical urinary tract infection 4 mo post-operatively. Key clinical message: Urolithiasis is rare in pediatric veterinary patients. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive ureterolithiasis in a puppy. There is no known genetic predisposition for urolithiasis in Bernese mountain dogs.}, } @article {pmid35471088, year = {2022}, author = {Hsu, HH and Ueno, S and Miyakawa, H and Ogawa, M and Miyagawa, Y and Takemura, N}, title = {Upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and investigation of serum and urinary calcium concentrations.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {e70-e75}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X221089856}, pmid = {35471088}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate/urine ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Prevalence ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to define the prevalence of upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a referral population, and to compare urinary calcium:creatinine ratio (UCa:Cr), and total and ionised calcium between cats with CKD with and without upper urolithiasis.

METHODS: The medical records of cats diagnosed with CKD were reviewed for signalment, body weight, diet and prevalence of upper urolithiasis. Cats with preserved urine samples were further classified into two groups: urolithiasis group (upper urolithiasis identified by abdominal ultrasonography) and control group (CKD of unknown origin). Serum biochemical analysis, CKD stage, blood gas analysis, urine specific gravity and UCa:Cr were compared between groups using a two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variable and a χ[2] test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors.

RESULTS: Among the 140 cats with CKD, the prevalence of upper urolithiasis was 73%. Fifty cats (5, 29 and 16 cats with CKD stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with urine samples met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Among cats with CKD, being purebred (odds ratio [OR] = 81.56; P = 0.03) and being fed dry food only (OR = 25.06; P = 0.001) were identified as independent upper urolithiasis risk factors; those with upper urolithiasis were more likely to be exclusively fed with urine-acidifying food (P <0.001) and have increased serum ionised calcium (iCa) (P = 0.044), fractional excretion of calcium (P = 0.45) and UCa:Cr (P = 0.005) than cats with CKD without upper urolithiasis.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cats with CKD that were purebred, fed dry food and fed urine-acidifying food only often had upper urolithiasis. A higher UCa:Cr may be a result of increased serum iCa and may cause upper urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid35323643, year = {2022}, author = {Tsamouri, MM and Durbin-Johnson, BP and Culp, WTN and Palm, CA and Parikh, M and Kent, MS and Ghosh, PM}, title = {Untargeted Metabolomics Identify a Panel of Urinary Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder, as Compared to Urolithiasis with or without Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs.}, journal = {Metabolites}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {35323643}, issn = {2218-1989}, support = {P30 CA093373/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA185509/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30CA093373/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urologic cancer in dogs, is often diagnosed late because the clinical signs are shared by other non-malignant lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The urine-based BRAF[V595E] test for UC is highly effective only in certain breeds; hence additional non-invasive biomarkers of UC are needed. Here, urine from dogs with UC (n = 27), urolithiasis (n = 8), or urolithiasis with urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 8) were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analyses, using GC-TOF-MS for primary metabolites, QTOF-MS for complex lipids, and HILIC-QTOF MS for secondary and charged metabolites. After adjusting for age and sex, we identified 1123 known metabolites that were differentially expressed between UC and LUTD. Twenty-seven metabolites were significant (1.5 ≤ log2FC ≤ -1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.05); however, 10 of these could be attributed to treatment-related changes. Of the remaining 17, 6 (hippuric acid, N-Acetylphenylalanine, sarcosine, octanoylcarnitine, N-alpha-methylhistamine, glycerol-3-galactoside) discriminated between UC and LUTD (area under the ROC curve > 0.85). Of the 6 metabolites, only hippuric acid and N-alpha-methylhistamine were discriminatory in both male (n = 20) and female (n = 23) dogs, while sarcosine was an effective discriminator in several breeds, but only in females. Further investigation of these metabolites is warranted for potential use as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of dogs with UC that present with LUTD-related clinical signs.}, } @article {pmid35240487, year = {2022}, author = {Jesus, L and Arenas, C and Domínguez-Ruiz, M and Silvestrini, P and Englar, RE and Roura, X and Leal, RO}, title = {Xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis: Current perspectives of the Iberian veterinary community.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {101783}, doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101783}, pmid = {35240487}, issn = {1878-1667}, mesh = {Allopurinol/adverse effects ; Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; *Leishmaniasis/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Xanthinuria is a significant adverse effect in dogs on long-term allopurinol for treatment of leishmaniosis. The study aims to investigate how the Iberian veterinary community (IVC) identifies, manages, and proactively prevents xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey, translated into two languages, and disseminated to the IVC via social networking forums. Respondents were asked to share their treatment regimens, adverse effects attributed to treatment, as well as preventive and reactive measures against xanthuria. Of two-hundred and thirty respondents, 99.6% prescribe allopurinol for canine leishmaniosis. Xanthinuria was estimated to happen in less than one out of every four dogs by 91.7% of the clinicians. Xanthinuria has been detected by 71.6% of respondents at least once. Three out of every four respondents inform owners about deleterious effects of allopurinol, and 28.4% consider implementing a change in diet in advance of treatment as a proactive measure. To monitor xanthinuria, urinalysis and diagnostic imaging are used by 71.2% and 31% of clinicians respectively. When xanthinuria is detected, 43.2% of the respondents discontinue allopurinol, 24% replace it by nucleotide-analogs, 14.9% reduce its dosage, and 3.1% split its dosage but increase administration frequency. Additional measures are taken by 72.1% of the respondents, 59.4% of whom prescribe a low-purine diet. The IVC recognizes xanthinuria as a fairly common secondary effect of long-term allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis and recommends periodically monitoring and preventive measures.}, } @article {pmid35175927, year = {2022}, author = {Lew, LJ and Berent, AC and Kirsch, MS and Weisse, CW}, title = {Bladder wall adhesion causing a vesicular septum in a dog following surgical cystotomy.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {260}, number = {7}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.2460/javma.21.01.0021}, pmid = {35175927}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery ; Dogs ; Dysuria/veterinary ; Female ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: An 8-year-old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier-Poodle dog was evaluated for persistent pollakiuria and stranguria following routine cystotomy for calcium oxalate cystoliths.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: The dog presented for a cystotomy with intermittent hematuria. Postoperative radiographs revealed no remaining cystoliths. Urine, cystolith, and bladder mucosal aerobic cultures were negative. Pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria developed immediately after surgery and persisted despite antibiotics. Ultrasound revealed suspected fibrous adhesions within the urinary bladder lumen connecting the dorsal and ventral bladder wall creating a septum. This was confirmed cystoscopically 4 weeks after surgery.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was performed to incise abnormal tissue connecting the ventral and dorsal bladder wall using a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Three weeks later, ultrasound revealed adhesion resolution though mild pollakiuria and stranguria persisted. Oxybutynin was prescribed and clinical signs resolved. At 27 months after ablation, hematuria occurred with recurrent cystoliths. These cystoliths were removed by percutaneous cystolithotomy, documenting a cystoscopically normal bladder wall. The patient had normal urination for 55.5 months after ablation, with normal bladder wall thickness on ultrasound repeated at 27 and 36 months after ablation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors' knowledge, an adhesion creating a septum between the dorsal and ventral bladder wall has not been previously reported as a complication after cystotomy in any species and should be considered as a cause of persistent lower urinary signs after surgery. Ultrasound identified the lesion in this dog. Because bladder abnormalities can develop quickly after surgery, ultrasound might be considered if urine testing is not supportive of infection. Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was a successful minimally invasive treatment in this case.}, } @article {pmid35142590, year = {2022}, author = {Blanchard, G and Amato, C and André, A and Bleis, P and Ninet, S and Zentek, J and Nguyen, P}, title = {Beneficial effects of a prescription home-prepared diet and of zucchini on urine calcium oxalate supersaturation and urinary parameters in adult cats.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1098612X211067931}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X211067931}, pmid = {35142590}, issn = {1532-2750}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: From the authors' experience, the consumption of a balanced prescription home-prepared diet that includes zucchini (courgette) benefits cats with recurrent urolithiasis, but there is no published evidence to support this. The aim was to study the effects on urinary parameters of (1) a balanced prescription home-prepared diet containing zucchini, and (2) the addition of zucchini to a dry food, compared with two commercial therapeutic diets.

METHODS: Eight healthy cats were included in a Latin-square designed protocol. Five diets were evaluated: two commercial diets, designed for cats with urinary disorders, one high-moisture (U-WET) and one high-sodium dry (U-DRY); one home-prepared diet (HOME); one commercial dry food for adult maintenance (DRY); and DRY given together with 10 g of zucchini per kg body weight (DRY-Zuc). After a 7-day adaptation period, urine was collected and daily food and water intakes were assessed for 12 days. Urinary parameters, and relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite, were determined. Data underwent repeated measures ANOVA analysis.

RESULTS: The digestibility of energy, dry matter, protein and fat was highest with the HOME diet. CaOx RSS was lowest in cats eating the HOME diet, but not significantly different from the U-WET or U-DRY diets. CaOx RSS was lower in cats eating the DRY-Zuc diet than in cats eating the DRY diet. Struvite RSS did not differ significantly among groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study shows that a balanced prescription home-prepared diet was safe and allowed a very low urinary CaOx RSS. It also showed that adding zucchini to dry food lowered the urine CaOx RSS.}, } @article {pmid35133180, year = {2022}, author = {Miyakawa, H and Hsu, HH and Ogawa, M and Akabane, R and Miyagawa, Y and Takemura, N}, title = {Association between serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations and blood calcium levels in chronic kidney disease cats with upper urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1098612X221075278}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X221075278}, pmid = {35133180}, issn = {1532-2750}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 concentrations are associated with serum total calcium (tCa) and blood ionised calcium (iCa) concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and upper urolithiasis.

METHODS: Serum samples and the medical records of cats with CKD with nephroliths, ureteroliths or both were investigated retrospectively. Cats with a serum creatinine concentration >250 μmol/l and/or a serum phosphorus concentration ⩾1.50 mmol/l were excluded. Based on cut-offs for serum tCa (2.70 mmol/l) or blood iCa (1.40 mmol/l), cats were divided into the following groups: total hypercalcaemia (H-tCa) (>2.70 mmol/l) and total normocalcaemia (N-tCa) (⩽2.70 mmol/l) groups, or ionised hypercalcaemia (H-iCa) (>1.40 mmol/l) and ionised normocalcaemia (N-iCa) (⩽1.40 mmol/l) groups, respectively. Serum FGF-23 concentrations were compared between groups and correlation analysis was performed.

RESULTS: Thirty-two cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis were included. Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-tCa group (median 573 pg/ml [range 125-3888]; n = 12) were significantly higher compared with the N-tCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94-627]; n = 20) (P = 0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-iCa group (median 1479 pg/ml [range 509-3888]; n = 6) increased significantly compared with the N-iCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94-637]; n = 26) (P <0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations significantly correlated with serum tCa (r = 0.511, P = 0.003) and blood iCa concentrations (r = 0.425, P = 0.015) but not serum creatinine (r = 0.279, P = 0.122) or phosphorus concentrations (r = 0.208, P = 0.253).Conclusions and relevance Increased serum FGF-23 concentrations were associated with hypercalcaemia independently of creatinine and phosphate status in cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid35088952, year = {2022}, author = {Uttamamul, N and Jitpean, S and Lulitanond, A and Wonglakorn, L and Sae-Ung, N and Boonsiri, P and Daduang, J and Tavichakorntrakool, R}, title = {Risk factors for canine magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis associated with bacterial infection.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary science}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {e6}, pmid = {35088952}, issn = {1976-555X}, support = {6200012//Khon Kaen University/Thailand ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria ; *Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Urease ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: With limited information available, the association among urinary tract infections, urease-producing bacteria and the presence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) urolithiasis in canines in Thailand requires more study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between demographic characteristics of canines and the presence of MAP urolithiasis in canines, and to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from canine uroliths.

METHODS: A total of 56 canines admitted for treatment with surgical removal of uroliths were recruited. Demographic characteristics and clinical chemistry data were recorded. Bacteria isolated from the removed uroliths were identified. Chemical compositions of the uroliths were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Potential risk factors were determined with univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS: Of 56 canine urolithiasis, bacteria were isolated from uroliths of 38 canines (27 MAP and 11 non-MAP) but not from uroliths of 18 canines (5 MAP and 13 non-MAP). The most common bacteria found in nidus of MAP uroliths was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (approximately 51%). An antimicrobial resistance was frequently found in Staphylococci isolates (42.86%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the predictors of MAP urolith in canine urolithiasis were being female (p = 0.044; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 10.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-98.24) and the positive urolith culture (p = 0.012; adjusted OR, 8.60; 95% CI, 1.60-46.30).

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that S. pseudintermedius (a urease-producing bacterium) is the major causative bacteria of MAP uroliths. A positive urolith culture and being female are risk factors of MAP urolithiasis in canines.}, } @article {pmid34861726, year = {2021}, author = {}, title = {[Not Available].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {475}, doi = {10.1055/a-1508-2222}, pmid = {34861726}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid34854133, year = {2022}, author = {Paulin, MV and Dunn, M and Vachon, C and Beauchamp, G and Conversy, B}, title = {Association between hyperlipidemia and calcium oxalate lower urinary tract uroliths in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {146-155}, pmid = {34854133}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; *Hyperlipidemias/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urinary Tract ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is associated with formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in humans.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia with CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths in client-owned dogs.

ANIMALS: Dogs with (n = 55, U [uroliths]-dogs) and without (n = 39, UF [uroliths-free]-dogs) CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths.

METHODS: Case-control study. U-dogs were retrospectively enrolled and compared to UF-dogs. Body condition score (BCS; 1-9 scoring scale), serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CH) concentrations and glycemia (after >12-hour food withholding) were recorded in both groups.

RESULTS: On univariate logistic regression, when excluding Miniature Schnauzers, odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 3.32 (95% CI 1.38-11.12) for each mmol/L of TG (P = .027), of 39 (95% CI 9.27-293.22) for each mmol/L of glycemia (P < .0001), and of 2.43 (95% CI 1.45-4.45) per unit of BCS (P = .002). In multivariable models, the effect of TG was retained when all breeds were included for analysis and odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 4.34 per mmol/L of TG (95% CI 1.45-19.99; P = .02).

Serum lipid screening in dogs diagnosed with CaOx uroliths might be recommended to improve their medical staging and management.}, } @article {pmid34822955, year = {2022}, author = {Peeters, L and Foubert, K and Breynaert, A and Schreurs, G and Verhulst, A and Pieters, L and Hermans, N}, title = {Effects of medicagenic acid metabolites, originating from biotransformation of an Herniaria hirsuta extract, on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {285}, number = {}, pages = {114860}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.114860}, pmid = {34822955}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Caryophyllaceae/*chemistry ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Medicine, Traditional ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Triterpenes/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Herniaria hirsuta is traditionally used in Moroccan folk medicine for treatment of urinary stones and as a diuretic. It is rich in saponins, which are known to be deglycosylated in the colon, whereafter aglycones such as medicagenic acid are absorbed and further metabolized in the liver.

AIM OF THE STUDY: A sample of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid, with medicagenic acid glucuronide as the most abundant one, was evaluated for in vitro activity against urinary stones. A crystallization assay and a crystal-cell interaction assay were used to evaluate in vitro activity of hepatic metabolites of medicagenic acid on CaC2O4 (calciumoxalate) crystals, present in the majority of urinary stones.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the crystallization assay the effects on nucleation of Ca[2+] and C2O4[2-] and aggregation of the CaC2O4 crystals are studied. In the crystal-cell interaction assay crystal retention is investigated by determining the amount of Ca[2+] bound to injured monolayers of MDCK I cells.

RESULTS: Results of the crystallization assay showed a tentative effect on crystal aggregation. The crystal-cell interaction assay showed a significant inhibition of crystal binding, which may reduce crystal retention in the urinary tract.

CONCLUSIONS: As both formation of crystals by inhibiting aggregation and retention of crystals is affected, the beneficial effect of H. hirsuta against urinary stones may at least in part be attributed to medicagenic acid metabolites, indicating that saponins containing medicagenic acid may act as prodrugs.}, } @article {pmid34624363, year = {2022}, author = {Rezakahn Khajeh, N and Black, KM and Daignault-Newton, S and Hall, TL and Roberts, WW and Ghani, KR}, title = {Impact of Pulse Mode on Dusting Effect for Holmium Laser Lithotripsy: In Vitro Evaluation With Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stones.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {53-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.042}, pmid = {34624363}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*therapy ; Lasers, Solid-State/*therapeutic use ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*methods ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the distribution of stone fragments (<0.25->2 mm) after in vitro dusting laser lithotripsy with varying pulse modes using canine calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones. Recent work demonstrates that fragments <0.25 mm are ideal for dusting, and we hypothesized advanced pulse modes might improve this outcome.

METHODS: A 3D-printed bulb was used as a calyceal model containing a single COM stone. A 230-core fiber (Lumenis) was passed through a ureteroscope (LithoVue, Boston Scientific). Contact laser lithotripsy by a single operator was performed with dusting settings (0.5J x 30Hz; Moses Pulse120H) to deliver 1kJ of energy for each trial. Short pulse (SP), long pulse (LP), Moses Distance (MD) and Moses Contact (MC) modes were tested with 5 trials for each parameter. Primary outcome was mass of fragments <0.25, <0.5, <1, and <2 mm. Laser fiber tip degradation was measured using a digital caliper.

RESULTS: Mass of stone fragments <0.25 mm varied from 34.6%-43.0% depending on the pulse mode, with no statistically significant differences between modes. MC (98.5%) produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP (86.1%; P = .046) but not SP (92.0%). Significantly less fiber tip burnback occurred with MC (0.29 mm) and MD (0.28 mm), compared to SP (0.83 mm; P < .0005).

CONCLUSION: Regardless of pulse mode, greater than one-third of the mass of COM stone was reduced to fragments <0.25 mm following contact laser lithotripsy. MC produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP and demonstrated less fiber tip burnback compared to SP.}, } @article {pmid34584846, year = {2021}, author = {Tate, NM and Minor, KM and Lulich, JP and Mickelson, JR and Berent, A and Foster, JD and Petersen, KH and Furrow, E}, title = {Multiple variants in XDH and MOCOS underlie xanthine urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {Molecular genetics and metabolism reports}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {100792}, pmid = {34584846}, issn = {2214-4269}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Hereditary xanthinuria is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by missense and loss of function variants in the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) or molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MOCOS) genes. The aim of this study was to uncover variants underlying risk for xanthinuria in dogs. Affected dogs included two Manchester Terriers, three Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, an English Cocker Spaniel, a Dachshund, and a mixed-breed dog. Four putative causal variants were discovered: an XDH c.654G > A splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 8 (mixed-breed dog), a MOCOS c.232G > T splice site variant that results in skipping of exon 2 (Manchester Terriers), a MOCOS p.Leu46Pro missense variant (Dachshund), and a MOCOS p.Ala128Glyfs*30 frameshift variant that results in a premature stop codon (Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and English Cocker Spaniel). The two splice site variants suggest that the regions skipped are critical to the respective enzyme function, though protein misfolding is an alternative theory for loss of function. The MOCOS p.Leu46Pro variant has not been previously reported in human or other animal cases and provides novel data supporting this residue as critical to MOCOS function. All variants were present in the homozygous state in affected dogs, indicating an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Allele frequencies of these variants in breed-specific populations ranged from 0 to 0.18. In conclusion, multiple diverse variants appear to be responsible for hereditary xanthinuria in dogs.}, } @article {pmid34554867, year = {2021}, author = {Lepold, AM and Tesfamichael, DH and Hartmann, FA and Wiley, CA and Wood, MW}, title = {Comparison of urine fibrinogen and interleukin-6 concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, pages = {846-852}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.82.10.846}, pmid = {34554867}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Fibrinogen ; Interleukin-6 ; Risk Factors ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare urine concentrations of fibrinogen (uFIB) and interleukin-6 (uIL-6) between dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria and healthy dogs.

SAMPLE: Banked urine samples with negative aerobic culture results from 8 dogs with urolithiasis, 9 dogs with anatomic abnormalities of the lower portion of the urinary tract (LUT), 10 dogs with LUT neoplasia, and 21 healthy control dogs.

PROCEDURES: Urine creatinine concentration (uCrea) was determined by an automated biochemical analyzer, and uFIB and uIL-6 were determined by dog-specific ELISAs. The uFIB:uCrea and uIL-6:uCrea ratios were calculated for each sample to normalize intersample differences in urine concentration and were compared among the 4 experimental groups.

RESULTS: Median uFIB:uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.72; interquartile [25th to 75 percentile] range [IQR], 0.46 to 3.48) and LUT neoplasia (6.16; IQR, 3.89 to 12.75), but not for dogs with LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.48; IQR, 0.27 to 0.69), were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.17; IQR, 0.07 to 0.39). Median uIL-6: uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.48; IQR, 0.18 to 1.61), LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.25; IQR, 0.17 to 0.33), and LUT neoplasia (0.25; IQR, 0.12 to 1.01) were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.08; IQR, 0.06 to 0.11).

The uFIB and uIL-6 in dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria were generally greater than corresponding values in control dogs. Further investigation is necessary to determine the role of fibrinogen in enterococcal colonization of the urinary tract of dogs.}, } @article {pmid34469023, year = {2021}, author = {Wingert, AM and Murray, OA and Lulich, JP and Hoelmer, AM and Merkel, LK and Furrow, E}, title = {Efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {2287-2295}, pmid = {34469023}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; K01-OD019912/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Retrospective Studies ; Solubility ; Struvite ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Medical dissolution of struvite uroliths in dogs is commonly recommended, but data on success rates and complications are limited.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: Fifty client-owned dogs fed a therapeutic dissolution diet, with or without administration of antimicrobials, for treatment of suspected struvite cystoliths.

METHODS: Single institution, retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed for dogs with at least 1 follow-up visit. Dissolution success, complications, and possible predictors of success were evaluated.

RESULTS: Full dissolution of cystoliths was achieved in 58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13-167). Of 21 dogs without success, 7 each had partial dissolution, no dissolution, or undetermined outcome. Uroliths containing >10% nonstruvite mineral were common in the nonsuccess group (11/16 analyzed). Maximum urolith diameter, number of uroliths, and baseline urine pH did not differ significantly between dogs with and without success. Dissolution was more likely in dogs receiving antimicrobial therapy (OR = 16.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9-787.4, P = .002). Adverse events occurred in 9 dogs (18%); urethral obstructions were the most common, but 3 of 4 dogs with this complication were obstructed on presentation, before trial initiation.

Results support a medical dissolution trial for dogs with suspected struvite cystoliths. If no reduction in urolith size or number occurs by 1 month, a nonstruvite composition is likely, and alternative interventions should be considered. Dogs presenting with urethral obstructions should not be considered candidates for medical dissolution.}, } @article {pmid34448284, year = {2021}, author = {de Campos Fonseca Pinto, ACB and Murakami, M and Steinbach, SML and Vickery, W and Fulkerson, CV}, title = {Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a hair foreign body in the urinary bladder of a dog.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {e25-e28}, doi = {10.1111/vru.13011}, pmid = {34448284}, issn = {1740-8261}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; *Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Pelvis ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {A 13-year-old male neutered mixed-breed dog with a history of gallbladder mucocele and urolithiasis was evaluated by ultrasound. Two hyperechoic, linear foreign bodies with no distal acoustic shadowing were detected in the urinary bladder and urethra. Following the ultrasound examination, the patient underwent cystoscopy, and two single hairs were found and successfully retrieved. Considering that urinary bladder foreign bodies may be a source for urinary tract infection and can act as a nidus for urocystolith formation, removal is recommended. This is the first published report describing ultrasonographic diagnosis of a hair foreign body in the canine urinary bladder and urethra.}, } @article {pmid34438894, year = {2021}, author = {Kovaříková, S and Maršálek, P and Vrbová, K}, title = {Cystinuria in Dogs and Cats: What Do We Know after Almost 200 Years?.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {34438894}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, lysine, and arginine are involved (COLA). At a normal urine pH, ornithine, lysine, and arginine are soluble, but cysteine forms a dimer, cystine, which is relatively insoluble, resulting in crystal precipitation. Mutations in genes coding COLA transporter and the mode of inheritance were identified only in some canine breeds. Cystinuric dogs may form uroliths (mostly in lower urinary tract) which are associated with typical clinical symptoms. The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis is much higher in European countries (up to 14% according to the recent reports) when compared to North America (United States and Canada) where it is approximately 1-3%. Cystinuria may be diagnosed by the detection of cystine urolithiasis, cystine crystalluria, assessment of amino aciduria, or using genetic tests. The management of cystinuria is aimed at urolith removal or dissolution which may be reached by dietary changes or medical treatment. In dogs with androgen-dependent cystinuria, castration will help. In cats, cystinuria occurs less frequently in comparison with dogs.}, } @article {pmid34359236, year = {2021}, author = {Hall, JA and Vanchina, MA and Ogleby, B and Jewell, DE}, title = {Increased Water Viscosity Enhances Water Intake and Reduces Risk of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in Cats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {34359236}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to determine if water with increased viscosity results in increased water intake, thus lowering the risk of urolithiasis in cats. Twelve healthy adult cats were fed pre-trial standard dry maintenance food for 1 week and then randomized into two groups for the study phase. The cats continued to receive the same food but were provided either control (deionized) water or viscous (1% methylcellulose) water for two months and then switched to the other water type for two months in a cross-over study design with repeated measures. Complete blood counts, serum chemistry profiles, and urinalysis were performed at the initiation of the study and again at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Daily water consumption and energy intake for each cat were recorded. Body weights were assessed weekly. Cats consuming 1% methylcellulose water with increased viscosity had increased water intake (p < 0.001; 25% and 21% higher at 28 and 56 days, respectively). Increased consumption of water resulted in lower urine specific gravity (p = 0.04), serum creatinine (p = 0.02), and blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.002) concentrations (without changing serum albumin, glucose, and calcium concentrations or serum osmolality) and decreased urine calcium concentration (p = 0.01) compared with cats consuming control water. In addition, the increased water intake increased (p = 0.05) resistance to oxalate crystal formation.}, } @article {pmid34357620, year = {2021}, author = {Saver, A and Lulich, JP and Van Buren, S and Furrow, E}, title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in juvenile dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {189}, number = {3}, pages = {e141}, pmid = {34357620}, issn = {2042-7670}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Age of Onset ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*isolation & purification ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The features of juvenile-onset calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs have not been previously reported.

METHODS: Calcium oxalate urolith submissions to the Minnesota Urolith Center between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed to identify those originating from juvenile (≤2 years, n = 510) or mature (7-9 years, n = 39,093) dogs. Breed, sex, urolith salt type and urolith location were compared between groups. Breeds represented in both groups were also compared with respect to sex, urolith salt type and urolith location.

RESULTS: French (odds ratios [OR] = 14.7, p < 0.001) and English (OR = 14.3, p < 0.001) Bulldogs were overrepresented in juvenile submissions. All juvenile French and English Bulldogs were male. Across all breeds, juvenile dogs were more likely to be male (89%, p < 0.001) than mature dogs (79%). Juvenile dogs were also more likely to form dihydrate stones compared to mature dogs (33% versus 14%, respectively; p < 0.001). Breed differences were discovered in sex, urolith salt type and stone location.

CONCLUSIONS: French and English Bulldogs comprise a greater proportion of juvenile calcium oxalate urolith submissions than expected based on their rarity in mature submissions. Inherited risk factors, particularly X chromosome variants, should be investigated due to the strong breed and sex predispositions identified.}, } @article {pmid34346241, year = {2022}, author = {Mérindol, I and Dunn, M and Vachon, C}, title = {Feline urinary incontinence: a retrospective case series (2009-2019).}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {506-516}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X211033182}, pmid = {34346241}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis/therapy ; Cats ; Hospitals, Animal ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; *Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the feline population presented for urinary incontinence at a veterinary teaching hospital between 2009 and 2019, with a particular focus on cats with a non-neurologic underlying cause.

METHODS: The medical records of cats diagnosed with urinary incontinence were retrospectively evaluated. Signalment, clinical presentation, results of diagnostic tests, diagnosis of the underlying cause and treatments were recorded. When information was available, outcome was recorded and follow-ups divided into three time frames (0-1 week, 1 week to 3 months and >3 months).

RESULTS: Thirty-five cats were presented with urinary incontinence. Of these, 18 cats with complete medical records presented urinary incontinence of non-neurologic origin. The most common clinical signs at presentation were urine leakage while resting (12/18), urine-soiled perineum (8/18), urine dribbling (8/18) and no spontaneous micturition (5/18). The most common underlying cause was urethral obstruction (67%; 12/18), with a majority due to urethral strictures (58%; 7/12). Other causes were suspected inflammation (2/12), neoplasia (1/12), urolithiasis (1/12) and foreign body (1/12). In 8/10 cats in which it was performed, cystoscopy and contrast cystourethrography were the methods that led to the diagnosis. Twelve cats with urethral obstruction underwent interventional procedures, resulting in complete resolution of incontinence in 7/12 and improvement in 1/12. Urinary tract infection was a common complication after 3 months (4/18).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: When incontinence of non-neurologic origin is suspected in a cat, urethral obstruction should be considered. Advanced imaging studies (cystoscopy and contrast studies) are useful for diagnosis. A good prognosis was reported in cats undergoing interventional procedures with no long-term treatment.}, } @article {pmid34328112, year = {2021}, author = {Khamchun, S and Yoodee, S and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Dual modulatory effects of diosmin on calcium oxalate kidney stone formation processes: Crystallization, growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion, internalization into renal tubular cells, and invasion through extracellular matrix.}, journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie}, volume = {141}, number = {}, pages = {111903}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111903}, pmid = {34328112}, issn = {1950-6007}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Diosmin/*therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Extracellular Matrix/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/*metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Nephrolithiasis/*drug therapy/pathology ; }, abstract = {Diosmin is a natural flavone glycoside (bioflavonoid) found in fruits and plants with several pharmacological activities. It has been widely used as a dietary supplement or therapeutic agent in various diseases/disorders. Although recommended, evidence of its protective mechanisms against kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis), especially calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) that is the most common type, remained unclear. In this study, we thus systematically evaluated the effects of diosmin (at 2.5-160 nM) on various stages of kidney stone formation processes, including COM crystallization, crystal growth, aggregation, crystal-cell adhesion, internalization into renal tubular cells and invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM). The results showed that diosmin had dose-dependent modulatory effects on all the mentioned COM kidney stone processes. Diosmin significantly increased COM crystal number and mass during crystallization, but reduced crystal size and growth. While diosmin promoted crystal aggregation, it inhibited crystal-cell adhesion and internalization into renal tubular cells. Finally, diosmin promoted crystal invasion through the ECM. Our data provide evidence demonstrating both inhibiting and promoting effects of diosmin on COM kidney stone formation processes. Based on these dual modulatory activities of diosmin, its anti-urolithiasis role is doubtful and cautions should be made for its use in kidney stone disease.}, } @article {pmid34322901, year = {2021}, author = {Chamsuwan, S and Angkanaporn, K and Dissayabutra, T and Chuaypen, N and Buranakarl, C}, title = {The association between single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {2263-2270}, pmid = {34322901}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dog Diseases/genetics ; Dogs ; *Nephrolithiasis/genetics/veterinary ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics ; *Urolithiasis/genetics/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in humans.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.

ANIMALS: Thirty-five dogs with CaOx urolithiasis were compared with 40 stone-free dogs.

METHODS: This was a case-control study. Two VDR gene polymorphisms (rs851998024 and rs852900542) were detected by specific TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and their relationship with serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, serum and urinary electrolyte concentrations was evaluated.

RESULTS: The distribution of the rs852900542 polymorphism was significantly different between the case and the control dogs (x[2]  = 6.369, P = .04). Dogs with a CC or CT genotype had an increased risk of CaOx stones than those with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval 1.04-13.98). The CaOx dogs with the TT genotype had a significantly lower urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio than the CT+CC genotypes. 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations did not differ between the cases and the controls (308.7 ± 217.4 vs 286.7 ± 185.1 pg/mL, P = .45).

This finding suggests that vitamin D metabolism might play a role in CaOx stone formation in dogs.}, } @article {pmid34285795, year = {2021}, author = {Mendoza-López, CI and Del-Angel-Caraza, J and Aké-Chiñas, MA and Quijano-Hernández, IA and Lulich, JP and Esteller-Alberich, MV}, title = {Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico, Associated with the Concentration of Dissolved Silica in Tap Water.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine international}, volume = {2021}, number = {}, pages = {6667927}, pmid = {34285795}, issn = {2090-8113}, abstract = {Silica urolithiasis is infrequent in dogs, but in Mexico represents 12.9%. Our hypothesis is the consumption of high amounts of silicates in the diet, especially that dissolved in tap water. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of silica in the tap water in different geographical areas and their relationship with cases of silicate urolithiasis in dogs. From 179 cases of silicate urolithiasis, 98.9% were from dogs within a geographic area called the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which represents a cross shaft to the center of the country. Silica concentrations in tap water ranged between 3 and 76 mg/L, with a range of 27 to 76 mg/L, a mean of 49.9 ± 12 mg/L within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and a concentration from 3 to 30 mg/L, with a mean of 16.4 ± 7 mg/L outside this area; these were significantly different (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that there is a geographic risk factor for silicate urolithiasis in urolith-forming dogs, related to the consumption of tap water with a high concentration of silica. Further studies are necessary to identify this same pathophysiological association in other species.}, } @article {pmid34258789, year = {2021}, author = {Testault, I and Gatel, L and Vanel, M}, title = {Comparison of nonenhanced computed tomography and ultrasonography for detection of ureteral calculi in cats: A prospective study.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {2241-2248}, pmid = {34258789}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Ultrasonography/veterinary ; *Ureter/diagnostic imaging ; *Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Radiographs and ultrasound (US) are the primary imaging modalities used to assess ureteral calculi in cats. Reports describing the use of nonenhanced computed tomography (CT) are scarce.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare US and nonenhanced CT for detection, number and localization of ureteral calculi in cats.

ANIMALS: Fifty-one cats with at least 1 ureteral calculus, and 101 ureters.

METHODS: Prospective case series. All cats underwent an US followed by a nonenhanced CT. Cats were included in the study if at least 1 ureteral calculus was diagnosed on either modality. Number of calculi and their localization (proximal, middle, and distal) were recorded on both modalities. Pelvic dilatation and maximal ureteral diameter were recorded with US.

RESULTS: More calculi were detected by nonenhanced CT (126) compared to US (90), regardless of localization (P < .001). More ureters were affected on nonenhanced CT (70) compared to US (57; P < .001). The number of calculi detected was significantly different between US and nonenhanced CT in the proximal (P = .02) and distal ureteral region (P < .001). Bilateral calculi were more frequent with nonenhanced CT (19 cats) compared to US (9 cats; P < .001). A pelvic size superior to 5 mm and a maximal ureteral diameter value superior to 3 mm were always associated with ureteral calculi.

Computed tomography is an emerging imaging modality in cats with a suspected ureteral obstruction. Combination of CT and US can be beneficial for case management.}, } @article {pmid34219767, year = {2021}, author = {Nell, E and Garofolo, SQ and Ober, C}, title = {Pure cystine and urate calculi can be clearly visible using survey digital radiography.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {605-607}, pmid = {34219767}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystine ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Uric Acid ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Cystine and urate calculi are considered nonradiopaque to faintly radiopaque. Two canine cases in which these types of calculi are radiopaque and clearly apparent in vivo on survey digital radiography are described. The densities of cystine and urate calculi, as determined in vitro with computed tomography, are compared to other pure calculi and mixed or compound calculi to further explore the relative attenuation characteristics.}, } @article {pmid34204431, year = {2021}, author = {Bijsmans, E and Quéau, Y and Biourge, V}, title = {Increasing Dietary Potassium Chloride Promotes Urine Dilution and Decreases Calcium Oxalate Relative Supersaturation in Healthy Dogs and Cats.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {34204431}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Urine dilution is a strategy used to decrease the risk of crystallization in cats and dogs at risk of urolithiasis. Sodium chloride has been used in prescription diets to effectively promote urine dilution, but the effect of the salt-substitute potassium chloride (KCl) on urine parameters has not been extensively investigated. Two diets differing only in KCl (Diet A; K 0.44 g/MJ, Diet B; K 1.03 g/MJ) were fed to 17 cats and 22 dogs for seven days, followed by three days of urine collection. Urinary ion concentrations were determined by ionic chromatography, and SUPERSAT software was used to calculate the relative supersaturation (RSS) value for struvite and calcium oxalate. Water intake and urine volume increased, and USG decreased on diet B (p < 0.001). Urine concentration of potassium increased on diet B, but concentrations of all other ions did not change or decrease in line with urine dilution. Calcium oxalate RSS decreased on diet B (p < 0.05). This short-term study showed that increased dietary KCl in a dry extruded diet effectively dilutes the urine of cats and dogs and therefore offers a novel nutritional strategy for the prevention of urolithiasis. This finding is of interest for patients that would benefit from dietary sodium restriction.}, } @article {pmid34044828, year = {2021}, author = {Deprey, J and Baldinger, A and Livet, V and Blondel, M and Taroni, M and Lefebvre, C and Goy-Thollot, I and Moissonnier, P and Viguier, É and Pouzot-Nevoret, C and Carozzo, C and Cachon, T}, title = {Risk factors and clinical relevance of positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {199}, pmid = {34044828}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Cat Diseases/microbiology/*surgery/urine ; Cats ; Female ; Incidence ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to report the incidence and risk factors associated with positive urine bacterial cultures as well as long-term outcome in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices.

RESULTS: Medical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment of the cat, laterality of the ureteral obstruction, surgery, anesthesia and hospitalization duration, bacterial culture results and follow-up data were retrieved. Thirty-two cats met the inclusion criteria. Four cats (12.5%) had a positive intraoperative culture, with two of them being treated successfully. Ten cats out of 28 (35.7%) were documented with a positive urine culture during follow-up period, with a median time between discharge and identification of the first positive urine culture of 159 days (range 8-703 days). Bacteriuria resolved in 60% of cats (6/10). Escherichia coli was the most common organism, isolated in 4 out of 10 postoperative urine cultures. Overall, subclinical bacteriura was documented for 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats and 5 of 32 (15.6%) cats displayed clinicals signs suggestive of persistent UTI. One cat had subclinical bacteriuria. Three cats died during the follow-up period. There was a significant difference between negative and positive urine bacterial culture groups in median hospitalization duration (5 days versus 6 days, P = 0.022) and in median body condition score (5/9 versus 4/9, P = 0.03). Cats with a longer hospital stay and with a lower body condition score were more likely to have a positive urine culture during follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS: SUB device placement surgery is associated with complications such as chronic bacteriuria. Bacteriuria in our study resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment in more than half of cats. Risk factors identified for positive urine culture were a longer hospitalization duration and a decreased body condition score.}, } @article {pmid33960543, year = {2021}, author = {Kopecny, L and Palm, CA and Segev, G and Westropp, JL}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2006-2018).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {1406-1415}, pmid = {33960543}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is a common and often recurrent problem in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in urolith composition in dogs and to assess risk factors for urolithiasis, including age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.

SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 10 444 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.

METHODS: The laboratory database at the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from dogs between January 2006 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and urolith culture were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.

RESULTS: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite-containing uroliths comprised the majority of all submissions from dogs, representing 47.0% and 43.6%, respectively. The proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths significantly decreased from 49.5% in 2006 to 41.8% in 2018 (P = .006), with no change in the proportion of struvite-containing urolith submissions. Cystine-containing uroliths comprised 2.7% of all submissions between 2006 and 2018 and a significant nonlinear increase in this mineral type occurred over time (1.4% of all submissions in 2006 to 8.7% in 2018; P < .001). Of all cystine-containing uroliths, 70.3% were from intact male dogs. Age, breed, and sex predispositions for uroliths were similar to those previously identified.

Although calcium oxalate- and struvite-containing uroliths continue to be the most common uroliths submitted from dogs, a decrease in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths and an increase in the proportion of cystine-containing uroliths occurred during the time period evaluated.}, } @article {pmid33955071, year = {2021}, author = {Kopecny, L and Palm, CA and Segev, G and Larsen, JA and Westropp, JL}, title = {Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005-2018).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {1397-1405}, pmid = {33955071}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Risk Factors ; *Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is an important upper and lower urinary tract disease in cats that results in morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in composition of uroliths in cats and evaluate risk factors related to age, breed, sex, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.

SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 3940 uroliths and the cats from which they were obtained.

METHODS: The database of the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats between January 2005 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, and urolith location and culture results were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.

RESULTS: A significant decrease in the proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx)-containing uroliths occurred over time (P = .02), from 50.1% (204/407) of all submissions in 2005 to 37.7% (58/154) in 2018. In contrast, the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths increased significantly (P = .002), from 41.8% (170/407) in 2005 to 54.5% (84/154) in 2018. The proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths in the upper urinary tract was significantly higher compared to the proportion of other urolith types in the upper urinary tract. Urate-containing uroliths were the third most common type (361/3940, 9.2%). Overall, sex and age predispositions were similar to those reported previously.

The decrease in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths and increase in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths warrants investigation. Further education regarding the efficacy of medical dissolution of struvite-containing uroliths is recommended.}, } @article {pmid33940351, year = {2021}, author = {Burggraaf, ND and Westgeest, DB and Corbee, RJ}, title = {Analysis of 7866 feline and canine uroliths submitted between 2014 and 2020 in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {86-93}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.026}, pmid = {33940351}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Male ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/pathology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Analysis of large datasets of uroliths is necessary to illustrate the prevalence and risk factors of urolithiasis. Furthermore, it may help to improve treatment and prevention of urolithiasis. In this study, 7866 uroliths (44.5% feline and 55.5% canine) from veterinary practitioners in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2020 were analysed. Between 2014 and 2020 the distribution over the different types of uroliths remained similar over time. Female cats, obese cats, Domestic Shorthair cats, female dogs, and large breed dogs had an increased risk for struvite. Neutered cats, all cat breeds except Domestic Shorthair, neutered dogs, male dogs, intact male dogs, and small breed dogs had an increased risk for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Cystine and urate were found predominantly in male dogs. Dalmatians were at highest risk for urate urolithiasis. The findings of this study in the Netherlands were similar to findings in previous studies from different countries. However, urate urolithiasis in the English Cocker Spaniel and cystine urolithiasis in the Yorkshire Terrier were new associations. Body condition score, information about recurrence of urolithiasis, medical history, and diet history should be included in submission sheets in the future to explore other possible associations.}, } @article {pmid33934401, year = {2021}, author = {Butty, EM and McKinney, CA and Prisk, AJ}, title = {Treatment of a flunixin meglumine overdose with intravenous administration of lipid emulsion and therapeutic plasma exchange in a Nigerian dwarf buck kid (Capra aegagrus hircus).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {1626-1630}, pmid = {33934401}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Administration, Intravenous/veterinary ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use ; *Cat Diseases/drug therapy ; Cats ; Clonixin/analogs & derivatives ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Emulsions ; *Goat Diseases/drug therapy ; Goats ; Lipids ; Male ; Nigeria ; Plasma Exchange/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 12 week-old Nigerian dwarf (Capra aegagrus hircus) buck kid was hospitalized for management of obstructive urolithiasis. Postoperatively, he was inadvertently administered 16-times greater than his calculated dose of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID; 17.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, IV). The goat was treated with intravenous administration of lipid emulsion (ILE) prior to membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange (mTPE) under general anesthesia. The increased coagulability inherent to small ruminants in comparison with dogs and cats warranted specific adjustments in the prescription of anticoagulation, blood flow, and filtration fraction to avoid circuit clotting during mTPE. Serum flunixin meglumine concentration measured before, during, and after mTPE revealed marked reduction in drug concentration. After the combined treatments, no clinical evidence of NSAID gastrointestinal or renal toxicosis was detected. This case report describes successful management of flunixin meglumine overdose in a small ruminant using combined ILE and mTPE.}, } @article {pmid33827171, year = {2021}, author = {Womble, M and Georoff, TA and Helmick, K and Carpenter, NA and Joslin, J and Tupa, L and Tetzloff, J and McAloose, D}, title = {MORTALITY REVIEW FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN SNOW LEOPARD (PANTHERA UNCIA) ZOO POPULATION FROM JANUARY 1999 TO DECEMBER 2019.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {145-156}, doi = {10.1638/2020-0132}, pmid = {33827171}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Communicable Diseases/mortality/*veterinary ; *Felidae ; Female ; Inflammation/mortality/*veterinary ; Male ; *Mortality ; Noncommunicable Diseases ; North America ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {The objective of this 20-yr retrospective study was to review and summarize causes of mortality in the North American (NA) snow leopard population to inform and enhance animal health and husbandry practices. Pathology reports were requested from all NA zoological institutions housing snow leopards that died between 01 January 1999 and 31 December 2019. Data were reviewed and cause of death (COD) and concurrent diseases were summarized and compared by age group, organ system, and disease process. The 241 snow leopards in this report include 109 males, 130 females, and two of undetermined sex. Among them were 116 geriatric snow leopards (>15 yr), 72 adults (15-3 yr), 16 juveniles (3 yr to 2 mo), 32 neonates (2 mo to 0 days), and five fetuses (<0 days). Overall, noninfectious diseases were the most common COD across all age groups (73%). In adult and geriatric snow leopards, chronic renal disease (CRD) (38.8%) and malignant neoplasia (19.7%), including oral squamous cell carcinoma (6.4%), were a common COD. In juveniles and neonates, perinatal death and congenital diseases, including ocular coloboma (15.6%), were a common COD. Individuals with CRD were 13.5 and 4.36 times more likely to have veno-occlusive disease and cardiac fibrosis, respectively. Snow leopards with urolithiasis were 5.27 times more likely to have CRD. Infectious (14.1%) and inflammatory diseases (8.7%) for which no specific etiology was identified were less common overall and more common in juveniles and neonates (25% and 21%, respectively). Neoplasms not previously reported in snow leopards or that are generally uncommon in the veterinary literature included transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (n = 7) and mesothelioma (n = 1).}, } @article {pmid33588460, year = {2021}, author = {Breu, D and Stieger, N and Müller, E}, title = {[Occurrence of uroliths - age-, breed-, and gender-specific differences in dogs from Germany].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {6-12}, doi = {10.1055/a-1334-0733}, pmid = {33588460}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Urolithiasis/classification/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and frequency of uroliths in dogs in Germany and to evaluate age-, gender-, and breed-specific differences.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2772 uroliths from dogs in Germany that had been submitted from veterinary practices during the years 2017-2019 were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

RESULTS: Uroliths were analyzed as follows: Struvite (44.7 %), calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite 24.5 %), cystine (15.2 %), ammonium urate (5.3 %), calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite 4.4 %), calcium phosphate (1.6 %), xanthine (1.2 %), whewellite/weddellite (11 %), brushite (0.4 %) and other substances (1.7 %). The dogs' median age (in years) with regards to the urolith type amounted to: struvite 8, calcium oxalate (whewellite and weddellite) 10, cystine 5, brushite 11, xanthine 6.5, and ammonium urate 6 years. Struvite uroliths were most common in intact females (83.8 %) and neutered females (80.8 %), while cystine uroliths (36.7 %) and calcium oxalates (35.7 % whewellite and weddellite) were most common in intact males. Calcium oxalate (50 %), struvite (17.3 %), and cystine uroliths (10.5 %) were found in male neutered dogs. The most frequent breeds with struvite uroliths were Pug (75.9 %), Labrador (73.1 %), Shih Tzu (62.2 %), Dachshund (50.4 %) and Maltese (36 %). Calcium oxalates were most frequently encountered in the breeds Miniature Schnauzer (54.8 %), Jack Russell Terrier (49.5 %), and Yorkshire Terrier (48.2 %). Cystine uroliths were most frequent in the breeds French Bulldog (47.2 %), Bulldogs (44.8 %), Chihuahua (44.1 %) and Dachshund (32.8 %).

Dogs from Germany displayed age-, gender- and breed-specific differences in the frequency of urine calculi occurrence. Knowledge of the frequent occurrence of the distinct uroliths in Germany as well as potential breed dispositions allow the veterinarian to implement an appropriate preventive treatment plan. This would involve a targeted monitoring program for the prevention and follow-up care of the patient in conjunction with the pet owner.}, } @article {pmid33550588, year = {2021}, author = {Bijsmans, ES and Quéau, Y and Feugier, A and Biourge, VC}, title = {The effect of urine acidification on calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in cats.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, pages = {579-586}, pmid = {33550588}, issn = {1439-0396}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Struvite ; *Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; }, abstract = {There is an apparent reciprocal relationship between magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis incidence rate in cats. The number of struvite uroliths submitted for analysis over the past 35 years has been decreasing, with an increase in CaOx urolith submissions. Commercial diets aimed to dissolve struvite uroliths are typically acidified, and it has been suggested that dietary acidification increases urinary calcium excretion and the risk of CaOx crystallization. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of urine acidification on the relative supersaturation (RSS) of CaOx in cats, as a representation of crystallization risk. Four diets were extruded to contain identical nutrient contents, but with gradual acidification (0, 0.6, 1.3 and 1.9% sodium bisulphate substituted sodium chloride in diets A, B, C and D respectively). Thirteen adult cats were fed each diet sequentially for a minimum of 10 days. Average urine pH was 6.4, 6.2, 6.0 and 5.9 on diets A, B, C and D respectively (p < 0.0001). Struvite RSS decreased on diets inducing more acidic urine pH (p < 0.0001). Urinary calcium excretion and concentration increased with diets inducing lower urine pH (p < 0.0001), but oxalate excretion and concentration decreased (p < 0.001). CaOx RSS was not different between diets (p = 0.63). These results suggest that a lower diet base excess and resulting urine pH to support struvite dissolution do not increase the risk for CaOx crystallization in the range of urine pH representative of most commercial feline diets. Long-term studies are needed to confirm this.}, } @article {pmid33260976, year = {2020}, author = {Jones, E and Alawneh, J and Thompson, M and Palmieri, C and Jackson, K and Allavena, R}, title = {Predicting Diagnosis of Australian Canine and Feline Urinary Bladder Disease Based on Histologic Features.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {33260976}, issn = {2306-7381}, abstract = {Anatomic pathology is a vital component of veterinary medicine but as a primarily subjective qualitative or semiquantitative discipline, it is at risk of cognitive biases. Logistic regression is a statistical technique used to explain relationships between data categories and outcomes and is increasingly being applied in medicine for predicting disease probability based on medical and patient variables. Our aims were to evaluate histologic features of canine and feline bladder diseases and explore the utility of logistic regression modeling in identifying associations in veterinary histopathology, then formulate a predictive disease model using urinary bladder as a pilot tissue. The histologic features of 267 canine and 71 feline bladder samples were evaluated, and a logistic regression model was developed to identify associations between the bladder disease diagnosed, and both patient and histologic variables. There were 102 cases of cystitis, 84 neoplasia, 42 urolithiasis and 63 normal bladders. Logistic regression modeling identified six variables that were significantly associated with disease outcome: species, urothelial ulceration, urothelial inflammation, submucosal lymphoid aggregates, neutrophilic submucosal inflammation, and moderate submucosal hemorrhage. This study demonstrated that logistic regression modeling could provide a more objective approach to veterinary histopathology and has opened the door toward predictive disease modeling based on histologic variables.}, } @article {pmid33159170, year = {2020}, author = {Alford, A and Furrow, E and Borofsky, M and Lulich, J}, title = {Animal models of naturally occurring stone disease.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Urology}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {691-705}, pmid = {33159170}, issn = {1759-4820}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biomedical Research ; Calcium Oxalate ; *Cats ; Cystine ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *Dogs ; *Dolphins ; *Ferrets ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hyperuricemia/*veterinary ; *Otters ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/genetics/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.}, } @article {pmid33144935, year = {2020}, author = {Mendoza-López, CI and Del-Angel-Caraza, J and Aké-Chiñas, MA and Quijano-Hernández, IA and Barbosa-Mireles, MA}, title = {Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico (2005-2018).}, journal = {Veterinary medicine international}, volume = {2020}, number = {}, pages = {8883487}, pmid = {33144935}, issn = {2090-8113}, abstract = {A higher frequency of canine silica urolithiasis is found in Mexico, unlike <1-8% in other countries. The causes and risk factors for this pathology are unknown. However, we consider the consumption of high amounts of silica from the solid diet or dissolved in water as the only hypothesis. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for silica urolithiasis in dogs from Mexico. A total of 1383 clinical cases of canine urolithiasis were included in this study; the uroliths were analyzed to determine their mineral composition by stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Of these cases, 12.94% were considered pure silica uroliths; however, considering the mixed and compound uroliths, the frequency increased to 17.42%. Male dogs aged >6 years and large breeds, especially Labradors and Golden retrievers, were at significant risk for this disease. 98.88 % of the clinical cases studied were found in the central axis of the country, considering this finding as a possible geographical risk factor to be analyzed in another study.}, } @article {pmid33009682, year = {2020}, author = {Wood, MW and Lepold, A and Tesfamichael, D and Lasarev, MR}, title = {Risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria in dogs: A retrospective study.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {2447-2453}, pmid = {33009682}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {UL1 TR002373/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Enterococcus ; Escherichia coli ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In humans, Enterococcus spp. urinary tract infections (UTI) are commonly associated with urinary catheter-induced urothelial inflammation but this is not the case in dogs.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors predisposing dogs to enterococcal bacteriuria.

ANIMALS: Seventy dogs with Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria (case) and 70 dogs with Enterococcus coli bacteriuria (control).

METHODS: A single center retrospective case-control study with subjects and controls identified by a medical records search for Enterococcus spp. (subject) or E coli (control) bacteriuria from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. Cases and controls were balanced with respect to average age and weight. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate and test whether the odds of having Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria (instead of E coli) were associated with the presence of any given characteristic.

RESULTS: A history of recurrent bacteriuria was significantly more common in Enterococcus spp. cases than in E coli controls (odds ratio [OR]: 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-4.16, P = .04). Comorbidities associated with the presence of Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria included lower urinary tract (LUT) anatomic abnormalities (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.17-8.10, P = .02), urolithiasis (P = .01), and the presence of LUT neoplasia (P = .04). Small frequencies (n = 12 and n = 6, respectively) compromise our ability to precisely estimate the genuine OR for the latter 2 characteristics.

If the identified risk factors promote Enterococcus spp. colonization in dogs via induced LUT inflammation similar to people then Enterococcus spp. bacteriuria could be a sentinel for underlying LUT inflammation.}, } @article {pmid32996836, year = {2021}, author = {Seneviratne, M and Stamenova, P and Lee, K}, title = {Comparison of surgical indications and short- and long-term complications in 56 cats undergoing perineal, transpelvic or prepubic urethrostomy.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {477-486}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X20959032}, pmid = {32996836}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Urethra/surgery ; *Urethral Obstruction/surgery/veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare indications, complications and mortality rates for perineal urethrostomy (PU), transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) and prepubic urethrostomy (PPU).

METHODS: A retrospective review of, and follow-up owner questionnaire for, cats undergoing urethrostomy between 2008 and 2018, at a single referral hospital, were performed.

RESULTS: Fifty-six cats underwent urethrostomy (PU, n = 37; TPU, n = 8; PPU, n = 11). The presenting problem was significantly associated with urethrostomy technique (P <0.001). For PU cats, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC; n = 21 [56.7%]) was the most common problem, whereas for PPU cats, trauma (n = 9 [81.8%]) was most common (P <0.001). Urethrostomy technique was associated with imaging diagnosis (P <0.001) of the urethral lesion. Most PU cats had no diagnostic imaging lesion (n = 15 [40.5%]) or obstructive calculi or clots (n = 10 [27.0%]), and all PPU cats had urethral rupture. Ten (90.9%) PPU cats had a pelvic lesion, while 21 (56.7%) PU cats had a penile lesion. TPU cats had a range of presenting problems and imaging diagnoses. Short- and long-term complications were reported in 33/55 (60.0%) and 11/30 (36.7%) cats, respectively. The number of cats with long-term complications was greater among PPU cats (P = 0.02). Short-term dermatitis (P = 0.019) and long-term incontinence (P = 0.01) were associated with PPU. Short-term mortality was 5.6% and long-term mortality was 13.3%; both were independent of urethrostomy technique. Quality of life post-urethrostomy, across all techniques, was graded as good by 93% of owners.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, PU was the most common feline urethrostomy technique indicated for FIC. Short-term urethrostomy complications are common, irrespective of urethrostomy technique. Long-term complications are less frequent but more common with PPU.}, } @article {pmid32991862, year = {2020}, author = {Sutthimethakorn, S and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Effects of high-dose uric acid on cellular proteome, intracellular ATP, tissue repairing capability and calcium oxalate crystal-binding capability of renal tubular cells: Implications to hyperuricosuria-induced kidney stone disease.}, journal = {Chemico-biological interactions}, volume = {331}, number = {}, pages = {109270}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109270}, pmid = {32991862}, issn = {1872-7786}, mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Proteome/analysis/*drug effects ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Uric Acid/*pharmacology/urine ; }, abstract = {Hyperuricosuria is associated with kidney stone disease, especially uric acid (UA) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) types. Nevertheless, detailed mechanisms of hyperuricosuria-induced kidney stone formation remained unclear. This study examined changes in cellular proteome and function of renal tubular cells after treatment with high-dose UA for 48-h. Quantitative proteomics using 2-DE followed by nanoLC-ESI-ETD MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry revealed significant changes in levels of 22 proteins in the UA-treated cells. These proteomic data could be confirmed by Western blotting. Functional assays revealed an increase in intracellular ATP level and enhancement of tissue repairing capability in the UA-treated cells. Interestingly, levels of HSP70 and HSP90 (the known receptors for CaOx crystals) were increased in apical membranes of the UA-treated cells. CaOx crystal-cell adhesion assay revealed significant increase in CaOx-binding capability of the UA-treated cells, whereas neutralization of the surface HSP70 and/or HSP90 using their specific monoclonal antibodies caused significant reduction in such binding capability. These findings highlighted changes in renal tubular cells in response to high-dose UA that may, at least in part, explain the pathogenic mechanisms of hyperuricosuria-induced mixed kidney stone disease.}, } @article {pmid32960133, year = {2021}, author = {Schwarz, T and Shorten, E and Gennace, M and Saunders, J and Longo, M and Costa, FS and Parys, M and Gunn-Moore, D}, title = {CT features of feline lipiduria and renal cortical lipid deposition.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {357-363}, pmid = {32960133}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney ; Lipids ; Male ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to document the presence and prevalence of feline lipiduria and renal lipid deposition on CT, and to search for associations between the presence of lipiduria and sex, urinary tract abnormalities and urolithiasis.

METHODS: The CT examinations of 252 cats were reviewed for the presence of an antigravitational hypodense bubble in the urinary bladder with density values between -180 Hounsfield units (HU) and -20 HU. To identify associations between lipiduria and sex, urinary tract abnormalities and urolithiasis, Fisher's exact test was used. Renal cortical density measurement was performed in all cats. The Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare renal cortical density between lipiduric and unaffected cats.

RESULTS: A total of 27 domestic cats (10.7%) had CT evidence of lipiduria. Lipiduric cats had a significantly lower renal cortical density than unaffected cats (P <0.01). Male neutered cats had a significantly higher frequency of lipiduria and lower renal cortical density compared with female neutered cats (P <0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding renal, ureteral or urethral abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Lipiduria is a common physiological phenomenon in cats that can be detected on routine CT examinations. Decreased renal cortical density is associated with lipiduria. This may aid in the diagnosis of feline lipiduria and help to differentiate its presence from other pathological depositions and excretions.}, } @article {pmid32907948, year = {2020}, author = {Al, KF and Daisley, BA and Chanyi, RM and Bjazevic, J and Razvi, H and Reid, G and Burton, JP}, title = {Oxalate-Degrading Bacillus subtilis Mitigates Urolithiasis in a Drosophila melanogaster Model.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32907948}, issn = {2379-5042}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus subtilis/*metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; Female ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Intestines/microbiology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Urolithiasis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Kidney stones affect nearly 10% of the population in North America and are associated with high morbidity and recurrence, yet novel prevention strategies are lacking. Recent evidence suggests that the human gut microbiota can influence the development of nephrolithiasis, although clinical trials have been limited and inconclusive in determining the potential for microbially based interventions. Here, we used an established Drosophila melanogaster model of urolithiasis as a high-throughput screening platform for evaluation of the therapeutic potential of oxalate-degrading bacteria in calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. The results demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis 168 (BS168) is a promising candidate based on its preferential growth in high oxalate concentrations, its ability to stably colonize the D. melanogaster intestinal tract for as long as 5 days, and its prevention of oxalate-induced microbiota dysbiosis. Single-dose BS168 supplementation exerted beneficial effects on D. melanogaster for as long as 14 days, decreasing stone burden in dissected Malpighian tubules and fecal excreta while increasing survival and behavioral markers of health over those of nonsupplemented lithogenic controls. These findings were complemented by in vitro experiments using the established MDCK renal cell line, which demonstrated that BS168 pretreatment prevented increased CaOx crystal adhesion and aggregation. Taking our results together, this study supports the notion that BS168 can functionally reduce CaOx stone burden in vivo through its capacity for oxalate degradation. Given the favorable safety profile of many B. subtilis strains already used as digestive aids and in fermented foods, these findings suggest that BS168 could represent a novel therapeutic adjunct to reduce the incidence of recurrent CaOx nephrolithiasis in high-risk patients.IMPORTANCE Kidney stone disease is a morbid condition that is increasing in prevalence, with few nonsurgical treatment options. The majority of stones are composed of calcium oxalate. Unlike humans, some microbes can break down oxalate, suggesting that microbial therapeutics may provide a novel treatment for kidney stone patients. This study demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis 168 (BS168) decreased stone burden, improved health, and complemented the microbiota in a Drosophila melanogaster urolithiasis model, while not exacerbating calcium oxalate aggregation or adhesion to renal cells in vitro These results identify this bacterium as a candidate for ameliorating stone formation; given that other strains of B. subtilis are components of fermented foods and are used as probiotics for digestive health, strain 168 warrants testing in humans. With the severe burden that recurrent kidney stone disease imposes on patients and the health care system, this microbial therapeutic approach could provide an inexpensive therapeutic adjunct.}, } @article {pmid32801571, year = {2020}, author = {Nururrozi, A and Yanuartono, Y and Sivananthan, P and Indarjulianto, S}, title = {Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1182-1186}, pmid = {32801571}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: This paper reports a retrospective study performed in 185 cats diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The analyzed population involved feline patients at the Veterinary Clinic of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical indications and causes of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical data of all feline patients were obtained to conduct this study. FLUTD diagnoses were based on physical examinations, urinalyses, ultrasound examinations, and bacterial cultures. Only cats with a complete examination were used in the study. The clinical signs were evaluated and accompanied by the results of laboratory tests in cats that showed symptoms of FLUTD. The medical history of all feline patients was analyzed thoroughly. Most of the feline's urine samples were collected by catheterization.

RESULTS: The most commonly diagnosed of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population were: feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (56%), urinary tract infection (UTI; 25%), urolithiasis (13%), urethral plugs (UP) (4.9%), and neoplasia (0.4%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is higher than that reported in Europe or the US. Older cats more often show symptoms of UTI and neoplasia, whereas young cats more often show symptoms of FIC and UP. The prevalence of male cats experiencing FLUTD in Yogyakarta is much higher than female cats.

CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of FLUTD cases in Yogyakarta is related to age and sex. The results of this study are similar to those of the previous research studies conducted in other countries.}, } @article {pmid32801561, year = {2020}, author = {Astuty, ATJE and Tjahajati, I and Nugroho, WS}, title = {Detection of feline idiopathic cystitis as the cause of feline lower urinary tract disease in Sleman Regency, Indonesia.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {1108-1112}, pmid = {32801561}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is one of the common cat diseases. The aim of this study was to detect feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) as a cause of FLUTD in Sleman Regency, which is a problem in the population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-three cats with FLUTD symptoms were used from seven veterinary practices in Sleman Regency. The logging of each cat's medical history, clinical examination, urinalysis, routine blood screening, and ultrasonography was conducted to diagnose the cause of FLUTD.

RESULTS: The percentages of diseases causing FLUTD included FIC 21.9%, urolithiasis 57.5%, urinary tract infection (UTI) 16.4%, neoplasia 1.4%, trauma 1.4%, and nervous disorders 1.4%.

CONCLUSION: FIC, one of the causes of FLUTD, is found in cats and has become a problem among the cat population in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Various handling and preventive efforts should be undertaken against the disease.}, } @article {pmid32793647, year = {2020}, author = {Fantinati, M and Priymenko, N}, title = {Managing Feline Idiopathic Hypercalcemia With Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): A Case Series.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {421}, pmid = {32793647}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Background: We describe for the first time the use of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) as a non-pharmacological solution in managing feline idiopathic hypercalcemia when dietary change alone fails. Case Summary: Over a 2-year period of time, three female spayed, middle-aged, Domestic Shorthair cats were diagnosed with idiopathic hypercalcemia. Reason for consultation were lethargy and dysorexia, with a single episode of vomiting described in one cat and dysuria in another. Thorough diagnostic work-up included complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, ionized calcium, calcemic hormones, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and imaging of chest and abdomen. Based on different nutritional reasons, each cat was switched to a different high-moisture pet food as first-step in managing the disorder: a high-fiber diet, a diet formulated for chronic kidney disease management and a diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolithiasis. In the three cats, 6 weeks of dietary change alone did not result in normocalcemia. Before resorting to any pharmacological solution, supplementation to the diet of chia seeds (2 g/cat/day) was started. After 4 weeks from the introduction of Salvia hispanica L., all cats achieved normalization of ionized calcium concentration. Conclusion: Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) supplementation could be a useful tool in managing feline idiopathic hypercalcemia.}, } @article {pmid32735031, year = {2020}, author = {Lorange, M and Monnet, E}, title = {Postoperative outcomes of 12 cats with ureteral obstruction treated with ureteroneocystostomy.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, pages = {1418-1427}, doi = {10.1111/vsu.13488}, pmid = {32735031}, issn = {1532-950X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystostomy/*veterinary ; Female ; Incidence ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Postoperative Period ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To report complications and long-term outcomes of cats with benign ureteral obstruction treated with ureteroneocystostomy and to determine the effects of double pigtail catheter (DPT) placement on postoperative outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: Twelve client-owned cats with ureteral urolithiasis treated with ureteroneocystostomy.

METHODS: Records were reviewed for signalment, location of the obstruction, diagnostic tests, surgical technique, perioperative complications, long-term measurements of kidney function, and survival. Cats were divided into two groups; in one group, a DPT was placed at the time of ureteroneocystostomy, and, in the other group, a DPT was not placed at the time of ureteroneocystostomy (NDPT).

RESULTS: A DPT was placed in six of 12 cats. The NDPT group included four cats with temporary catheters and two cats with no catheter. Median creatinine concentration decreased from 10.4 mg/dL (range, 1.6-20.3) to 2.2 mg/dL (range, 1.1-3.6) at the time of discharge (P = .015) in all cats. Two cats in the NDPT group required revision surgery for uroabdomen. Eleven cats were discharged from the hospital. Long-term complications (hematuria, pollakiuria, urinary tract infections) were more common in the DPT group (P = .047). Seven cats were alive a median of 329 days (range, 8-1772) after surgery. Median creatinine concentration was 2.0 mg/dL (range, 0.6-6.4) at a median of 157 days (range, 43-1772) after surgery.

CONCLUSION: Ureteroneocystostomy resulted in acceptable long-term outcomes in 11 of 12 cats. The placement of a DPT did not influence the long-term outcome in this small population.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Ureteroneocystostomy with or without intraoperative placement of a DPT should be considered to relieve benign ureteral obstructions in cats.}, } @article {pmid32705911, year = {2021}, author = {Tefft, KM and Byron, JK and Hostnik, ET and Daristotle, L and Carmella, V and Frantz, NZ}, title = {Effect of a struvite dissolution diet in cats with naturally occurring struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {269-277}, pmid = {32705911}, issn = {1532-2750}, support = {UL1 TR002733/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Prospective Studies ; Solubility ; Struvite ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; *Urolithiasis/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the low struvite relative supersaturation diet in dissolution of feline struvite cystoliths.

METHODS: This was a prospective, open-label, two-center study. Twelve client-owned cats were enrolled based on the radiographic appearance of their uroliths and urinalysis parameters. Cats were fed the test diet exclusively for up to 56 days. Cats were radiographed every other week until radiographic evidence of dissolution occurred or the end of the study period was reached. Cats with radiographically apparent uroliths at the end of the study period underwent cystotomy for stone retrieval and analysis.

RESULTS: Nine of the 12 cats completed the study. Eight experienced radiographic dissolution; seven of these had complete dissolution within the first month of treatment. One cat, whose owner declined cystotomy after partial dissolution at day 56, had complete radiographic resolution at 70 days of treatment. Two calcium oxalate urolith cores were removed from a cat that had partial radiographic dissolution.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The test diet was successful in dissolving suspected struvite cystoliths. As this diet is suitable for maintenance feeding of adult cats, it may be a suitable choice for long-term prevention of feline struvite urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid32630639, year = {2020}, author = {Perondi, F and Puccinelli, C and Lippi, I and Della Santa, D and Benvenuti, M and Mannucci, T and Citi, S}, title = {Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Urachal Anomalies in Cats and Dogs: Retrospective Study of 98 Cases (2009-2019).}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {32630639}, issn = {2306-7381}, abstract = {This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of different urachal anomalies (UA) in cats (n = 60) and dogs (n = 38) and their association with clinical symptoms and urinalysis alterations. Among UA, the vesicourachal diverticulum was the most prevalent UA diagnosed in both cats (96.7%) and dogs (89.5%): the intramural vesicourachal diverticulum was diagnosed in 76.7% of cats and 71.1% of dogs, followed by extramural vesicourachal diverticulum (20.0% and 18.4% respectively). In both cats and dogs, bladder wall diffuse or regional thickening was the most prevalent alteration. The most common alterations of the urinary bladder content were urolithiasis sediment in cats (33.3%) and in dogs (31.6%). Dogs with UA were more often asymptomatic (p = 0.01). No difference was found in cats. Stranguria, hematuria, and urethral obstruction were the most frequently reported clinical signs, while hematuria and leukocyturia were the most prevalent abnormalities at urinalysis. In conclusion, our study confirmed UA as uncommon, and often incidental findings, with a high prevalence of animals without clinical signs.}, } @article {pmid32548918, year = {2021}, author = {Garcia, CA and Loureiro, BA and Peres, FM and Goloni, C and Di Santo, LG and Mendonça, FS and Carciofi, AC}, title = {Effects of crude protein and sodium intake on water turnover in cats fed extruded diets.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {105 Suppl 2}, number = {}, pages = {95-105}, doi = {10.1111/jpn.13374}, pmid = {32548918}, issn = {1439-0396}, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Drinking ; Feces ; *Sodium, Dietary ; *Water ; }, abstract = {The comprehension of strategies to increase urine production may be important, especially in kibble diets to prevent urolithiasis in cats. The effects of increasing amounts of crude protein (CP) and sodium on the water turnover of cats were evaluated using the water balance (WB) method and the deuterium dilution technique. The study followed a randomized block design, with three blocks of eight cats, two cats per food type in each block, and six cats per food. Four extruded diets with different amounts of CP and sodium were evaluated (on DM basis): 28% CP and 0.58% sodium; 39% CP and 0.64% sodium; 52% CP and 0.76% sodium; and 64% CP and 0.87% sodium. Cats were individually housed in cages for 8 days to measure WB, urea excretion, and faecal and urine characteristics. Deuterium oxide was used to evaluate water turnover, and during the period cats were housed in a collective cattery. The data were analysed by an F test, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts. The ɑ level of significance was set at 0.05. The methods were compared by Pearson correlation, and Bland and Altman analysis. The increase in the CP content elevated linearly the renal excretion of urea (p < .001), and, together with the higher sodium intake, elevated the renal solute load, which resulted in a linear increase in urine production and water intake (p < .01). The urine density, metabolic water, and faecal and insensible water losses did not differ (p > .05). The water flux increased linearly when using the deuterium method (p < .001), but the obtained values were 20.85 ± 11.11 ml/cat/day higher than those verified using the WB method (p = .001). Higher CP and sodium amounts in dry diets increased the urine production and water consumption of cats, and this can be explored as a possible option to increase urination.}, } @article {pmid32367965, year = {2020}, author = {Remichi, H and Hani, FA and Rebouh, M and Benmohand, C and Zenad, W and Boudjellaba, S}, title = {Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features.}, journal = {Veterinary world}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {563-569}, pmid = {32367965}, issn = {0972-8988}, abstract = {AIM: This study aims to describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract and to determine the main risk factors involved in the occurrence of urinary lithiasis in cats in Algeria from 2016 to 2018.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the study period, 465 cats were examined and 32 cases of urolithiases were selected and investigated by conducting physical examinations, blood analyses, urinalysis, X-ray radiography, and ultrasonography. Parameters such as breed, age, or sex were studied and reported in a farm return to analyze risk factors involved in the formation of lower urinary urolithiasis.

RESULTS: The most clinically relevant symptoms of urolithiasis observed in cats were dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. Urinalysis and blood analysis revealed a significant presence of urinary crystals and acute kidney failure in nine cats. The ultrasonography and radiography confirmed the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the incidence of 43.75% and 31.25%, respectively. The lower urinary tract urolithiasis appeared to be more frequent in European and Siamese cats. In addition, cats aged between 4 and 8 years old were the most affected. Male cats (87.50%) were more affected than female cats. Finally, the lower urinary tract urolithiasis was more frequent in cats consuming the commercial pet food, previously castrated, and confined inside the house.

CONCLUSION: Complete clinical assessments, in addition to complementary examinations, are necessary and beneficial in treating the animal and preventing possible complications. Whether the choice of therapy is surgical or treatment with drugs, it is crucial to understand that the elimination of the stone is not an end, but the beginning of a series of investigations. Because of their impact on both the formation and elimination of metabolites, it has been found that factors, such as race, gender, age, diet, and lifestyle, should be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid32329210, year = {2020}, author = {Hickey, JM and Berent, AC and Fischetti, AJ and Le Roux, AB}, title = {Radiographic features of suspected suture-associated cystic calculi in dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {394-398}, doi = {10.1111/vru.12863}, pmid = {32329210}, issn = {1740-8261}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Retrospective Studies ; Sutures/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This retrospective case series describes the radiographic features of suspected suture-associated cystic calculi in six dogs with a history of at least one or multiple prior cystotomies. One of the dogs presented twice. Suspected suture-associated cystic calculi were multifocal, short, predominantly linear mineral opacities localized in the center of the urinary bladder on abdominal radiographs. One patient (n = 1) presented with multifocal round, pin point, and linear radiopaque calculi. The calculi were all calcium oxalate in composition. On gross examination, the calculi had a hollow center. Six cystotomies used monofilament absorbable suture material (polydioxanone [n = 4] or poliglecaprone 25 [n = 1]) in prior cystotomies. Suture material in two of the cases was unknown. Suspected suture-associated cystic calculi are a rare occurrence in veterinary medicine but should be considered in dogs that have a history of prior cystotomy, hollow core on gross analysis, and radiographic evidence of mineral opaque, predominantly linear, cystic calculi.}, } @article {pmid32327038, year = {2020}, author = {Pacheco, RE}, title = {Cystine Urolithiasis in Ferrets.}, journal = {The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {309-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.015}, pmid = {32327038}, issn = {1558-4232}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cystine ; *Ferrets ; Urolithiasis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis in captive domestic ferrets has previously been predominantly struvite uroliths, although more recent laboratory submissions show a shift to predominantly cystine uroliths. Genetic mutations for cystinuria have been identified in dogs, and it is suspected that underlying genetic mutations are partly responsible for this disease in ferrets. Currently, surgery remains the only definitive treatment of cystine urolithiasis in ferrets, since dietary dissolution protocols have not been thoroughly explored. Despite this, medical management with dietary and urinary manipulation should be considered for use in ferrets postoperatively based on principles of cystine urolithiasis management in dogs adapted for ferrets.}, } @article {pmid32231787, year = {2020}, author = {Lavin, LE and Amore, AR and Shaver, SL}, title = {Urethral obstruction and urolithiasis associated with patent urachus in a 12-week-old kitten.}, journal = {JFMS open reports}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {2055116920909920}, pmid = {32231787}, issn = {2055-1169}, abstract = {CASE SUMMARY: A 12-week-old intact male domestic shorthair kitten presented for dysuria. The patient had a urethral obstruction that was relieved with urinary catheter placement. A cutaneous opening at the umbilicus was identified. Three-view abdominal radiographs and a contrast study revealed a patent urachus with no evidence of urine leakage into the abdomen. An exploratory laparotomy was performed that confirmed a patent urachus, which was excised, and cystic and urethral calculi, which were removed via cystotomy. The patient recovered well from surgery, with a 12 h period of stranguria occurring 2 days postoperatively, attributed to residual inflammation. Calculi analysis revealed struvite stones, likely secondary to infection and inflammation. At the time of writing, 3 months postoperatively, the kitten had one episode of hematuria and inappropriate urination, which resolved with a short course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but had been otherwise been asymptomatic and healthy.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of urolithiasis and patent urachus in a pediatric feline patient. Based on the occurrence of struvite stones in the presence of a patent urachus in an animal of this age, we suspect that chronic infection and inflammation led to the development of urolithiasis. Correction of the patent urachus resulted in almost complete resolution of clinical signs and no crystal formation was appreciated on recheck urinalysis.}, } @article {pmid32157751, year = {2020}, author = {Queau, Y and Bijsmans, ES and Feugier, A and Biourge, VC}, title = {Increasing dietary sodium chloride promotes urine dilution and decreases struvite and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy dogs and cats.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {104}, number = {5}, pages = {1524-1530}, pmid = {32157751}, issn = {1439-0396}, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cats/*urine ; Diet/veterinary ; Dogs/*urine ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*pharmacology ; Struvite/*urine ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is highly prevalent in dogs and cats, with struvite and calcium oxalate being most commonly diagnosed. Some commercial diets aimed at reducing the risk of urolithiasis are based on inclusion of sodium chloride (NaCl) in an attempt to dilute the urine and the risk of crystallization, but more information on the effect of differing levels of sodium inclusion is needed. The objective of this study was to compare the short-term effect of four diets differing only in NaCl content (base diet with 0.3% sodium and diets with added NaCl to achieve 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3% sodium as fed) on urinary ion concentrations and relative supersaturation (RSS) of struvite and calcium oxalate in dogs and cats. In both species, there was a significant increase in water intake and urine volume as dietary NaCl increased. Urine sodium concentration increased with increasing dietary NaCl. The highest sodium diet increased urinary calcium excretion in dogs only, while decreasing urinary calcium concentration. Calcium oxalate RSS and struvite RSS both significantly decreased, with the lowest RSS values reported on the highest sodium diet in both dogs and cats (p < .001). These results suggest that an increase in dietary NaCl decreases RSS values in both dogs and cats. Despite an increase in urinary calcium excretion in dogs, urinary calcium concentration and calcium oxalate RSS were lower on high sodium diets due to urine dilution. Long-term studies are needed to confirm the relationship between RSS and stone occurrence and recurrence.}, } @article {pmid32130005, year = {2020}, author = {Li, Z and Litchfield, J and Tess, DA and Carlo, AA and Eng, H and Keefer, C and Maurer, TS}, title = {A Physiologically Based in Silico Tool to Assess the Risk of Drug-Related Crystalluria.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {63}, number = {12}, pages = {6489-6498}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01995}, pmid = {32130005}, issn = {1520-4804}, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Dogs ; *Drug Discovery ; *Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drugs, Investigational/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/pathology ; Models, Biological ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry/*metabolism ; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Drug precipitation in the nephrons of the kidney can cause drug-induced crystal nephropathy (DICN). To aid mitigation of this risk in early drug discovery, we developed a physiologically based in silico model to predict DICN in rats, dogs, and humans. At a minimum, the likelihood of DICN is determined by the level of systemic exposure to the molecule, the molecule's physicochemical properties and the unique physiology of the kidney. Accordingly, the proposed model accounts for these properties in order to predict drug exposure relative to solubility along the nephron. Key physiological parameters of the kidney were codified in a manner consistent with previous reports. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models and in vitro assays were used to estimate drug-specific physicochemical inputs to the model. The proposed model was calibrated against urinary excretion data for 42 drugs, and the utility for DICN prediction is demonstrated through application to 20 additional drugs.}, } @article {pmid32128849, year = {2020}, author = {Cruciani, B and Vachon, C and Dunn, M}, title = {Removal of lower urinary tract stones by percutaneous cystolithotomy: 68 cases (2012-2017).}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {49 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {O138-O147}, doi = {10.1111/vsu.13398}, pmid = {32128849}, issn = {1532-950X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystotomy/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/*veterinary ; Postoperative Complications/surgery ; Postoperative Period ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Wound Dehiscence ; Urethral Diseases ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the use and outcome of percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) for removal of urethral and bladder stones in dogs and cats.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: Sixty-eight client-owned dogs and cats.

METHODS: Records were reviewed and analyzed for dogs and cats that underwent PCCL between January 2012 and December 2017. Signalment, clinical presentation, laboratory and imaging data, procedure time, use of lithotripsy, biopsy, perioperative and immediate postoperative complications, hospitalization times, stone composition, and urine culture results were recorded. Owners were contacted by phone or email 3 weeks after the procedure. Follow-up communications with the owner and referring veterinarian were also recorded.

RESULTS: Seventy percutaneous cystolithotomies were performed in 59 dogs and nine cats. The median duration of the procedure was 95 minutes (45-420), and lithotripsy was required in 3% (2/70) of PCCL. Complications during the procedure were reported in one case. In eighty-three percent of procedures (58/70), animals were discharged within 24 hours postoperative. Twenty-four percent (16/68) of animals had minor complications (lower urinary tract signs), and one dog had a major complication (surgical wound dehiscence) during the 3 weeks after the operation. Long-term follow-up revealed stone recurrence in 21% of cases followed more than a year after the procedure (7/33).

CONCLUSION: Percutaneous cystolithotomy allowed removal of bladder and urethral stones with rapid postoperative recovery and few major perioperative or short-term postoperative complications.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Percutaneous cystolithotomy provides an attractive minimally invasive surgical alternative for removal of lower urinary tract stones in small animals.}, } @article {pmid31932653, year = {2020}, author = {Piyarungsri, K and Tangtrongsup, S and Thitaram, N and Lekklar, P and Kittinuntasilp, A}, title = {Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {196}, pmid = {31932653}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Urologic Diseases/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common problem in cats. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence, clinical signs, and causes of FLUTD and the risk factors for FLUTD. The medical records of 3486 cats visiting Chiang Mai University Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) between November 2016 and October 2017 were reviewed. An age-matched case-control study was performed to determine the risk factors for FLUTD by comparing 78 cats with FLUTD and 78 clinically normal age-matched cats. For each animal, potential risk data were obtained from medical records and cat owner interviews; these were analysed for associations with FLUTD. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios and to adjust for expected confounding factors. The prevalence of FLUTD in cats visiting the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital was 2.2%. The most common clinical signs identified were urethral obstruction (55.1%) and haematuria (23.1%). The most common diagnoses were feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (57.7%) and urolithiasis (struvite) (18%). The multivariable logistic regression analysis results indicated that FLUTD was most likely to be diagnosed in castrated male cats. FIC and urolithiasis were the most common diagnoses in cats with FLUTD, and male sex and castration increased the risk of FLUTD.}, } @article {pmid31926039, year = {2020}, author = {Carr, SV and Grant, DC and DeMonaco, SM and Shepherd, M}, title = {Measurement of preprandial and postprandial urine calcium to creatinine ratios in male Miniature Schnauzers with and without urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {754-760}, pmid = {31926039}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Case-Control Studies ; Creatinine/*urine ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/urine/*veterinary ; Pedigree ; Postprandial Period ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify a simple test for excessive calciuresis and predict calcium oxalate (CaOx) disease in Miniature Schnauzers. We investigated the impact of postprandial time on the urine calcium to creatinine ratio (UCa/Cr) in male dogs of this breed, with the goal of improving the utility of the UCa/Cr.

HYPOTHESES: (1) Significant differences will exist in preprandial and postprandial UCa/Cr between CaOx urolith-forming and control Schnauzers. (2) The UCa/Cr will increase significantly from the first morning baseline at ≥1 postprandial time point(s) in both control and CaOx urolith-forming dogs. (3) Biochemical abnormalities and other variables may be associated with urolith status.

ANIMALS: Twenty-four male Miniature Schnauzer dogs, consisting of 9 with (urolith formers) and 15 without (controls) CaOx uroliths.

METHODS: Urine was collected before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after feeding a standardized diet. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify the UCa/Cr cutoff that most accurately differentiates dogs based on urolith status.

RESULTS: Urolith formers had significantly higher mean UCa/Cr over the course of 8 hours. The postprandial change in UCa/Cr was not significant at any time point between or within groups. The cutoff UCa/Cr value of 0.06 had a specificity of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80%-100%) and a sensitivity of 56% (95% CI, 21%-86%) for identifying CaOx urolithiasis.

Urolith-forming male Miniature Schnauzers have excessive calciuresis, and the postprandial sampling time up to 8 hours is not critical. This simple urine measurement has potential as a marker of CaOx disease.}, } @article {pmid31890054, year = {2019}, author = {El-Salam, MA and Furtado, N and Haskic, Z and Lieske, J and Bastos, J}, title = {Antiurolithic activity and biotransformation of galloylquinic acids by Aspergillus alliaceus ATCC10060, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404, and Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028b.}, journal = {Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {31890054}, issn = {1878-8181}, support = {U54 DK083908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; U54 DK100227/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Copaifera lucens n-butanolic fraction (BF) was used as a source of galloylquinic acids, and aerobically incubated with Aspergillus alliaceus ATCC10060, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404, and Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028b cultures for 60 and 120 h. Out of the three studied filamentous fungi, A. alliaceus ATCC10060 was able to degrade galloylquinic acids into one major metabolite, 3-O-methylgallic acid (M1). The product was identified by [1]H-NMR, UPLC-MS/MS and its potential effect on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal binding to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells type I surface was studied. Renal cells pretreatment with BF and M1 for 3 h significantly decreased calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal-adherence at 50 μg/mL and 5 μM, respectively. Both M1 and BF significantly reduced surface expression of COM-binding proteins annexin A1 and heat shock protein 90, respectively as evidenced by Western blot analysis of membrane, cytosolic, and whole cell lysate fractions. The compounds also showed antioxidant activities in DPPH assay.}, } @article {pmid31814087, year = {2019}, author = {Thiel, C and Häußler, TC and Kramer, M and Tacke, S}, title = {[Urethrolithiasis in the dog - a retrospective evaluation of 83 male dogs].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, pages = {394-401}, doi = {10.1055/a-1020-3359}, pmid = {31814087}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Urethral calculi are a frequent cause of urinary disorders in male dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate male dogs with urethral stones, which were relocated into the urinary bladder with the support of standardized epidural anesthesia in addition to general anesthesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 83 male dogs with urethral calculi were evaluated regarding clinical signs, localization and number of urethral calculi, diagnostic imaging, surgical procedure and postoperative radiographs. Additionally, bacterial culture and stone type analysis were evaluated. Besides general anesthesia all dogs received an epidural anesthesia.

RESULTS: With one exception all dogs showed signs of urinary disorders, in 33 cases, these were chronic. In 66 cases, urethral stones were diagnosed radiographically and in 11 cases, radiolucent urethral concrements were detected via ultrasonography. In 6 dogs, diagnosis was reached by catheterization and subsequent evidence of stones in the urinary bladder. At the time of presentation, more than one third of the dogs showed urethral calculi only. In 53 % of the dogs (n = 44), 3 or more urethral stones were present. In 77 of 83 dogs (92.7 %), relocation of all urethral stones into the urinary bladder was achieved. During postoperative radiography 9 dogs were diagnosed with residual urethral calculi.

Due to a significant proportion of dogs with sole urethral stones reliable radiological diagnosis of urethral calculi requires precise patient positioning. In cases of radiolucent calculi, ultrasonography of the urethra may lead to a diagnosis, sonographic evaluation of the urinary bladder alone is not sufficient. The use of epidural anesthesia should in the least be considered in cases in which relocation of the urethral stones is not possible by flushing. Postoperative radiographs is advisable in patients with radiodense calculi.}, } @article {pmid31803489, year = {2019}, author = {Mendoza-López, CI and Del-Angel-Caraza, J and Aké-Chiñas, MA and Quijano-Hernández, IA and Barbosa-Mireles, MA}, title = {Epidemiology of feline urolithiasis in Mexico (2006-2017).}, journal = {JFMS open reports}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {2055116919885699}, pmid = {31803489}, issn = {2055-1169}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the proportions of different types of uroliths, characterize the population of cats that present with urolithiasis and determine possible predisposing factors in a population of Mexican cats.

METHODS: This study analyzed clinical specimens of feline urolithiasis submitted to our laboratory in the period from 2006 to 2017. The mineral composition of the uroliths was determined by qualitative and quantitative mineral analyses, performed by stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy.

RESULTS: In the population studied, 54.3% of all uroliths were calcium oxalate, followed by 32.1% struvite and 7.4% purine (urate and xanthine) uroliths, with other types accounting for 6.2% of submissions. The male:female ratio was 1.2:1. Calcium oxalate submissions were predominantly from males and struvite submissions were predominantly from females. The age of the cats with stone submissions ranged from 6 months to 17 years. In cats with calcium oxalate uroliths, 52.3% were aged 7 years or older. Cats with struvite uroliths were younger, with 65.4% younger than 6 years of age. Almost 90% of all submitted uroliths were from domestic shorthair cats.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This is the first epidemiologic study of urolithiasis in cats in Mexico. Age and sex predispositions to common uroliths were identified, as males aged ≥7 years primarily presented with calcium oxalate uroliths and females aged <6 years primarily presented struvite uroliths. Cases of urolithiasis of genetic origin, including xanthinuria and cystinuria, were also detected, in addition to silicate uroliths.}, } @article {pmid31781338, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, YD and Yu, SL and Wang, R and Liu, JN and Jin, YS and Li, YF and An, RH}, title = {Rosiglitazone Suppresses Calcium Oxalate Crystal Binding and Oxalate-Induced Oxidative Stress in Renal Epithelial Cells by Promoting PPAR-γ Activation and Subsequent Regulation of TGF-β1 and HGF Expression.}, journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity}, volume = {2019}, number = {}, pages = {4826525}, pmid = {31781338}, issn = {1942-0994}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism/pathology ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/*biosynthesis ; Hyperoxaluria/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Kidney/*metabolism/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; PPAR gamma/*metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rosiglitazone/*pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/*drug effects ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR-) γ is a ligand-dependent transcription factor, and it has become evident that PPAR-γ agonists have renoprotective effects, but their influence and mechanism during the development of calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis remain unknown. Rosiglitazone (RSG) was used as a representative PPAR-γ agonist in our experiments. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met, p-Met, PPAR-γ, p-PPAR-γ (Ser112), Smad2, Smad3, pSmad2/3, and Smad7 was examined in oxalate-treated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and a stone-forming rat model. A CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the effects of RSG on cell viability. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were monitored, and lipid peroxidation in renal tissue was detected according to superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, the location and extent of CaOx crystal deposition were evaluated by Pizzolato staining. Our results showed that, both in vitro and in vivo, oxalate impaired PPAR-γ expression and phosphorylation, and then accumulative ROS production was observed, accompanied by enhanced TGF-β1 and reduced HGF. These phenomena could be reversed by the addition of RSG. RSG also promoted cell viability and proliferation and decreased oxidative stress damage and CaOx crystal deposition. However, these protective effects of RSG were abrogated by the PPAR-γ-specific inhibitor GW9662. Our results revealed that the reduction of PPAR-γ activity played a critical role in oxalate-induced ROS damage and CaOx stone formation. RSG can regulate TGF-β1 and HGF/c-Met through PPAR-γ to exert antioxidant effects against hyperoxaluria and alleviate crystal deposition. Therefore, PPAR-γ agonists may be expected to be a novel therapy for nephrolithiasis, and this effect is related to PPAR-γ-dependent suppression of oxidative stress.}, } @article {pmid31517580, year = {2019}, author = {Buckley, CN and Lee, AM and Mackin, AJ}, title = {What Is Your Diagnosis?.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {255}, number = {7}, pages = {785-788}, doi = {10.2460/javma.255.7.785}, pmid = {31517580}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Emphysema/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid31478819, year = {2019}, author = {Bishop, BA and Gallagher, AE}, title = {Endoscopic-guided laser lithotripsy for removal of an encrusted ureteral stent in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {255}, number = {6}, pages = {706-709}, doi = {10.2460/javma.255.6.706}, pmid = {31478819}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystoscopy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods/*veterinary ; Stents ; *Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: An 8-year-old spayed female Dalmatian was evaluated because of recurrent urinary tract infections following ureteral stent placement 3 years earlier.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Polyuria, pollakiuria, and hematuria were reported by the owner. Abdominal radiography revealed well-defined, faintly mineralized material superimposed over the distal portion of the previously placed ureteral stent. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed thickening of the bladder wall, right hydroureter, and right pyelectasia; the ureteral stent appeared to extend into a region containing cystic calculi. Cystoscopy revealed small uroliths and mineralized encrustation of the distal portion of the ureteral stent.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: A holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser was used to fragment mineralized material from the distal end of the stent and allow endoscopic transurethral removal. Stone analysis revealed ammonium urate as the major component of the mineralized material. The owner was instructed to feed the dog a diet formulated to decrease the likelihood of urate stone recurrence and to administer marbofloxacin for 6 weeks because of suspected pyelonephritis. Follow-up bacterial culture of a urine sample and abdominal ultrasonography revealed resolution of urinary tract infection, pyelectasia, hydroureter, and associated clinical signs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that endoscopic-guided laser lithotripsy can be used as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for removal of severely encrusted ureteral stents in dogs.}, } @article {pmid31475403, year = {2019}, author = {Peerapen, P and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Protective Cellular Mechanism of Estrogen Against Kidney Stone Formation: A Proteomics Approach and Functional Validation.}, journal = {Proteomics}, volume = {19}, number = {19}, pages = {e1900095}, doi = {10.1002/pmic.201900095}, pmid = {31475403}, issn = {1615-9861}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Estradiol/*pharmacology ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism/*prevention & control ; Kidney Tubules/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Nanotechnology/methods ; Protective Agents/pharmacology ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; }, abstract = {Females have less incidence/prevalence of kidney stone disease than males. Estrogen thus may serve as the protective factor but with unclear mechanism. This study explores cellular mechanism underlying such stone preventive mechanism of estrogen. Madin darby canine kidney (MDCK) renal tubular cells are incubated with or without 20 nm 17β-estradiol for 7 days. Comparative proteomics reveals 58 differentially expressed proteins in estrogen-treated versus control cells that are successfully identified by nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Interestingly, these altered proteins are involved mainly in "binding and receptor," "metabolic process," and "migration and healing" networks. Functional investigations demonstrate reduction of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal-binding capability of the estrogen-treated cells consistent with the decreased levels of annexin A1 and α-enolase (the known CaOx crystal-binding receptors) on the cell surface. High-calcium and high-oxalate challenge initially enhances surface expression of annexin A1 and α-enolase, respectively, both of which return to their basal levels by estrogen. Additionally, estrogen reduces intracellular ATP level and promotes cell migration and tissue healing. Taken together, estrogen causes changes in cellular proteome of renal tubular cells that lead to decreased surface expression of CaOx crystal receptors, reduced intracellular metabolism, and enhanced cell proliferation and tissue healing, all of which may contribute, at least in part, to stone prevention.}, } @article {pmid31471926, year = {2019}, author = {Hunprasit, V and Schreiner, PJ and Bender, JB and Lulich, JP}, title = {Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {2090-2095}, pmid = {31471926}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; United States ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Positive health implications of early recognition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis include increased opportunity for nonsurgical removal, early dietary modification to minimize urolith growth, early removal to avoid urinary obstruction, and early recognition of genetic and metabolic diseases before they contribute to additional morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: To identify high- and low-risk dog breeds for CaOx uroliths and to determine the relationship of age and sex to the development of CaOx uroliths.

ANIMALS: Calcium oxalate urolith submissions between 2010 and 2015.

METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to identify high- and low-risk breeds for CaOx uroliths by comparing cases to multiple comparison groups. At-risk breeds were identified if odds ratios were significant (P value <.05) across all comparison groups.

RESULTS: Of 258 898 urolith submissions, 124 285 were CaOx. Calcium oxalate was identified in 212 breeds. Twelve breeds were identified as high-risk breeds, and 14 breeds were identified as low-risk breeds. All high-risk breeds were small dog breeds, and all low-risk breeds were medium to large dog breeds. Overall, the mean age ± standard deviation of the first CaOx urolith was 8.4 ± 2.8 years.

To achieve the health benefits of preclinical evaluation, breeds at high risk for CaOx urolithiasis should be screened at 5 to 6 years of age, which is 2 to 3 years before likely development of clinical urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid31406035, year = {2019}, author = {Choi, JY and Kim, JH and Han, HJ}, title = {Suspected anaphylactic shock associated with administration of tranexamic acid in a dog.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, pages = {1522-1526}, pmid = {31406035}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Anaphylaxis/chemically induced/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cystitis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Cystotomy ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Hematuria/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Hemorrhage/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Male ; Tranexamic Acid/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 10-year-old male castrated Maltese was referred with clinical signs of hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. The dog was diagnosed with sterile hemorrhagic cystitis with urethroliths and cystoliths. To remove the uroliths, the dog underwent retrograde urohydropropulsion followed by a cystotomy. The following day, persistent bleeding in the urinary bladder was identified with large hematoma, hematuria and anemia. In order to reduce bleeding, the dog received 10 mg/kg of tranexamic acid (TXA) intravenously. Immediately after TXA administration, the dog developed anaphylactic shock manifested by hypotension, hypothermia, tachycardia and a dull mentation. Thus, an emergency treatment including bolus injection of crystalloid, administration of dexamethasone and diphenhydramine, and oxygen supplementation was given, after which the dog quickly recovered within a few minutes.}, } @article {pmid31375153, year = {2019}, author = {Cardoso, KMMC and Souza, IP and Silva, CIF and Nepomuceno, AC and Pimentel, SP and Serakides, R and Ocarino, NM}, title = {Bilateral Primary Obstructive Giant Megaureter in an Adult Dog.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {170}, number = {}, pages = {101-104}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.06.004}, pmid = {31375153}, issn = {1532-3129}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Ureteral Obstruction/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A rare case of bilateral, primary, obstructive, giant megaureter was found during necropsy examination of an 11-year-old female German shepherd dog. On ultrasound examination and at necropsy examination, both ureters were tortuous and extensively dilated with diameter ranging from 1.86 to 4.8 cm. Both vesicoureteral junctions were obstructed by uroliths. A diagnosis of giant megaureter was established using human parameters since these values are not recognized in animals. The classification of obstructive and primary megaureter was determined because the obstruction was due to uroliths at the vesicoureteral junctions.}, } @article {pmid31370897, year = {2019}, author = {Dear, JD and Larsen, JA and Bannasch, M and Hulsebosch, SE and Gagne, JW and Johnson, EG and Westropp, JL}, title = {Evaluation of a dry therapeutic urinary diet and concurrent administration of antimicrobials for struvite cystolith dissolution in dogs.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {273}, pmid = {31370897}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/*therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy/*drug therapy/surgery ; Dogs ; Struvite/*chemistry ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diet therapy/drug therapy/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/drug therapy/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Struvite urolithiasis with bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is commonly reported in dogs; few data exist to describe successful dissolution protocols in dogs with naturally occurring disease. We hypothesized that a dry therapeutic urinary diet combined with targeted antimicrobial therapy can effectively dissolve presumptive struvite cystolithiasis in dogs with naturally occurring urease-producing bacterial UTI.

RESULTS: Ten dogs with presumed infection-induced struvite cystolithiasis based on lower urinary tract signs (LUTS), radiodense cystoliths, and urease-producing bacterial UTI were enrolled. At enrollment, antimicrobials and dry therapeutic urinary diet were dispensed. In addition to lack of radiographic resolution of urolithiasis, dogs with persistent clinical signs were considered non-responders. There was no significant difference in pH between responders and non-responders; USG was significantly higher in the responder group. Recheck visits continued until radiographic dissolution or failure was documented. Five of the 10 dogs achieved radiographic dissolution of cystolithiasis within a median of 31 days (range 19-103). In the other 5 dogs, surgical urolith removal was necessary due to persistent LUTS (3 dogs within 2 weeks) or lack of continued dissolution noted radiographically (1 dog with numerous cystoliths failed at day 91; 1 dog failed by day 57 with questionable owner compliance).

CONCLUSIONS: Dissolution of urinary tract infection induced struvite cystoliths can be accomplished in some dogs fed this dry therapeutic urinary diet in conjunction with antimicrobial therapy. Case selection could increase the likelihood of successful dissolution; however, if calcium phosphate is present, this could also prevent stone dissolution. If clinical signs persist despite diet and antimicrobials, stone removal is advised.}, } @article {pmid31342142, year = {2019}, author = {Sueksakit, K and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Protective effects of finasteride against testosterone-induced calcium oxalate crystallization and crystal-cell adhesion.}, journal = {Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, pages = {973-983}, pmid = {31342142}, issn = {1432-1327}, support = {IRN60W0004//Thailand Research Fund/International ; IRG5980006//Thailand Research Fund/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Finasteride/*pharmacology ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/pathology/*prevention & control ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Testosterone/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Finasteride (a 5α-reductase inhibitor) has been widely used for treatment of several testosterone-related disorders. However, its beneficial role in kidney stone disease had not been previously investigated. This study thus addressed whether finasteride has any protective effects against testosterone-induced calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stone formation. Renal tubular cells were treated with testosterone with/without finasteride for 72 h. Western blotting revealed the increased level of α-enolase (a known COM crystal receptor) in whole-cell lysate, apical membrane, and cytosolic fraction of the testosterone-treated cells. Immunofluorescence staining also showed the increased levels of surface and intracellular α-enolase in the testosterone-treated cells. In addition, testosterone significantly increased the number of adherent COM crystals on the cell surface. All of these effects were completely abolished by finasteride treatment. Interestingly, the secreted proteins from testosterone-treated cells significantly increased COM crystallization, but did not affect crystal growth and aggregation. Again, such promoting effect of testosterone on COM crystallization was completely abolished by finasteride. These data indicate that finasteride effectively protects testosterone-induced kidney stone formation by restoring apical surface expression of α-enolase and COM crystal-cell adhesion to their basal levels. Moreover, finasteride can also neutralize the promoting effect of testosterone on COM crystallization.}, } @article {pmid31322040, year = {2020}, author = {Kaul, E and Hartmann, K and Reese, S and Dorsch, R}, title = {Recurrence rate and long-term course of cats with feline lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {544-556}, pmid = {31322040}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Cats ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Long-Term Care/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Recurrence ; Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/etiology/mortality/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) causes clinical signs such as stranguria, pollakiuria, haematuria, vocalisation and periuria, and is often associated with recurring episodes. The primary objective of this study was to survey the long-term course of cats presenting with FLUTD in terms of recurrence rate and mortality.

METHODS: Data from cats that were presented with lower urinary tract signs from 2010 to 2013 were collected by telephone interview with cat owners, using a questionnaire. The observation period ranged from the first presentation due to FLUTD to the telephone interview or the cat's death. Data on diagnoses, recurrence of clinical signs and disease-free intervals, as well as implementation and impact of prophylactic measures (PMs), were collected and compared between groups with different aetiologies.

RESULTS: The study included 101 cats. Fifty-two cats were diagnosed with feline idiopathic cystitis, 21 with urolithiasis and 13 with bacterial urinary tract infection; 15 had no definitive diagnosis. Of the 86 cats with a known diagnosis, the recurrence rate was 58.1%, with no significant difference between groups. Twenty-one cats had one relapse, 12 had two relapses, 10 had three and seven had four to eight relapses within a median observation period of 38 months (range 0.5-138 months). Fourteen cats suffered from different causes of FLUTD at different episodes. Mortality due to FLUTD among all 101 cats was 5.0%. The recurrence rate in cats with urolithiasis receiving at least two PMs was significantly lower than the recurrence rate in those without PMs (P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: More than half of the cats with FLUTD presented with two or more recurrent episodes irrespective of the identified aetiology. Cats should be thoroughly investigated at each presentation as it cannot be presumed that the cause of FLUTD is the same at different episodes. The mortality due to FLUTD is lower than previously reported.}, } @article {pmid31298636, year = {2019}, author = {Petrovsky, B and Berent, AC and Weisse, CW and Branter, E and Bagley, DH and Lamb, KE}, title = {Endoscopic nephrolithotomy for the removal of complicated nephroliths in dogs and cats: 16 kidneys in 12 patients (2005-2017).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {255}, number = {3}, pages = {352-365}, doi = {10.2460/javma.255.3.352}, pmid = {31298636}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Obstruction/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe techniques and outcomes for dogs and cats undergoing endoscopic nephrolithotomy (ENL) for the removal of complicated nephroliths.

ANIMALS: 11 dogs and 1 cat (n = 16 renal units) with complicated nephroliths that underwent ENL via a surgically assisted ENL approach (12 renal units) or a percutaneous nephrolithotomy approach (4 renal units) between December 2005 and June 2017.

PROCEDURES: Data were obtained from the medical records regarding preoperative, operative, and postoperative findings. Follow-up information on complications and outcomes was also collected.

RESULTS: Indications for nephrolith removal included massive calculi displacing parenchyma (n = 7), recurrent urinary tract infections (5), and ureteral outflow obstruction (4). Median nephrolith diameter was 2.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 5.7 cm). Nephrolith composition differed among patients; calcium oxalate was the most common type (n = 7 [including 2 mixed nephroliths containing ≥ 60% calcium oxalate]). Following ENL (median duration, 180 minutes), 15 of 16 renal units were completely nephrolith free. Procedure-related complications included renal puncture-associated hemorrhage requiring a blood transfusion (n = 1), renal capsule tear (1), and ureteral puncture (1); all were managed without adverse consequence. Five of 12 patients remained alive at the final follow-up (median, 557 days after ENL), and none died from the procedure.

ENL as performed was safe and effective in removing complicated nephroliths in a renal-sparing manner for the patients in this study. This procedure requires technical training and could be considered for the treatment of complicated nephrolithiasis in dogs and possibly cats.}, } @article {pmid31013525, year = {2019}, author = {Pantke, P}, title = {[Management of urethral stones in dogs using pneumatic and laser lithotripsy].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {77-83}, doi = {10.1055/a-0858-9613}, pmid = {31013525}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy/methods/*veterinary ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*veterinary ; Male ; Records/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urethral Diseases/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Description of clinical experience with two different lithotripsy modalities for treatment of urethral stones in dogs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis (October 2016 - November 2017) of medical records from dogs with urinary stones that underwent transurethral pneumatic or laser lithotripsy.

RESULTS: In 28 male and 5 female dogs, either pneumatic lithotripsy (39 %) or laser lithotripsy (61 %) was performed. In the urethra, stone free rates of 100 % in females and over 85 % in males could be achieved using either fragmentation modality. In 3 of 28 (11 %) male dogs, after fragmentation of urethral stones, urethral patency was impaired because of endoscopically suspected polypoid urethritis requiring urethrostomy. In 8 out of 28 (29 %) male dogs and in 1 of 5 (20 %) female dogs, an additional lithocystotomy was necessary to achieve stone-free status in the lower urinary tract.

Transurethral pneumatic or laser lithotripsy of urinary stones is a successful procedure in dogs. Major pathological conditions of the urethral mucosa may require further surgical or interventional methods for the restoration of a functional urethra.}, } @article {pmid30994963, year = {2019}, author = {Culler, CA and Fick, M and Vigani, A}, title = {Ultrasound-guided placement of pigtail cystostomy tubes in dogs with urethral obstruction.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {331-336}, doi = {10.1111/vec.12832}, pmid = {30994963}, issn = {1476-4431}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystostomy/instrumentation/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Ultrasonography, Interventional/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Circumstances such as the inability to pass a retrograde urinary catheter or a lack of surgeon availability may prevent immediate relief of urethral obstruction in dogs. In such situations, a cystostomy tube may be placed with ultrasound guidance to allow urinary diversion until further treatment is possible.

KEY FINDINGS: A case of a 5-year-old male neutered Swiss Mountain dog with an obstructive urolith at the level of the os penis is used to describe the technique. Multiple attempts to pass a urinary catheter under sedation were unsuccessful. A pigtail cystostomy tube was placed with ultrasound guidance to allow urinary diversion. The dog was discharged from the hospital within 2 days after scrotal urethrostomy and the dog made a full recovery. Ultrasound-guided placement of a pigtail cystostomy tube was straightforward and without complications.

SIGNIFICANCE: Ultrasound-guided placement of a pigtail cystostomy tube may be beneficial as it is not technically challenging, can be performed rapidly, and may avoid the need for general anesthesia. Additionally, ultrasound is readily available and an inexperienced ultrasonographer can easily locate the urinary bladder. This report serves to provide a detailed technique of ultrasound-guided placement of a pigtail cystostomy tube in dogs for emergency urinary diversion.}, } @article {pmid30851134, year = {2019}, author = {Groth, EM and Lulich, JP and Chew, DJ and Parker, VJ and Furrow, E}, title = {Vitamin D metabolism in dogs with and without hypercalciuric calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {758-763}, pmid = {30851134}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/urine ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/*blood/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Urolithiasis/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/*blood/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism in people with calcium nephrolithiasis, but limited data are available on vitamin D status in dogs with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in dogs with and without hypercalciuric CaOx urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: Thirty-eight dogs with (n = 19) and without (n = 19) a history of CaOx urolithiasis and hypercalciuria.

METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2 D], and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2 D] were measured. The ratios of 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2 D and 1,25(OH)2 D/25(OH)D were compared between cases and controls.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences between cases and controls when comparing 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2 D, 1,25(OH)2 D, or 1,25(OH)2 D/25(OH)D. Cases had higher 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2 D (median = 1.40, range = 0.98-1.58) compared to controls (median = 1.16, range = 0.92-2.75; P = .01). There was overlap in the ranges for 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2 D between cases and controls, but 6 cases (32%) had ratios above the control dog range. There was a moderate positive correlation between the ratio of 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2 D and urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratios (r = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.10-0.64; P = .01).

These data suggest that decreased conversion of 25(OH)D to 24,25(OH)2 D occurs in a subset of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis. Abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism might contribute to stone risk in dogs.}, } @article {pmid30736892, year = {2019}, author = {Milligan, M and Berent, AC}, title = {Medical and Interventional Management of Upper Urinary Tract Uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {157-174}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.11.004}, pmid = {30736892}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/veterinary ; *Urinary Tract ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine ; }, abstract = {Nephroliths are often clinically silent. When non-obstructive and of an amenable stone type, dissolution should be attempted. When problematic, nephrolithotomy can be considered. Depending on stone type, size, and species, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or endoscopic nephrolithotomy are preferred techniques. Obstructive ureterolithiasis should be addressed immediately to preserve kidney function. Because of decreased morbidity and mortality and versatility for all causes, interventional techniques for kidney decompression are preferred by the authors. Proper training and expertise in these interventional techniques should be acquired before performing them on clinical patients for the best possible outcomes.}, } @article {pmid30720053, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, X and Yang, T and Li, J and Yang, R and Qi, S and Zhao, Y and Li, L and Li, J and Zhang, X and Yang, K and Xu, Y and Liu, C}, title = {Metformin prevents nephrolithiasis formation by inhibiting the expression of OPN and MCP-1 in vitro and in vivo.}, journal = {International journal of molecular medicine}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {1611-1622}, pmid = {30720053}, issn = {1791-244X}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL2/genetics/*metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Ethylene Glycol ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/blood/*drug therapy/*prevention & control/urine ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Metformin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Osteopontin/genetics/*metabolism ; Oxalates ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Up-Regulation/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Treatment targeting osteopontin (OPN) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‑1) has been recognized as a novel approach in renal crystal formation. The present study was designed to investigate the suppressive effects of metformin on nephrolithiasis formation and its potential mechanism. The cytotoxicity of metformin on MDCK and HK‑2 cells was determined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay in vitro. Subsequently, the mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative‑polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis and ELISA. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into a control group, ethylene glycol (EG) group and EG + metformin group. The expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN and crystal formations were evaluated in renal tissues following an 8‑week treatment period. In vitro, metformin significantly inhibited the production of MCP‑1 and OPN induced by oxalate at the mRNA and protein expression levels. In vivo, increased expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN were detected in the EG group compared with the controls, and this upregulation was reversed in the EG + metformin group. Renal crystal deposition in the EG + metformin group was markedly decreased compared with that in the EG group. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that metformin suppressed urinary crystal deposit formation, possibly by mediating the expression of inflammatory mediators OPN and MCP‑1.}, } @article {pmid30694098, year = {2019}, author = {Chacar, FC and Kogika, MM and Ferreira, AC and Kanayama, KK and Reche, A}, title = {Total serum magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease with nephrolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {1172-1180}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X18823588}, pmid = {30694098}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*blood/diagnosis ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium/*blood ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/blood/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood/diagnosis/*veterinary ; *Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Magnesium has been 'the forgotten ion' for many years. Over the past decade, however, the role of magnesium in essential physiological functions and several illness conditions have been elucidated. Nevertheless, the investigation of magnesium in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrolithiasis is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CKD cats with nephrolithiasis have changes in total serum magnesium concentrations, and whether magnesium disorders may be associated with other electrolyte disturbances, as well as with prognosis. We also aimed to evaluate whether total serum magnesium concentration differs between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis.

METHODS: Total serum magnesium concentrations were assessed in 42 cats with CKD with stage 1-4 nephrolithiasis. The correlation between magnesium and other electrolytes, as well as Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, were performed. We also selected 14 control cats with CKD without nephrolithiasis age-matched with 14 cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis.

RESULTS: Hypermagnesemia was observed in 16/42 (38.1%) and hypomagnesemia in 6/42 (14.3%) cats. Serum magnesium abnormalities were observed in cats of all stages, and marked hypermagnesemia was noted in cats with stage 4 CKD with nephrolithiasis (P <0.001). There was a negative correlation between total serum magnesium and ionized calcium (r = -0.64; P <0.01), and a positive correlation between total serum magnesium and serum phosphorus (r = 0.58, P = 0.01). Cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis and hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia had higher mortality than those with normal total serum magnesium concentration (P <0.01), regardless of CKD stage. There was no difference in total serum magnesium concentration between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cats with CKD with nephrolithiasis have magnesium abnormalities. Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were associated with an increase in mortality, and thus total serum magnesium abnormalities may be used as prognostic factors in these cases.}, } @article {pmid30666722, year = {2019}, author = {Labadie, JD and Magzamen, S and Morley, PS and Anderson, GB and Yoshimoto, J and Avery, AC}, title = {Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {764-775}, pmid = {30666722}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Dietary Supplements ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*immunology ; Dogs ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Female ; Flow Cytometry/veterinary ; Hypothyroidism/veterinary ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/epidemiology/immunology/*veterinary ; Male ; Mite Infestations/veterinary ; T-Lymphocytes ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: T-zone lymphoma (TZL), an indolent disease in older dogs, comprises approximately 12% of lymphomas in dogs. TZL cells exhibit an activated phenotype, indicating the disease may be antigen-driven. Prior research found that asymptomatic aged Golden Retrievers (GLDRs) commonly have populations of T-zone-like cells (phenotypically identical to TZL) of undetermined significance (TZUS).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations of inflammatory conditions, TZL and TZUS, using a case-control study of GLDRs.

ANIMALS: TZL cases (n = 140), flow cytometrically diagnosed, were identified through Colorado State University's Clinical Immunology Laboratory. Non-TZL dogs, recruited through either a database of owners interested in research participation or the submitting clinics of TZL cases, were subsequently flow cytometrically classified as TZUS (n = 221) or control (n = 147).

METHODS: Health history, signalment, environmental, and lifestyle factors were obtained from owner-completed questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, obtaining separate estimates for TZL and TZUS (versus controls).

RESULTS: Hypothyroidism (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7), omega-3 supplementation (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), and mange (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21.1) were significantly associated with TZL. Gastrointestinal disease (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.98-5.8) had nonsignificantly increased TZL odds. Two shared associations for TZL and TZUS were identified: bladder infection or calculi (TZL OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 0.96-12.7; TZUS OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.9-13.7) and eye disease (TZL OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.97-5.2; TZUS OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.99-3.8).

These findings may elucidate pathways involved in TZUS risk and progression from TZUS to TZL. Further investigation into the protective association of omega-3 supplements is warranted.}, } @article {pmid30651647, year = {2019}, author = {Butty, EM and Bua, AS and Vanstone, NP and Dunn, ME}, title = {Retained laser fiber in the nidus of a recurrent cystine urolith in an intact male English bulldog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {29-32}, pmid = {30651647}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cystine ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Foreign Bodies/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Lithotripsy, Laser/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A lithotripsy and percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) were performed on a 5-year-old intact male English bulldog. The composition of the uroliths was 100% cystine. When a second PCCL was performed 2 months later, the nidus of the largest urolith was a segment of an optical fiber broken off during laser lithotripsy.}, } @article {pmid30641472, year = {2019}, author = {Luskin, AC and Lulich, JP and Gresch, SC and Furrow, E}, title = {Bone resorption in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {129-134}, pmid = {30641472}, issn = {1532-2661}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bone Resorption/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {People with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) often have evidence of increased bone resorption, but bone turnover has not previously been investigated in dogs with these conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether a marker of bone resorption, β-crosslaps, differs between dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH compared to controls. This retrospective, cross-sectional study used a canine specific ELISA to measure β-crosslaps concentrations in stored frozen serum samples from 20 dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH and 20 breed-, sex-, and age-matched stone-free controls (18 Miniature Schnauzers, 14 Bichons Frise, and 8 Shih Tzus). Dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and IH had lower β-crosslaps concentrations relative to controls (P = .0043), and β-crosslaps had a moderate negative correlation with urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratios (r = -0.44, P = .0044). Miniature Schnauzers had lower β-crosslaps concentrations than the other two breeds (P = .0035). The ELISA had acceptable intra-assay precision, but concentrations decreased when samples were repeatedly assayed over time. Assay recovery rates were also below acceptance criteria. In conclusion, Miniature Schnauzers, Bichons Frise, and Shih Tzus with CaOx urolithiasis and IH have evidence of decreased bone resorption compared to stone-free controls. This suggests that other causes of IH, such as intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, underlie risk for CaOx urolithiasis in these breeds. Results should be confirmed in larger populations and with other β-crosslaps assays and additional biomarkers of bone turnover. The stability of canine serum β-crosslaps after freeze-thaw cycles and storage at various temperatures requires investigation.}, } @article {pmid30592904, year = {2018}, author = {Yoong, YT and Fujita, K and Galway, A and Liu, MH and Cabana, F}, title = {UROLITH PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN ASIAN SMALL-CLAWED OTTERS (AONYX CINEREUS).}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {863-869}, doi = {10.1638/2018-0089.1}, pmid = {30592904}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Calcium, Dietary/*adverse effects ; Diet/veterinary ; Nutrients/analysis ; *Otters ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths (urinary stones) are routinely found in both domestic and exotic animals kept under human care. In zoos, Asian small-clawed otters (ASCOs, Aonyx cinereus) have been identified as being particularly prone to this disease. Risk factors are thought to be nutritional; however, recommendations contradict each other, depending on which physiological model was used. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of uroliths in ASCOs under human care and to evaluate which feeding patterns and nutrients may be linked to their occurrence. Questionnaires were sent to zoos holding ASCOs in North America (AZA), Europe (EAZA), and Japan and Southeast Asia (Asia) asking about diets and medical histories of all ASCOs alive or dead within the last 10 yr. A risk-factor style binary logistic regression was conducted on these data. A total of 94 questionnaires were received; however, only 56 were usable (15.6% return rate), representing 161 otter cases. AZA had the significantly highest incidence of kidney stones (62.8%), followed by EAZA (12.9%) and Asia (9.4%). Age and calcium were risk factors, whereas crude protein and sodium were protective. Therefore, calcium may need to be controlled within their diet. A diet high in fish and crustaceans may be beneficial and is consistent with wild ASCO diets. The feline model may be the best choice out of other models; however, many factors cannot be compared with ASCO, such as urinary pH.}, } @article {pmid30583809, year = {2019}, author = {Queau, Y}, title = {Nutritional Management of Urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {175-186}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.10.004}, pmid = {30583809}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy ; Dogs ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine ; }, abstract = {Dietary management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats is designed to dissolve calculi when possible and/or reduce the risk of recurrence. The diet must reduce urine relative supersaturation for the particular salt in order to prevent crystallization. To decrease urinary concentrations of crystal precursors, increasing water intake is essential regardless of the stone type. Altering the amounts of dietary precursors of the stone and controlling urine pH is mostly effective for struvite, urate, xanthine, and cystine, but still subject to controversy for calcium oxalate. The investigation of underlying metabolic disorders and close monitoring of animals at risk is recommended.}, } @article {pmid30532288, year = {2018}, author = {Hesse, A and Frick, M and Orzekowsky, H and Failing, K and Neiger, R}, title = {Canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis: Frequency of Whewellite and Weddellite stones from 1979 to 2015.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {59}, number = {12}, pages = {1305-1310}, pmid = {30532288}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study reports on a retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data from calcium oxalate stones in dogs differentiated into calcium oxalate monohydrate (Whewellite, Wh) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (Weddellite, Wd). Of the 22 456 uroliths submitted from 1979 to 2015, 6690 (29.8%) were composed of > 70% calcium oxalate. During the observation period, the proportion of calcium oxalate stones rose from 4% (1979) to 46% (2015). Of all the calcium oxalate stones, 31.0% were Wh and 49.4% Wd, while 19.6% were a mixture of Wh and Wd. The dogs with Wh stones were significantly older than the dogs with Wd stones. Several breeds have increased odds ratios (OR) for either Wh (5 highest OR: Norwich terrier, keeshond, Norfolk terrier, fox terrier, sheltie) or Wd (Pomeranian, borzoi, Japanese spitz, Finnish lapphund, bichon frise). Analytical differentiation of the calcium oxalate stones into Wh and Wd is important for understanding the cause and possible treatment and prevention of the uroliths.}, } @article {pmid30398425, year = {2018}, author = {Berent, AC and Weisse, CW and Bagley, DH and Lamb, K}, title = {Use of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in cats: 174 ureters in 134 cats (2009-2015).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {253}, number = {10}, pages = {1309-1327}, doi = {10.2460/javma.253.10.1309}, pmid = {30398425}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Equipment and Supplies/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents/veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To determine outcomes of subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device placement for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in cats. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 134 cats with SUB devices placed in 174 obstructed ureters during 144 hospitalizations. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction between 2009 and 2015 were reviewed. The SUB device was placed by use of fluoroscopic and surgical methods. Signalment, history, diagnostic imaging results, postprocedural results, duration of hospitalization, complications, and short- and long-term outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Ureteral obstructions were caused by ureterolithiasis (114/174 [65.5%]), stricture (28/174 [16.1%]), both ureterolithiasis and stricture (29/174 [16.7%]), or pyonephrosis (1/174 [0.6%]); in 2 (1.1%) cats, the cause was not recorded. Fifty-two of the 134 (39%) cats had bilateral ureteral obstruction. At admission, 127 (95%) cats were azotemic. Median serum creatinine concentrations at admission and 3 months after SUB device placement were 6.6 and 2.6 mg/dL, respectively. Median renal pelvis diameters before and after the procedure were 9.2 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Postsurgical complications included device occlusion with blood clots (14/172 [8.1%]), device leakage (6/172 [3.5%]), and kinking of the device tubing (8/174 [4.6%]). Cats survived to hospital discharge after 135 of the 144 (94%) hospital admissions. The most common long-term complication was catheter mineralization (40/165 [24.2%]), which was documented a median of 463 days after device placement. A high postoperative serum ionized calcium concentration was significantly associated with SUB device occlusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that SUB device placement may be a viable option for treatment of cats with benign ureteral obstruction.}, } @article {pmid30392432, year = {2019}, author = {Okafor, CC and Pearl, DL and Blois, SL and Lefebvre, SL and Yang, M and Lund, EM and Dewey, CE}, title = {Factors associated with hematuric struvite crystalluria in cats.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {922-930}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X18809176}, pmid = {30392432}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/urine ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Struvite/metabolism/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to identify any dietary, signalment, geographic and clinical factors associated with hematuric struvite crystalluria (HSC) in a population of cats that visit general care veterinary hospitals in the USA.

METHODS: In total, 4032 cats that had a first-time diagnosis of HSC and 8064 control cats with no history of hematuria or crystalluria were identified from medical records of all cats examined between 2007 and 2011 at 790 US veterinary hospitals. Extracted variables included age, sex, neuter status, breed, diet, urinalysis results and history of cystitis. Potential associations between these variables and HSC were estimated.

RESULTS: Controlling for other factors, young cats fed a dry diet had an increased likelihood of HSC relative to young cats fed a non-dry diet. However, as age increased, the likelihood of HSC declined for cats fed a dry diet and increased for cats fed a non-dry diet. Moreover, the odds of HSC were significantly greater when cats were unneutered (vs neutered; odds ratio [OR] 45.52) or had a thin (vs heavy) body condition (OR 23.81), diagnosis of cystitis (OR 2.84), urine protein concentration >30 mg/dl (OR 4.72), alkaline (vs neutral) urine pH (OR 3.34), pyuria (OR 23.67) or bacteriuria (OR 2.24).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The present study provides estimates of the strengths of association between HSC and certain signalment and clinical characteristics of cats. This information could help clinicians to perform a more directed screening for struvite crystalluria in certain cat populations. Follow-up studies that build on the findings of this study could explore the clinical importance of HSC in cats.}, } @article {pmid30317563, year = {2019}, author = {Li, S and Lan, Y and Wu, W and Duan, X and Kong, Z and Wu, W and Zeng, G}, title = {Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulates renal crystal retention associated with high oxalate concentration by regulating tubular epithelial cellular transdifferentiation.}, journal = {Journal of cellular physiology}, volume = {234}, number = {3}, pages = {2837-2850}, doi = {10.1002/jcp.27102}, pmid = {30317563}, issn = {1097-4652}, mesh = {Anilides/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects/*genetics ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/drug effects/growth & development/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*genetics/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; PPAR gamma/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics ; Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The differentiated phenotype of renal tubular epithelial cell exerts significant effect on crystal adherence. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been shown to be critical for the regulation of cell transdifferentiation in many physiological and pathological conditions; however, little is known about its role in kidney stone formation. In the current study, we found that temporarily high oxalate concentration significantly decreased PPARγ expression, induced Madin Darby Canine Kidney cell dedifferentiation, and prompted subsequent calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal adhesion in vitro. Furthermore, cell redifferentiation after the removal of the high oxalate concentration, along with a decreasing affinity to crystals, was an endogenic PPARγ-dependent process. In addition, the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, which can depress total-PPARγ expression and activity, enhanced cell dedifferentiation induced by high oxalate concentration and inhibited cell redifferentiation after removal of the high oxalate concentration. These effects were partially reversed by the PPARγ agonist 15d-PGJ2. Similar results were observed in animals that suffered from temporary hyperoxaluria followed by a recovery period. The active crystal-clearing process occurs through the transphenotypical morphology of renal tubular epithelial cells, reflecting cell transdifferentiation during the recovery period. However, GW9662 delayed cell redifferentiation and increased the secondary temporary crystalluria-induced crystal retention. This detrimental effect was partially reversed by 15d-PGJ2. Taken together, our results revealed that endogenic PPARγ activity plays a vital regulatory role in crystal clearance, subsequent crystal adherence, and CaOx stone formation via manipulating the transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells.}, } @article {pmid30270758, year = {2018}, author = {Cohen, SM}, title = {Crystalluria and Chronic Kidney Disease.}, journal = {Toxicologic pathology}, volume = {46}, number = {8}, pages = {949-955}, doi = {10.1177/0192623318800711}, pmid = {30270758}, issn = {1533-1601}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry/*etiology/*urine ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/*chemically induced/*urine ; Triazines/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Crystalluria can involve the kidney and lower urinary tract, can produce acute and chronic effects, and occurs in all mammalian species. Most commonly urinary crystals contain calcium. Numerous other endogenous and exogenous substances can produce crystalluria. Crystals are identified in kidneys of many species, up to 100% in certain rat strains. More severe renal disease (acute tubular necrosis and chronic renal disease) can be secondary to crystal accumulation, such as observed with melamine-cyanuric acid in cats and dogs. Aggregation of crystals leads to calculi that act as urothelial abrasives with consequent regenerative proliferation. Accumulation in the kidney pelvis or bladder can lead to partial or complete obstruction and hydronephrosis. Long-term presence of urinary tract calculi in rodents leads to increased risk of urothelial tumors, but not in humans. Crystals in the lower urinary tract can act as irritants in rodents, but not in humans. It is critical that specific procedures are followed to optimize the presence of crystals in urine for diagnosis, including not fasting the animals. Numerous factors have been identified which can enhance or inhibit crystal formation. Extrapolation from animals for the threshold toxicity of crystals/calculi is appropriate but is not relevant for cancer risk assessment.}, } @article {pmid30255027, year = {2018}, author = {Reines, BP and Wagner, RA}, title = {Resurrecting FUS: Adrenal Androgens as an Ultimate Cause of Hematuria, Periuria, Pollakuria, Stranguria, Urolithiasis and Obstruction in Neutered Cats.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {207}, pmid = {30255027}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Although many authors have doubted that "feline urological syndrome" (FUS) describes a real pathogenetic entity, because it subsumes such a large variety of signs, Sumner's recent finding that urethral obstruction occurs most frequently in springtime adds to a large body of evidence that lower urinary tract problems occur most commonly in late winter and spring. This suggests that FUS may be a unitary disorder, with a hormonal basis, driven by increasing day length. We argue that rising adrenal androgens (AA) in neutered cats induce stress, and other more concrete manifestations of FUS through androgen-driven mechanisms.}, } @article {pmid30180268, year = {2018}, author = {Nesser, VE and Reetz, JA and Clarke, DL and Aronson, LR}, title = {Radiographic distribution of ureteral stones in 78 cats.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {47}, number = {7}, pages = {895-901}, doi = {10.1111/vsu.12934}, pmid = {30180268}, issn = {1532-950X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lithotripsy ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To document the distribution of ureteral stones in cats.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: Seventy-eight cats.

METHODS: Abdominal radiographs with ureteral stones were reviewed. The location of stones was categorized as proximal ureter (PU), midureter (MU), or ureterovesicular junction (UVJ). The number, size, and location of stones were recorded by using the kidneys and vertebral bodies as landmarks. Stone location in cats with 1 versus multiple stones was assessed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the incidence of ureteral stone location.

RESULTS: Among cats with a single stone (44%, 34/78), 44% (15/34) had a stone in the PU, 41% (14/34) had a stone in the MU, and 15% (5/34) had a stone at the UVJ. When multiple stones were present, 61% (27/44) of cats had at least 1 stone located in the PU, 70% (31/44) had at least 1 stone located in the MU, and 34% (15/44) had at least 1 stone located at the UVJ. The L4 vertebral body most commonly marked stone location in cats with 1 stone and the most distal stone in cats with multiple stones. Stones located at the UVJ site were more common in male (37%) than in female (12%) cats (P = 0.004). Larger stone size was associated with a more proximal location (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION: Ureteral stones were more commonly located in the PU and the MU than in the UVJ. UVJ stones were more common in male than in female cats, and larger stones had a more proximal location.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study enhances our understanding of feline ureteral stone location and identifies a correlation between stone location and stone size.}, } @article {pmid30104785, year = {2018}, author = {Swieton, N}, title = {Urinary calculi in a shih tzu dog with hyperadrenocorticism.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, pages = {905-907}, pmid = {30104785}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; Dihydrotestosterone/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Dogs ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Female ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {An 11-year-old spayed female shih tzu dog was presented with pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria. Radiographs revealed a large number of radiodense urinary calculi within the bladder. Physical examination, complete blood cell count, biochemistry and ACTH stimulation test suggested possible hyperadrenocorticism. A cystotomy was performed and the patient was treated for hyperadrenocorticism.}, } @article {pmid30098647, year = {2018}, author = {Cléroux, A}, title = {Minimally Invasive Management of Uroliths in Cats and Dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {875-889}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.05.008}, pmid = {30098647}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Lithotripsy, Laser/veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis commonly affects cats and dogs. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine established guidelines for the treatment of uroliths that reflect modern techniques prioritizing minimally invasive procedures with an emphasis on prevention strategies to limit morbidity and mortality. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and endoscopic nephrolithotomy constitute some of the minimally invasive treatment modalities available for upper urinary tract uroliths. Cystoscopic-guided basket retrieval, cystoscopic-guided laser lithotripsy, and percutaneous cystolithotomy are minimally invasive options for the management of lower urinary tract uroliths. Following stone removal, prevention strategies are essential to help reduce morbidity and mortality associated with stone recurrence.}, } @article {pmid30065810, year = {2018}, author = {Nikousefat, Z and Hashemnia, M and Javdani, M and Ghashghaii, A}, title = {Obstructive bacterial cystitis following cystotomy in a Persian cat.}, journal = {Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {199-203}, pmid = {30065810}, issn = {2008-8140}, abstract = {Feline lower urinary tract diseases are known to be life threatening conditions in cats, especially when they occur as obstructive diseases in males. Early diagnosis and treatment is necessary, otherwise it may lead to death. A 3-year-old male Persian cat was referred to the clinic with a history of anuria, lethargy, loss of appetite and exploratory cystotomy 6 months ago due to urethral obstruction following urolithiasis. Urinary bladder was enlarged and painful on palpation and urine accumulation was observed in ultrasonography. Biochemical and hematological analyses revealed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia and increase in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit. Urine analysis showed a turbid appearance, protein 1+, blood 3+, pH reduction, increased WBCs and RBCs and presence of bacteria, calcium oxalate crystals and epithelial cells. Urine culture reveled Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Postoperatively, microscopic examinations of the urinary bladder biopsy showed pathological lesions of bacterial cystitis. Based on these findings, bacterial cystitis and urethral obstruction due to post-operative urinary tract infections were diagnosed. For treatment, electrolyte imbalances were corrected firstly, cystotomy was performed and a catheter was conducted into the urethra; then, urethra was flushed and obstruction was resolved. Ampicillin was effective in reducing the bacterial count in urine. Despite the fact that cystotomy is a common procedure in veterinary medicine, clinicians should be aware of its complications such as post-operative urinary tract infections.}, } @article {pmid30050866, year = {2018}, author = {Kim, HT and Loftus, JP and Gagné, JW and Rutzke, MA and Glahn, RP and Wakshlag, JJ}, title = {Evaluation of selected ultra-trace minerals in commercially available dry dog foods.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {43-51}, pmid = {30050866}, issn = {2230-2034}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the concentrations of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, silica, and aluminum in several commercially available dry dog foods and compare these with current World Health Organization's (WHO) mean human daily dietary intake. Conversion of dietary intake per megacalorie (Mcal) for both dog foods and human average intake was performed based on the National Research Council recommendation of a 2,900 kcal diet for comparative purposes to average intake and potential toxic exposure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine over-the-counter dry foods formulated for maintenance of healthy dogs yet listed as all life stage foods were analyzed. Concentrations of the ultra-trace minerals were measured via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and represented per Mcal for comparative purposes as it relates to common intake in dogs in comparison with humans.

RESULTS: Chromium, molybdenum, and aluminum concentrations in all of the dog foods were at levels that would be considered above average human daily consumption on a caloric basis. Nickel and silica calculated intakes per Mcal were comparable with human intake patterns, while both trace minerals displayed outliers exceeding at least twofold of the upper range of human daily intake.

CONCLUSION: Overall, ultra-trace minerals found in dog foods were above the expected average daily intake for humans on a caloric basis. There was no evidence of potential chronic toxic exposure based on presumptive intake extrapolated from WHO published toxic intake concentrations for humans or domestic animals. The large range of silica intake from various foods (2.96-83.67 mg/1,000 kcal) may have health implications in dogs prone to silica urolithiasis. Further studies investigating the bioavailability of these ultra-trace minerals and establishing dietary ultra-trace mineral allowance would be ideal; however, based on these findings, consumption of these ultra-trace minerals in over-the-counter dry dog foods appears safe.}, } @article {pmid30043186, year = {2018}, author = {Brooks, ED and Landau, DJ and Everitt, JI and Brown, TT and Grady, KM and Waskowicz, L and Bass, CR and D'Angelo, J and Asfaw, YG and Williams, K and Kishnani, PS and Koeberl, DD}, title = {Long-term complications of glycogen storage disease type Ia in the canine model treated with gene replacement therapy.}, journal = {Journal of inherited metabolic disease}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {965-976}, pmid = {30043186}, issn = {1573-2665}, support = {R01 DK105434/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*etiology ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics/metabolism ; Glycogen Storage Disease Type I/*complications/*therapy ; Hypoglycemia/genetics/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/*etiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) in dogs closely resembles human GSD Ia. Untreated patients with GSD Ia develop complications associated with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency. Survival of human patients on intensive nutritional management has improved; however, long-term complications persist including renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), and a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Affected dogs fail to thrive with dietary therapy alone. Treatment with gene replacement therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing G6Pase has greatly prolonged life and prevented hypoglycemia in affected dogs. However, long-term complications have not been described to date.

METHODS: Five GSD Ia-affected dogs treated with AAV-G6Pase were evaluated. Dogs were euthanized due to reaching humane endpoints related to liver and/or kidney involvement, at 4 to 8 years of life. Necropsies were performed and tissues were analyzed.

RESULTS: Four dogs had liver tumors consistent with HCA and HCC. Three dogs developed renal failure, but all dogs exhibited progressive kidney disease histologically. Urolithiasis was detected in two dogs; uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. One affected and one carrier dog had polycystic ovarian disease. Bone mineral density was not significantly affected.

CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show that the canine GSD Ia model demonstrates similar long-term complications as GSD Ia patients in spite of gene replacement therapy. Further development of gene therapy is needed to develop a more effective treatment to prevent long-term complications of GSD Ia.}, } @article {pmid30039567, year = {2018}, author = {Hoffman, JM and Lourenço, BN and Promislow, DEL and Creevy, KE}, title = {Canine hyperadrenocorticism associations with signalment, selected comorbidities and mortality within North American veterinary teaching hospitals.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, pages = {681-690}, pmid = {30039567}, issn = {1748-5827}, support = {R24 AG044284/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007103/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32GM007103/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; AG044284/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/epidemiology/mortality/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cause of Death ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Databases, Factual ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality ; Dogs ; Female ; Hospitals, Animal ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Species Specificity ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe a large population of dogs with a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism at the time of death in North American veterinary teaching hospitals, and to identify comorbid conditions associated with hyperadrenocorticism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 1519 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism from a population of 70,574 dogs reported to the Veterinary Medical Database. Signalment, presence or absence of hyperadrenocorticism, aetiology of hyperadrenocorticism (if described), frequency of select comorbidities and causes of death were evaluated in dogs with and without hyperadrenocorticism.

RESULTS: Hyperadrenocorticism was more frequent in females. Neutering was associated with a minor, but significant, increase in the odds of hyperadrenocorticism. Hyperadrenocorticism was the presumed cause of death of 393 (25∙9%) of affected dogs. When aetiology was specified (527 dogs, corresponding to 34∙7% of the cases), pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [387 (73∙4%) out of 527 dogs] was more common than functional adrenocortical tumour [136 (25∙8%) out of 527 dogs). Hyperadrenocorticism was over-represented in certain expected (miniature poodle, dachshund) and unexpected (Irish setter, bassett hound) breeds compared with the population at large. Of the select comorbidities investigated, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were at increased risk for concurrent diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, hypertension, gall bladder mucocoele and thromboembolic disease compared with dogs without hyperadrenocorticism.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Hyperadrenocorticism is significantly associated with certain comorbid conditions but is not a major cause of mortality in affected dogs. Documented patterns now provide targets for prospective clinical research.}, } @article {pmid29953960, year = {2018}, author = {Singhto, N and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Exosomes derived from calcium oxalate-exposed macrophages enhance IL-8 production from renal cells, neutrophil migration and crystal invasion through extracellular matrix.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {64-76}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.015}, pmid = {29953960}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacology ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Dogs ; Exosomes/pathology/*physiology ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-8/*metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/metabolism ; *Macrophages/chemistry/drug effects/metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Neutrophils/drug effects/*physiology ; Proteome/drug effects/metabolism ; U937 Cells ; }, abstract = {Deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in renal interstitium is one of the key factors that cause progressive inflammation in kidney stone disease. Macrophages are responsible for elimination of these crystals but their roles to worsen inflammatory process remain under-investigated. This study thus aimed to define roles of exosomes released from macrophages exposed to CaOx crystals in mediating subsequent inflammatory cascades. Macrophages were incubated with or without CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystals for 16 h and their exosomes were isolated. Quantitative proteomics using nanoLC-ESI-Qq-TOF MS/MS revealed 26 proteins with significantly altered levels in exosomes derived from COM-treated macrophages (COM-treated exosomes) comparing to those derived from the controlled macrophages (controlled exosomes). Protein network analysis showed that these altered proteins were involved in cytoskeleton and actin binding, calcium binding, stress response, transcription regulation, immune response and extracellular matrix disassembly. Functional investigations revealed that COM-treated exosomes enhanced IL-8 production from renal tubular cells, activated neutrophil migration, had increased (exosomal) membrane fragility, had greater binding capacity to COM crystals, and subsequently enhanced crystal invasion through extracellular matrix migration chamber. These data indicate that macrophage exosomes play important roles in inflammatory response to COM crystals and may be involved in crystal invasion in the renal interstitium.}, } @article {pmid29943625, year = {2019}, author = {Lund, HS and Eggertsdóttir, AV}, title = {Recurrent episodes of feline lower urinary tract disease with different causes: possible clinical implications.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {590-594}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X18783839}, pmid = {29943625}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis/pathology ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Recurrence ; *Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/pathology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE SERIES SUMMARY: While descriptions of cats with recurrent episodes of feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) exist, little is published on cats with recurrent episodes of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) where the cat is diagnosed with different causes of FLUTD at separate episodes. In the present paper, six cats, originally part of larger studies of FLUTD among Norwegian cats, are described. In the project period (2003-2009), these cats had several episodes of FLUTD. At each episode, the cats had a complete physical examination, abdominal imaging, blood work, urinalysis and urine culture performed. Two of the cats initially presented with urolithiasis and subsequently with episodes of non-obstructed FIC. Four of the cats presented with non-obstructed FIC at one or more episodes, but were later diagnosed with urolithiasis or bacterial cystitis without prior catheterisation or other known predisposing factors.

Cats with recurrent episodes of FLUTD may present with different causes at different times. The need to thoroughly work-up cats with recurrent episodes of FLUTD at each presentation is emphasised. FIC may be considered as a predisposing factor in cats developing urolithiasis or bacterial cystitis; alternatively, interrelated FLUTD disease mechanisms exists. Thus, applying multimodal environmental enrichment and modification (MEMO) to cats with signs of FLUTD independent of diagnosis should be considered.}, } @article {pmid29781101, year = {2018}, author = {Clarke, DL}, title = {Feline ureteral obstructions Part 2: surgical management.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {59}, number = {7}, pages = {385-397}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12861}, pmid = {29781101}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Stents/veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline obstructive ureteral disease will likely remain a common and frustrating cause of critical illness in cats for the foreseeable future. Since many cats are uraemic and cardiovascularly unstable secondary to obstructive nephropathy, prompt recognition using clinical intuition, blood work and diagnostic imaging is essential to make a timely diagnosis and decision about timing for intervention, if indicated. Multiple surgical and interventional procedures exist for the management of feline ureteral obstructions but there is no ideal technique and all currently available procedures carry risk of infection, re-obstruction, urine leakage and the need for additional procedures in the future. Therefore, until clear, evidence-based guideline exist, the decision about which ureteral procedure to perform in cats should be guided by nature of the obstruction, location, concurrent urolithiasis, infection and surgeon preference. In all likelihood, ureteral surgery, stents and ureteral bypass devices will continue to remain viable options and the decision about which procedure to use will be made on a case-by-case basis.}, } @article {pmid29767451, year = {2018}, author = {Clarke, DL}, title = {Feline ureteral obstructions Part 1: medical management.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {324-333}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12844}, pmid = {29767451}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/therapy/veterinary ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy ; Cats ; Fluid Therapy/veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline ureteral obstructions are an increasingly recognised and challenging diagnostic and management problem. Many cats with ureteral obstructions are critically ill at the time of diagnosis, especially if there is dysfunction of the contralateral kidney. They may present with varying severities of acute kidney injury, electrolyte disturbances, and may have comorbidities such as heart disease that complicate perioperative and long-term management. Medical management, which may consist of rehydration and restoration of intravascular volume with intravenous fluid therapy, osmotic diuresis, ureteral muscle relaxation, and antimicrobials for infection, is important in feline ureteral obstruction patients. Despite medical management, many cats with ureteral obstructions will require decompression of the obstructed kidney to relieve pressure-nephropathy and restore urine flow. However, some cats may be too unstable for traditional medical management and require more emergent intervention to relieve the obstruction and address the life-threatening sequelae to acute kidney injury, such as hyperkalaemia and fluid overload. Both surgical and interventional methods to address ureteral obstructions have been described in veterinary medicine, though debate continues as to the ideal approach.}, } @article {pmid29641336, year = {2018}, author = {Mariano, AD and Penninck, DG and Sutherland-Smith, J and Kudej, RK}, title = {Ultrasonographic evaluation of the canine urinary bladder following cystotomy for treatment of urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {252}, number = {9}, pages = {1090-1096}, doi = {10.2460/javma.252.9.1090}, pmid = {29641336}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography/veterinary ; Urinary Retention/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnostic imaging/microbiology/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the urinary bladder incision site in dogs that underwent cystotomy for treatment of urolithiasis. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal study. ANIMALS 18 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs underwent urinary bladder ultrasonography at baseline (≤ 1 day before surgery) and at 1 day and approximately 2, 6, and 12 weeks after cystotomy for urocystolith removal. A baseline ratio between ventral (cystotomy site) and corresponding dorsal midline wall thickness was calculated and used to account for measurement variations attributable to bladder distension at subsequent visits. Patient signalment, weight, medications administered, urocystolith composition, and culture results were recorded. Clinical signs, reoccurrence of hyperechoic foci, and suture visualization were recorded at follow-up examinations. Variables were evaluated for association with cystotomy site thickening and resolution of thickening. RESULTS Median wall thickness at the ventral aspect of the bladder was significantly greater than that of the corresponding dorsal aspect at baseline. Cystotomy site thickening peaked 1 day after surgery and decreased at subsequent visits in a linear manner. Twelve weeks after surgery, 5 of 10 clinically normal dogs evaluated had persistent cystotomy site thickening. Eleven of 18 dogs had reoccurrence of hyperechoic foci within the bladder at some time during the study (median time to first detection, 17 days after surgery). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Persistent cystotomy site thickening can be present up to 3 months after cystotomy for urolithiasis in dogs without lower urinary tract signs. Reoccurrence of hyperechoic foci in the bladder, although subclinical, was detected earlier and at a higher rate than anticipated.}, } @article {pmid29386681, year = {2018}, author = {Walker, MA}, title = {Struvite urolithiasis with eosinophilic polypoid cystitis in a shih tzu dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {181-183}, pmid = {29386681}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystitis/classification/pathology/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology ; Dogs ; Eosinophilia/*veterinary ; *Struvite ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 7-year-old female spayed shih tzu dog was presented with hematuria of 4 weeks' duration. Radiographs revealed 1 cystic calculus. A polypoid mass was found incidentally during cystotomy and was removed by partial cystectomy. Histopathology revealed eosinophilic polypoid cystitis and urolith analysis reported struvite. A urinary tract infection was treated.}, } @article {pmid29340849, year = {2018}, author = {Gomes, VDR and Ariza, PC and Borges, NC and Schulz, FJ and Fioravanti, MCS}, title = {Risk factors associated with feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {87-94}, pmid = {29340849}, issn = {1573-7446}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Cats ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urinary tract diseases are among the main reasons for consultation in veterinary clinics and hospitals. It affects animals of any age, breed and gender. Among the diseases that affect this system, urolithiasis is the second largest cause of clinical signs compatible with feline urinary tract disease. The term urolithiasis refers to the presence of uroliths in any region of the urinary tract, but it is more commonly seen in the bladder and urethra. Uroliths are classified based on the type of mineral present in their composition, therefore, quantitative and qualitative analyzes are important for a better therapeutic approach. The animals may suffer from the disease and be asymptomatic, or show nonspecific clinical signs, making the diagnosis difficult. The disease should not be seen as a single problem, but as a consequence of various disorders. As dietary, metabolic, genetic and infectious causes, as well as factors that potentiate the chance of development of uroliths such as breed, age, sex, age range, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, geographic region and climate. Thus, the knowledge of the factors that influence the formation of uroliths, as well as the understanding of the pathophysiology, are key elements for better alternatives of therapy and prevention. The recognition of these factors helps to identify susceptible populations, minimizing exposure and increasing the protection factors, which facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of patients with urolithiasis. The objective of this paper is to present the main risk factors involved in the formation of urinary lithiasis in felines.}, } @article {pmid29297813, year = {2017}, author = {Cannizzo, SA and Stinner, M and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S}, title = {PREVALENCE OF CYSTINURIA IN SERVALS (LEPTAILURUS SERVAL) IN THE UNITED STATES.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {1102-1107}, doi = {10.1638/2016-0177.1}, pmid = {29297813}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystinuria/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Data Collection ; *Felidae ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Cystinuria is a condition caused by defects in amino acid transport within the kidneys and small intestines. It has been reported in humans, dogs, domestic cats, ferrets, nondomestic canids, and nondomestic felids, including servals (Leptailurus serval). Genetic mutations have been identified in dogs, humans, and domestic cats. Cystinuria usually follows an autosomal recessive inheritance, although it can be autosomal dominant and sex linked. The primary objective of this study was to screen urine samples dried on filter paper from captive servals in the United States for cystinuria by using the cyanide-nitroprusside screening test. A second objective was to determine whether cystinuria is inheritable in servals. Servals were initially recruited for the study by survey. Owners and institutions interested in participating were sent a second survey and filter paper for collecting urine samples. Samples were collected from 25 servals. One additional serval with confirmed cystine urolithiasis was added for a total sample size of 26 servals. Twenty-seven percent (7/26) were positive, 54% (14/26) were weakly positive, and 19% (5/26) were negative. Sex, reproductive status, and urine collection method had no significant association with test results. This condition is likely underreported in servals and should be ruled out in any serval with nonspecific signs of illness; neurologic signs such as lethargy, ataxia, or seizures; ptyalism; or signs of lower urinary tract disease such as dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, or urethral obstructions.}, } @article {pmid29256321, year = {2018}, author = {Daniels, M and Bartges, JW and Raditic, DM and Marsden, S and Cox, SK and Callens, AJ}, title = {Evaluation of three herbal compounds used for the management of lower urinary tract disease in healthy cats: a pilot study.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {1094-1099}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X17748241}, pmid = {29256321}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/*drug therapy ; Cats ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Hematuria/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Random Allocation ; Struvite/urine ; Urolithiasis/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/drug therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) occurs commonly in cats, and idiopathic cystitis (FIC) and urolithiasis account for >80% of cases in cats <10 years of age. Although several strategies have been recommended, a common recommendation is to induce dilute urine resulting in more frequent urination and to dilute calculogenic constituents. In addition to conventional therapy using modified diets, traditional Chinese and Western herbs have been recommended, although only one - choreito - has published data available. We evaluated three commonly used herbal treatments recommended for use in cats with LUTD: San Ren Tang, Wei Ling Tang and Alisma. We hypothesized that these three Chinese herbal preparations would induce increased urine volume, decreased urine saturation for calcium oxalate and struvite, and differences in mineral and electrolyte excretions in healthy cats.

METHODS: Six healthy spayed female adult cats were evaluated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design study. Cats were randomized to one of four treatments, including placebo, San Ren Tang, Wei Ling Tang or Alisma. Treatment was for 2 weeks each with a 1 week washout period between treatments. At the end of each treatment period, a 24 h urine sample was collected using modified litter boxes.

RESULTS: Body weights were not different between treatments. No differences were found in 24 h urinary analyte excretions, urine volume, urine pH or urinary saturation for calcium oxalate or struvite between treatments.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis; however, evaluation of longer-term and different dosage studies in cats with LUTD is warranted.}, } @article {pmid29226304, year = {2018}, author = {Vila, A and Movilla, R and Castro, J and Mallol, C and Novellas, R and Espada, Y and Roura, X}, title = {Successful medical management of pseudomembranous cystitis in three cats with lower urinary tract obstruction.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {96}, number = {1-2}, pages = {33-38}, doi = {10.1111/avj.12657}, pmid = {29226304}, issn = {1751-0813}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/microbiology/*therapy ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Male ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/*pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE REPORT: The present case series describes the clinical course and outcome of three cats diagnosed with pseudomembranous cystitis. This is an uncommon presentation of lower urinary tract obstruction but can be easily be identified by ultrasonography, revealing severe bladder wall thickening and thin hyperechoic luminal strips. The condition can be secondary to severe bacterial urinary tract infection. All cats were successfully treated with medical management only, mainly based on antimicrobials and individualised supportive therapy.

CONCLUSION: Further evaluation of this condition is necessary in order to determine potential underlying aetiologies, pathophysiological mechanisms and the most appropriate standardised treatment.}, } @article {pmid29132685, year = {2019}, author = {Wickhorst, JP and Hassan, AA and Sammra, O and Alssahen, M and Lämmler, C and Prenger-Berninghoff, E and Naggert, M and Timke, M and Rau, J and Abdulmawjood, A}, title = {First report on the isolation of Trueperella abortisuis from companion animals.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {125}, number = {}, pages = {465-467}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.003}, pmid = {29132685}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Abscess/microbiology/veterinary ; Actinomycetaceae/*isolation & purification ; Anal Sacs/microbiology ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology/urine ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Genotype ; Male ; Pets/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The present study gives a detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization of three Trueperella abortisuis strains isolated from a ten year old male Hovawart dog with an abscess of anal sac, from urine of an eight year old European shorthair cat with urolithiasis and nephrolithiasis and from a 14year old Maine Coon cat with a perianal abscess, respectively. All three strains could be identified phenotypically, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and genotypically by sequencing the 16S rDNA and the molecular target genes gap and tuf. The present study gives a first description of T. abortisuis of this origin.}, } @article {pmid29085954, year = {2018}, author = {Vinaiphat, A and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Characterizations of PMCA2-interacting complex and its role as a calcium oxalate crystal-binding protein.}, journal = {Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS}, volume = {75}, number = {8}, pages = {1461-1482}, pmid = {29085954}, issn = {1420-9071}, support = {IRN60W0004//Thailand Research Fund/International ; IRG5980006//Thailand Research Fund/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry/metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Gene Expression ; Gene Ontology ; Immunoprecipitation ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Kidney/chemistry/*metabolism/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*metabolism/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; }, abstract = {Three isoforms of plasma membrane Ca[2+]-ATPase (PMCA) are expressed in the kidney. While PMCA1 and PMCA4 play major role in regulating Ca[2+] reabsorption, the role for PMCA2 remains vaguely defined. To define PMCA2 function, PMCA2-interacting complex was characterized by immunoprecipitation followed by nanoLC-ESI-Qq-TripleTOF MS/MS (IP-MS). After subtracting non-specific binders using isotype-controlled IP-MS, 474 proteins were identified as PMCA2-interacting partners. Among these, eight were known and 20 were potential PMCA2-interacting partners based on bioinformatic prediction, whereas other 446 were novel and had not been previously reported/predicted. Quantitative immuno-co-localization assay confirmed the association of PMCA2 with these partners. Gene ontology analysis revealed binding activity as the major molecular function of PMCA2-interacting complex. Functional validation using calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal-protein binding, crystal-cell adhesion, and crystal internalization assays together with neutralization by anti-PMCA2 antibody compared to isotype-controlled IgG and blank control, revealed a novel role of PMCA2 as a COM crystal-binding protein that was crucial for crystal retention and uptake. In summary, a large number of novel PMCA2-interacting proteins have been defined and a novel function of PMCA2 as a COM crystal-binding protein sheds light onto its involvement, at least in part, in kidney stone pathogenesis.}, } @article {pmid29073223, year = {2017}, author = {Hall, JA and Brockman, JA and Davidson, SJ and MacLeay, JM and Jewell, DE}, title = {Increased dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids alter serum fatty acid concentrations and lower risk of urine stone formation in cats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {e0187133}, pmid = {29073223}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Cats ; Dietary Fats/*pharmacology ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/*administration & dosage/blood ; Drinking Behavior/drug effects ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/*administration & dosage/blood ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Urinary Calculi/blood/*prevention & control ; }, abstract = {The lifespan of cats with non-obstructive kidney stones is shortened compared with healthy cats indicating a need to reduce stone formation and minimize chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on urine characteristics. Domestic-short-hair cats (n = 12; mean age 5.6 years) were randomized into two groups and fed one of two dry-cat foods in a cross-over study design. For one week before study initiation, all cats consumed control food that contained 0.07% arachidonic acid (AA), but no eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Group 1 continued eating control food for 56 days. Group 2 was fed test food for 56 days, which was control food plus fish oil and high-AA oil. Test food contained 0.17% AA, 0.09% EPA and 0.18% DHA. After 56 days, cats were fed the opposite food for another 56 days. At baseline and after each feeding period, serum was analyzed for fatty acid concentrations, and urine for specific gravity, calcium concentration, relative-super-saturation for struvite crystals, and a calcium-oxalate-titrimetric test was performed. After consuming test food, cats had increased (all P<0.001) serum concentrations of EPA (173%), DHA (61%), and AA (35%); decreased urine specific gravity (P = 0.02); decreased urine calcium concentration (P = 0.06); decreased relative-super-saturation for struvite crystals (P = 0.03); and increased resistance to oxalate crystal formation (P = 0.06) compared with cats consuming control food. Oxalate crystal formation was correlated with serum calcium concentration (r = 0.41; P<0.01). These data show benefits for reducing urine stone formation in cats by increasing dietary PUFA.}, } @article {pmid29031030, year = {2017}, author = {Lulich, JP and Prasad, HS and Manno, M and Bagley, B}, title = {Ectopic Bone as a Nidus for Calcium Oxalate Urocystolithiasis in a Cat.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {1866-1870}, pmid = {29031030}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Bone and Bones/*pathology ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/pathology/*therapy ; Cats ; Female ; Osteogenesis ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 7-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred to the urology service for nonsurgical urocystolith removal. A urolith was attached to the urothelium by ectopic bone. Interventional removal without surgery was successful. Follow-up evaluation 3 years after urolith removal revealed recurrent uroliths, bladder wall mineralization, and marked renal mineralization. This case illustrates the metaplastic potential of the urothelium and that ectopic bone should be included among the pathological factors that promote lithogenesis.}, } @article {pmid28992905, year = {2017}, author = {Vedrine, B}, title = {Perioperative Occlusion of a Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass Secondary to a Severe Pyonephrosis in a Birman Cat.}, journal = {Topics in companion animal medicine}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {58-60}, doi = {10.1053/j.tcam.2017.05.006}, pmid = {28992905}, issn = {1946-9837}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Pyonephrosis/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter/surgery ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) was placed in a 10-year-old Birman cat for management of unilateral ureterolithiasis. Perioperative occlusion of the nephrostomy tube of the SUB device happened secondary to a severe pyonephrosis. Flushing of the system throught the subcutaneous shunting port was made with saline solution after clamping the urinary bladder catheter. Repetitive flushing of the device was performed daily for 3 days to be sure of the remanent patency of the catheter. Repetitive flushing of the SUB device is a successful renal-sparing treatment for pyonephrosis in a cat and may be considered as an effective treatment option for this condition.}, } @article {pmid28992903, year = {2017}, author = {Torres-Henderson, C and Bunkers, J and Contreras, ET and Cross, E and Lappin, MR}, title = {Use of Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diet UR Urinary St/Ox to Dissolve Struvite Cystoliths.}, journal = {Topics in companion animal medicine}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {49-54}, doi = {10.1053/j.tcam.2017.07.007}, pmid = {28992903}, issn = {1946-9837}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Diet Therapy/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Struvite ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diet therapy/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of feeding the commercially available diet, Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets UR Urinary St/Ox, for the dissolution of struvite cystoliths in cats with naturally occurring disease. Twelve cats with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease and cystoliths confirmed via radiographs were enrolled. The cats were fed the study diet ad libitum and assessed by abdominal radiographs weekly. Cats with cystoliths that resolved based on radiographs and confirmatory ultrasound examination were considered diet successes. Cats with no change in cystolith size after 2-6 weeks underwent cystotomy for stone removal, aerobic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and analysis. All cats accepted the study diet, and weight loss was not noted over the course of the study. Total cystolith dissolution was achieved by week 2 for 5 cats, which were presumed to have struvite cystoliths. All other cats underwent cystotomy for stone removal after radiographic evidence of cystoliths were still present at 2 weeks (1 cat with severe signs), 4 weeks (5 cats), or 6 weeks (1 cat). The cystoliths that were surgically removed were calcium oxalate (5 cats) and mixed (2 cats) and would not be expected to dissolve with this diet. Follow-up radiographs from 6 cats fed the diet long term (3 presumed struvite and 3 with other cystoliths removed surgically) were collected from 1 to 6 months after beginning the study and showed no evidence of cystolith recurrence. While larger case numbers are needed, these results suggest that feeding Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets UR Urinary St/Ox can successfully dissolve cystoliths that are likely struvite and may lessen the risk of recurrence of struvite and calcium oxalate cystoliths.}, } @article {pmid28945133, year = {2017}, author = {Nykamp, SG}, title = {Dual-energy computed tomography of canine uroliths.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {78}, number = {10}, pages = {1150-1155}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1150}, pmid = {28945133}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Canada ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Struvite/analysis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*veterinary ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To determine whether dual-energy CT (DECT) could accurately differentiate the composition of common canine uroliths in a phantom model. SAMPLE 30 canine uroliths with pure compositions. PROCEDURES Each urolith was composed of ≥ 70% struvite (n = 10), urate (8), cystine (5), calcium oxalate (4), or brushite (3) as determined by standard laboratory methods performed at the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre. Uroliths were suspended in an agar phantom, and DECT was performed at low (80 kV) and high (140 kV) energies. The ability of low- and high-energy CT numbers, DECT number, and DECT ratio to distinguish uroliths on the basis of composition was assessed with multivariate ANOVA. RESULTS No single DECT measure differentiated all urolith types. The DECT ratio differentiated urate uroliths from all other types of uroliths. The DECT and low-energy CT numbers were able to differentiate between 8 and 7 pairs of urolith types, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that DECT was unable to differentiate common types of canine uroliths in an in vitro model; therefore, it is unlikely to be clinically useful for determining urolith composition in vivo. Given that the primary reasons for determining urolith composition in vivo are to predict response to shock wave lithotripsy and develop a treatment plan, future research should focus on the correlation between DECT measurements and urolith fragility rather than urolith composition.}, } @article {pmid28933510, year = {2017}, author = {Mack, JK and Kienzle, E}, title = {[Unusual case of struvite urolithiasis in a dog. A case report].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {344-351}, doi = {10.15654/TPK-160993}, pmid = {28933510}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Magnesium Deficiency/complications/veterinary ; Phosphorus/deficiency ; Protein Deficiency/complications/veterinary ; *Struvite ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/prevention & control/surgery/*veterinary ; Vitamin A Deficiency/complications/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A dog was referred for nutrition consultation after surgical removal of struvite uroliths from the bladder. Inspection of the dog's current ration revealed a pronounced vitamin-A deficiency together with a marked deficiency of protein, phosphorus and magnesium. Therefore, a supersaturation of the urine with ammonium, magnesium and phosphate, the three constituents of struvite, as a cause of struvite calculi formation appears rather unlikely. Vitamin-A deficiency can promote urinary infections and consequently struvite stone formation because of the lack of the protective effect of vitamin A on the epithelia of the urinary tract. Not only common causes for struvite urolith formation, including urinary supersaturation with stone-forming constituents and urinary tract infection, but also less common causes, including vitamin-A deficiency, which was the presumed trigger in the present case study, have to be taken into consideration. Dietetic measures appear to be a useful tool in such cases to prevent uroliths from reoccurring.}, } @article {pmid28763282, year = {2017}, author = {Deroy, C and Rossetti, D and Ragetly, G and Hernandez, J and Poncet, C}, title = {Comparison between double-pigtail ureteral stents and ureteral bypass devices for treatment of ureterolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {251}, number = {4}, pages = {429-437}, doi = {10.2460/javma.251.4.429}, pmid = {28763282}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To compare the complication rates and outcomes in cats with ureteral obstruction treated by placement of double-pigtail ureteral stents or ureteral bypass (UB) devices. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS Cats with unilateral or bilateral ureterolithiasis that received double-pigtail ureteral stents (30 stents in 27 cats; stent group) or UB devices (30 devices in 23 cats; UB group). PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to collect data on signalment, clinical signs, serum biochemical data, surgical procedure, duration of hospitalization, complications, and follow-up (≥ 6 months after placement) information. Outcomes were compared between device types. RESULTS Median durations of surgery and hospitalization were significantly longer in the stent versus UB group. Perioperative mortality rate was 18% (5/27) in the stent group and 13% (3/23) in the UB group. Median survival time was shorter in the stent versus UB group. Stent placement was associated with a greater risk of lower urinary tract-related signs, such as hematuria (52% [14/27]) and pollakiuria or stranguria (48% [13/27]). The risk of device occlusion was also greater in the stent (26% [7/27]) versus UB (4% [1/23]) group. The percentage of cats requiring additional procedures to treat complications was greater in the stent (44%; complications included uroabdomen, stent occlusion, and refractory cystitis) versus UB (9%; complications included UB occlusion and urethral obstruction) group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the benefits of stent placement in the treatment of ureteral obstruction in cats have been established, results suggested that cats treated with UB devices had a lower risk of complications and a longer survival time than those treated with double-pigtail ureteral stents.}, } @article {pmid28710955, year = {2017}, author = {Hunprasit, V and Osborne, CA and Schreiner, PJ and Bender, JB and Lulich, JP}, title = {Epidemiologic evaluation of canine urolithiasis in Thailand from 2009 to 2015.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {115}, number = {}, pages = {366-370}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.008}, pmid = {28710955}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Dogs/genetics ; Female ; Male ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/*pathology ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The cross-sectional study described the epidemiology of 8560 canine urolith submissions from Thailand to the Minnesota Urolith Center between January 2009 and December 2015. The frequency of urolith types, the relationships between urolith type and breed, sex, and neutered status, and change of annual submission proportion over the study period were analyzed. Struvite was the most common canine urolith (44%), and was commonly found in intact females with a mean age of 6.3±3.1years. Calcium oxalate was the second most common (27%), more frequently found in intact males with a mean age of 8.8±3.3years. Compound, purine, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silica urolith were less common. During the study period, the proportion of struvite urolith significantly decreased from 48% in 2009 to 39% in 2015 (p<0.001). The proportion of CaOx increased from 21% in 2009 to 32% in 2015 (p<0.001). The results of this study can help veterinarians predict urolith composition to select diagnostic tests and to initiate therapy prior to urolith removal.}, } @article {pmid28678386, year = {2017}, author = {Florey, J and Ewen, V and Syme, H}, title = {Association between cystine urolithiasis and neuter status of dogs within the UK.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {58}, number = {9}, pages = {531-535}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12707}, pmid = {28678386}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Castration/*veterinary ; Cystine ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinary Calculi ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to examine the association between diagnosis of cystine urolithiasis and entire versus neutered status in male dogs and whether the strength of association varies among breeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously reported canine urolithiasis database was used, documenting all urolith submissions to Hill's Pet Nutrition UK over a 10-year period. Uroliths were classified as cystine or non-cystine, and only male dogs with known neuter status were included in the analysis. Breeds of dog (and an additional crossbreed group), for which there was a minimum of 10 cystine urolith submissions, were analysed individually, with all other breeds combined together to form a reference group. Results were analysed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between breed and neuter status and formation of cystine calculi.

RESULTS: In multiple breeds, dogs with cystine uroliths were significantly more likely to be entire than dogs forming other types of urolith. Being an entire male, regardless of breed, was associated with an increased risk of cystine urolithiasis (odds ratio=4·5; 95% confidence interval: 3·22 to 6·37; P<0·001).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Increased odds of cystine formation in entire dogs supports further investigation of castration as a method to prevent cystine urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid28585658, year = {2017}, author = {Hilton, S and Mizukami, K and Giger, U}, title = {[Cystinuria caused by a SLC7A9 missense mutation in Siamese-crossbred littermates in Germany].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {265-272}, pmid = {28585658}, issn = {2567-5842}, support = {P40 OD010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/*genetics/urine ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Cats ; Cystinuria/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; Genotype ; Germany ; Male ; *Mutation, Missense ; Urinary Calculi ; }, abstract = {Cystinuria is caused by defective proximal renal tubular reabsorption of the amino acids cystine, ornithine, lysine and arginine (COLA). The low solubility of cystine in mildly acidic urine may lead to the formation of urinary cystine crystals and uroliths. Much progress has been made recently in the diagnosis and understanding of cystinuria in companion animals. In cats, cystinuria affects equally both genders independent of neutering status and, despite being rare, already more cystinuria-causing mutations have been detected in cats compared to dogs. In this study a litter of Siamese-crossbred cats in Germany was assessed clinically for cystinuria and screened for mutations known to cause cystinuria in cats. An adult male castrated cat was presented with cystine crystalluria and calculi-related urinary obstruction and treated with perineal urethrostomy, cystotomy and medical management. This cat and a neutered male littermate without evidence of urinary tract disease were found to be positive for cystine by urinary nitroprusside test, to have increased urinary COLA values and to be homozygous for the p.Val294Glu mutation in the SLC7A9 gene coding for b[0,+]AT subunit of the b[0,+] renal COLA transporter. Another littermate was non-cystinuric and did not carry this mutation. The same SLC7A9 mutation was previously found in a Maine coon, a Sphinx and a medium-haired cat in North America suggesting a common ancestor and likely first widespread SLC7A9 mutation causing cystinuria in cats. Genetic screening for this mutation may offer a simple and precise mean to diagnose other cats for cystinuria and offer specific management.}, } @article {pmid28496123, year = {2017}, author = {Manissorn, J and Fong-Ngern, K and Peerapen, P and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Systematic evaluation for effects of urine pH on calcium oxalate crystallization, crystal-cell adhesion and internalization into renal tubular cells.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1798}, pmid = {28496123}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Endocytosis ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Nephrolithiasis/*etiology/*metabolism/urine ; Urinalysis ; }, abstract = {Urine pH has been thought to be an important factor that can modulate kidney stone formation. Nevertheless, there was no systematic evaluation of such pH effect. Our present study thus addressed effects of differential urine pH (4.0-8.0) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization, crystal-cell adhesion, crystal internalization into renal tubular cells, and binding of apical membrane proteins to the crystals. Microscopic examination revealed that CaOx monohydrate (COM), the pathogenic form, was crystallized with greatest size, number and total mass at pH 4.0 and least crystallized at pH 8.0, whereas COD was crystallized with the vice versa order. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed such morphological study. Crystal-cell adhesion assay showed the greatest degree of crystal-cell adhesion at the most acidic pH and least at the most basic pH. Crystal internalization assay using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled crystals and flow cytometry demonstrated that crystal internalization into renal tubular cells was maximal at the neutral pH (7.0). Finally, there were no significant differences in binding capacity of the crystals to apical membrane proteins at different pH. We concluded that the acidic urine pH may promote CaOx kidney stone formation, whereas the basic urine pH (i.e. by alkalinization) may help to prevent CaOx kidney stone disease.}, } @article {pmid28495197, year = {2017}, author = {Segarra, S and Miró, G and Montoya, A and Pardo-Marín, L and Boqué, N and Ferrer, L and Cerón, J}, title = {Randomized, allopurinol-controlled trial of the effects of dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound in the treatment of canine leishmaniosis.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {239}, number = {}, pages = {50-56}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.014}, pmid = {28495197}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*therapeutic use ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Male ; Nucleotides/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Parasite Load/veterinary ; Polysaccharides/*therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {First-line treatment for canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is N-methylglucamine antimoniate (MGA) combined with allopurinol. However, in some dogs allopurinol may induce hyperxanthinuria leading to urolithiasis. Moreover, allopurinol resistance has recently been described in Leishmania infantum isolates from treated dogs with a relapse of the disease. Alternative treatments are thus needed. Since the type of host immune response strongly influences CanL progression and prognosis, dogs could benefit from treatments targeted at modulating such response, such as nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound (AHCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral combination of nucleotides and AHCC in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Sixty-nine dogs with naturally-occurring clinical leishmaniosis were included in this multicenter, open-label, positively-controlled clinical trial and randomized to receive 10mg/kg allopurinol PO BID (allopurinol group) or 17mg/kg AHCC plus 32mg/kg nucleotides PO SID (supplement group) for 180 days. All dogs were also given 50mg/kg MGA SC BID during the first 28 days. At the time points 0, 30, and 180 days of the trial, dogs underwent a clinical examination, and blood, urine, and bone marrow samples were submitted for analytical tests. Final data analyses (allopurinol group: n=29; supplement group: n=24) revealed a significant improvement in both groups in clinical scores and ELISA-determined antibody titers after treatment. However, the supplement group showed a significantly lower clinical score (P=0.005) and significantly higher antibody titers (P=0.032) after 180 days, compared to the allopurinol group. RT-PCR parasite loads were reduced in groups (mean±SD supplement: 0.38±0.56 vs 5.23±18.9; allopurinol: 0.45±1.47 vs 3.09±8.36 parasites/ng of DNA), but there were no significant differences over time or between groups. During the study, 12 dogs in the allopurinol group developed xanthinuria (41%) compared to no dogs (0%) in the supplement group (P=0.000). Both treatments led to significantly increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and improvements in protein electrophoretic pattern and acute phase response. In conclusion, 6-month oral treatment with nucleotides and AHCC in addition to MGA showed similar efficacy to the current first-line treatment for CanL, without producing xanthinuria. This combination could be a good alternative to MGA-allopurinol combination treatment for CanL, especially for dogs suffering allopurinol-related adverse events.}, } @article {pmid28467511, year = {2017}, author = {Furrow, E and McCue, ME and Lulich, JP}, title = {Urinary metals in a spontaneous canine model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176595}, pmid = {28467511}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Metals/*urine ; Nephrolithiasis/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is a common and painful condition in people. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex and poorly understood. Laboratory animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated an effect of multiple trace metals in the crystallization process, and studies in humans have reported relationships between urinary metal concentrations and stone risk. Dogs are a spontaneous model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and the metal content of canine calcium oxalate stones mirrors that of human stones. The aim of this study was to test for a relationship between urinary metals and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs. We hypothesized that urinary metals would differ between dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Urine from 122 dogs (71 cases and 51 stone-free controls) was analyzed for calcium and 12 other metals. The cases had higher urinary calcium, copper, iron, and vanadium and lower urinary cobalt. Higher urinary vanadium in the cases was associated with being fed a therapeutic stone-prevention diet. Urinary calcium had a strong positive correlation with strontium and moderate positive correlations with chromium, nickel, and zinc. The results of this study complement the findings of similar human studies and suggest a potential role of trace metals in calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Further investigation into how trace metals may affect stone formation is warranted.}, } @article {pmid28415915, year = {2017}, author = {Adamama-Moraitou, KK and Pardali, D and Prassinos, NN and Menexes, G and Patsikas, MN and Rallis, TS}, title = {Evaluation of dogs with macroscopic haematuria: a retrospective study of 162 cases (2003-2010).}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {204-208}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2017.1316529}, pmid = {28415915}, issn = {1176-0710}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Greece/epidemiology ; Hematuria/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; Male ; Monte Carlo Method ; Prostatic Diseases/epidemiology/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {AIMS: To retrospectively describe clinical features of dogs that were presented to a small animal clinic between 2003-10 with macroscopic haematuria, and investigate whether signalment of the dog and severity and duration of the haematuria at admission were associated with specific aetiologies.

METHODS: Medical records were evaluated of 162 dogs with macroscopic haematuria admitted to a University-based small animal clinic in Thessaloniki, Greece, from January 2003 to December 2010. The inclusion criteria were discolouration of the urine sediment combined with abnormal numbers of erythrocytes, when examined microscopically. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, severity, frequency and duration of haematuria, and diagnosis.

RESULTS: Between January 2007 and December 2010, 8,893 dogs were admitted to the clinic; of these 99 (1.1%) were admitted with haematuria. Of the 162 dogs with records of haematuria, 80 (49.4%) were aged between 5.1-10 years, presented with acute (96/162; 59.3%), constant (99/162; 61.1%) and mild/moderate (150/162; 92.6%) haematuria. Of 147 dogs with a recorded diagnosis, the commonest diagnoses were urinary tract infection (UTI, 42/147; 28.6%), urolithiasis (38/147; 25.9%), prostatic disease (25/147; 17.0%) and urinary tumours (13/147; 8.8%). The prevalence of UTI was higher in female (22/56; 39%) than male (20/91; 22%) dogs, and in medium sized (22/52; 42%) than small (6/40; 15%) dogs. Urolithiasis was most prevalent in small (21/40; 52.5%) dogs, and all dogs with urolithiasis presented with mild/moderate haematuria. The prevalence of prostatic disease was highest in large (11/46; 24%) and giant (3/9; 33%) sized dogs and in dogs aged >10 years (8/30; 27%).

In this retrospective study from one small animal clinic, UTI, urolithiasis, prostatic disease and urinary tumours predominated among the causes of canine haematuria. The consideration of sex, age, and size of the dog and characteristics of haematuria were found to be useful parameters when forming the list of differential diagnoses.}, } @article {pmid28384169, year = {2017}, author = {Hall, JA and Yerramilli, M and Obare, E and Li, J and Yerramilli, M and Jewell, DE}, title = {Serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in cats with kidney stones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0174854}, pmid = {28384169}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Arginine/*analogs & derivatives/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; Cat Diseases/*blood ; Cats ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Creatinine/*blood ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/blood/*veterinary ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) correlate with renal function in cats and SDMA has been shown to be a more reliable and earlier marker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with serum creatinine (Cr). Calcium oxalate uroliths tend to develop in mid-to-older aged cats and kidney stones may cause a reduction in renal function with increased SDMA, but normal serum Cr. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if cats with kidney stones had increased serum SDMA concentrations, and whether SDMA increased earlier than serum creatinine concentrations. Cats in the colony with kidney stones diagnosed between August 2010 and December 2015 (n = 43) were compared with healthy geriatric cats (n = 21) without kidney stones. Serum SDMA concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and serum Cr concentrations were determined by enzymatic colorimetry. Cats with kidney stones were diagnosed antemortem by radiographic imaging (n = 12) or by postmortem necropsy (n = 31). Retrospectively, serum SDMA was found to be increased above the upper reference limit in 39 of 43 cats with kidney stones. Serum Cr was increased above the upper reference limit in 18 of 43 cats; 6 of these 18 cats had terminal azotemia only. The mean time that serum SDMA was increased before serum Cr was increased was 26.9 months (range 0 to 60 months). Kidney stones were composed of calcium oxalate in 30 of 34 cats. The lifespan for cats with kidney stones (mean, 12.5 years; range, 6.1 to 18.1 years) was shorter (P < 0.001) than for control cats (mean, 15.2 years; range, 13.0 to 17.2 years), suggesting that non-obstructive kidney stones have an effect on mortality rate or rate of CKD progression. In conclusion, if SDMA concentrations are elevated in mid-to-older aged cats, further imaging studies are warranted to check for the presence of kidney stones.}, } @article {pmid28361470, year = {2017}, author = {O'Kell, AL and Grant, DC and Khan, SR}, title = {Pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urinary stone disease: species comparison of humans, dogs, and cats.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {329-336}, pmid = {28361470}, issn = {2194-7236}, support = {R01 DK078602/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK092311/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 DK094789/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cats ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Medulla/*pathology ; Nephrolithiasis/epidemiology/etiology/*pathology ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease that is increasing in prevalence. Decades of research have not identified effective methods to consistently prevent the formation of nephroliths or induce medical dissolution. Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephroliths form in association with renal papillary subepithelial calcium phosphate deposits called Randall's plaques (RPs). Rodent models are commonly used to experimentally induce calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation, but a rodent model that conclusively forms RPs has not been identified. Both dogs and cats form calcium oxalate uroliths that can be recurrent, but the etiopathologic mechanisms of stone formation, especially renal pathologic findings, are a relatively unexploited area of study. A large animal model that shares a similar environment to humans, along with a shorter lifespan and thus shorter time to recurrence, might provide an excellent means to study preventative and therapeutic measures, along with enhancing the concepts of the one health initiative. This review article summarizes and compares important known features of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease in humans, dogs, and cats, and emphasizes important knowledge gaps and areas for future study in the quest to discover a naturally occurring animal model of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease.}, } @article {pmid28335665, year = {2017}, author = {Yu, L and Gan, X and Liu, X and An, R}, title = {Calcium oxalate crystals induces tight junction disruption in distal renal tubular epithelial cells by activating ROS/Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.}, journal = {Renal failure}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {440-451}, pmid = {28335665}, issn = {1525-6049}, mesh = {Acetylcysteine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Down-Regulation ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Nephrolithiasis/*metabolism ; Occludin/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Tight Junctions/*metabolism ; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Tight junction plays important roles in regulating paracellular transports and maintaining cell polarity. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, the major crystalline composition of kidney stones, have been demonstrated to be able to cause tight junction disruption to accelerate renal cell injury. However, the cellular signaling involved in COM crystal-induced tight junction disruption remains largely to be investigated. In the present study, we proved that COM crystals induced tight junction disruption by activating ROS/Akt/p38 MAPK pathway. Treating Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with COM crystals induced a substantial increasing of ROS generation and activation of Akt that triggered subsequential activation of ASK1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Western blot revealed a significantly decreased expression of ZO-1 and occludin, two important structural proteins of tight junction. Besides, redistribution and dissociation of ZO-1 were observed by COM crystals treatment. Inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) attenuated the activation of Akt, ASK1, p38 MAPK, and down-regulation of ZO-1 and occludin. The redistribution and dissociation of ZO-1 were also alleviated by NAC treatment. These results indicated that ROS were involved in the regulation of tight junction disruption induced by COM crystals. In addition, the down-regulation of ZO-1 and occludin, the phosphorylation of ASK1 and p38 MAPK were also attenuated by MK-2206, an inhibitor of Akt kinase, implying Akt was involved in the disruption of tight junction upstream of p38 MAPK. Thus, these results suggested that ROS-Akt-p38 MAPK signaling pathway was activated in COM crystal-induced disruption of tight junction in MDCK cells.}, } @article {pmid28306489, year = {2017}, author = {Cléroux, A and Alexander, K and Beauchamp, G and Dunn, M}, title = {Evaluation for association between urolithiasis and chronic kidney disease in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {250}, number = {7}, pages = {770-774}, doi = {10.2460/javma.250.7.770}, pmid = {28306489}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urolithiasis/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To determine whether urolithiasis is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 126 cats (59 and 67 with and without urolithiasis, respectively). PROCEDURES Medical records from June 2006 to July 2013 were searched to identify cats that underwent abdominal or focal urinary tract ultrasonography and for which serum creatinine concentration and urine specific gravity data were obtained ≤ 14 days before or after the examination. In cats with (urolithiasis group) and without (control group) urolithiasis, the presence of CKD was determined according to International Renal Interest Society guidelines. Information recorded included signalment, body weight, serum creatinine concentration, and urine specific gravity; when present, the location and number of uroliths were noted. Differences between groups and associations between group and categorical variables were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Age, weight, sex, and breed did not differ between groups. The prevalence of CKD was significantly higher in cats with urolithiasis than in the control group. Among cats with urolithiasis, there was a negative association between CKD and presence of cystoliths. There was no association between urolithiasis and the stage of CKD or between presence of CKD and location of nephroliths in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results confirmed a positive association between urolithiasis and CKD in the feline population studied and suggested that cats with urolithiasis should be evaluated for CKD. Further research is warranted to assess the nature of the relationship between CKD and urolithiasis in cats.}, } @article {pmid28190500, year = {2017}, author = {Sumner, JP and Rishniw, M}, title = {Urethral obstruction in male cats in some Northern United States shows regional seasonality.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {220}, number = {}, pages = {72-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.019}, pmid = {28190500}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Cats ; Geography ; Incidence ; Male ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; United States/epidemiology ; Urethral Obstruction/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a term encompassing several different conditions affecting the feline lower urinary tract. Certain FLUTD aetiologies, such as idiopathic cystitis, urethral plugs or urolithiasis, commonly produce urethral obstruction (UO) in male cats. It is widely accepted that environmental, behavioural and dietary factors can play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of these conditions. We investigated the seasonal prevalence of UO by analysing admission dates of 2443 male cats with UO from eight practices in the Northern USA over a 4-year period. A significantly greater number of cats presented for UO in April and May (P < 0.025). When stratified by geographic location, a spring peak was found in cats from the North-Eastern United States, but no peak was demonstrable in cats from the North-West coast. This suggests that UO might depend, at least in part, on geographical climatic variations.}, } @article {pmid28181139, year = {2017}, author = {Mittal, A and Tandon, S and Singla, SK and Tandon, C}, title = {Cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic role of Terminalia arjuna on oxalate injured renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Cytotechnology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {349-358}, pmid = {28181139}, issn = {0920-9069}, abstract = {Urolithiasis is one of the painful multifactorial disorders caused by metabolic abnormalities influencing the composition of body fluids and urine. The bark of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna), very well known in Ayurveda for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, possesses antioxidant and diuretic activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiurolithiatic efficacy of aqueous extract of bark of T. arjuna on oxalate-induced injury to renal tubular epithelial cells. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were exposed to 2 mM oxalate for 48 h to evaluate the protective effect of T. arjuna aqueous extract on cell viability, CaOx crystal adherence and apoptotic changes caused by oxalate. The results confirmed that oxalate injured MDCK cells were protected by T. arjuna extract. On treatment with a range concentrations, the cell viability increased in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the extract prevented the interaction of the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals with the cell surface and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. The current data suggests that T. arjuna bark confers a cytoprotective role and based on our results it could be a potential candidate from natural plant sources against urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid28178975, year = {2017}, author = {Westropp, JL and Larsen, JA and Johnson, EG and Bannasch, D and Fascetti, AJ and Biourge, V and Queau, Y}, title = {Evaluation of dogs with genetic hyperuricosuria and urate urolithiasis consuming a purine restricted diet: a pilot study.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {45}, pmid = {28178975}, issn = {1746-6148}, mesh = {Amino Acids/blood ; Animals ; Body Composition ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy ; Dogs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; *Purines/metabolism/urine ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diet therapy/*veterinary ; Water ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urate urolithiasis is a common problem in breed homozygous for the mutation that results in hyperuricosuria. Low purine diets have been recommended to reduce purine intake in these dogs.

METHODS: A higher protein, purine restricted diet with water added was evaluated in dogs with genetic hyperuricosuria and a history of clinical urate urolithiasis over a one year time period. Dogs were evaluated at baseline and 2, 6, and 12 months after initiating the test diet. Bloodwork, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, body composition, and 24-h urinary purine metabolite analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Transient, mild, self-limited lower urinary tract signs were noted in only one dog on a single day, despite variable but usually mild and occasionally moderate amounts of echogenic bladder stones (<2-3 mm in size) in almost every dog at each visit. No significant differences were noted in urine specific gravity, urine pH, lean body condition score or body composition. Urinary uric acid concentration was lower on the test diet (p = 0.008), but 24-h uric acid excretions were similar (p = 0.220) compared to baseline. Significant differences between least squares mean plasma amino acid concentrations measured at the 0 and 12-month visits were found only for valine (p = 0.0119) and leucine (p = 0.0017).

CONCLUSION: This study suggests the use of a low purine, higher protein diet with added water may be beneficial as part of the management of dogs with genetic hyperuricosuria and history of clinical urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid28125004, year = {2017}, author = {Kizivat, T and Smolić, M and Marić, I and Tolušić Levak, M and Smolić, R and Bilić Čurčić, I and Kuna, L and Mihaljević, I and Včev, A and Tucak-Zorić, S}, title = {Antioxidant Pre-Treatment Reduces the Toxic Effects of Oxalate on Renal Epithelial Cells in a Cell Culture Model of Urolithiasis.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {28125004}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*pharmacology ; Arginine/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*drug effects ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Kidney/*drug effects ; Osteopontin/metabolism ; Oxalates/*toxicity ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Swine ; Vitamin E/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is characterized by the formation and retention of solid crystals within the urinary tract. Kidney stones are mostly composed of calcium oxalate, which predominantly generates free radicals that are toxic to renal tubular cells. The aim of the study is to explore possible effects of antioxidant pre-treatment on inhibition of oxidative stress. Three cell lines were used as in vitro model of urolithiasis: MDCK I, MDCK II and LLC-PK1. Oxidative stress was induced by exposure of cells to sodium oxalate in concentration of 8 mM. In order to prevent oxidative stress, cells were pre-treated with three different concentrations of l-arginine and vitamin E. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), osteopontin (OPN), and by the concentration of glutathione (GSH). In all three cell lines, pre-treatment of antioxidants increased cell survival. Positive correlation of SOD and OPN expression as well as GSH concentration was observed in all groups of cells. Our results indicate that an antioxidant pre-treatment with l-arginine and vitamin E is able to hamper oxalate-induced oxidative stress in kidney epithelial cells and as such could play a role in prevention of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid28042154, year = {2017}, author = {Houston, DM and Weese, HE and Vanstone, NP and Moore, AE and Weese, JS}, title = {Analysis of canine urolith submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre, 1998-2014.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {45-50}, pmid = {28042154}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Understanding urolith trends and risk factors is important for understanding urolithiasis, which is a common problem in dogs. This study evaluated 75 674 canine cystolith submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre between 1998 and 2014. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths comprised 80.8% of all uroliths, with calcium oxalate outnumbering struvite. There were significant increases in the proportions of calcium oxalate, mixed and cystine uroliths, and significant decreases in struvite, urate, silica, and calcium phosphate carbonate over the study period. Breeds associated with increased risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis tended to be small breeds, while those that were at increased risk of struvite urolith formation were larger breeds. Dalmatians were at increased risk of forming both urate and xanthine uroliths while Scottish deerhounds had a remarkably high association with cystine urolithiasis. Males were more likely to form calcium oxalate and metabolic uroliths and females were more likely to develop struvite and mixed uroliths.}, } @article {pmid28005930, year = {2016}, author = {Mellema, M and Stoller, M and Queau, Y and Ho, SP and Chi, T and Larsen, JA and Passlack, N and Fascetti, AJ and Mohr, C and Westropp, JL}, title = {Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for the Enumeration and Characterization of Mineralo-Organic Nanoparticles in Feline Urine.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0166045}, pmid = {28005930}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Alendronate/chemistry ; Animals ; Calcifying Nanoparticles/chemistry/metabolism/*urine ; Cats ; Citric Acid/chemistry ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Female ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Osteopontin/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urinary stone disease, particularly calcium oxalate, is common in both humans and cats. Calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) are spherical nanocrystallite material, and are composed of proteins (fetuin, albumin) and inorganic minerals. CNP are suggested to play a role in a wide array of pathologic mineralization syndromes including urolithiasis. We documented the development of a clinically relevant protocol to assess urinary CNP in 9 healthy cats consuming the same diet in a controlled environment using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA®). NTA® is a novel method that allows for characterization of the CNP in an efficient, accurate method that can differentiate these particles from other urinary submicron particulates. The predominant nanoscale particles in feline urine are characteristic of CNP in terms of their size, their ability to spontaneously form under suitable conditions, and the presence of an outer layer that is rich in calcium and capable of binding to hydroxyapatite binders such as alendronate and osteopontin. The expansion of this particle population can be suppressed by the addition of citrate to urine samples. Further, compounds targeting exosomal surfaces do not label these particulates. As CNP have been associated with a number of significant urologic maladies, the method described herein may prove to be a useful adjunct in evaluating lithogenesis risk in mammals.}, } @article {pmid27924845, year = {2016}, author = {Peerapen, P and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Caffeine prevents kidney stone formation by translocation of apical surface annexin A1 crystal-binding protein into cytoplasm: In vitro evidence.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {38536}, pmid = {27924845}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Annexin A1/*metabolism ; Caffeine/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Intracellular Space/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*drug therapy/metabolism/*prevention & control ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Protein Transport/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Recent large 3 cohorts have shown that caffeinated beverage consumption was associated with lower risk of kidney stone disease. However, its protective mechanisms remained unknown and had not been previously investigated. We thus evaluated protective effects of caffeine (1 μM-10 mM) on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stone formation, using crystallization, crystal growth, cell-crystal adhesion, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays. The results showed that caffeine reduced crystal number but, on the other hand, increased crystal size, resulting in unchanged crystal mass, consistent with crystal growth that was not affected by caffeine. However, caffeine significantly decreased crystal-binding capacity of MDCK renal tubular cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting and immunofluorescence study of COM crystal-binding proteins revealed significantly decreased level of annexin A1 on apical surface and its translocation into cytoplasm of the caffeine-treated cells, but no significant changes in other COM crystal-binding proteins (annexin A2, α-enolase, HSP70, and HSP90) were observed. Moreover, caffeine decreased intracellular [Ca[2+]] but increased [Ca[2+]] secretory index. Taken together, our findings showed an in vitro evidence of the protective mechanism of caffeine against kidney stone formation via translocation of annexin A1 from apical surface into cytoplasm to reduce the crystal-binding capacity of renal tubular epithelial cells.}, } @article {pmid27901452, year = {2016}, author = {Singh, A and Hoddinott, K and Morrison, S and Oblak, ML and Brisson, BA and Ogilvie, AT and Monteith, G and Denstedt, JD}, title = {Perioperative characteristics of dogs undergoing open versus laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for treatment of cystic calculi: 89 cases (2011-2015).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {249}, number = {12}, pages = {1401-1407}, doi = {10.2460/javma.249.12.1401}, pmid = {27901452}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Perioperative Period/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*surgery ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To compare perioperative characteristics of dogs with cystic calculi treated via open versus laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy (LAC). DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 89 client-owned dogs that underwent open cystotomy (n = 39) or LAC (50). PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs that underwent cystotomy between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed. History, signalment, surgery date, results of physical examination, results of preoperative diagnostic testing, details of surgical treatment, duration of surgery, perioperative complications, treatment costs, and duration of hospitalization were recorded. RESULTS 5 of 50 (10%) dogs required conversion from LAC to open cystotomy (OC). There was no significant difference between the LAC (1/50) and OC (2/39) groups with regard to percentage of patients with incomplete removal of calculi. Duration of surgery was not significantly different between the LAC (median, 80 min; range, 35 to 145 min) and OC (median, 70 min; range, 45 to 120 min) groups. Postoperative duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter for dogs that underwent LAC (median, 24 hours; range, 12 to 48 hours) versus OC (median, 26 hours; range, 12 to 63 hours). Surgical and total procedural costs were significantly higher for patients undergoing LAC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that LAC may be an acceptable minimally invasive technique for treatment of cystic calculi in dogs. Surgery times were similar to those for dogs undergoing OC; however, surgical and total procedural costs were higher. Further investigation is suggested to determine which patients may benefit from LAC versus traditional OC.}, } @article {pmid27890404, year = {2017}, author = {Thierry, F and Drew, S and Del-Pozo, J and Fernandez-Salesa, N and Woods, S and Stanzani, G and Liuti, T}, title = {Incomplete Urethral Duplication Associated with a Dermoid Cyst in a Dog with Urinary Obstruction.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {156}, number = {1}, pages = {29-32}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.10.003}, pmid = {27890404}, issn = {1532-3129}, mesh = {Animals ; Dermoid Cyst/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Urethra/*abnormalities ; Urethral Neoplasms/*veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 20-month-old male miniature dachshund was evaluated for a 10-week history of intermittent stranguria, pollakiuria, haematuria and obstructive urolithiasis. Retrograde urethrocystography revealed a subcutaneous saccular structure in the perineal area connected to the intrapelvic urethra associated with urolithiasis. After excision of the perineal saccular structure, microscopical examination confirmed the presence of transitional epithelium lining the diverticulum, with isolated submucosal smooth muscle bundles. This structure was attached to another saccular structure lined by stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium with hair follicles, sebaceous glands and apocrine glands. An incomplete urethral duplication with dermoid cyst was diagnosed. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery and was still urinary continent and free from clinical signs 5 months after surgery. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of an incomplete urethral duplication with a dermoid cyst and concurrent obstructive urolithiasis in a dog.}, } @article {pmid27875079, year = {2016}, author = {Kennedy, SM and Lulich, JP and Ritt, MG and Furrow, E}, title = {Comparison of body condition score and urinalysis variables between dogs with and without calcium oxalate uroliths.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {249}, number = {11}, pages = {1274-1280}, pmid = {27875079}, issn = {1943-569X}, support = {K01 OD019912/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Body Composition/*physiology ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Case-Control Studies ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urinalysis/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To compare body condition score (BCS) and urinalysis variables between dogs with and without calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 46 Miniature Schnauzers, 16 Bichons Frises, and 6 Shih Tzus. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed for Miniature Schnauzers, Bichons Frises, and Shih Tzus that were examined between January 2001 and November 2014 for another urolithiasis study or for a urolith removal procedure. Dogs with CaOx uroliths were classified as cases. Dogs without a history of urinary tract disease and with no evidence of radiopaque uroliths on abdominal radiographs were classified as controls. Each case was matched with 1 control on the basis of age (± 2 years), sex, and breed. Body condition score and urinalysis results were compared between cases and controls, and the relationship between BCS and urine pH was analyzed. RESULTS Median BCS was significantly greater for cases than controls, although the proportion of overweight dogs did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Urine pH was negatively associated with age, but was not associated with BCS or the presence of CaOx uroliths. Cases infrequently had acidic urine or CaOx crystalluria but frequently had hematuria and proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs with CaOx uroliths had a greater median BCS than control dogs, but the clinical importance of that finding was unclear. Acidic urine and CaOx crystalluria were uncommon and not adequate predictors of CaOx urolith status. Hematuria and proteinuria were commonly observed in dogs with CaOx urolithiasis, but they are not pathognomonic for that condition.}, } @article {pmid27781075, year = {2016}, author = {Yang, X and Ding, H and Qin, Z and Zhang, C and Qi, S and Zhang, H and Yang, T and He, Z and Yang, K and Du, E and Liu, C and Xu, Y and Zhang, Z}, title = {Metformin Prevents Renal Stone Formation through an Antioxidant Mechanism In Vitro and In Vivo.}, journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity}, volume = {2016}, number = {}, pages = {4156075}, pmid = {27781075}, issn = {1942-0994}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Ethylene Glycol ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/blood/*drug therapy/*prevention & control/urine ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Metformin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Oxalates ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Oxidative stress is a causal factor and key promoter of urolithiasis associated with renal tubular epithelium cell injury. The present study was designed to investigate the preventive effects of metformin on renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and stone formation in a hyperoxaluric rat model. MTT assays were carried out to determine the protection of metformin from oxalate-induced cytotoxicity. The intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in vitro. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control group, ethylene glycol (EG) treated group, and EG + metformin treated group. Oxidative stress and crystal formations were evaluated in renal tissues after 8-week treatment. Metformin significantly inhibited the decrease of the viability in MDCK cells and HK-2 cells induced by oxalate. Besides, metformin markedly prevented the increased concentration of MDA and the decreased tendency of SOD in oxalate-induced MDCK cells and HK-2 cells. In vivo, the increased MDA levels and the reduction of SOD activity were detected in the EG treated group compared with controls, while these parameters reversed in the EG + metformin treated group. Kidney crystal formation in the EG + metformin treated group was decreased significantly compared with the EG treated group. Metformin suppressed urinary crystal deposit formation through renal tubular cell protection and antioxidative effects.}, } @article {pmid27554497, year = {2016}, author = {Li, S and Wu, W and Wu, W and Duan, X and Kong, Z and Zeng, G}, title = {L-Carnitine Protects Renal Tubular Cells Against Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals Adhesion Through Preventing Cells From Dedifferentiation.}, journal = {Kidney & blood pressure research}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {582-592}, doi = {10.1159/000443455}, pmid = {27554497}, issn = {1423-0143}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Carnitine/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Protective Agents/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The interactions between calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals and renal tubular epithelial cells are important for renal stone formation but still unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes of epithelial cell phenotype after COM attachment and whether L-carnitine could protect cells against subsequent COM crystals adhesion.

METHODS: Cultured MDCK cells were employed and E-cadherin and Vimentin were used as markers to estimate the differentiate state. AlexaFluor-488-tagged COM crystals were used in crystals adhesion experiment to distinguish from the previous COM attachment, and adhesive crystals were counted under fluorescence microscope, which were also dissolved and the calcium concentration was assessed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

RESULTS: Dedifferentiated MDCK cells induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) shown higher affinity to COM crystals. After exposure to COM for 48 hours, cell dedifferentiation were observed and more subsequent COM crystals could bind onto, mediated by Akt/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. L-carnitine attenuated this signaling, resulted in inhibition of cell dedifferentiation and reduction of subsequent COM crystals adhesion.

CONCLUSIONS: COM attachment promotes subsequent COM crystals adhesion, by inducing cell dedifferentiation via Akt/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. L-carnitine partially abolishes cell dedifferentiation and resists COM crystals adhesion. L-carnitine, may be used as a potential therapeutic strategy against recurrence of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid27707684, year = {2016}, author = {Gerber, B and Brandenberger-Schenk, F and Rothenanger, E and Müller, C}, title = {[Uroliths of cats in Switzerland from 2002 to 2009].}, journal = {Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde}, volume = {158}, number = {10}, pages = {711-716}, doi = {10.17236/sat00089}, pmid = {27707684}, issn = {0036-7281}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/*pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry ; Male ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Struvite/analysis ; Switzerland/epidemiology ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In this study data on composition of uroliths collected from cats and epidemiologic data of affected cats in Switzerland from 2002 to 2009 are summarised. Of 884 stones analysed 50% (n=441) were composed of calcium oxalate, 45% (n=398) of struvite, 3% (n=18) of ammonium urate, 1% (n=12) were mixed stones, 1% (n=9) were composed of silica, 3 stones were solidified blood, 2 consisted of cystine and 1of xanthine. 40% of the ureteral stones were composed of struvite. Domestic cats had significantly less calcium oxalate stones compared to British Shorthair or Persian cats. Cats with calcium oxalate stones were older and cats with struvite stones were younger than other affected cats. Female and male cats were equally affected with stones. Compared to studies from other countries, in Switzerland silica stones occurred more often and ureteral stones were more often composed of Struvite. The present study shows that occurrence and prevalence of urinary calculi of cats from Switzerland exhibited only slight differences to studies from other countries.}, } @article {pmid27700265, year = {2016}, author = {Tong, K and Weisse, C and Berent, AC}, title = {Rigid urethrocystoscopy via a percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach in male dogs: 19 cases (2005-2014).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {249}, number = {8}, pages = {918-925}, doi = {10.2460/javma.249.8.918}, pmid = {27700265}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Hematuria/diagnosis/surgery ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureteral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE To describe the technique and outcome for male dogs undergoing rigid urethrocystoscopy via a novel percutaneous, fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 19 client-owned male dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of male dogs that underwent urethrocystoscopy via a percutaneous perineal approach for treatment of a variety of conditions from 2005 through 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, history, pertinent diagnostic imaging results, endourologic and postprocedure details, duration of hospitalization, complications, and outcome (short-term, < 1 month; long-term, ≥ 1 month) were recorded. After flexible urethrocystoscopy, direct percutaneous perineal needle puncture and guidewire placement by means of fluoroscopic guidance (with or without ultrasonography) allowed access to the urethral lumen. The perineal tract was subsequently serially dilated to accommodate a peel-away sheath and rigid endoscope. Rigid urethrocystoscopy was performed, and on completion of endourologic procedures, the access site was left to heal by second intention. RESULTS 19 male dogs successfully underwent 20 procedures. No intraoperative complications were reported. Short-term outcome was good (ie, mild perineal urine leakage) for 3 dogs and excellent (ie, no abnormalities with urination) for 16. Long-term outcome was excellent for the 17 dogs for which follow-up information was available. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach (with or without ultrasonography) allowed access to the pelvic urethra with no major complications in the present series of patients. This minimally invasive approach may be a valuable tool for endourologic procedures in male dogs.}, } @article {pmid27649531, year = {2016}, author = {Mittal, A and Tandon, S and Singla, SK and Tandon, C}, title = {Mechanistic Insights into the Antilithiatic Proteins from Terminalia arjuna: A Proteomic Approach in Urolithiasis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {e0162600}, pmid = {27649531}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Anions ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules, Collecting/cytology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Phytotherapy/methods ; Plant Bark/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Proteomics/*methods ; Rats ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Terminalia/*metabolism ; Urolithiasis/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Kidney stone formation during hyperoxaluric condition is inherently dependent on the interaction between renal epithelial cells and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Although modern medicine has progressed in terms of removal of these stones, recurrence and persistent side effects restricts their use. Strategies involving plant based agents which could be used as adjunct therapy is an area which needs to be explored. Plant proteins having antilithiatic activity is a hitherto unexplored area and therefore, we conducted a detailed identification and characterization of antilithiatic proteins from Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna). Proteins were isolated from the dried bark of T. arjuna and those having molecular weights > 3 kDa were subjected to anion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. Four proteins were identified exhibiting inhibitory activity against CaOx crystallization and crystal growth kinetics The cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic efficacy of these purified proteins was further investigated on oxalate injured renal epithelial cells (MDCK and NRK-52E) wherein, injury due to oxalate was significantly attenuated and led to a dose dependent increase in viability of these cells. These proteins also prevented the interaction of the CaOx crystals to the cell surface and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. Identification of these 4 anionic proteins from the bark of T. arjuna was carried out by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This was followed by database search with the MASCOT server and sequence similarity was found with Nuclear pore anchor, DEAD Box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 45, Lon protease homolog 1 and Heat shock protein 90-3. These novel proteins isolated from T. arjuna have the potential to inhibit CaOx crystallization and promote cell survival and therefore, offer novel avenues which need to be explored further for the medical management of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid27611724, year = {2016}, author = {Lulich, JP and Berent, AC and Adams, LG and Westropp, JL and Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA}, title = {ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Recommendations on the Treatment and Prevention of Uroliths in Dogs and Cats.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {1564-1574}, pmid = {27611724}, issn = {1939-1676}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/methods/veterinary ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Societies, Scientific/*organization & administration/standards ; United States ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine/*organization & administration/standards ; }, abstract = {In an age of advancing endoscopic and lithotripsy technologies, the management of urolithiasis poses a unique opportunity to advance compassionate veterinary care, not only for patients with urolithiasis but for those with other urinary diseases as well. The following are consensus-derived, research and experience-supported, patient-centered recommendations for the treatment and prevention of uroliths in dogs and cats utilizing contemporary strategies. Ultimately, we hope that these recommendations will serve as a foundation for ongoing and future clinical research and inspiration for innovative problem solving.}, } @article {pmid27562981, year = {2016}, author = {Bartges, JW}, title = {Feline Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {712-722}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X16660442}, pmid = {27562981}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cat Diseases/*metabolism/*therapy ; Cats ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/metabolism/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Uroliths occur commonly in the bladder and/or urethra of cats and can be lifethreatening if urethral obstruction occurs. Calcium oxalate accounts for 40-50% of urocystoliths and these stones are not amenable to medical dissolution; therefore, removal by surgery or minimally invasive techniques is required if uroliths must be treated. Medical protocols for prevention involve decreasing urine saturation for minerals that form uroliths.

ETIOPATHOGENESIS: Formation of uroliths is not a disease, but rather a complication of several disorders. Some disorders can be identified and corrected (such as infection-induced struvite urolith formation); others can be identified but not corrected (such as idiopathic hypercalcemia). In most cats with calcium oxalate urolith formation the underlying etiopathogenesis is not known. A common denominator of all these disorders is that they can from time to time create oversaturation of urine with one or more crystal precursors, resulting in formation of crystals.

BASIC CONCEPTS: In order to develop rational and effective approaches to treatment, abnormalities that promote urolith formation must be identified, with the goal of eliminating or modifying them. It is important, therefore, to understand several basic concepts associated with urolithiasis and the factors that promote urolith formation that may be modified with medical treatment; for example, the state of urinary saturation, modifiers of crystal formation, potential for multiple crystal types, and presence of bacterial infection or urinary obstruction.}, } @article {pmid27550521, year = {2017}, author = {Nguyen, P and Reynolds, B and Zentek, J and Paßlack, N and Leray, V}, title = {Sodium in feline nutrition.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {403-420}, doi = {10.1111/jpn.12548}, pmid = {27550521}, issn = {1439-0396}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cats/*physiology ; Diet/*veterinary ; Sodium, Dietary/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {High sodium levels in cat food have been controversial for a long time. Nonetheless, high sodium levels are used to enhance water intake and urine volume, with the main objective of reducing the risk of urolithiasis. This article is a review of current evidence of the putative risks and benefits of high dietary sodium levels. Its secondary aim is to report a possible safe upper limit (SUL) for sodium intake. The first part of the manuscript is dedicated to sodium physiology, with a focus on the mechanisms of sodium homeostasis. In this respect, there is only few information regarding possible interactions with other minerals. Next, the authors address how sodium intake affects sodium balance; knowledge of these effects is critical to establish recommendations for sodium feed content. The authors then review the consequences of changes in sodium intake on feline health, including urolithiasis, blood pressure changes, cardiovascular alterations and kidney disease. According to recent, long-term studies, there is no evidence of any deleterious effect of dietary sodium levels as high as 740 mg/MJ metabolizable energy, which can therefore be considered the SUL based on current knowledge.}, } @article {pmid27525650, year = {2016}, author = {Donner, J and Kaukonen, M and Anderson, H and Möller, F and Kyöstilä, K and Sankari, S and Hytönen, M and Giger, U and Lohi, H}, title = {Genetic Panel Screening of Nearly 100 Mutations Reveals New Insights into the Breed Distribution of Risk Variants for Canine Hereditary Disorders.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0161005}, pmid = {27525650}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P40 OD010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Collagen Type IV/genetics ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; Dwarfism/genetics/veterinary ; Factor VII/genetics ; Genetic Counseling ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; *Genetic Testing ; Integrin alpha Chains/genetics ; *Mutation ; Species Specificity ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urolithiasis/genetics/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The growing number of identified genetic disease risk variants across dog breeds challenges the current state-of-the-art of population screening, veterinary molecular diagnostics, and genetic counseling. Multiplex screening of such variants is now technologically feasible, but its practical potential as a supportive tool for canine breeding, disease diagnostics, pet care, and genetics research is still unexplored.

RESULTS: To demonstrate the utility of comprehensive genetic panel screening, we tested nearly 7000 dogs representing around 230 breeds for 93 disease-associated variants using a custom-designed genotyping microarray (the MyDogDNA® panel test). In addition to known breed disease-associated mutations, we discovered 15 risk variants in a total of 34 breeds in which their presence was previously undocumented. We followed up on seven of these genetic findings to demonstrate their clinical relevance. We report additional breeds harboring variants causing factor VII deficiency, hyperuricosuria, lens luxation, von Willebrand's disease, multifocal retinopathy, multidrug resistance, and rod-cone dysplasia. Moreover, we provide plausible molecular explanations for chondrodysplasia in the Chinook, cerebellar ataxia in the Norrbottenspitz, and familiar nephropathy in the Welsh Springer Spaniel.

CONCLUSIONS: These practical examples illustrate how genetic panel screening represents a comprehensive, efficient and powerful diagnostic and research discovery tool with a range of applications in veterinary care, disease research, and breeding. We conclude that several known disease alleles are more widespread across different breeds than previously recognized. However, careful follow up studies of any unexpected discoveries are essential to establish genotype-phenotype correlations, as is readiness to provide genetic counseling on their implications for the dog and its breed.}, } @article {pmid27497503, year = {2016}, author = {Palm, CA and Culp, WT}, title = {Nephroureteral Obstructions: The Use of Stents and Ureteral Bypass Systems for Renal Decompression.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, pages = {1183-1192}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.008}, pmid = {27497503}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Stents/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Canine and feline nephroureteral obstruction is a complex disease process that can be challenging to treat. Although the availability of various imaging modalities allows for a straightforward diagnosis to be made in most cases, the decision-making process for when a case should be taken to surgery and the optimal treatment modality that should be used for renal decompression remains controversial. In the following discussion, an overview of the perioperative management of cases with nephroureterolithiasis and nephroureteral obstruction is reviewed, with particular focus on the use of renal decompressive procedures, such as ureteral stenting and subcutaneous ureteral bypass system placement.}, } @article {pmid27388977, year = {2016}, author = {Ruggerone, B and Marelli, SP and Scarpa, P and Polli, M}, title = {Genetic evaluation of English bulldogs with cystine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {179}, number = {7}, pages = {174}, doi = {10.1136/vr.103615}, pmid = {27388977}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystine/*genetics ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; Species Specificity ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid29067201, year = {2016}, author = {Wightman, PF and Hill, KE and Cohen, EB and Bridges, J and Bolwell, CF and French, J and Adler, BA and Green, R}, title = {An imaging investigation of in situ uroliths in hospitalized cats in New Zealand and in the United States.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {255-265}, pmid = {29067201}, issn = {2053-1095}, abstract = {The submission rates of feline uroliths to laboratories and the composition of uroliths have been reported in studies. The prevalence of uroliths reported on imaging findings has not been published. The objective of this retrospective study was to use imaging data to investigate the anatomical location and the prevalence of macroscopic in situ uroliths in cats. Radiographs, sonograms and imaging reports from two cohorts of cats (from New Zealand (n = 497) and the United States (n = 693)) from 2004-2013 were reviewed for the presence of in situ uroliths. Uroliths were categorized by their location in the lower or upper urinary tract. Radiographic studies were performed on 43% (212/497) of the cats from New Zealand and 50% (349/693) of the cats from the USA. Sonographic studies were performed on 57% (285/497) of the cats from New Zealand and 50% (344/693) of the cats from the USA. The total prevalence of uroliths was 3% in the New Zealand cohort and 13% in the USA cohort. Lower tract urolith prevalence in the New Zealand cohort was 2.4% (5/212) in cats ≤ 6y and 1.1% (3/285) in cats >6y. Upper tract urolith prevalence in the New Zealand cohort was 0.5% (1/212) in cats ≤ 6y and 1.8% (5/285) in cats >6y. Lower tract urolith prevalence in the United States cohort was 6.0% (11/183) in cats ≤ 6y and 2.9% (15/510) in cats >6y. Upper tract urolith prevalence in the United States cohort was 2.7% (5/183) in cats ≤ 6y and 10.2% (52/510) in cats >6y. The prevalence of uroliths in the upper tract or lower tract was low in the New Zealand cohort compared to that of cats in the USA cohort, irrespective of age category. Geographical location may be important when evaluating risk factors for feline urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid27260493, year = {2016}, author = {Changtong, C and Peerapen, P and Khamchun, S and Fong-Ngern, K and Chutipongtanate, S and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {In vitro evidence of the promoting effect of testosterone in kidney stone disease: A proteomics approach and functional validation.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {11-22}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.028}, pmid = {27260493}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/chemistry/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/analysis/metabolism ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Proteome/analysis/*drug effects ; Proteomics/*methods ; Testosterone/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Incidence of kidney stone disease in males is 2- to 4-fold greater than in females. This study aimed to determine effects of testosterone on kidney stone disease using a proteomics approach. MDCK renal tubular cells were treated with or without 20nM testosterone for 7days. Cellular proteins were extracted, resolved by 2-DE, and stained with Deep Purple fluorescence dye (n=5 gels derived from 5 independent samples/group). Spot matching, quantitative intensity analysis, and statistics revealed significant changes in levels of nine protein spots after testosterone treatment. These proteins were then identified by nanoLC-ESI-Qq-TOF MS/MS. Global protein network analysis using STRING software revealed α-enolase as the central node of protein-protein interactions. The increased level of α-enolase was then confirmed by Western blotting analysis, whereas immunofluorescence study revealed the increased α-enolase on cell surface and intracellularly. Functional analysis confirmed the potential role of the increased α-enolase in enhanced calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal-cell adhesion induced by testosterone. Finally, neutralization of surface α-enolase using anti-α-enolase antibody successfully reduced the enhanced COM crystal-cell adhesion to the basal level. Our data provided in vitro evidence of promoting effect of testosterone on kidney stone disease via enhanced COM crystal-cell adhesion by the increased surface α-enolase.

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The incidence of kidney stone disease in male is 2- to 4-fold greater than in female. One of the possible factors of the male preference is the higher testosterone hormone level. However, precise molecular mechanisms that testosterone plays in kidney stone disease remained unclear. Our present study is the first exploratory investigation on such aspect using a proteomics approach. Our data also provide a novel mechanistic aspect of how testosterone can impact the risk of kidney stone formation (i.e. the discovery that testosterone increases alpha-enolase expression on the surface of renal tubular cells that is responsible, at least in part, for crystal-cell adhesion).}, } @article {pmid27112522, year = {2016}, author = {Torres, M and Pastor, J and Roura, X and Tabar, MD and Espada, Y and Font, A and Balasch, J and Planellas, M}, title = {Adverse urinary effects of allopurinol in dogs with leishmaniasis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {299-304}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12484}, pmid = {27112522}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antiprotozoal Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Leishmaniasis/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Male ; Urologic Diseases/*chemically induced ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the adverse effects of allopurinol on the urinary system during treatment of canine leishmaniasis.

METHODS: Retrospective case series of 42 dogs that developed xanthinuria while receiving allopurinol treatment for leishmaniasis.

RESULTS: Of 320 dogs diagnosed with leishmaniasis, 42 (13%) developed adverse urinary effects. Thirteen (of 42) dogs (31%) developed xanthinuria, renal mineralisation and urolithiasis; 11 (26·2%) showed xanthinuria with renal mineralisation; 9 (21·4%) had xanthinuria with urolithiasis and 9 (21·4%) developed xanthinuria alone. Urinary clinical signs developed in 19 dogs (45·2%).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that urolithiasis and renal mineralisation can occur in dogs receiving allopurinol therapy. Dogs receiving therapy should be monitored for the development of urinary adverse effects from the beginning of treatment.}, } @article {pmid26933264, year = {2016}, author = {Hesse, A and Hoffmann, J and Orzekowsky, H and Neiger, R}, title = {Canine cystine urolithiasis: A review of 1760 submissions over 35 years (1979-2013).}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {277-281}, pmid = {26933264}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cystine ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Retrospective Studies ; Urolithiasis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study reports a retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data from cystine stones of dogs submitted to the Urinary Stone Analysis Center Bonn, Germany, over a period of 35 years. Of the 20 316 uroliths submitted from 1979 to 2013, 1760 were cystine stones. In total, 109 breeds were affected with 16 breeds having an odds ratio > 1.0. Most of the cystine uroliths were retrieved from male dogs, with only 19 female dogs (1.1%) being affected. Percentage of submitted cystine stones amongst all stones decreased significantly over 35 years from 38.9% to 4.4%.}, } @article {pmid26898228, year = {2016}, author = {Heilmann, RM and Pashmakova, M and Lamb, JH and Spaulding, KA and Cook, AK}, title = {[Subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices as a treatment option for bilateral ureteral obstruction in a cat with ureterolithiasis].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {180-188}, doi = {10.15654/TPK-150128}, pmid = {26898228}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/physiopathology/*surgery ; Cats ; Female ; *Stents ; Ureteral Obstruction/physiopathology/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/physiopathology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 6-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented with acute lethargy, dehydration, marked azotemia, metabolic acidosis, left-sided renomegaly, and bilateral hydronephrosis. Ureterolithiasis and ureteral obstruction were suspected based on further diagnostics including abdominal sonography. Medical treatment was not successful. Fluoroscopically guided antegrade pyelography confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral ureteral obstruction due to ureterolithiasis. Subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices were placed bilaterally, followed by close patient monitoring. Frequent reassessment of patient parameters and blood work served to adjust the fluid needs of the patient and to ensure proper hydration, correction of azotemia at an appropriate rate, and cardiovascular stability. After significant improvement of all patient parameters within 5 days, the patient was discharged from the hospital. Treatment included a dietary change to reduce the risk of stone formation as well as a phosphorus binder. Clinical and clinicopathologic parameters were unchanged at the 1- and 4- and 7-month rechecks (consistent with IRIS CKD stage II-NP-AP0), and both SUB devices continued to provide unobstructed urine flow. Bilateral placement of subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices may be a safe and potentially effective treatment option for acute bilateral ureteral obstruction in cats with ureterolithiasis. Strict patient monitoring and patient-centered postoperative treatment decisions are crucial to successful treatment outcomes.}, } @article {pmid26884409, year = {2016}, author = {Brooks, ED and Yi, H and Austin, SL and Thurberg, BL and Young, SP and Fyfe, JC and Kishnani, PS and Sun, B}, title = {Natural Progression of Canine Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIIa.}, journal = {Comparative medicine}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {41-51}, pmid = {26884409}, issn = {2769-819X}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Biomarkers/blood/urine ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Glycogen Storage Disease Type III/metabolism/pathology/*veterinary ; Hepatomegaly/metabolism/pathology/veterinary ; Liver/metabolism/pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism/pathology/veterinary ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism/pathology ; Muscular Diseases/metabolism/pathology/veterinary ; Species Specificity ; Urolithiasis/metabolism/pathology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Glycogen storage disease type IIIa (GSD IIIa) is caused by a deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme activity. Hepatomegaly, muscle degeneration, and hypoglycemia occur in human patients at an early age. Long-term complications include liver cirrhosis, hepatic adenomas, and generalized myopathy. A naturally occurring canine model of GSD IIIa that mimics the human disease has been described, with progressive liver disease and skeletal muscle damage likely due to excess glycogen deposition. In the current study, long-term follow-up of previously described GSD IIIa dogs until 32 mo of age (n = 4) and of family-owned GSD IIIa dogs until 11 to 12 y of age (n = 2) revealed that elevated concentrations of liver and muscle enzyme (AST, ALT, ALP, and creatine phosphokinase) decreased over time, consistent with hepatic cirrhosis and muscle fibrosis. Glycogen deposition in many skeletal muscles; the tongue, diaphragm, and heart; and the phrenic and sciatic nerves occurred also. Furthermore, the urinary biomarker Glc4, which has been described in many types of GSD, was first elevated and then decreased later in life. This urinary biomarker demonstrated a similar trend as AST and ALT in GSD IIIa dogs, indicating that Glc4 might be a less invasive biomarker of hepatocellular disease. Finally, the current study further demonstrates that the canine GSD IIIa model adheres to the clinical course in human patients with this disorder and is an appropriate model for developing novel therapies.}, } @article {pmid26834273, year = {2016}, author = {Houston, DM and Vanstone, NP and Moore, AE and Weese, HE and Weese, JS}, title = {Evaluation of 21 426 feline bladder urolith submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre (1998-2014).}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {196-201}, pmid = {26834273}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Canada ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Retrospective Studies ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study reports emerging trends in feline urolithiasis in Canada during the past 16.8 y, evaluates associations of breed and gender with urolith types, and reports on feline submissions from outside of Canada. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths comprised > 90% of all uroliths submitted. In cats, oxalate submissions outnumbered struvite submissions from Canada, Hong Kong, Denmark, and the United Arab Emirates, while Australian struvite submissions outnumbered calcium oxalate submissions. In Canada, the majority of urolith submissions were from domestic cats followed by Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats. Males were more likely to form calcium oxalate uroliths and females were more likely to develop struvite uroliths. Compared to domestic short-haired cats, Tonkinese, Burmese, Devon rex, Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats were significantly associated with calcium oxalate urolith submission. Egyptian mau, Birman, ocicat, and Siamese breeds were over-represented amongst urate submissions.}, } @article {pmid26753318, year = {2015}, author = {Brandenberger-Schenk, F and Rothenanger, E and Reusch, CE and Gerber, B}, title = {[Uroliths of dogs in Switzerland from 2003 to 2009].}, journal = {Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde}, volume = {157}, number = {1}, pages = {41-48}, doi = {10.17236/sat00003}, pmid = {26753318}, issn = {0036-7281}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Struvite ; Switzerland/epidemiology ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Xanthine/analysis ; }, abstract = {Information on composition of uroliths collected between 2003 and 2009 from dogs in Switzerland and epidemiologic data of affected dogs are summarised in this paper. Of 490 stones analysed 44% were composed of calcium oxalate, 330% of struvite, 80% of silica, 7% of urate, 3% of cystine, 3% were mixed stones and 1% each were calcium phosphate and xanthine stones. Compared to other dogs, Norwich Terriers, Norfolk Terriers, Miniature Schnauzers, Miniature Pinscher and Yorkshire Terriers had a significantly increased risk to suffer from calcium oxalate stones, Dalmatians and Continental Bulldogs from urate stones and English Bulldogs from cystine stones. No breed had an increased risk of struvite or silica stones. Stones composed of silica were more prevalent in Switzerland compared to other countries and were more common in the eastern part than in the western part of Switzerland. This study shows that there are differences in occurrence and prevalence of uroliths between Switzerland and surveys of other countries.}, } @article {pmid26560472, year = {2016}, author = {Li, YH and Yu, SL and Gan, XG and Pan, SH and Teng, YQ and An, RH}, title = {Externalization of phosphatidylserine via multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)/P-glycoprotein in oxalate-treated renal epithelial cells: implications for calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {175-181}, pmid = {26560472}, issn = {1573-2584}, mesh = {ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/pathology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclosporins/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Flow Cytometry ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Nephrolithiasis/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Oxalates/*adverse effects ; Phosphatidylserines/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Urothelium/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We investigated the possible involvement of multidrug resistance protein 1 P-glycoprotein (MDR1 P-gp) in the oxalate-induced redistribution of phosphatidylserine in renal epithelial cell membranes.

METHODS: Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to examine MDR1 expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, whereas surface-expressed phosphatidylserine was detected by the annexin V-binding assay.

RESULTS: Oxalate treatment resulted in increased synthesis of MDR1, which resulted in phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization in the renal epithelial cell membrane. Treatment with the MDR1 inhibitor PSC833 significantly attenuated phosphatidylserine externalization. Transfection of the human MDR1 gene into renal epithelial cells significantly increased PS externalization.

CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that oxalate increases the synthesis of MDR1 P-gp, which plays a key role in hyperoxaluria-promoted calcium oxalate urolithiasis by facilitating phosphatidylserine redistribution in renal epithelial cells.}, } @article {pmid26551422, year = {2015}, author = {Bende, B and Kovács, KB and Solymosi, N and Németh, T}, title = {Characteristics of urolithiasis in the dog population of Hungary from 2001 to 2012.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Hungarica}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {323-336}, doi = {10.1556/004.2015.030}, pmid = {26551422}, issn = {0236-6290}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in Hungary in order to determine the annual incidence of urolithiasis and to identify breeds at risk for different types of urolithiasis. Data of a total of 2,543 canine uroliths analysed in the laboratory of the Budapest Urolith Centre were evaluated retrospectively from 2001 to 2012. Logistic regression was used to assess odds ratios for the proportion of each affected breed compared to those of crossbreeds. The annual incidence of urolithiasis was evaluated by the number of submissions compared to the estimated number of dogs in the population from which the samples originated. Epidemiologic data revealed a relatively high and increasing proportion of struvite urolithiasis. Statistical analysis of breed predispositions resulted in the detection of breeds not having been reported at risk (e.g. Bernese Mountain dog - struvite, Bichon Frise, Bolognese, Tibetan Terrier - purine, French Bulldog - cystine). Conflicting results were revealed for some other breeds previously described as being affected by certain types of urolithiasis (Chihuahua, Pekingese, Shih Tzu, English Cocker Spaniel). Regardless of the type of urolithiasis, its average cumulative incidence in the dog population of Hungary was found to be 1.76/10,000/year.}, } @article {pmid26538670, year = {2015}, author = {Cosgrove, L and Hammond, G and Mclauchlan, G}, title = {Primary portal vein hypoplasia and SLC2A9 mutation associated with urate urolithiasis in a Spanish water dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {56}, number = {11}, pages = {1153-1157}, pmid = {26538670}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/genetics/*metabolism/therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics/*metabolism ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Portal Vein/*abnormalities ; *Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis/genetics/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This report describes a Spanish water dog with an ammonium urate urethrolith which was diagnosed with primary portal vein hypoplasia and was found to be homozygous for the mutated SLC2A9 gene. This is the first Spanish water dog described with the SLC2A9 mutation and the first case of concurrent portal vascular abnormalities and SLC2A9 mutation.}, } @article {pmid26478726, year = {2015}, author = {Furman, E and Hooijberg, EH and Leidinger, E and Zedinger, C and Giger, U and Leidinger, J}, title = {Hereditary xanthinuria and urolithiasis in a domestic shorthair cat.}, journal = {Comparative clinical pathology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1325-1329}, pmid = {26478726}, issn = {1618-5641}, support = {P40 OD010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; P40 RR002512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {A 2-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of hematuria, stranguria and intermittent urethral obstruction. Urine sediment showed hematuria, pyuria, and yellow-brown, amorphous and spherical crystals. Upon surgical correction of the obstructed urethra by perineal urethrostomy, many dark yellow to grey, irregular, gravel-like to millet grain-sized uroliths, consisting of 100% xanthine by crystallography were found. The urinary xanthine concentration was high. The cat subsequently developed bilateral nephroliths, recurrent urinary tract infection, and chronic kidney failure. Dietary management with a low-purine diet failed in part due to poor compliance, and the cat was euthanized at 6 years of age. Xanthinuria is rare inborn error of metabolism in cats and other species but should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of feline urolithiasis. No associated molecular genetic defect has been elucidated, and management of these cases is difficult. In the absence of calculi for analysis, measuring urinary xanthine concentration can help in diagnosing this metabolic defect.}, } @article {pmid26309108, year = {2015}, author = {Cho, JG and Gebhart, CJ and Furrow, E and Lulich, JP}, title = {Assessment of in vitro oxalate degradation by Lactobacillus species cultured from veterinary probiotics.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {76}, number = {9}, pages = {801-806}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.76.9.801}, pmid = {26309108}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Animals ; Culture Media ; Dietary Supplements ; Lactobacillus/classification/*metabolism ; Oxalates/*metabolism ; *Probiotics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To culture Lactobacillus spp from veterinary probiotics and measure their in vitro oxalate-degrading capacity.

SAMPLE: 2 commercial veterinary probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp.

PROCEDURES: Lactobacillus spp were cultured anaerobically on selective deMan, Rogosa, Sharpe agar medium and subcultured for speciation by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Isolates were inoculated into broth containing sodium oxalate (5 mg/L) and incubated anaerobically for 72 hours. An oxalate-degrading isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 53544) was the positive control sample; sterile broth containing a known quantity of sodium oxalate was the negative control sample. Oxalate concentrations were detected with ion chromatography. Oxalate degradation was assessed with Dunnett tests to detect differences in mean oxalate concentration for each isolate, compared with results for the negative control.

RESULTS: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus zeae (too closely related to differentiate) were isolated from probiotic 1, and L plantarum was isolated from probiotic 2. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene confirmed 100% homology to type species. Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 53544) and L acidophilus from probiotic 1 significantly decreased oxalate concentrations by 85.3 and 161.9 mg/L, respectively. Lactobacillus plantarum from probiotics 1 and 2 significantly increased oxalate concentrations by 56.1 and 36.1 mg/L, respectively. Lactobacillus casei did not alter oxalate concentrations.

Lactobacillus acidophilus isolates significantly reduced oxalate concentrations. In vivo studies are needed to determine whether probiotics containing L acidophilus decrease urine oxalate concentrations and reduce risk of urolith recurrence in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid26200699, year = {2015}, author = {Cinti, F and Pisani, G and Carusi, U and Buracco, P}, title = {Urethrotomy of the glans penis in three male dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {56}, number = {11}, pages = {671-674}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12390}, pmid = {26200699}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Penis/*surgery ; Urethra/*surgery ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Three intact male dogs with stranguria and haematuria caused by uroliths in the penile urethra underwent urethrotomy using a novel surgical approach directly over the caudal part of the os penis because conservative procedures to resolve the obstructions had failed. Haemorrhage was minimal, and the incisions healed rapidly by second intention. Complications did not occur during the 6-month follow-up period. Urethrotomy directly over the os penis is straightforward, associated with few complications and holds promise for the removal of urinary calculi in the penile urethra.}, } @article {pmid26066810, year = {2015}, author = {Killilea, DW and Westropp, JL and Shiraki, R and Mellema, M and Larsen, J and Kahn, AJ and Kapahi, P and Chi, T and Stoller, ML}, title = {Elemental Content of Calcium Oxalate Stones from a Canine Model of Urinary Stone Disease.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0128374}, pmid = {26066810}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {K12 DK083021/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 DK100863/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG045835/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; RFA-DK-12-003/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis/*chemistry ; Cluster Analysis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/metabolism/*pathology ; }, abstract = {One of the most common types of urinary stones formed in humans and some other mammals is composed of calcium oxalate in ordered hydrated crystals. Many studies have reported a range of metals other than calcium in human stones, but few have looked at stones from animal models such as the dog. Therefore, we determined the elemental profile of canine calcium oxalate urinary stones and compared it to reported values from human stones. The content of 19 elements spanning 7-orders of magnitude was quantified in calcium oxalate stones from 53 dogs. The elemental profile of the canine stones was highly overlapping with human stones, indicating similar inorganic composition. Correlation and cluster analysis was then performed on the elemental profile from canine stones to evaluate associations between the elements and test for potential subgrouping based on elemental content. No correlations were observed with the most abundant metal calcium. However, magnesium and sulfur content correlated with the mineral hydration form, while phosphorous and zinc content correlated with the neuter status of the dog. Inter-elemental correlation analysis indicated strong associations between barium, phosphorous, and zinc content. Additionally, cluster analysis revealed subgroups within the stones that were also based primarily on barium, phosphorous, and zinc. These data support the use of the dog as a model to study the effects of trace metal homeostasis in urinary stone disease.}, } @article {pmid26018495, year = {2015}, author = {Liu, Y and Xu, H and Zhong, W and Shen, Q and Zhuang, T and Huang, K}, title = {Organic Selenium Alleviated the Formation of Ethylene Glycol-Induced Calcium Oxalate Renal Calculi by Improving Osteopontin Expression and Antioxidant Capability in Dogs.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {168}, number = {2}, pages = {392-400}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-015-0373-9}, pmid = {26018495}, issn = {1559-0720}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium/urine ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Creatinine/blood ; Diet ; Dogs ; Ethylene Glycol/*chemistry ; Kidney Calculi/*prevention & control ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/blood ; Osteopontin/*metabolism ; Oxalates/urine ; Oxidative Stress ; Selenium/*administration & dosage/chemistry ; Urinalysis ; }, abstract = {Twenty one-year-old local male dogs were randomly assigned into four groups (five dogs per group). The control and the ethylene glycol (EG) groups were fed basal diets without and with EG, and the EG+sodium selenite (EG+SS) and EG+selenium yeast (EG+SY) groups were fed basal diets with EG containing SS and SY, respectively. Blood, urine, and renal samples were taken after 18 weeks of feeding. The results showed that compared with the control group, the serum calcium levels and antioxidase activities significantly decreased in the EG group. Serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and urine calcium and oxalate levels significantly increased. Calcium oxalate crystal deposition and osteopontin (OPN) messenger RNA and protein expression in the renal tissues significantly increased. These changes above in the EG group were reversed within limits by adding selenium in the diets (both EG+SS and EG+SY groups). Further, compared with the EG+SS group, the EG+SY group showed better effects in decreasing the formation of EG-induced calcium oxalate renal calculi and OPN expression and improving antioxidant capability in dogs. It indicates that organic selenium has the potential value to alleviate the formation of EG-induced calcium oxalate renal calculi.}, } @article {pmid26011562, year = {2015}, author = {Pineda, C and Aguilera-Tejero, E and Raya, AI and Montes de Oca, A and Rodriguez, M and Lopez, I}, title = {Effects of two calculolytic diets on parameters of feline mineral metabolism.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {56}, number = {8}, pages = {499-504}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12368}, pmid = {26011562}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/urine ; Cat Diseases/blood/*diet therapy/urine ; Cats/*metabolism ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; Magnesium/urine ; Magnesium Compounds/urine ; Male ; Phosphates/urine ; Struvite ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diet therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of two feline calculolytic diets on selected parameters of mineral metabolism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two dry commercial diets designed for struvite urolith dissolution were evaluated in 14 cats. The study was designed as a two-sequence, four-period crossover protocol with a baseline period, two 60-day "run-in" periods in which calculolytic diets (Diet 1 and Diet 2) were fed and one 30-day "wash-out" period. Data are expressed as median (range).

RESULTS: Feeding the calculolytic diets for two months did not alter plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and parathyroid hormone. A significant (P < 0.05 in each case) decline in calcitriol was observed after administering both diets from 236.4 (122.4-429.6) to 170.4 (108.0-394.3) pmol/L (Diet 1) and from 278.4 (153.6-492.0) to 177.1 (87.6-392.4) pmol/L (Diet 2). Cats fed Diet 1 showed a significant increase in urine calcium concentration (from 0.3 (0.2-0.5) to 0.4 (0.3-0.7) mmol/L). Magnesium concentration in urine was significantly increased with both diets, from 1.4 (0.1-1.7) to 1.5 (1.3-2.4) mmol/L (Diet 1) and from 1.1 (0.4-1.9) to 2.0 (0.1-3.1) mmol/L (Diet 2).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Both diets resulted in an increased urinary concentration of magnesium, through different mechanisms: urine acidification (Diet 1) and increased sodium load (Diet 2).}, } @article {pmid26002797, year = {2015}, author = {Bartges, JW and Callens, AJ}, title = {Urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {747-768}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.03.001}, pmid = {26002797}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy ; Dogs ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths occur commonly in the bladder and/or urethra of dogs and cats and can be life-threatening if urethral obstruction occurs. The majority of uroliths are composed of struvite or calcium oxalate; however, other minerals such as urate and cystine occur. Uroliths may be composed of more than one mineral. Some uroliths are amenable to medical dissolution (eg, struvite, urate, and cystine) while others (eg, calcium oxalate) are not. Medical management involves decreasing urine saturation for the minerals that form uroliths.}, } @article {pmid25993895, year = {2015}, author = {Li, JY and Liu, J and Jiang, J and Pumill, C and Elaiho, C and Zhang, Y and Li, S and Zhou, T}, title = {Calcium oxalate calculi-induced clusterin expression in kidney.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, pages = {411-418}, pmid = {25993895}, issn = {2194-7236}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; Clusterin/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*urine ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/*metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Up-Regulation ; }, abstract = {The aim of the study was to investigate clusterin expression in the kidney and evaluate the urine clusterin level in the kidney stone formers. (1) In vitro, we treated the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line with different concentrations of calcium oxalate (CaOx), and then the clusterin protein expression in the cells was evaluated by Western blotting. (2) Kidney stone patients who received percutaneous nephrolithotomy were enrolled in our study. Urine samples were collected before surgery, the kidney punctured to obtain kidney tissue guided by ultrasound intraoperatively. Clusterin expression in the human kidney tissue was evaluated by immunochemistry. The urine clusterin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Non-kidney disease subjects were chosen as controls. In vitro, the clusterin expression was up-regulated in the MDCK cells induced by CaOx. The study included 49 patients and 41 non-kidney disease subjects. All calculi were composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate or calcium oxalate dihydrate and a few also contained protein or uric acid. Mean ± SD urine clusterin level was 17.47 ± 18.61 μg/ml in patients, and 3.31 ± 5.42 μg/ml in non-kidney disease subjects, respectively (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed the clusterin was located in the cytoplasm of the renal distal and collecting tubular epithelial cells. Also the tissue clusterin expression increased significantly in the kidney stone formers compared to the control groups (p = 0.001). CaOx could induce clusterin expression in renal tubular cells, and increase clusterin levels in the kidney and urine from the kidney stone formers.}, } @article {pmid25970330, year = {2015}, author = {Chi, T and Kim, MS and Lang, S and Bose, N and Kahn, A and Flechner, L and Blaschko, SD and Zee, T and Muteliefu, G and Bond, N and Kolipinski, M and Fakra, SC and Mandel, N and Miller, J and Ramanathan, A and Killilea, DW and Brückner, K and Kapahi, P and Stoller, ML}, title = {A Drosophila model identifies a critical role for zinc in mineralization for kidney stone disease.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {e0124150}, pmid = {25970330}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R21 DK091727/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG045835/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; F32 DK098865/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P20 DK100863-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; K12 DK083021/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG038012/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 FD005716/FD/FDA HHS/United States ; K12-DK-07-006/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG038688/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P20 DK100863/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Allopurinol/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cation Transport Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Chelating Agents/pharmacology ; Dietary Proteins/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Drosophila Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*metabolism ; Ethylenediamines/pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/genetics/*metabolism/pathology/prevention & control ; Malpighian Tubules/chemistry/drug effects/pathology ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy ; Xanthine Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Zinc/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ectopic calcification is a driving force for a variety of diseases, including kidney stones and atherosclerosis, but initiating factors remain largely unknown. Given its importance in seemingly divergent disease processes, identifying fundamental principal actors for ectopic calcification may have broad translational significance. Here we establish a Drosophila melanogaster model for ectopic calcification by inhibiting xanthine dehydrogenase whose deficiency leads to kidney stones in humans and dogs. Micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μXANES) synchrotron analyses revealed high enrichment of zinc in the Drosophila equivalent of kidney stones, which was also observed in human kidney stones and Randall's plaques (early calcifications seen in human kidneys thought to be the precursor for renal stones). To further test the role of zinc in driving mineralization, we inhibited zinc transporter genes in the ZnT family and observed suppression of Drosophila stone formation. Taken together, genetic, dietary, and pharmacologic interventions to lower zinc confirm a critical role for zinc in driving the process of heterogeneous nucleation that eventually leads to stone formation. Our findings open a novel perspective on the etiology of urinary stones and related diseases, which may lead to the identification of new preventive and therapeutic approaches.}, } @article {pmid25932935, year = {2015}, author = {Allen, HS and Swecker, WS and Becvarova, I and Weeth, LP and Werre, SR}, title = {Associations of diet and breed with recurrence of calcium oxalate cystic calculi in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {246}, number = {10}, pages = {1098-1103}, doi = {10.2460/javma.246.10.1098}, pmid = {25932935}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cohort Studies ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; New Jersey/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Virginia/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term risk of recurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) cystic calculi in dogs of various breeds fed 1 of 2 therapeutic diets.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Animals-135 dogs with a history of CaOx cystic calculi.

PROCEDURES: Medical records for 4 referral hospitals were searched to identify dogs that had had CaOx cystic calculi removed. Owners were contacted and medical records evaluated to obtain information on postoperative diet, recurrence of signs of lower urinary tract disease, and recurrence of cystic calculi. Dogs were grouped on the basis of breed (high-risk breeds, low-risk breeds, and Miniature Schnauzers) and diet fed after removal of cystic calculi (diet A, diet B, and any other diet [diet C], with diets A and B being therapeutic diets formulated to prevent recurrence of CaOx calculi).

RESULTS: Breed group was a significant predictor of calculi recurrence (as determined by abdominal radiography or ultrasonography), with Miniature Schnauzers having 3 times the risk of recurrence as did dogs of other breeds. Dogs in diet group A had a lower prevalence of recurrence than did dogs in diet group C, but this difference was not significant in multivariable analysis.

Results indicated that Miniature Schnauzers had a higher risk of CaOx cystic calculi recurrence than did dogs of other breeds. In addition, findings suggested that diet may play a role in decreasing recurrence, but future prospective studies are needed to validate these observations.}, } @article {pmid25862963, year = {2015}, author = {van Dooren, I and Faouzi, Mel A and Foubert, K and Theunis, M and Pieters, L and Cherrah, Y and Apers, S}, title = {Cholesterol lowering effect in the gall bladder of dogs by a standardized infusion of Herniaria hirsuta L.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {69-75}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.081}, pmid = {25862963}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/isolation & purification/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Caryophyllaceae ; Cholelithiasis/drug therapy/metabolism ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Gallbladder/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Plant Components, Aerial ; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {ETNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Infusions of Herniaria hirsuta L., Herniaria glabra L. and Herniaria fontanesii J.Gay are well known in Moroccon folk medicine for the treatment of biliary dyskinesia, (uro)lithiasis or as a diuretic. Herniariae Herba which can contain H. glabra and H. hirsuta is known in Europe as an urological drug.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the efficacy of a standardized infusion of Herniaria hirsuta against choleltihiasis, and evaluation of its genotoxicity.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: An analytical HPLC-UV method to quantify flavonoids and saponins present in the extract of H. hirsuta was developed and validated. An in vivo experiment to evaluate the cholesterol lowering effect of a infusion of H. hirsuta in the gall bladder of dogs was carried out. Dogs were divided into 3 groups i.e. control dogs (CG), dogs treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (2×7.35mg/kg body weight/day) and dogs treated with the standardized infusion (HG) (2×48.5mg/kg body weight/day). Dogs were fed a fatty diet during 120 days after which a diet without additional fat was introduced till day 180. Treatment started 30 days after introduction of the fatty diet and lasted till the end of the experiment. A bile and blood sample of each dog was collected every 30 days, after which the concentration of cholesterol was determined. An Ames test was performed according to the OECD-guidelines.

RESULTS: The validated HPLC-UV method showed a linear calibration model and an acceptable precision for the total flavonoid content (total content 4.51%) as well as the total saponin content (12.74%). The in vivo experiments already showed a minor difference for bile cholesterol between CG and HG after 30 days of treatment with the infusion, and the difference was more pronounced after 90 days of treatment. Even 30 days after discontinuation of the cholesterol-rich diet a significant difference remained between CG and HG. There was no statistically significant difference in blood cholesterol. The Ames test showed that the infusion of H. hirsuta could be considered as being free from genotoxic risks.

CONCLUSION: A method for the standardization of a infusion of Herniaria hirsuta was developed and validated. Prolonged use of this standardized H. hirsuta extract resulted in a cholesterol-lowering effect in the bile of dogs. Since this pharmacological effect prevents the formation of gallstones and can contribute to solving existing gallstones, a standardized infusion of H. hirsuta may have a positive effect in the treatment of gallstones in human patients.}, } @article {pmid25850697, year = {2015}, author = {Nevins, JR and Mai, W and Thomas, E}, title = {ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 87 CATS WITH URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {439-447}, doi = {10.1111/vru.12259}, pmid = {25850697}, issn = {1740-8261}, mesh = {Animals ; Azotemia/veterinary ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Cats ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dilatation, Pathologic/veterinary ; Hospitalization ; Hyperkalemia/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/veterinary ; Male ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Ultrasonography ; Ureteral Diseases/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening form of feline lower urinary tract disease. Ultrasonographic risk factors for reobstruction have not been previously reported. Purposes of this retrospective cross-sectional study were to describe urinary tract ultrasound findings in cats following acute urethral obstruction and determine whether ultrasound findings were associated with reobstruction. Inclusion criteria were a physical examination and history consistent with urethral obstruction, an abdominal ultrasound including a full evaluation of the urinary system within 24 h of hospitalization, and no cystocentesis prior to ultrasound examination. Medical records for included cats were reviewed and presence of azotemia, hyperkalemia, positive urine culture, and duration of hospitalization were recorded. For medically treated cats with available outcome data, presence of reobstruction was also recorded. Ultrasound images were reviewed and urinary tract characteristics were recorded. A total of 87 cats met inclusion criteria. Common ultrasound findings for the bladder included echogenic urine sediment, bladder wall thickening, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, and increased urinary echoes; and for the kidneys/ureters included pyelectasia, renomegaly, perirenal effusion, hyperechoic perirenal fat, and ureteral dilation. Six-month postdischarge outcomes were available for 61 medically treated cats and 21 of these cats had reobstruction. No findings were associated with an increased risk of reobstruction. Ultrasonographic perirenal effusion was associated with severe hyperkalemia (P = 0.009, relative risk 5.75, 95% confidence interval [1.54-21.51]). Findings supported the use of ultrasound as an adjunct for treatment planning in cats presented with urethral obstruction but not as a method for predicting risk of reobstruction.}, } @article {pmid25838155, year = {2015}, author = {Raditic, DM}, title = {Complementary and integrative therapies for lower urinary tract diseases.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {857-878}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.009}, pmid = {25838155}, issn = {1878-1306}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Complementary Therapies/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Urologic Diseases/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Consumer use of integrative health care is growing, but evidence-based research on its efficacy is limited. Research of veterinary lower urinary tract diseases could be translated to human medicine because veterinary patients are valuable translational models for human urinary tract infection and urolithiasis. An overview of complementary therapies for lower urinary tract disease includes cranberry supplements, mannose, oral probiotics, acupuncture, methionine, herbs, or herbal preparations. Therapies evaluated in dogs and cats, in vitro canine cells, and other relevant species, in vivo and in vitro, are presented for their potential use as integrative therapies for veterinary patients and/or translational research.}, } @article {pmid25671285, year = {2015}, author = {G Caporali, EH and Phillips, H and Underwood, L and Selmic, LE}, title = {Risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 95 cases (1999-2013).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {246}, number = {5}, pages = {530-536}, doi = {10.2460/javma.246.5.530}, pmid = {25671285}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSSs) and to determine whether portoazygos shunts were associated with increased risk of urolithiasis at the initial evaluation for EHPSS.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 95) with EHPSSs confirmed via CT angiography or surgery.

PROCEDURES: Medical records from 1999 to 2013 were reviewed. Variables of interest included signalment, previous medical management, and results of urinalysis, urolith analyses, and diagnostic imaging. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses for assessment of risk factors for urolithiasis at the time of initial EHPSS evaluation were performed.

RESULTS: The dogs' median age was 0.9 years (range, 0.2 to 12.6 years). Among the 95 dogs, 27 (28.4%) and 68 (71.6%) had portoazygos and portocaval shunts, respectively. Urinalysis was performed for 79 (83.2%) dogs, 29 (36.7%) of which had crystalluria (mainly ammonium urate and struvite crystals). Uroliths were present in 34 of 95 (35.8%) dogs; 16 of 17 uroliths analyzed were composed of ammonium urate. Portoazygos shunts were not associated with significantly increased odds of urolithiasis at the time of the initial evaluation for EHPSS. However, the odds of urolithiasis was significantly increased for male dogs, older dogs, and dogs that received previous medical treatment.

In dogs with EHPSS, shunt morphology was not associated with increased odds of urolithiasis at the initial evaluation. Male dogs, older dogs, and dogs having received medical management for EHPSS prior to initial evaluation should be considered at increased risk for development of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid25652357, year = {2015}, author = {de Cógáin, MR and Linnes, MP and Lee, HJ and Krambeck, AE and de Mendonça Uchôa, JC and Kim, SH and Lieske, JC}, title = {Aqueous extract of Costus arabicus inhibits calcium oxalate crystal growth and adhesion to renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {119-124}, pmid = {25652357}, issn = {2194-7236}, support = {P50 DK083007/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; U54 DK100227/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Costus ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; *Epithelial Cells ; Kidney/cytology ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Urothelium/cytology ; }, abstract = {Costus arabicus L. (C. arabicus) is a plant used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat urolithiasis; however, its mechanism of action is unclear. The interaction between calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and the renal epithelium is important in calculogenesis, and compounds that modulate this process represent candidate therapeutic agents for stone prevention. Therefore, we assessed the inhibitory activity of C. arabicus on CaOx crystallization and the interaction of CaOx crystals with the renal epithelium. A seeded CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystallization system was used to study the effect of C. arabicus on crystal growth. Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used to study [(14)C] COM crystal adhesion in the presence and absence of an aqueous extract of C. arabicus. Cytotoxicity was assessed using a tetrazolium (MTS) cell proliferation assay. Aqueous extracts of C. arabicus decreased crystal growth in a concentration-dependent fashion. Precoating crystals with C. arabicus extract prevented their adhesion to MDCK cells, while pretreating cells did not show any effect. The extract was non-cytotoxic in concentrations of at least 1 mg/ml, which is likely above concentrations achievable in the urine following oral ingestion and excretion. No inhibitory activity was found in hexane, methyl chloride, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of an ethanol extract of the herb. An aqueous extract of C. arabicus may disrupt calculogenesis by interacting with CaOx crystal surfaces. Activity was present in the aqueous extract; therefore, this agent may be bioavailable when administered orally. Fractionation results suggest that the active agent might be a polar polysaccharide. Further identification and characterization along these lines may be warranted.}, } @article {pmid25615013, year = {2015}, author = {Uchiumi Davis, K and Grindem, CB}, title = {What is your diagnosis? Urine crystals from a dog.}, journal = {Veterinary clinical pathology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {331-332}, doi = {10.1111/vcp.12233}, pmid = {25615013}, issn = {1939-165X}, mesh = {Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antimetabolites/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology/*veterinary ; Xanthine/chemistry/urine ; }, } @article {pmid25581880, year = {2015}, author = {Furrow, E and Patterson, EE and Armstrong, PJ and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP}, title = {Fasting urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and breed-matched controls.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {113-119}, pmid = {25581880}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {T32 OD010993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32OD10993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Case-Control Studies ; Creatinine/*urine ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Oxalic Acid/*urine ; Urolithiasis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria are risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis, but breed-specific reports of urinary metabolites and their relationship with stone status are lacking.

OBJECTIVE: To compare urinary metabolites (calcium and oxalate) and blood ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations between CaOx stone formers and breed-matched stone-free controls for the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds.

ANIMALS: Forty-seven Miniature Schnauzers (23 cases and 24 controls), 27 Bichons Frise (14 cases and 13 controls), and 15 Shih Tzus (7 cases and 8 controls).

METHODS: Prospective study. Fasting spot urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios (UCa/Cr and UOx/Cr, respectively) and blood iCa concentrations were measured and compared between cases and controls within and across breeds. Regression models were used to test the effect of patient and environmental factors on these variables.

RESULTS: UCa/Cr was higher in cases than controls for each of the 3 breeds. In addition to stone status, being on a therapeutic food designed to prevent CaOx stone recurrence was associated with higher UCa/Cr. UOx/Cr did not differ between cases and controls for any of the breeds. Blood iCa was higher in cases than controls in the Miniature Schnauzer and Bichon Frise breeds and had a moderate correlation with UCa/Cr.

Hypercalciuria is associated with CaOx stone status in the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. UOx/Cr did not correlate with stone status in these 3 breeds. These findings may influence breed-specific stone prevention recommendations.}, } @article {pmid30101096, year = {2015}, author = {Loftus, JP and Wakshlag, JJ}, title = {Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {49-60}, pmid = {30101096}, issn = {2230-2034}, abstract = {Canine and feline obesity rates have reached pandemic proportions and are similar to those in humans, with approximately 30%-40% of dogs and cats being overweight to obese. Obesity has been associated with other health problems, including osteoarthritis, renal disease, skin disease, insulin resistance, and neoplasia in dogs, while in cats obesity is associated with dermatological issues, diabetes mellitus, neoplasia, and urolithiasis. The health issues appear to be slightly different across the two species, which may be due to some inherent differences in the hormonal milieu involved in obesity that differs between the dog and the cat. In this review, we discuss the complicated nature of the pathogenesis of obesity, the hormonal stimulus for orexigenic and anorexigenic behavior, adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and most importantly, clinical management of the number one disease in canine and feline medicine.}, } @article {pmid25417848, year = {2015}, author = {Mizukami, K and Raj, K and Giger, U}, title = {Feline cystinuria caused by a missense mutation in the SLC3A1 gene.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {120-125}, pmid = {25417848}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {P40 OD010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; P40 RR002512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; OD 010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/*genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*genetics ; Cats ; Cystinuria/genetics/*veterinary ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Male ; Mutation, Missense ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic disease that is relatively common in dogs, but rare in cats and is characterized by defective amino acid reabsorption, leading to cystine urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to report on a mutation in a cystinuric cat.

ANIMALS: A male domestic shorthair (DSH) cat with cystine calculi, 11 control cats from Wyoming, and 54 DSH and purebred control cats from elsewhere in the United States.

METHODS: Exons of the SLC3A1 gene were sequenced from genomic DNA of the cystinuric cat and a healthy cat. Genetic screening for the discovered polymorphisms was conducted on all cats.

RESULTS: A DSH cat showed stranguria beginning at 2 months of age, and cystine calculi were removed at 4 months of age. The cat was euthanized at 6 months of age because of neurological signs possibly related to arginine deficiency. Twenty-five SLC3A1 polymorphisms were observed in the sequenced cats when compared to the feline reference sequence. The cystinuric cat was homozygous for 5 exonic and 8 noncoding SLC3A1 polymorphisms, and 1 of them was a unique missense mutation (c.1342C>T). This mutation results in a deleterious amino acid substitution (p.Arg448Trp) of a highly conserved arginine residue in the rBAT protein encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. This mutation was found previously in cystinuric human patients, but was not seen in any other tested cats.

This study is the first report of an SLC3A1 mutation causing cystinuria in a cat, and could be used to characterize other cystinuric cats at the molecular level.}, } @article {pmid25313578, year = {2014}, author = {Friedlander, JI and Antonelli, JA and Beardsley, H and Faddegon, S and Morgan, MS and Gahan, JC and Pearle, MS and Cadeddu, JA}, title = {A novel device to prevent stone fragment migration during percutaneous lithotripsy.}, journal = {Journal of endourology}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {1395-1398}, doi = {10.1089/end.2014.0231}, pmid = {25313578}, issn = {1557-900X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Endoscopes ; Humans ; Kidney/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Lithotripsy/*methods ; Models, Anatomic ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous/*instrumentation/methods ; Operative Time ; Urinary Bladder/*surgery ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*surgery ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: We developed a novel device to capture stones in vivo in an enclosed bag (PercSac) to prevent dispersion of stone fragments during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or cystolitholapaxy. We report on our initial feasibility trials of the PercSac device.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: PercSac consists of a specially designed polyethylene bag that is fitted over the shaft of a rigid nephroscope. The bag is used to first entrap the target stone, then tighten around it to allow fragmentation within the bag. Matched pairs of 10 canine bladder stones (2.5 cm maximum diameter) were fragmented in a human bladder model using the CyberWand (Olympus America, Inc.), and the procedure was assessed for markers of efficiency and effectiveness.

RESULTS: Median time to entrap the stone within the PercSac was 67 seconds (range 51-185 sec). Median time for stone fragmentation was significantly shorter with the PercSac than without (182.0 sec [range 108-221] vs 296.5 sec [range 226-398], P=0.004). Overall, however, there was no significant difference in the total time to entrap and fragment the stones between the two groups. A stone-free state was not achieved for any trial without the PercSac, while 9 of 10 trials with the PercSac resulted in a stone-free state.

CONCLUSIONS: Use of the PercSac in conjunction with stone fragmentation has the potential to reduce the occurrence of residual fragments after PCNL or cystolitholapaxy. Further in vitro testing in a kidney model is planned.}, } @article {pmid25155667, year = {2014}, author = {Proença, LM and Mayer, J}, title = {Prescription diets for rabbits.}, journal = {The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {485-502}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvex.2014.05.009}, pmid = {25155667}, issn = {1558-4232}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Animals ; Dietary Fiber/metabolism ; Nutrition Disorders/*diet therapy/*veterinary ; Pets/*physiology ; Prescriptions/*veterinary ; Rabbits/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dietary management can be used with drug therapy for the successful treatment of many diseases. Therapeutic nutrition is well-recognized in dogs and cats and is beginning to increase among other pet species, including rabbits. The nutritional component of some rabbit diseases (eg, urolithiasis) is not completely understood, and the clinician should evaluate the use of prescription diets based on the scientific literature and individual needs. Long-term feeding trials are needed to further evaluate the efficacy of prescription diets in rabbits. Prescription diets are available for selected diseases in rabbits, including diets for immediate-term, short-term, and long-term management.}, } @article {pmid25148091, year = {2014}, author = {Larsen, JA and Owens, TJ and Fascetti, AJ}, title = {Nutritional management of idiopathic epilepsy in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {245}, number = {5}, pages = {504-508}, doi = {10.2460/javma.245.5.504}, pmid = {25148091}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Body Composition ; Bromides/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Diet, Ketogenic/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Epilepsy/diet therapy/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Food Hypersensitivity/veterinary ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Urine/chemistry ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control/urine/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid25119631, year = {2014}, author = {Dorsch, R and Remer, C and Sauter-Louis, C and Hartmann, K}, title = {Feline lower urinary tract disease in a German cat population. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, causes and clinical signs.}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {231-239}, pmid = {25119631}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/physiopathology ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate epidemiologic data, clinical signs, results of urinalysis and causes of lower urinary tract disease in a German veterinary hospital population of cats and to determine if the demographic data, history, clinical signs and urinalysis results correlate with a particular etiology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cats presented with signs of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) with a documented history and physical examination, a complete urinalysis (urine specific gravity, urine dipstick and sediment, urine culture) of urine obtained by cystocentesis or catheterization, and diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract were included into the study. Cats that had received a previous treatment during the same episode of FLUTD were excluded.

RESULTS: A total of 302 cats were included into the study. Cats with FLUTD presented throughout the seasons with similar frequency. The most common diagnosis was feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (55.0%), followed by bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) (18.9%), urethral plug (10.3%) and urolithiasis (7.0%). Urethral obstruction was significantly more frequent in cats with FIC than in cats with UTI. Cats with FIC and urethral plugs were significantly younger and had significantly higher body weights than cats with UTI and neoplasia. FIC and urethral plugs were significantly more common causes of FLUTD in cats younger than 10 years compared to cats that were 10 years or older (65.2% versus [vs.] 35.8% and 13.3% vs. 3.0%), while the incidences of UTI and neoplasia increased with age (12.9% vs. 41.8% and 1.0% vs. 13.4%).

FIC and UTI are the most common diagnoses in cats with FLUTD, with a significant age-related difference in incidence.}, } @article {pmid24881513, year = {2014}, author = {Paßlack, N and Burmeier, H and Brenten, T and Neumann, K and Zentek, J}, title = {Short term effects of increasing dietary salt concentrations on urine composition in healthy cats.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {201}, number = {3}, pages = {401-405}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.015}, pmid = {24881513}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cat Diseases/*chemically induced/urine ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Sodium Chloride/*metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/urine/*veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {High dietary salt (NaCl) concentrations are assumed to be beneficial in preventing the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in cats, since increased water intake and urine volume have been observed subsequent to intake. In human beings, dietary NaCl restriction is recommended for the prevention of CaOx urolith formation, since high NaCl intake is associated with increased urinary Ca excretion. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of dietary NaCl in the formation of CaOx uroliths in cats. Eight cats received four diets that differed in Na and Cl concentrations (0.38-1.43% Na and 0.56-2.52% Cl dry matter, DM). Each feeding period consisted of a 21 day adaptation period, followed by a 7 day sampling period for urine collection. Higher dietary NaCl concentrations were associated with increased urine volume and renal Na excretion. Urinary Ca concentration was constant, but renal Ca excretion increased from 0.62 to 1.05 mg/kg bodyweight (BW)/day with higher dietary NaCl concentrations (P ≤ 0.05). Urinary oxalate (Ox), citrate, P and K concentrations decreased when NaCl intake was high (P ≤ 0.05), and urinary pH was low in all groups (6.33-6.45; P > 0.05). Relative supersaturation of CaOx in the urine was unaffected by dietary NaCl concentrations. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated several beneficial effects of high dietary NaCl intake over a relatively short time period. In particular, urinary Ca concentration remained unchanged because of increased urine volume. Decreased urinary Ox concentrations might help to prevent the formation of CaOx uroliths, but this should be verified in future studies in diseased or predisposed cats.}, } @article {pmid24834804, year = {2014}, author = {Okafor, CC and Lefebvre, SL and Pearl, DL and Yang, M and Wang, M and Blois, SL and Lund, EM and Dewey, CE}, title = {Risk factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {115}, number = {3-4}, pages = {217-228}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.006}, pmid = {24834804}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Case-Control Studies ; Diet ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Hospitals, Animal ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis results from the formation of aggregates of calcium salts in the urinary tract. Difficulties associated with effectively treating calcium oxalate urolithiasis and the proportional increase in the prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths relative to other urolith types over the last 2 decades has increased the concern of clinicians about this disease. To determine factors associated with the development of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States, a retrospective case-control study was performed. A national electronic database of medical records of all dogs evaluated between October 1, 2007 and December 31, 2010 at 787 general care veterinary hospitals in the United States was reviewed. Dogs were selected as cases at the first-time diagnosis of a laboratory-confirmed urolith comprised of at least 70% calcium oxalate (n=452). Two sets of control dogs with no history of urolithiasis diagnosis were randomly selected after the medical records of all remaining dogs were reviewed: urinalysis examination was a requirement in the selection of one set (n=1808) but was not required in the other set (n=1808). Historical information extracted included urolith composition, dog's diet, age, sex, neuter status, breed size category, hospital location, date of diagnosis, and urinalysis results. Multivariable analysis showed that the odds of first-time diagnosis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis were significantly (P<0.05) greater for dogs<7 years, males (OR: 7.77, 95% CI: 4.93-12.26), neutered (OR: 2.58, 1.44-4.63), toy- vs. medium-sized breeds (OR: 3.15, 1.90-5.22), small- vs. medium-sized breeds (OR: 3.05, 1.83-5.08), large- vs. medium-sized breeds (OR: 0.05, 0.01-0.19), and those with a diagnosis of cystitis within the previous year (OR: 6.49, 4.14-10.16). Urinary factors significantly associated with first-time diagnosis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis were acidic vs. basic pH (OR: 1.94, 1.22-3.10), presence of RBCs (OR: 6.20, 3.91-9.83) or WBCs (OR: 1.62, 1.03-2.54), and protein concentration>30 mg/dL (OR: 1.55, 1.04-2.30). Patient demographics and urinalysis results are important factors that can support risk assessment and early identification of canine oxalate urolithiasis. Therefore, periodic urolith screening and monitoring of urine parameters should be encouraged for dogs at risk of developing these uroliths.}, } @article {pmid24766046, year = {2014}, author = {Fleischhacker, S and Horstmann, C and Hartmann, K and Schubert, S and Dorsch, R}, title = {Carbonate apatite nephrolithiasis associated with Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infection in a dog.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, pages = {161-165}, doi = {10.1111/avj.12168}, pmid = {24766046}, issn = {1751-0813}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Apatites/analysis ; Base Sequence ; Corynebacterium/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Corynebacterium Infections/complications/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*microbiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nephrolithiasis/complications/diet therapy/*veterinary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum are uncommon in veterinary medicine. Encrusted cystitis, encrusted pyelitis and uroliths have been described as complications in humans, but only encrusted cystitis and cystoliths have been reported in dogs so far. Because C. urealyticum is usually resistant to all standard antibacterial drugs, antimicrobial treatment and elimination of this microorganism are challenging.

CASE REPORT: An 11-month-old female spayed mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of a C. urealyticum urinary tract infection, mineralisation within both renal pelvises and failure of antimicrobial treatment. Physical examination, haematology and biochemistry were unremarkable. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations confirmed bilateral nephrolithiasis. Voided uroliths were composed of 100% carbonate apatite. Urinalysis was indicative of bacterial infection. Aerobic culture of the urine and 16S rRNA sequencing identified significant growth of C. urealyticum and susceptibility testing revealed sensitivity to only vancomycin and linezolid.

CONCLUSION: Treatment with the oxazolidinone antibacterial, linezolid, in combination with a urine-acidifying diet resulted in elimination of this multiresistant microorganism and complete resolution of nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid24691130, year = {2014}, author = {Farooq, SM and Boppana, NB and Devarajan, A and Sekaran, SD and Shankar, EM and Li, C and Gopal, K and Bakar, SA and Karthik, HS and Ebrahim, AS}, title = {C-phycocyanin confers protection against oxalate-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in MDCK cells.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {e93056}, pmid = {24691130}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cytoprotection/*drug effects ; Dogs ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Oxalates/*toxicity ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Phycocyanin/*pharmacology ; Protective Agents/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Oxalate toxicity is mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via a process that is partly dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we investigated whether C-phycocyanin (CP) could protect against oxidative stress-mediated intracellular damage triggered by oxalate in MDCK cells. DCFDA, a fluorescence-based probe and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL), an oxidative stress marker were used to investigate the effect of CP on oxalate-induced ROS production and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO). The role of CP against oxalate-induced oxidative stress was studied by the evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential by JC1 fluorescein staining, quantification of ATP synthesis and stress-induced MAP kinases (JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2). Our results revealed that oxalate-induced cells show markedly increased ROS levels and HEL protein expression that were significantly decreased following pre-treatment with CP. Further, JC1 staining showed that CP pre-treatment conferred significant protection from mitochondrial membrane permeability and increased ATP production in CP-treated cells than oxalate-alone-treated cells. In addition, CP treated cells significantly decreased the expression of phosphorylated JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2 as compared to oxalate-alone-treated cells. We concluded that CP could be used as a potential free radical-scavenging therapeutic strategy against oxidative stress-associated diseases including urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid24518947, year = {2014}, author = {Maier, R and Lutter, FX and Lohss-Baumgärtner, E}, title = {[Pyonephrosis due to xanthine stones in a bitch treated with allopurinol].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {49-54}, pmid = {24518947}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Leishmaniasis/drug therapy/veterinary ; Pyonephrosis/chemically induced/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Xanthines/metabolism ; }, abstract = {A 2-year-old, neutered, crossbreed bitch was presented as an emergency with painful abdomen, fever and vomiting. The cause of the acute abdomen was a pyonephrosis of the left kidney, caused by four xanthine stones, which had blocked the ureter. After surgical removal of the heavily altered left kidney, the bitch recovered rapidly. Because of a leishmaniasis the bitch had been treated with allopurinol over an extended period, the xanthine stone formation is likely to have resulted from allopurinol usage. Because there were additionally small concrements in the right kidney, the medication was stopped. Subsequently, the dog has received a low purine diet, and the leishmaniasis titer and renal function have been monitored regularly.}, } @article {pmid24359665, year = {2014}, author = {Furrow, E and Pfeifer, RJ and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP}, title = {An APRT mutation is strongly associated with and likely causative for 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {Molecular genetics and metabolism}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {399-403}, pmid = {24359665}, issn = {1096-7206}, support = {T32 OD010993/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adenine/analogs & derivatives ; Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase/*deficiency/*genetics ; Animals ; Dogs ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors/*genetics/pathology/veterinary ; *Mutation, Missense ; Urolithiasis/*genetics/pathology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {2,8-Dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) urolithiasis in people is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (APRT). 2,8-DHA urolithiasis has recently been reported in two dogs, but, to the authors' knowledge, no studies have yet investigated the genetic basis for susceptibility to the development of 2,8-DHA urolithiasis in this species. Our aim was to sequence APRT in dogs affected by 2,8-DHA urolithiasis and compare the results to clinically healthy dogs of similar ancestral lineages. Our hypothesis was that we would identify an autosomal recessive mutation in APRT that is associated with the disease. The case population consisted of six dogs with a history of 2,8-DHA urolithiasis: five Native American Indian Dogs (NAIDs) and a mixed breed. The control population consisted of adult NAIDs with no history of urolithiasis. We sequenced APRT and identified a missense mutation in a highly conserved codon of APRT (c.260G>A; p.Arg87Gln). The c.260A mutation was present in a homozygous state in all six dogs with 2,8-DHA urolithiasis, and it was strongly associated with the disease. This exact missense mutation has been previously reported to cause loss of APRT enzyme function in a human cell line, and it is likely a causative mutation in dogs. Therefore, the dog offers a naturally-occurring genetic animal model for 2,8-DHA urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid24334829, year = {2014}, author = {Takahashi, F and Mochizuki, M and Yogo, T and Ishioka, K and Yumoto, N and Sako, T and Ueda, F and Tagawa, M and Tazaki, H}, title = {The silicon concentration in cat urine and its relationship with other elements.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {569-572}, pmid = {24334829}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/*urine ; Calcium/urine ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Iron/urine ; Magnesium/urine ; Phosphorus/urine ; Potassium/urine ; Regression Analysis ; Silicon/*urine ; Urolithiasis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {To understand the effects of silicon (Si) in the urine with respect to the formation of urinary stones, the distribution of Si in urine was observed. Urine samples from cats with urolithiasis (n=10) and healthy cats (n=15) were used. The concentration of Si in the cats with urolithiasis was significantly higher (P<0.001). A significant correlation (P<0.05) was observed between the concentration of Si and those of other elements, such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and iron, only in the urine of the healthy cats. The distribution of elements in the urine differed between the cats with urolithiasis and the healthy cats. The Si concentration and its relationship with other elements were suggested to be useful biomarkers for urolithiasis in cats.}, } @article {pmid24305471, year = {2014}, author = {Manassero, M and Decambron, A and Viateau, V and Bedu, AS and Vallefuoco, R and Benchekroun, G and Moissonnier, P and Maurey, C}, title = {Indwelling double pigtail ureteral stent combined or not with surgery for feline ureterolithiasis: complications and outcome in 15 cases.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {623-630}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X13514423}, pmid = {24305471}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Anastomosis, Surgical/veterinary ; Anesthesia Recovery Period ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/veterinary ; Stents/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Ureteral obstruction secondary to ureterolithiasis in cats is a challenging situation. Ureteral stenting has recently been introduced to prevent complications that often occurred after ureterotomy or other invasive surgeries. The purpose of this study is to describe the stenting technique and perioperative difficulties, as well as long-term outcome and complications with ureteral stenting in 12 cats with ureteroliths. Fifteen 2.5 Fr soft double pigtail multi-fenestrated ureteral stents were placed in an anterograde fashion under open surgical approaches and with fluoroscopic guidance in 12 cats. Nine cats received a unilateral stent and three received bilateral stents. Ureterotomy or ureteral resection and end-to-end anastomosis were performed in three and four cases, respectively. In six cats, papillotomy was performed to facilitate dilatator and stent placement. All cats recovered well from the surgical procedure, except one cat, which died during the anaesthesia recovery period. Postoperative complications included dysuria (three cases, diagnosed at 15 days, 1 month and 3 months, respectively), urinary tract infection (one case, 1 month after surgery), stent migration requiring stent replacement (one case, 19 months after surgery) and stent obstruction requiring stent removal (three cases with previously end-to-end anastomosis between 2 and 8 months after surgery). Nine cats (75%) were alive at a mean follow-up of 453 ± 194 (123-720) days. The median survival time was >415 days. Stent placement appeared to be a valuable and safe option for treating ureteral obstruction in cats. However, periodic and long-term monitoring of stents is warranted.}, } @article {pmid24299545, year = {2013}, author = {Okafor, CC and Pearl, DL and Lefebvre, SL and Wang, M and Yang, M and Blois, SL and Lund, EM and Dewey, CE}, title = {Risk factors associated with struvite urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {243}, number = {12}, pages = {1737-1745}, doi = {10.2460/javma.243.12.1737}, pmid = {24299545}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; United States/epidemiology ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with development of struvite urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS: 508 dogs with a first-time diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis and 7,135 control dogs.

PROCEDURES: Electronic medical records of all dogs evaluated at 787 general care veterinary hospitals in the United States between October 2007 and December 2010 were reviewed to identify dogs that developed struvite urolithiasis and 2 groups of control dogs with no history of urolithiasis. Information extracted included diet, age, sex, neuter status, breed size category, hospital location, and date of diagnosis. Urinalysis results, urolith composition, and other disease conditions were recorded if applicable. Potential risk factors were assessed with univariable and multivariable regression analysis.

RESULTS: Toy- or small-sized breeds had significantly greater odds of struvite urolithiasis, compared with medium- or large-sized breeds. Neutering significantly increased the odds of this outcome in females only; sexually intact females were more likely to develop struvite urolithiasis than were sexually intact males, but only up to 5 years of age. Urinary factors significantly associated with the outcome were basic (vs acidic) pH, presence of RBCs or WBCs, protein concentration > 30 mg/dL, and ketone concentration ≥ 5 mg/dL.

Evaluation of demographic characteristics and urinalysis results may be useful in the early identification of struvite urolithiasis in dogs. Periodic urinalysis in dogs is recommended because of the potential health impact of a late diagnosis of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid24229496, year = {2014}, author = {Passlack, N and Brenten, T and Neumann, K and Zentek, J}, title = {Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate in the diet on urinary pH and mineral excretion of adult cats.}, journal = {The British journal of nutrition}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, pages = {785-797}, doi = {10.1017/S0007114513003279}, pmid = {24229496}, issn = {1475-2662}, mesh = {Acid-Base Imbalance/metabolism/prevention & control/urine/veterinary ; Animals ; Bicarbonates/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Calcium/analysis/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate/metabolism/urine ; Cats ; Diet/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/metabolism/prevention & control/urine/*veterinary ; Oxalates/metabolism/urine ; Potassium/analysis/*urine ; Potassium Chloride/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Potassium Compounds/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Potassium Deficiency/metabolism/prevention & control/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Low dietary K levels have been associated with increasing renal Ca excretion in humans, indicating a higher risk of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolith formation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether dietary K also affects the urine composition of cats. A total of eight adult cats were fed diets containing 0·31 % native K and 0·50, 0·75 and 1·00 % K from KCl or KHCO3 and were evaluated for the effects of dietary K. High dietary K levels were found to elevate urinary K concentrations (P<0·001). Renal Ca excretion was higher in cats fed the KCl diets than in those fed the KHCO3 diets (P=0·026), while urinary oxalate concentrations were generally lower in cats fed the KCl diets and only dependent on dietary K levels in cats fed the KHCO3 diets (P<0·05). Fasting urine pH increased with higher dietary K levels (P=0·022), reaching values of 6·38 (1·00 % KCl) and 7·65 (1·00 % KHCO3). K retention was markedly negative after feeding the cats with the basal diet (-197 mg/d) and the 0·50 % KCl diet (-131 mg/d), while the cats tended to maintain their balance on being fed the highest-KCl diet (-23·3 mg/d). In contrast, K from KHCO3 was more efficiently retained (P=0·018), with K retention being between -82·5 and 52·5 mg/d. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of KHCO3 instead of KCl as K source could be beneficial for the prevention of CaOx urolith formation in cats, since there is an association between a lower renal Ca excretion and a generally higher urine pH. The utilisation of K is distinctly influenced by the K salt, which may be especially practically relevant when using diets with low K levels.}, } @article {pmid24094262, year = {2013}, author = {Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Macleay, JM and Merrills, JM and Paetau-Robinson, I and Albasan, H and Osborne, CA}, title = {Efficacy of two commercially available, low-magnesium, urine-acidifying dry foods for the dissolution of struvite uroliths in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {243}, number = {8}, pages = {1147-1153}, doi = {10.2460/javma.243.8.1147}, pmid = {24094262}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry/urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*chemistry/urine ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of using 2 commercially available, low-magnesium, urine-acidifying dry foods to dissolve sterile struvite uroliths in cats.

DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial .

SAMPLE: 37 cats with presumed struvite uroliths.

PROCEDURES: Cats were randomly assigned to be fed 1 of 2 low-magnesium, urine-acidifying dry foods (food A or B). For each cat, physical examination, urinalysis, and abdominal radiography were performed weekly to assess treatment response.

RESULTS: 32 cats had complete urolith dissolution. Mean ± SD times for a 50% reduction in urolith size (0.69 ± 0.1 weeks) and complete urolith dissolution (13.0 ± 2.6 days) were significantly shorter for cats fed food A, compared with those (1.75 ± 0.27 weeks and 27.0 ± 2.6 days, respectively) for cats fed food B. At study termination, mean ± SD urine pH (6.083 ± 0.105) for cats fed food A was lower than that (6.431 ± 0.109) for cats fed food B. In 5 cats, uroliths did not dissolve and were subsequently determined to be composed of 100% ammonium urate (n = 4) or 100% calcium oxalate (1). Adverse events associated with diet were not observed in any of the cats.

Results indicated that dietary dissolution is safe and effective for eradication of sterile struvite uroliths in cats. Cats fed food A had faster urolith dissolution than did cats fed food B. Lack of a reduction in urolith size at 2 weeks after diet initiation was indicative of misdiagnosis or noncompliance.}, } @article {pmid24091871, year = {2013}, author = {Shafat, M and Rajakumar, K and Syme, H and Buchholz, N and Knight, MM}, title = {Stent encrustation in feline and human artificial urine: does the low molecular weight composition account for the difference?.}, journal = {Urolithiasis}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {481-486}, pmid = {24091871}, issn = {2194-7236}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cats ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Weight ; *Stents ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Anecdotal evidence suggests that the rate of encrustation on JJ stents placed in domesticated cats appears to be decreased as compared to humans. Our study tests the hypothesis that this may be due to specific differences in the chemical composition of human and feline urine. Artificial human and feline urine solutions were used in an in vitro encrustation model where an 80 % stent encrustation could be expected after 7 weeks of incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse crystal morphology. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) was used to assess composition weight. The percentage of surface coverage of encrustation on the respective stents was quantified using image J Java plug-in software. No significant difference was observed between both solutions with regard to quality and quantity of stent encrustation. Crystals were formed in both solutions as a mixture of Ca-dihydrate and Ca-monohydrate. The study shows that there is no significant difference in the rate of encrustations on JJ stents incubated in artificial feline or human urine. This suggests that a possible difference in stent encrustation between cats and humans is due to factors other than the inorganic biochemical composition of the urines alone. Keeping in mind a true species difference, analysis of urinary macromolecules and proteins will be the logical next step.}, } @article {pmid24066920, year = {2013}, author = {Bartges, JW and Kirk, CA and Cox, SK and Moyers, TD}, title = {Influence of acidifying or alkalinizing diets on bone mineral density and urine relative supersaturation with calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, pages = {1347-1352}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1347}, pmid = {24066920}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Absorptiometry, Photon/veterinary ; Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animals ; Body Composition/drug effects/physiology ; Bone Density/drug effects/physiology ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of acidifying or alkalinizing diets on bone mineral density and urine relative supersaturation (URSS) with calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy cats.

ANIMALS: 6 castrated male and 6 spayed female cats.

PROCEDURES: 3 groups of 4 cats each were fed diets for 12 months that differed only in acidifying or alkalinizing properties (alkalinizing, neutral, and acidifying). Body composition was estimated by use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and 48-hour urine samples were collected for URSS determination.

RESULTS: Urine pH differed significantly among diet groups, with the lowest urine pH values in the acidifying diet group and the highest values in the alkalinizing diet group. Differences were not observed in other variables except urinary ammonia excretion, which was significantly higher in the neutral diet group. Calcium oxalate URSS was highest in the acidifying diet group and lowest in the alkalinizing diet group; struvite URSS was not different among groups. Diet was not significantly associated with bone mineral content or density.

Urinary undersaturation with calcium oxalate was achieved by inducing alkaluria. Feeding an alkalinizing diet was not associated with URSS with struvite. Bone mineral density and calcium content were not adversely affected by diet; therefore, release of calcium from bone caused by feeding an acidifying diet may not occur in healthy cats.}, } @article {pmid24001348, year = {2013}, author = {Brons, AK and Henthorn, PS and Raj, K and Fitzgerald, CA and Liu, J and Sewell, AC and Giger, U}, title = {SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutations in autosomal recessive or dominant canine cystinuria: a new classification system.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1400-1408}, pmid = {24001348}, issn = {1939-1676}, support = {P40 OD010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; P40 RR002512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; OD 010939/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/*genetics ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cystinuria/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; DNA/genetics ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation, Missense ; Pedigree ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Deletion/genetics ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cystinuria, one of the first recognized inborn errors of metabolism, has been reported in many dog breeds.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine urinary cystine concentrations, inheritance, and mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes associated with cystinuria in 3 breeds.

ANIMALS: Mixed and purebred Labrador Retrievers (n = 6), Australian Cattle Dogs (6), Miniature Pinschers (4), and 1 mixed breed dog with cystine urolithiasis, relatives and control dogs.

METHODS: Urinary cystinuria and aminoaciduria was assessed and exons of the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes were sequenced from genomic DNA.

RESULTS: In each breed, male and female dogs, independent of neuter status, were found to form calculi. A frameshift mutation in SLC3A1 (c.350delG) resulting in a premature stop codon was identified in autosomal-recessive (AR) cystinuria in Labrador Retrievers and mixed breed dogs. A 6 bp deletion (c.1095_1100del) removing 2 threonines in SLC3A1 was found in autosomal-dominant (AD) cystinuria with a more severe phenotype in homozygous than in heterozygous Australian Cattle Dogs. A missense mutation in SLC7A9 (c.964G>A) was discovered in AD cystinuria in Miniature Pinschers with only heterozygous affected dogs observed to date. Breed-specific DNA tests were developed, but the prevalence of each mutation remains unknown.

These studies describe the first AD inheritance and the first putative SLC7A9 mutation to cause cystinuria in dogs and expand our understanding of this phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disease, leading to a new classification system for canine cystinuria and better therapeutic management and genetic control in these breeds.}, } @article {pmid23971851, year = {2013}, author = {Arulpragasam, SP and Case, JB and Ellison, GW}, title = {Evaluation of costs and time required for laparoscopic-assisted versus open cystotomy for urinary cystolith removal in dogs: 43 cases (2009-2012).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {243}, number = {5}, pages = {703-708}, doi = {10.2460/javma.243.5.703}, pmid = {23971851}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cystotomy/economics/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Laparoscopy/economics/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare required time and costs of surgery and hospitalization as well as prevalence of incomplete urinary cystolith removal associated with laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy versus open cystotomy in dogs.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 20 dogs with urolithiasis treated by laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy and 23 dogs treated by open cystotomy.

PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed. Surgery cost, hospitalization cost, total cost, surgery time, days in hospital, incomplete cystolith removal, and number of doses of analgesic administered IV after surgery were compared between the laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy and open cystotomy groups. Results-Surgery cost and total cost were significantly higher in the laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy group. Hospitalization cost, days in hospital, and prevalence of incomplete cystolith removal did not differ significantly between groups. Number of doses of analgesic was significantly lower in the laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy group.

Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy was more time-consuming and expensive but associated with fewer postoperative doses of injectable analgesics, compared with open cystotomy. Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy is an acceptable, more expensive, and minimally invasive alternative to open cystotomy for the removal of urinary cystoliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid23894559, year = {2013}, author = {Aggarwal, KP and Tandon, S and Naik, PK and Singh, SK and Tandon, C}, title = {Peeping into human renal calcium oxalate stone matrix: characterization of novel proteins involved in the intricate mechanism of urolithiasis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e69916}, pmid = {23894559}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Line ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry ; Proteins/*chemistry/toxicity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Urolithiasis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The increasing number of patients suffering from urolithiasis represents one of the major challenges which nephrologists face worldwide today. For enhancing therapeutic outcomes of this disease, the pathogenic basis for the formation of renal stones is the need of hour. Proteins are found as major component in human renal stone matrix and are considered to have a potential role in crystal-membrane interaction, crystal growth and stone formation but their role in urolithiasis still remains obscure.

METHODS: Proteins were isolated from the matrix of human CaOx containing kidney stones. Proteins having MW>3 kDa were subjected to anion exchange chromatography followed by molecular-sieve chromatography. The effect of these purified proteins was tested against CaOx nucleation and growth and on oxalate injured Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) renal epithelial cells for their activity. Proteins were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF MS) followed by database search with MASCOT server. In silico molecular interaction studies with CaOx crystals were also investigated.

RESULTS: Five proteins were identified from the matrix of calcium oxalate kidney stones by MALDI-TOF MS followed by database search with MASCOT server with the competence to control the stone formation process. Out of which two proteins were promoters, two were inhibitors and one protein had a dual activity of both inhibition and promotion towards CaOx nucleation and growth. Further molecular modelling calculations revealed the mode of interaction of these proteins with CaOx at the molecular level.

CONCLUSIONS: We identified and characterized Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Ras GTPase-activating-like protein, UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2, RIMS-binding protein 3A, Macrophage-capping protein as novel proteins from the matrix of human calcium oxalate stone which play a critical role in kidney stone formation. Thus, these proteins having potential to modulate calcium oxalate crystallization will throw light on understanding and controlling urolithiasis in humans.}, } @article {pmid23861266, year = {2013}, author = {Merrick, CH and Schleis, SE and Smith, AN and Mallett, CL and Graff, EC and Johnson, C}, title = {Hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with renal cell carcinoma in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {385-388}, doi = {10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5895}, pmid = {23861266}, issn = {1547-3317}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/blood/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Dogs ; Hypercalcemia/complications/*veterinary ; Kidney Neoplasms/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; }, abstract = {A 10 yr old castrated male Siberian husky was evaluated for polyuria, polydipsia, a retroperitoneal mass, and urolithiasis. A marked elevation in Ca was noted on initial blood work, and results of additional testing were consistent with hypercalcemia of malignancy, including an elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp) value. Based on clinical signs, blood work, diagnostic imaging, and cytology results, unilateral renal neoplasia was suspected. Following a complete right nephrectomy and cystotomy, histopathologic examination confirmed a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Five days postoperatively, the hypercalcemia had nearly resolved and the PTHrp was zero. This is the first reported case of hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with RCC in a dog.}, } @article {pmid23859747, year = {2013}, author = {Jacinto, AM and Mellanby, RJ and Chandler, M and Bommer, NX and Carruthers, H and Fairbanks, LD and Gow, AG}, title = {Urine concentrations of xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid in UK Cavalier King Charles spaniels.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {54}, number = {8}, pages = {395-398}, doi = {10.1111/jsap.12106}, pmid = {23859747}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/veterinary ; Creatinine/urine ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Hypoxanthine/*urine ; Male ; Species Specificity ; United Kingdom ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urolithiasis/urine/veterinary ; Xanthine/*urine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Xanthine urolithiasis and asymptomatic xanthinuria have been diagnosed in Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs suggesting that primary xanthinuria may be a breed-related disorder, although its prevalence remains unclear. The hypothesis of this study was that asymptomatic xanthinuria is common in Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs.

METHODS: Free catch urine samples were collected from 35 client-owned Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs and from 24 dogs of other breeds. The purine metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The urine ratios of xanthine/creatinine and hypoxanthine/creatinine were calculated and compared between the two groups of dogs.

RESULTS: The urine concentrations of purine metabolites were not significantly different between the two groups and were very low in both. The urine concentrations of xanthine in all 35 Cavalier King Charles spaniel were markedly lower than in the previously reported case of xanthine urolithiasis in a UK Cavalier King Charles spaniel dog.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Asymptomatic xanthinuria was not detected in this UK Cavalier King Charles spaniel population. This data may be used as a reference for urinary purine metabolite concentrations in the dog.}, } @article {pmid23814299, year = {2013}, author = {Pinel, CB and Monnet, E and Reems, MR}, title = {Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for urolith removal in dogs and cats - 23 cases.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {36-41}, pmid = {23814299}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystotomy/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/veterinary ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This report describes the outcomes of a modified laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for urolith removal in dogs and cats. Modifications of the original techniques included a temporary cystopexy to the abdominal wall, utilization of a laparoscope instead of cystoscope, and retrograde flow of saline in the bladder with pressurized saline. The medical records of 23 client-owned animals for which laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy was used for urolith extraction were reviewed. Twenty-six procedures were performed in 23 animals. There were intraoperative complications in 19.2% of cases leading to open conversion in 11.5%. Rate of complications directly related to the procedure was 11.5%. Four cases had documented urolith recurrence with a mean time to recurrence of 335 days.}, } @article {pmid23786124, year = {2013}, author = {van Houten, D}, title = {[influence of animal feed on the development of calcium oxalate stones in the urinary tract in cats is different that expected].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {138}, number = {5}, pages = {306-307}, pmid = {23786124}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects/*analysis ; Animal Nutrition Sciences ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/metabolism/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Magnesium Compounds/adverse effects/analysis ; Nephrolithiasis/epidemiology/metabolism/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Phosphates/adverse effects/analysis ; Prevalence ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/metabolism/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid23783431, year = {2013}, author = {Lund, HS and Krontveit, RI and Halvorsen, I and Eggertsdóttir, AV}, title = {Evaluation of urinalyses from untreated adult cats with lower urinary tract disease and healthy control cats: predictive abilities and clinical relevance.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {1086-1097}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X13492739}, pmid = {23783431}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/pathology/*urine ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Urinalysis/*veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This case-controlled study evaluated urinalyses from 111 primary cases diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) and 101 healthy control cats. Urine samples were analysed by standardised procedures, and differences between the two groups were compared by multivariable logistic regression analysis, while controlling for age, body weight, gender and reproductive status. Further, the ability of using urine sediment findings to predict bacteriuria was evaluated. In addition, urinalyses from cats with bacterial cystitis, idiopathic cystitis, urolithiasis and urethral plugs were compared. The main findings were that increasing body weight was significantly associated with increased odds of FLUTD, while the influence of age and reproductive status was of less importance. Increasing amounts of red blood cells and epithelial cells were significantly associated with increased odds of FLUTD. The predictive ability of using bacterial sediment findings to predict bacterial growth was dependent on subjective grading of the amount of bacteria in the sediment and was, at best, only moderate. The few significant differences found between the different FLUTD diagnoses were of limited diagnostic value.}, } @article {pmid23677867, year = {2013}, author = {Palma, D and Langston, C and Gisselman, K and McCue, J}, title = {Canine struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {E1; quiz E1}, pmid = {23677867}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Diet/veterinary ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology/therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Lithotripsy/methods/veterinary ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; *Phosphates ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Struvite calculi, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, have existed for thousands of years in human medicine and are a leading cause of calculi in companion animals. Struvite stones have also been called urease, infection-induced, phosphatic, and triple phosphate stones. They are the most common uroliths in dogs, in which most cases of struvite urolithiasis are associated with infection. Management of struvite urolithiasis requires a multimodal approach that addresses the presence of the urolith(s) and associated infection while identifying risk factors that predispose to the development of infection.}, } @article {pmid23633712, year = {2012}, author = {Specchi, S and Lacava, G and d'Anjou, MA and Zini, E and Auriemma, E}, title = {Ultrasound-guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography with computed tomography for the diagnosis of spontaneous partial ureteral rupture in a dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {1187-1190}, pmid = {23633712}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Abdominal Pain/diagnosis/surgery/veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/diagnosis/surgery/veterinary ; Rupture, Spontaneous/diagnosis/surgery/veterinary ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter/*injuries/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urography/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 10-year-old spayed female dalmatian dog developed acute vomiting and abdominal pain. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen showed right hydronephrosis and proximal ureter dilation with mild retroperitoneal free fluid. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen confirmed the ultrasonographic findings and revealed, additionally, a right ureteral stone. Spontaneus rupture of the right ureter was confirmed with CT post ultrasound-guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography. Pyeloureteral rupture and the presence of a ureteral stone were confirmed at surgery.}, } @article {pmid23547673, year = {2013}, author = {Nwaokorie, EE and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Albasan, H}, title = {Epidemiological evaluation of cystine urolithiasis in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): 70 cases (1992-2009).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {242}, number = {8}, pages = {1099-1103}, doi = {10.2460/javma.242.8.1099}, pmid = {23547673}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Cystine ; Female ; *Ferrets ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of cystine uroliths in domestic ferrets with urolithiasis and determine whether age, breed, sex, reproductive status, anatomic location, and season are risk factors associated with cystine urolith formation.

DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional case-control study.

SAMPLE: Records of 435 ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with uroliths submitted for analyses between 1992 and 2009, of which 70 were cystine uroliths.

PROCEDURES: Specific descriptive information was obtained about each ferret to determine whether specific risk factors were associated with the development of cystine uroliths.

RESULTS: Cystine uroliths comprised 70 of the 435 (16%) uroliths. Cystine uroliths were more common in male (n = 54) than in female (16) ferrets. All cystine uroliths were retrieved from the lower portion of the urinary tract (bladder and urethra [n = 67]) or were voided (3); none of the uroliths were retrieved from the upper portion of the urinary tract (kidney and ureters).

Awareness of the prevalence of cystine uroliths along with knowledge of etiologic, demographic, and environmental risk and protective factors for urolithiasis may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of cystinuria. Genetic factors associated with this disease have not yet been reported in ferrets, but a familial pattern of inheritance determined to be a major underlying factor in cystine urolithiasis in dogs and humans suggests that this may be a factor in ferrets and that the parent stock of ferrets in the present study may have been inbred.}, } @article {pmid23532727, year = {2013}, author = {Defarges, A and Dunn, M and Berent, A}, title = {New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: lower urinary tract uroliths.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {E1}, doi = {10.1080/0158037x.2012.712037}, pmid = {23532727}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; Goats ; Horses ; Lithotripsy/methods/*veterinary ; Rabbits ; Treatment Outcome ; Urolithiasis/*therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In small animals, removal is indicated for lower urinary tract calculi that are not amenable to medical dissolution and are causing, or may cause, urinary tract obstruction, inflammation, or recurrent infection. Surgical removal of lower urinary tract uroliths by cystotomy or urethrotomy has been the traditional method. The current standard of care for human urinary tract stones involves the use of lithotripsy and is minimally invasive. This article reviews the current literature on the various minimally invasive options available for managing lower urinary tract stones in small animal veterinary patients. Options for managing nephroliths and ureteroliths will be presented in forthcoming companion articles.}, } @article {pmid23527558, year = {2013}, author = {Nishihata, M and Kohjimoto, Y and Hara, I}, title = {Effect of Kampo extracts on urinary stone formation: an experimental investigation.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {1032-1036}, doi = {10.1111/iju.12098}, pmid = {23527558}, issn = {1442-2042}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Medicine, Kampo/*methods ; Nephrolithiasis/*drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of Kampo extracts on the process of urinary stone formation.

METHODS: A total of 14 Kampo extracts (10 μg/mL) were examined in vitro by assessing whether they could inhibit two critical steps in the early process of calcium oxalate stone formation, namely crystal aggregation and crystal adhesion to the renal tubular epithelium of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on stone formation was examined by using a rat model.

RESULTS: Sanshishi and Takusha showed a strong inhibitory effect on the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal aggregation (84.5% and 64.2%, respectively) and on the crystal adhesion to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (88.2% and 54.6%, respectively). As pretreatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with these two Kampo extracts did not show any inhibitory effect on crystal adhesion, they were considered to mainly affect the crystal surface to block crystal adhesion to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Gorin-san, containing both Sanshishi and Takusha, showed significantly stronger inhibitory activities at lower concentrations compared with Chorei-to, which contains Takusha. Finally, Sanshishi showed a prophylactic effect on calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the rat model.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Gorin-san, which contains Sanshishi and Takusha, might be used for the prophylaxis of urolithiasis in humans.}, } @article {pmid23484823, year = {2013}, author = {Adams, LG}, title = {Nephroliths and ureteroliths: a new stone age.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {212-216}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2013.775691}, pmid = {23484823}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*pathology/therapy ; Dogs ; Nephrolithiasis/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Nephroliths may obstruct the renal pelvis or ureter, predispose to pyelonephritis, or result in compressive injury of the renal parenchyma leading to progressive chronic kidney disease. Indications for removal of nephroliths in dogs include obstruction, recurrent infection, progressive nephrolith enlargement, presence of clinical signs (renal pain), and patients with nephroliths in a solitary functional kidney. The most common indication for removal of upper tract uroliths in cats is ureteral obstruction caused by ureteroliths. Nonobstructive nephroliths in cats are not usually treated unless they move into the ureter resulting in ureteral obstruction. The treatment approach to nephroliths and ureteroliths is different for dogs versus cats. Surgical removal of nephroliths or ureteroliths by nephrotomy and ureterotomy respectively is associated with potential for complications in more than 30% of cats treated by ureterotomy; therefore, minimally invasive options should also be considered. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment of nephroliths results in small "passable" stone fragments in most dogs, whereas ESWL does not work effectively in cats. Ureteral stents are effective for relief of ureteral obstruction by ureteroliths in both dogs and cats. Ureteral stents may be left in place long-term to relieve ureteral obstruction by ureteroliths. Post-operative morbidity and mortality are substantially lower for ureteral stent placement compared to open surgical ureterotomy in cats.}, } @article {pmid23475213, year = {2014}, author = {Khan, A and Wang, W and Khan, SR}, title = {Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and expression of matrix GLA protein in the kidneys.}, journal = {World journal of urology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {123-130}, pmid = {23475213}, issn = {1433-8726}, support = {R01 DK078602/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Durapatite/adverse effects/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*metabolism ; Hydroxyproline/adverse effects ; Hyperoxaluria/chemically induced/metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/*chemically induced/*metabolism/pathology ; Oxalates/adverse effects/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Polymorphism of the gene for matrix GLA protein (MGP), a calcification inhibitor, is associated with nephrolithiasis. However, experimental investigations of MGP role in stone pathogenesis are limited. We determined the effect of renal epithelial exposure to oxalate (Ox), calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) or hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal on the expression of MGP.

METHODS: MDCK cells in culture were exposed to 0.3, 0.5 or 1 mM Ox and 33, 66 or 133-150 μg/cm(2) of COM/HA for 3-72 h. MGP expression and production were determined by Western blotting and densitometric analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine MGP release into the medium. Hyperoxaluria was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding hydroxyl-L-proline. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect renal MGP expression.

RESULTS: Exposure to Ox and crystals led to time- and concentration-dependent increase in expression of MGP in MDCK cells. Cellular response was quicker to crystal exposure than to the Ox, expression being significantly higher after 3-h exposure to COM or HA crystals and more than 6 h of exposure to Ox. MGP expression was increased in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats particularly in renal peritubular vessels.

CONCLUSION: We demonstrate increased expression of MGP in renal tubular epithelial cells exposed to Ox or CaOx crystals as well as the HA crystals. The most significant finding of this study is the increased staining seen in renal peritubular vessels of the hyperoxaluric rats, indicating involvement of renal endothelial cells in the synthesis of MGP.}, } @article {pmid23413269, year = {2013}, author = {Mestrinho, LA and Gonçalves, T and Parreira, PB and Niza, MM and Hamaide, AJ}, title = {Xanthine urolithiasis causing bilateral ureteral obstruction in a 10-month-old cat.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {911-916}, doi = {10.1177/1098612X13477413}, pmid = {23413269}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology/surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Hypoxanthine/*urine ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/complications/*veterinary ; Xanthine/*urine ; }, abstract = {Xanthine urolithiasis was diagnosed in a 10-month-old intact female domestic shorthair cat presented with acute renal failure due to bilateral ureteral obstruction. Ultrasonography revealed the presence of multiple uroliths in both kidneys and ureters that were not detectable on previous survey radiographs. Medical management failed and ureteral obstruction persisted with no evidence of stone migration into the bladder. Bilateral ureterotomy with urolith removal was performed in order to relieve the obstruction. The cat recovered from surgery, and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values decreased within normal limits 6 days postoperatively. Urolith analysis by infrared spectrometry determined xanthine composition, and a higher blood and urine concentration of hypoxanthine and xanthine was also found. At 1-year follow-up, the cat was free of clinical signs. However, ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed small-size calculi in both kidneys, despite the low protein diet intake. The very young age of the animal suggests a possible congenital xanthinuria.}, } @article {pmid23408812, year = {2013}, author = {Kerr, KR}, title = {Companion Animals Symposium: dietary management of feline lower urinary tract symptoms.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {2965-2975}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2012-6035}, pmid = {23408812}, issn = {1525-3163}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/classification/*drug therapy/*etiology ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/classification/diet therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Experimental and clinical investigations have confirmed the importance of dietary modifications in medical protocols designed to treat and prevent feline lower urinary tract signs (LUTS). The objective of this review is to discuss common medical conditions contributing to feline LUTS and to present currently used and potential preventative dietary modifications. Feline LUTS are a set of clinical conditions with similar symptoms related to inappropriate urine elimination due to a combination of genetics, stress and frustration reactions, environment, and medical condition or conditions, for example, idiopathic cystitis, urolithiasis, urethral obstruction, and urinary tract infection. The main goals of dietary modifications to prevent LUTS are 1) promote large dilute volumes of urine, 2) decrease the relative supersaturation of urine for specific stone types, and 3) promote healthy bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. The impact of dietary composition, including dietary moisture, protein concentration and digestibility, mineral concentrations (i.e., Na, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg), inclusion of acidifiers and alkalinizing agents, inclusion of vitamin B6, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and γ-linolenic acid, fiber concentration and characteristics, and oxalate degrading probiotics, on these outcomes is discussed, and dietary guidelines for cats are provided. Because of the complex interaction of diet composition, environment, and animal physiology, there is a need for clinical research linking current recommendations or dietary options for the treatment and prevention of LUTS with physiological outcomes (i.e., decreased relative supersaturation and LUTS recurrence). Additionally, for many recommendations (e.g., probiotic administration, EPA, DHA), extrapolation from other species was necessary. Research is needed in feline patients with LUTS on these dietary components.}, } @article {pmid23404481, year = {2013}, author = {Perry, LA and Kass, PH and Johnson, DL and Ruby, AL and Shiraki, R and Westropp, JL}, title = {Evaluation of culture techniques and bacterial cultures from uroliths.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {199-202}, doi = {10.1177/1040638713476866}, pmid = {23404481}, issn = {1943-4936}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*isolation & purification ; Bacteriological Techniques/standards/*veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Urolithiasis/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The association between urolithiasis and growth of bacteria in the urine or urolith has not been recently evaluated in the past 15 years, and the effects of antimicrobial administration on urolith cultures have not been reported. As well, laboratory techniques for urolith cultures have not been critically evaluated. The objectives of the current study were to 1) report bacterial isolates from uroliths and their association with signalment, urolith composition, antimicrobial use, and urine cultures and 2) evaluate laboratory techniques for urolith cultures. For the first objective, a retrospective search of bacterial isolates cultured from uroliths submitted to the laboratory as well as the signalment, urine culture results, and antimicrobial use were recorded. For the second objective, 50 urolith pairs were cultured by washing each urolith either 1or 4 times and culturing the core. Five hundred twenty canine and 168 feline uroliths were reviewed. Struvite-containing uroliths had an increased prevalence of a positive culture compared to nonstruvite-containing uroliths (P < 0.0001, odds ratio [OR] = 5.4), as did uroliths from female dogs (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.9). No significant difference between culture results and previous antimicrobial administration was found (P = 0.41). Eighteen percent of cases with negative urine cultures had positive urolith cultures. There was no significant difference in core culture results whether the urolith was washed 1 or 4 times (P = 0.07). Urolith culture outcome was not always influenced by previous antimicrobial administration, and bacterial culture of a urolith may not yield the same results as those obtained from the urine. The modified protocol, which requires less time and expense for urolith cultures, may be an acceptable alternative.}, } @article {pmid23396526, year = {2013}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Albasan, H and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LM and Lekcharoensuk, C}, title = {Recent shifts in the global proportions of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {172}, number = {14}, pages = {363}, doi = {10.1136/vr.101056}, pmid = {23396526}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Epidemiological surveys are important tools to identify emerging trends in disease. The Minnesota Urolith Centre has been tracking the occurrence of uroliths for over 30 years. To evaluate global changes in the frequencies of canine uroliths, submissions to the Minnesota Urolith Centre in 1999 and 2000 (n = 39,965) were compared with submissions in 2009 and 2010 (n = 99,598). The proportion of calcium oxalate uroliths rose on every continent except in Europe. Seventy-five per cent of dogs with calcium oxalate uroliths were between 5 and 11 years old. The proportion of struvite uroliths decreased on every continent except in Australia-Oceania. Seventy-seven per cent of all struvite formers were between two and eight years old. The proportion of purine uroliths has declined slightly. Worldwide, uroliths composed of cystine, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate carbonate and silica remain uncommon. Epidemiological studies of urolithiasis are essential for constructing effective experimental designs and selecting appropriate cases and controls to conduct clinical trials with meaningful results.}, } @article {pmid23352899, year = {2013}, author = {Kanlaya, R and Fong-Ngern, K and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Cellular adaptive response of distal renal tubular cells to high-oxalate environment highlights surface alpha-enolase as the enhancer of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal adhesion.}, journal = {Journal of proteomics}, volume = {80}, number = {}, pages = {55-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.001}, pmid = {23352899}, issn = {1876-7737}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Down-Regulation ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Hyperoxaluria/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Oxalates/*chemistry ; Oxalic Acid/chemistry ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/*chemistry ; Proteins/chemistry ; Proteomics/methods ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Hyperoxaluria is one of etiologic factors of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. However, response of renal tubular cells to high-oxalate environment remained largely unknown. We applied a gel-based proteomics approach to characterize changes in cellular proteome of MDCK cells induced by 10mM sodium oxalate. A total of 14 proteins were detected as differentially expressed proteins. The oxalate-induced up-regulation of alpha-enolase in whole cell lysate was confirmed by 2-D Western blot analysis. Interaction network analysis revealed that cellular adaptive response under high-oxalate condition involved stress response, energy production, metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Down-regulation of RhoA, which was predicted to be associated with the identified proteins, was confirmed by immunoblotting. In addition, the up-regulation of alpha-enolase on apical surface of renal tubular epithelial cells was also confirmed by immunoblotting of the isolated apical membranes and immunofluorescence study. Interestingly, blockage of alpha-enolase expressed on the cell surface by antibody neutralization significantly reduced the number of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals adhered on the cells. These results strongly suggest that surface alpha-enolase plays an important role as the enhancer of COM crystal binding. The increase of alpha-enolase expressed on the cell surface may aggravate kidney stone formation in patients with hyperoxaluria.}, } @article {pmid23277648, year = {2012}, author = {Puttick, JL and Sereda, CW}, title = {Suture-related urolithiasis following repair of inadvertent prostatectomy in a dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {53}, number = {7}, pages = {787-790}, pmid = {23277648}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cryptorchidism/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Dogs ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/veterinary ; Prostatectomy/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Sutures/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 10-month-old male chow chow mixed breed dog was presented for anuria secondary to inadvertent prostatectomy performed during unilateral cryptorchidectomy. Surgical repair was successfully performed; however, this resulted in suture-associated urolith formation 3 months later, requiring a second surgical intervention and urethrostomy.}, } @article {pmid23216036, year = {2012}, author = {Albasan, H and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA}, title = {Effects of storage in formalin on composition of canine and feline uroliths.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {241}, number = {12}, pages = {1613-1616}, doi = {10.2460/javma.241.12.1613}, pmid = {23216036}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Specimen Handling ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry ; Urolithiasis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether storage in neutral-buffered 10% formalin in vitro has any effect on the composition of biogenic minerals of canine and feline uroliths.

DESIGN: Prospective in vitro study.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Canine and feline uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 34 dogs and 27 cats.

PROCEDURES: Submissions from each dog or cat consisted of multiple uroliths of a single mineral type. After retrieval from the urinary tract, none of the uroliths had been placed in a preservative before submission. Evaluated uroliths were exclusively composed of the following: only struvite (uroliths from 5 dogs and 5 cats), calcium oxalate (5 dogs and 5 cats), calcium phosphate apatite (5 dogs and 5 cats), cystine (5 dogs and 5 cats), ammonium urate (5 dogs and 5 cats), or silica (5 dogs). One urolith from each dog or cat was quantitatively analyzed by polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, or both. Another urolith from the same animal was immersed in 1 mL of neutral-buffered 10% formalin for 48 hours at room temperature (22.5°C). Uroliths exposed to formalin were then air-dried for 30 minutes, and the analysis was repeated.

RESULTS: After exposure to formalin, a portion of every struvite urolith was transformed into newberyite. This was not observed with any other urolith mineral type. Quantitative mineral analysis of nonstruvite uroliths revealed no detectable change in mineral composition. However, 3 of 10 ammonium urate uroliths dissolved when placed in formalin.

To avoid misdiagnosis of mineral composition, uroliths should not be immersed in formalin prior to analysis.}, } @article {pmid23180150, year = {2012}, author = {Dijcker, JC and Kummeling, A and Hagen-Plantinga, EA and Hendriks, WH}, title = {Urinary oxalate and calcium excretion by dogs and cats diagnosed with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {171}, number = {25}, pages = {646}, doi = {10.1136/vr.101130}, pmid = {23180150}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate/urine ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/urine/*veterinary ; Oxalates/*urine ; }, } @article {pmid23123287, year = {2013}, author = {Aggarwal, KP and Tandon, S and Naik, PK and Singh, SK and Tandon, C}, title = {Novel antilithiatic cationic proteins from human calcium oxalate renal stone matrix identified by MALDI-TOF-MS endowed with cytoprotective potential: an insight into the molecular mechanism of urolithiasis.}, journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry}, volume = {415}, number = {}, pages = {181-190}, doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.040}, pmid = {23123287}, issn = {1873-3492}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cations ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Crystallization ; Cytoprotection ; Dogs ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/*chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/*chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Wnt2 Protein/*chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: No substantial work has been conducted to date in context to cationic proteins with antilithiatic activity. We explored the antilithiatic cationic proteins present in human calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones and also examined their molecular interactions with calcium oxalate crystals in silico.

METHODS: Proteins were isolated from the matrix of human CaOx containing kidney stones. Proteins having MW>3 kDa were subjected to cation exchange chromatography followed by molecular-sieve chromatography. The effect of these purified cationic proteins was tested against CaOx nucleation and growth and on oxalate injured MDCK cells for their activity. Proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular interaction studies with COM crystals in silico were also investigated.

RESULTS: Three antilithiatic cationic proteins were identified as histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, inward rectifier K channel and protein Wnt-2 (MW~53, ~44, and ~42 kDa respectively) by MALDI-TOF MS based on database search with MASCOT server. Further molecular modeling calculations revealed the mode of interaction of these proteins with CaOx at the molecular level.

CONCLUSION: We identified histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, inward rectifier K channel and protein Wnt-2 as novel antilithiatic proteins which play a vital role in the kidney function and have been associated with various kidney diseases.}, } @article {pmid23113528, year = {2012}, author = {Houston, DM and Moore, AE and Mendonca, SZ and Taylor, JA}, title = {2,8-Dihydroxyadenine uroliths in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {241}, number = {10}, pages = {1348-1352}, doi = {10.2460/javma.241.10.1348}, pmid = {23113528}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Ureteral Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: A 43-kg (95-lb) 4-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of a 2-day history of dysuria.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Radiography and ultrasonography revealed hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and radiolucent, hyperechoic uroliths in the right kidney and ureter and the urinary bladder. Serum bile acids concentration was within the reference interval.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The uroliths in the bladder and right ureter were surgically removed and submitted for analysis. They were initially identified as urate uroliths; however, results of further analysis indicated uroliths were composed of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA), and 2,8-DHA was identified in a urine sample of the dog. Allopurinol was prescribed for the dog, and a purine-restricted diet was recommended.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 2,8-DHA uroliths are extremely rare in humans and dogs. Such uroliths may be underdiagnosed in humans because of variability of clinical signs and difficulty in differentiating 2,8-DHA and urate uroliths and crystalluria. Uroliths composed of 2,8-DHA may be misdiagnosed as urate uroliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid23082535, year = {2012}, author = {Tordiffe, AS and van der Watt, GF and Reyers, F}, title = {Cystine urolithiasis in a caracal (Caracal caracal).}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {649-651}, doi = {10.1638/2011-0236R1.1}, pmid = {23082535}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystine/*chemistry ; *Felidae ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/pathology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In July 2009, a 14-yr-old male caracal (Caracal caracal) at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa was found, on abdominal ultrasound, to have a single large cystolith. The cystolith was removed, and the composition was determined to be 100% cystine. Blood and urine samples were also collected from three other apparently healthy caracals at the zoo and were submitted, together with the samples from the affected animal, for analysis using gas chromatograph mass spectrometry for cystine, lysine, alanine, and ornithine levels. The cystine levels in the urine, the fractional excretion of cystine, and the normalized excretion of cystine (micromol/g of creatinine) were all higher in the affected caracal than in the healthy animals. Only a single other case of cystine urolithiasis has been previously reported in any wild felid in the literature.}, } @article {pmid23078564, year = {2012}, author = {Buote, NJ and Kovak-McClaran, JR and Loar, AS and Cherrone, KL}, title = {The effect of preoperative antimicrobial administration on culture results in dogs undergoing cystotomy.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {241}, number = {9}, pages = {1185-1189}, doi = {10.2460/javma.241.9.1185}, pmid = {23078564}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Cystotomy/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/microbiology/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Mucous Membrane/microbiology ; Preoperative Care ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/microbiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of preoperative antimicrobial administration on culture results in dogs undergoing cystotomy as a treatment for urolithiasis.

DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. Animals-41 dogs undergoing cystotomy for cystic calculi removal.

PROCEDURES: Urine samples were collected at time of anesthetic induction and during surgery prior to cystotomy, and a mucosal biopsy and culturette swab was collected during surgery from a control group, which received antimicrobials only after surgical culture sample collection, and from an experimental group, which received antimicrobials at the time of anesthetic induction.

RESULTS: 17 of 41 patients had positive culture results at anesthetic induction. Twenty of 41 patients had positive results of cultures for the surgical sample. No dogs that had positive results before antimicrobial administration had negative results after antimicrobial administration. There were no significant changes to urinalysis results regardless of group. Calcium monohydrate uroliths were the most common stone removed (24/41), followed by magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths (11/41).

There was no difference in culture results (positivity and bacterial type) when antimicrobials were given at anesthetic induction versus after surgical culture sample collection for dogs undergoing cystotomy for cystic calculi removal.}, } @article {pmid23034064, year = {2012}, author = {Kaiser, J and Stĕpánková, K and Koř Istková, T and Sedo, O and Melnyk, G and Hartl, M and Paloušek, D and Kucera, J}, title = {Determination of the cause of selected canine urolith formation by advanced analytical methods.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {646-651}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01292.x}, pmid = {23034064}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; Tomography, X-Ray/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/etiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the cause of selected canine urolith formation using less conventional but more advanced analytical methods.

METHODS: A routine laboratory specialising in urinary calculi analysis noticed a special type of core zone in some canine uroliths, which was typically made up of cylindrical holes. Of 4028 canine samples analysed, non-absorbable suture material was detected in 9 (0·22%) cases. A hollow cylindrical central area was found in a further 13 (0·32%) samples. X-ray microtomography (μCT) was utilised in order to reveal the channel structure inside this urolith sample. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry was used in order to assess the cause of this urinary stone formation.

RESULTS: The diameter of the channel structure corresponded with the diameter of the previously utilised suture material and indicated that this urolith was formed around residual suture material. Further confirmation was provided by the comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry chemical analysis. This channel structure is formed by a surgical thread that serves as a base for the urolith growth.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Results of this study confirm the causative role of absorbable suture material in the pathogenesis of hollow channel structures in some canine compound uroliths.}, } @article {pmid22957984, year = {2012}, author = {Roe, K and Pratt, A and Lulich, J and Osborne, C and Syme, HM}, title = {Analysis of 14,008 uroliths from dogs in the UK over a 10-year period.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {634-640}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01275.x}, pmid = {22957984}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify breed-associated risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs from the UK.

METHODS: Records of all canine uroliths submitted to Hills Pet Nutrition UK for analysis at the University of Minnesota Urolith Centre over 10 years (1997 to 2006) were reviewed. The results, along with the request forms completed by the submitting veterinarian, were analysed. The most commonly affected breeds, age and gender of the dogs were identified for each of the most common types of uroliths (struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine and mixed). Pearson's chi-squared tests were performed to assess whether certain breeds of dogs were over-represented relative to a reference population (from an insurance database).

RESULTS: The records of 14,008 urolith submissions were analysed. The relative frequency of struvite remained stable over time, whereas calcium oxalate decreased over the study period. Breeds found to be significantly over-represented for calcium oxalate uroliths included the Chihuahua, miniature poodle and Yorkshire terrier. Staffordshire bull terriers and English bulldogs were at increased risk for cystine uroliths.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Associations between breed, gender, age and urolith formation were similar to those reported elsewhere. However, temporal trends and novel breed predispositions were identified.}, } @article {pmid22942449, year = {2012}, author = {Appel, S and Otto, SJ and Weese, JS}, title = {Cystotomy practices and complications among general small animal practitioners in Ontario, Canada.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {303-310}, pmid = {22942449}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Cystectomy/methods/statistics & numerical data/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Hospitals, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Ontario ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Surgery, Veterinary/methods/*statistics & numerical data ; }, abstract = {Cystotomy is a common surgical procedure in small animal veterinary medicine, yet common pre-, intra-, and post-operative practices have not been described. This survey evaluated cystotomy practices of 106 veterinarians in Ontario. The majority of respondents reported practices consistent with standard recommendations, but some deficiencies in antimicrobial and analgesic use, as well as intra- and post-operative practices, were identified. Some factors associated with the likelihood that practitioners reported recurrent urolithiasis or urinary tract infection are contrary to typical recommendations, such as the association of the use of absorbable, multifilament suture or a dorsal (versus ventral) incision and a lesser likelihood of reporting post-operative urinary tract infections. While care must be taken interpreting these statistical associations, the results suggest that objective assessment of common cystotomy recommendations (use of monofilament, absorbable suture) is required. Re-assessment of certain peri-operative practices, such as analgesic and antimicrobial administration, and post-operative testing, is required for a minority of practitioners.}, } @article {pmid22788835, year = {2012}, author = {Gnanandarajah, JS and Johnson, TJ and Kim, HB and Abrahante, JE and Lulich, JP and Murtaugh, MP}, title = {Comparative faecal microbiota of dogs with and without calcium oxalate stones.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, pages = {745-756}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05390.x}, pmid = {22788835}, issn = {1365-2672}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Calcium Oxalate/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Dogs ; Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; Male ; *Metagenome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urolithiasis/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {AIMS: The absence of enteric oxalate-metabolizing bacterial species (OMBS) increases the likelihood of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis in humans and dogs. The goal of this study was to compare the gut microbiota of healthy dogs and CaOx stone formed dogs (CaOx-dogs), especially with respect to OMBS.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Faecal samples from healthy and CaOx-dogs were obtained to analyse the hindgut microbiota by sequencing the V3 region of bacterial 16S rDNA. In total, 1223 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified at 97% identity. Only 38% of these OTUs were shared by both groups. Significant differences in the relative abundance of 152 OTUs and 36 genera were observed between the two groups of dogs.

CONCLUSIONS: The faecal microbiota of healthy dogs is distinct from that of CaOx-dogs, indicating that the microbiota is altered in CaOx-dogs.

This is the first study that has compared the gut microbial diversity in healthy and CaOx-dogs. Results of this study indicate the future need for functional and comparative analyses of the total array of oxalate-metabolizing genes between healthy and CaOx stone formers, rather than focusing on specific bacterial species, to understand the critical role of OMBS in CaOx urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid22735988, year = {2012}, author = {Dijcker, JC and Hagen-Plantinga, EA and Everts, H and Bosch, G and Kema, IP and Hendriks, WH}, title = {Dietary and animal-related factors associated with the rate of urinary oxalate and calcium excretion in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {46}, doi = {10.1136/vr.100293}, pmid = {22735988}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Cats/*urine ; Cohort Studies ; Creatinine/urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/*urine ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/prevention & control/veterinary ; }, abstract = {This paper reports the results of a cohort study and randomised clinical trial (RCT) in cross-over design. In the cohort study, the range of urinary oxalate (Uox) and calcium (Uca) excretion was determined within a sample of the Dutch population of dogs and cats, and dietary and animal-related factors associated with these urine parameters were identified. Spot urine samples were collected from privately owned dogs (n=141) and cats (n=50). The RCT determined the effect of a commercial raw meat diet versus a dry diet on Uox and Uca excretion rate in 23 dogs. In the cohort study, Uox excretion ranged from 21.1 to 170.6 mmol oxalate/mol creatinine in dogs and 27.5 to 161.6 in cats. Urinary calcium excretion ranged from 3.4 to 462.8 mmol calcium/mol creatinine in dogs and 10.1 to 128.0 in cats. In dogs, increased Uox and Uca excretion was associated with (1) the intake of a dry diet as the primary source of energy, (2) receiving no snacks and (3) breed. Increased Uox excretion was associated with males as well. In cats, urine collection in anaesthetised subjects was identified as a confounder. In the RCT, feeding the dry diet resulted in higher Uox (P<0.001) and Uca (P=0.021) excretion rates in dogs.}, } @article {pmid22654144, year = {2011}, author = {Whelen, JC and Houston, DM and White, C and Favrin, MG}, title = {Ova of Dioctophyme renale in a canine struvite urolith.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {52}, number = {12}, pages = {1353-1355}, pmid = {22654144}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/parasitology/surgery/urine ; Dogs ; Enoplida Infections/diagnosis/surgery/urine/*veterinary ; Female ; Larva/*growth & development ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/parasitology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urine/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {This report describes light and scanning electron microscopic appearance of an ovum from the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyme renale found in the nidus and stone layer of a struvite calculus. The stone had been surgically removed from the bladder of a 4-year-old spayed female mixed breed dog from northern Ontario.}, } @article {pmid22578635, year = {2012}, author = {Dijcker, JC and Hagen-Plantinga, EA and Hendriks, WH}, title = {Changes in dietary macronutrient profile do not appear to affect endogenous urinary oxalate excretion in healthy adult cats.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {194}, number = {2}, pages = {235-239}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.029}, pmid = {22578635}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats/*physiology/urine ; Creatinine/urine ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxalates/*urine ; Pilot Projects ; }, abstract = {The progressive increase in calcium oxalate uroliths reported in cats diagnosed with urolithiasis may partly be due to changes in nutrition. Since cats have a predominant mitochondrial alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) location, high carbohydrate intake may induce endogenous oxalate synthesis. This hypothesis was tested by feeding 12 adult, female cats three diets differing in macronutrients, namely, high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC) and high fat (HF), using a randomised Latin square design in a 36-day study. In addition to plasma, urine was collected quantitatively using modified litter boxes. A pilot study with four cats, conducted to determine the adaptation time of urinary oxalate (Uox) excretion to a dietary change, indicated a mean (± SEM) adaptation time of 5.9 ± 0.7 days, with the urinary oxalate:creatinine (Ox:Cr) ratio increasing from 36.1 ± 3.7 to 81.6 ± 2.3 mmol/mol. In the main study, plasma oxalate concentration was significantly lower when feeding the HP compared to the HF (P=0.003) diet, whereas Uox excretion (μmol/kg BW(0.75)/day) and the urinary Ox:Cr ratio were unaffected by diet. The Uox concentration (mmol/L) was significantly lower when feeding the HP compared to the HC (P=0.004) and HF (P=0.001) diets. The results indicate that changes in macronutrient profile may not influence endogenous Uox excretion in cats but high dietary protein did reduce Uox concentration and may therefore help to lower the risk of calcium oxalate formation.}, } @article {pmid22526813, year = {2012}, author = {Hesse, A and Orzekowsky, H and Frenk, M and Neiger, R}, title = {[Epidemiological data of urinary stones in cats between 1981 and 2008].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {95-101}, pmid = {22526813}, issn = {2567-5842}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared/veterinary ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of urinary stones analysed between 1981 and 2008 in cats and comparison with data submitted, such as breed, age, sex and body weight.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Over the given years 5173 feline uroliths from cats in Germany and some neighbouring countries were analysed. From the forms submitted the following data was obtained for most cats: breed, age, sex, body weight, obesity status and location of the urinary stone(s). All uroliths were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. Uroliths containing at least 70% of a single mineral were classified as being of that type.

RESULTS: The cats with urolithiasis belonged to 25 different breeds. The most common breed was the European shorthair (64.3%) followed by Persian (15.2%), British shorthair (3.9%), Chartreux (1.7%), Maine Coon (1.5%) and Siamese (1.1%). Most animals were neutered or castrated (81.8%). Tom cats were significantly more frequently affected than female cats. The mean age (7 years) was virtually identical between both sexes, but varied between different stone types. Cats with struvite stones were significantly younger than cats with calcium oxalate stones (6.6 versus 7.6 years). Most urinary stones were retrieved from the bladder and/or urethra (93%). Over the entire time period (1981-2008) struvite (51.2%) and calcium oxalate (38.7%) stones were the two most common urolith types. Percent calcium oxalate stones increased significantly over time and were seen more often in 2008 than struvite stones (48.6% versus 43.4%). Amongst other urinary stones, ammonium urate (1.7%), carbonate apatite (1.7%), cystine (0.5%) and xanthine (0.3%) uroliths were analysed.

While struvite and calcium oxalate stones are presently found at approximately equal frequency in cats, various different urinary stones types can also occur in this species. Epidemiological knowledge of urinary stones is crucial as a basis for adequate therapy and prevention.}, } @article {pmid22466558, year = {2012}, author = {Lee, HJ and Jeong, SJ and Park, MN and Linnes, M and Han, HJ and Kim, JH and Lieske, JC and Kim, SH}, title = {Gallotannin suppresses calcium oxalate crystal binding and oxalate-induced oxidative stress in renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {539-544}, pmid = {22466558}, issn = {1347-5215}, support = {U54 DK083908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; U54 DK082908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 DK007013/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 DK 07013/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P50 DK083007/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL2/genetics ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolyzable Tannins/*pharmacology ; Kidney/cytology/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*prevention & control ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; NADPH Oxidases/genetics ; Osteopontin/genetics ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals bind avidly to the surface of proliferating and migrating renal endothelial cells, perhaps a key event in kidney stone formation. Oxalate-induced pre-oxidative stress can further promote crystal attachment cells. Natural products including gallotannins found in green teas have been studied as potentially novel treatments to prevent crystal retention and kidney stone formation. Gallotannin significantly inhibited COM crystal growth and binding to Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells type I (MDCK I) renal epithelial cells at non-toxic concentrations. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that gallotannin significantly attenuated oxalate-induced mRNA and protein expressions of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), osteopontin (OPN), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit p22(phox) and p47(phox) in human primary renal epithelial cells (HRCs). Gallotannin also reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as enhanced antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in oxalate treated HRCs. Taken together, our findings suggest that gallotannin can contribute to nephrolithiasis prevention via direct effects on renal epithelial cells including suppression of COM binding and MCP-1 and OPN expression, along with augmenting antioxidant activity.}, } @article {pmid22443437, year = {2012}, author = {Albasan, H and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Lekcharoensuk, C}, title = {Risk factors for urate uroliths in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {240}, number = {7}, pages = {842-847}, doi = {10.2460/javma.240.7.842}, pmid = {22443437}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Urolithiasis/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic factors associated with urate urolithiasis in cats and determine whether the rate of urolith submission to a laboratory had changed over time.

DESIGN: Case series and case-control study.

ANIMALS: Cases consisted of 5,072 cats with urate uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 2008. Controls consisted of 437,228 cats without urinary tract diseases identified in records of the Veterinary Medical Database during the same period.

PROCEDURES: Information on cat breed, age, sex, reproductive status, and location of uroliths was used to identify risk factors. Changes in annual urolith submission rates were evaluated.

RESULTS: Purebred cats had significantly higher odds of developing urate uroliths than did cats of mixed breeding (reference group). On the other hand, cats of the Abyssinian, American Shorthair, Himalayan, Manx, and Persian breeds had significantly lower odds of developing urate uroliths than did mixed breeds. Neutered cats were 12 times as likely to develop urate uroliths as were sexually intact cats. Cats in all age groups had significantly increased odds of developing urate uroliths, compared with cats < 1 year of age (reference group). Cats ≥ 4 but < 7 years of age had the highest odds of all groups and were 51 times as likely to develop urate uroliths as were cats < 1 year of age. Urolith submission rates did not change significantly with time.

Findings of this study suggested that the typical cat with urate uroliths was a purebred neutered cat, 4 to 7 years old, with uroliths in the bladder or urethra. This information may be helpful in predicting mineral composition of uroliths in vivo. However, no conclusions can be made regarding cause-and-effect relationships.}, } @article {pmid22369540, year = {2012}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Carvalho, M and Nakagawa, Y}, title = {Effects of a urolith prevention diet on urine compositions of glycosaminoglycans, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, and nephrocalcin in cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {447-451}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.73.3.447}, pmid = {22369540}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Animals ; Autoanalysis/veterinary ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/prevention & control/*urine ; Cats ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Glycoproteins/*urine ; Glycosaminoglycans/*urine ; Male ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/prevention & control/urine/*veterinary ; Uromodulin/*urine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate urine concentrations of glycosaminoglycans, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, and nephrocalcin in cats fed a diet formulated to prevent calcium oxalate uroliths.

ANIMALS: 10 cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

PROCEDURES: In a previous study conducted in accordance with a balanced crossover design, cats were sequentially fed 2 diets (the diet each cat was consuming prior to urolith detection and a diet formulated to prevent calcium oxalate uroliths). Each diet was fed for 8 weeks. At the end of each 8-week period, a 72-hour urine sample was collected. Concentrations of glycosaminoglycans, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, and the 4 isoforms of nephrocalcin in urine samples collected during that previous study were measured in the study reported here. RESULTS; Diet had no effect on the quantity of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and nephrocalcin in urine. However, the urine concentration of glycosaminoglycans was significantly higher during consumption of the urolith prevention diet.

Feeding a urolith prevention diet increased the urine concentration of glycosaminoglycans, which are glycoprotein inhibitors of growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals.}, } @article {pmid22223029, year = {2012}, author = {Gnanandarajah, JS and Abrahante, JE and Lulich, JP and Murtaugh, MP}, title = {Presence of Oxalobacter formigenes in the intestinal tract is associated with the absence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {467-473}, pmid = {22223029}, issn = {1434-0879}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Male ; Oxalobacter formigenes/*isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Urolithiasis/*etiology ; }, abstract = {The incidence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis in dogs has increased steadily over the last two decades. A potential mechanism to minimize CaOx urolithiasis is to reduce enteric absorption of dietary oxalate by oxalate-metabolizing enteric bacteria. Enteric colonization of Oxalobacter formigenes, an anaerobe which exclusively relies on oxalate metabolism for energy, is correlated with absence of hyperoxaluria or CaOx urolithiasis or both in humans and laboratory animals. We thus hypothesized that decreased enteric colonization of O. formigenes is a risk factor for CaOx urolithiasis in dogs. Fecal samples from dogs with CaOx uroliths, clinically healthy, age-, breed- and gender-matched dogs, and healthy non-stone forming breed dogs were screened for the presence of O. formigenes by quantitative PCR to detect the oxalyl CoA decarboxylase (oxc) gene, and by oxalate degrading biochemical activity in fecal cultures. Prevalence of O. formigenes in dogs with CaOx uroliths was 25%, compared to 50% in clinically healthy, age-, breed- and gender-matched dogs, and 75% in healthy non-stone forming breeds. The presence of oxc genes of O. formigenes was significantly higher in healthy non-stone forming breed dogs than in the dogs with CaOx stones. Further, dogs with calcium oxalate stones and the stone-forming breed-matched controls showed comparable levels of biochemical oxalate degrading activity. We conclude that the absence of enteric colonization of O. formigenes is a risk factor for CaOx urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid23532919, year = {2013}, author = {Defarges, A and Berent, A and Dunn, M}, title = {New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: ureteroliths.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {E4}, pmid = {23532919}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/methods/*veterinary ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; Ureteroscopy/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Ureterolithiasis is a serious clinical problem in small animal veterinary medicine, and management can be challenging and frustrating. Various traditional surgical treatment options exist but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In humans, minimally invasive treatment options have overtaken traditional surgical removal. This article reviews the current literature on the management of ureteral stone disease, including various types of lithotripsy, and discusses some of the newer minimally invasive options available for small animal veterinary patients. It is important to realize that much of the data in this article is only published in abstract form and is largely one institution's experience with these novel techniques. Articles on minimally invasive management of lower urinary tract uroliths and nephroliths were published in the January 2013 and February 2013 issues, respectively.}, } @article {pmid23532900, year = {2013}, author = {Defarges, A and Berent, A and Dunn, M}, title = {New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: nephroliths.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {E3}, pmid = {23532900}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Nephrolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; Ureteroscopy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a common clinical problem in small animal veterinary patients. Management of upper urinary tract calculi can be particularly challenging in small animals, as traditional surgical removal can be associated with significant morbidity. In humans, minimally invasive treatment options have replaced traditional surgical removal in many cases. This article reviews the current literature on the various types of lithotripsy and some of the newer minimally invasive options available for management of nephrolithiasis in small animal veterinary patients. An article in the January 2013 issue addressed management of lower urinary tract uroliths; a future article will discuss current management strategies for ureteroliths.}, } @article {pmid22168895, year = {2012}, author = {Heng, HG and Rohleder, JJ and Pressler, BM}, title = {Comparative sonographic appearance of nephroliths and associated acoustic shadowing artifacts in conventional vs. spatial compound imaging.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, pages = {217-220}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01904.x}, pmid = {22168895}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artifacts ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Kidney/*diagnostic imaging ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Ultrasonography/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Spatial compound sonography improves visualization of tissue details and allows clearer delineation of structural margins. Improved image clarity is due to reduced speckling artifact; however, other types of acoustic shadowing artifacts may be unchanged or variably altered when conventional and spatial compound sonographic images are compared. Because intrarenal distal shadowing artifacts in conventional sonographic images are oftentimes the first or only evidence that a nephroliths is present, we compared the appearance and associated artifacts of nephroliths examined with both imaging modes. Consensus evaluation by two evaluators confirmed differences in appearance of nephroliths based on imaging mode. Nephroliths with conventional imaging mode were less hyperechoic and had better margin delineation while nephroliths were more hyperechoic and had less distinct margins with spatial compound imaging mode. Distal acoustic shadowing artifacts were present in 43% of spatial compound imaging mode vs. 86% of conventional imaging mode. When present in both imaging modes, intensity of these artifacts was weaker and the distance traveled was shorter in spatial compound imaging mode. Multiple diverging acoustic shadowing artifacts originating from a single source, the nephroliths were occasionally noted in spatial compound but not conventional imaging mode. These results demonstrate that the absence of distal acoustic shadowing cannot be used to exclude the presence of a nephrolith in dogs and cats. Optimal diagnosis of nephroliths, margin delineation, and visualization of the distal renal parenchyma requires paired radiography and sonography, and alternating between sonographic imaging modes is therefore suggested.}, } @article {pmid22155717, year = {2012}, author = {Kaliński, K and Marycz, K and Czogała, J and Serwa, E and Janeczek, W}, title = {An application of scanning electron microscopy combined with roentgen microanalysis (SEM-EDS) in canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of electron microscopy}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, pages = {47-55}, doi = {10.1093/jmicro/dfr086}, pmid = {22155717}, issn = {1477-9986}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/*methods ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/*methods ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a common diagnostic and therapeutic problem in small-animal veterinary practice. The traditional diagnostic approach usually consists of clinical, radiological and ultrasonographic examination of the patient. The main diagnostic material is still urine sediment, ignoring the fact that presence of crystalluria is not always of pathological significance. In order to establish the most effective therapeutic and preventative strategies, especially in the case of multicomponent stone, it is crucial to define the exact elemental composition of the given stone including crystallization nidus chemical contents. In the course of the research, the usefulness of scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray-dispersive spectrometry in analysis of canine mixed and compound stones was investigated. The obtained results indicated that the tested method allows one to trace the dynamics of the crystallization process, including crystallization nucleus detection, and concurrently and quantitatively assess the elemental composition of the given urinary concrement. Moreover, the conducted research showed epidemiological data of urolithiasis occurrence in a population of dogs coming from the southern part of Poland.}, } @article {pmid22135927, year = {2011}, author = {Yoon, H and Choi, Y and Han, H and Kim, S and Kim, K and Jeong, S}, title = {Contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography and volume-rendered imaging for evaluation of cellophane banding in a dog with extrahepatic portosystemic shunt.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {125-128}, doi = {10.4102/jsava.v82i2.46}, pmid = {22135927}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Angiography/veterinary ; Animals ; Cellophane ; Contrast Media ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Hypertension, Portal/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Male ; Portal System/*abnormalities/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Portal Vein/abnormalities/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {A 4-year-old, 1.8 kg, male, castrated Maltese was presented for evaluation of urolithiasis. Urinary calculi were composed of ammonium biurate. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 44.2 and 187.3 micromol/l, respectively (reference ranges 0-10 and 0-20 micromol/l, respectively). Single-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) with volume-rendered imaging (VRI) was obtained. VRI revealed a portocaval shunt originating just cranial to a tributary of the gastroduodenal vein and draining into the caudal vena cava at the level of the epiploic foramen. CTA revealed a 3.66 mm-diameter shunt measured at the level of the termination of the shunt and a 3.79 mm-diameter portal vein measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Surgery was performed using cellophane banding without attenuation. Follow-up single-phase CTA with VRI was obtained 10 weeks after surgery. VRI revealed no evidence of portosystemic communication on the level of a cellophane band and caudal to the cellophane band. CTA demonstrated an increased portal vein diameter (3.79-5.27 mm) measured at the level between the origin of the shunt and the porta of the liver. Preprandial and postprandial bile acids were 25 and 12.5 micromol/l, respectively (aforementioned respective reference ranges), 3 months post-surgery. No problems were evident at 6 months.}, } @article {pmid22067080, year = {2012}, author = {Suzuki, T and Uetsuka, K and Doi, K and Nunoya, T}, title = {A case of renal oxalosis in a 3-month-old cat raised under controlled conditions.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {381-384}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.11-0399}, pmid = {22067080}, issn = {1347-7439}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/genetics/*pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Kidney Calculi/genetics/pathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Tubules/pathology ; }, abstract = {The kidneys of a 3-month-old female cat were examined. The cat which had been raised under controlled conditions with no history of any poisoning showed progressive weight loss with increases in blood BUN and creatinine concentrations. At necropsy, both kidneys were firm in consistency with formation of focal scars. Histopathologically, widespread deposition of crystals was observed in the renal tubules (in both dilated lumina and degenerative epithelia) accompanying mild interstitial fibrosis with lymphocyte infiltration. The crystals were colorless or basophilic on the hematoxilin and eosin-stained section and could be visualized with polarized light as doubly fractile crystals. The crystals were identified as calcium oxalate crystals by histochemical examinations using von Kossa stain and alizarin red S stain under different conditions and by ultrastructural examination. Judging from the above-mentioned findings, the present renal lesion detected in an infant cat was diagnosed as renal oxalosis which was suspected to be hereditary in nature.}, } @article {pmid22044328, year = {2011}, author = {Nwaokorie, EE and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Albasan, H and Lekcharoensuk, C}, title = {Epidemiology of struvite uroliths in ferrets: 272 cases (1981-2007).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {239}, number = {10}, pages = {1319-1324}, doi = {10.2460/javma.239.10.1319}, pmid = {22044328}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; *Ferrets ; Logistic Models ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; *Phosphates ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To confirm that the predominant mineral type in naturally occurring uroliths in ferrets is struvite; to determine whether age, breed, sex, reproductive status, geographic location, season, and anatomic location are risk factors associated with urolith formation in ferrets; to compare features of struvite uroliths in cats with those in ferrets; and to determine whether there is a logical evidence-based rationale for clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of diet-induced dissolution of struvite uroliths in ferrets.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS: 408 ferrets with uroliths (272 struvite uroliths) from the Minnesota Urolith Center, and 6,528 control ferrets from the Veterinary Medical Database.

PROCEDURES: Historical information was obtained about each ferret. The association between proposed risk factors and outcome (struvite urolith formation) was assessed.

RESULTS: Sterile struvite was the predominant mineral in uroliths in ferrets. Neutered male ferrets had a significantly increased risk of developing sterile struvite uroliths. A significant association was also found between increasing age and the detection of struvite uroliths. Struvite uroliths in ferrets were more likely to be retrieved from the lower urinary tract than from the upper urinary tract.

Knowledge of predominant mineral type in uroliths along with insight into etiologic, demographic, and environmental risk and protective factors for urolithiasis may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of uroliths in ferrets. Modification of risk factors, including dietary risk factors, may help to minimize urolith formation, dissolve existing uroliths, and minimize urolith recurrence.}, } @article {pmid22005442, year = {2011}, author = {Houston, DM and Weese, HE and Evason, MD and Biourge, V and van Hoek, I}, title = {A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stones in vivo.}, journal = {The British journal of nutrition}, volume = {106 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {S90-2}, doi = {10.1017/S0007114511000894}, pmid = {22005442}, issn = {1475-2662}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/surgery ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Male ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diet therapy/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) is one of the most common minerals found in feline uroliths. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of acidifying calculolytic diets (inducing urine pH < 6.5), in dissolving struvite stones in cats. Recent work in our laboratory found that wet and dry test diets induce a struvite urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) < 1 and that the urine of healthy cats fed the dry test diet dissolved feline struvite stones in vitro. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy of those test diets on naturally occurring struvite urocystoliths in cats. A total of twenty-one cats were used, of which seventeen completed the study. Of the seventeen cats, eight were fed the wet test diet and nine the dry test diet. Uroliths dissolved in a median of 18 (10-55) d. In the remaining four cats, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically. Quantitative analysis showed that these uroliths contained either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. The present study demonstrates that diets that induce a struvite RSS < 1 result in struvite stone dissolution in vivo.}, } @article {pmid22005426, year = {2011}, author = {Calabrò, S and Tudisco, R and Bianchi, S and Grossi, M and De Bonis, A and Isabella Cutrignelli, M}, title = {Management of struvite uroliths in dogs.}, journal = {The British journal of nutrition}, volume = {106 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {S191-3}, doi = {10.1017/S0007114511000882}, pmid = {22005426}, issn = {1475-2662}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy/drug therapy/urine ; Dogs ; Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Struvite ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a common clinical problem in dogs. Struvite and calcium oxalate are the predominant mineral types in dog urolithiasis. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of two commercial dry foods formulated for the management of struvite urolithiasis with different anion-cation balance on urinary pH. For the trial, twelve privately owned adult dogs showing struvite urolithiasis were studied. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) and fed two dissolving diets for 3 months. The analyses of urine were repeated six times. In both diets, the anion-cation balance was negative (- 203 and - 192 for diets A and B, respectively). At the first urine analysis, pH values of all the dogs were close to 8.0, and bacteria were present in about 70 % of the samples and thus an antimicrobial was administered for 1 week. Both groups showed a progressive decrease in pH values, and after 2 months, in both cases, the recommended pH values for stone dissolution were achieved. From the sampling at 30 d, group A showed pH values significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group B, probably due to the lower anion-cation balance of diet A. The combination of antimicrobial and dietary therapy allowed the dissolution of struvite uroliths in both groups, even if the utilisation of the diet characterised by the lower anion-cation balance seems to decrease the urinary pH more rapidly. In this case, it seems necessary to interrupt the dietary treatment in order to avoid the risk of other diseases.}, } @article {pmid22005408, year = {2011}, author = {Buckley, CM and Hawthorne, A and Colyer, A and Stevenson, AE}, title = {Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat.}, journal = {The British journal of nutrition}, volume = {106 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {S128-30}, doi = {10.1017/S0007114511001875}, pmid = {22005408}, issn = {1475-2662}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*urine ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control ; Cats ; Cross-Over Studies ; Diet/*veterinary ; *Drinking ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/chemistry/*urine ; Struvite ; Water/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {It has been reported that daily fluid intake influences urinary dilution, and consequently the risk of urolithiasis in human subjects and dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary moisture on urinary parameters in healthy adult cats by comparing nutritionally standardised diets, varying only in moisture content. A total of six cats were fed a complete dry food (6.3 % moisture) hydrated to 25.4, 53.2 and 73.3 % moisture for 3 weeks in a randomised block cross-over design. Urinary specific gravity (SG), urine volume, water drunk and total fluid intake were measured daily; relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite was calculated using the SUPERSAT computer program. Cats fed the 73.3 % moisture diet produced urine with a significantly lower SG (P < 0.001) compared with diets containing 53.2 % moisture or lower. Mean RSS for CaOx was approaching the undersaturated zone (1.14 (sem 0.21); P = 0.001) for cats fed the diet with 73.3 % moisture and significantly lower than the 6.3 % moisture diet (CaOx RSS 2.29 (sem 0.21)). The effect of diet on struvite RSS was less clear, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Total fluid intake was significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the 73.3 % moisture diet (144.7 (SEM 5.2) ml, or 30 ml/kg body weight per d) compared with the 6.3 % (103.4 (SEM 5.3) ml), 25.4 % (98.6 (SEM 5.3) ml) and 53.3 % (104.7 (SEM 5.3) ml) moisture diets, despite voluntary water intake decreasing as dietary moisture intake increased. Cats fed the 73.3 % moisture diet had a higher total daily fluid intake resulting in a more dilute urine with a lower risk of CaOx when compared with the lower-moisture diets.}, } @article {pmid21962285, year = {2011}, author = {Lemberger, SI and Deeg, CA and Hauck, SM and Amann, B and Hirmer, S and Hartmann, K and Dorsch, R}, title = {Comparison of urine protein profiles in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis, bacterial urinary tract infection, or urolithiasis.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, pages = {1407-1415}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1407}, pmid = {21962285}, issn = {1943-5681}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/*urine ; Blotting, Western/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; Electrophoresis/veterinary ; Fibronectins/analysis ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Proteinuria/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Tract Infections/urine/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize and compare the urine protein content in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis (IdC), bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI), or urolithiasis.

ANIMALS: Control cats (n = 18) and cats with IdC (18), UTI (12), and urolithiasis (12) from which urine samples were obtained and 2 cats with obstructive IdC and 4 additional control cats from which postmortem urinary bladder biopsy specimens were obtained.

PROCEDURES: Protein contents in urine samples obtained via cystocentesis or catheterization were measured via the Bradford method. Urine proteins were separated by means of 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Evaluation of fibronectin content was performed via western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. Urinary bladder biopsy specimens were examined histologically and analyzed immunohistochemically for fibronectin.

RESULTS: Urine fibronectin content was significantly greater in cats with IdC, compared with control cat findings. Urine fibronectin contents did not differ significantly among controls and cats with UTI or urolithiasis. Histologic examination of bladder biopsy specimens obtained from 2 cats with obstructive IdC revealed destruction of the urothelial lining of the urinary bladder and severe fibrosis; immunohistochemical analysis revealed few fluorescence signals for fibronectin, unlike findings in control bladder biopsy specimens.

Results indicated that urine fibronectin content in cats with IdC was greater than that in controls, cats with UTI, or cats with urolithiasis. In cats with IdC, increased permeability of damaged urothelium may result in detachment and leakage of fibronectin into urine. Urine fibronectin might serve as a biomarker for diagnosis of IdC in cats.}, } @article {pmid21932131, year = {2012}, author = {Thurgood, LA and Sørensen, ES and Ryall, RL}, title = {The effect of intracrystalline and surface-bound osteopontin on the degradation and dissolution of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in MDCKII cells.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {1-15}, pmid = {21932131}, issn = {1434-0879}, support = {1R01-DK-064050-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Osteopontin/*physiology ; Solubility ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {In vivo, urinary crystals are associated with proteins located within the mineral bulk as well as upon their surfaces. Proteins incarcerated within the mineral phase of retained crystals could act as a defence against urolithiasis by rendering them more vulnerable to destruction by intracellular and interstitial proteases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of intracrystalline and surface-bound osteopontin (OPN) on the degradation and dissolution of urinary calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals in cultured Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. [(14)C]-oxalate-labelled COD crystals with intracrystalline (IC), surface-bound (SB) and IC + SB OPN, were generated from ultrafiltered (UF) urine containing 0, 1 and 5 mg/L human milk OPN and incubated with MDCKII cells, using UF urine as the binding medium. Crystal size and degradation were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and dissolution was quantified by the release of radioactivity into the culture medium. Crystal size decreased directly with OPN concentration. FESEM examination indicated that crystals covered with SB OPN were more resistant to cellular degradation than those containing IC OPN, whose degree of disruption appeared to be related to OPN concentration. Whether bound to the crystal surface or incarcerated within the mineral interior, OPN inhibited crystal dissolution in direct proportion to its concentration. Under physiological conditions OPN may routinely protect against stone formation by inhibiting the growth of COD crystals, which would encourage their excretion in urine and thereby perhaps partly explain why, compared with calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, COD crystals are more prevalent in urine, but less common in kidney stones.}, } @article {pmid21906060, year = {2011}, author = {Libermann, SV and Doran, IC and Bille, CR and Bomassi, EG and Rattez, EP}, title = {Extraction of urethral calculi by transabdominal cystoscopy and urethroscopy in nine dogs.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {190-194}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01045.x}, pmid = {21906060}, issn = {1748-5827}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystoscopy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Hematuria/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe a minimally invasive technique for treating urethral obstructions in male dogs and to review the postoperative results.

METHODS: All dogs (n=9) had urethral obstruction due to calculi. Obstructions were verified by radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations. Dogs with impaired kidney function were not included in the study. A 5-mm diameter trocar and cannula were placed in the ventral midline, 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus, allowing placement of a 10-mm diameter cannula under visual guidance, adjacent to the apex of the bladder. The bladder was then partially exteriorised and sutured to the skin. A 5-mm diameter cystoscopy sheath was introduced into the bladder lumen and advanced into the urethra. Continuous retrograde flushing was used to dislodge the calculi from the site of obstruction and collect them upstream.

RESULTS: The nine dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. No major postoperative complications were identified. One dog exhibited transient macroscopic haematuria (for 3 weeks postoperatively). All urethral calculi were removed in the nine dogs. No recurrence was found during the follow-up period.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A minimally invasive approach is used to treat urethral obstructions resulting from calculi in the male dogs.}, } @article {pmid21898593, year = {2011}, author = {Hamamoto, S and Yasui, T and Okada, A and Hirose, M and Matsui, Y and Kon, S and Sakai, F and Kojima, Y and Hayashi, Y and Tozawa, K and Uede, T and Kohri, K}, title = {Crucial role of the cryptic epitope SLAYGLR within osteopontin in renal crystal formation of mice.}, journal = {Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, pages = {2967-2977}, doi = {10.1002/jbmr.495}, pmid = {21898593}, issn = {1523-4681}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*pathology/ultrastructure ; Kidney Tubules/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osteopontin/*chemistry/deficiency/*immunology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thrombin/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Osteopontin plays a crucial role in the formation of renal calcium crystals, which are primarily induced by renal tubular cell injury, especially mitochondrial damage. We have previously shown that the impaired Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence of osteopontin inhibits renal crystal formation by using OPN-transgenic mice and OPN-knockout (OPN-KO) mice. Here, we investigated the effects of an antimurine osteopontin antibody (35B6-Ab) that specifically reacts with the (162) SLAYGLR(168) sequence, which is exposed by thrombin cleavage and is located adjacent to the RGD sequence, on renal crystal formation. Renal crystals induced by daily administration of glyoxylate over 9 days (from days 1 to 9) in a murine model were sporadically detected in the renal tubular cells at the corticomedullary junction, where thrombin-cleaved osteopontin expression was also coincidentally detected. On days 0, 3, 6, and 9, 35B6-Ab administration inhibited renal crystal formation and induced significant morphological changes in a dose-dependent manner (250, 500, and 1000 µg per mouse). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the crystals in 35B6-Ab-treated mice were aberrantly formed and their density was low; in contrast, the crystals in untreated mice that were not administered 35B6-Ab had a radial pattern of growth (rosette petal-like crystals), and their density was high. Microstructure analysis of renal tubular cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed that untreated mice showed collapsed mitochondria in the flattened cytoplasm of renal tubular cells, unlike the corresponding structures in 35B6-Ab-treated mice, in which renal tubular cell injury was inhibited. In vitro, 35B6-Ab was found to inhibit the attachment of (14) C-labeled crystals to renal tubular culture cells and reduce morphological damage to these cells. We conclude that thrombin-cleaved osteopontin plays an important role in formation of renal calcium crystals and that 35B6-Ab contributes to the remarkable inhibition of early-stage renal crystal formation by preventing renal tubular cell injury and crystal-cell attachment.}, } @article {pmid21879959, year = {2011}, author = {Zoran, DL and Buffington, CA}, title = {Effects of nutrition choices and lifestyle changes on the well-being of cats, a carnivore that has moved indoors.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {239}, number = {5}, pages = {596-606}, doi = {10.2460/javma.239.5.596}, pmid = {21879959}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; *Animal Husbandry ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control/veterinary ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Preferences ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/prevention & control/veterinary ; Nutritional Requirements ; Obesity/prevention & control ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control/veterinary ; Water ; }, } @article {pmid21872792, year = {2011}, author = {Palm, C and Westropp, J}, title = {Cats and calcium oxalate: strategies for managing lower and upper tract stone disease.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {651-660}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.018}, pmid = {21872792}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diuresis ; Female ; Radiography ; Stents ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) containing stones are among the most common of the urinary tract stones identified in cats.

RISK FACTORS: Risk factors for CaOx stone formation include such things as breed, gender and diet; stress and obesity have also been hypothesized to be risk factors for this disease.

MANAGEMENT APPROACH: A tailored, individual management strategy for preventing CaOx stone recurrence is important and should include addressing the diet, environment and any other comorbid conditions present. Increasing the cat's moisture intake is one of the key mechanisms for preventing recurrence.

CLINICAL CHALLENGES: CaOx ureterolithiasis has emerged as a difficult and sometimes life-threatening problem for cats. In those cats where stones are found incidentally, periodic monitoring may be required to assess for disease progression. Interventional procedures such as ureteral stent placements are now increasingly being performed for recurrent cases or those with larger stone burdens. Periodic radiographs for more severe cases and frequent client communication can help ensure successful outcomes for cats with lower and upper CaOx stone disease.

EVIDENCE BASE: Limited evidence-based studies are published regarding management of feline upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stone disease, making this a difficult condition to manage in some cats. Studies designed to evaluate the relationship to dietary modifications, medical management, stress, obesity and surgical techniques are warranted in cats with upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stones.}, } @article {pmid21840234, year = {2011}, author = {Dear, JD and Shiraki, R and Ruby, AL and Westropp, JL}, title = {Feline urate urolithiasis: a retrospective study of 159 cases.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {725-732}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.001}, pmid = {21840234}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/blood ; Blood Cell Count/veterinary ; California/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Female ; Fistula/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Liver Diseases/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urolithiasis/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The objective of the study was to characterize the signalment, clinicopathologic data, and diagnostic imaging of cats with urate urolithiasis, as well as the salts of uric acid present in the uroliths. A retrospective analysis of feline urate uroliths submitted to the GV Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory between 2000 and 2008 was included. From these data, records were assimilated from referring veterinarians (143); furthermore, all recorded cases from within the William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (16) were included. Median values for the complete blood count and chemistry panels available were within the reference intervals, when provided, with only a few outliers present. Of all cases evaluated, seven had a portosystemic shunt (PSS). Cats with urate uroliths and a PSS were younger than cats without a PSS (2 years vs 7 years). The pathogenesis of urate uroliths in cats is poorly understood. Most cats were not completely evaluated for a PSS, however, clinicopathologic parameters indicating hepatic dysfunction were seldom noted; more sensitive diagnostics such as serum bile acids were rarely performed to confirm or negate the presence of a shunt. Studies are warranted to evaluate pathogenesis of urate uroliths to tailor proper management and breeding strategies.}, } @article {pmid21801048, year = {2011}, author = {Runge, JJ and Berent, AC and Mayhew, PD and Weisse, C}, title = {Transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy for the retrieval of cystic and urethral calculi in dogs and cats: 27 cases (2006-2008).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {239}, number = {3}, pages = {344-349}, doi = {10.2460/javma.239.3.344}, pmid = {21801048}, issn = {1943-569X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy for the retrieval of cystic and urethral calculi and to report the outcome in dogs and cats.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 23 dogs and 4 cats.

PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed for signalment, procedure time, stone number, stone location, pre- and postoperative radiographs, procedure-associated complications, and short-term outcome. A ventral midline approach was made into the abdomen over the urinary bladder apex. A screw cannula was inserted at the bladder apex for normograde rigid and flexible cystourethroscopy. All uroliths were removed via a stone basket device and retrograde flushing and suction. Long-term follow-up (1 year after surgery) information was obtained by telephone or e-mail contact with owners.

RESULTS: 27 animals with cystic and urethral calculi were included. Median patient weight was 8.3 kg (18.3 lb; range, 1.8 to 42.6 kg [4.0 to 93.7 lb]). Urolith number ranged from 1 to > 35 (median, 7). Urolith size ranged from < 1 to 30 mm (median, 4.5 mm). Fifteen of the 27 animals had a previous cystotomy (range, 1 to 5 procedures). Median procedure time was 66 minutes (range, 50 to 80 minutes). All patients were discharged within 24 hours. No postoperative complications were reported at the time of suture removal. At the time of long-term follow-up, the 22 clients that could be contacted were satisfied with the procedure.

Transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy may decrease the need for urethrotomy, serial transurethral endoscopic procedures, and abdominal insufflation associated with other minimally invasive interventions currently available. This procedure also provided excellent visualization for bladder and urethral luminal inspection.}, } @article {pmid21784463, year = {2011}, author = {Yu, SL and Gan, XG and Huang, JM and Cao, Y and Wang, YQ and Pan, SH and Ma, LY and Teng, YQ and An, RH}, title = {Oxalate impairs aminophospholipid translocase activity in renal epithelial cells via oxidative stress: implications for calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {186}, number = {3}, pages = {1114-1120}, doi = {10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.106}, pmid = {21784463}, issn = {1527-3792}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Kidney/*cytology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/*metabolism ; Urolithiasis/*etiology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: We evaluated the possible involvement of phospholipid transporters and reactive oxygen species in the oxalate induced redistribution of renal epithelial cell phosphatidylserine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were labeled with the fluorescent phospholipid NBD-PS in the inner or outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and then exposed to oxalate in the presence or absence of antioxidant. This probe was tracked using a fluorescent quenching assay to assess the bidirectional transmembrane movement of phosphatidylserine. Surface expressed phosphatidylserine was detected by annexin V binding assay. The cell permeable fluorogenic probe DCFH-DA was used to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species level.

RESULTS: Oxalate produced a time and concentration dependent increase in phosphatidylserine, which may have resulted from impaired aminophospholipid translocase mediated, inward directed phosphatidylserine transport and from enhanced phosphatidylserine outward transport. Adding the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuated phosphatidylserine externalization by effectively rescuing aminophospholipid translocase activity.

CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge our findings are the first to show that oxalate induced increased reactive oxygen species generation impairs aminophospholipid translocase activity and decreased aminophospholipid translocase activity has a role in hyperoxaluria promoted calcium oxalate urolithiasis by facilitating phosphatidylserine redistribution in renal epithelial cells.}, } @article {pmid21742684, year = {2011}, author = {Gow, AG and Fairbanks, LD and Simpson, JW and Jacinto, AM and Ridyard, AE}, title = {Xanthine urolithiasis in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {169}, number = {8}, pages = {209}, doi = {10.1136/vr.d3932}, pmid = {21742684}, issn = {2042-7670}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/genetics/*urine ; Dogs ; Male ; Pedigree ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; Xanthine/*analysis/*urine ; }, } @article {pmid21702180, year = {2011}, author = {Boissevain, I}, title = {[Bladder warning].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {136}, number = {6}, pages = {401}, pmid = {21702180}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Anesthesia/adverse effects/veterinary ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Cats ; *Clinical Competence ; Fatal Outcome ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Veterinarians/ethics/*psychology ; }, } @article {pmid21554474, year = {2011}, author = {Piola, V and Posch, B and Aghte, P and Caine, A and Herrtage, ME}, title = {Radiographic characterization of the os penis in the cat.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {270-272}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01772.x}, pmid = {21554474}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cats ; Male ; Penis/*diagnostic imaging ; Radiography ; }, abstract = {The os penis in the cat has not been described radiographically, as compared with the dog. However, a small linear bony radiopacity is sometimes detected in the perineal area of male cats. We hypothesized that the feline os penis might be visible on survey radiographs of the pelvis, and we aimed to investigate the frequency of its visualization using analog and computed radiography (CR) system. One hundred radiographs of the pelvis of 99 male cats were reviewed retrospectively (50 were obtained with a CR system and 50 with an analog system). Age, breed, neutering status, and reason for presentation were recorded, as well as the visualization of the os penis. An os penis was detected in 19/50 (38%) cats with CR and in eight of 50 (16%) cats with analog radiography; this difference was statistically significant. With CR, the median age of cats with a visible os penis was significantly higher than in cats where the os penis was not seen. In one cat with a visible os penis examined with CR and analog radiography, the os penis was only visible on CR images. The penile tissues were examined histopathologically in one cat and well-differentiated bone was found but there were no pathologic findings detected in surrounding tissues. Thus, the os penis can be detected on radiographs of cats and this should not be mistaken for a pathologic finding such as urolithiasis or dystrophic mineralization.}, } @article {pmid21545462, year = {2011}, author = {Roberts, SF and Aronson, LR and Brown, DC}, title = {Postoperative mortality in cats after ureterolithotomy.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {438-443}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00836.x}, pmid = {21545462}, issn = {1532-950X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureterolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative risk factors associated with mortality before discharge in cats having a single or multiple ureterotomy procedures to treat a ureteral obstruction.

STUDY DESIGN: Case series.

ANIMALS: Cats (n=47).

METHODS: Data were obtained from the medical records (2002-2009) of cats that had undergone ureterolithotomy procedures. Multiple preoperative factors were evaluated for association of survival to discharge.

RESULT: Survival to discharge after ureterolithotomy was 79% (37/47). Over 79% of cats were azotemic before surgery and 94% had chronic kidney disease changes at the time of ultrasonographic diagnosis. Six cats required an additional surgical procedure because of complications with ureterolithotomy. Overall prevalence of postoperative uroabdomen was 6% (3/47). On multivariate analysis, there were no preoperative variables significantly associated with survival to discharge.

CONCLUSIONS: Ureterolithotomy in cats was associated with a 21% mortality rate before hospital discharge. No preoperative variables associated with mortality were identified; therefore, further studies are needed to identify more discriminating preoperative characteristics for mortality after ureterolithotomy in this population of cats.}, } @article {pmid21491055, year = {2011}, author = {Chiangjong, W and Sinchaikul, S and Chen, ST and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal induced changes in glycoproteome of distal renal tubular epithelial cells.}, journal = {Molecular bioSystems}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {1917-1925}, doi = {10.1039/c1mb05052d}, pmid = {21491055}, issn = {1742-2051}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, Protein ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals can adhere onto the apical surface of renal tubular epithelial cells. This process is associated with crystal growth and aggregation, resulting in kidney stone formation. Glycoproteins have been thought to play roles in response to crystal adhesion. However, components of the glycoproteome that are involved in this cellular response remain largely unknown. Our present study therefore aimed to identify altered glycoproteins upon COD crystal adhesion onto tubular epithelial cells representing distal nephron, the initiating site of kidney stone formation. Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were maintained in culture medium with or without COD crystals for 48 h (n = 5 flasks per group). Cellular proteins were extracted, resolved by 2-DE and visualized by SYPRO Ruby total protein stain, whereas glycoproteins were detected by Pro-Q Emerald glycoprotein dye. Spot matching and quantitative intensity analysis revealed 16 differentially expressed glycoprotein spots, whose corresponding total protein levels were not changed by COD crystal adhesion. These altered glycoproteins were successfully identified by Q-TOF MS and/or MS/MS analyses, and potential glycosylation sites were identified by the GlycoMod tool. For example, glycoforms of three proteasome subunits (which have a major role in regulating cell-cell dissociation) were up-regulated, whereas a glycoform of actin-related protein 3 (ARP3) (which plays an important role in cellular integrity) was down-regulated. These coordinated changes implicate that COD crystal adhesion induced cell dissociation and declined cellular integrity in the distal nephron. Our findings provide some novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of kidney stone disease at the molecular level, particularly cell-crystal interactions.}, } @article {pmid21461210, year = {2011}, author = {Del Angel-Caraza, J and Pérez-García, CC and Bende, B and Diez-Prieto, I and García-Rodríguez, B}, title = {Mouse barley awn (Hordeum murinum) migration induced cystolithiasis in 2 male dogs.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {67-69}, pmid = {21461210}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Foreign-Body Migration/*veterinary ; Foreign-Body Reaction/veterinary ; *Hordeum/adverse effects ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Two male dogs were presented with cystic uroliths composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). Each had an atypical nidus, a mouse barley awn (Hordeum murinum). To our knowledge, this is the first report of grass awns located in the bladder lumen of dogs. The composition of uroliths and the pathophysiology of grass awn migration to the urinary bladder are discussed.}, } @article {pmid21453172, year = {2011}, author = {Novak, JM and Craig, LE}, title = {Pathology in practice. Hydronephrosis and intrapelvic blood nephroliths with acute tubular degeneration and end-stage nephropathy.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {238}, number = {7}, pages = {863-865}, doi = {10.2460/javma.238.7.863}, pmid = {21453172}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Hydronephrosis/pathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/*pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Tubules/*physiology ; Male ; }, } @article {pmid21440473, year = {2011}, author = {Sævik, BK and Trangerud, C and Ottesen, N and Sørum, H and Eggertsdóttir, AV}, title = {Causes of lower urinary tract disease in Norwegian cats.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {410-417}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.012}, pmid = {21440473}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animal Husbandry/*statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Bacteriuria/diagnosis/etiology/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Norway ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Urine/cytology ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A study was made on causes of lower urinary tract disease in cats, and to investigate whether demographic data and factors related to husbandry might influence the occurrence of a particular diagnosis. The study was a prospective, descriptive, and analytical study of primary cases of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) in Norway. Only cats sampled by cystocentesis were included in the present study. Of the 119 cats included, 28.6% were diagnosed with obstructive FLUTD. The majority of cats were diagnosed with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (55.5%). Urethral plugs were the second most common diagnosis (21.0%), whereas bacterial cystitis and urolithiasis each were diagnosed in 11.8%. Nearly one-third (28.6%) of the cats diagnosed with urolithiasis had significant bacteriuria. Thus, significant bacteriuria was diagnosed in a total of 15.1% of the cats. There were no significant differences in the urine specific gravity, pH and amount of epithelial cells in the urine sediment in the different aetiological categories of FLUTD. There was a higher amount of red blood cells in the urine sediment in cats diagnosed with urethral plugs and urolithiasis, whereas cats with bacterial cystitis and urolithiasis had a higher amount of white blood cells in their sediment. Regarding demographic data and factors related to husbandry, cats diagnosed with FLUTD were more often males and kept strictly indoors, when compared with a 'reference population'.}, } @article {pmid21358928, year = {2010}, author = {Hecht, S and Lawson, SM and Lane, IF and Sharp, DE and Daniel, GB}, title = {(99m)Tc-DTPA diuretic renal scintigraphy in dogs with nephroureterolithiasis.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, pages = {1360-1366}, pmid = {21358928}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Diuretics/administration & dosage ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/veterinary ; *Kidney/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology/*veterinary ; Radionuclide Imaging/methods/*veterinary ; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate/administration & dosage ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the results of diuretic renal scintigraphy in dogs with urolithiasis. Eighty-three kidneys with nephroureterolithiasis +/- renal pelvis/ureteral dilation were included in the study. Sixty-three kidneys showed a non-obstructive pattern, with a steep drop or gradual downward slope of renal time-activity curve (TAC). Excretion half-time of radiopharmaceutical (T(1/2)) was 3.99 (2.99 to 7.95) min. Three kidneys showed an obstructive pattern, with continuous rise of the TAC and median T(1/2) of -10.71 (-5.20 to -17.56) min. Fifteen kidneys had non-diagnostic studies characterized by flat TAC. Individual kidney glomerular filtration rate was <0.5 mL/min/kg body weight in most non-diagnostic studies. Diuretic renal scintigraphy appears to be a useful adjunct modality to rule out or confirm ureteral obstruction in dogs. Additional diagnostic procedures may be necessary to achieve a definitive diagnosis in cases of severely impaired renal function.}, } @article {pmid21338551, year = {2011}, author = {Dijcker, JC and Plantinga, EA and van Baal, J and Hendriks, WH}, title = {Influence of nutrition on feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis with emphasis on endogenous oxalate synthesis.}, journal = {Nutrition research reviews}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {96-110}, doi = {10.1017/S0954422410000351}, pmid = {21338551}, issn = {1475-2700}, mesh = {Amino Acid Transport Systems/metabolism ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Calcium, Dietary/*metabolism ; Carnivory ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/metabolism ; Cats ; *Diet ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths detected in cats with lower urinary tract disease has shown a sharp increase over the last decades with a concomitant reciprocal decrease in the occurrence of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) uroliths. CaOx stone-preventative diets are available nowadays, but seem to be marginally effective, as CaOx urolith recurrence occurs in patients fed these diets. In order to improve the preventative measures against CaOx urolithiasis, it is important to understand its aetiopathogenesis. The main research focus in CaOx formation in cats has been on the role of Ca, whereas little research effort has been directed towards the role and origin of urinary oxalates. As in man, the exogenous origin of urinary oxalates in cats is thought to be of minor importance, although the precise contribution of dietary oxalates remains unclear. The generally accepted dietary risk factors for CaOx urolithiasis in cats are discussed and a model for the biosynthetic pathways of oxalate in feline liver is provided. Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) in endogenous oxalate metabolism is a liver-specific enzyme targeted in the mitochondria in cats, and allows for efficient conversion of glyoxylate to glycine when fed a carnivorous diet. The low peroxisomal activity of AGT1 in cat liver is compatible with the view that felids utilised a low-carbohydrate diet throughout evolution. Future research should focus on understanding de novo biosynthesis of oxalate in cats and their adaptation(s) in oxalate metabolism, and on dietary oxalate intake and absorption by cats.}, } @article {pmid21329669, year = {2011}, author = {Chutipongtanate, S and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Ceftriaxone crystallization and its potential role in kidney stone formation.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {406}, number = {3}, pages = {396-402}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.053}, pmid = {21329669}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*chemistry/pharmacokinetics ; Calcium/chemistry/metabolism ; Ceftriaxone/administration & dosage/*chemistry/pharmacokinetics ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry ; Nephrolithiasis/*chemically induced ; }, abstract = {Drug-induced nephrolithiasis contributes to 1-2% of the incidence of renal calculi. We examined whether ceftriaxone at therapeutic doses could be crystallized in the urine and also explored its role in kidney stone formation. Crystallization was induced by mixing ceftriaxone sodium at therapeutic urinary excretion levels (0.5-4.0 mg/ml) to calcium chloride at physiologic urinary concentration (5mM) in deionized (dI) water or artificial urine (AU). The results showed that ceftriaxone was crystallized with free calcium in dose- and time-dependent manner. These ceftriaxone/calcium crystals showed birefringence property under polarized microscope. Individual crystals had needle-shape (5-100 μm in length), whereas the aggregated form had star-burst and irregular-plate shape (40-200 μm in diameter) (note that the crystal sizes were much larger than renal tubular lumens). Calcium-depletion assay revealed that crystallization required free calcium as a substrate. In AU, crystallization remained although it was partially inhibited when compared to that in dI water. Finally, these crystals could tightly adhere onto renal tubular cell surface. Our data demonstrated that ceftriaxone at therapeutic levels could be crystallized with free calcium in the urine under physiologic condition. We hypothesize that tubular occlusion and crystal-cell adhesion may play important role in pathogenic mechanisms of ceftriaxone-induced nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid21316720, year = {2011}, author = {Vrabelova, D and Silvestrini, P and Ciudad, J and Gimenez, JC and Ballesteros, M and Puig, P and Ruiz de Gopegui, R}, title = {Analysis of 2735 canine uroliths in Spain and Portugal. A retrospective study: 2004-2006.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {208-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.12.006}, pmid = {21316720}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Portugal/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Spain/epidemiology ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Xanthine/analysis ; }, abstract = {The objective of the study was to evaluate epidemiological data derived from 2735 canine uroliths received by Hill's Pet Nutrition from Spain and Portugal between January 2004 and December 2006. The results of quantitative analysis from Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) were compared with that from other countries and interrelations of mineral composition, age, breed, and gender were determined. The most frequent calculus was calcium oxalate (38.1%) followed by struvite (32.9%). Eighty-three breeds plus crossbreeds (25%) were identified. In all of them, but Dalmatians, calcium oxalate and struvite accounted for 71-78%. The mean age of urolith appearance was 7.6 years. There was a significant difference in the frequency of different uroliths composition among the six most common breeds presenting urolithiasis in Spain and Portugal (Yorkshire terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, Shih Tzu and Dalmatian). This is the first report on xanthine urolithiasis found in Spain. Prevalence of cystine calculi was significantly lower (3.2%) than that reported previously in parts of Spain (26%).}, } @article {pmid21197209, year = {2010}, author = {Schnier, JJ and Hanna, P}, title = {Feline porphyria associated with anemia, severe hepatic disease, and renal calculi.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, pages = {1146-1151}, pmid = {21197209}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Anemia/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Fatal Outcome ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Liver Diseases/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Male ; Porphyrias/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 13-year-old, neutered male domestic cat presented with signs of weight loss, anemia, and hepatomegaly. Pathognomonic signs of porphyria were identified. Charcoal-like renal calculi and severe liver changes were observed, neither of which has been previously reported in association with feline porphyria.}, } @article {pmid21057890, year = {2011}, author = {Mochizuki, M and Morikawa, M and Yogo, T and Urano, K and Ishioka, K and Kishi, M and Hondo, R and Ueda, F and Sako, T and Sakurai, F and Yumoto, N and Tagawa, M}, title = {The distribution of several elements in cat urine and the relation between the content of elements and urolithiasis.}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, pages = {913-922}, doi = {10.1007/s12011-010-8893-9}, pmid = {21057890}, issn = {1559-0720}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Phosphorus/*urine ; Potassium/*urine ; Sodium/*urine ; Sulfur/*urine ; Urolithiasis/*urine ; }, abstract = {The concentrations of elements in urine obtained from cats with urolithiasis were compared with those of healthy cats. The concentration of several elements, such as sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and potassium (K), in urine obtained from cats with urolithiasis was significantly higher than that of healthy cats. A significant correlation (p<0.01) was found between the concentration of magnesium (Mg) and that of other elements, such as P (r=0.8913), S (r=0.6817), and K (r=0.8391), in the urine obtained from healthy cats. A significant correlation (r=0.7422, p<0.05) was also obtained between the concentration of K and that of P in urine collected from cats with urolithiasis, but the slope of regression line was significantly different from that of the urine obtained from healthy cats. Other correlations observed in healthy cats were not obtained from cats with urolithiasis. However, a significant correlation between the concentration of magnesium (Mg) and that of calcium was obtained only from cats with urolithiasis. The results of the present study suggest that urinary concentrations of various elements in cats with urolithiasis are higher than those of healthy cats. Furthermore, the balance of elements in the urine of cats with urolithiasis was altered.}, } @article {pmid21054540, year = {2010}, author = {Karmi, N and Brown, EA and Hughes, SS and McLaughlin, B and Mellersh, CS and Biourge, V and Bannasch, DL}, title = {Estimated frequency of the canine hyperuricosuria mutation in different dog breeds.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1337-1342}, pmid = {21054540}, issn = {0891-6640}, support = {R21 DK074954/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Dogs ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Mutation ; Uric Acid/*urine ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hyperuricosuria is a condition that predisposes dogs to urate urolithiasis. A mutation that causes canine hyperuricosuria was previously identified in 3 unrelated dog breeds. The occurrence of the mutation in additional breeds was not determined.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Identify additional breeds that have the hyperuricosuria mutation and estimate the mutant allele frequency in those breeds.

ANIMALS: Three thousand five hundred and thirty dogs from 127 different breeds were screened for the hyperuricosuria mutation.

METHODS: DNA samples were genotyped by pyrosequencing and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction methods.

RESULTS: Mutant allele frequencies that range from 0.001 to 0.15 were identified in the American Staffordshire Terrier, Australian Shepherd, German Shepherd Dog, Giant Schnauzer, Parson (Jack) Russell Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Large Munsterlander, Pomeranian, South African Boerboel, and Weimaraner breeds.

The hyperuricosuria mutation has been identified in several unrelated dog breeds. The mutant allele frequencies vary among breeds and can be used to determine an appropriate breeding plan for each breed. A DNA test is available and may be used by breeders to decrease the mutant allele frequency in breeds that carry the mutation. In addition, veterinarians may use the test as a diagnostic tool to identify the cause of urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid21054531, year = {2010}, author = {Speth, RC}, title = {Re: Inheritance of urinary calculi in the Dalmatian.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1239-40; author reply 1241}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0599.x}, pmid = {21054531}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid21034314, year = {2010}, author = {Weiss, CH}, title = {The link between hyperuricosuria and urate urolithiasis.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, pages = {1257; author reply 1257-8}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.71.11.1257}, pmid = {21034314}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*classification ; Dogs ; Hyperuricemia/*classification/genetics/veterinary ; Species Specificity ; Urolithiasis/*classification/genetics/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid20954068, year = {2010}, author = {Choi, L and Kwak, MY and Kwak, EH and Kim, DH and Han, EY and Roh, T and Bae, JY and Ahn, IY and Jung, JY and Kwon, MJ and Jang, DE and Lim, SK and Kwack, SJ and Han, SY and Kang, TS and Kim, SH and Kim, HS and Lee, BM}, title = {Comparative nephrotoxicitiy induced by melamine, cyanuric acid, or a mixture of both chemicals in either Sprague-Dawley rats or renal cell lines.}, journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A}, volume = {73}, number = {21-22}, pages = {1407-1419}, doi = {10.1080/15287394.2010.511540}, pmid = {20954068}, issn = {1528-7394}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Dogs ; Drug Combinations ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; Food Additives/*toxicity ; Food Contamination ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Kidney/*drug effects/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/pathology ; Kidney Function Tests ; Leukocytes/drug effects/pathology ; Male ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Organ Size/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triazines/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Acute nephrotoxicities of melamine (MEL), cyanuric acid (CA), and a mixture of both melamine and cyanuric acid (MC) were comparatively investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats at 5 doses each with 10-fold dose interval as follows: MEL at 0.0315, 0.315, 3.15, 31.5, and 315 mg/kg; CA at 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 mg/kg, and MC: [1×: (0.0315 + 0.025), 10×: (0.315 + 0.25), 100×: (3.15 + 2.5), 1000×: (31.5 + 25), and (315 + 250) mg/kg]. No marked adverse effects in renal function were observed in animals treated with MEL alone or CA alone, but evidence related to nephrotoxicity was noted in rats administered MC. Renal calculi and increased kidney weights were found in rats 7 d after daily oral administration of MC. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly elevated in the high dose MC groups at 100× or 1000×. In addition, elevated numbers of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes in vivo and increased levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in vitro were found in the MC group. Based on these data, the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) for nephrotoxicity for MC was estimated to be 3.15 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d (MEL) plus 2.5 mg/kg bw/d (CA). If a safety factor of 1000 or more were applied to NOAEL, tolerable daily intake (TDI) would be 0.00315 and 0.0025 mg/kg/d or less for MEL and CA, respectively, which is far below the TDI of 0.2 mg/kg/d set by World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that the ACHN human renal adenocarcinoma cell line was more sensitive to MEL, CA, and MC than the MDCK canine kidney epithelial cell line. The 24-h half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values for MEL (4792, 2792 μg/ml) were less than those of CA (9890, 6725 μg/ml, respectively) in MDCK and ACHN cell lines, suggesting that MEL may be more cytotoxic than CA. Furthermore, the 24-h IC(50) value for MC was found to be 208 μg/ml in ACHN cells. Data suggest that NOAELs based upon acute nephrotoxic parameters for MC were low, which might require further reassessment of the current TDI.}, } @article {pmid20949423, year = {2010}, author = {Langston, C and Gisselman, K and Palma, D and McCue, J}, title = {Methods of urolith removal.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {E1-7; quiz E8}, pmid = {20949423}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystoscopy/methods/veterinary ; Cystotomy/methods/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/methods/veterinary ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods/veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Urolithiasis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Multiple techniques exist to remove uroliths from each section of the urinary tract. Minimally invasive methods for removing lower urinary tract stones include voiding urohydropropulsion, retrograde urohydropropulsion followed by dissolution or removal, catheter retrieval, cystoscopic removal, and cystoscopy-assisted laser lithotripsy and surgery. Laparoscopic cystotomy is less invasive than surgical cystotomy. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be used for nephroliths and ureteroliths. Nephrotomy, pyelotomy, or urethrotomy may be recommended in certain situations. This article discusses each technique and gives guidance for selecting the most appropriate technique for an individual patient.}, } @article {pmid20807144, year = {2010}, author = {Wisener, LV and Pearl, DL and Houston, DM and Reid-Smith, RJ and Moore, AE}, title = {Risk factors for the incidence of calcium oxalate uroliths or magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths for dogs in Ontario, Canada, from 1998 to 2006.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, pages = {1045-1054}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.71.9.1045}, pmid = {20807144}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/urine ; Dogs/classification ; Female ; Incidence ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Ontario/epidemiology ; Phosphates/*urine ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate individual- and community-level contextual variables as risk factors for submission of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths or magnesium ammonium phosphate (ie, struvite) uroliths for dogs to a national urolith center, as determined on the basis of urolith submission patterns.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Records of 7,297 dogs from Ontario, Canada, with CaOx or struvite uroliths submitted to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre from 1998 through 2006.

PROCEDURES: Data were analyzed via multilevel multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS: Individual-level main effects and interactions significantly associated with the risk of submission of CaOx uroliths rather than struvite uroliths included age, sex, breed group, neuter status, body condition, dietary moisture content, diet type, sex-neuter status interaction, sex-age interaction, body condition-age interaction, and breed group-dietary moisture content interaction. In addition, median community family income and being located within a major urban center (ie, Toronto) were significant risk factors for submission of CaOx uroliths, compared with submission of struvite uroliths.

Individual-level and dietary factors for dogs affected the risk of submission of CaOx uroliths, relative to that of struvite uroliths. Interactions among these variables need to be considered when assessing the impact of these risk factors. In addition, community-level or contextual factors (such as community family income and residing in a densely populated area of Ontario) also affected submission patterns, although most of the variance in the risk for submission of CaOx uroliths, compared with the risk for submission of struvite uroliths, was explained by individual-level factors.}, } @article {pmid20797392, year = {2010}, author = {Chutipongtanate, S and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Renal tubular cell membranes inhibit growth but promote aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, journal = {Chemico-biological interactions}, volume = {188}, number = {3}, pages = {421-426}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2010.08.003}, pmid = {20797392}, issn = {1872-7786}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrophotometry ; }, abstract = {Cell membranes have been proposed to serve as promoters for calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stone formation. However, direct evidence to demonstrate the modulatory effects of renal tubular cell membranes on COM crystals does not currently exist. We thus examined the effects of intact MDCK cells and their fragmented membranes on COM crystal growth, aggregation and transformation. COM crystals were generated in the absence (control) or presence of intact MDCK cells or their membrane fragments. Intact MDCK cells and their membrane fragments significantly inhibited COM crystal growth (22.6% and 25.2% decreases in size, respectively) and significantly reduced COM total crystal mass (23.1% and 25.6% decreases, respectively). In contrast, both of them markedly promoted crystal aggregation (1.9-fold and 3.2-fold increases, respectively). Moreover, both intact cells and membrane fragments could transform COM to calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. Finally, COM crystal growth inhibitory activities of both membrane forms were successfully confirmed by a spectrophotometric oxalate-depletion assay. Our data provide the first direct evidence to demonstrate the dual modulatory effects of MDCK membranes on COM crystals. Although growth of individual COM crystals was inhibited, their aggregation was promoted. These findings provide additional insights into the mechanisms of COM kidney stone formation.}, } @article {pmid20709586, year = {2011}, author = {Rogers, KD and Jones, B and Roberts, L and Rich, M and Montalto, N and Beckett, S}, title = {Composition of uroliths in small domestic animals in the United Kingdom.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {188}, number = {2}, pages = {228-230}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.022}, pmid = {20709586}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cats ; Dogs ; Female ; Ferrets ; Guinea Pigs ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Rabbits ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; United Kingdom ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The mineral composition of 7819 small animal uroliths in the UK was determined by semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction over a period of 90 months from 2002 to 2010. Canine and feline uroliths constituted 97% of the study population and the mineral phase detected most frequently was struvite (43%), followed by calcium oxalate (41%). Uroliths from crossbreeds, Dalmatians, Yorkshire terriers and Shih Tzus accounted for almost 30% of all canine uroliths, with the highest frequency in Dalmatians, which had a predominance of urate uroliths. The average ages of dogs and cats with uroliths were 7.0 years and 7.4 years, respectively. The ratio of the number of dogs presenting with struvite compared to oxalate phases reached a maximum at 3years of age.}, } @article {pmid20676290, year = {2010}, author = {Appel, SL and Houston, DM and Moore, AE and Weese, JS}, title = {Feline urate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, pages = {493-496}, pmid = {20676290}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Uric Acid/*analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This retrospective case control study describes associations between feline urate urolithiasis and breed, age, gender, and urine composition. Data from cases of feline uroliths submitted to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre (CVUC) between February 2, 1998 and July 7, 2007 were reviewed. There were 10 083 feline uroliths examined, including 385 ammonium urate, 13 uric acid, and 21 mixed struvite/urate uroliths. The Egyptian Mau, Birman, and Siamese breeds were significantly predisposed to urate urolithiasis [odds ratio (OR) = 118, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.2 to 510, P < 0.001], (OR = 9.1, 95% CI = 2.0 to 32, P < 0.001) and (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.5 to 5.9, P < 0.001), respectively. Urate urolithiasis was more frequent in younger cats (mean age 6.3 versus 7.1 y in cats with other uroliths, P < 0.0001) and in male cats (P = 0.024). The association between Egyptian Maus and urate urolithiasis was remarkable. The association in Siamese cats is consistent with prior reports, and the association with Birman cats requires further study.}, } @article {pmid20673090, year = {2010}, author = {Karmi, N and Safra, N and Young, A and Bannasch, DL}, title = {Validation of a urine test and characterization of the putative genetic mutation for hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, pages = {909-914}, pmid = {20673090}, issn = {0002-9645}, support = {R21 DK074954/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 RR021312/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; DNA/blood/genetics/isolation & purification ; Dog Diseases/genetics/*urine ; Dogs/classification/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Carrier Screening ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology ; Genotype ; Hyperuricemia/genetics/*urine ; Incidence ; Species Specificity ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/genetics/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hyperuricosuria was a predisposing factor for urate urolithiasis in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers (BRTs) and to estimate the allele frequency of the Cys181Phe genetic mutation in urate transporter SLC2A9 in these breeds.

ANIMALS: 192 Bulldogs, 101 BRTs, 10 Dalmatians, and 9 dogs of other breeds.

PROCEDURES: Uric acid (UA) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were quantified in urine samples collected from all dogs via midstream catch during natural voiding. Buccal swab or blood samples were also obtained, and DNA was extracted and used to genotype SLC2A9 sequence variants by use of pyrosequencing assays. A urine test for hyperuricosuria was validated in adult dogs by comparing urinary UA:Cr ratios between known hyperuricosuric and nonhyperuricosuric dogs.

RESULTS: Significantly higher UA:Cr ratios were found in some Bulldogs and BRTs, compared with ratios in other dogs from these breeds. These dogs were also homozygous for the SLC2A9 Cys181Phe mutation. The allele frequency of the Cys181Phe mutation was 0.16 in Bulldogs and 0.51 in BRTs. On the basis of these allele frequencies, 3% of the Bulldog population and 27% of the BRT population were estimated to be hyperuricosuric.

Results suggested the genetic mutation associated with hyperuricosuria, first identified in Dalmatians, also appears to cause hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and BRTs, indicating that similar management strategies for urate urolithiasis can be used in these breeds. The allele frequency of the mutation was high in both breeds, and DNA testing can be used to select against the mutation.}, } @article {pmid20655918, year = {2010}, author = {Smets, P and Meyer, E and Maddens, B and Daminet, S}, title = {Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoids and the kidney.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {169}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.004}, pmid = {20655918}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Cushing Syndrome/*metabolism/pathology ; Dogs ; Glucocorticoids/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney/*metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {Glucocorticoids (GCs) affect renal development and function in fetal and mature kidneys both indirectly, by influencing the cardiovascular system, and directly, by their effects on glomerular and tubular function. Excess GCs due to endogenous GC overproduction in Cushing's syndrome or exogenous GC administration plays a pivotal role in hypertension and causes increased cardiac output, total peripheral resistance and renal blood flow. Glucocorticoids increase renal vascular resistance (RVR) in some species and experimental settings and decrease RVR in others. Short term administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone or GCs causes an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans, rats, sheep and dogs. Interestingly, chronic exposure may cause a decreased GFR in combination with a higher cardiovascular risk in human patients with Cushing's syndrome. Glomerular dysfunction leads to proteinuria and albuminuria in canine and human Cushing's patients, and some cases also show histological evidence of glomerulosclerosis. Tubular dysfunction is reflected by an impaired urinary concentrating ability and disturbed electrolyte handling, which can potentially result in increased sodium reabsorption, hypercalciuria and urolithiasis. Conversely, chronic kidney disease can also alter GC metabolism. More research needs to be performed to further evaluate the renal consequences of Cushing's syndrome because of its implications for therapeutic aspects as well as the general well-being of the patient. Because there is a high incidence of Cushing's syndrome in canines, which is similar to the syndrome in humans, dogs are an interesting animal model to investigate the link between hypercortisolism and renal function.}, } @article {pmid20594876, year = {2011}, author = {Torres, M and Bardagí, M and Roura, X and Zanna, G and Ravera, I and Ferrer, L}, title = {Long term follow-up of dogs diagnosed with leishmaniosis (clinical stage II) and treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {188}, number = {3}, pages = {346-351}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.025}, pmid = {20594876}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antiprotozoal Agents/*therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Drug Therapy, Combination/methods/veterinary ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Leishmaniasis/diagnosis/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Male ; Meglumine/*therapeutic use ; Meglumine Antimoniate ; Organometallic Compounds/*therapeutic use ; Severity of Illness Index ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {Twenty-three dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis (clinical stage II) were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol and were followed up for 2-9 years. The treatment showed efficacy and the clinical condition of the dogs improved markedly in the first 3 months of treatment. Anti-Leishmania antibody titres declined slowly although most dogs remained seropositive 1 year after beginning treatment. Inter-individual variability in the evolution of the titres was very high. The dogs presented with three types of complications during the follow-up period. (1) Three dogs experienced relapses characterized by clinical signs, high anti-Leishmania titres and high parasitaemia. (2) Eight dogs presented immune-mediated lesions, such as uveitis, arthritis and cutaneous vasculitis; in all of these cases, the dogs had high titres of anti-Leishmania antibodies at diagnosis and during follow-up. (3) Three dogs presented xanthine urolithiasis most likely due to the allopurinol treatment. In one case the xanthine uroliths led to hydronephrosis and nephrectomy. The study demonstrated a long survival for dogs with leishmaniosis treated with the combination of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Clinicians should pay special attention to the appearance of immune-mediated lesions, especially in dogs with sustained high antibody titres, and to urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid20439946, year = {2010}, author = {Yoon, HY and Mann, FA and Punke, JP and Jeong, SW}, title = {Bilateral ureteral ectopia with renal dysplasia and urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, pages = {209-214}, doi = {10.5326/0460209}, pmid = {20439946}, issn = {1547-3317}, mesh = {Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Dogs/abnormalities ; Female ; Kidney/abnormalities ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureter/abnormalities ; Urinary Bladder/abnormalities ; Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 7-month-old, 4.3-kg, spayed female bichon frise was referred for evaluation of chronic urinary incontinence. Abdominal radiographs revealed calculi within the right kidney and ureter. An ultrasound revealed a small right kidney. An abdominal computed tomography scan with contrast revealed that the left ureter was extramurally ectopic, inserting into the proximal urethra. A right intramural ectopic ureter was identified during cystotomy. Ureteronephrectomy was performed on the right, and ureteroneocystostomy was performed on the left. A telephone conversation with the owner 4 months after surgery revealed that the dog exhibited no evidence of urine dribbling, and urinary continence was maintained well on phenyl-propanolamine (1.75 mg/kg orally q 12 hours). This is the first report of successful surgical management of bilateral ureteral ectopia with concurrent, unilateral, renal dysplasia and urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid20433395, year = {2010}, author = {Roudebush, P and Forrester, SD and Padgelek, T}, title = {What is the evidence? Therapeutic foods to treat struvite uroliths in cats instead of surgery.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {236}, number = {9}, pages = {965-966}, doi = {10.2460/javma.236.9.965}, pmid = {20433395}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Evidence-Based Practice ; Female ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid20384125, year = {2010}, author = {Si, MZ and Li, QY and Liu, RM and Kang, YP and Wang, KH and Zhang, ZG}, title = {[Investigation of typical melamine urinary stones using infrared spectra].}, journal = {Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {363-367}, pmid = {20384125}, issn = {1000-0593}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; China ; Humans ; *Kidney Calculi ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; *Triazines ; Uric Acid ; }, abstract = {A typical melamine kidney stone confirmed by some medicine expert was collected from the first people's hospital of Yunnan. The kidney stone was adequately determined by PE corporation spectra 100(with resolution of 1 cm(-1)). The stone samples for FTIR analysis were prepared using the KBr pellet technique, where 2 mg of the pretreated stone powder was mixed with 200 mg of analytical grade KBr using an agate pestle and mortar. The digital spectrum was then scanned in the mid-infrared region from 4 000 to 400 cm(-1) at room temperature. The appearing bands between 4 000 and 2 000 cm(-1) were 3 487, 3 325, 3 162 and 2 788 cm(-1), those between 1 700 and 1 000 cm(-1) were 1 694, 1 555, 1 383, 1 340, 1 189 and 1 122 cm(-1), and those between 1 000 and 400 cm(-1) were 993, 782, 748, 709, 624, 585, 565 and 476 cm(-1). It was found that the main constituent of calculi showed few comparability with cat kidney stone, which was from cats that died after consuming the contaminated food, and confirmed that these deposits were primarily composed of melamine and cyanuric acid compared to the IR spectra of calculi in literature. It was also found that the main constituent of calculi showed few comparability with popular kidney stone by comparison with the IR spectra of calculi in literature. The spectrum of calculi was 50% respectively similar with melamine and uric acid as compared with the IR spectrum. It was found that the main constituent of calculi was melamine itself and uric acid as compared with the IR spectra of calculi and melamine: (1 : 1), because the spectrum of calculi was 83. 3% similar to melamine and uric acid (1 : 1). The appearing bands of melamine and uric acid (1 : 1) between 4 000 and 2 000 cm(-1) were 3 469, 3 419, 3 333, 3 132, 3 026, 2 827 cm(-1), those between 1 700 and 1 000 cm(-1) were 1 696, 1 656, 1 555, 1 489, 1 439, 1 350, 1 311, 1 198, 1 124 and 1 028 cm(-1), and those between 1 000 and 400 cm(-1) were 993, 878, 814, 784, 745, 708, 619, 577 and 475 cm(-1).}, } @article {pmid20367043, year = {2010}, author = {Grant, DC and Harper, TA and Werre, SR}, title = {Frequency of incomplete urolith removal, complications, and diagnostic imaging following cystotomy for removal of uroliths from the lower urinary tract in dogs: 128 cases (1994-2006).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {236}, number = {7}, pages = {763-766}, doi = {10.2460/javma.236.7.763}, pmid = {20367043}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystotomy/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Postoperative Complications/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of cystotomy for complete removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs, the types and frequency of diagnostic imaging performed to verify complete urolith removal, the complications that develop as a result of cystotomy, and predictors of each of these variables.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 128 dogs that underwent a cystotomy for removal of urocystoliths, urethroliths, or both from 1994 through 2006.

PROCEDURES: The following data were obtained from medical records: sex, body weight, number and locations of lower urinary tract uroliths identified in preoperative and postoperative imaging reports, types of imaging used for urolith detection, number of uroliths recovered during cystotomy, quantitative urolith composition, and major complications attributable to cystotomy. Objective criteria were applied to determine whether a cystotomy failed or succeeded and whether appropriate imaging was performed. Associations between potential prognostic factors and outcomes were statistically assessed.

RESULTS: Effectiveness of cystotomy could be determined in 44 (34%) dogs, of which 9 (20%) had incomplete removal of uroliths. Appropriate postoperative imaging was performed for only 19 (15%) dogs, of which 8 had incomplete removal. Dogs with both urethroliths and urocystoliths were more likely to have a failed cystotomy than dogs with only urethroliths or urocystoliths. Complications developed in 5 (4%) dogs.

Cystotomy was a safe and effective surgical procedure for removal of lower urinary tract uroliths in most dogs. Failure to remove all uroliths occurred in a substantial percentage of patients.}, } @article {pmid20359758, year = {2010}, author = {Wisener, LV and Pearl, DL and Houston, DM and Reid-Smith, RJ and Moore, AE}, title = {Spatial and temporal clustering of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths in dogs living in Ontario, Canada between 1998 and 2006.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {95}, number = {1-2}, pages = {144-151}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.016}, pmid = {20359758}, issn = {1873-1716}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cluster Analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Male ; Ontario/epidemiology ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Water/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Using the spatial scan statistic with a Bernoulli model, in a comparison of the two most common canine uroliths, calcium oxalate (CaOx) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) we determined whether there was evidence of spatial and/or temporal clustering of each urolith type based on canine submissions from Ontario to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre (CVUC) between 1998 and 2006. During this period, there were 10,478 canine submissions, excluding cases that were identified as recurrent. We were able to georeference approximately 93% of these incident cases. After adjusting for spatial and temporal distributions of dogs based on the demographic risk factors of age, sex, and breed-type, statistically significant spatial and temporal clusters were present for both CaOx and struvite urolith types. A purely temporal struvite cluster occurred between February 10, 1998 and December 20, 2001, whereas, a purely temporal CaOx cluster occurred between September 2, 2005 and December 21, 2006. Hypotheses to explain the spatial clustering of uroliths include variation in the spatial distribution of water hardness, diet-type, access to veterinary care, and the use of surgical versus medical therapies to treat these uroliths. Based on the cluster locations, water hardness was unlikely to explain the spatial difference between the two cluster types whereas variables related to human population density were more consistent with our findings; the CaOx cluster occurred in the highest population density area of Ontario, and the struvite cluster occurred in the lowest population density area of southern Ontario. The temporal struvite cluster at the beginning and CaOx cluster at the end of the study period reflect a similar trend away from struvite towards CaOx urolithiasis among both canines and humans in the developed countries of North America and Europe.}, } @article {pmid20336578, year = {2010}, author = {Bhat, VS and Ball, GL and McLellan, CJ}, title = {Derivation of a melamine oral reference dose (RfD) and drinking-water total allowable concentration.}, journal = {Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {16-50}, doi = {10.1080/10937401003673784}, pmid = {20336578}, issn = {1521-6950}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Cats ; Child ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenicity Tests ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Rats, Wistar ; Reference Values ; Triazines/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Urolithiasis/chemically induced ; Urologic Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Water Supply/*standards ; }, abstract = {Due to its high nitrogen content, melamine has been used to adulterate food to increase apparent protein content. In 2008, thousands of Chinese infants consumed reconstituted formula derived from melamine-adulterated milk. Urinary-tract stones (comprised of melamine and uric acid) accumulated in some victims and lead to acute renal failure or death. Premature infants and children (<2 yr) have an increased susceptibility to ingested melamine. Due to incomplete reporting, the human data were inadequate to identify a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for melamine-induced pediatric urolithiasis. Urolithiasis, urinary bladder cystitis, and ulcerations were observed in F344 rats after subchronic or chronic ingestion of melamine at > or =72 mg/kg-d. Bladder epithelial damage was followed by epithelial hyperplasia that progressed to bladder papillomas and carcinomas in male but not female F344 rats or male or female B6C3F1 mice. Short-term assays suggest, at best, weak genotoxic activity, and kinetic data show that melamine is not metabolized. Since reliable exposure information was lacking from the clinical reports, an oral reference dose (RfD) based on urolithiasis in male rats after 13 wk of continuous melamine ingestion was calculated as a 10% benchmark dose (38 mg/kg-d). Incorporation of 10-fold interspecies and intraspecies (for the increased susceptibility of infants) uncertainty factors and a threefold database uncertainty factor (for the lack of immunological, neurological and reproduction toxicity data) yields an oral RfD of 0.13 mg/kg-d. Assuming the 70-kg adult consumes 2 L of drinking water daily, a total allowable concentration of 0.9 mg/L (900 microg/L) was calculated for melamine in drinking water.}, } @article {pmid20303309, year = {2010}, author = {Hecht, S and Lawson, SM and Lane, IF and Sharp, DE and Daniel, GB}, title = {(99m)Tc-DTPA diuretic renal scintigraphy in cats with nephroureterolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {423-430}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.015}, pmid = {20303309}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Cats ; Diuretics/administration & dosage ; Female ; Kidney/*diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Radionuclide Imaging/methods/veterinary ; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Ureterolithiasis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate results of diuretic renal scintigraphy in 32 feline kidneys with nephroureterolithiasis and variable degrees of renal pelvis/ureteral dilation. Six kidneys showed a non-obstructive scintigraphic pattern, with a downward slope of time-activity curves (TAC) and a median excretion half-time of radiopharmaceutical (T((1/2))) of 6.09 (5.08-8.43) min. Eight kidneys showed an obstructive pattern, with a continuous rise of TAC and median T((1/2)) of -7.91 (-43.13-0.00) min. In one kidney with presumptive partial obstruction scintigraphic results were equivocal. Seventeen kidneys, most of which had an individual kidney glomerular filtration rate below 0.5ml/min/kg, had non-diagnostic studies. Diuretic renal scintigraphy may be a useful adjunct modality in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in some cats if renal function is maintained. However, the large number of non-diagnostic studies in animals with decreased renal function represents a clear limitation of the technique.}, } @article {pmid20195812, year = {2010}, author = {Skinner, CG and Thomas, JD and Osterloh, JD}, title = {Melamine toxicity.}, journal = {Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {50-55}, pmid = {20195812}, issn = {1556-9039}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*chemically induced/diagnosis/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/diagnosis/therapy ; Dogs ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Infant ; *Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Molecular Structure ; Nephrolithiasis/*chemically induced/diagnosis/therapy/veterinary ; Poisoning/diagnosis/therapy/veterinary ; Resins, Synthetic/chemistry/*poisoning ; Risk Assessment ; Triazines/chemistry/*poisoning ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; }, abstract = {Melamine contamination of infant formula in China and its health effects highlight the safety of the global food supply especially as it relates to formula-fed infants. Melamine is a widely used industrial chemical not considered acutely toxic with a high LD(50) in animals. The data available on acute and chronic human exposure to melamine have been limited and extrapolated from animal data. Pet food contamination in 2004 and 2007 showed stone formation and illness in animals when melamine was co-ingested with cyanuric acid. The recent outbreak in infants showed that melamine ingested in large doses may cause stones and illness without significant ingestion of cyanuric acid or other melamine-related chemicals. This may be due to increased uric acid excretion in infants and formation of melamine-uric acid stones. Diagnosis and treatment of infants exposed to melamine requires further study. Clinical signs and symptoms in infants are nonspecific. The stones may be radiolucent and are not consistently seen on ultrasound. The use of alkalinization of the urine for treatment has been proposed, but is of unproven benefit. The FDA and other regulatory agencies have recommended acceptable levels of melamine in foods for consumption. Melamine ingestion has been implicated in stone formation when co-ingested with cyanuric acid, but will cause urinary stones in infants when large amounts of melamine alone are ingested.}, } @article {pmid20190975, year = {2009}, author = {Houston, DM and Moore, AE}, title = {Canine and feline urolithiasis: examination of over 50 000 urolith submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from 1998 to 2008.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, pages = {1263-1268}, pmid = {20190975}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Canada/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study reports on trends in canine and feline urolithiasis in Canada during the past 10 years. Age, sex, breed of animals and mineral composition from 40 637 canine and 11 353 feline bladder uroliths submitted to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre between 1998 and 2008 were recorded. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths comprised > 85% of all uroliths submitted. In dogs, the number of struvite submissions has declined and the number of calcium oxalate submissions has increased. Struvite uroliths were most common in female dogs and calcium oxalate uroliths in male dogs. The shih tzu, miniature schnauzer, bichon frisé, lhasa apso, and Yorkshire terrier were the breeds most commonly affected for both struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths. Urate uroliths were most common in male dalmatians. In cats, struvite submissions declined and calcium oxalate submissions remained constant. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths were common in domestic, Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats. Urate uroliths were over-represented in Egyptian maus.}, } @article {pmid20187841, year = {2010}, author = {Byl, KM and Kruger, JM and Kinns, J and Nelson, NC and Hauptman, JG and Johnson, CA}, title = {In vitro comparison of plain radiography, double-contrast cystography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography for estimation of cystolith size.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, pages = {374-380}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.71.3.374}, pmid = {20187841}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology/surgery ; Dogs ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiography/veterinary ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary ; Ultrasonography/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/pathology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare accuracy of estimates of cystolith size obtained by means of plain radiography, double-contrast cystography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 30 canine cystoliths ranging from 1 to 11 mm in diameter with various mineral compositions.

PROCEDURES: A bladder phantom model was created by filling a rubber balloon with saline (1% NaCl) solution and positioning it on top of a 2% gelatin cushion at the bottom of a water-filled 4-quart container. Cystoliths were individually placed in the bladder phantom and imaged by each of the 4 techniques. For each image, cystolith size was measured by 2 radiologists with computerized calipers, and size estimates were compared with actual cystolith size.

RESULTS: Mean cystolith size estimates obtained by means of radiography, cystography, and computed tomography did not differ significantly from each other. However, for ultrasonographic images, mean +/- SD difference between actual and estimated cystolith size (2.95 +/- 0.73 mm) was significantly higher than mean difference for radiographic, cystographic, and computed tomographic images. For ultrasonography, mean +/- SD percentage overestimation in cystolith size was 68.4 +/- 51.5%.

Results indicated that measurements of cystolith size obtained by means of ultrasonography may overestimate the true size. This suggests that cystolith size estimates obtained by means of ultrasonography should be interpreted with caution whenever cystolith size may influence patient management.}, } @article {pmid20180225, year = {2009}, author = {Palma, D and Langston, C and Gisselman, K and McCue, J}, title = {Feline struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, pages = {E1-7; quiz E8}, pmid = {20180225}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Cat Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/chemistry/*urine ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline urolithiasis represents 15% of all cases of nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease in cats. Approximately 50% of feline uroliths are composed of struvite. Struvite urolithiasis commonly recurs, but optimal management may decrease its frequency. The pathophysiology and management of struvite urolithiasis are different in cats and dogs. This article focuses on struvite urolithiasis in cats, highlighting important aspects of pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention.}, } @article {pmid20180219, year = {2009}, author = {Gisselman, K and Langston, C and Palma, D and McCue, J}, title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, pages = {496-502; quiz 502}, pmid = {20180219}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animal Nutrition Sciences ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Nephrolithiasis/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are one of the most common urolith types in dogs, cats, and humans. Many factors predispose animals to CaOx uroliths, including breed, old age, obesity, male sex, being neutered, and certain diseases. Because there are no effective strategies for medical dissolution of these uroliths, management should focus on physical removal (by surgical or nonsurgical methods) and prevention, especially in patients with recurring uroliths, high-risk breeds, and animals with predisposing diseases. Prevention focuses on diet modification, primarily to increase water intake, and the appropriate use or avoidance of specific medications.}, } @article {pmid20180217, year = {2009}, author = {Rawlings, C}, title = {Endoscopic removal of urinary calculi.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {476-484}, pmid = {20180217}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystoscopy/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Patient Selection ; Surgery, Veterinary/*methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Despite advances in the prevention and management of urinary calculi, calculus removal remains a common need in small animal practice. In fact, changes in calculus management have increased the percentage of calculi that are difficult to manage medically.1 Endoscopic techniques that reduce the need for calculus removal by traditional laparotomy and cystotomy have been developed. In my experience, most cystic and urethral calculi can be removed by transurethral or laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy. These techniques decrease trauma to and urine contamination of the abdomen. Endoscopy also improves the ability to examine the urinary system for disease and the presence of more calculi.}, } @article {pmid20180216, year = {2009}, author = {McCue, J and Langston, C and Palma, D and Gisselman, K}, title = {Urate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {468-75; quiz 475}, pmid = {20180216}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics/therapy ; Dogs ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Risk Factors ; Species Specificity ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/genetics/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urate uroliths belong to the purine family of uroliths and are the third most common urolith type in dogs and cats. In dalmatians, an autosomal recessive trait is responsible for hyperuricosuria and a predisposition to urate urolithiasis. In other dog breeds and in cats, urate uroliths are predominantly associated with liver disease, specifically portosystemic vascular anomalies. Idiopathic urate uroliths may occur in animals without liver disease. Ammonium urate uroliths are most common. Urate uroliths are amenable to medical dissolution. This article reviews the pathogenesis and management of urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid20077111, year = {2010}, author = {Del Angel-Caraza, J and Diez-Prieto, I and Pérez-García, CC and García-Rodríguez, MB}, title = {Composition of lower urinary tract stones in canines in Mexico City.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {201-204}, pmid = {20077111}, issn = {1434-0879}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Mexico ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Effective long-term management of urolithiasis depends on identification and manipulation of factors contributing to initial stone formation; identification of these factors depends on accurate identification of the mineral composition of the urolith involved. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of uroliths obtained from the low urinary tract of dogs in Mexico City. One hundred and five cases of urolithiasis were studied in which stones were surgically obtained from the low urinary tracts of dogs treated in different hospitals. The chemical composition of the uroliths was quantitatively and qualitatively determined by stereoscopic microscopy, IR-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Age of animals ranged from 4 months to 14 years, with a median of 5 years. Composition and distribution of the uroliths were struvite 38.1%, calcium oxalate 26.7%, silica 13.3%, urate 7.6%, mixed 11.4%, compounds 1.9%, and cystine 1%. Most uroliths were found in pure breed dogs (75.2%); 23 different breeds were identified, and more than half of the submissions were from breeds of small size. In our study, the frequency of struvite, calcium oxalate, cystine, urates, mixed and compounds stones are in agreement with papers that report on dog populations in America and Europe, but a higher frequency of silica uroliths was observed in Mexico City dogs.}, } @article {pmid20074011, year = {2010}, author = {Low, WW and Uhl, JM and Kass, PH and Ruby, AL and Westropp, JL}, title = {Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and characteristics of dogs with urolithiasis: 25,499 cases (1985-2006).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {236}, number = {2}, pages = {193-200}, doi = {10.2460/javma.236.2.193}, pmid = {20074011}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/chemistry ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Cystine/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/genetics/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Male ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Retrospective Studies ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Struvite ; Time Factors ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urolithiasis/genetics/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in urolith composition and urolithiasis in dogs during the past 21 years.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 25,499 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.

PROCEDURES: Database of the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched from January 1985 through December 2006. All uroliths from dogs and the accompanying submission forms were evaluated. Age, sex, breed, and urolith location were recorded.

RESULTS: Minerals identified in uroliths included struvite, calcium oxalate (CaOx), urate, apatite, brushite, cystine, silica, potassium magnesium pyrophosphate, sulfa drug, xanthine, and newberyite. Although more struvite-containing uroliths were submitted during this period, a significant decrease in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths submitted as a percentage of all uroliths submitted was detected. Also, a significant increase in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths submitted over time was detected. There was a significant nonlinear decrease in submission of urate-, silica-, and cystine-containing uroliths. The CaOx-, cystine-, and silica-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from male dogs; struvite- and urate-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from female dogs.

An increase in the proportion of CaOx uroliths submitted over time was detected. Reasons for long-term changes in this trend were likely multifactorial and could have included alterations in diet formulations and water consumption and possibly the fact that people favor ownership of breeds more prone to developing CaOx-containing uroliths. The decrease in metabolic uroliths could have been related to better breeding practices and increased awareness of results of genetic studies.}, } @article {pmid20036111, year = {2010}, author = {Vanachayangkul, P and Byer, K and Khan, S and Butterweck, V}, title = {An aqueous extract of Ammi visnaga fruits and its constituents khellin and visnagin prevent cell damage caused by oxalate in renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology}, volume = {17}, number = {8-9}, pages = {653-658}, pmid = {20036111}, issn = {1618-095X}, support = {R01 DK078602/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Ammi/*chemistry ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*drug effects/metabolism ; Fruit ; Khellin/*analogs & derivatives/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Kidney/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/prevention & control ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Oxalates/*adverse effects ; Oxalic Acid ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Teas prepared from the fruits of Ammi visnaga L. (syn. "Khella") have been traditionally used in Egypt as a remedy to treat kidney stones. It was the aim of our study to evaluate the effect of a Khella extract (KE) as well as the two major constituents khellin and visnagin on renal epithelial injury using LLC-PK1 and Madin-Darby-canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Both cell lines provide suitable model systems to study cellular processes that are possibly involved in the development of a renal stone. LLC-PK1 and MDCK cell lines were exposed to 300 microM oxalate (Ox) or 133 microg/cm(2) calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) in presence or absence of 10, 50, 100 or 200 microg/mL KE. To evaluate cell damage, cell viability was assessed by determining the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). KE (e.g. 100 microg/ml) significantly decreased LDH release from LLC-PK1 (Ox: 8.46+0.76%; Ox + 100 microg/ml KE: 5.41+0.94%, p<0.001) as well as MDCK cells (Ox: 30.9+6.58%; Ox+100 microg/ml KE: 17.5+2.50%, p<0.001), which indicated a prevention of cell damage. Similar effects for KE were observed in both cell lines when COM crystals were added. In LLC-PK1 cells khellin and visnagin both decreased the % LDH release significantly in cells that were pretreated with Ox or COM crystals. However, khellin and visnagin exhibited different responses in MDCK cells. Whereas khellin slightly reduced the % LDH release after exposure of the cells to Ox and COM crystals, visnagin significantly decreased % LDH release only after COM crystal exposure. Overall both compounds were more active in LLC-PK1 than in MDCK cells. In summary, exposure of renal epithelial cells to Ox or COM crystals was associated with a significant release of LDH indicating cell injury. Our data demonstrate that KE as well as khellin and visnagin could prevent renal epithelial cell damage caused by Ox and COM and could therefore play a potential role in the prevention of stone formation associated with hyperoxaluria.}, } @article {pmid20031181, year = {2010}, author = {Sun, WD and Wang, JY and Zhang, KC and Wang, XL}, title = {Study on precipitation of struvite and struvite-K crystal in goats during onset of urolithiasis.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, pages = {461-466}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.010}, pmid = {20031181}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/metabolism ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/metabolism ; Dogs ; Goat Diseases/chemically induced/*metabolism/urine ; Goats ; Magnesium Compounds/administration & dosage/*isolation & purification/metabolism/pharmacology/urine ; Magnesium Oxide/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Phosphates/*isolation & purification/metabolism/urine ; Potassium Compounds/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/chemically induced/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {To learn more about the biomineralization process of struvite in ruminants, a seldom noticeable crystal, struvite-K, was investigated in six goats in which urolithiasis was induced by feeding a cottonseed meal and rice straw diet supplemented with MgO. The compositions of crystals and calculi were studied by chemical qualitative analysis and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The activity product (AP) and relative supersaturation (RSS) of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and potassium magnesium phosphate (MKP) were calculated to compare the difference of crystals formed in this process. The results showed that calculi consisted of MAP with a little MKP. Crystals in the urine consisted of MAP and MKP before stone formation, but crystals in urine after stone formation mainly consisted of MKP. The AP and RSS of MAP and MKP significantly decreased after stone formation. It was concluded that MAP and MKP may coexist in the crystals of urine before struvite calculi formation but MKP did not precipitate to struvite calculi and was separated out as crystal sedimentation of urine. The changes of crystallization of MAP and MKP contributed partially to the supersaturation status of MAP and MKP during struvite stone formation.}, } @article {pmid20005758, year = {2010}, author = {Grant, DC}, title = {Effect of water source on intake and urine concentration in healthy cats.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {431-434}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2009.10.008}, pmid = {20005758}, issn = {1532-2750}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control ; Cats/physiology/*urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Cystitis/prevention & control/veterinary ; Drinking/*physiology ; Drinking Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Osmolar Concentration ; Schools, Veterinary ; Specific Gravity ; Urine/*chemistry ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control/veterinary ; Virginia ; *Water Supply ; }, abstract = {Increasing water intake and decreasing urine concentration are recommended for cats with urolithiasis and with idiopathic cystitis. Fountains are advocated to encourage drinking; however, effects on drinking of fountains have not been reported in cats living in pet owners homes. Thirteen healthy cats were assigned to have 24-h water intake and urine osmolality and specific gravity measured when water was offered from a bowl or fountain. One cat developed excessive barbering, vomiting, and refusal to drink water offered from the fountain. For the remaining 12 cats, intake was slightly greater from the fountain. However, urine osmolality was not significantly different. In this study, a fountain failed to substantially increase water intake and dilute urine in cats. A similar study including a greater period of time and additional cats may clarify the results of this study.}, } @article {pmid20001780, year = {2009}, author = {Albasan, H and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Lekcharoensuk, C and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LK and Swanson, LL}, title = {Rate and frequency of recurrence of uroliths after an initial ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, or struvite urolith in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {235}, number = {12}, pages = {1450-1455}, doi = {10.2460/javma.235.12.1450}, pmid = {20001780}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Odds Ratio ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Recurrence ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/*chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry ; Urolithiasis/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency of and interval until recurrence after initial ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, and struvite uroliths in cats and whether breed, age, or sex was associated with increased risk for urolith recurrence.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

ANIMALS: 4,435 cats with recurrent uroliths.

PROCEDURES: To identify recurrence of uroliths in cats for which uroliths were submitted for analysis at the Minnesota Urolith Center in 1998, the facility's database was searched for urolith resubmissions from the same cats between 1998 and 2003. Risk factors and differences in mean interval until recurrence were assessed.

RESULTS: Of 221 cats with ammonium urate uroliths in 1998, 29 (13.1%) had a first and 9 (4.1%) had a second recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 22 and 43 months for the first and second recurrence, respectively. Of 2,393 cats with calcium oxalate uroliths in 1998, 169 (7.1%) had a first, 15 (0.6%) had a second, and 2 (0.1%) had a third recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 25, 38, and 48 months for the first, second, and third recurrence, respectively. Of 1,821 cats with struvite uroliths in 1998, 49 (2.7%) had a first and 3 (0.2%) had a second recurrence. Mean interval until recurrence was 29 months for first and 40 months for second recurrences.

These results provided insights into the frequency of urolith recurrence in cats. Because some uroliths associated with recurrent episodes probably were not submitted to our facility, our data likely represented an underestimation of the actual recurrence rate.}, } @article {pmid19914658, year = {2010}, author = {Kobayashi, S and Tomiyama, Y and Hoyano, Y and Yamazaki, Y and Sasaki, S and Kohri, K}, title = {Effects of silodosin and naftopidil on the distal ureter and cardiovascular system in anesthetized dogs: comparison of potential medications for distal ureteral stone passage.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {183}, number = {1}, pages = {357-361}, doi = {10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.106}, pmid = {19914658}, issn = {1527-3792}, mesh = {Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Anesthesia ; Animals ; Cardiovascular System/*drug effects ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Indoles/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Naphthalenes/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Piperazines/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Ureter/*drug effects ; Ureteral Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: We compared the effects of the selective alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist silodosin and the selective alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist naftopidil on intraureteral pressure in anesthetized dogs and evaluated their uroselectivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using anesthesia the effects of silodosin and naftopidil were evaluated by the phenylephrine induced increase in intravesical ureteral pressure and on blood pressure. Each drug was administered intravenously in progressively increasing doses. The dose of each alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist at which mean blood pressure was decreased by 15% (ED(15)) and the dose at which the phenylephrine induced increase in intravesical ureteral pressure was suppressed by 50% (ID(50)) were measured and uroselectivity was calculated as ED(15)/ID(50).

RESULTS: Silodosin dose dependently suppressed the phenylephrine induced increase in intravesical ureteral pressure (ID(50) 2.5 microg/kg) but decreased mean blood pressure only at higher doses (ED(15) 143.4 microg/kg). In contrast, naftopidil decreased mean blood pressure (ED(15) 280.7 microg/kg) at the same doses as those that decreased the phenylephrine induced increase in intravesical ureteral pressure (ID(50) 225.1 microg/kg). Silodosin uroselectivity was markedly higher than that of naftopidil (58.6 vs 1.3).

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a selective alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist such as silodosin may facilitate distal ureteral stone passage at nonhypotensive doses.}, } @article {pmid19780961, year = {2009}, author = {Weese, JS and Weese, HE and Rousseau, J}, title = {Identification of Oxalobacter formigenes in the faeces of healthy cats.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {800-802}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02722.x}, pmid = {19780961}, issn = {1472-765X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Feces/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Oxalobacter formigenes/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Oxalobacter formigenes is an oxalate-degrading intestinal bacterium that has been found in humans, cattle, sheep, rats and dogs. Its presence in the intestinal tract may be a protective factor against calcium oxalate urolithiasis because of its ability to degrade oxalate. The objective of this study was to determine whether O. formigenes could be detected in the faeces of healthy cats.

METHODS AND RESULTS: A convenience sample of 28 cats was enrolled. Faecal samples were tested for oxc, a gene specific for O. formigenes, by real-time PCR. This gene was detected in 5/28 (18%) cats; however, the prevalence increased to 86% (24/28) with a modification of the methodology.

CONCLUSIONS: Demonstrating the presence of O. formigenes in the faeces of healthy cats for the first time in this study.

Future investigation of the role of this organism in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats is indicated.}, } @article {pmid19761561, year = {2010}, author = {Yuki, M and Itoh, H and Takase, K}, title = {Serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentration in clinically healthy puppies and adult dogs and in dogs with various diseases.}, journal = {Veterinary clinical pathology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {65-71}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00181.x}, pmid = {19761561}, issn = {1939-165X}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; C-Reactive Protein/metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*blood/metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Orosomucoid/*metabolism ; Pyometra/surgery/veterinary ; Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute-phase protein and a serum marker of inflammation and neoplasia in humans. AGP concentrations in diseased dogs and the potential effects of age, breed, and sex have not been elucidated.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in AGP concentration based on age, sex, and breed in a large population of clinically healthy dogs and to compare AGP concentrations in dogs with various diseases.

METHODS: Serum was obtained from clinically healthy puppies (n=74) and adults (n=172) of both sexes, and included mongrels (n=205) and Beagles (n=41). Serum also was obtained from 192 dogs with various diseases, including 8 with pyometra that were sampled before, and 1, 2, 3, and 10 days after surgery. AGP concentration was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Statistical comparisons were made among age, sex, breed, and disease groups.

RESULTS: Serum AGP in healthy adult mongrels was 364+/-106 mg/L (reference interval, 152-576 mg/L). AGP was lowest in newborns (n=11, 122+/-54 mg/L) and gradually increased to adult levels by 3 months of age. Median AGP concentration was highest in dogs with parvovirus (n=17, 2100 mg/L), distemper (n=7, 1250 mg/L), and pyometra (n=18, 2480 mg/L) and was also significantly higher in dogs with acute filariasis, renal failure, urolithiasis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, trauma, hyperadrenocorticism, and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Dogs with acute filariasis and acute hepatopathy had significantly higher AGP concentrations than dogs with chronic filariasis and chronic hepatopathy. Serum AGP concentration decreased gradually following surgery for pyometra but remained increased after 10 days (896+/-175 mg/L).

CONCLUSIONS: Because of significantly lower AGP in puppies, the age of dogs should be considered when using AGP as a marker of disease. Serum AGP may be a useful marker of inflammatory disease in dogs and may help differentiate acute and chronic stages of disease.}, } @article {pmid19746344, year = {2009}, author = {Stillion, JR and Ritt, MG}, title = {Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in dogs.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {E8}, pmid = {19746344}, issn = {1940-8315}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/metabolism/physiopathology ; Dogs ; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/diagnosis/metabolism/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications/diagnosis/veterinary ; Parathyroid Hormone/*metabolism ; Prognosis ; }, abstract = {The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is important for maintaining calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid gland hyperplasia and subsequent hyperparathyroidism can occur secondary to chronic renal failure in dogs, resulting in significant alterations in calcium metabolism. Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism is a complex, multifactorial syndrome that involves changes in circulating levels of calcium, PTH, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol). An increased PTH level can have deleterious effects, including soft tissue mineralization, fibrous osteodystrophy, bone marrow suppression, urolithiasis, and neuropathy. Dietary phosphorus restriction, intestinal phosphate binders, and calcitriol supplementation may slow the progression of renal disease and decrease PTH concentrations in animals with secondary hyperparathyroidism; however, the prognosis for these animals is guarded to poor.}, } @article {pmid19699709, year = {2009}, author = {Yang, CW and Zen, JM and Kao, YL and Hsu, CT and Chung, TC and Chang, CC and Chou, CC}, title = {Multiple screening of urolithic organic acids with copper nanoparticle-plated electrode: potential assessment of urolithic risks.}, journal = {Analytical biochemistry}, volume = {395}, number = {2}, pages = {224-230}, doi = {10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.020}, pmid = {19699709}, issn = {1096-0309}, mesh = {Acids/*urine ; Animals ; Citric Acid/urine ; Copper/*chemistry ; Creatinine/urine ; Cystine/analysis ; Dogs ; Electrodes ; Humans ; Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Oxalic Acid/urine ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinalysis/*methods ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis ; }, abstract = {There is yet to be a reliable prediction of urolithiasis. To facilitate early diagnosis, a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method with electrochemical detection using disposable copper-nanoparticle-plated electrodes (Cu(n)-SPE) was developed for multiple detection of creatinine and 4 urolithic organic acids. A total of 206 normal and urolithic human and canine urines and urolith samples were collected for direct analysis of creatinine, cystine, uric acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid without sample cleanup and derivatization processes. Urinary organic acids were separated in 11 min and were devoid of ascorbic acid interference. The detection limits (S/N>3) were at the nanomolar level with linear dynamic ranges spanning 2-3 orders of magnitude. Recoveries in urine ranged from 99.5% for creatinine to 86.5% for citric acid. The analytical variations (RSD) were less than 6.2% in phosphate buffer and 7.7% in urine. Important differences in organic acid levels/profiles between animal species and among normal and urolithic urines/urolith were unveiled and corresponded well (70-90%) with the urolithic risk in a retrospective assessment. The simplicity and reproducibility of this method using disposable Cu(n)-SPE has made routine urine analysis possible and can be of great clinical and diagnostic potential in the screening of urolithiasis and abnormal states related to excess secretion of organic acids and amino acids in humans and animals.}, } @article {pmid19625038, year = {2009}, author = {Momohara, C and Tsujihata, M and Yoshioka, I and Tsujimura, A and Nonomura, N and Okuyama, A}, title = {Mechanism underlying the low prevalence of pediatric calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, pages = {1201-1209}, doi = {10.1016/j.juro.2009.05.007}, pmid = {19625038}, issn = {1527-3792}, mesh = {Adult ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calgranulin B/biosynthesis ; Child ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances/urine ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteopontin/biosynthesis ; Oxidative Stress ; Prevalence ; Urinary Calculi ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Urinary macromolecules in children show stronger inhibition of Ca oxalate crystal growth, aggregation and adhesion than in adults. To investigate the mechanism of Ca oxalate urolithiasis we evaluated the differences in inhibitory activity against oxalate induced renal cell injury between adults and children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine samples were collected from healthy men and their sons. The protective effects of urinary macromolecules against oxalate induced injury to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (ATCC) were examined by lactate dehydrogenase assay and immunostaining. Variations in the relative abundance of proteins involved in stone formation, such as osteopontin and calgranulin B, were analyzed.

RESULTS: The urine of children had significantly higher urinary macromolecule and glycosaminoglycan concentrations than that of adults (p <0.01). Urinary macromolecules inhibited oxalate induced Madin-Darby canine kidney cell injury in a concentration dependent manner and stronger activity was observed in children (p <0.05). TUNEL staining and 8-OHdG immunostaining indicated stronger inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative stress in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells pretreated with pediatric urinary macromolecules (p <0.01). Osteopontin and calgranulin B expression correlated positively (p = 0.03). These proteins showed greater down-regulation in children (p <0.01). Osteopontin expression also correlated positively with lactate dehydrogenase release (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS: A reason for the low prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis is that pediatric urinary macromolecules have stronger inhibitory effects against oxalate induced renal cell injury and oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Furthermore, results suggest that osteopontin and calgranulin B expression is down-regulated in children due to this inhibitory effect and, thus, stone nidus formation is controlled.}, } @article {pmid19442023, year = {2009}, author = {Bevan, JM and Lulich, JP and Albasan, H and Osborne, CA}, title = {Comparison of laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for the management of dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {234}, number = {10}, pages = {1286-1294}, doi = {10.2460/javma.234.10.1286}, pmid = {19442023}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Anesthesia/economics/veterinary ; Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cystotomy/adverse effects/economics/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/surgery/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Length of Stay ; Lithotripsy, Laser/adverse effects/economics/*veterinary ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urolithiasis/surgery/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy, required resources, and perioperative complications between laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for urolith (ie, urocystoliths and urethroliths) removal in dogs.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS: 66 dogs with urolithiasis treated by laser lithotripsy (case dogs) and 66 dogs with urolithiasis treated by cystotomy (control dogs).

PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed. Complete urolith removal rate, resources (ie, duration of hospitalization, procedure time, anesthesia time, procedure cost, and anesthesia cost), and complications (ie, hypotension, hypothermia, incomplete urolith removal, and requirement of an ancillary procedure) were compared between cystotomy group dogs and lithotripsy group dogs.

RESULTS: Duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter for lithotripsy group dogs, compared with cystotomy group dogs. Procedure time was significantly shorter for cystotomy group dogs, compared with lithotripsy group dogs. Cost of anesthesia was significantly less for cystotomy group dogs, compared with lithotripsy group dogs. No significant differences were found between cystotomy group dogs and lithotripsy group dogs with regard to urolith removal rate, procedure cost, anesthesia time, or any of the evaluated complications.

Laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure that has been shown to be safe and effective in the removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs. No significant differences were found in the required resources or complications associated with laser lithotripsy, compared with cystotomy, for removal of uroliths from the lower portions of the urinary tract of dogs. Laser lithotripsy is a suitable, minimally invasive alternative to surgical removal of urethroliths and urocystoliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid19442022, year = {2009}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Albasan, H and Monga, M and Bevan, JM}, title = {Efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {234}, number = {10}, pages = {1279-1285}, doi = {10.2460/javma.234.10.1279}, pmid = {19442022}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*veterinary ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Diseases/therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize the efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in the fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs.

DESIGN: Prospective case series.

ANIMALS: 100 dogs with naturally occurring urocystoliths and urethroliths.

PROCEDURES: Via cystoscopy, laser lithotripsy was performed to fragment uroliths. Basket retrieval and voiding urohydropropulsion were used to remove fragments. Postprocedural contrast cystography was performed to assess efficacy and safety. In 40 dogs, midstream urine samples were collected just prior to laser lithotripsy (day 0) and on days 1, 3, and 11 after laser lithotripsy to assess inflammation.

RESULTS: Urolith removal was complete in 82% of dogs (52/66 with only urocystoliths, 17/17 with only urethroliths, and 13/17 with urocystoliths and urethroliths). Urolith removal was incomplete in 18 dogs; of these dogs, 9, 6, and 3 had urolith fragments >or= 3 mm, 1 to < 3 mm, and < 1 mm in diameter, respectively. Sex (female) was the most significant predictor for success. Median procedure time was 72 minutes. Two dogs developed urinary tract obstruction following laser lithotripsy. Hematuria was detected in 53% of dogs on day 0 and in 84%, 13%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively. Leukocyturia was detected in 13% of dogs on day 0 and in 47%, 0%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively.

Results suggested that use of laser lithotripsy was a safe and effective alternative to surgical removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid19394493, year = {2009}, author = {Ahmed, M and Pedro, RN and Kieley, S and Akornor, JW and Durfee, WK and Monga, M}, title = {Systematic evaluation of ureteral occlusion devices: insertion, deployment, stone migration, and extraction.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {73}, number = {5}, pages = {976-980}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2008.12.048}, pmid = {19394493}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Equipment Safety ; Foreign-Body Migration/*prevention & control ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*instrumentation/methods ; Materials Testing ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stress, Mechanical ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; Ureteral Obstruction/therapy ; Ureteroscopy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To compare 4 ureteral occlusion devices in terms of insertion force, maneuverability, radial dilation and extraction forces, ability to prevent stone migration, and tip stiffness.

METHODS: The devices tested were the PercSys Accordion, Microvasive Stone Cone (7 and 10 mm), and Cook N-Trap. Using a ureteral model with an artificial stone in place, the insertion force, number of attempts, and time to pass the impacted stone were measured. Using a Teflon block model, radial dilation and extraction and axial extraction force were measured with a load cell. Holmium lithotripsy was performed in the ureteral model with a canine stone in place to test the ability of the devices to prevent stone migration. In a similar model, the force applied to retrieve the canine stone was measured. The stiffness of the tip was measured as the force to compress a 5-mm length of the tip in a clamp-clamp configuration on a linear motion stage driven by a stepper motor with a resolution of 8-mum/step.

RESULTS: The devices were significantly different statistically from each other in terms of insertion force, number of attempts and time to pass the impacted stone, radial dilation, radial extraction, and axial extraction force in the Teflon block model. No proximal migration of the stones occurred with any of the devices. The devices were similar in terms of preventing proximal stone migration, force applied to retrieve stones, and tip stiffness.

CONCLUSIONS: The differences in the physical characteristics of stone migration devices might help to predict their safety and efficacy in clinical use.}, } @article {pmid19392764, year = {2009}, author = {Piperisova, I and Neel, JA and Papich, MG}, title = {What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog.}, journal = {Veterinary clinical pathology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {411-414}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00124.x}, pmid = {19392764}, issn = {0275-6382}, mesh = {Animals ; Bromides/blood/*toxicity ; Chlorides/*blood ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Medication Errors/*veterinary ; Potassium Compounds/blood/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {A 5-year-old neutered male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was evaluated for a 3-week history of progressive paresis. The dog had been receiving potassium citrate capsules to acidify urine for the past 2 years because of an earlier history of urolithiasis. Results of neurologic examination, spinal cord radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and spinal cord revealed no lesions that could have accounted for the neurologic signs. The main abnormalities on a clinical chemistry profile were marked hyperchloremia (179 mmol/L, reference interval 108-122 mmol/L) and an anion gap of -50.4 mmol/L (reference interval 16.3-28.6 mmol/L). Because of the severe hyperchloremia, serum bromide concentration was measured (400 mg/dL; toxic concentration >150 mg/dL; some dogs may tolerate up to 300 mg/dL). Analysis of the potassium citrate capsules, which had been compounded at a local pharmacy, yielded a mean bromide concentration of 239 mg/capsule. Administration of the capsules was discontinued and there was rapid resolution of the dog's neurologic signs. This case of extreme bromide toxicity, which apparently resulted from inadvertent use of bromide instead of citrate at the pharmacy, illustrates the importance of knowing common interferents with analyte methodologies and of pursing logical additional diagnostic tests based on clinical and laboratory evidence, even when a patient's history appears to rule out a potential etiology.}, } @article {pmid19374853, year = {2009}, author = {Lee, JH and Yehl, M and Ahn, KS and Kim, SH and Lieske, JC}, title = {1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose attenuates renal cell migration, hyaluronan expression, and crystal adhesion.}, journal = {European journal of pharmacology}, volume = {606}, number = {1-3}, pages = {32-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.024}, pmid = {19374853}, issn = {1879-0712}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement/*drug effects ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Hyaluronic Acid/*metabolism ; Hydrolyzable Tannins/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Kidney/*cytology ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals bind avidly to the surface of proliferating and migrating renal endothelial cells, and oxalate-induced peroxidative injury can promote crystal attachment to renal epithelial cells. 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), isolated from a traditional herbal remedy, inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and has antioxidant activity. This study was performed to determine if PGG altered calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal adhesion to cells, perhaps via a change in cell surface properties. PGG significantly decreased COM crystal adhesion to cultured MDCK I cells at a low concentration (<10 microM) which was not cytotoxic. PGG exerted anti-adhesion effects whether cells or crystals were pre-coated. PGG also inhibited cell migration after scrape-wounding, decreased subsequent adhesion of crystals to proliferating and migrating cells, and decreased expression of the crystal binding molecule hyaluronan. These findings suggest that PGG represents a potential urolithiasis prevention compound. Anti-crystal adhesion effects appear multifaceted involving crystal coating by PGG, as well as decreased cell migration and the associated surface expression of hyaluronan. The latter represents a novel mechanism of nephrolithiasis prevention.}, } @article {pmid19366334, year = {2009}, author = {Savicky, RS and Jackson, AH}, title = {Use of a rectus abdominis muscle flap to repair urinary bladder and urethral defects in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {234}, number = {8}, pages = {1038-1040}, doi = {10.2460/javma.234.8.1038}, pmid = {19366334}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Abdominal Abscess/drug therapy/veterinary ; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/microbiology/*surgery ; Dogs ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/isolation & purification ; Female ; Fluid Therapy/veterinary ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; *Rectus Abdominis/surgery ; Surgical Flaps/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Diseases/microbiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/microbiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: An 11-month-old female dog was evaluated because of a 3- to 4-day history of stranguria and hematuria.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Rectal and vaginal examination and abdominal radiography revealed a large (4 x 2 cm), firm, ovoid object in the area of the pelvic inlet, between the vagina and colon.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Surgical exploration revealed an abscess and moderate amount of seropurulent fluid in the left caudal abdominal quadrant. A large urethrolith (3.7 x 2.0 x 1.5 cm) was evident in the proximal portion of the urethra. The urethrolith was associated with a 3 x 1-cm area of necrosis in the ventral aspect of the proximal portion of the urethra and a 3 x 3-cm area of necrosis in the area of the bladder trigone. The necrotic areas were débrided, and the defect was repaired with an axial pattern flap constructed from the rectus abdominis muscle. During a follow-up examination 2.5 years after surgery, the dog was clinically normal with no history of urinary incontinence. During rigid cystoscopy, the ure-thral mucosa appeared grossly normal, and there was no evidence of stricture.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings suggested that axial pattern flaps constructed from the rectus abdominis muscle flap may be useful in reconstructing large urinary bladder and urethral defects.}, } @article {pmid19100669, year = {2009}, author = {Flythe, JE and Rueda, JF and Riscoe, MK and Watnick, S}, title = {Silicate nephrolithiasis after ingestion of supplements containing silica dioxide.}, journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {127-130}, doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.10.042}, pmid = {19100669}, issn = {1523-6838}, mesh = {Adult ; Cat's Claw ; Dietary Supplements/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Lyme Disease/drug therapy ; Nephrolithiasis/*chemically induced/diagnosis ; Plant Extracts/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *Silicates ; Silicon Dioxide/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Silicate calculi are common in some mammals, such as dogs and sheep, but extremely rare in humans. We report a case of silicate calculi in a woman using oral over-the-counter Uncaria tomentosa, Digestive Advantage and FlexProtex supplements. All 3 contained the excipient silica dioxide. Stone analysis showed composition of 100% silicate. The nephrolithiasis promptly abated after discontinuation of the products containing silica, then returned when the patient restarted her supplements. This case emphasizes the importance of stone analysis when obvious causes of nephrolithiasis are unclear and highlights the concerns of using over-the-counter supplements without substantial oversight.}, } @article {pmid19084950, year = {2008}, author = {Hu, H and Sheng, HQ and Ma, XQ and Lai, MD}, title = {[Biological effects and toxicology studies of melamine and its derivative cyanuric acid].}, journal = {Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {544-550}, doi = {10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2008.06.002}, pmid = {19084950}, issn = {1008-9292}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney Diseases/*chemically induced ; Male ; Rats ; Species Specificity ; Triazines/*toxicity ; Ureteral Calculi/chemically induced ; }, abstract = {Melamine (Tripolycyanamide) and its derivatives have recently become a public concern on food safety. To better understand melamine and its major derivative cyanuric acid.literature on their chemical properties, metabolism, biological effects, relevant toxicology studies, and the detection methods is reviewed. Studies indicate that the acute toxicity of melamine and cyanuric acid is low. In mammalian, these compounds are hardly metabolized in vivo and are rapidly eliminated in the urine. When used in large dosage,these compounds demonstrate marked renal toxicity,as well as toxic effect towards heart. The renal toxicity is exemplified by the calculi formation, acute renal failure, and subsequently induced carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Among the tested species, male cats and rats are more prone to be affected by the compounds. The HPLC/MS/MS is becoming the mainstay of the detection methods. Despite of the achieved knowledge on melamine and cyanuric acid, further research is warranted to unveil the mechanism of underlying susceptibility of kidney, to develop better analytic methods,and to explore possible biomarkers for better clinical diagnosis.}, } @article {pmid19072603, year = {2008}, author = {Appel, SL and Lefebvre, SL and Houston, DM and Holmberg, DL and Stone, JE and Moore, AE and Weese, JS}, title = {Evaluation of risk factors associated with suture-nidus cystoliths in dogs and cats: 176 cases (1999-2006).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {233}, number = {12}, pages = {1889-1895}, doi = {10.2460/javma.233.12.1889}, pmid = {19072603}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Phosphates/analysis ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Sutures/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize and evaluate risk factors for suture-associated cystoliths in dogs and cats.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. Animals-163 dogs and 13 cats with suture-associated cystoliths and 326 control dogs and 26 control cats with non-suture-associated cystoliths.

PROCEDURES: Submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre received from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed. Case dogs and cats had cystoliths associated with visible suture or with hollow, cylindrical channels or suture knot impressions consistent with dissolved suture. Control dogs and cats had at least a single recurrent non-suture-associated cystolith submitted closest in time to the sample case. Associations among cystolith composition, recurrence times, sex, age, and breed were evaluated.

RESULTS: Cases consisted of 92 dogs and 7 cats with visible suture and 71 dogs and 6 cats with dissolved suture. Suture-associated cystoliths represented 0.6% of canine cystoliths, 9.4% of recurrent canine cystoliths, 0.17% of feline cystoliths, and 4% of recurrent feline cystoliths. Sexually intact and neutered males were at increased odds of suture-associated cystoliths, relative to spayed female dogs. Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, and Pomeranians were significantly predisposed to form suture-associated cystoliths. In dogs, compound suture-associated cystoliths were significantly more likely than other cystolith types (OR, 8.6). Dogs with suture-associated cystoliths had significantly shorter recurrence times than did control dogs.

Suture remnants in the bladder have an important role in recurrent cystolithiasis in dogs. Identification of risk factors is important for avoiding recurrence of iatrogenic cystoliths.}, } @article {pmid19060339, year = {2008}, author = {Chiu, MC}, title = {Melamine-tainted milk product (MTMP) renal stone outbreak in humans.}, journal = {Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {424-426}, pmid = {19060339}, issn = {1024-2708}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Dogs ; *Food Contamination ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/*epidemiology ; Triazines/*poisoning ; }, } @article {pmid19038658, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA}, title = {Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {183-197}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.011}, pmid = {19038658}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a general term referring to the causes and effects of stones anywhere in the urinary tract. Urolithiasis should not be viewed conceptually as a single disease with a single cause, but rather as a sequela of multiple interacting underlying abnormalities. Thus, the syndrome of urolithiasis may be defined as the occurrence of familial, congenital, or acquired pathophysiologic factors that, in combination, progressively increase the risk of precipitation of excretory metabolites in urine to form stones (ie, uroliths). The following epidemiologic discussion is based on quantitative analysis of 350,803 canine uroliths, 94,778 feline uroliths, and 6310 feline urethral plugs submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2007.}, } @article {pmid19038657, year = {2009}, author = {Koehler, LA and Osborne, CA and Buettner, MT and Lulich, JP and Behnke, R}, title = {Canine uroliths: frequently asked questions and their answers.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {161-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.007}, pmid = {19038657}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article is devoted to answering frequently asked questions from veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and pet owners about urolithiasis and the detection, treatment, and prevention of various types of uroliths from various locations in the urinary tract. It has been divided into the following topics: urolith analysis, urolith types, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, urolith recurrence, urinalysis, diet, water, and miscellaneous. The information is geared toward both professionals (eg, the chemical analysis of uroliths) and pet owners (eg, the practical considerations of diet). It includes photographs of various stones and a checklist of factors that suggest the probable mineral composition of canine uroliths.}, } @article {pmid19038656, year = {2009}, author = {Lulich, JP and Adams, LG and Grant, D and Albasan', H and Osborne, CA}, title = {Changing paradigms in the treatment of uroliths by lithotripsy.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {143-160}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.006}, pmid = {19038656}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; High-Energy Shock Waves ; Lithotripsy/methods/veterinary ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Surgery remains a common procedure for removal of uroliths from the lower urinary tract of dogs. Incorporation of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has provided impetus for a paradigm shift in the way veterinarians manage urinary stones, however. These minimally invasive techniques provide a successful alternative to surgical urolith extraction.}, } @article {pmid19038655, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Forrester, D and Albasan, H}, title = {Paradigm changes in the role of nutrition for the management of canine and feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {127-141}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.001}, pmid = {19038655}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urinary Tract/pathology ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Results of experimental and clinical investigation have confirmed the importance of dietary modifications in medical protocols designed to promote dissolution and prevention of uroliths. The objectives of medical management of uroliths are to arrest further growth and to promote urolith dissolution by correcting or controlling underlying abnormalities. For therapy to be most effective, it must promote undersaturation of urine with lithogenic crystalloids by 1) increasing the urine solubility of crystalloids, 2) increasing the volume of urine in which crystalloids are dissolved or suspended, and 3) reducing the quantities of lithogenic crystalloids in urine. This article summarizes and applies evidence about nutritional management of urolithiasis derived from experimental and clinical studies of cats and dogs performed at the Minnesota Urolith Center.}, } @article {pmid19038654, year = {2009}, author = {Bannasch, D and Henthorn, PS}, title = {Changing paradigms in diagnosis of inherited defects associated with urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {111-125}, pmid = {19038654}, issn = {0195-5616}, support = {P40 RR002512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R21 DK074954/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R21 DK074954-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Cystine/analysis/metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genome ; Male ; Purines/analysis/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/genetics/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The way in which veterinary scientists think about and approach the study of genetic disease has not changed, but the tools available to veterinary scientists have and will continue to change, allowing us to study increasingly complex problems and to make more rapid advances in the context of simple problems. To put these advances in perspective, this article first gives a historical perspective on the approaches to studying genetic diseases, particularly in human beings, and then outlines the advances that have become possible with the availability of the dog genome sequence. The article then discusses two inherited defects that are associated with urolithiasis, in particular, those responsible for cystine and purine (uric acid and its salts) stone formation. Together, these two conditions illustrate the contemporary use of a broad range of genetic approaches.}, } @article {pmid19038653, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Wilson, JF and Weiss, CH}, title = {Changing paradigms in ethical issues and urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {93-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.007}, pmid = {19038653}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Codes of Ethics ; Dogs ; *Ethics, Medical ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; Hippocratic Oath ; Human-Animal Bond ; Humans ; Male ; Moral Obligations ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry ; Urolithiasis/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine/*ethics/*standards ; }, abstract = {This article defines the ethics involved in the medical treatment of patients. Using a case example, the authors discuss the treatment of uroliths from an ethical and medical perspective. Uroliths are defined, and treatment is discussed and explained.}, } @article {pmid19038652, year = {2009}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA}, title = {Changing paradigms in the diagnosis of urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {79-91}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.005}, pmid = {19038652}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Specimen Handling/methods/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A paradigm shift is a fundamental change from a traditional model of thinking. This article presents four paradigm shifts in the diagnoses of urolithiasis, based on the experiences of the authors in the treatment of uroliths in dogs and cats. Case examples are provided to illustrate points regarding urine storage, ultrasonography, use of radiography to assure complete removal of uroliths, and the frequency of upper tract uroliths in cats.}, } @article {pmid19038651, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Albasan, H and Lulich, JP and Nwaokorie, E and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LK}, title = {Quantitative analysis of 4468 uroliths retrieved from farm animals, exotic species, and wildlife submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center: 1981 to 2007.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {65-78}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.005}, pmid = {19038651}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Animals, Zoo ; Female ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/classification/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of the mineral composition of uroliths in various species of animals can help veterinarians predict the mineral composition of stones in vivo. This information is important because dissolution of existing uroliths, or minimizing further growth of uroliths in situ, is dependent on knowledge of the mineral composition of uroliths. With this objective in mind, this report summarizes the results of quantitative mineral analysis of uroliths retrieved from 4468 animals sent to the Minnesota Urolith Center. It also encompasses the most extensive database about uroliths from animals other than domesticated dogs and cats found in the literature.}, } @article {pmid19038650, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Swanson, LL and Albasan, H}, title = {Drug-induced urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {55-63}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.004}, pmid = {19038650}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Cat Diseases/*chemically induced/epidemiology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Urolithiasis/chemically induced/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Veterinary Drugs/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of uroliths that contain drugs, their metabolites, or toxic ingredients in dogs, cats, and other animals is unknown. The authors examine specific drugs and their use in the animal population. They discuss these drugs in terms of uroliths and urolith formation in a variety of animals, making recommendations on which drugs can be safely used based on evidence from the authors' own studies and the literature.}, } @article {pmid19038649, year = {2009}, author = {Ulrich, LK and Osborne, CA and Cokley, A and Lulich, JP}, title = {Changing paradigms in the frequency and management of canine compound uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {41-53}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.009}, pmid = {19038649}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Male ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Secondary Prevention ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article discusses the composition, formation, and treatment of canine compound uroliths and the importance of recognizing the unique causal factors that may be present in each individual patient. After first giving a detailed analysis of what compound uroliths are and how they form, the authors give examples and data from canine uroliths submitted between 1981 and 2007. Finally, the article discusses the importance of this data when formulating management strategies for individual patients to either dissolve existing stones or minimize urolith recurrence.}, } @article {pmid19038647, year = {2009}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Albasan, H and Sauer, L and Schubert, G}, title = {Melamine and cyanuric acid-induced crystalluria, uroliths, and nephrotoxicity in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.010}, pmid = {19038647}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced/pathology/urine/*veterinary ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology/urine ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Food Contamination/*analysis ; Male ; Triazines/analysis/*toxicity/urine ; Urolithiasis/chemically induced/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article discusses the 2007 recall of canned pet food because of concerns about adverse effects on kidney function of cats and dogs. The discovery of melamine and cyanuric acid in the foods is detailed. Case studies, including clinical, pathology, histology, and toxicology findings, are presented. An attempt is being made to identify the minerals in the uroliths and kidney tissues of affected animals.}, } @article {pmid19028028, year = {2009}, author = {Murphy, C and Murphy, S and O'Brien, F and O'Donoghue, M and Boileau, T and Sunvold, G and Reinhart, G and Kiely, B and Shanahan, F and O'Mahony, L}, title = {Metabolic activity of probiotics-oxalate degradation.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {136}, number = {1-2}, pages = {100-107}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.005}, pmid = {19028028}, issn = {0378-1135}, mesh = {Animals ; Bifidobacterium/growth & development/*metabolism ; Body Weight/physiology ; Cat Diseases/*metabolism/prevention & control ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Lactobacillus/growth & development/*metabolism ; Oxalates/*metabolism/urine ; Probiotics/*administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism/therapy ; }, abstract = {Urinary tract stones are an important clinical problem in human and veterinary medicine. Hyperoxaluria is the single strongest promoter of kidney stone formation. The aims of the present study were to (a) evaluate oxalate degradation by a range of Bifidobacteria species and Lactobacillus species isolated from the canine and feline gastrointestinal tract in vitro and (b) to determine the impact of oxalate degradation by selected strains in vivo. The bacteria were grown in oxalate-containing media and their ability to degrade oxalate in vitro was determined using reverse-phased HPLC. Bifidobacteria species and Lactobacillus species that degraded oxalate in vitro and survived gastric transit were selected for further examination. The selected probiotics were fed to rats for 4 weeks. Urine was collected at week's 0, 2 and 4 and oxalate levels determined by HPLC. In vitro degradation was detected for 11/18 of the Lactobacillus species. In contrast, the capacity to degrade oxalate was not detected for any of the 13 Bifidobacterium species tested. Lactobacillus animalis 223C, Lactobacillus murinus 1222, L. animalis 5323 and L. murinus 3133 were selected for further investigation in a rat model. Urinary oxalate levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in animals fed L. animalis 5323 and L. animalis 223C but were unaltered when fed L. murinus 1222, L. murinus 3133 or placebo. Probiotic organisms vary widely in their capacity to degrade oxalate. In vitro degradation does not uniformly translate to an impact in vivo. The results have therapeutic implications and may influence the choice of probiotic, particularly in the setting of enteric hyperoxaluria.}, } @article {pmid19000255, year = {2008}, author = {Verwilghen, D and Ponthier, J and Van Galen, G and Salciccia, A and Sandersen, C and Serteyn, D and Grulke, S}, title = {The use of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of urethral urolithiasis in the horse: a preliminary study.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {1449-1451}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0197.x}, pmid = {19000255}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Equidae ; Horse Diseases/*therapy ; Horses ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Male ; Urethra/pathology ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is widely used in equine practice for the treatment of orthopedic problems. However, its original use as a lithotripsy device in human and canine urology led us to postulate that it could be used as an alternative to the surgical treatment of urethral calculi in horses.

HYPOTHESIS: Radial ESWT can easily and safely fragment calculi in the distal urethra of the horse.

ANIMALS: Two postmortem cases and 1 live case of obstructive urinary disease admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Liege.

METHODS: A radial shockwave device was directly applied to the urethra in an attempt to fragment calculi. An ex vivo trial was performed on the same retrieved calculi to investigate pressure settings in order to obtain complete fragmentation of the calculus.

RESULTS: In all cases, radial ESWT was able to fragment the calculus partially, enabling retrieval of the remaining fragments via the urethra. Much higher pressure settings than those used for in vivo partial fragmentation were necessary to obtain complete destruction of the calculi ex vivo.

This brief report suggests the use of radial ESWT as a safe and useful alternative to more invasive surgical management of urethral calculi in horses.}, } @article {pmid19000244, year = {2008}, author = {Defarges, A and Dunn, M}, title = {Use of electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 28 dogs with bladder and urethral calculi.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {1267-1273}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0193.x}, pmid = {19000244}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Male ; Urethral Diseases/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) has been used as an alternative to cystotomy in human medicine to remove urinary calculi. This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of EHL to remove urinary calculi in dogs.

HYPOTHESIS: EHL is an efficient and safe method of treatment of bladder and urethral calculi in dogs.

METHODS: Dogs presented between January 1, 2005 and June 1, 2007 with lower urinary tract calculi diagnosed by radiographs or ultrasound examination were included in the study. Physical examination, CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis, and urine culture were performed at presentation. EHL and voiding urohydropulsion were performed under general anesthesia. Patients received IV fluids for 12 hours after which they were rechecked by ultrasound examination and discharged with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs for 5 days. All patients were reevaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after presentation by physical examination, urinalysis, and ultrasonography.

RESULTS: Twenty-eight dogs (19 males, 9 females) presented with bladder or urethral calculi or both underwent lithotripsy. Their median weight was 8.3 kg. Calcium oxalate calculi were present in 22 dogs, struvite in 4, and mixed calculi in 2. Fragmentation was done in the bladder (23 dogs) and in the urethra (12 dogs). Calculus-free rate was higher for urethral than for bladder calculi in males and higher for bladder calculi in females than in males. No major complications were reported. Twelve dogs relapsed within 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study support the use of EHL as a minimally invasive treatment for bladder calculi in females and for urethral calculi in male dogs.}, } @article {pmid18981681, year = {2008}, author = {Matsuo, M}, title = {Increased expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the cultured renal epithelial cells during oxalate exposure.}, journal = {The Kurume medical journal}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, pages = {19-28}, doi = {10.2739/kurumemedj.55.19}, pmid = {18981681}, issn = {1881-2090}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Calcium Oxalate/*toxicity ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Humans ; Kidney/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Nephrolithiasis/etiology ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Syndecan-1/*biosynthesis/*genetics ; }, abstract = {We have previously reported that heparan sulfate (HS) / heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG, syndecan-1) expression significantly increased in the rat kidney during calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. Although the exact mechanism of the increased syndecan expression still remains unclear, HS/syndecan is thought to have some important roles in CaOx crystal formation. The present study examined the role of HS during oxalate exposure by using a newly developed cell line (KIC-synd-1) that expresses human heparan sulfate proteoglycan (syndecan-1). Quantitative competitive (QC)-RT-PCR was used to examine change of syndecan-1 mRNA expression in KIC-synd-1 cells. Production of syndecan-1 core protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were also confirmed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and HPLC, respectively. Wild type Mardin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were also examined in the same manner. The stable expression of syndecan-1 gene and production of both core protein and HS chains were confirmed in the newly developed KIC-synd-1 cell line. Increased syndecan-1 mRNA expression and production of core proteins were confirmed in KIC-synd-1 cells during oxalate exposure. MTT assay revealed that the cell viability decreased significantly in the MDCK cells after 1 mM oxalate exposure (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the oxalate exposed KIC-synd-1 cells. However, the cell viability in KIC-synd-1 cells pretreated with heparitinase digestion decreased significantly before oxalate exposure (p<0.05). The present data suggests that both exogenous and endogenous HS exerts protective effect against oxalate-induced cell injuries. Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that hyperoxaluria and deposition of CaOx crystals resulted in renal tubular cellular injury inducing the synthesis of HSPG to protect and repair the damaged epithelial cell surface. The present data offers strong support for this hypothesis. Finally, HS could be potent inhibitor of CaOx nephrolithiasis and the absence of this substance on the tubular surface may increase the risk of CaOx crystal formation and retention.}, } @article {pmid18833542, year = {2008}, author = {Langston, C and Gisselman, K and Palma, D and McCue, J}, title = {Diagnosis of urolithiasis.}, journal = {Compendium (Yardley, PA)}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, pages = {447-50, 452-4; quiz 455}, pmid = {18833542}, issn = {1940-8307}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/chemistry ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis/chemistry ; Male ; Pedigree ; Phosphates/analysis/chemistry ; Radiography, Abdominal/methods/veterinary ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Ultrasonography/methods/veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Diagnostic imaging is usually required to determine the presence of urolithiasis. Double-contrast cystography is more accurate than survey radiography and approximately as accurate as ultrasonography. Knowledge of the mineral composition of calculi helps direct appropriate management of urolithiasis, and signalment can help predict composition with about 70% accuracy. In cats, about half of cystic calculi are struvite and half are calcium oxalate; most nephroliths and ureteroliths are calcium oxalate. In female dogs, struvite uroliths are the predominant type found in the bladder. In male dogs, breed plays a strong role in prediction of bladder urolith type. It is difficult to predict the composition of nephroliths and ureteroliths based on signalment alone in dogs. Urinalysis and imaging findings can help in predicting urolith composition, although chemical analysis is necessary for definitive diagnosis.}, } @article {pmid18619606, year = {2008}, author = {Rabinovich, YI and Daosukho, S and Byer, KJ and El-Shall, HE and Khan, SR}, title = {Direct AFM measurements of adhesion forces between calcium oxalate monohydrate and kidney epithelial cells in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {325}, number = {2}, pages = {594-601}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2008.06.024}, pmid = {18619606}, issn = {1095-7103}, support = {4509-802-12//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cations, Divalent/*pharmacology ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney/*cytology ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Magnesium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Biological ; Swine ; Thermodynamics ; }, abstract = {Adhesion forces between the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, whewellite) crystal and the layer of the epithelial kidney cells have been directly measured under buffer solutions by using atomic force microscope (AFM). Two renal epithelial lines, MDCK (a collecting duct line) and LLC-PK1 (a proximal tubular line), were used. All experiments were conducted in buffer solutions containing additional Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions in the various concentrations. For MDCK-cells, the obtained values of the adhesion force were in the range 0.12-0.51 nN and 0.12-0.20 nN for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), respectively. No adhesion force (larger than 0.05 nN) has been found for LLC-PK1 cells. The "critical" concentrations of ions, near which the adhesion force (for MDCK-cells) was maximal, were found to be 100 mM. The "critical" concentration of ions and the tendency of the adhesion forces with the changing ions concentration, confirm earlier results of Lieske et al. [J.C. Lieske, G. Farell, S. Deganello, Urol. Res. 32 (2004) 117-123], in which the affinity (rather than the adhesion force) between the COM micro-crystals and the layer of the MDCK-cells were measured, calculating the radioactive signal of radioactive (14)C COM-crystals stuck to the cells. We believe that the aggregation of the COM crystals does not occur in the bulk urine due to short travel time through the nephron. If so, the kidney stone formation is determined by COM-seeding on the tubules walls. The further growth of the stone on the seed can take practically unlimited time because the COM crystal is practically is not soluble in water or urine solutions. The value of the adhesion force can be useful for evaluation of the adhesion energy or probability of the COM-aggregates to stick to the kidney epithelium under the urine flow. This probability is calculated taking into account the adhesion force, F(ad), and hydrodynamic driving force of the flow. This probability reflects the opportunity of the small aggregates to grow and form the kidney stones.}, } @article {pmid18518810, year = {2008}, author = {Adams, LG and Berent, AC and Moore, GE and Bagley, DH}, title = {Use of laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of uroliths in dogs: 73 cases (2005-2006).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {232}, number = {11}, pages = {1680-1687}, doi = {10.2460/javma.232.11.1680}, pmid = {18518810}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Obstruction/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe use of transurethral cystoscope-guided laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of cystic and urethral uroliths and determine procedure duration and short-term and long-term outcome in dogs.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 73 dogs with naturally occurring uroliths in the urinary bladder, urethra, or both.

PROCEDURES: Transurethral cystoscope-guided laser lithotripsy was performed in all dogs, and medical records were reviewed for short-term and long-term outcome and complications.

RESULTS: Laser lithotripsy resulted in complete fragmentation of all uroliths in all 28 female dogs and a majority of male dogs (39/45 [86.7%]). Dogs with urethroliths had shorter median laser time than dogs with cystic uroliths. Basket extraction and voiding urohydro-propulsion were successful for removal of the urolith fragments following laser lithotripsy. Complications related to cystoscope-guided laser lithotripsy occurred in 5 of 28 (17.9%) female dogs and 6 of 45 (13.3%) male dogs.

Transurethral cystoscope-guided laser lithotripsy was successful in female dogs and most male dogs for fragmentation of cystic and urethral uroliths. Short-term complications were most commonly related to urethral swelling and resolved with placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. There were no long-term complications.}, } @article {pmid18487505, year = {2008}, author = {Thompson, ME and Lewin-Smith, MR and Kalasinsky, VF and Pizzolato, KM and Fleetwood, ML and McElhaney, MR and Johnson, TO}, title = {Characterization of melamine-containing and calcium oxalate crystals in three dogs with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis.}, journal = {Veterinary pathology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {417-426}, doi = {10.1354/vp.45-3-417}, pmid = {18487505}, issn = {0300-9858}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*toxicity ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/*toxicity ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced/pathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Tubules/pathology ; Triazines/analysis/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {The histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals associated with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis in 3 dogs are described. Kidney specimens from 2 dogs, a 3-year-old Parson Russell Terrier and a 3-year-old Bernese Mountain Dog, were examined. Both developed acute renal failure after eating canned pet food on the 2007 Menu Foods recall list. The third case was a kidney specimen from a 1-year-old mixed-breed dog from a similar 2004 outbreak of canine renal failure in Taiwan, which occurred after eating a commercial dog food. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), 72-hour Oil Red O (ORO72h), Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3), and Von Kossa stains; infrared (IR) spectroscopy; and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDXA) were performed to determine the histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals observed in each case. Histomorphologic findings in each case included acute, marked tubular degeneration and necrosis with many intratubular birefringent crystals, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. In each case, most of the crystals were rough, pale brown, and stained with ORO72h but did not stain with Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3) or Von Kossa stains; these features were consistent with a plastic or lipid. IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results were consistent with melamine-containing crystals. A second crystal type identified in each case was smooth and platelike with staining characteristics and IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results consistent with calcium oxalate crystals. Melamine-containing crystals have distinct light microscopic, histochemical, and SEM/EDXA characteristics that facilitate their identification in tissue.}, } @article {pmid18466254, year = {2008}, author = {Grant, DC and Werre, SR and Gevedon, ML}, title = {Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {534-539}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0083.x}, pmid = {18466254}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lasers, Solid-State/*therapeutic use ; Lithotripsy, Laser/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/veterinary ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; Urethral Obstruction/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urolithiasis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Laser lithotripsy has been used as an alternative to surgical removal of uroliths in a number of species.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of laser lithotripsy for removing urocystoliths, urethroliths, or both in dogs, and to determine the influence of dog (chronological order of lithotripsy, endoscope type, sex, body weight) and urolith (total urolith and urocystolith number, presence or absence of urethroliths, largest urolith dimension, and urolith composition) factors on outcome.

ANIMALS: Twenty-five client-owned dogs with urocystoliths, urethroliths, or both were included. Male dogs were required to weigh > or =6.8 kg.

METHODS: A single-arm prospective clinical trial. Laser lithotripsy was performed under general anesthesia. Main outcomes included procedure success and lithotripsy time. Predictors of procedure success and lithotripsy time were selected using logistic and linear regression modeling, respectively.

RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 21 of 25 dogs. The procedure was successful more often and in less time in female spayed than in male neutered dogs. Sex was identified as a predictor of success. Univariable analysis showed that sex, endoscope type, and chronological order in which the dog received lithotripsy were significantly associated with lithotripsy time. Stepwise linear regression modeling identified sex, body weight, >10 uroliths, and largest urolith dimension as predictors of lithotripsy time.

Laser lithotripsy is an effective procedure for the removal of urocystoliths, urethroliths, or both with rare important adverse effects and some limitations in male dogs.}, } @article {pmid18459806, year = {2008}, author = {Semangoen, T and Sinchaikul, S and Chen, ST and Thongboonkerd, V}, title = {Altered proteins in MDCK renal tubular cells in response to calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal adhesion: a proteomics approach.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {2889-2896}, doi = {10.1021/pr800113k}, pmid = {18459806}, issn = {1535-3893}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/cytology/*metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Proteomics ; }, abstract = {The interaction between crystals and renal tubular cells has been proposed to be a crucial event that elicits subsequent cellular responses, leading to kidney stone formation. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of these cellular responses remain poorly understood. We performed a gel-based differential proteomics study to examine cellular responses (as determined by altered protein expression) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which were derived from dog kidney and exhibited distal renal tubule phenotype, during calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystal adhesion. MDCK cells were grown in a medium without or with COD crystals (100 microg/ml) for 48 h. Crystal adhesion was illustrated by phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide double staining showed that the percentage of cell death did not significantly differ between cells with and without COD crystal adhesion. Cellular proteins were then extracted, resolved with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and visualized by SYPRO Ruby staining (n = 5 gels per group). Quantitative intensity analysis revealed 11 significantly altered proteins, 10 of which were successfully identified by quadrupole time-of-flight peptide mass fingerprinting (MS) and/or tandem MS (MS/MS), including metabolic enzymes, cellular structural protein, calcium-binding protein, adhesion molecule, protein involved in RNA metabolism, and chaperone. An increase in annexin II was confirmed by 2-D Western blot analysis. These data may lead to better understanding of the cellular responses in distal renal tubular cells during COD crystal adhesion.}, } @article {pmid18183543, year = {2007}, author = {Hezel, A and Bartges, JW and Kirk, CA and Cox, S and Geyer, N and Moyers, T and Hayes, J}, title = {Influence of hydrochlorothiazide on urinary calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy young adult female domestic shorthaired cats.}, journal = {Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {247-254}, pmid = {18183543}, issn = {1528-3593}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/blood/*urine ; Cat Diseases/urine ; Cats ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Hydrochlorothiazide/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Phosphates/*urine ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Struvite ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg PO q12h) or placebo was administered to healthy cats for 2 weeks in a masked, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study, and 24-hour urine samples were collected. When cats received hydrochlorothiazide, 24-hour urine volume, ammonia, chloride, creatinine, magnesium, oxalic acid, phosphate, potassium, and sodium were significantly higher than when cats received placebo. Hydrochlorothiazide was associated with significantly lower urinary saturation for calcium oxalate, but no difference was found in 24-hour urine calcium and citrate, urinary saturation for struvite, or blood ionized calcium. Hydrochlorothiazide decreased urinary saturation for calcium oxalate and could be useful in managing cats with calcium oxalate uroliths. Results of this study, however, should not be extrapolated to cats that form calcium oxalate uroliths.}, } @article {pmid18183542, year = {2007}, author = {Geyer, N and Bartges, JW and Kirk, CA and Cox, S and Hezel, A and Moyers, T and Hayes, J}, title = {Influence of prednisolone on urinary calcium oxalate and struvite relative supersaturation in healthy young adult female domestic shorthaired cats.}, journal = {Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {239-246}, pmid = {18183542}, issn = {1528-3593}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Calcium Oxalate/blood/*urine ; Cat Diseases/urine ; Cats/*urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Phosphates/*urine ; Prednisolone/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Struvite ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Prednisolone (10 mg PO q24h) or placebo was administered to healthy cats for 2 weeks in a masked, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study, and 24-hour urine samples were collected. When cats received prednisolone, 24-hour urine pH was lower and 24-hour urine excretion of creatinine, magnesium, phosphate, and potassium was higher than when cats received placebo. No significant difference was found in urinary relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate (CaOx) or struvite between treatment groups. Prednisolone administration did not induce diuresis, nor was it associated with increased calcium excretion or urinary saturation for CaOx in these healthy cats. Results of this study, however, should not be extrapolated to cats that form CaOx uroliths associated with idiopathic hypercalcemia.}, } @article {pmid18077596, year = {2008}, author = {Grover, PK and Thurgood, LA and Fleming, DE and van Bronswijk, W and Wang, T and Ryall, RL}, title = {Intracrystalline urinary proteins facilitate degradation and dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals in cultured renal cells.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Renal physiology}, volume = {294}, number = {2}, pages = {F355-61}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.00529.2007}, pmid = {18077596}, issn = {1931-857X}, support = {1R01-DK064050-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism/urine ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney/cytology/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Osteopontin/analysis ; Particle Size ; Peptide Fragments/analysis/chemistry ; Protein Precursors/analysis/chemistry ; Proteins/*analysis/chemistry ; Prothrombin/analysis/chemistry ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Surface Properties ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*metabolism ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {We have previously proposed that intracrystalline proteins would increase intracellular proteolytic disruption and dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Chauvet MC, Ryall RL. J Struct Biol 151: 12-17, 2005; Fleming DE, van Riessen A, Chauvet MC, Grover PK, Hunter B, van Bronswijk W, Ryall RL. J Bone Miner Res 18: 1282-1291, 2003; Ryall RL, Fleming DE, Doyle IR, Evans NA, Dean CJ, Marshall VR. J Struct Biol 134: 5-14, 2001. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of increasing concentrations of intracrystalline protein on the rate of CaOx crystal dissolution in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCKII) cells. Crystal matrix extract (CME) was isolated from urinary CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystals. Cold and [14C]oxalate-labeled COM crystals were precipitated from ultrafiltered urine containing 0-5 mg/l CME. Crystal surface area was estimated from scanning electron micrographs, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to determine nonuniform strain and crystallite size. Radiolabeled crystals were added to MDCKII cells and crystal dissolution, expressed as radioactive label released into the medium, was measured. Increasing CME content did not significantly alter crystal surface area. However, nonuniform strain increased and crystallite size decreased in a dose-response manner, both reaching saturation at a CME concentration of 3 mg/ and demonstrating unequivocally the inclusion of increasing quantities of proteins in the crystals. This was confirmed by Western blotting. Crystal dissolution also followed saturation kinetics, increasing proportionally with final CME concentration and reaching a plateau at a concentration of approximately 2 mg/l. These findings were complemented by field emission scanning electron microscopy, which showed that crystal degradation also increased relative to CME concentration. Intracrystalline proteins enhance degradation and dissolution of CaOx crystals and thus may constitute a natural defense against urolithiasis. The findings have significant ramifications in biomineral metabolism and pathogenesis of renal stones.}, } @article {pmid17997446, year = {2008}, author = {Robinson, MR and Norris, RD and Sur, RL and Preminger, GM}, title = {Urolithiasis: not just a 2-legged animal disease.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {179}, number = {1}, pages = {46-52}, doi = {10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.123}, pmid = {17997446}, issn = {1527-3792}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/therapy ; Cats ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dog Diseases/therapy ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Urolithiasis/therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: In this systematic review we summarize information on animal models of stone formation, the similarities of stone formation between humans and nonhuman animals, and the management of naturally occurring stones in animals, particularly dogs and cats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive review of the peer reviewed literature was performed using the key words urolithiasis and animals. The search was then limited to articles in English that were published within the last 30 years (1977 to 2007).

RESULTS: Multiple animal species are affected by urolithiasis and the mechanisms of formation appear to mirror those in humans. Recently described models of animal stone disease may help us better understand and ultimately treat nephrolithiasis in humans.

CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis and treatment protocols in animals parallel those of humans. Given the number of similarities between treatment patterns for humans and animals, many urologists are now being integrated into the treatment of animals.}, } @article {pmid17976920, year = {2008}, author = {Matsumoto, K and Funaba, M}, title = {Factors affecting struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) crystallization in feline urine.}, journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta}, volume = {1780}, number = {2}, pages = {233-239}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.09.013}, pmid = {17976920}, issn = {0006-3002}, mesh = {Ammonia/chemistry/metabolism/urine ; Animals ; Carboxylesterase/chemistry/metabolism/urine ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/*urine ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Magnesium/chemistry/metabolism/urine ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism/*urine ; Male ; Molecular Weight ; Phosphates/chemistry/*metabolism/*urine ; Phosphorus/chemistry/metabolism/urine ; Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Struvite ; Urolithiasis/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Factors affecting struvite, a magnesium-ammonium-phosphate complex (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O), in feline urine were evaluated. Incubation of just "urine mineral (UM)" solution, in which mineral concentrations are compatible with those in feline urine, for 4 h at 37 degrees C did not induce the formation of crystals. Similarly, incubation of urine alone did not produce crystals. However, struvite crystals were formed by the addition of urine to UM solution. Mg, NH(3) and P were all required for urine-induced struvite crystallization. The lower molecular weight (LMW) fraction of urine was essential for struvite crystal formation, and the higher molecular weight (HMW) fraction enhanced formation of LMW-induced struvite crystals. The effects of urine proteins further fractionated by column chromatography were examined. A protein at >250 kDa and cauxin, a major urine protein recently identified as a regulator of felinine production, potentiated struvite crystal formation induced by the LMW fraction. In contrast, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, a urine protein thought to promote struvite crystallization, did not have this activity. The present study reveals a novel mechanism of feline struvite crystallization.}, } @article {pmid17966335, year = {2007}, author = {Zotti, A and Fant, P and De Zan, G and Mollo, A and Busetto, R}, title = {Chronic cystitis with ossification of the bladder wall in a 6-month-old German shepherd dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {48}, number = {9}, pages = {935-938}, pmid = {17966335}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystitis/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Ossification, Heterotopic/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Ossification of the bladder wall, detected radiographically as a nonhomogeneous radiopaque area in the cranioventral part of the bladder in a puppy, is reported. We speculate that chronic inflammation due to the presence of uroliths in the lumen may have stimulated a metaplastic transformation of the cells.}, } @article {pmid17719255, year = {2008}, author = {Gerber, B and Eichenberger, S and Reusch, CE}, title = {Guarded long-term prognosis in male cats with urethral obstruction.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16-23}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.007}, pmid = {17719255}, issn = {1098-612X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*therapy ; Cats ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/administration & dosage ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Radiography ; Recurrence ; Switzerland ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of urethral obstruction in cats. Forty-five male cats with urethral obstruction or lower urinary tract signs referable to urethral obstruction were included in the study. Follow-up information was gained by telephone interview in most cases and was available in 39 cats. Of the 22 cats with idiopathic urethral obstruction, eight (36%) re-obstructed after 3-728 days (median 17 days). Of 10 cats with urolithiasis, three (30%) re-obstructed after 10, 13 and 472 days, respectively. Of the seven cats with urethral plugs, three (43%) re-obstructed after 4, 34 and 211 days, respectively. Recurrent signs of lower urinary tract disease including obstruction were common in cats with urethral obstruction (20/39; 51%) and occurred in the same frequency irrespective of the primary cause of the obstruction. Recurrent obstruction (14/39; 36%) was the most common reason for euthanasia and was performed in 8/39 (21%) cats.}, } @article {pmid17696857, year = {2007}, author = {Cannon, AB and Westropp, JL and Ruby, AL and Kass, PH}, title = {Evaluation of trends in urolith composition in cats: 5,230 cases (1985-2004).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {231}, number = {4}, pages = {570-576}, doi = {10.2460/javma.231.4.570}, pmid = {17696857}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; *Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Ureteral Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in urolith composition in cats.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 5,230 uroliths.

PROCEDURES: The laboratory database for the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats from 1985 through 2004. Submission forms were reviewed, and each cat's age, sex, breed, and stone location were recorded.

RESULTS: Minerals identified included struvite, calcium oxalate, urates, dried solidified blood, apatite, brushite, cystine, silica, potassium magnesium pyrophosphate, xanthine, and newberyite. During the past 20 years, the ratio of calcium oxalate stones to struvite stones increased significantly. When only the last 3 years of the study period were included, the percentage of struvite stones (44%) was higher than the percentage of calcium oxa-late stones (40%). The most common location for both types of uroliths was the bladder. The number of calcium oxalate-containing calculi in the upper portion of the urinary tract increased significantly during the study period. The number of apatite uroliths declined significantly and that of dried solidified blood stones increased significantly, compared with all other stone types. No significant difference in the number of urate stones was detected.

The increasing proportion of calcium oxalate uroliths was in accordance with findings from other studies and could be a result of alterations in cats' diets. However, the decreased percentage of calcium oxalate calculi and increased percentage of struvite calculi observed in the last 3 years may portend a change in the frequency of this type of urolith.}, } @article {pmid17675651, year = {2007}, author = {Waites, CR and Dominick, MA and Sanderson, TP and Schilling, BE}, title = {Nonclinical safety evaluation of muraglitazar, a novel PPARalpha/gamma agonist.}, journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, pages = {248-258}, doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfm193}, pmid = {17675651}, issn = {1096-6080}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests ; Consumer Product Safety ; Dogs ; Female ; Glycine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/toxicity ; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage/*toxicity ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Oxazoles/administration & dosage/*toxicity ; PPAR alpha/*agonists/genetics ; PPAR gamma/*agonists/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Risk Assessment ; Species Specificity ; Toxicity Tests, Chronic ; Transcriptional Activation/drug effects ; }, abstract = {The toxicity of muraglitazar, an oxybenzylglycine, nonthiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist, was evaluated in a comprehensive nonclinical toxicology program that included single-dose oral toxicity studies in mice, rats, and monkeys; repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats, dogs, and monkeys; a battery of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity studies; carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats; reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits; and studies to investigate species-specific findings. Pharmacologically mediated changes, similar to those observed with other PPARgamma agonists, were observed following chronic administration and included subcutaneous edema, hematologic/hematopoietic and serum chemistry alterations, and morphologic findings in the heart and adipose tissue in rats and monkeys. In dogs, a species highly sensitive to PPARgamma agonists, muraglitazar caused pronounced species-specific clinical toxicity and degenerative changes in the brain, spinal cord, and testes at high doses and exposures. Muraglitazar was nongenotoxic in the standard battery of genotoxicity studies. Gallbladder adenomas in male mice and adipocyte neoplasms in male and female rats were seen at suprapharmacologic exposures, whereas urinary bladder tumors occurred in male rats at lower exposures. Subsequent investigative studies established that the urinary bladder carcinogenic effect was mediated by urolithiasis rather than a direct pharmacologic effect on urothelium. Muraglitazar had no effects on reproductive function in male and female rats at high systemic exposures, was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits, and demonstrated no selective developmental toxicity. Overall, there were no nonclinical findings that precluded the safe administration of muraglitazar to humans.}, } @article {pmid17576085, year = {2007}, author = {Tsuchida, S and Kagi, A and Koyama, H and Tagawa, M}, title = {Xanthine urolithiasis in a cat: a case report and evaluation of a candidate gene for xanthine dehydrogenase.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {503-508}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2007.03.012}, pmid = {17576085}, issn = {1098-612X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/*genetics ; Cats ; DNA/analysis ; DNA Primers ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Ultrasonography ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/genetics/*veterinary ; Xanthine Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Xanthine urolithiasis was found in a 4-year-old spayed female Himalayan cat with a 10-month history of intermittent haematuria and dysuria. Ultrasonographs indicated the existence of several calculi in the bladder that were undetectable by survey radiographic examination. Four bladder stones were removed by cystotomy. The stones were spherical brownish-yellow and their surface was smooth and glossy. Quantitative mineral analysis showed a representative urolith to be composed of more than 95% xanthine. Ultrasonographic examination of the bladder 4.5 months postoperatively indicated the recurrence of urolithiasis. Analysis of purine concentration in urine and blood showed that the cat excreted excessive amounts of xanthine. In order to test the hypothesis that xanthinuria was caused by a homozygote of the inherited mutant allele of a gene responsible for deficiency of enzyme activity in purine degradation pathway, the allele composition of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) gene (one of the candidate genes for hereditary xanthinuria) was evaluated. The cat with xanthinuria was a heterozygote of the polymorphism. A single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the cat XDH gene strongly indicated that the XDH gene of the patient cat was composed of two kinds of alleles and ruled out the hypothesis that the cat inherited the same recessive XDH allele suggesting no activity from a single ancestor.}, } @article {pmid17571990, year = {2007}, author = {Ross, SJ and Osborne, CA and Lekcharoensuk, C and Koehler, LA and Polzin, DJ}, title = {A case-control study of the effects of nephrolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {230}, number = {12}, pages = {1854-1859}, doi = {10.2460/javma.230.12.1854}, pmid = {17571990}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/*mortality/pathology ; Cats ; Cause of Death ; Creatinine/urine ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy/mortality/pathology/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephrolithiasis/diet therapy/mortality/pathology/*veterinary ; Proteinuria/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nephrolithiasis was associated with an increase in mortality rate or in the rate of disease progression in cats with naturally occurring stage 2 (mild) or 3 (moderate) chronic kidney disease.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS: 14 cats with stage 2 (mild) or 3 (moderate) chronic kidney disease (7 with nephroliths and 7 without).

PROCEDURES: All cats were evaluated every 3 months for up to 24 months. Possible associations between nephrolithiasis and clinicopathologic abnormalities, incidence of uremic crises, death secondary to renal causes, and death secondary to any cause were evaluated.

RESULTS: There were no clinically important differences in biochemical, hematologic, or urinalysis variables between cats with and without nephroliths at baseline or after 12 and 24 months of monitoring. No associations were detected between nephrolithiasis and rate of disease progression, incidence of uremic crises, or death.

Results suggested that in cats with mild or moderate chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis was not associated with an increase in mortality rate or in the rate of disease progression. Findings support recommendations that cats with severe kidney disease and nephrolithiasis be managed without surgery.}, } @article {pmid17516947, year = {2007}, author = {Picavet, P and Detilleux, J and Verschuren, S and Sparkes, A and Lulich, J and Osborne, C and Istasse, L and Diez, M}, title = {Analysis of 4495 canine and feline uroliths in the Benelux. A retrospective study: 1994-2004.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {91}, number = {5-6}, pages = {247-251}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00699.x}, pmid = {17516947}, issn = {0931-2439}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Luxembourg/epidemiology ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Phosphates/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {From 1994 to 2004, Hill's Pet Nutrition received 4495 canine (65%) and feline (35%) uroliths from Benelux veterinary practitioners. They were sent to the Minnesota Urolith Center, USA for analysis. In 1994, 110 uroliths were analysed - 85% from dogs - and in 2003, 1067 uroliths were analysed - 59% from dogs. During this period, substantial changes were observed in composition. In 1994, 77% of the cats had uroliths composed of struvite, and 12% had uroliths composed of calcium oxalate. In 2003, feline uroliths were composed of 32% struvite, and 61% calcium oxalate. The same evolution was observed in the dogs. In 1994, 51% of canine uroliths were composed of struvite, and 33% of calcium oxalate. In 2003, 40% had struvite uroliths, and 46% had calcium oxalate uroliths. A significant effect of the size, the breed, and the gender were noticed in the dogs. The mean age of uroliths appearance was 7.3 years in the dogs and 7.2 years in the cats. The findings are similar to those previously published in the USA.}, } @article {pmid17501659, year = {2007}, author = {Beck, AL and Grierson, JM and Ogden, DM and Hamilton, MH and Lipscomb, VJ}, title = {Outcome of and complications associated with tube cystostomy in dogs and cats: 76 cases (1995-2006).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {230}, number = {8}, pages = {1184-1189}, doi = {10.2460/javma.230.8.1184}, pmid = {17501659}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Cystostomy/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder/injuries/surgery ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/surgery/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine indications for cystostomy tube use in dogs and cats, complications associated with their use, and outcome of dogs and cats in which cystostomy tubes had been inserted.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 37 dogs and 39 cats.

PROCEDURES: Information was obtained from medical records. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by use of a client questionnaire.

RESULTS: Indications for cystostomy tube placement were bladder dysfunction, urinary tract rupture, obstructive urinary tract neoplasia, urinary diversion following urogenital surgery, obstructive urolithiasis, and feline lower urinary tract disease. Median time tubes were in place was 11 days, but duration of tube use was significantly longer for animals with bladder dysfunction than for animals with urinary tract trauma, urinary diversion, or urinary tract obstruction. Thirty-seven (49%) animals had tube complications. Development of complications was not significantly associated with species, age, body weight, duration of tube use, or tube type, except that animals were significantly more likely to develop complications following long-rather than short-term use. In 42 animals, the underlying condition resolved and the tube was removed; 22 animals died or were euthanatized with the tube in place.

Results suggested that cystostomy tubes may be used for animals with various conditions related to problems with urine outflow. Nearly half the animals in the study developed complications related to the cystostomy tube, suggesting that potential complications should be discussed with owners prior to tube placement. However, most complications were easily resolved.}, } @article {pmid17267387, year = {2007}, author = {Grover, PK and Thurgood, LA and Ryall, RL}, title = {Effect of urine fractionation on attachment of calcium oxalate crystals to renal epithelial cells: implications for studying renal calculogenesis.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Renal physiology}, volume = {292}, number = {5}, pages = {F1396-403}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.00456.2006}, pmid = {17267387}, issn = {1931-857X}, support = {1R01-DK-064050-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Albuminuria ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; Cell Line ; *Chemical Fractionation ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney/cytology/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; Mucoproteins/urine ; Osteopontin/urine ; Peptide Fragments/urine ; Protein Precursors/urine ; Prothrombin/urine ; Urine/*chemistry/*physiology ; Uromodulin ; }, abstract = {Our aim was to determine whether fractionation of human urine affects the attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to renal cells. Urine collected from six healthy subjects was fractionated into sieved (S), centrifuged (C), centrifuged and filtered (CF), or ultrafiltered (UF). Attachment of [(14)C]COM crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was studied after precoating the crystals or the cells with the urine fractions and by using the same fractions as the binding medium. Protein content of the fractions and precoated crystals was analyzed with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. All urine fractions inhibited crystal attachment. When fractions from the six urine samples were used to precoat the cells, the median inhibitions of crystal adhesion (approximately 40%) were not significantly different. Median inhibition after preincubation of crystals was the same for the S, C, and CF fractions (approximately 40%) but significantly greater than for the UF fraction (approximately 28%). When fractions were used as the binding medium, median inhibitions decreased from 64% in the S fraction to 47 (C), 42 (CF), and to 29% (UF). SDS-PAGE analysis showed that centrifugation and filtration reduced the amount of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG), which was confirmed by Western blotting. Human serum albumin, urinary prothrombin fragment 1, and osteopontin, but not THG, were present in demineralized extracts of the precoated crystals. Fractionation of human urine affects the attachment of COM crystals to MDCK cells. Hence future studies investigating regulation of crystal-cell interactions should be carried out in untreated urine as the binding medium.}, } @article {pmid17201824, year = {2006}, author = {Gatoria, IS and Saini, NS and Rai, TS and Dwivedi, PN}, title = {Comparison of three techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, pages = {727-732}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00169.x}, pmid = {17201824}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Biopsy/veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification ; Proteus mirabilis/isolation & purification ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/chemistry/microbiology/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*chemistry ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify an appropriate sampling technique(s) to accurately detect the bacteria causing urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis.

METHODS: Twenty-one dogs with urolithiasis were included in the study. Three types of samples were taken from each dog. Urine was collected by cystocentesis, and a urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith were retrieved during cystotomy. The samples were then cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar to identify the bacteria associated with urinary tract infections.

RESULTS: Bacterial urinary tract infection was found in 16 cases (76.19 per cent). The most prevalent bacteria found to cause urinary tract infection were Escherichia coli (n=7), followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species (n=4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=2) and Proteus mirabilis (n=1). In the case of a positive urine culture, the same bacteria were also cultured from the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy alone or from both the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith. However, in the case of a negative urine culture, bacteria were found to be present in the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy or urolith cultures in 23.81 per cent of dogs. The uroliths that gave positive culture results were either infection-induced uroliths composed of struvite and calcium carbonate phosphate, ammonium acid urate only or metabolic uroliths composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, or calcium phosphate only. All the uroliths that gave negative culture results were metabolic uroliths composed of calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate, and uric acid and calcium phosphate.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: When the culture from the urine obtained by cystocentesis is negative, cultures of urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith are recommended in dogs with urolithiasis in order to accurately assess the microbiological status of the urinary tract.}, } @article {pmid17085240, year = {2006}, author = {Bartges, JW and Kirk, CA}, title = {Nutrition and lower urinary tract disease in cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {1361-76, viii}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.006}, pmid = {17085240}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {*Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/epidemiology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diet therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Lower urinary tract disease occurs commonly in cats and is often associated with crystal-related disease. Dietary modification is beneficial in managing some of these diseases, including idiopathic cystitis, urolithiasis, and urethral matrix-crystalline plugs. Altering dietary formulation may result in decreasing urinary concentrations of crystallogenic compounds, increasing urinary concentrations fo crystallogenic inhibitors, and diluting urine composition.}, } @article {pmid17081331, year = {2006}, author = {Andrade, E and Alarcon, G and Pompeu, E and Nardozza, A and Claro, JA and Ortiz, V and Srougi, M}, title = {Development of a urinary lithiasis localizer mechanism to couple ultrasound and extracorporeal lithotripsy equipment in canine model.}, journal = {International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {583-587}, doi = {10.1590/s1677-55382006000500015}, pmid = {17081331}, issn = {1677-5538}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation/methods ; Male ; Time Factors ; Ultrasonography ; Urolithiasis/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Due to the evolution of extracorporeal lithotripsy equipment (ESWL) and presently, the fact that most part of the equipment does not present ultrasound to localize urinary calculi, a system that allows adapting ultrasound equipment to ESWL equipment was developed, disposing only of fluoroscopy. Thus, this equipment was developed and was tested in urinary stones in canine models, to check its precision in relation to fluoroscopy.

METHOD: Seven male dogs were utilized with the introduction, in the bladder through the ureteral route, of chalkstones, with initial localization by fluoroscopy, with a further ultrasound coincidence check localization of the vesical stones, being submitted to ESWL with a 3-hour, 21 days and 60 days follow-up after the procedure.

RESULTS: Success of localization in all animals was verified presenting elimination of stones in the first micturitions, after ESWL. No complications were verified in those animals for 60 days.

CONCLUSION: We verified that this equipment can lead to an update of the equipment that use only fluoroscopy, increasing in this way, their technical capacity in the treatment of urinary calculi, mainly in cases of non-radiopaque stones.}, } @article {pmid17078256, year = {2006}, author = {Hylands, R}, title = {Veterinary diagnostic imaging. Retroperitoneal abscess and regional cellulitis secondary to a pyelonephritis within the left kidney.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {47}, number = {10}, pages = {1033-1035}, pmid = {17078256}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Abscess/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cellulitis/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/complications/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/complications/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Radiography, Abdominal/methods/standards/veterinary ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography ; }, } @article {pmid17034610, year = {2006}, author = {Patel, AB and Robertson, WG and Choong, S and Hothersall, JS}, title = {Heat-shock protein 25 ameliorates calcium oxalate crystal-mediated oxidative stress in renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {BJU international}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {1094-1099}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06478.x}, pmid = {17034610}, issn = {1464-4096}, mesh = {Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacology ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects ; HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/*pharmacology ; Kidney Calculi/*prevention & control ; Molecular Chaperones ; Neoplasm Proteins/*metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the antioxidant protection attributed to small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs) affects calcium oxalate stone formation, a pro-oxidant disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Canine distal tubular epithelial cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney, MDCK cells) were grown as confluent monolayers. Treatment regimens included control and HS-treated cells (37 degrees C and 42 degrees C for 1 h) with or without calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or free oxalate treatment (28 microg/cm2) 16 h later. In digitonin-permeabilized cells, O2- was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence over a 5-min period, to measure mitochondrial O2- production. Protein expression was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Western blot analysis using specific antibodies.

RESULTS: COM significantly increased O2- production in MDCK cells. HS treatment, which up-regulated HSP25 expression, significantly decreased this O2- production (P < 0.05) but had no effect in control cells. In COM-treated cells (20 h) there was a marked and significant down-regulation of both HSP 25, HSP 70 and heme oxygenase-1 expression compared to cells treated with HS alone (P < 0.05). Free oxalate had no effect on HSP 25 expression.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the COM-induced increase in mitochondrial O2- production in MDCK cells is ameliorated by HSP 25 up-regulation via HS. Specific COM inhibition of HSP 25, HSP 70 and heme oxygenase-1 up-regulation suggests that COM-induced reactive oxygen species damage is unable to benefit from HSP-associated physiological resistance.}, } @article {pmid17014360, year = {2006}, author = {Dalby, AM and Adams, LG and Salisbury, SK and Blevins, WE}, title = {Spontaneous retrograde movement of ureteroliths in two dogs and five cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {229}, number = {7}, pages = {1118-1121}, doi = {10.2460/javma.229.7.1118}, pmid = {17014360}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/pathology/*surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/pathology/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Nephrectomy/methods/veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnosis/pathology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/veterinary ; }, abstract = {CASE DESCRIPTION: 2 dogs and 5 cats were evaluated for treatment of ureteroliths.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Spontaneous retrograde movement of 1 or more ureteroliths was detected by radiography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, and a combination of fluoroscopy and ultrasonography. The ureteroliths moved retrograde up to 4 centimeters. Retrograde movement of ureteroliths into the renal pelvis resulted in improved renal function in some patients but made complete surgical removal of all uroliths more difficult.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Medical management was not successful, and ureteroliths were surgically removed. Surgical management of ureteroliths was complicated by retrograde movement of ureteroliths in the perioperative period.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ureteroliths can move retrograde within the ureter and even back into the renal pelvis. Retrograde movement of ureteroliths may make surgical planning more difficult.}, } @article {pmid16955804, year = {2006}, author = {Westropp, JL and Ruby, AL and Bailiff, NL and Kyles, AE and Ling, GV}, title = {Dried solidified blood calculi in the urinary tract of cats.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {828-834}, doi = {10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[828:dsbcit]2.0.co;2}, pmid = {16955804}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blood ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {We have noted an increased number of calculi submitted to the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, University of California, Davis, that do not contain crystalline material but appear to be composed of dried solidified blood (DSB). Canine and feline laboratory records from 1986-2003 were reviewed for samples composed of >99% DSB. No calculi from dogs were found, but specimens from 49 cats were composed of >99% DSB, of which almost half (n = 22) had been submitted after 2001. The DSB calculi had been removed surgically or by postmortem examination from all areas of the upper and lower urinary tract. All samples were well formed and could be divided in half with Rongeur forceps. Detailed case information was available for 12 cats. Urinalyses were available for 9 of the 12 cats, and the mean specific gravity was 1.017 (range, 1.009-1.032). Red blood cells were reported in the sediment of all cats, with most containing >100 RBC/hpf. Ureteral obstructions but no radio-opaque calculi were visible by radiography, including radiographic contrast studies. Reports of ultrasound examinations were available for 10 cats, and discrete calculi were not recorded. In addition to polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis were performed on a subset (n = 6, DSB calculi; n = 3, control calculi) of samples. Significantly more carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (P = .012, P = .02, and P = .012, respectively) were present in the elemental analysis of the DSB calculi than in the control calculi, suggesting that the DSB calculi are primarily formed from organic material. At this time, we are uncertain why these DSB calculi become solidified, and we recommend that samples be submitted both in formalin and preservative free to further investigate their etiology.}, } @article {pmid16863058, year = {2006}, author = {Louvet, A}, title = {Twinkling artifact in small animal color-Doppler sonography.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {384-390}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00158.x}, pmid = {16863058}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; *Artifacts ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Twinkling artifact is a recently described color-Doppler phenomenon that has not been studied in the veterinary field. Our purpose was to assess the grade of the artifact in vitro with varying urolith compositions, and to evaluate its potential role in clinical practice. Five canine and feline uroliths types of 100% mineral composition were studied in vitro with color-Doppler sonography, and a prospective study was performed in 41 patients with renal, bladder, gallbladder, or digestive focal hyperechogenicities. The images were analyzed for the presence and the grade of the artifact. Phantom study demonstrated the constant occurrence of the artifact regardless of the mineral composition of uroliths. Mottled and rough surfaced stones produced higher grades of twinkling artifact. High-grade, color-twinkling artifact generated by stones occured frequently in vivo. Bladder crystalluria was more frequently detected by artifact visualization than sample urinalysis performed by cystocentesis. In veterinary medicine, twinkling artifact may thus be considered an additional sonographic feature of urinary stones, and can lead to a more appropriate management of patients presenting gray-scale sonographic focal hyperechogenicities.}, } @article {pmid16813682, year = {2006}, author = {Carvalho, M and Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Nakagawa, Y}, title = {Defective urinary crystallization inhibition and urinary stone formation.}, journal = {International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {342-8; discussion 349}, doi = {10.1590/s1677-55382006000300016}, pmid = {16813682}, issn = {1677-5538}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors/urine ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Female ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/*pharmacology/urine ; Male ; Spectrophotometry ; *Urinary Calculi/prevention & control ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nephrocalcin (NC) is a glycoprotein produced in the kidney and inhibits calcium oxalate crystal formation. It has been separated into 4 isoforms (A, B, C, and D) and found that (A + B) are more abundant than (C + D) in urine of healthy subjects, but the reverse is seen in human urine of kidney stone patients. To further examine the role of this protein in inhibition of urinary crystallization, nephrocalcin isoforms were purified from 2 genetically pure dog species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied healthy Beagles, known to be non-stone forming dogs, and Mini-Schnauzers, known to be calcium oxalate stone formers. NC was isolated and purified from each group. Urinary biochemistry and calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition were measured.

RESULTS: Specific crystal growth inhibition activity was significantly higher in non-stone forming dogs (9.79 +/- 2.25 in Beagles vs. 2.75 +/- 1.34 of Mini-Schnauzers, p < 0.005). Dissociation constants toward calcium oxalate monohydrate were 10-fold different, with Beagles' isoforms being 10 times stronger inhibitors compare to those of Mini-Schnauzers'. Isoforms C + D of NC were the main isoforms isolated in stone-forming dogs.

CONCLUSION: NC of these two species of dogs differently affects calcium oxalate crystallization and might have a role in determining ulterior urinary stone formation.}, } @article {pmid16689890, year = {2006}, author = {Agut, A and Lucas, X and Castro, A and De Membiela, F and Soler, M and Belda, E}, title = {A urethrorectal fistula due to prostatic abscess associated with urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {247-250}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00680.x}, pmid = {16689890}, issn = {0936-6768}, mesh = {Abscess/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Male ; Prostatic Diseases/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Rectal Fistula/etiology/*veterinary ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; Urinary Fistula/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {An 8-year-old, entire male crossbreed dog had a 2-day history of abdominal pain and straining to urinate and defecate. A diagnosis of urolithiasis with urinary retention, and probable prostatitis was made. The dog was treated with fluids and enrofloxacin. Five days later, ultrasonography of the prostate showed two hypoechoic areas compatible with abscesses. Twelve hours later, the patient started to urinate from the rectum during micturition and urethrorectal fistula was diagnosed. The omentalization of the prostatic abscesses and castration were performed and calculi were removed. The urethrorectal fistula was treated conservatively with an indwelling urinary catheter, a low residue diet and antibiotics. The dog recovered uneventfully without recurrence of the fistula.}, } @article {pmid16684139, year = {2006}, author = {Forterre, S and Raila, J and Kohn, B and Brunnberg, L and Schweigert, FJ}, title = {Protein profiling of organic stone matrix and urine from dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {90}, number = {5-6}, pages = {192-199}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00590.x}, pmid = {16684139}, issn = {0931-2439}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis/urine ; Dietary Proteins/*metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis/urine ; Male ; Molecular Weight ; Phosphates/*analysis/urine ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/*analysis/urine ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Two-thirds of the organic matrix in urinary stones consists of proteins. Their relationship to calculogenesis remains controversial with regard to their effect as inhibitors or promoters during stone formation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the differences in peptide and protein pattern between the urine of stone formers (n = 23) and control dogs (n = 12), as well as between organic matrix of different urinary stones (struvite n = 11, calcium oxalate n = 8, uric acid n = 4) using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Specific differences in protein and peptide profiles were found in the organic matrix of different mineral compositions. Characteristic differences were also found in urinary peptide and protein pattern especially in molecular masses below 20 kDa between affected and healthy dogs. Based on the obtained molecular masses they were in some cases tentatively identified as proteins that are known to be involved in stone formation in humans. The study shows that in dogs, specific-urinary peptides and proteins might be associated with urolithiasis. It indicates the importance to further characterize those proteins for possible diagnostic purposes in prognosis and therapy.}, } @article {pmid16677664, year = {2006}, author = {Rabinovich, YI and Esayanur, M and Daosukho, S and Byer, KJ and El-Shall, HE and Khan, SR}, title = {Adhesion force between calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal and kidney epithelial cells and possible relevance for kidney stone formation.}, journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science}, volume = {300}, number = {1}, pages = {131-140}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.070}, pmid = {16677664}, issn = {0021-9797}, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Communication ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Kidney/*cytology ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; Kidney Tubules ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; }, abstract = {AFM interaction force measurements have been performed between calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal (COM) colloidal probes and monolayers of renal epithelial cells (on a polymer substrate) in artificial urine (AU) solutions. The adhesion force was measured for the COM/MDCK cell interaction, while no adhesion force was found for the COM/LLC-PK(1) cell interaction. Long-range repulsive forces for both lines of cells were measured in the range of 2-3 mum. After removal of the cell from the substrate by the AU flow, the basal membrane (BM), with a thickness of 100-200 nm, remained on the substrate. In this case, the shorter-range repulsive forces were found on the extending (approaching) portion of force/indentation curves. Similar to the COM/MDCK cell interaction, the retracting portions of curves for COM/basal membranes have shown the existence of the attractive force of adhesion for the interaction of COM with a BM of MDCK cells, while no adhesion was found for COM/BM LLC-PK(1) cells interaction. No adhesion force was found for the interaction of a BM (of any cells) with the silicon nitride tip. Besides the hydrodynamic reasons, the adhesion difference between LLC-PK(1) and MDCK cells possibly explains the preferential deposition of crystals only in collecting ducts (lined with MDCK-type cells) and the lack of the crystal deposition in the proximal tubules (lined with LLC-PK(1)-type cells). Previous treatments of cells with oxalate alone increased the adhesion force COM/BM MDCK; however, even after oxalate treatment there was small or no adhesion between COM and BM LLC-PK(1) cells. Note that the adhesion force for COM/BM MDCK is practically independent of the probe velocity, i.e., does not have the viscous origin. Evaluation of the adhesion energy shows that this force should be related to the ionic or hydrogen bonds of samples.}, } @article {pmid16643608, year = {2006}, author = {Tsujihata, M and Tsujikawa, K and Tei, N and Yoshimura, K and Okuyama, A}, title = {Urinary macromolecules and renal tubular cell protection from oxalate injury: comparison of normal subjects and recurrent stone formers.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {197-201}, doi = {10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01271.x}, pmid = {16643608}, issn = {0919-8172}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Progression ; Dogs ; Glycosaminoglycans/urine ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney Tubules/metabolism/*pathology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/urine ; Macromolecular Substances/*urine ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Urinary Calculi/pathology/*urine ; }, abstract = {AIM: To determine whether urinary macromolecules (UMM), which are the high molecular weight substances in urine, can provide protection against the oxalate-associated injury to the renal tubular cells.

METHODS: UMM were extracted from 24-h urine of 12 healthy adult male volunteers and 13 recurrent-stone-former male patients. Urine parameters in relation to urolithiasis were measured, including the level of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the UMM. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used to evaluate the protective activity of UMM from oxalate-induced cytotoxicity by LDH release measurement and methyl-thiazolyl tertrazolium (MTT) assay.

RESULTS: Considering urinary parameters, citrate was significantly higher in urine from normal subjects than stone-former subjects; the other parameters show no differences between the groups. Total UMM and the level of GAG in the UMM were also significantly higher in the normal subject group. Compared with normal subject and stone-former subject UMM, after cells were treated with the UMM and then exposed to oxalate solution, LDH release was significantly higher in stone-former group. In the MTT assay, we found that more viable cells were observed after treatment with UMM compared to control in both groups. Moreover, UMM from the normal subjects showed higher protective activity against oxalate-related cytotoxicity than UMM from the stone-former subjects.

CONCLUSION: UMM protected renal epithelial cells from oxalate-related injury. This protective activity was found to be higher in normal subject UMM than stone-former UMM. Among other factors, a higher concentration of GAG and citrate in normal subject UMM might affect some parts in this finding.}, } @article {pmid16633808, year = {2006}, author = {Cao, Y and Sagi, S and Häcker, A and Steidler, A and Alken, P and Knoll, T}, title = {Impact of hypoxia and hypercapnia on calcium oxalate toxicity in renal epithelial and interstitial cells.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {271-276}, pmid = {16633808}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism/toxicity ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypercapnia/*metabolism ; Hypoxia/*metabolism ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Swine ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Although there is an ongoing controversy about the primary site of calcium oxalate stone (CaOx) formation, there is some evidence for extratubular crystallization. However, the mechanisms leading to such interstitial calcifications are not clear. Anatomical studies have demonstrated a close association between the renal vasculature and renal tubules. It has been hypothesized that disorders of the vasculature may contribute to renal stone formation. The exceptional papillary environment with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide is of interest in this context and its impact on CaOx toxicity to renal cells has to be evaluated. LLC-PK1, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) and fibroblast cell lines were exposed to hypoxia (3% O2) alone, hypercapnia combined with hypoxia (3% O2, 18% CO2) or standard culture conditions (20% O2) for 72 h. Cell survival rates were determined microscopically after 4 h of incubation with CaOx at final concentrations of 1, 2 and 4 mM. DAPI staining and western blot were used to evaluate the induction of apoptosis. We confirmed that CaOx leads to concentration-dependent effects on the viability of the cell lines. HUVECs were most vulnerable to CaOx among the four cell lines. Incubation under hypoxia alone had no impact on CaOx toxicity to any of the cell lines in terms of survival. However, under combined hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, all cell lines displayed a significant reduction of cell survival compared to room air incubation. Again, this effect was most pronounced for HUVECs. The induction of apoptosis could not be demonstrated in any experimental setting. Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia clearly aggravate CaOx toxicity to renal cell lines. As we could not demonstrate the induction of apoptosis, this effect may be a result of toxic necrosis. Especially the CaOx effect on interstitial cell lines might be of interest in the chronic ischemic papillary environment. An increased toxicity may lead to recurrent stone formation, and vice versa, diseases of the vasculature, like arteriosclerosis, may further promote stone formation by induction of local ischemia. This issue has to be clarified by further studies.}, } @article {pmid16616567, year = {2006}, author = {Buffington, CA and Westropp, JL and Chew, DJ and Bolus, RR}, title = {Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {261-268}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.002}, pmid = {16616567}, issn = {1098-612X}, support = {DK 64539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/*therapy ; Cats ; Cystitis/complications/therapy/*veterinary ; Diet/veterinary ; *Environment, Controlled ; Human-Animal Bond ; Stress, Physiological/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {This prospective observational study evaluated client-reported recurrence of lower urinary tract signs (LUTS) and other signs of abnormalities in cats with idiopathic cystitis after institution of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO). Forty-six client-owned indoor-housed cats with idiopathic cystitis, diagnosed based on a history of recurrent LUTS and evidence of absence of urolithiasis or bacterial urinary tract infection were studied. In addition to their usual care, clients were offered recommendations for MEMO based on a detailed environmental history. Cases were followed for 10 months by client contact to determine the effect of MEMO on LUTS and other signs. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in LUTS, fearfulness, nervousness, signs referable to the respiratory tract, and a trend (P<0.1) toward reduced aggressive behavior and signs referable to the lower intestinal tract were identified. These results suggest that MEMO is a promising adjunctive therapy for indoor-housed cats with LUTS, and should be followed up with prospective controlled clinical trials.}, } @article {pmid16600342, year = {2006}, author = {Tei, N and Tsujihata, M and Tsujikawa, K and Yoshimura, K and Nonomura, N and Okuyama, A}, title = {Hepatocyte growth factor has protective effects on crystal-cell interaction and crystal deposits.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, pages = {864-869}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2005.11.021}, pmid = {16600342}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/*physiology ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; Rats ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a protective role against crystal-cell interaction and crystal deposits in a stone-forming rat model kidney. Crystal-cell interaction is an important step during the early stages of stone formation. High oxalate levels induce cell injuries and increase adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to renal tubular cells. HGF was initially identified as the most potent growth factor for hepatocytes and is well known as a mesenchyme-derived pleiotropic factor for various types of cells. HGF has mitogenic, morphogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects on renal tubular cells.

METHODS: Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were exposed to potassium oxalate or COM crystals in the presence or absence of HGF. We measured lactate dehydrogenase activity in the medium and analyzed apoptosis by FACScan. COM crystal formation was induced by administration of 0.5% ethylene glycol in the drinking water and forced feeding of 0.5 microg of 1alpha-OH-D3 every other day to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasmid vector encoding HGF was transferred to stone-forming rats on day 1, and the kidneys were excised on day 8.

RESULTS: Exposure of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to both potassium oxalate (KOX) and COM crystals resulted in an increase in lactate dehydrogenase release and the proportion of apoptotic cells, but these effects were reduced by HGF. HGF had inhibitory activity against the adhesion of COM crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. HGF gene transfer significantly reduced crystal deposits on the renal tubules in stone-forming rats.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HGF might play an important role in stone formation.}, } @article {pmid16596455, year = {2006}, author = {Safra, N and Schaible, RH and Bannasch, DL}, title = {Linkage analysis with an interbreed backcross maps Dalmatian hyperuricosuria to CFA03.}, journal = {Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {340-345}, pmid = {16596455}, issn = {0938-8990}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; *Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Hyperuricemia/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; Male ; Pedigree ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Dalmatians, like humans, excrete uric acid in their urine. All other dogs and most mammals excrete allantoin, a water-soluble compound that is further along the purine degradation pathway. Excretion of uric acid at high concentrations (hyperuricosuria) predisposes Dalmatians to the formation of urinary urate calculi. Hyperuricosuria (huu) is found in all Dalmatians tested and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A genome scan and linkage analysis performed on a Dalmatian x Pointer interbreed backcross detected a single linked marker, REN153P03, located on CFA03. Haplotype analysis of the region around this marker defined a 3.3-Mb interval flanked by single recombination events. This interval, which contains the huu mutation, is estimated to include 24 genes.}, } @article {pmid16506941, year = {2006}, author = {Aronson, LR and Kyles, AE and Preston, A and Drobatz, KJ and Gregory, CR}, title = {Renal transplantation in cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis: 19 cases (1997-2004).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {228}, number = {5}, pages = {743-749}, doi = {10.2460/javma.228.5.743}, pmid = {16506941}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*therapy ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney Transplantation/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome of renal transplantation in cats with renal failure associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 19 cats.

PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for evaluation of signalment, preoperative clinical signs, physical examination results, dietary history, clinicopathologic data, abdominal imaging, postoperative diet, complications, and long-term outcome.

RESULTS: The domestic shorthair was the most common breed represented. There were 13 spayed females and 7 castrated males. Mean age was 6.8 years. Clinical signs included weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Before surgery, cats received commercially available canned or dry food (n = 10), a prescription renal failure diet (5), a commercial diet to manage struvite crystalluria (1), or an unknown diet (3). Seventeen cats were anemic. All cats were azotemic. Hypercalcemia was detected in 7 cats. Abdominal imaging revealed nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, or both in all cats. Median duration of survival of all cats was 605 days. Eight cats were alive 282 to 2,005 days (median, 1,305 days) after surgery. Eleven cats died 2 to 1,197 days (median, 300 days) after surgery. Five cats formed calculi in their allograft (120 to 665 days). Two of the 5 cats that formed calculi were hypercalcemic. Four of the 5 cats died following complications associated with formation of calculi.

Renal transplantation appears to be a viable option for cats in renal failure secondary to calcium oxalate urolithiasis. In addition to reported complications in renal transplant recipients, formation of calculi within the allograft may also occur.}, } @article {pmid16422765, year = {2006}, author = {Wagner, E and Keusch, Ch and Iben, Ch}, title = {Influence of the feed base excess on urine parameters in cats.}, journal = {Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition}, volume = {90}, number = {1-2}, pages = {19-24}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00613.x}, pmid = {16422765}, issn = {0931-2439}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/metabolism/*prevention & control ; Cats/*urine ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Random Allocation ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {In this study the base excess (BE) was used as a method to predict the influence of the food on the urinary pH on cats. Nine cat foods (six dry and three canned) were consecutively fed to eight cats. The urine pH, volume, specific gravity and water and food intake were determined daily. The base excess [BE; mmol/kg dry matter (DM)] was calculated from the compounds in the food (BE = 49.9*Ca+82.3*Mg*+43.5*Na+25.6*K-64.6*P-13.4*Met-16.6*Cys-28.2*Cl). The BE of the tested foods was between -287.35 and 133.38 mmol/kg DM. The mean urine pH varied between 5.76 (SD = 0.13) and 7.16 (SD = 0.22). The BE correlated with the mean urine pH (pH = 6.25+0.0023*BE; r = 0.74**). The urine volume (ml/kg BW/day) correlated significantly positive with the K- (r = 0.71**) and significantly negative with the P-content (r = -0.67**), the Ca-content (r = -0.50**) followed by the Mg-content (r = -0.36**) of the food. The correlation coefficients between the anions/cations in the food and the urine pH was for K 0.36**, for P -0.61**, the Met+Cys -0.60** and Cl -0.27**. In practice the correlation between urine pH and BE would help to pre-estimate the effect of food on the urine pH and to prevent urolith formation.}, } @article {pmid16320015, year = {2005}, author = {Moryama, MT and Domiki, C and Miyazawa, K and Tanaka, T and Suzuki, K}, title = {Effects of oxalate exposure on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in culture: renal prothrombin fragment-1 mRNA expression.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {470-475}, pmid = {16320015}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Dogs ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Genes, Reporter ; Kidney Tubules/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Luciferases/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxalic Acid/*toxicity ; Peptide Fragments/*genetics ; Protein Precursors/*genetics ; Prothrombin/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Urinary Calculi/etiology ; }, abstract = {It has been suggested that renal tubular cell damage induced by oxalic acid, one of the components of urinary calculi, may be involved in a variety of ways in the development of urolithiasis. During our study on a calculus related protein, renal prothrombin fragment-1 (RPTF-1), we noted that this is an inflammation related substance that mediates an acute inflammatory reaction, one of the original roles of prothrombin. RPTF-1 is a part of prothrombin that is a coagulation factor known to be expressed in the renal tubule. We examined whether oxalic acid may cause cytotoxic effects on tubular epithelial cells and whether such chemical stimulation may promote the translation of RPTF-1 mRNA into RPTF-1 proteins. We used Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells derived from the distal tubule of a dog kidney. In this study, the effects of oxalic acid in culture solution at different concentrations on cytotoxicity were assessed using a MTT assay. The location of active oxygen species was identified using dichlorofluorescein diacetate. After the prothrombin sequence of RPTF-1 was confirmed in MDCK cells, RPTF-1 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. The gene sequence of the same promoter area was ligated, and a luciferase sequence was inserted downstream of the vector. The target sequence was transfected into MDCK cells and the relation between oxalic acid and prothrombin promoter was examined. In addition, the variable expression of RPTF-1 mRNA was quantitatively compared depending on oxalic acid concentrations using real-time PCR. When cytotoxicity was investigated, cells were not damaged but, by contrast, were stimulated and activated under oxalic acid below a certain concentration. The relation between cytotoxicity on the cultured MDCK cell membrane and active oxygen species was confirmed. Luminescence in MDCK cells containing the luciferase gene was detected by the addition of oxalic acid, which activated the prothrombin promoter. A part of the prothrombin gene sequence in the MDCK cells was detected and an increase in the expression of RPTF-1 mRNA in MDCK cells by the addition of oxalic acid was confirmed using real-time PCR. Increased expression of prothrombin by adding oxalic acid has already been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, however, RPTF-1 mRNA was promoted by oxalic acid and a direct association between oxalic acid and RPTF-1 is indicated. This finding shows that increased oxalic acid in urine induces the expression of RPTF-1 in tubular epithelial cells and thereby causes the generation of active oxygen species.}, } @article {pmid16284883, year = {2005}, author = {Jonassen, JA and Kohjimoto, Y and Scheid, CR and Schmidt, M}, title = {Oxalate toxicity in renal cells.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, pages = {329-339}, pmid = {16284883}, issn = {0300-5623}, support = {DK 43184/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclooxygenase 2/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/*drug effects ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Oxalates/*toxicity ; Phospholipases A ; Phospholipases A2 ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; }, abstract = {Exposure to oxalate, a constituent of the most common form of kidney stones, generates toxic responses in renal epithelial cells, including altered membrane surface properties and cellular lipids, changes in gene expression, disruption of mitochondrial function, formation of reactive oxygen species and decreased cell viability. Oxalate exposure activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which increases two lipid signaling molecules, arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC). PLA2 inhibition blocks, whereas exogenous Lyso-PC or arachidonic acid reproduce many of the effects of oxalate on mitochondrial function, gene expression and cell viability, suggesting that PLA2 activation plays a role in mediating oxalate toxicity. Oxalate exposure also elicits potentially adaptive or protective changes that increase expression of proteins that may prevent crystal formation or attachment. Additional adaptive responses may facilitate removal and replacement of dead or damaged cells. The presence of different inflammatory cells and molecules in the kidneys of rats with hyperoxaluria and in stone patients suggests that inflammatory responses play roles in stone disease. Renal epithelial cells can synthesize a variety of cytokines, chemoattractants and other molecules with the potential to interface with inflammatory cells; moreover, oxalate exposure increases the synthesis of these molecules. The present studies demonstrate that oxalate exposure upregulates cyclooxygenase-2, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of prostanoids, compounds derived from arachidonic acid that can modify crystal binding and may also influence inflammation. In addition, renal cell oxalate exposure promotes rapid degradation of IkappaBalpha, an endogenous inhibitor of the NF-kappaB transcription factor. A similar response is observed following renal cell exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial cell wall component that activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). While TLRs are primarily associated with immune cells, they are also found on many other cell types, including renal epithelial cells, suggesting that TLR signaling could directly impact renal function. Prior exposure of renal epithelial cells to oxalate in vitro produces endotoxin tolerance, i.e. a loss of responsiveness to LPS and conversely, prior exposure to LPS elicits a similar heterologous desensitization to oxalate. Renal cell desensitization to oxalate stimulation may have profound effects on the outcome of renal stone disease by impairing protective responses.}, } @article {pmid16270274, year = {2005}, author = {Pallatto, V and Wood, M and Grindem, C}, title = {Urine sediment from a Chihuahua.}, journal = {Veterinary clinical pathology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {425-428}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00075.x}, pmid = {16270274}, issn = {0275-6382}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Cystine/analysis ; Cystinuria/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/metabolism/urine ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinalysis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 6-year-old, intact male Chihuahua was presented with stranguria and painful urination of 5 days duration. Cystine crystals were observed in low numbers in unstained urine sediment preparations, and a diagnosis of cystinuria was made. Uroliths were removed surgically from the urethra and the bladder, and mineral analysis indicated the stones were composed of 100% cystine. Cystinuria results from an inherited defect in renal tubular transport of cystine that affects many breeds and has been found as an autosomal recessive trait in Newfoundlands. Accurate identification of cystine crystals in urine is an important means of diagnosing cystinuria.}, } @article {pmid16261842, year = {2005}, author = {Adams, LG and Williams, JC and McAteer, JA and Hatt, EK and Lingeman, JE and Osborne, CA}, title = {In vitro evaluation of canine and feline calcium oxalate urolith fragility via shock wave lithotripsy.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, pages = {1651-1654}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1651}, pmid = {16261842}, issn = {0002-9645}, support = {DK43881/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK55674/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; *Cats ; *Dogs ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; *High-Energy Shock Waves ; Lithotripsy/methods/*veterinary ; Species Specificity ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that feline calcium oxalate uroliths are intrinsically more resistant to comminution via shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) than canine calcium oxalate uroliths through comparison of the fragility of canine and feline uroliths in a quantitative in vitro test system.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Calcium oxalate uroliths (previously obtained from dogs and cats) were matched by size and mineral composition to create 7 pairs of uroliths (1 canine and 1 feline urolith/pair).

PROCEDURE: Uroliths were treated in vitro with 100 shock waves (20 kV; 1 Hz) by use of an electrohydraulic lithotripter. Urolith fragmentation was quantitatively assessed via determination of the percentage increase in projected area (calculated from the digital image area of each urolith before and after SWL).

RESULTS: After SWL, canine uroliths (n = 7) fragmented to produce a mean +/- SD increase in image area of 238 +/- 104%, whereas feline uroliths (7) underwent significantly less fragmentation (mean image area increase of 78 +/- 97%). The post-SWL increase in fragment image area in 4 of 7 feline uroliths was < 50%, whereas it was > 150% in 6 of 7 canine uroliths.

Results indicate that feline calcium oxalate uroliths are less susceptible to fragmentation via SWL than canine calcium oxalate uroliths. In some cats, SWL may not be efficacious for fragmentation of calcium oxalate nephroliths or ureteroliths because the high numbers of shock waves required to adequately fragment the uroliths may cause renal injury.}, } @article {pmid16178397, year = {2005}, author = {Feldman, EC and Hoar, B and Pollard, R and Nelson, RW}, title = {Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism: 210 cases (1987-2004).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, pages = {756-761}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2005.227.756}, pmid = {16178397}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Case-Control Studies ; Dog Diseases/blood/*physiopathology/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Hypercalcemia/epidemiology/veterinary ; Hyperparathyroidism/blood/physiopathology/urine/*veterinary ; Hypophosphatemia/epidemiology/veterinary ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: 210 dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism and 200 randomly selected, age-matched control dogs that did not have primary hyperparathyroidism.

PROCEDURE: Medical records for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed for signalment; clinical features; and results of clinicopathologic testing, serum parathyroid hormone assays, and diagnostic imaging.

RESULTS: Mean age of the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism was 11.2 years (range, 6 to 17 years). The most common clinical signs were attributable to urolithiasis or urinary tract infection (ie, straining to urinate, increased frequency of urination, and hematuria). Most dogs (149 [71%]) did not have any observable abnormalities on physical examination. All dogs had hypercalcemia, and most (136 [65%]) had hypophosphatemia. Overall, 200 of the 210 (95%) dogs had BUN and serum creatinine concentrations within or less than the reference range, and serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within reference limits in 135 of 185 (73%) dogs in which it was measured. Urolithiasis was identified in 65 (31 %) dogs, and urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 61 (29%). Mean serum total calcium concentration for the control dogs-was significantly lower than mean concentration for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, but mean BUN and serum creatinine concentrations for the control dogs were both significantly higher than concentrations for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Results suggest that urolithiasis and urinary tract infection may be associated with hypercalcemia in dogs-with primary hyperparathyroidism, but that development of renal insufficiency is uncommon.}, } @article {pmid16164655, year = {2005}, author = {Kumar, V and Peña de la Vega, L and Farell, G and Lieske, JC}, title = {Urinary macromolecular inhibition of crystal adhesion to renal epithelial cells is impaired in male stone formers.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {1784-1792}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00595.x}, pmid = {16164655}, issn = {0085-2538}, support = {DK 53399/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK 60707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances/chemistry/*urine ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sex Characteristics ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*pathology/*urine ; Urine/chemistry ; Urothelium/cytology/metabolism/*pathology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Retention of microcrystals that form in tubular fluid could be a critical event in kidney stone formation. This study was performed to determine if urinary macromolecules from stone-forming (SF) individuals have reduced ability to inhibit crystal adhesion to renal cells.

METHODS: A first morning whole urine (WU) sample was obtained from 24 SF subjects (17 males and 7 females) and 24 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls (C). An aliquot of urine was centrifuged and an ultrafiltrate (UF) free of macromolecules >10 kD and 10x concentrate (U(conc)) were prepared.

RESULTS: Supplementing UF with increasing amounts of U(conc) to return the macromolecule concentration to 0.25x, 0.5x, or 1x of baseline progressively decreased crystal binding to cells. This effect was blunted in the male SF group compared to controls (P < 0.05, SF vs. C, for UF plus 0.25x macromolecules). No difference was apparent in the female groups. In order to identify responsible macromolecule(s), calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were coated with U(conc) and adherent proteins then released and probed by Western blot. Coated COM crystals from male controls contained 3.5-fold more Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) than SF subjects (P < 0.01). COM crystal coating with other proteins did not consistently differ between the groups. COM crystal coating by urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1, P < 0.05) and crystal adhesion inhibitor (CAI) (P= 0.09) correlated with decreased crystal binding to cells, whereas coating with osteopontin (OPN) correlated with increased adhesion tendency (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Urinary macromolecules >10 kD coat COM crystals and block their adhesion to renal cells. This capacity appears to be blunted in male but not female SF individuals. Multiple urinary proteins may play a role in renal cell-urinary crystal interactions, and THP appears to be one of the more important ones.}, } @article {pmid16164643, year = {2005}, author = {Schepers, MS and van Ballegooijen, ES and Bangma, CH and Verkoelen, CF}, title = {Oxalate is toxic to renal tubular cells only at supraphysiologic concentrations.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {1660-1669}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00576.x}, pmid = {16164643}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*toxicity ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electric Impedance ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Kidney/cytology ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/metabolism/*pathology ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/*drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Necrosis ; Thymidine/pharmacokinetics ; Tritium ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Oxalate-induced tissue damage may play an initiating role in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The concentration of oxalate is higher in the renal collecting ducts (approximately 0.1 to 0.5 mmol/L) than in the proximal tubule (approximately 0.002 to 0.1 mmol/L). In the present investigation, we studied the damaging effect of oxalate to renal proximal and collecting tubule cells in culture.

METHODS: Studies were performed with the renal proximal tubular cell lines, LLC-PK1 and Madin Darby canine kidney II (MDCK-II), and the renal collecting duct cell lines, rat renal cortical collecting duct (RCCD1) and MDCK-I. Confluent monolayers cultured on permeable growth substrates in a two-compartment culture system were apically exposed for 24 hours to relatively low (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol/L) and high (5 and 10 mmol/L) oxalate concentrations, after which several cellular responses were studied, including monolayer morphology (confocal microscopy), transepithelial electrical resistances (TER), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) secretion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, DNA synthesis ([(3)H]-thymidine incorporation), total cell numbers, reactive oxygen species (H(2)O(2)) generation, apoptotic (annexin V and DNA fragmentation), and necrotic (propidium iodide influx) cell death.

RESULTS: Visible morphologic alterations were observed only at high oxalate concentrations. TER was concentration-dependently decreased by high, but not by low, oxalate. Elevated levels of PGE(2), LDH, and H(2)O(2) were measured in both cell types after exposure to high, but not to low oxalate. Exposure to high oxalate resulted in elevated levels of DNA synthesis with decreasing total cell numbers. High, but not low, oxalate induced necrotic cell death without signs of programmed cell death.

CONCLUSION: This study shows that oxalate is toxic to renal tubular cells, but only at supraphysiologic concentrations.}, } @article {pmid16164640, year = {2005}, author = {Borges, FT and Michelacci, YM and Aguiar, JA and Dalboni, MA and Garófalo, AS and Schor, N}, title = {Characterization of glycosaminoglycans in tubular epithelial cells: calcium oxalate and oxalate ions effects.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {1630-1642}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00577.x}, pmid = {16164640}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*toxicity ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Durapatite/chemistry/toxicity ; Endocytosis ; Formates/chemistry/toxicity ; Glycosaminoglycans/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Ionophores/pharmacology ; Ions/toxicity ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Necrosis ; Oxalates/chemistry/toxicity ; Sulfates/pharmacokinetics ; Sulfur Radioisotopes ; Swine ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The interaction between tubular epithelial cells and calcium oxalate crystals or oxalate ions is a very precarious event in the lithogenesis. Urine contains ions, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans that inhibit the crystallization process and may protect the kidney against lithogenesis. We examined the effect of oxalate ions and calcium oxalate crystals upon the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in distal [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)] and proximal (LLC-PK1) tubular cell lines.

METHODS: Glycosaminoglycan synthesis was analyzed by metabolic labeling with (35)S-sulfate and enzymatic digestion with specific mucopolysaccharidases. Cell death was assessed by fluorescent dyes and crystal endocytosis was analised by flow cytometry.

RESULTS: The main glycosaminoglycans synthesized by both cells were chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate most of them secreted to the culture medium or present at cellular surface. Exposition of MDCK cells to oxalate ions increased apoptosis rate and the incorporation of (35)S-sulfate in chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, while calcium oxalate crystals were endocyted by LLC-PK1, induced necrotic cell death, and increased (35)S-sulfate incorporation in glycosaminoglycans. These effects seem to be specific and due to increased biosynthesis, since hydroxyapatite and other carboxylic acid did not induced cellular death or glycosaminoglycan synthesis and no changes in sulfation degree or molecular weight of glycosaminoglycans could be detected. Thapsigargin inhibited the glycosaminoglycan synthesis induced by calcium oxalate in LLC-PK1, suggesting that this effect was sensitive to the increase in cytosolic calcium.

CONCLUSION: Tubular cells may increase the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans to protect from the toxic insult of calcium oxalate crystals and oxalate ions, what could partially limit the lithogenesis.}, } @article {pmid16164631, year = {2005}, author = {Schepers, MS and van Ballegooijen, ES and Bangma, CH and Verkoelen, CF}, title = {Crystals cause acute necrotic cell death in renal proximal tubule cells, but not in collecting tubule cells.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {1543-1553}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00566.x}, pmid = {16164631}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*toxicity ; Crystallization ; Culture Media ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Dogs ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/metabolism/*pathology ; Kidney Tubules, Collecting/drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Necrosis ; Swine ; Thymidine/pharmacokinetics ; Tritium ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The interaction between renal tubular cells and crystals generated in the tubular fluid could play an initiating role in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Crystals are expected to form in the renal collecting ducts, but not in the proximal tubule. In the present investigation, we studied the damaging effect of calcium oxalate crystals on renal proximal and collecting tubule cells in culture.

METHODS: Studies were performed with the renal proximal tubular cell lines, porcine proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK(1)) and Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCK-II) and the renal collecting duct cell lines, RCCD(1) and MDCK-I. Confluent monolayers cultured on permeable growth substrates in a two-compartment culture system were apically exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, after which several cellular responses were studied, including monolayer morphology (confocal microscopy), transepithelial electrical resistances (TER), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) secretion, DNA synthesis ([(3)H]-thymidine), total cell numbers, reactive oxygen species [hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))] generation, apoptotic (annexin V and DNA fragmentation), and necrotic (propidium iodide influx) cell death.

RESULTS: Crystals were rapidly taken up by proximal tubular cells and induced a biphasic response. Within 24 hours approximately half of the cell-associated crystals were released back into the apical fluid (early response). Over the next 2 weeks half of the remaining internalized crystals were eliminated (late response). The early response was characterized by morphologic disorder, increased synthesis of PGE(2), H(2)O(2), and DNA and the release of crystal-containing cells from the monolayers. These released cells appeared to be necrotic, but not apoptotic cells. Scrape-injured monolayers generated even higher levels of H(2)O(2) than those generated in response to crystals. During the late response, crystals were gradually removed from the monolayers without inflammation-mediated cell death. Crystals did not bind to, were not taken up by, and did not cause marked responses in collecting tubule cells.

CONCLUSION: This study shows that calcium oxalate crystals cause acute inflammation-mediated necrotic cell death in renal proximal tubular cells, but not in collecting tubule cells. The crystal-induced generation of reactive oxygen species by renal tubular cells is a general response to tissue damage and the increased levels of DNA synthesis seem to reflect regeneration rather than growth stimulation. As long as the renal collecting ducts are not obstructed with crystals, these results do not support an important role for crystal-induced tissue injury in the pathophysiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid16133579, year = {2005}, author = {Wanajo, I and Tomiyama, Y and Tadachi, M and Kobayashi, M and Yamazaki, Y and Kojima, M and Shibata, N}, title = {The potency of KUL-7211, a selective ureteral relaxant, in isolated canine ureter: comparison with various spasmolytics.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, pages = {409-414}, pmid = {16133579}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Acetates/*pharmacology ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Colic/prevention & control ; Dinoprost/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Muscle Relaxation/drug effects ; Parasympatholytics/*pharmacology ; Phenylephrine/pharmacology ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/classification/physiology ; Ureter/*drug effects/*physiology ; Ureteral Diseases/prevention & control ; Ureteral Obstruction/prevention & control ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {We compared the potency of a selective ureteral relaxant KUL-7211 (beta(2)/beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist; (-)-2-[4-(2-{[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino} ethyl)phenyloxy]acetic acid) with those of various spasmolytics on contractions in isolated canine ureteral preparations. Drug effects were evaluated on the tonic contraction induced by KCl (80 mM) and on spontaneous, 1x10(-5) M phenylephrine-, and 1x10(-6) M PGF(2alpha)-induced rhythmic contractions in isolated canine ureteral preparations using a functional experimental technique. The potencies (pD(2) value) of the following drugs were compared: KUL-7211, tamsulosin (an alpha(1A/1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist), prazosin (an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), verapamil (a Ca(2+)-channel blocker), butylscopolamine (a nonselective muscarinic antagonist), and papaverine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). The rank order of relaxing potencies against KCl-induced tonic contraction was KUL-7211 (6.60)>tamsulosin(5.90)>verapamil(5.70)>papaverine(4.88)>prazosin (4.54). The rank order of potencies for reductions in spontaneous rhythmic contractions was KUL-7211 (6.80)>verapamil(6.12)>papaverine(5.05). Conversely, high concentrations of the two alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (tamsulosin and prazosin) and of butylscopolamine enhanced the spontaneous contractions, although at low concentrations (up to 1x10(-6) M) they had no significant effects. For suppression of spasmogen-induced rhythmic contractions, the rank order of potencies was, against phenylephrine-induced contractions: KUL-7211 (6.95)>tamsulosin(6.26)>prazosin(5.68)>verapamil(5.64)>papaverine (5.03), and against PGF(2alpha)-induced contractions: KUL-7211 (7.05)>verapamil(6.70)>papaverine (5.27). Our results suggest that in dogs, the beta(2)/beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist KUL-7211 is the most efficacious ureteral relaxant among the spasmolytics tested against various contractions. Possibly, KUL-7211 might be useful for promoting stone passage and relieving ureteral colic in urolithiasis patients.}, } @article {pmid16119419, year = {2005}, author = {Kuntz, CA}, title = {Retrieval of ureteral calculus using a new method of endoscopic assistance in a cat.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {83}, number = {8}, pages = {480-482}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13297.x}, pmid = {16119419}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Endoscopes/veterinary ; Endoscopy/methods/*veterinary ; Female ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 9-year-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat presented with ureteral obstruction due to a ureteral calculus 4 cm distal to the renal pelvis. Preoperative creatinine was 844 mmol/L. A novel approach to this condition was utilised whereby a flexible endoscope was passed through a hole made in the renal capsule into the renal pelvis and ureter. The calculus was visualised, and the endoscope was removed. A 1.4 mm flexible grasping forceps was introduced into the proximal ureter through the same hole in the renal capsule and the calculus was removed. The creatinine dropped to 282 micromol/L within 2 weeks of surgery. The cat died of apparently unrelated causes several months after surgery.}, } @article {pmid16117063, year = {2005}, author = {Albasan, H and Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Lekcharoensuk, C}, title = {Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in Dalmatians.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {227}, number = {4}, pages = {565-569}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2005.227.565}, pmid = {16117063}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; Case-Control Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Uric Acid/*analysis/urine ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that urate uroliths are uncommonly detected in female Dalmatians, compared with males.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Medical records of dogs evaluated at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America from 1981 to 2002 and compiled by the Veterinary Medical Database, and records of dogs with uroliths submitted for quantitative analyses to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2002.

PROCEDURES: Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess whether sex (male vs female) was a risk factor for urate urolithiasis.

RESULTS: In Dalmatians evaluated by veterinary teaching hospitals in North America, males were more likely (OR, 13.0) to form uroliths, compared with females. In Dalmatians that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were more likely (OR, 14.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females. In all dogs (Dalmatian and non-Dalmatian) that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were also more likely (OR, 48.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females.

When conducting studies and formulating generalities about urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians, it is important to consider sex-related differences in urolith occurrence. Long-term dietary or drug protocols designed to minimize formation of urate uroliths in male Dalmatians may not be warranted in female Dalmatians.}, } @article {pmid16047754, year = {2005}, author = {Nap, RC}, title = {[Is it correct that canned food is better for cats with bladder sediment?].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {130}, number = {13}, pages = {425}, pmid = {16047754}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/prevention & control ; Cats ; Female ; Food Handling/*methods ; Food-Processing Industry ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diet therapy/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid16047215, year = {2005}, author = {Itoh, Y and Yasui, T and Okada, A and Tozawa, K and Hayashi, Y and Kohri, K}, title = {Examination of the anti-oxidative effect in renal tubular cells and apoptosis by oxidative stress.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {261-266}, pmid = {16047215}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/*pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Catechin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney Tubules/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Osteopontin ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sialoglycoproteins/analysis/genetics ; Superoxide Dismutase/analysis/genetics ; }, abstract = {The incidence of urolithiasis has increased in the industrialized nations. However, both the pathogenesis and methods for its prevention remain to be clarified. We demonstrate that the antioxidative effect of green tea decreases the formation of calcium oxalate stones, OPN (osteopontin) expression, and apoptosis, and increases SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity in rat kidney tissues. The inhibitory effect of green tea on calcium oxalate urolithiasis is most likely due to its antioxidative effects. Therefore, we examined oxidative stress in vivo applied to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, to which catechin, an antioxidant, was added. To evaluate the effects of oxidative stress on MDCK cells, we use a hypoxic condition because hypoxia is known to lead to oxidative stress. Confluent cultures of MDCK cells were exposed to (-)epigallocatechin 3 gallate (EGCG) (0, 0.1, 0.5, 5.0 mg/ml) for 2, 4, 8 or 16 h to determine changes in protein secretion and apoptosis. OPN protein expression was observed in MDCK cells of all 16 groups. The levels of expression of OPN protein were the same among all groups. In all groups, SOD protein expression was observed. In the groups exposed to EGCG 0.5, 5.0 mg/ml, SOD staining was more enhanced than in the EGCG 0 and 0.1 mg/ml groups. No deposits were detected in any of the 16 groups. RT-PCR was performed to detect sequences from OPN (979 bp) and SOD (447 bp). Quantitative analyses showed that SOD activity decreased gradually in all groups. Only in the EGCG 0 mg/ml 16 h group were TUNEL-positive cells observed. In the other groups, TUNEL-positive cells were not detected. EGCG used as an antioxidant protects renal tubular cell from cellular injury caused by oxidative stress through SOD protein expression.}, } @article {pmid15941662, year = {2005}, author = {Chauvet, MC and Ryall, RL}, title = {Intracrystalline proteins and calcium oxalate crystal degradation in MDCK II cells.}, journal = {Journal of structural biology}, volume = {151}, number = {1}, pages = {12-17}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsb.2005.04.005}, pmid = {15941662}, issn = {1047-8477}, support = {1 R01 DK064050-01A/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biotransformation/drug effects ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism/urine ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney/cytology/*metabolism ; Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*physiology ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {We assessed the effects of intracrystalline urinary proteins on the ability of Type II Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK-II) cells to bind and degrade calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals. Binding of [14C]-labelled inorganic crystals (iCOM), and COM crystals precipitated from centrifuged and filtered (CF) or ultrafiltered (UF) human urine was quantified by radioactive analysis. SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of intracrystalline proteins > 10 kDa in CF crystals and their absence from UF crystals. Morphological effects were assessed qualitatively by field emission scanning electron microscopy. iCOM crystals bound rapidly and extensively and were resistant to degradation. Binding of CF crystals was weaker than UF crystals, and both had markedly less affinity than iCOM. CF and UF crystals were extensively degraded within 90 min, the effect being more pronounced with CF. These results support our hypothesis that intracrystalline proteins protect against urolithiasis by facilitating intracellular proteolytic digestion and destruction of crystals phagocytosed by urothelial cells.}, } @article {pmid15906557, year = {2005}, author = {Stuart, JB}, title = {Treats cats as obligate carnivores.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {226}, number = {10}, pages = {1644}, pmid = {15906557}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*adverse effects/classification ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Meat/statistics & numerical data ; Ureteral Calculi/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid15835236, year = {2005}, author = {Sosnar, M and Bulkova, T and Ruzicka, M}, title = {Epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic from 1997 to 2002.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {177-184}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00308.x}, pmid = {15835236}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/isolation & purification ; Czech Republic/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis/isolation & purification ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis/isolation & purification ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To compare data on the epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic with that from other countries.

METHODS: The records from the Centre for Mineralogical Analysis from 1997 to 2002 were reviewed. The data were obtained from mineralogical analysis of 1366 canine uroliths obtained from patients in the Czech Republic. These included 396 females and 629 males.

RESULTS: Sixty-eight breeds plus crossbreeds were identified. Eight breeds plus the crossbreeds accounted for 71.3 per cent of all cases. Males were affected more frequently than females (61.4 per cent versus 38.6 per cent). Struvites significantly predominated in females, while in males calcium oxalates, brushites and cystines were the most common stones. Most of the uroliths (48.9 per cent) were 5 mm or less in dimension. By 2001, struvite was the most frequent (38.5 to 44.1 per cent) urolith, followed by calcium oxalate (26.5 to 32.0 per cent). In 2002, calcium oxalate became the most frequent calculus, followed by struvite, mixed calculi and others.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Comparison of these results with studies by other authors showed that for most of the monitored parameters there was agreement with respect to the proportions of different breeds within the populations of dogs in different geographical areas.}, } @article {pmid15822555, year = {2005}, author = {Weiss, CH}, title = {Questionable incidence of Dalmatian urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {143; author reply 143-4}, pmid = {15822555}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid15786997, year = {2005}, author = {Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and Ling, GV}, title = {Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {226}, number = {6}, pages = {937-944}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2005.226.937}, pmid = {15786997}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/mortality/*surgery/*therapy ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney/physiology ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/mortality/surgery/therapy/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/mortality/surgery/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome of medical and surgical treatment in cats with ureteral calculi.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: 153 cats.

PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information.

RESULTS: All cats were initially treated medically before a decision was made to perform surgery. Medical treatment included parenteral administration of fluids and diuretics to promote urine production and passage of the ureteral calculus and supportive treatment for renal failure. Ureteral calculi in the proximal portion of the ureter were typically removed by ureterotomy, whereas ureteral calculi in the distal portion of the ureter were more likely to be removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy. Ureterotomy could be performed without placement of a nephrostomy tube for postoperative urine diversion. Postoperative complication rate and perioperative mortality rate were 31% and 18%, respectively. The most common postoperative complications were urine leakage and persistent ureteral obstruction after surgery. Chronic renal failure was common at the time of diagnosis and continued after treatment, with serum creatinine concentration remaining greater than the upper reference limit in approximately half the cats. Twelve-month survival rates after medical and surgical treatment were 66% and 91%, respectively, with a number of cats dying of causes related to urinary tract disorders, including ureteral calculus recurrence and worsening of chronic renal failure.

Results suggest that medical and surgical management of ureteral calculi in cats are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment can stabilize renal function, although many surviving cats will continue to have impaired renal function.}, } @article {pmid15786996, year = {2005}, author = {Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and Ling, GV}, title = {Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {226}, number = {6}, pages = {932-936}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2005.226.932}, pmid = {15786996}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Female ; Hypercalcemia/etiology/veterinary ; Male ; Phosphates/blood/metabolism ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Uremia/etiology/veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/etiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: 163 client-owned cats.

PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, history, clinical signs, and results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging was obtained.

RESULTS: The number of cats in which ureterolithiasis was diagnosed each year increased progressively during the study period. Clinical signs tended to be non-specific and included inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. A combination of survey radiography and abdominal ultrasonography revealed ureteral calculi in 66 of 73 (90%) cats in which the diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy. Ultrasonography revealed that ureteral calculi were causing ureteral obstruction in 143 of 155 (92%) cats. One hundred thirty-four of 162 (83%) cats had azotemia, 84 of 156 (54%) had hyperphosphatemia, and 22 of 152 (14%) had hypercalcemia. Urinary tract infection was documented in 10 of 119 (8%). Fifty-eight of 76 (76%) cats with unilateral ureterolithiasis had azotemia and 33 (43%) had hyperphosphatemia, indicating impairment of renal function in the contralateral kidney or prerenal azotemia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the contralateral kidney in cats with unilateral ureteral calculi suggested that preexisting renal parenchymal disease was common in cats with ureterolithiasis. Ninety-one of 93 (98%) ureteral calculi contained calcium oxalate.

Results suggest that abdominal imaging should be performed in all cats with chronic nonspecific signs or with acute or chronic renal failure to rule out ureterolithiasis. Preexisting renal disease may be common in cats with ureteral calculi.}, } @article {pmid15762916, year = {2005}, author = {Hofmeister, EH and Keenan, K and Egger, CM}, title = {Dobutamine-induced bradycardia in a dog.}, journal = {Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, pages = {107-111}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-2995.2004.00151.x}, pmid = {15762916}, issn = {1467-2987}, mesh = {Anesthesia/veterinary ; Animals ; Bradycardia/chemically induced/*veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dobutamine/*adverse effects ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dogs ; Intraoperative Complications/chemically induced/*veterinary ; Male ; Sympathomimetics/*adverse effects ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {An otherwise healthy 8-year-old neutered male, mixed breed dog was anesthetized for surgical removal of multiple uroliths. Pre-anesthetic medication was midazolam, glycopyrrolate, and morphine. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. One hour after induction, the patient moved and propofol was administered. Subsequently, the patient developed hypotension. Dobutamine administered at this time produced a rapid and profound decrease in heart rate that was treated successfully with atropine. The bradycardia in this case may be the result of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, an intracardiac parasympathetic nervous reflex. Discontinuation of dobutamine and/or administration of a parasympatholytic drug should be performed if bradycardia occurs during dobutamine infusion.}, } @article {pmid15757134, year = {2005}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Sanderson, SL}, title = {Effects of dietary supplementation with sodium chloride on urinary relative supersaturation with calcium oxalate in healthy dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, pages = {319-324}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.319}, pmid = {15757134}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange/veterinary ; Creatinine/analysis/urine ; Dietary Supplements ; Dog Diseases/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Electrolytes/blood/urine ; Female ; Immunoradiometric Assay/veterinary ; Parathyroid Hormone/blood ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*administration & dosage ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with sodium chloride (NaCl) on urinary calcium excretion, urine calcium concentration, and urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium oxalate (CaOx).

ANIMALS: 6 adult female healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURE: By use of a crossover study design, a canned diet designed to decrease CaOx urolith recurrence with and without supplemental NaCl (i.e., 1.2% and 0.24% sodium on a dry-matter basis, respectively) was fed to dogs for 6 weeks. Every 14 days, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Concentrations of lithogenic substances and urine pH were used to calculate values of urinary RSS with CaOx.

RESULTS: When dogs consumed a diet supplemented with NaCl, 24-hour urine volume and 24-hour urine calcium excretion increased. Dietary supplementation with NaCl was not associated with a change in urine calcium concentration. However, urine oxalate acid concentrations and values of urinary RSS with CaOx were significantly lower after feeding the NaCI-supplemented diet for 28 days.

Dietary supplementation with NaCl in a urolith-prevention diet decreased the propensity for CaOx crystallization in the urine of healthy adult Beagles. However, until long-term studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of dietary supplementation with NaCl in dogs with CaOx urolithiasis are preformed, we suggest that dietary supplementation with NaCl be used cautiously.}, } @article {pmid15731830, year = {2005}, author = {Snyder, DM and Steffey, MA and Mehler, SJ and Drobatz, KJ and Aronson, LR}, title = {Diagnosis and surgical management of ureteral calculi in dogs: 16 cases (1990-2003).}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {19-25}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2005.36464}, pmid = {15731830}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology/mortality/surgery/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Medical Records ; Pennsylvania/epidemiology ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Ureteral Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urologic Surgical Procedures/veterinary ; }, abstract = {AIMS: To examine the clinical signs, laboratory and radiographic findings, surgical technique, ureterolith composition, and post-operative outcomes in dogs managed surgically for ureterolithiasis to determine whether surgical removal of ureteroliths in dogs resulted in a positive clinical outcome.

METHODS: The medical record database of a university veterinary hospital in Pennsylvania, USA, was searched for dogs that underwent surgery to remove obstructive ureteral calculi between 1990 and 2003. Records were reviewed for signalment, clinical history and examination findings, radiographic and laboratory test results, surgical technique, and ureterolith analysis. Follow-up information was obtained from telephone interviews with owners or referring veterinarians, or by reviewing the medical record of subsequent hospital visits.

RESULTS: Sixteen dogs were included in this study; ten were neutered females, two intact females and four castrated males. Abdominal radiography revealed ureteral calculi in 14/16 dogs, renal calculi in 8/16, cystic calculi in 8/16, urethral calculi in 1/16, renomegaly in 6/16 and renal mineralisation in 5/16. Ureterolith type included struvite in six dogs, calcium oxalate in five, calcium phosphate in one, and a mix of struvite, calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate in another. Compared to dogs with non-struvite ureteroliths, those with struvite ureteroliths had a higher pre-operative white blood cell (WBC) count (25.6, SD 7 vs 17.6, SD 6 x 103 cells/mul; p=0.046), and were more likely to have a purulent discharge from the ureteral incision noted at the time of surgery (p=0.015). Following discharge, 14/16 dogs were re-evaluated. Median survival time was 904 days (range 2-1,876). Two dogs required additional surgery on the urinary tract. Four dogs died or were euthanised because of azotaemia and clinical signs related to the urinary system or non-specific signs of illness (vomiting, lethargy) at 8, 90, 333 and 904 days post-operatively.

CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management of ureteroliths was successful and resulted in good long-term survival in the majority of dogs examined in this small study population. Similar proportions of calcium oxalate and struvite ureteroliths were identified.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of the ureteral surgery may increase as the frequency of diagnosis of ureteroliths in dogs increases.}, } @article {pmid15646570, year = {2005}, author = {Ragone, JM and Allen, HS}, title = {What is your diagnosis? Ureteral calculus.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {226}, number = {1}, pages = {35-36}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2005.226.35}, pmid = {15646570}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Cats ; Diuresis ; Female ; Radiography, Abdominal/veterinary ; Ultrasonography ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid15634865, year = {2005}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Albasan, H and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL and Pederson, LA}, title = {Trends in the frequency of calcium oxalate uroliths in the upper urinary tract of cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {39-46}, doi = {10.5326/0410039}, pmid = {15634865}, issn = {1547-3317}, support = {//Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Medical records from cats diagnosed with uroliths at nine United States veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 to 1999, and records of cats with uroliths submitted for analyses to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2000, were evaluated. A 10-fold increase in frequency of upper tract uroliths occurred in cats during the 20-year interval at the nine veterinary teaching hospitals. Calcium oxalate emerged as the predominant mineral type in upper tract uroliths, having increased more than 50-fold during the study period. These results emphasize the need for increased awareness of the occurrence of upper urinary tract uroliths in cats.}, } @article {pmid15579508, year = {2004}, author = {Farell, G and Huang, E and Kim, SY and Horstkorte, R and Lieske, JC}, title = {Modulation of proliferating renal epithelial cell affinity for calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {3052-3062}, doi = {10.1097/01.ASN.0000144205.49134.64}, pmid = {15579508}, issn = {1046-6673}, support = {DK 53399/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK 60707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dinoprostone/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Glucose/pharmacology ; Hypoglycemia/metabolism ; Kidney/*cytology ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*metabolism ; Solubility ; Tissue Adhesions ; Uric Acid/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Adhesion of urinary crystals to distal tubular cells could be a critical event that triggers a cascade of responses ending in kidney stone formation. Monolayer cultures of distal nephron-derived MDCKI cells were used as a model to study crystal-cell interactions. COM crystal adhesion reached a peak 2 d after plating and progressively fell thereafter. The decline in crystal binding was accelerated by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) supplementation and delayed by blockade of PG production. Crystals avidly adhered to cells that migrated in to repair a scrape wound made in the monolayer and after a transient hypoglycemic insult. Exposure of MDCKI cells to uric acid crystals and soluble uric acid was also associated with increased crystal adhesion. Treatment of physically or hypoglycemically injured cells with trypsin or neuraminidase reduced crystal binding to baseline levels, suggesting that increased exposure of cell surface glycoproteins mediated the effect, whereas PGE(2) treatment blunted crystal binding to regenerating cells. Furthermore, when cells were grown in the presence of synthetic d-mannosamine analogues that can modify the conformation of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates, crystal binding to proliferating cells was decreased, whereas blockade of N-glycosylation with tunicamycin increased crystal adhesion to these cells. Therefore, COM crystal binding is enhanced to growing renal cells, synthesis of N-glycosylated cell surface proteins is essential to downregulate crystal binding to cells, and this response is modulated by physiologic signals such as PGE(2). Sialic acid residues seem to mediate crystal adhesion to growing cells, either directly or via linkage to other crystal-binding molecules. Subtle renal injury and subsequent nephron repair could be a factor promoting crystal adhesion and favoring calculus formation.}, } @article {pmid15578454, year = {2004}, author = {Stevenson, AE and Blackburn, JM and Markwell, PJ and Robertson, WG}, title = {Nutrient intake and urine composition in calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs: comparison with healthy dogs and impact of dietary modification.}, journal = {Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {218-231}, pmid = {15578454}, issn = {1528-3593}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism/urine ; Case-Control Studies ; *Diet ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy/epidemiology/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diet therapy/epidemiology/urine/*veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Nutrient intake and urine composition were analyzed in calcium oxalate (CaOx)stone-forming and healthy control dogs to identify factors that contribute to CaOx urolithiasis. Stone-forming dogs had significantly lower intake of sodium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus and significantly higher urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations, calcium excretion, and CaOx relative supersaturation (RSS). Feeding a diet used in the treatment of canine lower urinary tract disease for 1 month was associated with increased intake of moisture, sodium, and fat; reduced intake of potassium and calcium; and decreased urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations, calcium excretion, and CaOx RSS. No clinical signs of disease recurrence were observed in the stone-forming dogs when the diet was fed for an additional 11 months. The results suggest that hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria contribute to the formation of CaOx uroliths in dogs and show that dietary modifications can alter this process.}, } @article {pmid15578451, year = {2004}, author = {Houston, DM and Rinkardt, NE and Hilton, J}, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial diet in the dissolution of feline struvite bladder uroliths.}, journal = {Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {187-201}, pmid = {15578451}, issn = {1528-3593}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/surgery ; Cats ; Diet/*veterinary ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Prospective Studies ; Struvite ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diet therapy/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Clinical signs of struvite urolithiasis resolved in an average of 19 days in cats fed either a canned or dry urine-acidifying, magnesium-restricted diet, and stones completely dissolved in 31 of 39 cats in an average of 30 days. Stones were surgically removed from five cats, and analysis revealed that these stones were not composed of struvite. The results of this study strongly suggest that the diet will dissolve naturally occurring feline struvite bladder uroliths.}, } @article {pmid15532883, year = {2004}, author = {Rinkardt, NE and Houston, DM}, title = {Dissolution of infection-induced struvite bladder stones by using a noncalculolytic diet and antibiotic therapy.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {45}, number = {10}, pages = {838-840}, pmid = {15532883}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Cephalexin/administration & dosage ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diet ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Pedigree ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Radiography ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/therapy ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/therapy ; }, abstract = {An 8-year-old, female spayed miniature schnauzer was presented for pollakiuria and gross hematuria. Infection-induced struvite urolithiasis with concurrent bacterial urinary tract infection was diagnosed. The treatment is described, followed by a brief discussion of struvite stones and their medical management.}, } @article {pmid15384507, year = {2004}, author = {Bende, B and Németh, T}, title = {High prevalence of urate urolithiosis in the Russian black terrier.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {155}, number = {8}, pages = {239-240}, doi = {10.1136/vr.155.8.239}, pmid = {15384507}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics/metabolism ; Dogs ; Hungary/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Uric Acid/*analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid15371881, year = {2004}, author = {Atmani, F and Farell, G and Lieske, JC}, title = {Extract from Herniaria hirsuta coats calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and blocks their adhesion to renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {172}, number = {4 Pt 1}, pages = {1510-1514}, doi = {10.1097/01.ju.0000131004.03795.c5}, pmid = {15371881}, issn = {0022-5347}, support = {R01 DK53399/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R21 DK 60707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adhesiveness/drug effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; *Caryophyllaceae ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*pathology ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The interaction of calcium oxalate crystals with renal epithelial cells is a critical event in kidney stone formation. In this study we assessed the effect of aqueous extract from Herniaria hirsuta on the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to cultured renal cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Madin Darby canine kidney cells were used as a model for studying the adhesion of radioactive COM crystals in the presence and absence of plant extract.

RESULTS: COM crystal binding to cells was inhibited by extract in a concentration dependent manner. Prior exposure of crystals but not cells to extract blocked crystal binding, suggesting that plant molecules can coat and exert their effect at the crystal surface. Crystal attachment appeared related to membrane fluidity since crystal adhesion increased at higher vs lower temperatures (37C vs 0C) and Herniaria extract altered crystal adhesion only under conditions of increased fluidity (increased temperature). Extract also displaced a significant portion of prebound crystals without apparent effects on cell function or the morphology of preexisting calcium oxalate crystals. Herniaria extract exerted no adverse or toxic effect on cells, which proliferated normally in its presence even at relatively high concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS: Our current data suggest a mechanism whereby Herniaria hirsuta extract used in traditional medicine might prevent and possibly eliminate preexisting kidney stones. Further characterization of the active compound(s) could identify a new candidate drug for patients with nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid15351559, year = {2004}, author = {Lukasewycz, S and Hoffman, N and Botnaru, A and Deka, PM and Monga, M}, title = {Comparison of tipless and helical baskets in an in vitro ureteral model.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, pages = {435-8; discussion 438}, doi = {10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.063}, pmid = {15351559}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Equipment Design ; Models, Anatomic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Ureteral Calculi/*surgery ; Urinary Catheterization/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To compare the rapidity of stone capture and removal by six tipless and four helical baskets in a ureteral model. Expeditious ureteral stone extraction is reliant on the basket size, configuration, and radial dilation force.

METHODS: A 5-mm feline calculus was placed in a simulated model of the human ureter at a distance of 7.5 cm from the orifice, and saline irrigant instilled. A 6/7.5F Wolf semirigid ureteroscope was used for access and visualization of the stone. Operators were randomized to start stone extraction with 1 of 10 stone baskets, and three extraction attempts were conducted with each device. Six experienced operators tested each device. The tipless baskets tested were the ACMI Sur-Catch NT 3.0F, Bard Dimension 3.0F, Boston Scientific Zerotip 3.0F, Cook N-Circle 3.0F, Cook Delta 2.4F, and Sacred Heart Halo 1.9F. The helical baskets tested were the Cook N-Force 3.2F, Microvasive Gemini 3.0F, ACMI Sur-Catch Helical 3.0F, and Sacred Heart Hercules 3.0F. The time to extraction in seconds was recorded.

RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed between the tipless (14 +/- 7 seconds) or helical (12.8 +/- 6.6 seconds, P = 0.21) basket groups. All baskets were able to retrieve the ureteral stones successfully. The most efficient basket was the Cook N-Circle with an average time of 8.7 seconds to stone extraction compared with the least efficient basket, the ACMI Sur-Catch NT, at 15.8 seconds.

CONCLUSIONS: The Cook N-Circle basket provided the most expeditious means to stone extraction in a ureteral model.}, } @article {pmid15320584, year = {2004}, author = {Bannasch, DL and Ling, GV and Bea, J and Famula, TR}, title = {Inheritance of urinary calculi in the Dalmatian.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {483-487}, doi = {10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<483:ioucit>2.0.co;2}, pmid = {15320584}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Male ; Pedigree ; United States/epidemiology ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Dalmatians are unique among dogs in that they excrete uric acid in their urine as the end product of purine metabolism rather than allantoin as do other breeds of dogs. Urinary calculi form from urate (salts of uric acid) and can cause urethral obstruction in male Dalmatians. Although all Dalmatians have the primary defect, only a subset develops clinical disease. We postulated that calculi formation might have a genetic component that segregates within the breed, causing some animals to form calculi and others to never form calculi despite excreting uric acid in their urine. We used a survey to ascertain the urinary calculi status based on clinical signs of adult Dalmatians aged 6 years or older, and we used pedigrees from these same animals to estimate the heritability of the clinical manifestation of urate calculi within the breed to be .87 (.75-.96). The prevalence of the disease was 34% (24.99-43.70%) among male Dalmatians in our survey. The high heritability of the disease makes it possible for breeders to effectively select against the disease.}, } @article {pmid15317394, year = {2004}, author = {Dolinsek, D}, title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the canine: surgical management and preventative strategies.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {607-609}, pmid = {15317394}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Cystostomy/methods/veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diet ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 4-year-old, neutered male Chihuahua was presented with inappetance, lethargy, and a tense abdomen attributed to pain. Abdominal radiographs revealed a large cystic calculus and small urethral calculi. Urethral hydropulsion followed by cystotomy were performed successfully. Dietary management was initiated as the primary means of preventing recurrence.}, } @article {pmid15284427, year = {2004}, author = {Zentek, J and Schulz, A}, title = {Urinary composition of cats is affected by the source of dietary protein.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {134}, number = {8 Suppl}, pages = {2162S-2165S}, doi = {10.1093/jn/134.8.2162S}, pmid = {15284427}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Ammonia/urine ; Animals ; Cats ; Creatinine/*urine ; *Diet ; Dietary Proteins/*metabolism/urine ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/*urine ; Urea/urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/prevention & control ; }, } @article {pmid15223213, year = {2004}, author = {Lane, IF}, title = {Lithotripsy: an update on urologic applications in small animals.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {1011-25, vii}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.013}, pmid = {15223213}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Lithotripsy methods for fragmenting uroliths continue to evolve.Increasing access to and experience with newer generation lithotriptors and continued study of laser methodology are likely to increase the application of lithotripsy methods in small animal urology. For small animals in which intervention is recommended for progressive, symptomatic, infected, or obstructive uroliths, nonsurgical extracorporeal or intracorporeal lithotripsy methods maybe considered.}, } @article {pmid15223211, year = {2004}, author = {Bartges, JW and Kirk, C and Lane, IF}, title = {Update: Management of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {969-87, vii}, doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.011}, pmid = {15223211}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate has become the most common mineral occurring in canine and feline uroliths. Although calcium oxalate urolith formation may be a consequence of metabolic disease, the underlying cause is not identified in many dogs and cats. Currently, there is no successful medical dissolution protocol, and calcium oxalate uroliths must be removed physically if causing problems. Effective preventative protocols are available for dogs and cats, although they are not uniformly successful.}, } @article {pmid15223120, year = {2004}, author = {Weese, JS and Weese, HE and Yuricek, L and Rousseau, J}, title = {Oxalate degradation by intestinal lactic acid bacteria in dogs and cats.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, pages = {161-166}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.03.017}, pmid = {15223120}, issn = {0378-1135}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cat Diseases/metabolism/microbiology ; Cats/*microbiology ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/microbiology ; Dogs/*microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Galactans/metabolism ; Intestines/microbiology ; Lactobacillus/*metabolism ; Mannans/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Plant Gums ; Probiotics/metabolism ; Sugar Alcohols/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/microbiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the ability of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) component of canine and feline feces to degrade oxalate in vitro. Oxalate degradation by individual canine-origin LAB was also evaluated. The effects of various prebiotics on in vitro oxalate degradation by selected oxalate-degrading canine LAB was also evaluated. Canine fecal samples reduced oxalate levels by 78 +/- 12.2% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 44-97%, median: 81%). Feline results were similar, with oxalate reduction of 69.7 +/- 16.7% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 40-96%, median: 73%). Thirty-seven lactic acid bacteria were isolated from canine fecal samples. Mean oxalate degradation was 17.7 +/- 16.6% (mean +/- S.D.; range: 0-65%, median: 13%). No oxalate degradation was detected for four (11%) isolates, and 10/37 (27%) degraded less than 10% of oxalate. The effects of lactitol, arabinogalactan, guar gum, gum Arabic, inulin, maltodextrin or a commercial fructooligosaccharide (FOS) product on in vitro oxalate degradation by five canine LAB isolates were highly variable, even within the same bacterial species. Overall, in vitro degradation was significantly greater with guar gum compared to arabinogalactan (P < 0.05), gum Arabic (P < 0.05), and lactitol (P < 0.01). This study suggests that manipulation of the LAB component of the canine and feline gastrointestinal microflora may decrease intestinal oxalate, and correspondingly intestinal oxalate absorption and renal excretion, thus potentially reducing oxalate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid15200254, year = {2004}, author = {Pressler, BM and Mohammadian, LA and Li, E and Vaden, SL and Levine, JF and Mathews, KG and Robertson, ID}, title = {In vitro prediction of canine urolith mineral composition using computed tomographic mean beam attenuation measurements.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {189-197}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04032.x}, pmid = {15200254}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Struvite ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*veterinary ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU). This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs. Sixty-six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique. HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon's two-sample test, P < 0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P < 0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths. The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand-drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp. Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type. Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo.}, } @article {pmid15199804, year = {2004}, author = {Ianenko, éK and Stupak, NV and Mudraia, IS and Safarov, RM and Kirpatkovskiĭ, VI}, title = {[Role of the level of obstruction and urodynamics of the upper urinary tract in infectious-toxic complications in urolithiasis. (Clinical and experimental study). ].}, journal = {Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)}, volume = {}, number = {3}, pages = {3-5}, pmid = {15199804}, issn = {1728-2985}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Transport ; Biomedical Research ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/*pathology ; Kidney Calculi/complications/*pathology ; Sepsis/etiology/pathology ; Ureter/*pathology ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/*pathology ; }, abstract = {Clinical studies have revealed that location of the occlusion in the kidney and upper third of the ureter raises the risk of severe infectious-toxic complications of urolithiasis. It is shown experimentally that mechanisms of compensation of impaired urinary transport along the upper urinary tracts differ in obstruction of the upper and lower third of the ureter.}, } @article {pmid15197515, year = {2004}, author = {Knoll, T and Steidler, A and Trojan, L and Sagi, S and Schaaf, A and Yard, B and Michel, MS and Alken, P}, title = {The influence of oxalate on renal epithelial and interstitial cells.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {304-309}, pmid = {15197515}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced/physiopathology ; Kidney Tubules/cytology ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Oxalates/*toxicity ; Probability ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Swine ; Urothelium/drug effects/*pathology ; }, abstract = {Most renal stones in humans are composed of calcium oxalate. An increase in urinary oxalate levels has been shown to result in renal epithelial cell injury and crystal retention. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Although the localization of primary stone formation and the associated cells playing the pivotal role in stone formation are still unknown, renal epithelial cells and interstitial cells seem to be involved in this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oxalate on distinct renal epithelial and endothelial cells as well as fibroblasts. The first part focused on the toxicity of oxalate on the cells and a potential time- and dose-dependency. In the second part, renal epithelial cells were cultured in a two-compartment model to examine the vulnerability of the tubular or basolateral side to oxalate. LLCPK1, MDCK, renal fibroblast and endothelial cell lines were cultured under standard conditions. In part 1, cells were grown in standard culture flasks until confluent layers were achieved. Sodium oxalate was delivered at final concentrations of 1, 2 and 4 mM to either the apical or basolateral side (plain medium was delivered to the contralateral side). Cell survival was assessed microscopically by trypan blue staining after 1, 2 and 4 h. The influence of oxalate on proliferation and apoptosis induction was also investigated. In the second part, MDCK and LLCPK1 cells were grown in 6-well plates until confluent layers were achieved. Sodium oxalate at the above concentrations was applied, to either the apical or basolateral side and plain medium was delivered to the opposite side. The same protocol was then followed as in part 1. Part 1: sodium oxalate led to a time- and concentration-dependent decline in cell survival that was comparable in LLCPK1 and MDCK. Non-tubular cell lines like fibroblasts and endothelial cells were significantly more vulnerable to oxalate. These observations were reflected by significant impairment to cell proliferation. We could not demonstrate an induction of apoptosis in any cell line. Part 2: both cell lines were more vulnerable to oxalate on the basolateral side. This effect was more pronounced in MDCK cells at high oxalate concentrations (4 mM). Cells are apparently more resistant on the apical (tubular) side. Our results show that sodium oxalate has a negative effect on the growth and survival of renal epithelial cells and, to a greater extent, also fibroblasts and endothelial cells. We could not demonstrate any induction of apoptotic processes which implies a direct induction of cell necrosis. The finding of interstitial calcification and the proximity of tubules, vessels and interstitial cells make involvement of non-tubular renal cells in tissue calcification processes possible. Renal epithelial cells are apparently more vulnerable to oxalate on their basolateral side. Therefore, calcification processes within the interstitium may exert pronounced toxic effects to these cells, leading to inflammation and necrosis. These observations further support the idea of the interstitium as a site of primary stone formation.}, } @article {pmid15171565, year = {2004}, author = {Lian, HB and Guo, HQ and Wang, Y and Sun, XZ}, title = {[Living animal models of the medical shock wave].}, journal = {Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {213-217}, pmid = {15171565}, issn = {1000-503X}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Guinea Pigs ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/pathology/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; *Models, Animal ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; }, abstract = {This article reviews the methods, notes and evaluation of the living animal models of the medical shock wave, including directly shocked animal models, surgical implantation of stones into animal kidney models, implantation of tumor cells into animal models and animal bone models. The living animal models play an important role in studying the medical shock wave.}, } @article {pmid15144002, year = {2004}, author = {Agut, A and Laredo, FG and Belda, E and Seva, J and Soler, M}, title = {Left perinephric abscess associated with nephrolithiasis and bladder calculi in a bitch.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {154}, number = {18}, pages = {562-565}, doi = {10.1136/vr.154.18.562}, pmid = {15144002}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Abscess/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Animals ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis/complications/diagnosis/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/complications/diagnosis/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/diagnosis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {An eight-year-old, entire female Pekingese cross, weighing 3.8 kg, had been inappetent with fever, depression, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea for seven days. The radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were consistent with glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis in both kidneys, bladder calculi and an accumulation of fluid in the left perinephric space. The clinical signs, together with the results of the diagnostic imaging, suggested that this fluid could be pus. A definitive diagnosis of a subcapsular abscess in the left kidney was established when this kidney was removed surgically. A histopathological examination of the kidney revealed a diffuse suppurative interstitial nephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis and an abscess invading the perinephric adipose tissue from the renal cortex. Twelve months after surgery the dog remains clinically stable, but owing to the disease of its remaining kidney its long-term prognosis is poor.}, } @article {pmid15131098, year = {2004}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Lekcharoensuk, C and Kirk, CA and Bartges, JW}, title = {Effects of diet on urine composition of cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {185-191}, doi = {10.5326/0400185}, pmid = {15131098}, issn = {1547-3317}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/prevention & control ; Cats ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Male ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinalysis/*veterinary ; Urolithiasis/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Ten client-owned cats with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis were evaluated to determine the effect of diet on urine CaOx saturation. Two dietary treatments were evaluated in each cat: the diet consumed just prior to urolith detection and a canned diet formulated to prevent CaOx uroliths. This study revealed that hypercalciuria is a consistent abnormality in cats with CaOx urolith formation. When urolith-forming cats consumed a diet formulated to prevent urolith formation, activity product ratios for CaOx (which estimate the degree to which urine is saturated with CaOx) were significantly lower. These results suggest that consumption of an appropriately formulated urolith-prevention diet will reduce recurrence of CaOx urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid15084771, year = {2004}, author = {Lahme, S and Feil, G and Strohmaier, WL and Bichler, KH and Stenzl, A}, title = {Renal tubular alteration by crystalluria in stone disease-an experimental study by means of MDCK cells.}, journal = {Urologia internationalis}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {244-251}, doi = {10.1159/000077124}, pmid = {15084771}, issn = {0042-1138}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology/*metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/metabolism/*urine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Physicochemical properties of urine do not explain the formation of urinary stones. Clinical findings and results of animal experiments suggest that alteration to the renal tubular cell plays a key role in the initiation of urinary stone formation. It is not clear whether this is a primarily intracellular alteration of metabolic origin which, after lysis of the renal tubular cell in the lumen, presents a nucleus for the formation of concretions, or whether in the lumen it is tubular cell damage induced by crystalluria that triggers the formation of urinary stones.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the influence of crystalluria on the renal tubular cell was tested in cell cultures. The influence of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D(3), oxalate and calcium concentrations and the extent to which these processes can be inhibited by allopurinol and selenium were investigated.

RESULTS: Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals produced reproducible damage to the renal tubular cell which was independent of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D(3). The crystalluria-induced effects were unrelated to the oxalate and calcium concentration or the pH. Allopurinol and selenium were able to inhibit the processes.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate secondary involvement of the renal tubular cell in lithogenesis as a result of luminal alteration caused by calcium oxalate crystals. Mechanical damage and interaction between crystal and tubular cell lead to the apposition of crystals. The nephroprotective effect of allopurinol and selenium as antioxidants might explain the benefit of allopurinol found clinically in terms of stone metaphylaxis.}, } @article {pmid15072194, year = {2004}, author = {Houston, DM and Moore, AE and Favrin, MG and Hoff, B}, title = {Canine urolithiasis: a look at over 16 000 urolith submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre from February 1998 to April 2003.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {225-230}, pmid = {15072194}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention & control/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/prevention & control/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to report on the age, sex, breed, and mineral composition of 16 647 canine bladder uroliths submitted to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre between February 1998 and April 2003. Each urolith submission was accompanied by a questionnaire. Of the submissions, approximately 43.8% were struvite and 41.5% oxalate. Struvite uroliths were most common in female dogs. Mixed breed dogs predominated, followed by the shih tzu, bichon frise, miniature schnauzer, Lhasa apso, and Yorkshire terrier. Oxalate uroliths were most common in males and in the miniature schnauzer, bichon frise, Lhasa apso, shih tzu, and Yorkshire terrier. Urate uroliths were most common in male Dalmations. Other urolith types, including cystine, xanthine, silica, and calcium phosphate, were less commonly reported. A review of risk factors for the various uroliths is presented, along with some recommendations for treatment and prevention.}, } @article {pmid15064876, year = {2004}, author = {Senzaki, H and Yasui, T and Okada, A and Ito, Y and Tozawa, K and Kohri, K}, title = {Alendronate inhibits urinary calcium microlith formation in a three-dimensional culture model.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {223-228}, pmid = {15064876}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Agar ; Alendronate/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Diphosphonates/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Kidney/cytology ; Osteopontin ; Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy/*prevention & control ; }, abstract = {Osteoporosis is associated with the pathogenesis of urinary stone formation. Urinary stones are similar to bone diseases such as osteoporosis and bone metabolism in terms of pathogenesis. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption, and are used in the management of bone disease. Furthermore, bisphosphonates have a strong affinity for calcium, and a reported inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Thus, bisphosphonates might also inhibit urinary stone formation. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells form calcium phosphate microliths at the basolateral side in vitro. We investigated the inhibitory effects of new generation bisphosphonates (alendronate and incadronate) on calcium phosphate microlith formation and on the expression of osteopontin, which is an important urinary stone matrix. MDCK cells formed two types of colonies in three-dimensional soft agar culture; dark colonies containing calcium phosphate microliths and clear colonies free from microliths. We applied purified alendronate and incadronate at concentrations of 10(-11), 10(-9), 10(-7) and 10(-5) M to MDCK cells cultured in three-dimensional soft agar and investigated the efficiency of colony formation and the dark colony ratio (number of dark colonies relative to the total number of colonies). The administration of 10(-9) and 10(-7) M alendronate decreased the dark colony ratio compared with controls, whereas incadronate did not significantly alter this colony ratio compared with controls. The expression of osteopontin in cultured cells was inhibited by the 10(-7) M alendronate administration. The present findings show that alendronate inhibits calcium stone formation, suggesting that it is effective in the prevention of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid15007053, year = {2004}, author = {Reimer, SB and Kyles, AE and Schulz, KS and Bernsteen, L and Wooldridge, JD and Ling, GV}, title = {Unusual urethral calculi in two male dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {157-161}, doi = {10.5326/0400157}, pmid = {15007053}, issn = {1547-3317}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The clinical presentation and advanced size of the two calculi described in this report are both atypical and noteworthy. Both dogs were presented initially with signs of hematuria, stranguria, and perineal discomfort. Each calculus was visible on survey abdominal radiographs and was present in the region of the ischial arch. Both dogs underwent a perineal urethrotomy to retrieve the calculus. Resolution of clinical signs was obtained in one case, which was referred within 2 months of the onset of clinical signs. The second dog was medically managed for approximately 2.5 years before referral. Surgical intervention failed to restore urinary continence in this second dog. Early detection of similar cases may be important in optimizing clinical outcome following appropriate treatment.}, } @article {pmid15006046, year = {2004}, author = {Loske, AM and Prieto, FE and Gutierrez, J and Zendejas, H and Saita, A and Velez Gomez, E}, title = {Evaluation of a bifocal reflector on a clinical lithotripter.}, journal = {Journal of endourology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {7-15; discussion 15-6}, doi = {10.1089/089277904322836596}, pmid = {15006046}, issn = {0892-7790}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation/methods ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: To perform in vitro and in vivo tests using a clinical lithotripter in order to determine whether a bifocal reflector is more efficient and produces the same or less tissue damage than a conventional ellipsoidal reflector for electrohydraulic lithotripters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A standard ellipsoidal and a novel bifocal reflector were tested on a Tripter Compact lithotripter (Direx Medical Systems, Petach Tikva, Israel). The bifocal reflector was constructed by joining two sectors of two rotationally symmetrical ellipsoidal reflectors having different distances between their foci. The F1 foci of the sectors coincided, creating a separation between the F2 foci. The fragmentation efficiency of the reflectors was compared using kidney-stone models. Shockwave-induced trauma was evaluated in vivo by treating both kidneys of six healthy dogs. One kidney was exposed to shockwaves generated with the conventional reflector, and the other kidney was treated using the bifocal reflector. Pressure measurements were obtained for both reflectors using needle hydrophones.

RESULTS: The new design appeared to be more efficient than the conventional reflector in breaking up kidney-stone models. Tissue damage did not increase when using the bifocal reflector.

CONCLUSION: The use of bifocal, instead of standard ellipsoidal, reflectors should be considered as an alternative to improve extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.}, } @article {pmid14735998, year = {2003}, author = {Corpa, JM and Marín, S and Bolea, R and Ortega, J and Peris, B and Pérez, V}, title = {Urolithiosis in two lions.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {153}, number = {25}, pages = {786-787}, pmid = {14735998}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Death, Sudden/veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Kidney/pathology ; *Lions ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid14703082, year = {2003}, author = {Houston, DM and Moore, AE and Favrin, MG and Hoff, B}, title = {Feline urethral plugs and bladder uroliths: a review of 5484 submissions 1998-2003.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, pages = {974-977}, pmid = {14703082}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Canada/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urethral Obstruction/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The results of 5484 submissions from cats to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre between February 1998 and February 2003 are presented. Of the submissions, 618 were urethral plugs and 4866 were bladder uroliths. The majority of the urethral plugs were from male domestic shorthair and longhair cats. Approximately 50% of the urolith submissions were oxalate, 44% were struvite. Oxalate uroliths were the most common mineral type in males and in Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats. Struvite uroliths were the most common mineral type in domestic shorthair and longhair cats. Females outnumbered males by 1.4:1 in struvite urolith submissions. A review of risk factors for urethral plugs and bladder uroliths is presented.}, } @article {pmid14687187, year = {2004}, author = {Davidson, EB and Ritchey, JW and Higbee, RD and Lucroy, MD and Bartels, KE}, title = {Laser lithotripsy for treatment of canine uroliths.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {56-61}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04002.x}, pmid = {14687187}, issn = {0161-3499}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/pathology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Lithotripsy, Laser/*veterinary ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Obstruction/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To confirm in vivo optimal laser energy settings previously determined in vitro for lithotripsy, to develop a technique for Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy, and to evaluate acute and chronic tissue effects of laser lithotripsy.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized preclinical trial.

ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Nineteen intact, adult male dogs.

METHODS: Via cystotomy, a single urolith was inserted into the urethra to the level of the base of the os penis to simulate obstruction. Uroliths (calcium oxalate, urate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate) were fragmented by Ho:YAG laser, in contact mode through a 320 micro optic fiber, passed through the operating channel of a 2.8 mm flexible endoscope. The time and total energy to fragmentation were recorded. Dogs were euthanatized immediately after lithotripsy (3 dogs) or at 3 days (7 dogs), and urethral lesions and any stone remnants were evaluated. Urethral integrity was also evaluated in 9 other dogs by endoscopy on day 10; these were also monitored clinically for 30 days.

RESULTS: The mean time for adequate fragmentation was 166.7 seconds (range, 47-494.5 seconds). The mean+/-SD energy used was 1418+/-851.2 J. In part 1, 2 dogs were obstructed with urolith fragments at necropsy. Eight dogs had minimal (<30 mg) or no urolith material evident within the urethra. Four dogs had gross focal or circumferential erosion, ulceration, or hemorrhage of the urethral mucosa. Lesions were not associated with the site of laser irradiation in 2 dogs. In dogs observed for 30 days, hematuria, pollakiuria, and stranguria that were observed after lithotripsy, resolved in all affected dogs by day 5. No mucosal lesions were observed by endoscopy and none of the dogs became obstructed.

CONCLUSION: Laser lithotripsy with the Ho:YAG laser in contact mode successfully fragmented obstructive uroliths in male dogs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laser lithotripsy may be a clinically relevant technique for treatment of urolithiasis in male dogs; clinical studies to evaluate long-term effects on urethral mucosa and the role of repeat treatment for recurrence are indicated.}, } @article {pmid14667082, year = {2003}, author = {}, title = {Vet to be struck off for dishonesty.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {153}, number = {21}, pages = {639-640}, pmid = {14667082}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cause of Death ; Dog Diseases/mortality/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Professional Misconduct ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/mortality/surgery/*veterinary ; Veterinarians/*ethics ; }, } @article {pmid14658718, year = {2003}, author = {Ling, GV and Thurmond, MC and Choi, YK and Franti, CE and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL}, title = {Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {817-823}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02520.x}, pmid = {14658718}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis/urine ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*metabolism/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Logistic Models ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis/urine ; Male ; Microscopy, Polarization/veterinary ; Phosphates/*analysis/urine ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/epidemiology/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.}, } @article {pmid14635961, year = {2003}, author = {Stevenson, AE and Robertson, WG and Markwell, P}, title = {Risk factor analysis and relative supersaturation as tools for identifying calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {491-496}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00109.x}, pmid = {14635961}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/urine ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Case-Control Studies ; Discriminant Analysis ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*urine ; Dogs ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/urine ; Risk Factors ; Specific Gravity ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected from 17 calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone-forming (SF) dogs and 17 normal (N), age-, breed- and sex-matched dogs. Urinary CaOx relative supersaturation (RSS) was calculated and found to be significantly higher in the SF group than the N group. RSS measurement is not readily applicable to veterinary practice; thus, alternatives were explored. Discriminant analysis failed to identify key factors differentiating most SF from N dogs. Urinary calcium, oxalate and uric acid, which differed between the SF and N animals, were combined into a measure of relative probability of CaOx stone formation (PSF) to establish whether this approach could be used to assess the risk of CaOx stone formation in dogs. Although there was good correlation between the techniques, RSS more clearly discriminated between SF and N dogs. These data suggest that neither PSF nor discriminant analysis is preferable to RSS for assessing the risk of CaOx stone formation in dogs.}, } @article {pmid14633234, year = {2003}, author = {Raila, J and Forterre, S and Schweigert, FJ}, title = {Levels of retinol and retinyl esters in plasma and urine of dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine}, volume = {50}, number = {7}, pages = {380-382}, doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00552.x}, pmid = {14633234}, issn = {0931-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Diterpenes ; Dog Diseases/*blood/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Mucoproteins/blood/urine ; Retinol-Binding Proteins/metabolism/urine ; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma ; Retinyl Esters ; Urinary Calculi/blood/urine/*veterinary ; Uromodulin ; Vitamin A/*analogs & derivatives/blood/urine ; Vitamin A Deficiency/blood/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Vitamin A (VA) deficiency and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), a protein that binds retinol and retinyl esters in canine urine, might be involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis in dogs. In the present study, we assessed levels of retinol, retinyl esters, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and THP in plasma and urine of dogs with a history of urolithiasis (n = 25) compared with clinically healthy controls (n = 18). Plasma retinol concentrations were higher in dogs with uroliths of struvit (P < 0.01), calcium oxalate (P < 0.05), urate (P < 0.01) and cysteine, but there were no differences in the concentrations of plasma RBP and retinyl esters. Excretion of urinary retinol and retinyl esters were tentatively, but not significantly higher in the stone-forming groups, which was accompanied by increased levels of urinary RBP (P < 0.01) and lower excretions in THP (P < 0.01). The results show that VA deficiency may be excluded as a potential cause for canine urolithiasis. However, the occurrence of RBP and a concomitant reduction of THP in urine indicates a disturbed kidney function as cause or consequence of stone formation in dogs.}, } @article {pmid14620912, year = {2003}, author = {Spears, JK and Grieshop, CM and Fahey, GC}, title = {Evaluation of sodium bisulphate and phosphoric acid as urine acidifiers for cats.}, journal = {Archiv fur Tierernahrung}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, pages = {389-398}, doi = {10.1080/00039420310001607743}, pmid = {14620912}, issn = {0003-942X}, mesh = {Acid-Base Equilibrium/*drug effects ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control/*urine ; Cats/*urine ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drinking ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phosphoric Acids/administration & dosage/*urine ; Random Allocation ; Sulfates/administration & dosage/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Eighteen cats were used to compare the urine acidifying properties of sodium bisulphate to phosphoric acid. Acidifying agents were added at one of three concentrations (0.4, 0.6, or 0.8%, as-is basis). Cats were offered a commercial diet to determine basal urinary pH, and then again for a 1 week period between blocks 1 and 2. Cats were acclimated to the diets for 6 days, and urine samples were collected on day 7 at 0, 4, and 8 h postfeeding to obtain pre- and postprandial urinary pH. Intakes of diets containing sodium bisulphate tended (P < 0.07) to be lower than intakes of diets containing phosphoric acid. Cats consuming the 0.8% phosphoric acid diet had higher (P < 0.05) food intakes than cats consuming either the 0.4 or 0.6% phosphoric acid-containing diets. There was significant (P = 0.01) linear and quadratic response for food intake in cats consuming the sodium bisulphate-containing diet. Cats consuming the 0.4 and 0.8% phosphoric acid-containing diets tended (P = 0.07) to have higher water intakes than cats consuming the 0.6% phosphoric acid-containing diet. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in urine pH and specific gravity between cats fed the different acidifier types. Cats consuming the 0.6% phosphoric acid-containing diet tended (P = 0.07) to have a higher urine pH 8 h post-feeding than cats consuming the 0.4 and 0.8% phosphoric acid-containing diets. Urine pH was highest at 4 h post-feeding except for cats fed the 0.4% sodium bisulphate- and the 0.6% phosphoric acid-containing diets. No differences (P > 0.05) between acidifiers were found in faecal score or in faecal dry matter and organic matter concentrations. A quadratic response was detected in faecal score for cats consuming the phosphoric acid-containing diets. Cats consuming the 0.6% phosphoric acid diet tended (P = 0.06) to have a lower faecal score than cats consuming the 0.4 and 0.8% phosphoric acid diets. For faecal dry matter, a linear trend was detected in cats consuming the sodium bisulphate (P = 0.08) and phosphoric acid-containing (P = 0.04) diets. Sodium bisulphate and phosphoric acid generally behaved in a similar fashion when incorporated in dry cat diets.}, } @article {pmid14571448, year = {2003}, author = {Wynn, VM and Davidson, EB and Higbee, RG and Ritchey, JW and Ridgway, TD and Bartels, KE and Lucroy, MD}, title = {In vitro effects of pulsed holmium laser energy on canine uroliths and porcine cadaveric urethra.}, journal = {Lasers in surgery and medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {243-246}, doi = {10.1002/lsm.10222}, pmid = {14571448}, issn = {0196-8092}, support = {5T35 RR 07061-09/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Holmium ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Lasers ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; Swine ; Urethra/*pathology/radiation effects ; Urinary Calculi/*pathology/therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of holmium laser energy on canine uroliths and porcine urethra.

Uroliths of known composition and fresh cadaveric urethra were exposed to holmium laser energy. Urolith fragmentation times and depth of urethral lesions were determined.

RESULTS: Overall mean fragmentation time was 11.8 +/- 8.01 seconds. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and urate uroliths had significantly shorter fragmentation times compared to other uroliths. Fragmentation time of MAP uroliths irradiated with 1.2 J/pulse was significantly longer than the fragmentation time of MAP uroliths irradiated with 0.3 J/pulse. Overall mean lesion depth for urethral specimens treated with 90 degrees contact mode irradiation was significantly greater than overall mean lesion depth for specimens treated with 30 degrees non-contact mode.

CONCLUSIONS: Holmium laser energy effectively fragmented canine uroliths and caused minimal urethral damage in vitro. Dogs with urolithiasis may represent a useful animal model for developing human lithotripsy procedures.}, } @article {pmid12969154, year = {2003}, author = {Achar, E and Achar, RA and Paiva, TB and Campos, AH and Schor, N}, title = {Amitriptyline eliminates calculi through urinary tract smooth muscle relaxation.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {1356-1364}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00222.x}, pmid = {12969154}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy ; Amitriptyline/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Cats ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; *Muscle Relaxation ; Muscle, Smooth/*drug effects/physiopathology ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Swine ; Ureter/drug effects/physiopathology ; Urethra/drug effects/physiopathology ; Urinary Bladder/drug effects/physiopathology ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy ; Urinary Tract/*drug effects/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We investigated the effects of amitriptyline in the urinary tract smooth muscle and urolithiasis.

METHODS: Cats presenting with obstructive acute renal failure (ARF) received amitriptyline, and renal function and survival rates were analyzed. Isometric contractions and membrane potentials of rat, pig, or human isolated urinary tract smooth muscle were recorded in the presence or absence of amitriptyline.

RESULTS: Twenty cats with obstructive ARF caused by urethral plugs received amitriptyline. In all cases, plugs were completely eliminated, and renal function returned to normal, with a 100% survival rate in the follow-up. Amitriptyline produced potent relaxations in rat urethral strips, accompanied by significant reductions in urethral ring membrane potential. This effect was prevented by pretreatment of urethral rings with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker. Amitriptyline abolished in a reversible manner acetylcholine-, bradykinin-, and KCl-induced contractions in rat isolated bladder, and this effect was also prevented by 4-AP. Of interest, spontaneous and KCl-induced contractions of pig and human isolated ureter were also blocked by amitriptyline.

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that amitriptyline is an effective and potent relaxant of urinary tract smooth muscle and this effect is mediated by opening of voltage dependent-potassium channels. We suggest that amitriptyline administration may help to promote elimination of urinary calculi.}, } @article {pmid12969146, year = {2003}, author = {Aihara, K and Byer, KJ and Khan, SR}, title = {Calcium phosphate-induced renal epithelial injury and stone formation: involvement of reactive oxygen species.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, pages = {1283-1291}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00226.x}, pmid = {12969146}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/*pharmacology ; Catalase/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Coloring Agents ; Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Drug Synergism ; Epithelium/drug effects/pathology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Kidney/*drug effects/metabolism/*pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Staining and Labeling ; Superoxide Dismutase/pharmacology ; Swine ; Trypan Blue ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crystal formation and retention are critical events for the formation of kidney stones. Oxalate and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are injurious to renal epithelium, and membranes of injured cells promote crystal adherence and retention. Calcium phosphate (CaP) is the most common crystal in both urine and stones, most likely to form in the early segments of the nephron and can nucleate CaOx in a metastable solution. We hypothesized that CaP can also injure the renal epithelial cells.

METHODS: We exposed proximal tubular origin line derived from pig proximal tubules (LLC-PK1), and collecting duct origin Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines to various concentrations of Brushite (Br) crystals and investigated staining with Trypan Blue and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium as an indicator of injury. In order to determine the involvement of reactive oxygen species, we also measured LDH release in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 8-isoprostane (8-IP) in the presence of the catalase.

RESULTS: Exposure to Br crystals was associated with LDH release by both cell types, induced the production of H2O2 and 8-IP. Presence of SOD and catalase reduced LDH release as well as staining with trypan blue. Catalase was also associated with reduced production of H2O2 and 8-IP.

CONCLUSION: Brushite crystals are injurious to cells of both the proximal tubules as well as collecting ducts. Injury is mediated by reactive oxygen species. We propose that CaP crystals can independently interact with renal epithelium, promote sites for crystal attachment, and then either grow into mature CaP stones or create sites for CaOx crystal nucleation, retention, and stone development.}, } @article {pmid12946778, year = {2003}, author = {Carvalho, M and Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Nakagawa, Y}, title = {Role of urinary inhibitors of crystallization in uric acid nephrolithiasis: Dalmatian dog model.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, pages = {566-570}, doi = {10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00406-0}, pmid = {12946778}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Female ; Glycoproteins/*urine ; Kidney Calculi/*urine ; Male ; Mucoproteins/*urine ; Uric Acid/*chemistry ; Urine/chemistry ; Uromodulin ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To study the role of urinary inhibitors on crystallization-nephrocalcin, Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)-in hyperuricosuric nephrolithiasis using Dalmatian dogs, a breed well-known for high levels of uric acid excretion, in an in vivo model.

METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 10 stone-forming Dalmatian dogs and from 5 age-matched Dalmatians without kidney stones. Purine derivatives present in urine were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. THP, GAGs, and nephrocalcin were isolated and measured.

RESULTS: As expected, the Dalmatians excreted a large amount of uric acid in urine, but without differences between the two groups (0.42 +/- 0.08 mg/mg creatinine versus 0.48 +/- 0.11 mg/mg creatinine for stone-forming and healthy Dalmatians, respectively, P = 0.64). No other metabolites were derived from purine in their urine. Stone-forming Dalmatians showed significantly lower urinary excretion of THP than did normal Dalmatians (0.09 +/- 0.03 mg/mg creatinine versus 0.21 +/- 0.03 mg/mg creatinine, P <0.03). The urinary excretion of GAGs was lower in the stone-forming Dalmatians, although the difference was not statistically significant. Inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth caused by nephrocalcin isoforms from healthy and stone-forming dogs were in the same order of approximately 10(-7) M, as calculated from a Langmuir isotherm type plot.

CONCLUSIONS: The urinary excretion of THP and GAGs was decreased in stone-forming Dalmatians compared with healthy ones. Our results support the suitability of Dalmatian dogs as an in vivo model to investigate the interrelationship of urine inhibitors of crystallization and hyperuricosuria.}, } @article {pmid12939526, year = {2003}, author = {Tomiyama, Y and Murakami, M and Hayakawa, K and Akiyama, K and Yamazaki, Y and Kojima, M and Shibata, N and Akahane, M}, title = {Pharmacological profile of KUL-7211, a selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist, in isolated ureteral smooth muscle.}, journal = {Journal of pharmacological sciences}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, pages = {411-419}, doi = {10.1254/jphs.92.411}, pmid = {12939526}, issn = {1347-8613}, mesh = {Acetates/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/drug effects/physiology ; Muscle, Smooth/*drug effects/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology ; Ureter/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {Since, in the human ureter, both beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors mediate adrenergic-stimulation-induced relaxation, selective beta(2)-/beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists might prove clinically useful for relieving ureteral colic and promoting stone passage. We evaluated the beta-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity and ureteral-relaxing efficacy of (-)-2-[4-(2-[[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amin] ethyl)phenyloxy]acetic acid (KUL-7211), a new beta-adrenoceptor agonist, in vitro. In rat isolated organs, its selectivities, for inhibition of spontaneous uterine contraction (mediated via beta(2)-adrenergic stimulation) and inhibition of colonic contraction (via beta(3)-adrenergic stimulation) versus increase in atrial rate (via beta(1)-adrenergic stimulation), were 56.3 and 242.2, respectively. KUL-7211 relaxed 80-mM-KCl-induced tonic contractions in both rabbit (pD(2) value: 5.86 +/- 0.13, whose ureteral relaxation is mediated via beta(2)-adrenergic stimulation) and canine (pD(2) value: 6.52 +/- 0.16, via beta(3)-adrenergic stimulation) isolated ureters in a concentration-dependent manner. These KUL-7211-induced relaxing effects were antagonized by ICI-118,551 (selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, pK(B) value: 8.91 +/- 0.24) in the rabbit ureter and by bupranolol (non-selective beta-adernoceptor antagonist, pK(B) value: 6.85 +/- 0.12) in the canine ureter. KUL-7211 also reduced the spontaneous rhythmic contraction in a canine ureteral spiral preparation in a concentration-dependent manner, the pD(2) value being 6.83 +/- 0.20. These data clearly demonstrate that KUL-7211 selectively stimulates both ureteral beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors and potently relaxes ureteral smooth muscle. KUL-7211 may be a novel and useful medication for relieving ureteral colic and promoting stone passage in urolithiasis patients.}, } @article {pmid12926602, year = {2003}, author = {Funaba, M and Yamate, T and Hashida, Y and Maki, K and Gotoh, K and Kaneko, M and Yamamoto, H and Iriki, T and Hatano, Y and Abe, M}, title = {Effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride on struvite crystal formation in urine of clinically normal cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {64}, number = {8}, pages = {1059-1064}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1059}, pmid = {12926602}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control/urine ; *Cats ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Proteins/*pharmacology ; *Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on struvite crystal formation in the urine of clinically normal cats by measuring the urine concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-insoluble sediment, urine pH, struvite activity product (SAP), number of struvite crystals in urine, and urine volume.

ANIMALS: 23 healthy adult cats.

PROCEDURE: Urine was fractionated by centrifugation with subsequent extraction of the sediment with 1 N HCl (study 1). Diets containing either 29% crude protein or 55% crude protein were fed to cats in a crossover trial of 3 weeks/period (study 2). Diets supplemented with either sodium chloride (NaCl) or NH4Cl were fed, by use of a 3 x 3 Latin-square design with 3 wk/period (study 3). In studies 2 and 3, urine samples were collected for the last 7 days of each period.

RESULTS: The HCl-insoluble sediment contained Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP; study 1). The high-protein diet (study 2) and dietary supplementation with NH4Cl (study 3) resulted in a decrease in urine pH, SAP, and the number of struvite crystals in urine. However, the high-protein diet decreased urine concentrations of HCl-insoluble sediment containing THP (study 2), in contrast to the NH4Cl supplementation that increased urine volume without a significant effect on the urine concentration of the HCl-insoluble sediment (study 3).

Our results indicate that compared with dietary supplementation with NH4Cl, the high-protein diet is preferable as a urine acidifier for the prevention of struvite crystal formation in clinically normal cats.}, } @article {pmid12790167, year = {2003}, author = {Escolar, E and Bellanato, J}, title = {Analysis of feline urinary calculi and urethral plugs by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {152}, number = {20}, pages = {625-628}, doi = {10.1136/vr.152.20.625}, pmid = {12790167}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates/analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Urethra/chemistry/pathology/ultrastructure ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Bladder/chemistry/pathology/ultrastructure ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/*ultrastructure/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The chemical constituents of 34 feline urinary calculi and five urethral plugs were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 18 (52.9 per cent) of the calculi contained magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) as the major component; 10 (29.4 per cent) contained complex ammonium urates (three of them also containing calcium phosphate, mainly on the surface); three were composed of calcium phosphates and three were composed mainly of calcium oxalate mono and dihydrates. The urethral plugs were composed primarily of struvite, but also contained large amounts of organic matter. The examination of 16 selected samples by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray analysis revealed that their crystalline structures were similar to those of canine stones.}, } @article {pmid12719948, year = {2003}, author = {Iida, S and Ishimatsu, M and Chikama, S and Inoue, M and Matsuoka, K and Akasu, T and Noda, S and Khan, SR}, title = {Protective role of heparin/heparan sulfate on oxalate-induced changes in cell morphology and intracellular Ca2+.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {198-206}, pmid = {12719948}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; *Cytoprotection ; Dogs ; Extracellular Fluid/metabolism ; Heparin/*pharmacology ; Heparitin Sulfate/*pharmacology ; Intracellular Membranes/*metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology ; Kidney Calculi/prevention & control ; Microscopy, Electron ; }, abstract = {Alterations in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) are generally associated with cellular distress. Oxalate-induced cell injury of the renal epithelium plays an important role in promoting CaOx nephrolithiasis. However, the degree of change in intracellular free calcium ions in renal epithelial cells during oxalate exposure remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine whether acute short-term exposure to oxalate produces morphological changes in the cells, induces a change in cytosolic Ca2+ levels in renal tubular epithelial cells and whether the application of extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prevents these changes. Cultured Mardin-Darby canine kidney cells were exposed to oxalate, and changes in cytosolic Ca2+ were determined under various conditions. The effect of heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) during oxalate exposure was examined. The change in the GAG contents of the culture medium was also determined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed for morphological analysis. The degree of change in cytosolic Ca2+ strongly correlated with oxalate concentration. Cytosolic Ca2+ levels decreased in parallel with an increase in the concentration of oxalate. However, this decrease was strongly inhibited by pretreatment with heparin or HS. TEM revealed cytoplasmic vacuolization, the appearance of flocculent material and mitochondrial damage after oxalate exposure. On the other hand, pretreatment with heparin or HS completely blocked these morphological changes. The present data suggest that acute exposure to a high concentration of oxalate challenges the renal cells, diminishes their viability and induces changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Heparin and HS, which are known as potent inhibitors of CaOx crystallization, may also prevent oxalate-induced cell changes by stabilizing the cytosolic Ca2+ level.}, } @article {pmid12675298, year = {2003}, author = {Rawlings, CA and Mahaffey, MB and Barsanti, JA and Canalis, C}, title = {Use of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy for removal of urinary calculi in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {222}, number = {6}, pages = {759-61, 737}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2003.222.759}, pmid = {12675298}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystoscopy/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Laparoscopy/methods/*veterinary ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urinary calculi were removed by means of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy in 3 dogs. Two small abdominal incisions were made--1 for a laparoscope and 1 for placement of a Babcock forceps to aid in grasping and lifting the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall. A cystoscope and instruments for calculi removal were passed through a small cystotomy. Biopsy of the urinary bladder or other abdominal organs could also be performed by use of this technique. Laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy was minimally invasive and provided clear images of the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder and proximal portion of the urethra for easy retrieval of urinary calculi. An imaging procedure should be performed to ensure complete removal of calculi.}, } @article {pmid12670440, year = {2003}, author = {Gunn-Moore, D}, title = {Feline lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {133-138}, doi = {10.1016/S1098-612X(02)00129-8}, pmid = {12670440}, issn = {1098-612X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology/*therapy ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/therapy/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid12652971, year = {2002}, author = {Chikama, S and Iida, S and Inoue, M and Kawagoe, N and Tomiyasu, K and Matsuoka, K and Noda, S and Takazono, I}, title = {Role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (syndecan-1) on the renal epithelial cells during calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal attachment.}, journal = {The Kurume medical journal}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {201-210}, doi = {10.2739/kurumemedj.49.201}, pmid = {12652971}, issn = {0023-5679}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Kidney/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Proteoglycans/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Syndecan-1 ; Syndecans ; }, abstract = {We have reported that heparan sulfate (HS)/heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG, syndecan-1) expression significantly increased in the rat kidney during calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. Although the exact role of syndecan still remains unclear, HS/syndecan-1 is thought to have some important role in the CaOx crystal formation. Mardin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are most commonly used in kidney stone research. It was reported that MDCK cells do not express syndecan-1. In the present study, we established a novel MDCK cell line (KIC-synd-1) that expressed the human syndecan-1 gene. In this cell line, we confirmed stable expression of both sndecan-1 gene and core protein. Immunohistochemical study revealed positive staining of syndecan-1 monoclonal antibody in the basolateral and cytosolic area of the KIC-synd-1 cells. We also investigated the composition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) side chains in MDCK cells and KIC-synd-1 cells by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four types of HS chains were identified in both cells as follows; delta diHS-NS, delta diHS-6S, delta diHS-diS1, delta diHS-diS2. Increased production of delta diHS-NS and delta diHS-diS2 were shown in KIC-synd-1 cells compared with production in MDCK cells (p < 0.05). In contrast, only a small amount of delta diHS-6S and delta diHS-diS1 was contained in both cell lines. Total amount of HS was significantly increased in the KIC-synd-1 cells compare with that in the wild type MDCK cells (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed no significant difference between cell surface of wild type MDCK cells and that of KIC-synd-1 cells in normal conditions. However, calcium oxalate crystal attachment was apparently decreased in the KIC-synd-1 cells. These results suggested that cell surface HS/syndecan-1 has preventive role for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis via creation of a charge barrier against COM crystal attachment.}, } @article {pmid12624657, year = {2003}, author = {Hsieh, N and Shih, CH and Chen, HY and Wu, MC and Chen, WC and Li, CW}, title = {Effects of Tamm-Horsfall protein on the protection of MCDK cells from oxalate induced free radical injury.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, pmid = {12624657}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/*pharmacology ; Adult ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Free Radicals/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Kidney/*cytology ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Male ; Mucoproteins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/*urine ; Uromodulin ; Xanthines/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Renal cell injury and fixed particle formation is one of the theories of urinary stone formation. The exposure of renal epithelial cells to oxalate ions and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals can cause free radical generation and increase lipid peroxidation. Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) has a protective effect on the production of free radicals in vitro. We aimed to show that THP (and its deglycosylated products, D-THP) could protect culture cells from free radical injury in vivo as well as the possible mechanism by which this is done. Exposure of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to Ox resulted in a significant increase in the release LDH, NBT and MDA, as well as an increase in caspase 3 activity, all of which were further elevated when COM crystals were added. With the addition of THP at 500 nM, there was a significant decrease in the release of LDH and the production of MDA and NBT. A decrease in capase 3 activity was observed when 500 nM THP was added to the culture medium that reached 32.7% and 40.4% of inhibition in CaOx+THP and CaOx+COM+THP, respectively. THP decreased the adhesion of COM crystals to the MDCK cells but lost its effect when THP was deglycosylated. The results indicate that both Ox and COM crystals cause the release of LDH, MDA, NBT and increase the activity of capase 3 in MDCK cells. As a free radical scavenger, THP reduces the amount of free radicals and provides significant protection at a critical concentration of 500 nM. The deglycosylated THP decreased the effect of the protection of the MDCK cells from oxalate-induced injury and an increase of adhesion of the COM crystals to the MDCK cells. Therefore, the effects of THP on the protection of oxalate induced radical injury may be partly due to its intact glycosylation and its adhesion to the cell membrane.}, } @article {pmid12621972, year = {2003}, author = {Golod, EA and Kirpatovskiĭ, VI}, title = {[An increase in the active oxygen forms as a cause of metabolic disorders in renal tubular cells in patients with acute and chronic pyelonephritis].}, journal = {Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {59-61}, pmid = {12621972}, issn = {1728-2985}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism ; Chronic Disease ; DNA/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Endotoxins/blood ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/cytology/enzymology/*metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Nucleotides, Cyclic/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; Pyelonephritis/blood/enzymology/*metabolism/therapy ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Sorption Detoxification ; }, } @article {pmid12589739, year = {2003}, author = {Stevenson, AE and Hynds, WK and Markwell, PJ}, title = {Effect of dietary moisture and sodium content on urine composition and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy miniature schnauzers and labrador retrievers.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {145-151}, doi = {10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00184-4}, pmid = {12589739}, issn = {0034-5288}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Calcium/urine ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; *Diet ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drinking ; Eating ; Female ; Health ; Male ; Sodium, Dietary/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; Water/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {The aim of this series of studies was to evaluate two possible feeding strategies as methods for reducing the risk of calcium oxalate (CaOx) formation in two breeds of healthy dog. The studies compared the effect of dietary moisture (Study 1) and dietary sodium (Na), (Study 2) on urine composition of labrador retrievers (LR) and miniature schnauzers (MS). A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to 16 dogs (eight LR, eight MS; Study 1) and 15 dogs (seven LR, eight MS; Study 2) for 24 days (Study 1), or 36 days (Study 2). The dogs were fed the diet alone (7% moisture, 0.06 g Na/100 kcal), or supplemented with deionised water to 73% moisture (Study 1), or dietary Na, to deliver 0.20 or 0.30 g Na per 100 kcal (Study 2). Urine pH, volume, specific gravity, and concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog. Urinary relative supersaturations (RSS) with CaOx were calculated from these values. The effects of supplemental Na or water were established using t tests (Study 1) or analysis of variance, and multiple range tests (least significant difference) (Study 2); P<0.05 was considered significant. Increasing dietary moisture significantly increased total moisture intake (P=0.001), and reduced urine specific gravity (P=0.003), urinary oxalate concentration (P=0.04), and CaOx relative supersaturation (P=0.04) in the MS. Urinary parameters remained unchanged in the LR, indicating that feeding a high moisture diet may reduce the risk of CaOx formation in high-risk breeds. Increasing dietary Na led to production of urine with a significantly lower CaOx RSS in both breeds, indicating that sodium supplementation to dry diet formats may reduce the risk of CaOx formation. These feeding strategies should be considered when evaluating methods for preventing CaOx formation within high-risk groups.}, } @article {pmid12184698, year = {2002}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP}, title = {Evaluation of trends in frequency of urethrostomy for treatment of urethral obstruction in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {221}, number = {4}, pages = {502-505}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2002.221.502}, pmid = {12184698}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects/analysis ; Animals ; Canada/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*surgery ; Cats ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Hospitals, Animal/statistics & numerical data ; Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Morbidity ; Ostomy/trends/veterinary ; Phosphates ; Retrospective Studies ; Struvite ; United States/epidemiology ; Urethral Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/epidemiology/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine hospital proportional morbidity rates (HPMR) for urethral obstructions, urethral plugs or urethroliths, and urethrostomies in cats in veterinary teaching hospitals (VTH) in Canada and the United States between 1980 and 1999.

DESIGN: Epidemiologic study.

ANIMALS: 305,672 cats evaluated at VTH.

PROCEDURES: Yearly HPMR were determined for cats with urethral obstructions, urethral plugs or urethroliths, or urethrostomies from data compiled by the Purdue Veterinary Medical Database. The test for a linear trend in proportions was used.

RESULTS: Urethral obstructions were reported in 4,683 cats. Yearly HPMR for urethral obstructions declined from 19 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1980 to 7 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1999. Urethral plugs or urethroliths affected 1,460 cats. Yearly HPMR for urethral plugs or urethroliths decreased from 10 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1980 to 2 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1999. A total of 2,359 urethrostomies were performed. Yearly HPMR for urethrostomies decreased from 13 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1980 to 4 cases/1,000 feline evaluations in 1999.

Frequency of feline urethrostomies performed at VTH in Canada and the United States declined during the past 20 years and paralleled a similar decline in frequency of urethral obstructions and urethral plugs or urethroliths. These trends coincide with widespread use of diets to minimize struvite crystalluria in cats, which is important because struvite has consistently been the predominant mineral in feline urethral plugs during this period.}, } @article {pmid12042112, year = {2002}, author = {Kim, HH and Kwak, C and Jeong, BC and Kim, SW}, title = {Effect of oxalate on the growth of renal tubular epithelial cells.}, journal = {Journal of endourology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {261-264}, doi = {10.1089/089277902753752250}, pmid = {12042112}, issn = {0892-7790}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Osmolar Concentration ; Oxalates/*pharmacology ; Reference Values ; Swine ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Until recently, oxalate was considered merely as a major component of calcium oxalate stones, forming crystals in the lumen of the renal tubules. However, new evidence suggests that oxalate is not only a major constituent of calcium oxalate stones but also has effect on renal tubular epithelial cells, affecting the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis. We tried to elucidate the effect of oxalate on the growth of renal tubular epithelial cells of different species and locations and also to interpret the possible role of the oxalate in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) and canine distal renal tubular epithelial cells (MDCK) were incubated with different concentrations of oxalate, and the effect of oxalate on the growth of the cells was assessed by methylthiazoletetrazolium assay.

RESULTS: Growth of the renal tubular epithelial cells was inhibited with increasing concentrations of oxalate in both proximal and distal lines.

CONCLUSION: Oxalate may cause stone formation by affecting the growth of renal tubular epithelial cells as well as by providing a constituent of calcium oxalate stones.}, } @article {pmid12040484, year = {2002}, author = {Raskin, RE and Murray, KA and Levy, JK}, title = {Comparison of home monitoring methods for feline urine pH measurement.}, journal = {Veterinary clinical pathology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {51-55}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-165x.2002.tb00279.x}, pmid = {12040484}, issn = {0275-6382}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/urine ; Cats/*urine ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Monitoring, Physiologic/instrumentation/methods/*veterinary ; Reagent Strips ; Refrigeration/veterinary ; Urinalysis/instrumentation/methods/standards/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Monitoring of urine pH, often done in the patient s home, is essential for proper clinical treatment and management of conditions such as urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement in pH readings between a standard laboratory method and methods readily available for home monitoring. The influence of refrigerated storage on urine pH was also examined.

METHODS: Urine samples were obtained by cystocentesis from 40 clinically healthy cats, and pH was measured within 2 hours of collection. Each sample was evaluated using pH paper, urinalysis reagent strip, 2 brands of portable pH meters (Chek-Mite, Corning, Corning, NY, USA; and Checker 1, Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI, USA), and a standard laboratory benchtop pH meter. Urine samples were refrigerated, and a second pH reading was obtained with the laboratory benchtop meter after 24 hours. The degree of agreement was assessed among the different methods, with the laboratory benchtop pH meter as the reference method.

RESULTS: The closest agreement was obtained with the Chek-Mite portable pH meter and least agreement with the Checker 1 portable pH meter, which had a constant negative bias of 0.31 units due to expiration of the electrode. As expected, pH paper and reagent strips had poor and intermediate agreement, respectively. The reagent strip method had a negative bias of 0.12 units when compared with the benchtop pH meter and wide disagreement at the low pH end. The reagent strip did not agree strongly with the reference method; only 50% of values were within 0.25 pH units of each other. The difference in pH between 0 hours (6.57 +/- 0.54) and 24 hours of refrigeration (6.61 +/- 0.53) was not considered clinically significant.

CONCLUSION: Portable pH meters are excellent for monitoring urine pH at home as long as attention is given to electrode maintenance. Urine can be collected at home and kept refrigerated, and pH may be measured reliably within 24 hours using the reference method or a portable pH meter.}, } @article {pmid11941501, year = {2002}, author = {Frank, A and Norrestam, R and Sjödin, A}, title = {A new urolith in four cats and a dog: composition and crystal structure.}, journal = {Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry}, volume = {7}, number = {4-5}, pages = {437-444}, doi = {10.1007/s00775-001-0315-1}, pmid = {11941501}, issn = {0949-8257}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*metabolism ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium/chemistry ; Male ; Potassium/chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {A previously unreported urolith is presented. The concrement was found in the bladder of four Persian cats and one collie dog. It contained potassium, magnesium and phosphorus, all determined by chemical analysis. The infrared spectrum of the X-ray-dense urolith displayed absorption bands in the phosphate region. A single absorption maximum at 930 cm(-1) indicated the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate. A single crystal structure determination of the urolith has been performed. The results obtained are consistent with the formula [K(1.0)Mg(1.5)](4+)[P(2)O(7)](4-.)(H(2)O)(5), which corresponds to 11.5% K, 10.7% Mg and 18.2% P. The structure contains negatively charged slabs of composition MgP(2)O(7) small middle dot(H(2)O)(2)(2-)alternating with positively charged, hydrated Mg(2+) and K(+) ions. The observed P(2)O(7) is that of a distorted eclipsed syn conformation, which is the most common geometry in the solid state according to a statistical analysis of known structural data. A simple numerical descriptor has been derived, classifying observed X(2)O(7) conformations. It is suggested that some genetic enzymatic dysfunction of pyrophosphate-hydrolysing alkaline phosphatase might cause the formation of this unusual urolith.}, } @article {pmid11912445, year = {2002}, author = {Schepers, MS and van der Boom, BG and Romijn, JC and Schröder, FH and Verkoelen, CF}, title = {Urinary crystallization inhibitors do not prevent crystal binding.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {167}, number = {4}, pages = {1844-1847}, pmid = {11912445}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/*pharmacology ; Kidney/*cytology/*drug effects ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; LLC-PK1 Cells/*drug effects ; Swine ; Urine ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Renal stone formation requires the persistent retention of crystals in the kidney. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal binding to Madin Darby canine kidney strain I (MDCK-I), a cell line that resembles the epithelium in the renal distal tubule/collecting duct, is developmentally regulated, while LLC-PK1 cells (American Type Tissue Collection), which are widely used as a model of the renal proximal tubule, bind crystals irrespective of their stage of epithelial development. Whereas to our knowledge the binding molecules for COM at the surface of LLC-PK1 cells are still unknown, crystals adhere to the hyaluronan (HA) rich pericellular matrix transiently expressed by mobile MDCK-I cells. In the current study we investigated whether crystal binding to either cell type is influenced by urinary substances, including glycoprotein inhibitors of crystallization

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied crystal binding to MDCK-I cells during wound repair, to confluent LLC-PK1 cells and to HA immobilized on a solid surface using [14C] COM pretreated or not pretreated with urine from healthy male volunteers. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis were performed to assess whether the crystals became coated with urine derived proteins

RESULTS: Western blot analysis demonstrated that pretreated COM crystals were covered with protein inhibitors of crystallization. However, this protein coat had no significant effect on the level of crystal binding to either cell type. In contrast, the adherence of urine treated crystals to immobilized HA was significantly reduced

CONCLUSIONS: The adherence of crystals to pericellular matrixes may encompass more than their simple fixation to the polysaccharide HA. Calcium oxalate crystal retention is not prevented by coating crystals with urinary constituents such as glycoproteins and, therefore, may predominantly depend on the surface properties of the renal tubular epithelium.}, } @article {pmid11911566, year = {2002}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Pusoonthornthum, R and Kirk, CA and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Associations between dry dietary factors and canine calcium oxalate uroliths.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {330-337}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.330}, pmid = {11911566}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Canada/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; United States/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify factors in dry diets associated with the occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: 600 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 898 dogs without urinary tract diseases.

PROCEDURE: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS: Compared with diets with the highest concentrations of sodium, dry diets with the lowest concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, protein, magnesium, or potassium were linearly associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Significant nonlinear associations between increased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and urine acidifying potential and low moisture content were observed. Significant nonlinear associations between decreased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and carbohydrate and fiber contents were observed. A significant association between the occurrence of CaOx uroliths and dietary fat was not observed.

Results suggest that dry diets formulated to contain high concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths. In addition, comparison of risk and protective factors of various diet ingredients fed to dogs with CaOx uroliths suggests that although similar findings were observed in canned and dry formulations, in general, greater risk is associated with dry formulations. However, before these hypotheses about dietary modifications are adopted by food manufacturers, they must be investigated by use of appropriately designed clinical studies of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid11876621, year = {2001}, author = {Sturgess, CP and Hesford, A and Owen, H and Privett, R}, title = {An investigation into the effects of storage on the diagnosis of crystalluria in cats.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {81-85}, doi = {10.1053/jfms.2001.0118}, pmid = {11876621}, issn = {1098-612X}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/urine ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; Magnesium Compounds/urine ; Male ; Phosphates/urine ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Specimen Handling/standards/*veterinary ; Struvite ; }, abstract = {Urinalysis was performed on 41 cats with no history of urinary tract disease. Samples were divided into aliquots, stored under differing condition and then examined for the presence of crystalluria. Crystalluria was detected in at least one stored sample in 92% of cats fed a mixed wet/dry food diet compared to 24% in the fresh sample. Crystalluria was not detected in any sample or aliquot from cats fed all wet food diets.}, } @article {pmid11843112, year = {2002}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Pusoonthornthum, R and Kirk, CA and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Associations between dietary factors in canned food and formation of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {163-169}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.163}, pmid = {11843112}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; *Diet ; Dogs/*metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Obesity/complications/*veterinary ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary factors in commercially available canned foods associated with the development of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs.

ANIMALS: 117 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 174 dogs without urinary tract disease.

PROCEDURE: Case dogs were those that developed CaOx uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative analysis between 1990 and 1992 while fed a commercially available canned diet. Control dogs were those without urinary tract disease evaluated at the same veterinary hospital just prior to or immediately after each case dog. A content-validated multiple-choice questionnaire was mailed to each owner of case and control dogs with the permission of the primary care veterinarian. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions for each dietary component were performed to test the hypothesis that a given factor was associated with CaOx urolith formation.

RESULTS: Canned foods with the highest amount of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, or moisture were associated with a decreased risk of CaOx urolith formation, compared with diets with the lowest amounts. In contrast, canned diets with the highest amount of carbohydrate were associated with an increased risk of CaOx urolith formation.

Feeding canned diets formulated to contain high amounts of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and moisture and a low amount of carbohydrate may minimize the risk of CaOx urolith formation in dogs.}, } @article {pmid11789619, year = {2001}, author = {Funaba, M and Tanak, T and Kaneko, M and Iriki, T and Hatano, Y and Abe, M}, title = {Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry cat food.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {63}, number = {12}, pages = {1355-1357}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.63.1355}, pmid = {11789619}, issn = {0916-7250}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cats/*metabolism ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Drinking ; Eating ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; *Fish Products ; Glutens/metabolism ; Male ; Urine/chemistry/physiology ; Zea mays/metabolism ; }, abstract = {To compare the effects of two dietary protein sources, fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), fecal moisture content, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion were examined in adult cats. The dietary protein source did not cause a significant difference in daily food intake, water intake, urine volume, dry matter digestibility or urinary nitrogen excretion, but fecal moisture content was lower (P<0.02) in the CGM group. The HCl-insoluble fraction of urinary sediment tended to be higher in the CGM group (P<0.10), although urinary pH was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that CGM is comparable with FM in respect to nutritional value and the urine acidifying effect, but FM may be preferable to CGM for the prevention of constipation and struvite urolithiasis in cats.}, } @article {pmid11716603, year = {2000}, author = {Byrne, KM and Bynum, K and Robinette, L and Brownlee, L}, title = {Calcium oxalate stones in feline littermates.}, journal = {Journal of feline medicine and surgery}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {111-114}, doi = {10.1053/jfms.2000.0075}, pmid = {11716603}, issn = {1098-612X}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics/surgery ; Cats ; Cystostomy/veterinary ; Female ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/genetics/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Two feline littermates were diagnosed with calcium oxalate uroliths. Both had been maintained on a commercially available dry diet with reduced magnesium and urine acidifying properties. One female littermate was diagnosed by visualising the stones by radiographs while the second littermate, also female, became blocked when one of the uroliths lodged in the urethra. Two other, unrelated cats in the household, of similar age and raised under the same conditions, did not develop calcium oxalate uroliths.}, } @article {pmid11703024, year = {2001}, author = {Stevenson, AE and Markwell, PJ}, title = {Comparison of urine composition of healthy Labrador retrievers and miniature schnauzers.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, pages = {1782-1786}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1782}, pmid = {11703024}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Calcium Phosphates/*urine ; Dog Diseases/urine ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Species Specificity ; Specific Gravity ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Urination ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare urine composition in Labrador Retrievers (LR) and Miniature Schnauzers (MS) fed the same dog food.

ANIMALS: 8 healthy LR (mean [+/- SD] age, 3.1+/-1.7 years) and 8 healthy MS (mean age, 3.7+/-1.3 years).

PROCEDURE: A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to the dogs for 24 days. Urinary pH, volume, specific gravity, frequency of urination, and urinary concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog; urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium oxalate and brushite (calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate) were calculated from these values.

RESULTS: MS urinated significantly less often and had a lower urine volume (ml/kg of body weight per d) and a significantly higher urine pH, compared with LR. Urinary calcium concentration and brushite RSS were significantly higher in the urine of MS. As a result of a high calorie requirement, primarily as a result of high surface area to volume ratio, MS had significantly higher intake (per kg body weight) of dietary minerals, compared with LR.

Differences in urine composition exist between breeds fed the same diet, some of which, including lower urine volume, higher calcium concentration, and higher brushite RSS, may contribute to the high prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths observed in MS. Differences between breeds should be considered when evaluating strategies for controlling calcium oxalate stone formation.}, } @article {pmid11702341, year = {2001}, author = {Bijster, S and Nickel, RF and Beynen, AC}, title = {Comparison of the efficacy of two anti-uric acid diets in dalmatian dogs.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Hungarica}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {295-300}, doi = {10.1556/004.49.2001.3.6}, pmid = {11702341}, issn = {0236-6290}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Diet, Protein-Restricted/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Nutritional Requirements ; Random Allocation ; Urea/urine ; Uric Acid/blood/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Commercial anti-uric acid diets for dogs may contain insufficient protein to sustain growth and lactation. In order to investigate the efficacy of an experimental purine-free diet moderately low in protein, its effect on urinary uric acid excretion was compared with that of a commercial dog food and a commercial low-protein anti-uric acid diet. The experimental diet, commercial dog food and commercial anti-uric acid diet contained 10.0, 12.8 and 5.0 g crude protein/MJ metabolizable energy, respectively. Twelve Dalmatian dogs were subjected to a 3 x 3 Latin square study. Although the plasma uric acid concentration was significantly lower when the dogs were fed either the commercial anti-uric diet (18.7 +/- 6.0 mumol/l, mean +/- SD, n = 12) or the experimental diet (19.2 +/- 8.3 mumol/l), when compared to the commercial dog food (29.2 +/- 11.1 mumol/l), no significant decrease of uric acid concentration in urine collected before the morning meal was seen. The average concentration of urinary uric acid was 60 mumol/l. There was a significant increase in the urea:creatinine ratio in urine when the dogs were fed the experimental diet compared to the commercial anti-uric acid diet, confirming that the experimental diet contained more protein. The experimental diet lowered plasma uric acid and was relatively high in protein and thus may be suitable for use in growing and lactating dogs to prevent ammonium urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid11697365, year = {2001}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Pusoonthornthum, R and Kirk, CA and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {219}, number = {9}, pages = {1228-1237}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2001.219.1228}, pmid = {11697365}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Cats ; Diet/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Logistic Models ; Magnesium/administration & dosage ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Phosphorus, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Potassium, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Sodium, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Struvite ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; Water ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary factors associated with the increase in occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths and the decrease in occurrence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

ANIMALS: 173 cats with CaOx uroliths, 290 cats with MAP uroliths, and 827 cats without any urinary tract diseases.

PROCEDURE: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS: Cats fed diets low in sodium or potassium or formulated to maximize urine acidity had an increased risk of developing CaOx uroliths but a decreased risk of developing MAP uroliths. Additionally, compared with the lowest contents, diets with the highest moisture or protein contents and with moderate magnesium, phosphorus, or calcium contents were associated with decreased risk of CaOx urolith formation. In contrast, diets with moderate fat or carbohydrate contents were associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Diets with the highest magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, or fiber contents and moderate protein content were associated with increased risk of MAP urolith formation. On the other hand, diets with the highest fat content were associated with decreased risk of MAP urolith formation.

Results suggest that diets formulated to contain higher protein, sodium, potassium, moisture, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contents and with decreased urine acidifying potential may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths in cats. Diets formulated to contain higher fat content and lower protein and potassium contents and with increased urine acidifying potential may minimize formation of MAP uroliths.}, } @article {pmid11549512, year = {2001}, author = {Miyake, O and Kakimoto, K and Tsujihata, M and Yoshimura, K and Takahara, S and Okuyama, A}, title = {Strong inhibition of crystal-cell attachment by pediatric urinary macromolecules: a close relationship with high urinary citrate secretion.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {493-497}, doi = {10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01257-2}, pmid = {11549512}, issn = {1527-9995}, mesh = {Adult ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/metabolism/*urine ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Citrates/*urine ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney/*cytology/*metabolism ; *Macromolecular Substances ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/*urine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate other reasons for the low incidence of pediatric urolithiasis, we evaluated the difference in the crystal-cell adhesion inhibitory activity of urinary macromolecules (UMMs) between children and adults. We also evaluated whether citrates influence the above inhibitory activity, because citrates are important in pediatric urine.

METHODS: Urine samples were collected from children and healthy male adults during a 24-hour period, and urinary components with a molecular weight of 3 kDa or greater were extracted as UMMs to compare their inhibitory activity during the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells between children and adults. Subsequently, various concentrations of citrates were added to adult UMMs to evaluate the changes in the crystal-cell adhesion inhibitory activity of UMMs.

RESULTS: Pediatric UMMs more strongly inhibited the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL compared with adult UMMs. In addition, pediatric UMMs contained higher proportions of fibronectin and glycosaminoglycans, both of which exhibit crystal-cell adhesion inhibitory activity. When citrates were added to adult UMMs, the crystal-cell adhesion inhibitory activity of UMMs was increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, citrates alone did not result in any differences in the inhibitory activity at any of the three different concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the incidence of pediatric urolithiasis is low because pediatric UMMs more potently inhibit the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to renal tubular cells or because the higher proportion of citrates in pediatric urine enhances the crystal-cell adhesion inhibitory activity of UMMs in a dose-dependent manner.}, } @article {pmid11499706, year = {2001}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Holte, J}, title = {An integrated epidemiologic and radiographic algorithm for canine urocystolith mineral type prediction.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {311-319}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00946.x}, pmid = {11499706}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Research involved 2 databases. One database (occurrence frequency) comprised the age, breed, gender and urocystolith mineral type (pure chemical types only) from 2041 canine patients submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center. The other database (imaging) comprised the maximum size, surface (rough, smooth, and smooth with blunt tips), shape (faceted, irregular, jackstone, ovoid, and round) and internal architecture (lucent center, random-nonuniform, and uniform) from 434 canine patients imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. The imaging database was a partial subset of the occurrence frequency database. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography and double contrast cystography. The databases were compared using multivariate analysis techniques. Equations were developed to use clinically-relevant characteristics (age, breed, gender, maximum size, surface, shape, and internal architecture) to predict urocystolith mineral types. The goal was to assess the accuracy of the various techniques in predicting the urocystolith mineral types. The combination of signalment (age, breed, gender) and simulated survey radiographic findings does not improve mineral type prediction accuracy (average across all mineral types is 69.9%) beyond that achievable with signalment alone (average across all mineral types is 69.8%). However, the combination of signalment and double contrast cystography does improve mineral type prediction accuracy (average across all mineral types is 75.3%). For comparison, mineral type prediction accuracy without signalment from survey radiographs only was 65.7% across all mineral types. The clinical utility of the algorithm is the option to distinguish urocystolith mineral types requiring surgical vs. medical treatment.}, } @article {pmid11393368, year = {2001}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Lekcharoensuk, C and Kirk, CA and Allen, TA}, title = {Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and diet in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {218}, number = {10}, pages = {1583-1586}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2001.218.1583}, pmid = {11393368}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Diuretics ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydrochlorothiazide/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Oxalic Acid/urine ; Potassium/urine ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

DESIGN: Original study.

ANIMALS: 8 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

PROCEDURE: 4 treatment protocols were evaluated in each dog (a low calcium, low protein diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolith formation with and without administration of HCTZ [2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, q 12 h] and a maintenance diet with higher quantities of protein and calcium with and without administration of HCTZ). At the end of each 2-week treatment period, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected during the midpoint of each urine collection period. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of HCTZ and diet on urine and serum analytes.

RESULTS: Hydrochlorothiazide significantly decreased urine calcium and potassium concentration and excretion. Hydrochlorothiazide also significantly decreased serum potassium concentration. Compared with the maintenance diet, the urolith prevention diet significantly decreased urine calcium and oxalic acid concentration and excretion. Dogs consuming the urolith prevention diet had significantly lower serum concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen.

Administration of HCTZ decreased urine calcium excretion in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolith formation. The greatest reduction in urine calcium concentration and excretion was achieved when dogs received HCTZ and the urolith prevention diet. Results of this study suggest that the hypocalciuric effect of HCTZ will minimize recurrence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs; however, long-term controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of HCTZ.}, } @article {pmid11307939, year = {2001}, author = {Funaba, M and Yamate, T and Narukawa, Y and Gotoh, K and Iriki, T and Hatano, Y and Abe, M}, title = {Effect of supplementation of dry cat food with D,L-methionine and ammonium chloride on struvite activity product and sediment in urine.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, pages = {337-339}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.63.337}, pmid = {11307939}, issn = {0916-7250}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/*administration & dosage ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control/urine ; Cats/*urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Methionine/*administration & dosage ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feeding dry foods supplemented with urine acidifier (D,L-methionine (Met) or ammonium chloride) decreased urinary pH and struvite activity product in clinically normal cats. As a result, the number of struvite crystals in urine was greatly reduced. Supplementation with 3% Met but not 1% Met caused decrease in the urinary concentration of sediment, which resulted from a reduction in the HCl-soluble fraction. The concentration of HCl-insoluble sediment was not affected by supplementation with the urine acidifier.}, } @article {pmid11300604, year = {2001}, author = {Sanderson, SL and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Bartges, JW and Pierpont, ME and Ogburn, PN and Koehler, LA and Swanson, LL and Bird, KA and Ulrich, LK}, title = {Evaluation of urinary carnitine and taurine excretion in 5 cystinuric dogs with carnitine and taurine deficiency.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {94-100}, doi = {10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0094:eoucat>2.3.co;2}, pmid = {11300604}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Carnitine/*deficiency/*urine ; Case-Control Studies ; Cystinuria/urine/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Taurine/*deficiency/*urine ; }, abstract = {Five client owned dogs with cystinuria were diagnosed with carnitine and taurine deficiency while participating in a clinical trial that used dietary management of their urolithiasis. Stored 24-hour urine samples collected from the cystinuric dogs before enrollment in the clinical diet trial were quantitatively evaluated for carnitine and taurine. These results were compared to those obtained from 18 healthy Beagles. Both groups of dogs were fed the same maintenance diet for a minimum of 2 weeks before 24-hour urine collection. The protocol used for 24-hour urine collections was the same for cystinuric dogs and healthy Beagles except that cystinuric dogs were catheterized at baseline, 8 hours, 12 hours, and at the end of the collection, whereas Beagles were catheterized at baseline, 8 hours, and at the end of the collection. Three of 5 dogs with cystinuria had increased renal excretion of carnitine. None of the cystinuric dogs had increased renal excretion of taurine, but cystinuric dogs excreted significantly less (P < .05) taurine in their urine than the healthy Beagles. Carnitinuria has not been recognized previously in either humans or dogs with cystinuria, and it may be 1 risk factor for developing carnitine deficiency. Cystinuric dogs in this study were not taurinuric; however, cystine is a precursor amino acid for taurine synthesis. Therefore, cystinuria may be 1 risk factor for developing taurine deficiency in dogs. We suggest that dogs with cystinuria be monitored for carnitine and taurine deficiency or supplemented with carnitine and taurine.}, } @article {pmid11212033, year = {2001}, author = {Domingo-Neumann, RA and Ruby, AL and Ling, GV and Schiffman, PS and Johnson, DL}, title = {Ultrastructure of selected calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {237-247}, doi = {10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.237}, pmid = {11212033}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/*chemistry/urine ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry, Physical ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis/veterinary ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the ultrastructural details of calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs. Sample Population-38 specimens selected from a collection of 8,297 oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs: 22 specimens composed of calcium oxalate (calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM], calcium oxalate dihydrate [COD], or COM and COD) and 16 specimens composed of calcium oxalate with amorphous calcium phosphate.

PROCEDURE: Analyses of specimens included use of plain, reflected, and polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) imagery, and electron microprobe analysis.

RESULTS: Four texture types were observed in calcium oxalate calculi; 4 texture types of calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate-mixed calculi were recognized. Texture types were delineated through differences in calcium oxalate crystal sizes, which were affected by urine supersaturation and abundance of crystal nucleation sites. Segregation of calcium oxalate from calcium phosphate indicated they do not precipitate under the same conditions. Deposition of calcium phosphate between calcium oxalate crystals decreased the volume of pore spaces within calculi. Porosity was observed along boundaries between COM and COD. Minute pores increased the surface area of calculi exposed to urine, and this increase in liquid-solid interface promotes interaction of crystals with the surrounding urine.

Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is of major concern, because it is often a recurrent disease among dogs, principally treated by surgical removal of calculi, with few effective dissolution strategies. Understanding the ultrastructure and mineralogic content of calcium oxalate and its association with amorphous calcium phosphate is a step toward the solution of this increasingly important medical problem.}, } @article {pmid11201669, year = {2000}, author = {Dörrenhaus, A and Müller, JI and Golka, K and Jedrusik, P and Schulze, H and Föllmann, W}, title = {Cultures of exfoliated epithelial cells from different locations of the human urinary tract and the renal tubular system.}, journal = {Archives of toxicology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, pages = {618-626}, doi = {10.1007/s002040000173}, pmid = {11201669}, issn = {0340-5761}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Carbonic Anhydrases/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Techniques/*methods ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Hematuria/pathology/urine ; Humans ; Keratin-7 ; Keratins/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Urinary Calculi/pathology/urine ; Urinary Tract/*cytology/metabolism ; Urine/cytology ; }, abstract = {Exfoliated human urinary tract epithelial cells and renal tubular cells from urinary sediments of healthy adults, of urological patients and of internal patients were isolated and cultured. Cells started proliferating within 1 week after seeding a sediment. Proliferating cells formed colonies of different morphologies, designated as type-1 or type-2 cell colonies. Type-1 cell colonies showed irregular contours and spindle-like cells within the colonies. Subcultivation of type-1 cells for up to six passages was possible. Type-2 cell colonies showed smooth-edged contours and subcultivation was not possible. The epithelial character of type-1 cells was demonstrated by positive immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin-7. In contrast to carbonic anhydrase-positive stained Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), which were used as positive controls for renal tubular cells, type-1 cells were carbonic anhydrase-negative on staining with the cobalt phosphate method. This indicates that type-1 cells were not of renal tubular origin. Type-2 cells were positively stained for carbonic anhydrase, indicating that type-2 cells were renal tubular cells. Type-2 cell colonies could be assigned to two subgroups with different cell forms. Colonies of cobblestone-like cells more often occurred than type-2 cell colonies with spindle-like cells, which are described in this study for the first time. Colonies with cobblestone-like cells formed domes (hemicysts), whereas spindle-like type-2 cell colonies did not. Cultures of urinary sediments from healthy adults, elderly multimorbid patients treated with furosemide, and urological patients with urolithiasis treated with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and/or with a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter were compared. In 52% of all cultured sediments from healthy adults, in 30% of those from multimorbid patients, and in 75-80% of those from urological patients cells proliferated to colonies. The ratios of type-1 to type-2 cell colonies were 3.3:1 (healthy adults), 1.4:1 (urological patients with urolithiasis), and 1.8:1 (urological patients with urolithiasis, urine was directly collected from the renal pelvis with a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter). Successful cultures of the urinary sediments from these three groups revealed means of 3 or 4 colonies, 14 colonies, and 21 colonies, respectively. Differences in the number of colonies in relation to sex were observed only for the group of urological patients. It was shown that type-1 cells were urothelial cells, which did not show morphological differences due to their locations of origin within the urinary tract, whereas type-2 cells were probably renal tubular cells. These findings offer new aspects in the culturing of human urothelial or kidney epithelial cells with a method based on noninvasive collecting of specimens and requiring only minimal culture effort. The cultures obtained by this method can be used for in vitro studies in toxicological and clinical research.}, } @article {pmid11156705, year = {2000}, author = {Scheid, C and Honeyman, T and Kohjimoto, Y and Cao, LC and Jonassen, J}, title = {Oxalate-induced changes in renal epithelial cell function: role in stone disease.}, journal = {Molecular urology}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {371-382}, pmid = {11156705}, issn = {1091-5362}, support = {R01-DK43184/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01-ES07864/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Arachidonic Acid/metabolism ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Ceramides/metabolism ; Clusterin ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism/physiology ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology/*metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Osteopontin ; Oxalates/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylserines/metabolism ; Phospholipases A/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sphingomyelins/metabolism ; Swine ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Many studies on the etiology of stone disease have focused on the properties of urine that affect crystal nucleation and growth. More recent studies have focused on the properties of the renal epithelium and the role of injury in crystal retention. The latter studies have shown that oxalate exposure per se can damage renal epithelial cells and enhance crystal binding. This overview summarizes findings of specific biochemical and genetic alterations observed in renal epithelial cells after exposure to oxalate. In LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells, oxalate exposure produces marked effects on membranes, causing a redistribution of phosphatidylserine and activation of two lipid signaling cascades, one involving phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and one involving ceramide. Longer exposure to oxalate leads to membrane damage and cell death. Adaptive responses are also observed, including proliferation (for replacement of damaged cells) and induction of various genes (for cellular replacement and repair). Many or all of these responses are blocked by antioxidants, and many can be mimicked by PLA(2) agonists/products. This finding suggests links between oxalate-induced increases in oxidant stress, lipid signaling pathways, and subsequent molecular responses that may eventuate in renal cell damage or death. Whether such changes play a role in stone disease in vivo, and whether strategies to inhibit these changes would be beneficial therapeutically, is unknown.}, } @article {pmid11156696, year = {2000}, author = {Khan, SR and Thamilselvan, S}, title = {Nephrolithiasis: a consequence of renal epithelial cell exposure to oxalate and calcium oxalate crystals.}, journal = {Molecular urology}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {305-312}, pmid = {11156696}, issn = {1091-5362}, support = {R01 DK41434/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Aggregation ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Ethylene Glycol/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hyperoxaluria/etiology ; Kidney/*drug effects/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/drug effects/pathology ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Necrosis ; Osteopontin ; Oxalates/*metabolism ; Rats ; Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism ; Time Factors ; *Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones was investigated using three approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathogenesis of crystalluria and crystal deposition in the kidneys was examined in vivo by inducing hyperoxaluria in rats. Cultures of LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells were exposed to oxalate (Ox) and CaOx crystals to examine the effect on cells in various sections of the renal tubules. The nucleation potential of various substrates was examined by incubating them in metastable solutions of CaOx.

RESULTS: Calcium oxalate crystals and nonphysiologic levels of Ox were injurious to renal epithelial cells. To combat these nephrotoxins, renal epithelial cells produce a variety of macromolecules such as bikunin and osteopontin, which are modulators of crystallization and may also be involved in crystal attachment to the cells. Sustained hyperoxaluria in association with CaOx crystals induced apoptosis as well as necrosis. Cellular degradation products induced heterogeneous nucleation of crystals at lower and physiologic levels of oxalate. They also promoted aggregation.

CONCLUSIONS: Crystals begin to form in earlier segments of the nephron with a chance to grow and be retained in the collecting ducts after aggregation with other large crystals. Crystal deposits in the collecting ducts near the papillary surface, when exposed to the renal pelvic urine, become nidi for the development of kidney stones.}, } @article {pmid19753699, year = {2001}, author = {Gleaton, HK and Bartges, JW and Laflamme, DP}, title = {Influence of diet on urinary pH, urine and serum biochemical variables, and blood-ionized calcium concentrations in healthy dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {61-69}, pmid = {19753699}, issn = {1528-3593}, mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Calcium/*blood ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dogs/*blood/*urine ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a common cause of lower urinary tract disease in dogs. Diet influences urine composition, and dietary change is often incorporated into medical management of uroliths. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of four diets on urine pH in healthy dogs. Sixteen adult dogs of various breeds, ages, and weights were fed four diets in Latin Square design: a diet formulated for adult dogs at maintenance (Diet A; ProPlan Canine Chicken and Rice Adult [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); a diet formulated to aid in management of fiber-responsive diseases (Diet B; CNM Canine DCO [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); a diet formulated to aid in management of chronic renal failure (Diet C; CNM Canine NF [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); and a diet designed to aid in prevention of struvite urolithiasis (Diet D; Prescription Diet Canine c/d [dry], Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc, Topeka, KS). Diets were fed for 21 days. On day 21, blood and urine samples were collected before feeding one-half of daily caloric requirements, and urine was collected 4 and 8 hours later. A biochemical analysis and ionized-calcium test were conducted on blood samples, and a complete urinalysis and urine pH determined by a pH-electrode were conducted on urine samples. Thirteen dogs completed the study. Serum phosphorous concentrations were significantly lower and urine pH was significantly higher when dogs consumed Diet C when compared with the other three diets. A postprandial effect on urine pH was not demonstrated when dogs consumed any diet. Other urinalysis parameters were not different between dogs or diets. Diet does influence urine pH in healthy dogs; however, healthy dogs produced urine with an acidic pH except while consuming a diet specifically formulated to produce alkaluria. Furthermore, crystalluria was commonly found in these healthy dogs regardless of the diet.}, } @article {pmid11129328, year = {2000}, author = {Henthorn, PS and Liu, J and Gidalevich, T and Fang, J and Casal, ML and Patterson, DF and Giger, U}, title = {Canine cystinuria: polymorphism in the canine SLC3A1 gene and identification of a nonsense mutation in cystinuric Newfoundland dogs.}, journal = {Human genetics}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, pages = {295-303}, doi = {10.1007/s004390000392}, pmid = {11129328}, issn = {0340-6717}, support = {RR02512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; *Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Codon, Nonsense ; Cystinuria/enzymology/genetics/*veterinary ; DNA Primers/genetics ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Dog Diseases/*enzymology/*genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Cystinuria is an inherited renal and intestinal disease characterized by defective amino acid reabsorption and cystine urolithiasis. Different forms of the disease, designated type I and non-type I in cystinuric humans, can be distinguished clinically and biochemically, and have been associated with mutations in the SLC3A1 (rBAT) and SLC7A9 genes, respectively. Type I cystinuria is the most common form and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in humans. Cystinuria has been recognized in more than 60 breeds of dogs and a severe form, resembling type I cystinuria, has been characterized in the Newfoundland breed. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of the canine SLC3A1 cDNA and gene, and the identification of a nonsense mutation in exon 2 of the gene in cystinuric Newfoundland dogs. A mutation-specific test was developed for the diagnosis and control of cystinuria in Newfoundland dogs. In cystinuric dogs of six other breeds, either heterozygosity at the SLC3A1 locus or lack of mutations in the coding region of the SLC3A1 gene were observed, indicating that cystinuria is genetically heterogeneous in dogs, as it is in humans. The canine homologue of human type I cystinuria provides the opportunity to use a large animal model to investigate molecular approaches for the treatment of cystinuria and other renal tubular diseases.}, } @article {pmid11110384, year = {2000}, author = {Midkiff, AM and Chew, DJ and Randolph, JF and Center, SA and DiBartola, SP}, title = {Idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {619-626}, doi = {10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0619:ihic>2.3.co;2}, pmid = {11110384}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Anorexia/veterinary ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcifediol/blood ; Calcitriol/blood ; Calcium/blood ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/drug therapy/*pathology ; Cats ; Creatinine/blood ; Female ; Hypercalcemia/pathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Male ; Parathyroid Hormone/blood ; Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein ; Phosphorus/blood ; Prednisone/therapeutic use ; Proteins/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Thyroxine/blood ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Vomiting/veterinary ; Weight Loss ; }, abstract = {Unexplained hypercalcemia has been increasingly recognized in cats since 1990. In some instances, hypercalcemia has been associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and some affected cats have been fed acidifying diets. We studied the laboratory findings, clinical course, and treatment of 20 cats with idiopathic hypercalcemia. Eight (40%) of the cats were longhaired and all 14 cats for which adequate dietary history was available had been fed acidifying diets. Clinical signs included vomiting (6 cats), weight loss (4 cats), dysuria (4 cats), anorexia (3 cats), and inappropriate urinations (3 cats). Hypercalcemia was mild to moderate in severity. and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were normal or low. Serum concentrations of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and calcitriol were within the reference range in most cats. Diseases commonly associated with hypercalcemia (eg, neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism) were not identified despite thorough medical evaluations and long-term clinical follow-up. Azotemia either did not develop (10 cats) or developed after the onset of hypercalcemia (3 cats), suggesting that renal failure was not the cause of hypercalcemia in affected cats. Seven of 20 cats (35%) had urolithiasis, and in 2 cats uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate. Subtotal parathyroidectomy in 2 cats and dietary modification in 11 cats did not result in resolution of hypercalcemia. Treatment with prednisone resulted in complete resolution of hypercalcemia in 4 cats.}, } @article {pmid11105892, year = {2000}, author = {Armbrust, LJ and Biller, DS and Hoskinson, JJ}, title = {Compression radiography: an old technique revisited.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {537-541}, doi = {10.5326/15473317-36-6-537}, pmid = {11105892}, issn = {0587-2871}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Radiography, Abdominal/methods/*veterinary ; Splenic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Uterine Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Five case examples are provided to illustrate the use of compression radiography in the dog and cat. Abdominal compression radiography provides for evaluation of the size, shape, location, and opacity of a specific area without the degree of superimposition encountered with survey radiographs. The following cases illustrate compression techniques of the intestinal tract, uterus, kidney, bladder, and spleen. A review of the technique as well as a discussion of the advantages and limitations are presented.}, } @article {pmid11052368, year = {2000}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Dreytser, V and Holte, J}, title = {Relevance of sonographic artifacts observed during in vitro characterization of urocystolith mineral composition.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {438-446}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01868.x}, pmid = {11052368}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Nine pure mineral type canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) were imaged ultrasonographically using 3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, and 7.5 MHz fixed focus, mechanical sector transducers in a urinary bladder phantom. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. The occurrence of both reverberation/streak and acoustic shadowing artifacts were compared to urocystolith mineral type (classified by effective atomic number), urocystolith width, urocystolith height (thickness), and ultrasonographic imaging frequency. No predictable relationship was found between either of the artifacts seen beyond the urocystolith (reverberation/streak or the acoustic shadowing) and urocystolith mineral type. There was no statistical relationship between the occurrence of reverberation/streak artifact and the size (width or height) of the urocystolith or the ultrasonographic frequency. There was, however, a statistically relevant relationship between ultrasonographic imaging frequency and the occurrence of acoustic shadowing and between urocystolith height (thickness) and the occurrence of acoustic shadowing. However, regardless of ultrasound frequency, acoustic shadowing was observed less than 35% of the time in any of the urocystolith mineral types examined. Based on the imaging of the bladder phantom supporting apparatus (7.0 mm bolts covered by plastic), the accurate characterization of a curved object surface directly facing the transducer was found to be directly related to the frequency of sound used for imaging and at best predictably limited to curved vs flat. Accurate measurement of the maximum transverse dimension of an echogenic curved object or accurate characterization of the lateral borders of such an object was considered unlikely with general ultrasonographic equipment of the frequencies studied. Therefore, detailed architectural characterization of urocystoliths suitable for mineral composition prediction is considered highly unlikely with general pulse-echo ultrasonographic techniques.}, } @article {pmid11025758, year = {2000}, author = {Tsujihata, M and Miyake, O and Yoshimura, K and Kakimoto, KI and Takahara, S and Okuyama, A}, title = {Fibronectin as a potent inhibitor of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {164}, number = {5}, pages = {1718-1723}, pmid = {11025758}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Blotting, Western ; *Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Crystallization ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fibronectins/*physiology ; Humans ; Kidney Tubules/metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Fibronectin (230 kD.) is a multifunctional alpha2-glycoprotein distributed throughout the extracellular matrix and body fluids. Many investigators have demonstrated that fibronectin, because of its cell adhesive action, is related to biological processes such as morphogenesis, wound healing and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that a variety of molecules, including fibronectin, inhibit endocytosis of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. We investigated other roles of fibronectin in calcium oxalate stone formation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunoblotting of the crystal surface binding substance obtained from pooled healthy male urine samples was used to analyze whether fibronectin was adsorbed onto the surface of calcium oxalate crystals. To clarify the relationship between fibronectin and calcium oxalate crystals, we performed 6 experiments. Experiment 1 was immunohistochemical examination of fibronectin expression in stone forming rat model kidneys, and experiment 2 examined the fibronectin content of stone forming rat kidney models with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Experiment 3 was designed to determine fibronectin content of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stimulated by addition of calcium oxalate crystals and experiment 4 identified the inhibitory effect of fibronectin on calcium oxalate crystal growth by the seed crystal method. For experiment 5 we used an aggregometer system to clarify the inhibitory effect of fibronectin on calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and experiment 6 examined the inhibitory effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to MDCK cells.

RESULTS: In the crystal surface binding substance immunoreactive bands at 230 kD., which correspond to the molecular weight of fibronectin, were detected by Western blot analysis. In stone forming rat kidneys strong expression of fibronectin was found on the renal tubules to which the crystals were attached. The fibronectin content of these kidneys was significantly greater than that of kidneys without calcium oxalate crystals. The fibronectin content of MDCK cells tended to increase in proportion to the concentration of calcium oxalate crystals added to the culture medium. The growth inhibition assay showed that the inhibitory effect of fibronectin on calcium oxalate crystal growth was small in relation to the quantity of fibronectin excreted. However, fibronectin had inhibitory effects on calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and adhesion of the crystals to MDCK cells.

CONCLUSIONS: Fibronectin secretion can be stimulated by calcium oxalate crystals, and this protein, which is excreted from the tubular cells, may inhibit calcium oxalate crystal aggregation and attachment to cells.}, } @article {pmid10993187, year = {2000}, author = {Mishina, M and Watanabe, T and Fujii, K and Maeda, H and Wakao, Y}, title = {Medical dissolution of struvite nephrolithiasis using amino acid preparation in dogs.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {62}, number = {8}, pages = {889-892}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.62.889}, pmid = {10993187}, issn = {0916-7250}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; *Phosphates ; Radiography ; Struvite ; }, abstract = {A new chemolytic therapy with amino acid preparation was tried for use on struvite renal stones in two dogs, which were admitted to Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. No other special diet, for the purpose of dissolving the stones, was fed during the treatment. Dissolution of the stones began at week 1, and no stone was detected on radiography at week 4 in both cases. The amino acid preparation thereafter has been administered every 2-3 days to prevent formation of the stones. After 6 months from treatment, complete dissolution was confirmed, and no relapse has been observed. Therefore, it is concluded that chemolytic therapy with amino acid preparation might be useful for the treatment of nephrolithiasis with struvite renal stones in dogs.}, } @article {pmid10979507, year = {2000}, author = {Hunt, GB and Tisdall, PL and Webb, A and MacPherson, GC and Brain, P and Malik, R}, title = {Congenital portosystemic shunts in toy and miniature poodles.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {78}, number = {8}, pages = {530-532}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11894.x}, pmid = {10979507}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*congenital/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Ligation/veterinary ; Liver Function Tests/veterinary ; Male ; Portal Vein/*abnormalities/*surgery ; }, abstract = {Three male Poodles (two Toy, one Miniature) were presented to their veterinarians for evaluation of urolithiasis and varying degrees of hepatic encephalopathy. All three dogs were diagnosed as having intrahepatic shunts and referred for surgical correction. In each case, shunts arose from the right branch of the portal vein and were amenable to perivascular dissection caudal to where the vessel entered the hepatic parenchyma and to placement of perivascular cellophane bands to achieve shunt attenuation. During the same period, a female Miniature Poodle also presented for treatment of a congenital portosystemic shunt discovered during evaluation for generalised motor seizures. This animal had an extrahepatic portoazygous shunt that was completely ligated. Congenital portosystemic shunts have not previously been identified in Toy and Miniature Poodles at the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney and the anatomical types of shunt seen in this breed have not previously been reported in a consecutive series of cases. The three male dogs are noteworthy for a number of reasons: all had intrahepatic shunts, despite being small breed dogs; all three presented in a similar fashion, and all had shunts of an anatomical type amenable to placement of cellophane bands. One male dog died within 12 hours of surgery, the remaining three dogs survived and their liver function was normal at follow-up between 2 and 3 months after surgery. Use of cellophane bands for successful attenuation of intrahepatic shunts has not been previously reported.}, } @article {pmid10978186, year = {2000}, author = {Dorsey, BD and McDonough, C and McDaniel, SL and Levin, RB and Newton, CL and Hoffman, JM and Darke, PL and Zugay-Murphy, JA and Emini, EA and Schleif, WA and Olsen, DB and Stahlhut, MW and Rutkowski, CA and Kuo, LC and Lin, JH and Chen, IW and Michelson, SR and Holloway, MK and Huff, JR and Vacca, JP}, title = {Identification of MK-944a: a second clinical candidate from the hydroxylaminepentanamide isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {43}, number = {18}, pages = {3386-3399}, doi = {10.1021/jm9903848}, pmid = {10978186}, issn = {0022-2623}, mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Dogs ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; HIV Protease Inhibitors/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; HIV-1/*drug effects ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Indans/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Male ; Piperazines/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Protein Binding ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/urine ; }, abstract = {Recent results from human clinical trials have established the critical role of HIV protease inhibitors in the treatment of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the emergence of viral resistance, demanding treatment protocols, and adverse side effects have exposed the urgent need for a second generation of HIV protease inhibitors. The continued exploration of our hydroxylaminepentanamide (HAPA) transition-state isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors, which initially resulted in the identification of Crixivan (indinavir sulfate, MK-639, L-735,524), has now yielded MK-944a (L-756,423). This compound is potent, is selective, and competitively inhibits HIV-1 PR with a K(i) value of 0.049 nM. It stops the spread of the HIV(IIIb)-infected MT4 lymphoid cells at 25.0-50.0 nM, even in the presence of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein, human serum albumin, normal human serum, or fetal bovine serum. MK-944a has a longer half-life in several animal models (rats, dogs, and monkeys) than indinavir sulfate and is currently in advanced human clinical trials.}, } @article {pmid10972669, year = {2000}, author = {Verkoelen, CF and Van Der Boom, BG and Romijn, JC}, title = {Identification of hyaluronan as a crystal-binding molecule at the surface of migrating and proliferating MDCK cells.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {1045-1054}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00262.x}, pmid = {10972669}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases/pharmacology ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/chemistry/cytology/metabolism ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Hyaluronic Acid/analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/pharmacology ; Kidney/*cytology ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/metabolism ; Plastics ; Protein Binding/drug effects/physiology ; Wound Healing/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The adherence of calcium oxalate crystals to the renal tubule epithelium is considered a critical event in the pathophysiology of calcium nephrolithiasis. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals cannot adhere to the surface of a functional Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) monolayer, but they bind avidly to the surface of proliferating and migrating cells.

METHODS: To identify crystal-binding molecules (CBMs) at the surface of crystal-attracting cells, we applied metabolic labeling protocols in combination with differential enzymatic digestion and gel filtration, which was compared with [14C]COM crystal binding and confirmed by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS: The indication that hyaluronan [hyaluronic acid (HA)] might act as a CBM in subconfluent cultures came from studies with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-degrading enzymes. Subsequently, metabolic-labeling studies revealed that hyaluronidase cleaved significantly more radiolabeled glycoconjugates from crystal-attracting cells than from cells without affinity for crystals. During wound repair, crystal binding could be prevented by pretreating the healing cultures with hyaluronate lyase, an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes HA. Binding to immobilized HA provided evidence that COM crystals physically can become associated with this polysaccharide. Finally, confocal microscopy demonstrated that fluorescently labeled HA binding protein (HABP) adhered to the surface of proliferating cells in subconfluent cultures as well as to cells involved in closing a wound, but not to cells in confluent monolayers.

CONCLUSIONS: These results identify HA as binding molecule for COM crystals at the surface of migrating and proliferating MDCK cells.}, } @article {pmid10961273, year = {2000}, author = {Smith, RC and Coll, DM}, title = {Helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of ureteric colic.}, journal = {BJU international}, volume = {86 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {33-41}, doi = {10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00579.x}, pmid = {10961273}, issn = {1464-4096}, mesh = {Animals ; Colic/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography ; Ureteral Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnostic imaging ; }, } @article {pmid10953716, year = {2000}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Koehler, LA and Urlich, LK and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Association between patient-related factors and risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {217}, number = {4}, pages = {520-525}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2000.217.520}, pmid = {10953716}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Cats ; Female ; Logistic Models ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Time Factors ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breed, age, sex, or reproductive status (i.e., neutered versus sexually intact) was associated with the apparent increase in prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths and the decrease in prevalence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats over time.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

ANIMALS: Case cats consisted of cats with CaOx (n = 7,895) or MAP (7,334) uroliths evaluated at the Minnesota Urolith Center between 1981 and 1997. Control cats consisted of cats without urinary tract disease admitted to veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States and Canada during the same period (150,482).

PROCEDURE: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS: British Shorthair, Exotic Shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Havana Brown, Himalayan, Persian, Ragdoll, and Scottish Fold cats had an increased risk of developing CaOx uroliths, as did male cats and neutered cats. Chartreux, domestic shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Himalayan, Oriental Shorthair, and Ragdoll cats had an increased risk of developing MAP uroliths, as did female cats and neutered cats. Cats with CaOx uroliths were significantly older than cats with MAP uroliths.

Results suggest that changes in breed, age, sex, or reproductive status did not contribute to the apparent reciprocal relationship between prevalences of CaOx and MAP uroliths in cats during a 17-year period. However, cats of particular breeds, ages, sex, and reproductive status had an increased risk of developing CaOx and MAP uroliths.}, } @article {pmid10953715, year = {2000}, author = {Lekcharoensuk, C and Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Pusoonthornthum, R and Allen, TA and Koehler, LA and Urlich, LK and Carpenter, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Patient and environmental factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {217}, number = {4}, pages = {515-519}, doi = {10.2460/javma.2000.217.515}, pmid = {10953715}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Health ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

ANIMALS: 1,074 dogs that formed calcium oxalate uroliths and 1,724 control dogs that did not have uroliths.

PROCEDURE: A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information from veterinarians and owners within 1 year of the date of urolith detection concerning signalment and environment of the dogs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios to assess whether breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment were risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation.

RESULTS: Middle-aged (8- to 12-year-old) castrated male dogs had increased risk for formation of calcium oxalate uroliths. Urolith formation was also associated with increasing age. Dogs of certain breeds, including Miniature and Standard Schnauzer, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Miniature and Toy Poodle, had increased risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths. Overweight dogs also had increased risk.

Knowledge of patient and environmental risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of this disease. Modification of environmental factors and body weight may minimize calcium oxalate urolith formation and recurrence.}, } @article {pmid10916087, year = {2000}, author = {Kohjimoto, Y and Honeyman, TW and Jonassen, J and Gravel, K and Kennington, L and Scheid, CR}, title = {Phospholipase A2 mediates immediate early genes in cultured renal epithelial cells: possible role of lysophospholipid.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {638-646}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00210.x}, pmid = {10916087}, issn = {0085-2538}, support = {ES 07864/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK 43184/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/physiology ; Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology ; Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology ; Blotting, Northern ; Calcimycin/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Dogs ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects/physiology ; Genes, Immediate-Early/*physiology ; Ionophores/pharmacology ; Kidney/cytology ; Kidney Calculi/enzymology ; Lysophospholipids/*metabolism ; Oxalates/pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Phospholipases A/antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A2 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics ; Quinacrine/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Tritium ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Exposure to high levels of oxalate induces oxidant stress in renal epithelial cells and produces diverse changes in cell function, ranging from cell death to cellular adaptation, as evidenced by increased DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, and induction of genes associated with remodeling and repair. These studies focused on cellular adaptation to this oxidant stress, examining the manner by which oxalate exposure leads to increased expression of immediate early genes (IEGs). Specifically, our studies assessed the possibility that oxalate-induced changes in IEG expression are mediated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a common pathway in cellular stress responses.

METHODS: Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were exposed to oxalate in the presence or absence of PLA2 inhibitors: mepacrine and arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3). Expression of IEG (c-jun, egr-1, and c-myc) mRNA was assessed by Northern blot analysis. PLA2 activity was determined by measuring the release of [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) from prelabeled cells.

RESULTS: Oxalate exposure (1 to 1.5 mmol/L) induced time- and concentration-dependent increases in IEG mRNA. Treatment with mepacrine resulted in a 75 to 113% reduction of oxalate-induced c-jun, egr-1, and c-myc mRNA, while AACOCF3 caused a 41 to 46% reduction of oxalate-induced c-jun and egr-1 mRNA. Of the two major byproducts of PLA2, only lysophosphatidylcholine (20 micromol/L) increased c-jun and egr-1 mRNA. In contrast, AA (25 micromol/L) attenuated the oxalate-induced increase in c-jun and egr-1 mRNA, presumably by inhibiting PLA2 activity.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PLA2 plays a major role in oxalate-induced IEG expression in renal epithelial cells and that lysophospholipids might be a possible lipid mediator in this pathway.}, } @article {pmid10850875, year = {2000}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Dreytser, V and Holte, J}, title = {Loss of urocystolith architectural clarity during in vivo radiographic simulation versus in vitro visualization.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {241-246}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01486.x}, pmid = {10850875}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; *Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Surface Properties ; Urinary Bladder/*diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 434 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography and double contrast cystography. Morphologic characteristics visually observed in vitro or by interpretation of high-resolution specimen radiographs were compared to those seen using the simulated in vivo imaging techniques. Shape characteristics that were accurately detected > or = 25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were faceted, irregular, jackstone, ovoid, and round. Surface characteristics that were accurately detected > or = 25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were rough, smooth, and smooth with blunt tips. Internal architecture characteristics that were accurately detected > or = 25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were lucent center, random-nonuniform, and uniform. Shapes such as bosselated, faceted-ovoid, and rosette; surfaces such as botryoidal, and knife-edged; and internal architecture characteristics such as dense center, dense shell, laminated, and fissures were of almost no value either due to poor detectability or poor accuracy of recognition. Based on optimized simulated survey and double contrast radiographic procedures, it appears that a number of shape, surface, and internal architecture characteristics may be of limited or no value in discriminating among urocystolith mineral types under clinical circumstances. Shapes and surfaces were more accurately characterized by the simulated double contrast technique, but for internal architecture, the simulated survey radiographic technique seemed slightly superior overall.}, } @article {pmid10850874, year = {2000}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Dreytser, V and Holte, J}, title = {Contrast medium-related artifacts observed during in vitro radiographic characterization of urocystolith mineral composition.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {235-240}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01485.x}, pmid = {10850874}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Contrast Media/*administration & dosage/*chemistry ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) were exposed to sequential increasing concentrations of iodinated, radiographic contrast medium in petri dishes. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. Two phenomena were observed. First, there was a tendency for selected urocystoliths to undergo radiopacity augmentation beyond that expected for just contrast medium superimposition. This was termed, contrast medium adhesion, which persisted despite repeated washing of the urocystoliths. Second, there was a tendency for bubbles to form on or near selected urocystolith chemical types. These observations prompted careful scrutiny for their occurrence in subsequent clinical simulation of radiographic procedures using these same urocystoliths in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations). The contrast medium adhesion occurrence found in the petri dish studies was compared to urocystolith mineral type. Similar comparisons were made for contrast medium adhesion occurrence in the bladder phantom. The detection of contrast medium adhesion in the bladder phantom differed from that observed in the petri dish experiments. While contrast adhesion occurred across a fairly broad range of the urocystolith mineral types in the petri dish studies, it was observed primarily for sodium acid urate and cystine urocystoliths in the bladder phantom. Prompted by the observation of bubbles in association with a limited number of urocystolith types in the petri dish studies, bubble occurrence in the bladder phantom was compared to the urocystolith type. Bubble formation on or near the urocystoliths, although uncommonly observed, was seen only with either cystine or silica urocystoliths. The potential clinical utility and clinical caveat aspects of these phenomena are discussed.}, } @article {pmid10836987, year = {2000}, author = {Koka, RM and Huang, E and Lieske, JC}, title = {Adhesion of uric acid crystals to the surface of renal epithelial cells.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Renal physiology}, volume = {278}, number = {6}, pages = {F989-98}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.6.F989}, pmid = {10836987}, issn = {1931-857X}, support = {K08 DK-02272/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P50 DK-47631/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK-53399/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {3T3 Cells ; Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Anions/pharmacology ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/metabolism ; Cations/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/metabolism ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Durapatite/chemistry/metabolism ; Electrochemistry ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Kidney/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/metabolism ; Lectins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Surface Properties ; Uric Acid/chemistry/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Adhesion of microcrystals that nucleate in tubular fluid to the apical surface of renal tubular cells could be a critical step in the formation of kidney stones, 12% of which contain uric acid (UA) either alone or admixed with calcium oxalates or calcium phosphates. UA crystals bind rapidly to monolayer cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line), used to model the surface of the nephron, in a concentration-dependent manner. The urinary glycoproteins osteopontin, nephrocalcin, and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein had no effect on binding of UA crystals to the cell surface, whereas other polyanions including specific glycosaminoglycans blocked UA crystal adhesion. Specific polycations also inhibited adhesion of UA crystals and appeared to exert their inhibitory effect by coating cells. However, removal of anionic cell surface molecules with neuraminidase, heparitinase I, or chondroitinase ABC each increased UA crystal binding, and sialic acid-binding lectins had no effect. These observations suggest that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions play a major role in adhesion of electrostatically neutral UA crystals to renal cells, unlike the interaction of calcium-containing crystals with negatively charged molecules on the apical cell surface via ionic forces. After adhesion to the plasma membrane, subsequent cellular events could contribute to UA crystal retention in the kidney and the development of UA or mixed calcium and UA calculi.}, } @article {pmid10772491, year = {2000}, author = {Savary, KC and Price, GS and Vaden, SL}, title = {Hypercalcemia in cats: a retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {184-189}, doi = {10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0184:hicars>2.3.co;2}, pmid = {10772491}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/physiopathology ; Cats ; Female ; Hypercalcemia/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Hyperparathyroidism/complications/veterinary ; Male ; Neoplasms/complications/veterinary ; Renal Insufficiency/complications/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 +/- 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; P < .03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia (P < .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.}, } @article {pmid10769772, year = {2000}, author = {Houston, D and Patterson, J and Moore, A and Smith, S and Favrin, M and Villagonzalo, M and Hoff, B}, title = {Preliminary results from the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, pages = {318-319}, pmid = {10769772}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Canada ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Interinstitutional Relations ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine ; }, } @article {pmid10644664, year = {2000}, author = {Lieske, JC and Huang, E and Toback, FG}, title = {Regulation of renal epithelial cell affinity for calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Renal physiology}, volume = {278}, number = {1}, pages = {F130-7}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F130}, pmid = {10644664}, issn = {1931-857X}, support = {K08-DK-02272/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P50-DK-47631/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01-DK-53399/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid/pharmacology ; Alprostadil/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/prevention & control ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The binding and internalization of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals by tubular epithelial cells may be a critical step leading to kidney stone formation. Exposure of MDCK cells to arachidonic acid (AA) for 3 days, but not oleic or linoleic acid, decreased COM crystal adhesion by 55%. Exogenous prostaglandin PGE(1) or PGE(2) decreased crystal binding 96% within 8 h, as did other agents that raise intracellular cAMP. Actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or tunicamycin each blocked the action of PGE(2), suggesting that gene transcription, protein synthesis, and N-glycosylation were required. Blockade of crystal binding by AA was not prevented by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flurbiprofen, and was mimicked by the nonmetabolizable AA analog eicosatetryanoic acid (ETYA), suggesting that generation of PGE from AA is not the pathway by which AA exerts its effect. These studies provide new evidence that binding of COM crystals to renal cells is regulated by physiological signals that could modify exposure of cell surface molecules to which the crystals bind. Intrarenal AA, PGs, and/or other agents that raise the intracellular concentration of cAMP may serve a protective function by preventing crystal adhesion along the nephron, thereby defending the kidney against crystal retention and stone formation.}, } @article {pmid10608518, year = {1999}, author = {Buffington, CA and Chew, DJ}, title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of endourology}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {659-663}, doi = {10.1089/end.1999.13.659}, pmid = {10608518}, issn = {0892-7790}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*metabolism/physiopathology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis has long been recognized as a cause of irritative voiding in cats. Before the late 1980s, sterile struvite was the most common urolith; today, however, 40% of feline uroliths are of calcium oxalate. This change may be partly attributable to the change to urine-acidifying, magnesium-restricted diets that were introduced to reduce the formation of struvite. However, it is possible that the diet modifications made by cat food manufacturers simply exposed a population of cats predisposed to calcium oxalate stone formation. Urolithiasis in cats appears to be diet sensitive rather than diet induced. As in humans, water is crucial in the prevention and treatment of feline stones.}, } @article {pmid10541279, year = {1999}, author = {Ebisuno, S and Nishihata, M and Inagaki, T and Umehara, M and Kohjimoto, Y}, title = {Bikunin prevents adhesion of calcium oxalate crystal to renal tubular cells in human urine.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN}, volume = {10 Suppl 14}, number = {}, pages = {S436-40}, pmid = {10541279}, issn = {1046-6673}, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Glycoproteins/isolation & purification/*pharmacology/urine ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; Male ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; *Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean ; }, abstract = {Crystal-renal tubular cell interactions are important factors in crystal retention and development of kidney stones. It has been reported that human urine, especially its macromolecular fraction, distinctively prevented calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal adhesion to tubular cells. This study was designed to find and isolate a specific substance in human urine with a strong inhibitory effect against crystal adhesion. A protein from the urine was purified by two anion exchange chromatography columns and one gel filtration column. The inhibition activity for COM crystal adhesion to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells was determined quantitatively. Amino acid sequence of the protein was analyzed and then subjected to homology search in the GenBank protein database. A specific human urine protein that inhibited the COM crystal adhesion to the cells was isolated and identified. Molecular mass of the protein was approximately 35 kD. The first 20-amino acid sequence from the N-terminal of the purified protein was structurally homologous with the light chain of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, also called bikunin. The isolated bikunin inhibited crystal adhesion at a minimum concentration of 10 ng/ml, and blocked completely at 200 ng/ml. It is concluded that bikunin may contribute to the regulation of crystal adhesion and retention within tubules during kidney stone formation.}, } @article {pmid10541278, year = {1999}, author = {Verkoelen, CF and Van Der Boom, BG and Kok, DJ and Schroder, FH and Romijn, JC}, title = {Attachment sites for particles in the urinary tract.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN}, volume = {10 Suppl 14}, number = {}, pages = {S430-5}, pmid = {10541278}, issn = {1046-6673}, mesh = {Animals ; Annexin A5/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/physiology ; Phosphatidylserines/physiology ; }, abstract = {The adherence of crystals to the surface of renal tubule epithelial cells is one of the initial events in the development of nephrolithiasis. The accumulation of crystalline material in the kidney will sooner or later result in the formation of a stone. Calcium crystals occasionally are present in the urine of even healthy individuals, and mechanisms responsible for the selective attachment of crystals to the tubular epithelium of stone-forming individuals must exist. Although several types of cell surface molecules, including phosphatidylserine (PS) and sialic acid, have been proposed as receptors for crystals in the tubular system, the exact nature of these crystal-binding sites has not yet been revealed. Previously, it was demonstrated that calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals adhere to subconfluent, but not to confluent, Madin-Darby canine kidney-I cultures. This model was used here to investigate whether the surface of cells with affinity for crystals is enriched with one of the proposed crystal-binding molecules. Annexin V was used for the detection of PS at the cell surface, and Sambucus nigra lectin was used to reveal terminal sialic acid in a (alpha2,6) linkage to galactose units. FITC-annexin V binding studies showed that PS was not exposed at the surface of proliferating or growth-inhibited cells, unless they were pretreated with an apoptosis-inducing cytotoxic agent. Sambucus nigra lectin binding, of which the specificity was confirmed by blocking with N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose, demonstrated the abundant presence of (alpha2,6)-linked sialic acid residues at the cell surface of both subconfluent and confluent cultures. While these results seem to rule out a role for PS in the adherence of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to the surface of maturating Madin-Darby canine kidney-I cells, they question the role for cell surface-associated sialylated glycoconjugates in this process.}, } @article {pmid10541276, year = {1999}, author = {Koul, HK and Koul, S and Fu, S and Santosham, V and Seikhon, A and Menon, M}, title = {Oxalate: from crystal formation to crystal retention.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN}, volume = {10 Suppl 14}, number = {}, pages = {S417-21}, pmid = {10541276}, issn = {1046-6673}, support = {R01 DK54084/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Dogs ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Swine ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; }, abstract = {Idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formation is a multifactorial disease. It is therefore unlikely that a single underlying condition will be responsible for entire spectrum of the disease; however, it appears that one important factor in the pathogenesis is an abnormality in oxalate metabolism. Whatever the cause, two critical parameters for stone formation are crystal formation and crystal retention in the renal tubules. Although crystal formination and role of oxalate in crystal formation have been evaluated extensively, it is only recently that crystal retention has been addressed. Previous studies from our laboratories demonstrated that oxalate exposure to renal epithelial cells in culture resulted in initiation of a program of events including DNA synthesis and cell death. The present studies evaluated effects of oxalate on cell proliferation and damage to distal tubular (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells) and proximal (LLC-PK1 cells) cells. Effects of oxalate exposure on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal adherence to these cells were also evaluated. Results presented herein demonstrate that proximal tubular cells are more sensitive to oxalate than distal tubular cells. Furthermore, oxalate exposure to proximal tubular cells resulted in reinitiation of DNA synthesis, whereas no such effect was observed in distal tubular cells. Higher levels of oxalate (> 1 mM) resulted in cell loss of both proximal and distal tubular cells, as observed by crystal violet staining. Despite these differences, oxalate exposure to both proximal and distal tubular cells resulted in increased COM crystal adherence. Thus, oxalate exposure may promote crystal adherence to renal epithelial cells either secondarily to cell death and proliferation or by a yet unidentified mechanism. These studies provide the first direct evidence for the role of oxalate in promoting COM crystal retention by the urothelium.}, } @article {pmid10478954, year = {1999}, author = {Escolar, E and Bellanato, J}, title = {Spectroscopic and ultrastructural comparative study of cystine calculi in humans and dogs.}, journal = {Biospectroscopy}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {237-242}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6343(1999)5:4<237::AID-BSPY4>3.0.CO;2-E}, pmid = {10478954}, issn = {1075-4261}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/chemistry ; Cystine/*analysis ; Cystinuria/pathology/veterinary ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The careful analysis of cystine calculi may be important to detect the presence of other urinary alterations (such as hyperuricosuria, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria or bacterial infections) that coexist with cystinuria in many patients. For this reason, in the present study, 14 human and 17 canine cystine uroliths have been studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). According to the infrared analysis, most of the human and canine stones were composed of nearly pure cystine. However, in these calculi of apparently pure cystine, the study by SEM and EDX showed in many cases the presence of small amounts of calcium apatite. The infrared study of several samples heated at 750 degrees C confirmed the presence of phosphate, when it was difficult to detect this component in the spectra of the original samples owing to band overlapping. Other components detected in varying proportions in cystine calculi were magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite), calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), calcium oxalate (mono and/or dihydrate) and, in one case, a drug (oxolinic acid).}, } @article {pmid10463834, year = {1999}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Dreytser, V and Holte, J}, title = {Urocystolith detection: comparison of survey, contrast radiographic and ultrasonographic techniques in an in vitro bladder phantom.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {386-400}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb02131.x}, pmid = {10463834}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/chemistry ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Contrast Media ; Crystallization ; Cystine/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/metabolism ; Dogs ; False Negative Reactions ; Iodine ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Minerals/chemistry ; Phantoms, Imaging/veterinary ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Pneumoradiography/veterinary ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Struvite ; Transducers/veterinary ; Ultrasonography ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 437 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations) and real-time ultrasonography (3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, 7.5 MHz). Imaging techniques were compared for accuracy of urocystolith detection, accuracy of urocystolith enumeration, and tendencies for over or undercounting. Across urocystolith mineral types, the false negative rates (no urocystoliths detected in a given case) for survey radiographs range from 2 to 27%. Pneumocystographic techniques are one-half as likely to yield false negative results as are survey radiographic techniques. Underestimates of urocystolith numbers and false negatives are likely using 80 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystography because calcium-based urocystoliths are isopaque in this contrast medium dilution. The 200 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystographic techniques are unlikely to yield false negative diagnoses even for very small (< or = 1.0 mm) urocystoliths and is comparable to pneumocystography for detection and slightly better for enumeration. The likelihood of an ultrasonographic false negative for urocystoliths decreases with increasing MHz. Under optimal conditions using a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer, the false negative rates were comparable to double contrast cystography, but rates increased notably with lower MHz transducers.}, } @article {pmid10461108, year = {1999}, author = {Yamate, T and Kohri, K and Umekawa, T and Konya, E and Ishikawa, Y and Iguchi, M and Kurita, T}, title = {Interaction between osteopontin on madin darby canine kidney cell membrane and calcium oxalate crystal.}, journal = {Urologia internationalis}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {81-86}, doi = {10.1159/000030363}, pmid = {10461108}, issn = {0042-1138}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Coloring Agents/analysis ; Dogs ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Female ; Fluorescein/analysis ; Intracellular Membranes/drug effects/metabolism ; Kidney/cytology/drug effects ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/*metabolism ; Osteopontin ; Photomicrography ; Reference Values ; Sialoglycoproteins/analysis/*biosynthesis ; }, abstract = {We recently reported that the addition of the protein osteopontin (OPN) resulted in an increase in the deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on the surface of Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. To determine the degree to which this increased deposition is caused by OPN, we investigated the extent to which the CaOx crystal deposition produced by the expression of OPN at the cell surface was suppressed by 4 different methods prior to the determination of the level of CaOx crystal binding. MDCK cells (2 x 10(6) cells/well) were cultured to a confluent state, and the binding of OPN to the cellular surface was then inhibited by adding one of the following 4 substances: human OPN polyclonal antibody, thrombin, cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides and tunicamycin. The cells were cultured for 24 h. We then used a fluorescent antibody technique with an OPN polyclonal antibody to determined whether the expression of OPN at the cell surface was inhibited, and we measured the degree of CaOx crystal deposition using the isotope (45)Ca. The degree of CaOx crystal deposition was inhibited by 80% or more in the antibody-treated group, by 50-80% in the thrombin-treated group, by 60-80% in the cyclic RGD-treated group, and by 50-60% in the tunicamycin-treated group. These results suggest that OPN in the extracellular matrix is the main cause of CaOx crystal deposition on the surface of MDCK cells.}, } @article {pmid10422822, year = {1999}, author = {Sakakura, T and Fujita, K and Yasui, T and Sasaki, S and Mabuchi, Y and Iguchi, M and Kohri, K}, title = {Calcium phosphate stones produced by Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells inoculated in nude mice.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {200-205}, doi = {10.1007/s002400050110}, pmid = {10422822}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Transplantation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Graft Survival ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney/cytology/metabolism ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Osteopontin ; Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology/*metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {The canine renal distal tubular cell line Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) forms calcium phosphate microliths during a long-term culture in vitro. We identified osteopontin (OPN) and calprotectin (CPT) from a urinary stone matrix. We recently also detected the expression of OPN and CPT in MDCK cells. The relationship between the mechanism of the stone formation and these stone matrix proteins is not yet known. Here, MDCK cells were cultured and inoculated in the subcutis of nude mice. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks, the inoculated tissues were resected, fixed and immunostained with polyclonal anti-human OPN and polyclonal anti-human CPT antibodies. Some serial specimens were stained with von Kossa's procedure. MDCK cells formed some follicular formations in the subcutis of nude mice at least at 12 weeks after transplantation. At 8 weeks after the inoculation, we detected small calcium phosphate stones with MDCK cells trapped in the follicles. The cells forming the stones also expressed both OPN and CPT. The CPT expression sites coincided with the stone formation sites. We confirmed that MDCK cells inoculated in nude mice had stone-forming potential, and we speculate that OPN and CPT play important roles in stone formation by MDCK cells.}, } @article {pmid10416773, year = {1999}, author = {McClain, HM and Barsanti, JA and Bartges, JW}, title = {Hypercalcemia and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats: a report of five cases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {297-301}, doi = {10.5326/15473317-35-4-297}, pmid = {10416773}, issn = {0587-2871}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Hypercalcemia/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Five cats that presented for signs of lower urinary tract disease (i.e., pollakiuria and hematuria) secondary to a calcium oxalate urolithiasis are presented. On evaluation, all five cats had elevations of both serum ionized as well as total serum calcium. The hypercalcemia resolved after discontinuation of urinary acidifying therapy or a dietary change, or both.}, } @article {pmid10385867, year = {1999}, author = {Ruiz de Gopegui, R and Espada, Y and Majó, N}, title = {Bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis in a nine-year-old female German shepherd dog.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, pages = {224-226}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03066.x}, pmid = {10385867}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/diagnosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Hysterectomy/adverse effects/veterinary ; Ovariectomy/adverse effects/veterinary ; Renal Insufficiency/etiology/*veterinary ; Ultrasonography ; Ureter/*diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {A nine-year-old female German shepherd dog was presented in severe renal failure. Clinical and ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of adrenal neoplasia, bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis but no evidence of urolithiasis or bladder neoplasia. In the absence of anuria, therapy for the renal failure was attempted but the azotaemia did not improve. Remarkably, bilateral hydroureter appeared to have been induced by a past routine surgical procedure--ovariohysterectomy.}, } @article {pmid10376906, year = {1999}, author = {VanSteenhouse, JL and Dimski, DS and Taylor, HW and Swenson, DH and Taboada, J and Hosgood, G}, title = {Effects of oral administration of orotic acid on hepatic morphologic characteristics and serum biochemical variables in cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, pages = {749-752}, pmid = {10376906}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Cats ; Creatinine/*blood/urine ; Fatty Liver/chemically induced/pathology ; Female ; Liver/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Orotic Acid/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/toxicity ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate orotic acid (OA) as a possible etiologic factor in cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis (HL).

ANIMALS: 20 clinically normal adult female cats.

PROCEDURE: Cats were fed a control diet or a diet containing less protein. On day 1 of the control period, blood, urine, and liver biopsy specimens were obtained. Each cat was given an oral dose of water daily. On days 8, 15, and 22, blood and urine specimens were collected as on day 1. On day 29, liver, blood, and urine samples were obtained as on day 1. After a resting period of 30 to 60 days, cats were treated with orotic acid. Serum biochemical analyses, urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios, and liver biopsy specimens were evaluated. Cats were given OA orally (suspension or capsules) for 29 days. Sample collection and data obtained were identical to those described for the control period.

RESULTS: Urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios were significantly higher in all treated cats, but ratios were significantly higher in those receiving OA in capsules than in those receiving OA in suspension. Diet or treatment did not alter hepatic biochemical or histologic variables significantly. However, 7 cats given the highest dose of OA in capsules developed azotemia, urolithiasis, and renal changes.

CONCLUSIONS: Most concentrations of OA used in this study did not induce HL in cats during a 29-day period, but the highest dosage used did result in renal disease.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Orotic acid does not appear to be involved in the genesis of HL in cats.}, } @article {pmid10372422, year = {1999}, author = {Hulsen, J}, title = {[Urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Meeting of the Panel for Nutrition and Dietetics of the Veterinary Society].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {124}, number = {11}, pages = {351-354}, pmid = {10372422}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {*Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; *Cat Diseases/diagnosis ; Cats ; Cystine ; Diet/*veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Struvite ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid10367644, year = {1999}, author = {Petrini, KR and Lulich, JP and Treschel, L and Nachreiner, RF}, title = {Evaluation of urinary and serum metabolites in Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea) with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {54-63}, pmid = {10367644}, issn = {1042-7260}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium/blood/urine ; Calcium Oxalate ; Creatinine/urine ; Diet/veterinary ; Drinking ; Electrolytes/blood ; Female ; Male ; *Otters ; Oxalates/urine ; Parathyroid Hormone/blood ; Phosphorus/urine ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/blood/urine/*veterinary ; Urination ; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/blood ; }, abstract = {Baseline renal function data was collected during 24-hr periods of feeding and fasting from three male and three female adult Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea) with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Urine was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, and oxalate, and urinalyses were performed. There was no evidence of glucosuria, which has been previously reported in Asian small-clawed otters with urolithiasis. Urinary oxalate levels were quite high when compared with those of dogs and humans without uroliths, and the ratio of urinary oxalate to calcium was close to 1:1 during periods of food consumption. There was no significant difference in urinary oxalate excretion between the fed and fasting states. Urinary calcium excretion was five times greater during feeding than during fasting. Calcium levels were higher in the otters than those reported for dogs without uroliths but were similar to those for normal humans. Water consumption and urine production were significantly higher during periods of food consumption. Serum chemistry analyses and electrolyte levels were also determined. There was no evidence of hypercalcemia. Fractional clearance of calcium and phosphorus and endogenous creatinine clearance were significantly higher during food consumption than during fasting. Parathyroid hormone levels were similar to those reported for dogs and cats. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was slightly lower in the otters than in dogs.}, } @article {pmid10095174, year = {1999}, author = {Campos, AH and Schor, N}, title = {Phyllanthus niruri inhibits calcium oxalate endocytosis by renal tubular cells: its role in urolithiasis.}, journal = {Nephron}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {393-397}, doi = {10.1159/000045322}, pmid = {10095174}, issn = {1660-8151}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dogs ; Endocytosis/*drug effects ; Hydrolysis ; Indicators and Reagents ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology/metabolism/*pathology ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Trypsin/chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*pathology ; }, abstract = {We investigated the in vitro effect of an aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. on a model of CaOx crystal endocytosis by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The extract exhibited a potent and effective non-concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the CaOx crystal internalization. This response was present even at very high (pathologic) CaOx concentrations and no P. niruri L.-induced toxic effect could be detected. Biochemical analysis of culture media containing P. niruri L. did not provide any clues for the elucidation of the cellular pathways affected by this natural product. Although further studies are necessary for a better understanding of the role of P. niruri L. in urolithiasis, our findings show that this natural product could be an attractive alternative for the treatment of urinary stones.}, } @article {pmid10065322, year = {1999}, author = {Houston, DM and Eaglesome, H}, title = {Unusual case of foreign body-induced struvite urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {125-126}, pmid = {10065322}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Foreign Bodies/*veterinary ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 6-year-old, castrated male dog was presented because of inappropriate urination and hematuria. Radiographs indicated a bladder stone with a sewing needle at its center. The urolith was removed and diagnosed as predominantly struvite, most likely a result of the foreign body and a urinary tract infection.}, } @article {pmid10028389, year = {1999}, author = {Wyatt, KM and Marchevsky, AM and Kelly, A}, title = {An enterovesical foreign body in a dog.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {27-29}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12420.x}, pmid = {10028389}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Foreign Bodies/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Intestinal Perforation/etiology/*veterinary ; *Jejunum ; Male ; *Urethra ; *Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Vomiting ; Wood ; }, } @article {pmid10028164, year = {1999}, author = {Adams, LG and Senior, DF}, title = {Electrohydraulic and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {293-302, xv}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50017-x}, pmid = {10028164}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Horse Diseases/therapy ; Horses ; Humans ; Lithotripsy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The literal meaning of lithotripsy is the "act of breaking stones." There are two forms of lithotripsy available for use in veterinary medicine: electrohydraulic shock-wave lithotripsy (EHL) and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). With EHL, a shock-wave is generated immediately adjacent to a urolith within the urinary bladder. In dogs, nephroliths or ureteroliths can be successfully treated with ESWL. With ESWL, the shock-waves are generated outside the body and directed toward the urolith.}, } @article {pmid10028163, year = {1999}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Sanderson, SL and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Voiding urohydropropulsion. Lessons from 5 years of experience.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {283-91, xiv}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50016-8}, pmid = {10028163}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Particle Size ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/therapy/*veterinary ; *Urination ; }, abstract = {Voiding urohydropropulsion is a nonsurgical method of removing uroliths from the urinary bladder. Any urocystolith of sufficient size to pass through the distended urethral lumen can be safely and effectively removed by this technique. Compared to cystotomy, voiding urohydropropulsion offers several advantages: urolith removal can be performed in minutes, anesthetic period is shorter, postprocedural dysuria and hematuria are less severe, and it provides greater success for complete removal of small urocystoliths. This technique is not suitable for removal of large urocystoliths or uroliths that become lodged in the urethral lumen.}, } @article {pmid10028162, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Polzin, DJ}, title = {Canine retrograde urohydropropulsion. Lessons from 25 years of experience.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {267-81, xiv}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50015-6}, pmid = {10028162}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Decompression, Surgical/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Paracentesis/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/complications/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths are commonly voided into the urethra where they often lodge adjacent to the os penis in male dogs. Urethral patency can, with few exceptions, be restored by flushing uroliths back into the bladder lumen by retrograde urohydropropulsion. To be consistently successful, one must be familiar with the concepts of the procedure and each step of the technique.}, } @article {pmid10028161, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Bartges, JW and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL and Austin, GW and Prien, EL and Steinam, KU}, title = {Drug-induced urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {251-66, xiv}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50014-4}, pmid = {10028161}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Allopurinol/adverse effects ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects ; Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects ; Anticonvulsants/adverse effects ; Cat Diseases/*chemically induced ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced ; Dogs ; Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Fluoroquinolones ; Primidone/adverse effects ; Sulfonamides/adverse effects ; Tetracycline/adverse effects ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/*veterinary ; Xanthine Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitors ; }, abstract = {Diagnostic and therapeutic drugs may enhance urolithiasis in one or a combination of ways, including: (1) alteration of urine pH in such fashion as to create an environment that increases the solubility of some lithogenic substances, (2) alteration of glomerular filtration rate, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion of drugs of endogenous substances so as to enhance promoters or impair inhibitors of urolithiasis, and (3) precipitation (e.g., drugs or their metabolites) to form a portion or all of a urolith.}, } @article {pmid10028160, year = {1999}, author = {Ross, SJ and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Polzin, DJ and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Canine and feline nephrolithiasis. Epidemiology, detection, and management.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {231-50, xiii-xiv}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50013-2}, pmid = {10028160}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate (39%) and struvite (33%) were the predominant mineral types in canine nephroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center. Urate salts (12%) and calcium phosphate (2%) occurred less frequently. Provided they are not causing obstruction, struvite nephroliths may be dissolved with medical protocols. Although there are no dissolution protocols for nephroliths containing calcium, risk-benefit ratios should be considered before proceeding with surgery.}, } @article {pmid10028159, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Jacob, F and Lulich, JP and Hansen, MJ and Lekcharoensul, C and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Canine silica urolithiasis. Risk factors, detection, treatment, and prevention.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {213-30, xiii}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50012-0}, pmid = {10028159}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths containing 70% or greater silica comprise approximately 1% of the canine uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center. Male dogs are far more commonly affected than females. In our series, 84 different breeds were affected. Currently available data suggest dietary factors play a role in their formation. Diagnosis is facilitated by the characteristic jackstone configuration of silica uroliths, but must be confirmed by quantitative analysis. Voiding urohydropropulsion or surgery are currently the most practical methods of removal of silica uroliths.}, } @article {pmid10028158, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Sanderson, SL and Lulich, JP and Bartges, JW and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Canine cystine urolithiasis. Cause, detection, treatment, and prevention.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {193-211, xiii}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50011-9}, pmid = {10028158}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystine/chemistry ; Cystinuria/complications/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Cystine uroliths are a sequela to cystinuria, an inherited renal tubular defect in reabsorption of cystine and some other amino acids. At the Minnesota Urolith Center, 67 breeds of dogs were identified, including English Bulldogs, Dachshunds, Mastiffs, and Newfoundlands. In some dogs, the severity of cystinuria may decline with advancing age. Current recommendations for dissolution of cystine uroliths include various combinations of diet modification, diuresis administration of 2-MPG, and alkalinization of urine.}, } @article {pmid10028157, year = {1999}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Sanderson, SL and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LK}, title = {Canine urate urolithiasis. Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {161-91, xii-xiii}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50010-7}, pmid = {10028157}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Risk Factors ; Uric Acid/chemistry ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Etiopathologic factors predisposing to urate lithogenesis in Dalmatian and non-Dalmatian dogs represent diverse pathologic and/or physiologic processes involving purine nucleotide and ammonia synthesis, biodegradation, and excretion. Predisposing factors for urate urolith formation include hyperuricemia, hyperammonemia, hyperuricosuria, hyperammonuria, aciduria, and genetic predisposition. Medical therapy of dogs forming urate uroliths should be directed at modifying these predisposing factors through dietary modification, administration of allopurinol, and/or surgical correction of portovascular anomalies if present. The precise mechanisms resulting in urate urolith formation in dogs have not been determined.}, } @article {pmid10028156, year = {1999}, author = {Kruger, JM and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP}, title = {Canine calcium phosphate uroliths. Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {141-59, xii}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50009-0}, pmid = {10028156}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Solubility ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Uroliths composed predominantly of calcium phosphates have been infrequently identified in dogs. Factors incriminated in the etiopathogenesis of calcium phosphate urolithiasis include an alkaline urine pH, hypercalciuria, decreased urine concentrations of crystallization inhibitors, and increased urine concentrations of crystallization promoters. Disorders associated with calcium phosphate urolith formation in dogs include primary hyperparathyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, and idiopathic hypercalciuria. Medical therapy of patients with recurring calcium phosphate uroliths should be directed at removing or minimizing factors contributing to urine supersaturation with calcium phosphate.}, } @article {pmid10028155, year = {1999}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Lekcharoensuk, C and Allen, TA and Nakagawa, Y}, title = {Canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Case-based applications of therapeutic principles.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {123-139}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50008-9}, pmid = {10028155}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The case study presented here illustrates the diagnosis and management of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a Bichon Frise, a breed at increased risk for this type of stone. If the Bichon Frise had persistent hypercalcemia, we would have evaluated serum concentrations of ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D to identify an underlying cause. Because his urine was alkaline, additional potassium citrate was not provided. Likewise, as a fortified diet was fed to him, vitamin B6 therapy was not considered. This case study illustrates the benefits of radiographic evaluation immediately following surgery and during follow-up examinations. If we had postponed radiographs until the patient developed clinical signs, additional surgical procedures may have been required.}, } @article {pmid10028154, year = {1999}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Thumchai, R and Lekcharoensuk, C and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL and Nakagawa, Y}, title = {Epidemiology of canine calcium oxalate uroliths. Identifying risk factors.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {113-22, xi}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50007-7}, pmid = {10028154}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Diet/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Glycoproteins/analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate uroliths are most commonly encountered in Miniature Schnauzers, Lhaso Apsos, Yorkshire Terriers, Bichons Frises, Shih Tzus, and Miniature Poodles. They are more common in males than females, and more common in older than young dogs. Dogs that form abnormal nephrocalcin are also predisposed to calcium oxalate uroliths. Dietary risk factors for calcium oxalate uroliths include excessive calcium supplementation or excessive calcium restriction, excessive oxalic acid, high protein, high sodium, restricted phosphorus, restricted potassium, and restricted moisture (dry formulations). Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or hypercalcemia are predisposed to calcium oxalate urolith formation.}, } @article {pmid10028153, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Polzin, DJ and Allen, TA and Kruger, JM and Bartges, JW and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LK and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Medical dissolution and prevention of canine struvite urolithiasis. Twenty years of experience.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {73-111, xi}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50006-5}, pmid = {10028153}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Two types of canine struvite uroliths have been recognized: infection-induced struvite is the most common type; sterile struvite is uncommonly recognized. Infection-induced struvite is most commonly associated with urease-producing staphylococcal UTI. For dogs that qualify, medical dissolution is an effective method of treatment. Medical dissolution protocols encompass: (1) eradication or control of UTI; (2) use of calculolytic diets; and (3) administration of urease inhibitors to patients with persistent UTI caused by urease-producing microbes.}, } @article {pmid10028152, year = {1999}, author = {Feeney, DA and Weichselbaum, RC and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA}, title = {Imaging canine urocystoliths. Detection and prediction of mineral content.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {59-72, x-xi}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50005-3}, pmid = {10028152}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/analysis ; Radiography ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The role of survey radiography, contrast radiography, and ultrasonography in the assessment of urocystolithiasis has been primarily one of detection. Information about the radiographic characteristics of uroliths (size, shape, radiopacity, surface characteristics, number detected) for characterization and diagnosis of urocystolithiasis is emerging; however, there are no studies on the accuracy or sensitivity of these techniques. In this article, the intent is to update knowledge about available imaging techniques used in the detection and characterization of urocystoliths based on recent studies designed to evaluate their accuracy in prediction of different urocystoliths mineral content.}, } @article {pmid10028151, year = {1999}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Kirk, C and Allen, TA and Brown, C}, title = {Methods for evaluating treatment of uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {45-57, x}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50004-1}, pmid = {10028151}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Minerals/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Formation of uroliths is not a disease but rather a complication of several disorders. Some disorders can be identified and corrected (e.g., infection-induced struvite urolith formation), and some can be identified but not corrected (e.g., hyperuricosuria occurring in Dalmatians that form ammonium urate uroliths), although for others, the underlying etiopathogenesis is not known (e.g., calcium oxalate urolith formation in Miniature Schnauzers). A common denominator of these disorders is that from time to time, they can create oversaturation of urine with one or more crystal precursors, resulting in formation of crystals. To develop rational and effective approaches to treatment, abnormalities that promote urolith formation must be identified with the goal of eliminating or modifying them. It is therefore important to understand several basic concepts associated with urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid10028150, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP}, title = {Risk and protective factors for urolithiasis. What do they mean?.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {39-43, x}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50003-x}, pmid = {10028150}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The occurrence of urolithiasis in companion animals is associated with several risk and protective factors. Case control studies are commonly designed to study the relationship between naturally occurring urolithiasis and risk factors. However, case control studies are subject to limitations, biases, and confounding variables; they do not prove cause and effect relationships. Likewise, just because two events occur in consecutive order does not prove a cause and effect relationship.}, } @article {pmid10028149, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Polzin, DJ and Sanderson, SL and Koehler, LA and Ulrich, LK and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL and Pederson, LA and Sudo, SZ}, title = {Analysis of 77,000 canine uroliths. Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {17-38, ix-x}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50002-8}, pmid = {10028149}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Prevalence ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Of the hundreds of minerals that are found in the earth, most canine uroliths are comprised of only six types: (1) magnesium ammonium phosphate, (2) calcium oxalate, (3) calcium phosphates, (4) ammonium urate and other salts or uric acid, (5) cystine, or (6) silica. Each type has characteristics that allow its identification. During the past two decades, the prevalence of calcium oxalate canine uroliths has dramatically increased, while struvite has decreased. The most effective treatment and prevention protocols are based on knowledge of the primary mineral type comprising the urolith.}, } @article {pmid10028148, year = {1999}, author = {Osborne, CA}, title = {Medical dissolution and prevention of canine uroliths. Seven steps from science to service.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {1-15, ix}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50001-6}, pmid = {10028148}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy ; Dogs ; Humans ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {For millennia, removal of uroliths has been the province of the surgeon. However, a paradigm shift in management of canine uroliths occurred beginning in 1973. Translating the science associated with medical dissolution of canine uroliths into a form that would serve companion animals involved the interdependent knowledge, skills, and desire of many individuals. By practicing the principles of being proactive, defining clear objectives, agreeing how to accomplish these objectives, and empathetically listening to each others ideas and concerns, the surgical removal of uroliths will one day become a subject of historic interest.}, } @article {pmid9990226, year = {1998}, author = {Umehara, M}, title = {[The effects of human urine on the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystal to renal tubular cells].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {89}, number = {12}, pages = {949-955}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1989.89.949}, pmid = {9990226}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Adhesion ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology ; *Urine ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: We examined the effects of human urine on the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in vitro.

METHODS: Quantitative assay of COM crystal adhesion to MDCK cells: MDCK cells were exposed to COM crystal suspension for 5 minutes. Various urine samples were added in the COM crystal suspension. The adherent COM crystals on the MDCK cells were dissolved by 5 N hydrochloric acid. Calcium concentration of the solution was measured by atomic absorption analysis to quantify the volume of adherent COM crystals. This assay was applied for the experiments as follows. (1) Effect of human urine on COM crystal adhesion. (2) To investigate whether human urine inhibited COM crystal adhesion by acting on the crystal surface or on the cell surface. (3) Isolation of the substance from human urine that inhibits COM crystal adhesion. (4) Comparison of the inhibitory activities of the urine between from stone formers and healthy controls.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Human urine had a strong inhibitory effect on COM crystal adhesion to MDCK cells. (2) The capacity of human urine to inhibit adhesion of COM crystals to MDCK cells was shown to be mediated by their ability to act on the crystal surface. (3) We isolated a macromolecular fraction (MW 60,000) that had strong capacity to inhibit cellular adhesion of COM crystals through ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. (4) Nine urine samples from stone formers demonstrated extreme low inhibitory activities, which supposed us that the inhibitory capacity of the urine against crystal adhesion might be one of the risk factors in kidney stone formation.}, } @article {pmid9918145, year = {1999}, author = {Franti, CE and Ling, GV and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs V: regional comparisons of breed, age, sex, anatomic location, and mineral type of calculus.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {29-42}, pmid = {9918145}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Breeding ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Oxalates/analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Struvite ; United States/epidemiology ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine extent and nature of regional differences in distribution of canine urinary calculi.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 13,552 calculus specimens: 7,056 (52.1%) from females, 6,492 (47.9%) from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex. Procedure Records were used to compile information from all specimens submitted between July 1981 and December 1995. Results from mixed-breed and various breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of dogs, and anatomic location and mineral composition of specimens were analyzed and compared for 6 US geographic regions.

RESULTS: Struvite-, apatite-, and urate-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from female dogs of the Mountain/Pacific region. Oxalate-, silica-, and brushite-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from male dogs in the New England/mid-Atlantic (NEMA) region. Cystine-containing calculi were reported most frequently from the NEMA and South Central (SC) regions. Dogs from the NEMA region were oldest in average age at diagnosis. Significant regional differences in distribution were found for several breeds. Sex distribution of renal calculi in 11 breeds of dogs (Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih Tzu, Basset Hound, Pug, Mastiff, Bichon Frise, Doberman Pinscher, Dalmatian, English Bulldog, and Pekingese) reported to be at high risk of renal lithiasis differed among the 6 geographic regions. Renal and ureteral calculi were reported significantly most often from dogs in the South Atlantic region, and bladder and urethral calculi were reported most often from dogs in the SC region.

CONCLUSIONS: Wide regional differences exist in distribution of stone-forming dogs by sex, average age at diagnosis, breed, and minerals contained within and anatomic location of calculi.}, } @article {pmid9868259, year = {1998}, author = {Stevenson, AE and Smith, BH and Markwell, PJ}, title = {A system to monitor urinary tract health in dogs.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {128}, number = {12 Suppl}, pages = {2761S-2S}, doi = {10.1093/jn/128.12.2761S}, pmid = {9868259}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/urine ; Male ; Phosphates/urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/urine/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9868257, year = {1998}, author = {Markwell, PJ and Buffington, CT and Smith, BH}, title = {The effect of diet on lower urinary tract diseases in cats.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {128}, number = {12 Suppl}, pages = {2753S-2757S}, doi = {10.1093/jn/128.12.2753S}, pmid = {9868257}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/etiology/prevention & control/therapy ; Cats ; *Diet ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; Urine ; Urologic Diseases/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Because dietary ingredients and feeding patterns influence the volume, pH and solute concentration of urine, diet can contribute to the etiology, management or prevention of recurrence of some causes of lower urinary tract disease. Most research assessing the effect of diet has focused on the latter two aspects, primarily because of interest in struvite urolithiasis. Manipulation of urine pH through dietary means has proven an effective tool for the management and prevention of struvite urolithiasis; acidification of urine, however, may be a risk factor for calcium oxalate urolithiasis, which now appears to occur with approximately equal frequency in cats. Prediction of urine pH from dietary analysis would thus be a valuable tool, but considerable further research is required before this can be achieved with commercial canned foods. With the growing importance of urolith types other than struvite, alternatives to the measurement of urine pH are required to assess critically the likely beneficial (or detrimental) effects of manipulation of nutrient profile. Measurement of urinary saturation may permit the development and fine tuning of nutrient profiles aimed at controlling lower urinary tract diseases in cats that are associated with a range of different mineral types. The majority of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease do not, however, have urolithiasis; indeed, no specific cause can be established in most of these cats. Recent observations suggest that recurrence rates of signs in cats classified as having idiopathic lower urinary tract disease may be more than halved if affected animals are maintained on high, rather than low moisture content diets. J. Nutr. 2753S-2757S, 1998}, } @article {pmid9855128, year = {1998}, author = {Ebisuno, S and Kohjimoto, Y and Nishikawa, T and Nishihata, M and Inagaki, T and Komura, T and Ohkawa, T}, title = {Effects of etidronate disodium on crystallizations in synthetic urine and calcium oxalate crystal adhesion to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {582-587}, doi = {10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00416.x}, pmid = {9855128}, issn = {0919-8172}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Cell Adhesion/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Etidronic Acid/*pharmacology ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism ; Magnesium Compounds/chemistry ; Phosphates/chemistry ; Struvite ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several reports in the 1970s suggested that etidronate disodium might be clinically useful to prevent calcium stones, but the use of etidronate in the urolithiasis field was discontinued due to adverse effects of this drug on skeletal turnover and mineralization. Because the drug might affect not only crystallization, but also crystal-tubular interactions, we investigated the minimum dose of etidronate necessary to effectively prevent stone recurrence without adverse side effects.

METHODS: We examined the effect of etidronate on the crystallization of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate using synthetic urine and measured by an aggregometer. We also studied its effect on the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in vitro.

RESULTS: Etidronate affected the crystallization+ of not only calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, but also magnesium ammonium phosphate in synthetic urine. The inhibitory activities on these crystallizations were detected at extremely low drug concentrations. Etidronate also had a strong inhibitory activity against the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to MDCK cells.

CONCLUSION: Although further studies are necessary regarding the effects of etidronate on crystallization and crystal adhesion both in vivo and in vitro, and the appropriate schedule of dosing to prevent side effects, it is possible that etidronate may be useful in the treatment of urinary stones.}, } @article {pmid9843186, year = {1998}, author = {Brodmann, M and Ramschak, H and Schreiber, F and Stark, G and Pabst, E and Pilger, E}, title = {Venous thrombosis after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in a patient with heterozygous APC-resistance.}, journal = {Thrombosis and haemostasis}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, pages = {861}, pmid = {9843186}, issn = {0340-6245}, mesh = {Activated Protein C Resistance/*complications/genetics ; Animals ; Dogs ; Factor V/*genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/complications/therapy ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk ; Thrombophlebitis/*etiology ; Veins/injuries ; }, } @article {pmid9807792, year = {1998}, author = {Flegel, T and Freistadt, R and Haider, W}, title = {Xanthine urolithiasis in a dachshund.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {143}, number = {15}, pages = {420-423}, doi = {10.1136/vr.143.15.420}, pmid = {9807792}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*enzymology/pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/enzymology/pathology/*veterinary ; Xanthine/*metabolism ; Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Calculi were located in the kidneys, the ureters and the bladder of a two-year-old male dachshund. The yellow-greenish calculi developed as a result of impaired transformation of xanthine to uric acid resulting in an increased concentration of xanthine in the urine. The cause of the impaired catabolism of xanthine was probably a disorder of the xanthine oxidase enzyme, which catalyses the transformation of xanthine to uric acid.}, } @article {pmid9787383, year = {1998}, author = {Kyles, AE and Stone, EA and Gookin, J and Spaulding, K and Clary, EM and Wylie, K and Spodnick, G}, title = {Diagnosis and surgical management of obstructive ureteral calculi in cats: 11 cases (1993-1996).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {213}, number = {8}, pages = {1150-1156}, pmid = {9787383}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/*surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Postoperative Care/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, perioperative management, and renal function of cats with obstructive calcium oxalate ureteroliths.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS: 11 cats that underwent surgery for removal of calcium oxalate ureteroliths.

PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and the following information was recorded: signalment; results of physical examination, clinicopathologic analyses, and abdominal imaging; surgical procedure; postoperative management; and results of ureterolith quantitative analysis.

RESULTS: Ureteroliths in the proximal portion of the ureter were removed from 5 cats (pyelotomy, 1 cat; unilateral ureterotomy, 2 cats; bilateral ureterotomies, 2 cats). Calculi in the middle and distal part of the ureter were removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy (6 cats). Ten cats recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital. One cat died from unknown causes 4 months after surgery, and 1 cat had a nephrectomy elsewhere 5 weeks after ureterolith removal. Eight cats were evaluated 12 to 20 months after surgery. Of these, 2 cats that were markedly azotemic before surgery improved after surgery, and 2 cats developed nephroliths after surgery. Also, of 5 cats that had nephroliths that were not removed at the time of surgery, 4 still had visible nephroliths. One cat had recurrent ureteral obstruction from a ureterolith and persistent urinary tract infection. Ureteroliths or ultrasonographic evidence of ureteral obstruction were not detected in other cats.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A combination of microsurgical techniques and intensive postoperative care is necessary to minimize morbidity of cats after removal of a ureterolith. Renal function may improve or stabilize after removal of the ureteral obstruction.}, } @article {pmid9771590, year = {1998}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Dunphy, ED and Bartges, JW}, title = {In vitro evaluation of contrast medium concentration and depth effects on the radiographic appearance of specific canine urolith mineral types.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, pages = {396-411}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01625.x}, pmid = {9771590}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; *Contrast Media/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; *Iothalamic Acid/administration & dosage ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Solutions ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/classification/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) identified in a chronologic sample from the Minnesota Urolith Center were compared to sequential dilutions of iodinated radiographic contrast medium in vitro. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. The radiopacity of the uroliths was classified as radiolucent, isopaque, or radiopaque, as compared to the radiopacity of the contrast medium solutions in which they were placed, using 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm depths in petri dishes radiographed using a table-top technique. A statistically significant relationship was found between the effective atomic number of the uroliths and the effective atomic number of the contrast medium solutions to which they were compared for the endpoints of isopacity, first lucency (in increasing iodine concentration sequence), and optimal visualization of internal architecture. In general, uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions weaker than 23.5 mgI2/ml are most likely ammonium acid urate or sodium acid urate. Uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions between 23.5 mgI2/ml and 44.4 mgI2/ml are probably magnesium ammonium phosphate, cystine, or silica. Uroliths that remained radiopaque in solutions stronger than 44.4 mgI2/ml, and particularly those radiopaque in contrast medium solutions stronger than 80 mgI2/ml, almost always contained calcium. This relative opacity assessment is proposed for use in double contrast cystography as an aid in differentiating urolith mineral types clinically to facilitate appropriate use of medical protocols to dissolve uroliths or to prevent their growth or recurrence.}, } @article {pmid9751404, year = {1998}, author = {Yamate, T and Kohri, K and Umekawa, T and Iguchi, M and Kurita, T}, title = {Osteopontin antisense oligonucleotide inhibits adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {160}, number = {4}, pages = {1506-1512}, pmid = {9751404}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney/*cytology/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics ; Osteopontin ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sialoglycoproteins/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Urinary Calculi/etiology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: We previously suggested that osteopontin (OPN) plays an important role in the process of deposited calcium crystals adhesion to cells in the early stages of urolithiasis. To further confirm this theory, we tried to inhibit OPN expression at the translational level and examined its cellular biological consequence on the formation and adhesion process of crystals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We synthesized antisense and sense oligonucleotide corresponding to an appropriate part of the coding sequence for OPN in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. With the aid of lipofection reagent DOTAP, antisense and sense oligonucleotide were introduced into MDCK cells grown in a confluent monolayer. After further incubation, inhibition of OPN expression in the cells was assessed by immunofluorescence photomicrography, and formation of calcium oxalate crystals was quantitated by incorporation of 45Ca into the stone and visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS: Antisense oligonucleotide at concentrations higher than 20 microM inhibited synthesis of OPN. Incorporation of 45Ca into the calculus stone was inhibited by the addition of oligonucleotide in a concentration dependent manner in a range above 20 microM. More than 90% of incorporation was inhibited at 50 microM as compared to control. Inhibition of calcium crystal formation was confirmed by SEM.

CONCLUSIONS: OPN was shown as a major component in the extracellular matrix involving the formation and adhesion of calcium crystals in the distal renal tubular cells, suggesting that OPN plays an important role in stimulating deposition and adhesion of calculus crystals to cells in the early stages of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid9749510, year = {1998}, author = {Harvey, J and Erb, HN}, title = {Complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {413-416}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-950x.1998.tb00148.x}, pmid = {9749510}, issn = {0161-3499}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs/*abnormalities/surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatic Encephalopathy/etiology/*veterinary ; Ligation/veterinary ; Male ; Portal System/*abnormalities/*surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/complications/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lack of encephalopathy as a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of case records.

ANIMALS: Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996.

METHODS: The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts.

RESULTS: Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better (P = .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs.

CONCLUSION: Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated.}, } @article {pmid9743723, year = {1998}, author = {Collins, RL and Birchard, SJ and Chew, DJ and Heuter, KJ}, title = {Surgical treatment of urate calculi in Dalmatians: 38 cases (1980-1995).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {213}, number = {6}, pages = {833-838}, pmid = {9743723}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/microbiology/veterinary ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/blood/*surgery/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinalysis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/surgery/*veterinary ; Urination Disorders/veterinary ; Vomiting/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical signs and response to surgical treatment in Dalmatians with urate urolithiasis.

DESIGN: Retrospective study.

ANIMALS: 38 Dalmatians.

PROCEDURE: Medical records from 1980 to 1995 of Dalmatians with urate urolithiasis were reviewed to obtain information on history, results of physical examination, hemogram, biochemical analysis, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, diagnostic imaging, analysis of calculi, treatment, and recurrence.

RESULTS: 35 (92%) dogs were males. Mean age at admission was 4.9 years. Common clinical findings and initial complaints included dribbling of urine, stranguria, vomiting, tense abdomen with signs of pain, and a large bladder. Hematuria was found in 85% of dogs in which urinalysis was performed. Crystalluria was found in 54% of dogs. Bacteria were isolated from urine from 36% of dogs. Contrast radiography and abdominal ultrasonography were the most sensitive diagnostic tests for uroliths. Dogs that underwent scrotal urethrostomy and cystotomy had the fewest number of recurrent clinical signs that were attributable to urinary calculi. Clinical recurrence rate in dogs on a protein-restricted diet was 27%, compared with that (36%) for dogs on a commercial diet.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Urate urolithiasis is more commonly recognized in male Dalmatians compared with females. Contrast radiography and ultrasonography appear to be the most useful techniques for detecting urate uroliths. Scrotal urethrostomy and cystotomy was the most effective surgical treatment for preventing recurrence of clinical signs associated with calculi. Complete removal of calculi and protein-restricted diets may have a beneficial effect in reducing recurrence of calculi.}, } @article {pmid9734604, year = {1998}, author = {Lieske, JC and Toback, FG and Deganello, S}, title = {Direct nucleation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals onto the surface of living renal epithelial cells in culture.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {796-803}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00058.x}, pmid = {9734604}, issn = {0085-2538}, support = {DK 42086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; K08 DK 02272/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P50 DK 47631/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/chemistry ; Haplorhini ; Kidney/*chemistry ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The interaction of the most common crystal in human urine, calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), with the surface of monkey renal epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) was studied to identify initiating events in kidney stone formation.

METHODS: To determine if COD crystals could nucleate directly onto the apical cell surface, a novel technique utilizing vapor diffusion of oxalic acid was employed. Cells were grown to confluence in the inner four wells of 24-well plates. At the start of each experiment, diethyloxalate in water was placed into eight adjacent wells, and the plates were sealed tightly with tape so that oxalic acid vapor diffused into a calcium-containing buffer overlying the cells.

RESULTS: Small crystals were visualized on the cell surface after two hours, and by six hours the unambiguous habitus of COD was confirmed. Nucleation onto cells occurred almost exclusively via the (001) face, one that is only rarely observed when COD crystals nucleate onto inanimate surfaces. Similar results were obtained when canine renal epithelial cells (MDCK line) were used as a substrate for nucleation. Initially, COD crystals were internalized almost as quickly as they formed on the apical cell surface.

CONCLUSIONS: Face-specific COD crystal nucleation onto the apical surface of living renal epithelial cells followed by internalization is a heretofore unrecognized physiological event, suggesting a new mechanism to explain crystal retention within the nephron, and perhaps kidney stone formation when this process is dysregulated or overwhelmed.}, } @article {pmid9728474, year = {1998}, author = {Hamaide, AJ and Martinez, SA and Hauptman, J and Walker, RD}, title = {Prospective comparison of four sampling methods (cystocentesis, bladder mucosal swab, bladder mucosal biopsy, and urolith culture) to identify urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {423-430}, doi = {10.5326/15473317-34-5-423}, pmid = {9728474}, issn = {0587-2871}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; Bacteriuria/diagnosis/microbiology/veterinary ; Biopsy/veterinary ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Mucous Membrane/microbiology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Specimen Handling/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology ; Urinary Calculi/complications/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A prospective study was conducted on 27 dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and urolithiasis. Four sampling methods (i.e., urine obtained by cystocentesis, bladder mucosal swab, bladder mucosal biopsy, and urolith) were compared to identify UTI. Identical culture results were obtained from urine collected by cystocentesis and from the swab of bladder mucosa. In the presence of a positive urine culture, the same organism also was cultured from the bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith. However, in the presence of a negative urine culture, an organism was cultured from the bladder mucosal biopsy or the urolith in 18.5% of the cases. Therefore, when the culture from urine obtained by cystocentesis is negative, it is recommended that aerobic cultures of a bladder mucosal biopsy and a urolith be performed in cases of urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid9646551, year = {1998}, author = {Wenkel, R and Berg, W and Prange, H}, title = {[Urinary calculi in small and other animals--a retrospective study of the years 1980-1989].}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, pages = {182-186}, pmid = {9646551}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Germany, East/epidemiology ; Goat Diseases/epidemiology ; Goats ; Incidence ; Mink ; Rabbits ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {More than 500 uroliths from dogs, cats, minks, rabbits and 9 further animal species originating from various regions of former East Germany were analysed. The observations were made between 1980 and 1989 using X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The urinary stones consisted of struvite, whewellite, weddellite, cystine, ammonium urate, brushite, whitlockite, hydroxyapatite or carbonate-apatite, calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide and organic matrix stones. In dogs, the most frequent types were struvite and apatite concrements, followed by calcium oxalate and cystine uroliths. Among the diseased animals poodles, dachshunds and terriers ranked first. In the analysed material from cats apatite and struvite predominated. With few exceptions, minks formed struvite uroliths only. The analysed calculi from rabbits consisted principally of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate concrements. The present analysis has been compared with results of former studies, differences are discussed.}, } @article {pmid9638187, year = {1998}, author = {Hess, RS and Kass, PH and Ward, CR}, title = {Association between hyperadrenocorticism and development of calcium-containing uroliths in dogs with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {212}, number = {12}, pages = {1889-1891}, pmid = {9638187}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/complications/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine, among dogs with urolithiasis, whether dogs that had hyperadrenocorticism would be more likely to have calcium-containing uroliths than would dogs that did not have clinical evidence of hyperadrenocorticism.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS: 20 dogs that had urolithiasis and hyperadrenocorticism and 42 breed-matched dogs that had urolithiasis but did not have clinical evidence of hyper-adrenocorticism.

PROCEDURE: Signalment, urolith composition, results of bacterial culture of urine, and results of adrenal axis tests were recorded. A multivariate logistic regression model was created, including terms for age, sex, and hyperadrenocorticism. The outcome variable was presence or absence of calcium-containing uroliths.

RESULTS: Among dogs with urolithiasis, those that had hyperadrenocorticism were 10 times as likely to have calcium-containing uroliths as were dogs that did not have clinical evidence of hyperadrenocorticism (odds ratio, 10.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 23.4). Neutered and sexually intact females were less likely to have calcium-containing uroliths than were neutered males (odds ratios, 0.041 [95% confidence interval, 0.0057 to 0.29] and 0.024 [95% confidence interval, 0.0012 to 0.51, respectively).

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of hyperadrenocorticism may decrease prevalence of calcium-containing uroliths in dogs.}, } @article {pmid9598626, year = {1998}, author = {Piechota, HJ and Dahms, SE and Probst, M and Gleason, CA and Nunes, LS and Dahiya, R and Lue, TF and Tanagho, EA}, title = {Functional rat bladder regeneration through xenotransplantation of the bladder acellular matrix graft.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, pages = {548-559}, doi = {10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00608.x}, pmid = {9598626}, issn = {0007-1331}, support = {R01 NS18029/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cricetinae ; Dogs ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Graft Survival ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Muscle Contraction ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transplantation, Heterologous/methods ; Urinary Bladder/anatomy & histology/immunology/*physiology/*transplantation ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology ; Urinary Calculi/etiology ; Urination/physiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the decreased antigenicity of the bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) through xenotransplantation and to assess the in vivo and in vitro functional properties of the rat urinary bladder thus regenerated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: After partial cystectomy (> 50%), BAMGs prepared from hamster, rabbit and dog urinary bladders were grafted to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats; 10 control rats underwent partial cystectomy only. Urinary storage and voiding function were monitored in 15 animals using a specially designed 'micturition cage' and cystometry. After 4 months, organ-bath studies and histological techniques were used to evaluate bladder regeneration in vitro in the grafted animals.

RESULTS: Clinically relevant antigenicity was not evident; no animal died from rejection and all bladder wall components regenerated in all BAMG xenografts. However, the degree and quality of regeneration varied. Muscularization, peak pressure, and bladder capacity were higher in the hamster BAMG-grafted animals, whereas in vitro contractility and compliance were best in the dog BAMG-regenerated bladders. All grafted bladders had significantly better capacity and compliance than the autoregenerated bladders after partial cystectomy alone.

CONCLUSIONS: The present in vivo and in vitro studies show that BAMG-augmentation cystoplasty can lead to morphological and functional regeneration of the rat bladder, preserving its low-pressure reservoir function. Because BAMG-regenerated bladders show functional innervation that is similar to normal bladders, they can work in coordination with the host bladder components, thus generating adequate intravesical pressure to produce sustained voiding. The decreased antigenicity makes heterologous BAMG transplants feasible without immunosuppression.}, } @article {pmid9582971, year = {1998}, author = {Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Johnson, DL and Ruby, AL}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs. IV: Survey of interrelations among breed, mineral composition, and anatomic location of calculi, and presence of urinary tract infection.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {650-660}, pmid = {9582971}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Sex Distribution ; Species Specificity ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compile and analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculus specimens that were subjected to quantitative, layer-by-layer mineral analysis.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 11,000 canine urinary calculus specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

PROCEDURE: Records of the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California were used to compile information regarding urinary calculus specimens from dogs. Records surveyed were of all canine calculi submitted for analysis between July 1981 and January 1994. Results analyzed included those of a mixed-breed group and 26 common breeds of stone-forming dogs. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of the affected dogs, mineral composition of the specimens, and associated urinary tract infections were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: Proportions of culture-positive specimens were significantly correlated between the sexes (r = 0.494, P = 0.008). Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated most often from either sex, ranging from 36.1% (Basset Hounds) to 67.9% (Pekingese) of cultured specimens from females and 8.7% (Chihuahuas) to 71.4% (Scottish Terriers) of specimens from males. The second most frequently isolated bacterial species, Escherichia coli, ranged from 0% in males of 2 breeds and females of 4 breeds to 25% in Cairn Terrier males and 19.4% in Basset Hound females. Streptococcus spp were the third most frequently isolated bacterial species. Significant correlations between the sexes were found for percentages of calculi located in the urinary bladder (r = 0.490, P = 0.008), and for calculi voided in the urine (r = 0.503, P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS: Breed and sex differences in prevalence of urolithiasis- and mineral-associated bacterial infections are numerous. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most common isolate from specimens from all but 3 of 54 breed/sex groupings. For either sex, streptococcal infections were significantly related to proportions of calculi passed in the urine.}, } @article {pmid9582970, year = {1998}, author = {Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Johnson, DL and Ruby, AL}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs. III: Prevalence of urinary tract infection and interrelations of infection, age, sex, and mineral composition.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {643-649}, pmid = {9582970}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Bacteriuria/complications/veterinary ; Crystallography/methods ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Sex Distribution ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compile and statistically analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculus specimens that were subjected to quantitative, layer-by-layer mineral analysis.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 11,000 canine urinary calculus specimens. 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

PROCEDURE: Records of the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California were used to compile information regarding all canine urinary calculus specimens submitted for analysis between July 1981 and January 1994. Interrelations of sex and age of the affected dogs, mineral composition of the specimens, and associated urinary tract infections were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: Urolithiasis was associated with growth of bacteria isolated from urine or calculi, or both, in 65% of females and nearly 44% of males. Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated most often from either sex (54% for females, 30% for males). In addition to staphylococci, 22 other bacterial species were isolated from specimens from females, and 17 other bacterial species and 1 species of yeast were isolated from males. A single bacterial species was isolated from 87.6% of cultures from females and from nearly 90% of cultures from males. Among females, nearly 98% of pure cultures of staphylococci were associated with calculi that contained struvite; this was true for 80% of pure cultures of staphylococci from males.

There are wide sex differences in prevalence of urolithiasis- and specific mineral-associated bacterial infections. In several instances, bacterial infections were significantly related to urinary calculus location. These variables should be considered in any evaluation of canine patients that have uroliths.}, } @article {pmid9582969, year = {1998}, author = {Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs. II: Breed prevalence, and interrelations of breed, sex, age, and mineral composition.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {630-642}, pmid = {9582969}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Crystallography/methods ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Recurrence ; Sex Distribution ; Species Specificity ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyze selected breed-related data for canine urinary calculi.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 11,000 specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

PROCEDURE: Information was compiled for all canine urinary calculi submitted between July 1981 and January 1994. Results for a mixed-breed group and 26 of the most common breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of affected dogs and mineral composition of the specimens were determined.

RESULTS: Prevalence of 5 specific mineral types was significantly correlated between the sexes of 27 common breed groups: struvite, calcium phosphate (apatite), calcium oxalate, brushite, and urate. Struvite-containing calculi were seen in high proportions in both sexes of 7 breeds, and in low proportions in both sexes of 7 other breeds. Male and female Lhasa Apsos, Cairn Terriers, and 5 other breeds had high proportions of oxalate-containing calculi; values in males were substantially higher. Low numbers of oxalate-containing calculi were seen in both sexes of 7 breeds; Dalmatians had the lowest numbers. Males and females of 6 breeds had high numbers of urate-containing calculi, Dalmatians and English Bulldogs had the highest numbers. Low amounts of urate were found in calculi from males and females of 6 breeds, Samoyeds had the lowest numbers. Highest proportions of cystine-containing calculi were seen in male Dachshunds, English Bulldogs, and Chihuahuas. Males of 8 breeds had no specimens that contained cystine; only 2 such specimens were obtained from females.

CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of uroliths differs among breed, age, and sex of affected dogs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Breed, sex, and age of dogs; mineral types of calculi in males versus females; and their anatomic location within the tract are important considerations for clinicians when evaluating risk in dogs with urolithiasis and in identifying areas that need further in-depth applied or clinical investigation, or both.}, } @article {pmid9582968, year = {1998}, author = {Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL and Thurmond, M}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs. I: Mineral prevalence and interrelations of mineral composition, age, and sex.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {624-629}, pmid = {9582968}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Crystallography/methods ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Sex Distribution ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compile and statistically analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculi.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 11,000 specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

PROCEDURE: Records were used to compile information from all canine calculi analyzed between July 1981 and January 1994. Interrelations of mineral composition, location of specimens within the urinary tract, age and sex of affected dogs, and number of previous episodes of urolithiasis were determined.

RESULTS: Approximately 70% of the specimens were from a first episode of urolithiasis. Calculi were located in the urinary bladder of 93.1% of females and 79.0% of males, and in the upper urinary tract of 4% of females and 2% of males. Calculi were found in multiple sites in 23.1% of males and 5.2% of females. Significantly higher proportions of struvite, apatite, and urate were found in uroliths from females; oxalate, cystine, silica, and brushite were significantly more prevalent in males. Sixty-one percent of specimens from males and 29% from females were composed of a single mineral substance. The most common mineral combination of 2 or more minerals included struvite and apatite. An additional 67 specimens from male dogs and 49 from female dogs contained other mineral combinations. In 48% of specimens from males and nearly 62% of specimens from females, the minerals formed several distinct layers of differing composition.

CONCLUSIONS: Male and female dogs from urinary calculi composed of 1 or more of several distinct minerals. Prevalence of canine uroliths differs between ages and between the sexes. Many specimens contain complex layering of minerals; most specimens were found in the urinary bladder.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sex and age of dogs, mineral types of likely calculi in males versus females, and their anatomic location are important considerations for clinicians when evaluating risk in dogs with urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid9563616, year = {1998}, author = {Weichselbaum, RC and Feeney, DA and Jessen, CR and Osborne, CA and Koehler, L and Ulrich, L}, title = {Evaluation of the morphologic characteristics and prevalence of canine urocystoliths from a regional urolith center.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {379-387}, pmid = {9563616}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Databases, Factual ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Orchiectomy ; Ovariectomy ; Prevalence ; Sex Characteristics ; Species Specificity ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether morphology of single-mineral urocystoliths and age, sex, or breed data could be applied to facilitate radiographic and clinical urocystolith mineral type prediction, respectively, in dogs.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Database of 2,041 dogs with pure mineral composition urocystoliths.

PROCEDURE: All uroliths were characterized according to geologic descriptive terminology and by breed, sex, and age of dog at time of sample submission. Summary statistics were used to compare features with specific mineral types. Observed trends were analyzed for statistical relevance between observed and expected frequencies for age, sex, color, size, shape, and surface, using the null hypothesis that differences by urocystolith mineral type did not exist. On the basis of expected breed occurrence derived by equations, the null hypothesis that urocystolith occurrence paralleled canine breed popularity was tested.

RESULTS: Urocystoliths > 10 mm in any dimension were > 92% likely to be magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAP). Smooth, blunt-edged or faceted, and pyramidal urocystoliths were usually MAP. Jackstone shapes were almost always silica. Botryoidal (grape-like clusters) urocystoliths were likely to be oxalates. Breeds with high relative likelihood of urocystoliths included: English Bulldog, Pekingese, Pug, Welsh Corgi, and West Highland White Terrier. Breeds with low relative likelihood of urocystolith production included: German Shepherd Dog, Shar-Pei, and German Shorthaired Pointer. About 94% of urocystoliths produced in females or spayed females were MAP, whereas males and neutered males produced a greater assortment.

For pure mineral composition urocystoliths, trends in mineral type among breeds and between sexes can be exploited clinically in the diagnosis and management of urolith-related disease. Size and shape, used in conjunction with age, breed, and sex, can facilitate pure urocystolith mineral type prediction.}, } @article {pmid9528349, year = {1998}, author = {Nigg, R and Suter, PF}, title = {[What is your diagnosis? Feline urologic syndrome].}, journal = {Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde}, volume = {140}, number = {3}, pages = {117-119}, pmid = {9528349}, issn = {0036-7281}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Male ; Penis/*pathology ; Syndrome ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urination Disorders/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9503355, year = {1998}, author = {Ling, GV and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL and Thurmond, M and Franti, CE}, title = {Renal calculi in dogs and cats: prevalence, mineral type, breed, age, and gender interrelationships (1981-1993).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {11-21}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00491.x}, pmid = {9503355}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Cats ; Databases, Factual ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Three hundred seventeen specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 214 female dogs and 103 male dogs, and 71 specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 38 female cats and 33 male cats were submitted for mineral analysis between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 1993. Among dogs, 45 breeds were affected with renal calculi. Thirty-three breeds and a crossbred group were represented among females, but 8 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 81% of the total. Among male dogs, 30 breeds and a crossbred group were represented, but 7 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 69% of the total. Among cats, 10 breeds and a crossbred group were represented. Dogs and cats with renal calculi were older than those of 2 comparison population groups. More than one-half of the renal calculi in both dogs and cats were from the 1st known episode of urolithiasis. The risk of formation of renal calculi was found to be higher for cats than for dogs, when compared to other stone-forming cats and dogs (approximately 4.95 per 100 stone-forming cats and 2.88 per 100 stone-forming dogs). Among dogs, breeds at highest risk of developing renal calculi were Miniature Schnauzers, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Aposos, Yorkshire Terriers, and female Pugs. Also at high risk were male Dalmatians and male Basset Hounds. Among small dogs, females generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi than were males. Regardless of size, terrier breed males generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi. Breeds of dogs at low risk for development of renal calculi included crossbreds. German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and female Dachshunds. When only 1 kidney was involved, the risk of left renal calculus was greatest for both dogs and cats, but bilateral renal involvement was relatively common in both species (19% and 9%, respectively). Among dogs, specimens composed of 1 mineral substance (e.g., struvite) occurred more often in males (58.3%) than in females (37.9%). Female dogs formed renal calculi containing struvite or oxalate more often than did males; males formed calculi containing urate more often than did females. Calculi containing oxalate, apatite, or some combination of these minerals predominated among cats; only 1 specimen from 38 female cats and only 4 specimens from 33 male cats contained neither oxalate nor apatite. Crossbred cats were significantly less likely to have renal calculi than were other breeds. A single renal calculus specimen was identified in several uncommon breeds including Tonkinese and Birman cats, and Affenpinscher, Clumber Spaniel, English Shepherd, and Field Spaniel dogs. No significant differences were observed between male and female dogs or between male and female cats with regard to mineral type of the specimen and the presence of urinary tract infection.}, } @article {pmid9481836, year = {1998}, author = {Way, ED}, title = {Bladder calculi in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {142}, number = {2}, pages = {48}, pmid = {9481836}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine/methods ; }, } @article {pmid9466393, year = {1997}, author = {Renwick, P}, title = {Bladder calculi in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {141}, number = {25}, pages = {660}, pmid = {9466393}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Dogs ; Quality of Health Care ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9348633, year = {1997}, author = {Rubin, SI}, title = {Chronic renal failure and its management and nephrolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1331-1354}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50129-x}, pmid = {9348633}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Aging/metabolism/physiology ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy ; Cats ; Diet Therapy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the most common form of renal disease in dogs and cats. Although CRF occurs in dogs and cats of all ages, it is commonly considered a disease of older animals, and the incidence increases with age. This article presents guide-lines for the diagnosis and conservative management of chronic renal failure in dogs and cats. Nephrolithiasis is uncommon in dogs and cats, accounting for less than 3% of all urinary calculi. The mineral composition of the renolith is important in formulation of therapeutic and preventive management strategies. This article briefly reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of nephrolithiasis in the dog and cat.}, } @article {pmid9348496, year = {1997}, author = {Aldrich, J and Ling, GV and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL and Franti, CE}, title = {Silica-containing urinary calculi in dogs (1981-1993).}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {288-295}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00467.x}, pmid = {9348496}, issn = {0891-6640}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Crystallography/methods ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Incidence ; Male ; Minerals/analysis/metabolism ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Characteristics ; Silicon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; United States/epidemiology ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Silica-containing urinary calculi obtained from 773 dogs and submitted by veterinarians throughout the United States were analyzed by quantitative crystallographic analysis to determine mineral composition. Specimens were composed of either multiple mineral layers (535 specimens) or 1 mineral layer (238 specimens). Most multiple-layer calculi were composed of 80% or greater silica (300 of 535, 56%) or 20% to 79% silica (184 of 535, 34%) in any mineral layer. Most 1-layer calculi were composed of 100% silica (212 of 238, 89%). Most dogs forming silica-containing calculi were of male gender (679 of 773, 88%). Bacterial cultures of calculus or urine or both were performed on 49% (376 of 773) of the specimens, and bacterial growth was obtained from 37% (139 of 376) of samples cultured. The prevalence of calculus-associated urinary tract infection was 35% (113 of 321) in males and 47% (26 of 55) in females. The gender prevalence for infection with Staphylococcus species was 16% (51 of 321) in males and 33% (18 of 55) in females. The breed and gender of dogs that formed calculi (silica population) were compared with the hospital population (Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital [VMTH] population) and with a population of calculus-forming dogs (Stonelab population) to determine risk factors for silica calculus formation. For all breeds compared, the ratio of males to females was higher in the silica population. The German Shepherd Dog and Old English Sheepdog were significantly overrepresented when the silica population was compared with either the VMTH population or the Stonelab population. We conclude that male German Shepherd Dogs and Old English Sheepdogs are at increased risk for formation of silica-containing urinary calculi.}, } @article {pmid9451843, year = {1997}, author = {Hesse, A and Steffes, HJ and Graf, C and Bongartz, D and Albrecht, F}, title = {[Current information on the composition and breed distribution of urinary stones in dogs].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {110}, number = {11-12}, pages = {436-439}, pmid = {9451843}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {5706 canine urinary stones were analyzed by means of infrared spectroscopy from 1984-1996. The stones were sent in together with epidemiologic data (breed, age, sex, localisation of the stones, type of stone removal, stone frequency etc.) by more than 800 veterinarians from Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and Switzerland. Irrespective of stone type, urinary stones were observed in almost all breeds, but small breeds like dachshound, poodle, terrier, schnauzer, and pekingese have a higher tendency to form stones. With 59.5% struvite is the most frequent stone type, followed by cystine with 15.5%. Cystine stones are becoming less frequent during the observation time, whereas the share of calcium oxalate (14.2%) and ammonium urate (6.0%) stones remains unchanged. The latter stone types are found predominantly in specific breeds. The stone formation appears predominantly at the age of 7. Male dogs form stones twice as often as female dogs. 98% of the stones were located in the lower urinary tract. About 90% of the urinary stones required surgical treatment.}, } @article {pmid9447683, year = {1997}, author = {Sutton, J}, title = {Bladder calculi in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {141}, number = {24}, pages = {632}, pmid = {9447683}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9423244, year = {1997}, author = {Holt, PE}, title = {Bladder calculi in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {141}, number = {22}, pages = {584}, pmid = {9423244}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9413127, year = {1997}, author = {Spence, S}, title = {Bladder calculi in dogs and cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {141}, number = {21}, pages = {556}, pmid = {9413127}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9413115, year = {1997}, author = {van Zuilen, CD and Nickel, RF and van Dijk, TH and Reijngoud, DJ}, title = {Xanthinuria in a family of Cavalier King Charles spaniels.}, journal = {The veterinary quarterly}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {172-174}, doi = {10.1080/01652176.1997.9694766}, pmid = {9413115}, issn = {0165-2176}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/genetics/metabolism/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Hypoxanthine/metabolism/urine ; Male ; Pedigree ; Renal Insufficiency/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; Uric Acid/metabolism/urine ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/urine/*veterinary ; Xanthine/analysis/metabolism/*urine ; }, abstract = {Xanthine calculi were found in a 7-month-old male Cavalier King Charles spaniel with urethral obstruction and renal insufficiency. Because the only two other reported cases of naturally occurring xanthine urolithiasis concerned a Cavalier King Charles and a King Charles spaniel the urine of the littermates and parents of the patient were also examined for xanthinuria. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed high urine concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the patient and his female littermate. Quantitative analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the urine samples from the family of this Cavalier King Charles spaniel and nine control dogs revealed that hypoxanthine and xanthine excretion was 30 and 60 times higher in the affected patient and the female littermate than in the others dogs. The pattern of xanthinuria, which is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, in the relation diagram of this family of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels was consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.}, } @article {pmid9335093, year = {1997}, author = {Armbrust, L and Kraft, SL and Cowan, LA and Tillson, DM and Hoskinson, JJ}, title = {Radiographic diagnosis: canine ureteral calculus.}, journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {360-362}, doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb02098.x}, pmid = {9335093}, issn = {1058-8183}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Nephrectomy/methods/veterinary ; Time Factors ; Ultrasonography ; Ureter/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; Urography/methods/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9239633, year = {1997}, author = {Kucera, J and Bulková, T and Rychlá, R and Jahn, P}, title = {Bilateral xanthine nephrolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, pages = {302-305}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03471.x}, pmid = {9239633}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/congenital/*diagnosis/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry/pathology/urine ; Kidney Cortex/pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications/veterinary ; Kidney Medulla/pathology ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared/methods/veterinary ; Xanthine ; Xanthines/*analysis/urine ; }, abstract = {Xanthinuria is an uncommon metabolic disorder clinically manifested as urolithiasis. There are two forms of the disease, congenital and iatrogenic. The former was diagnosed in a four-year-old dachshund bitch. The patient was presented with signs of terminal chronic renal failure. Urine was bacteriologically sterile with massive amorphous crystalluria. Bilateral nephrolithiasis was diagnosed at necropsy. The kidneys were shrunken with marked atrophy of the renal cortex and medulla. Infrared spectrometry revealed that the stones comprised 100 per cent xanthine. Later, two of the patient's siblings were examined for urine xanthine content; both showed higher concentrations of xanthine than a control dog. The described case is compared with seven known published cases of congenital xanthinuria.}, } @article {pmid9239632, year = {1997}, author = {White, RN and Tick, NT and White, HL}, title = {Naturally occurring xanthine urolithiasis in a domestic shorthair cat.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, pages = {299-301}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03470.x}, pmid = {9239632}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/urine ; Cats ; Cystostomy/methods/veterinary ; Incidence ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/methods/veterinary ; Urinary Tract/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Urography/methods/veterinary ; Xanthine ; Xanthines/*analysis/urine ; }, abstract = {A five-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was presented after three episodes of urethral obstruction and anuria requiring relief urethral catheterisation. A double contrast cystogram revealed the presence of multiple small cystoliths which were radiolucent on plain radiographs. A perineal urethrostomy and a cystotomy were performed to relieve the urethral obstruction and to remove the cystoliths. Quantitative analysis revealed the cystoliths to be composed of 100 per cent xanthine. Clinical history suggested the xanthinuria to be naturally occurring. Unfortunately, the cat was killed in a road traffic accident two months after the surgical procedure, preventing further long-term assessment.}, } @article {pmid9096714, year = {1997}, author = {Levy, JK}, title = {Pros and cons of prepuberal gonadectomy.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {210}, number = {7}, pages = {891}, pmid = {9096714}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Castration/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Cats/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9028479, year = {1997}, author = {Buffington, CA and Blaisdell, JL and Komatsu, Y and Kawase, K}, title = {Effects of choreito and takushya consumption on in vitro and in vivo struvite solubility in cat urine.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {150-152}, pmid = {9028479}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cats/*urine ; Diuretics/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Female ; Food, Fortified ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of the takushya portion of choreito, a traditional Chinese treatment for urolithiasis, on urine and struvite crystal variables in cats fed diets containing takushya.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 6 male and 6 female adult cats, all considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings, results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine cultures; and freedom from urolithiasis on the basis of urethrocystoscopic (females) or urethrocystographic (males) findings.

PROCEDURE: Cats were fed a commercial canned diet supplemented with 0.1-mg of takushya/kg of body weight, or with 0.5 mg of choreito/kg. Diets were fed, using a Latin-square design, to 3 groups of 4 cats (2 male, 2 female) each for 2 weeks, followed by blood and 24-hour urine sample collections.

RESULTS: Consumption of takushya, which comprises 20% by weight of choreito, was not associated with adverse effects in cats at the amounts provided during the period of study. Moreover, takushya was responsible for most of the effect of choreito consumption on reduction of urine pH, and approximately half its ability to reduce struvite crystal formation in cat urine.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alternative treatments for struvite urolithiasis in cats may be feasible.}, } @article {pmid9028478, year = {1997}, author = {Buffington, CA and Blaisdell, JL and Kawase, K and Komatsu, Y}, title = {Effects of choreito consumption on urine variables of healthy cats fed a magnesium-supplemented commercial diet.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, pages = {146-149}, pmid = {9028478}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cats/*urine ; Diuretics/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Female ; *Food, Fortified ; Hematuria/*prevention & control ; Magnesium/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of choreito consumption (500 mg/kg of body weight/d) on struvite crystal formation and signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) in cats consuming a commercial canned diet with 0.5% added inorganic magnesium.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 6 male and 6 female adult cats, all considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings; results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine cultures; and freedom from urolithiasis on the basis of urethrocystoscopic (females) or urethrocystographic (males) findings.

PROCEDURE: Diets were fed for 12 weeks, or until appearance of signs of LUTD, including dysuria, hematuria, urine pH > 7.0, and severe struvite crystalluria. Presence of at least 2 of these signs was required for removal from study. Urine specimens were examined for electrolytes, struvite crystal content, and hematuria.

RESULTS: Results for urine variables were compared between groups at 4 weeks, because of reduction in cat numbers attributable to removal from study. Struvite crystal content of 24-hour urine specimens was significantly lower for cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Moreover, frequency and severity of hematuria were significantly decreased in cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Correlation between hematuria and struvite crystal content was not observed in either group. Additionally, all 6 cats fed the diet without choreito had been removed from study by day 58 because of signs of LUTD. Of the 6 cats fed the choreito-containing diet, 2 completed the 12-week study.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Choreito may be beneficial for relief of some signs of struvite-associated LUTD disease in cats.}, } @article {pmid9123799, year = {1997}, author = {Hay, CW and Rosin, E}, title = {Repair of an intrapelvic urethral tear in a bitch caused by iatrogenic trauma.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {140}, number = {2}, pages = {48-49}, doi = {10.1136/vr.140.2.48}, pmid = {9123799}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dogs/*injuries/surgery ; Female ; Iatrogenic Disease/*veterinary ; Urethra/*injuries/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Wounds and Injuries/complications/surgery/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid9557316, year = {1997}, author = {Vörös, K and Wladár, S and Marsi, A and Vrabély, T and Fenyves, B and Németh, T}, title = {Ultrasonographic study of feline lower urinary tract diseases: 32 cases.}, journal = {Acta veterinaria Hungarica}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {387-395}, pmid = {9557316}, issn = {0236-6290}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder/*diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The objective of the study was to describe the ultrasonographic findings of urinary bladder urolithiasis and to determine the diagnostic value of the technique in feline lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD). Physical examination of the urinary system and routine clinicopathological analysis of the blood and urine were performed on 32 cats presented with clinical symptoms of LUTD. Cystosonography was done on all of the cats, while plain radiography was performed on 8 and double contrast cystography on 2 cats. Sonography of the bladder provided the following diagnoses: urolithiasis and chronic cystitis: 24 cases, chronic cystitis without urolithiasis: 4 cases, bladder neoplasm: 1 case, negative sonographic finding: 3 cases. Bladder calculi and/or plugs were diagnosed easily, up to a size of 2 mm, according to acoustic shadowing and/or reverberation and gravitation. When the bladder was empty, it was filled up with physiologic saline solution to visualise its contents more easily. Sonography proved to be a useful technique for diagnosing urinary bladder calculi and/or plugs even when they were radiolucent and for distinguishing among the different causes of LUTD. Although ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool, radiography is still necessary to explore lower urinary tract diseases, especially when cystosonography provides negative results or urethral obstruction is suspected.}, } @article {pmid9253123, year = {1997}, author = {Ebisuno, S and Kohjimoto, Y and Tamura, M and Inagaki, T and Ohkawa, T}, title = {Histological observations of the adhesion and endocytosis of calcium oxalate crystals in MDCK cells and in rat and human kidney.}, journal = {Urologia internationalis}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {227-231}, doi = {10.1159/000282989}, pmid = {9253123}, issn = {0042-1138}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacokinetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Endocytosis ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology/ultrastructure ; Kidney Tubules/*cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; }, abstract = {Adhesion and/or endocytosis of calcium oxalate crystals to the three kinds of tubular cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, rat and human kidney) were demonstrated morphologically to presume the initial formation of kidney stone. After removal of the nonadhesion crystals, the cells were subsequently recultured in the vertical position. At various times thereafter, the interactions between COM crystals and MDCK cells were evaluated morphologically by SEM. COM crystals adhered to the surface of MDCK cells immediately, and the crystals were then endocytosed. The microvilli of the cells appeared to play an important role in these processes. At later times, some complexes that consist of aggregated calcium oxalate crystals and cell debris were observed sporadically. Kidney tissues were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats which were injected with sodium oxalate intraperitoneally. Experimentally induced calcium oxalate crystals were evaluated histologically using polarized light microscopy. Some crystals in the cortical portion were attached to the tubular epithelium or internalized into the luminal membrane. Whereas in the papilla, the aggregated crystals were observed lying free from the degenerated tubular lumen along with the cell debris. Human kidney tissues were obtained from 38 patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis who underwent nephrolithotomy or partial nephrectomy before the era of ESWL. The specimens were examined for calcium crystals within the tubular lumen, attached to the tubular walls or internalized into the tubular cells, by polarized light microscopy. Approximately 50% of the specimens observed crystals attached to the tubular cell epithelium and some of them were seen inside the tubular cells. In conclusion, crystal-cell interaction resulted in movement of crystals from the lumen into the cells by an action of microvilli from the results of MDCK cells. However, it was not clear from the results in rats or human kidney tissue that crystal adhesion and/or endocytosis might be vital in the crystal growth in the kidney.}, } @article {pmid9079747, year = {1997}, author = {Naito, Y and Ohtawara, Y and Kageyama, S and Nakano, M and Ichiyama, A and Fujita, M and Suzuki, K and Kawabe, K and Kino, I}, title = {Morphological analysis of renal cell culture models of calcium phosphate stone formation.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {59-65}, pmid = {9079747}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/chemistry ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/*pathology/ultrastructure ; Kidney Calculi/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Middle Aged ; Models, Biological ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; }, abstract = {Cell culture models of calcium phosphate renal stone formation were established using the MDCK cell line. Renal microliths were detected within pseudocysts in three-dimensional soft agar cultures, and were also observed in the basal region of cells lining the cell sheet, and immediately beneath domes or blisters in monolayers and collagen gel cultures. Light and scanning electron microscopy indicated that these microliths had a similar lamellated and spherical appearance to those in humans. These microliths were first detected microscopically after 21 days of culture, and were found to be composed of calcium phosphate by X-ray and micro-infrared spectroscopic analyses. These culture models may provide a powerful new tool to study the pathogenesis of renal stone diseases and/or calcium phosphate stone formation in humans and animals.}, } @article {pmid9032530, year = {1997}, author = {Lennon, GM and Thornhill, JA and Grainger, R and McDermott, TE and Butler, MR}, title = {Double pigtail ureteric stent versus percutaneous nephrostomy: effects on stone transit and ureteric motility.}, journal = {European urology}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {24-29}, doi = {10.1159/000474413}, pmid = {9032530}, issn = {0302-2838}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology ; *Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; *Stents ; Ureter/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/*physiopathology/*therapy ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/*physiopathology/*therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The effects of double pigtail ureteric catheters (JJS) and percutaneous nephrostomies (PN) on ureteric motility and artificial stone transit was assessed in 12 dogs. Each animal underwent bilateral nephrostomies and an artificial stone insertion into each upper ureter (n = 20). A 4-Fr JJS was inserted on one side (group 1) while a PN was left on the contralateral side (group 2). In 4 stone-only 'control' ureters (group 3), the PN was sealed after 72 h. Stone passage was assessed by plain x-rays. Pelvic and ureteric motility was assessed prior to stone insertion and again at 2 weeks.

RESULTS: In group 1, only 1 of 8 stones (12.5%) passed completely. Four reached the midureter, 3 remained static. Six of 8 stones (75%) in group 2 passed completely. Two stones remained in the distal ureter. All 4 stones (100%) in group 3 passed by day 3 postoperatively. At laparotomy the J-stented ureters were dilated and both pelvic and ureteric contractions were diminished. Ureteric diameter was normal on the PN side. The ureters contracted with normal amplitude, but diminished rate of contraction above the stones in the ureters with residual calculi (n = 2), and in the 6 ureters from which spontaneous stone passage had occurred. A similar pattern was found in the 4 group 3 ureters.

CONCLUSIONS: Double J stents are associated with ureteric dilatation, diminished peristalsis and impaired stone passage. APN preserves ureteric peristalsis and facilitates stone passage. In the initial phase, raised hydrostatic pressure appears to the most important factor determining stone passage.}, } @article {pmid8977647, year = {1997}, author = {Buffington, CA and Chew, DJ and Kendall, MS and Scrivani, PV and Thompson, SB and Blaisdell, JL and Woodworth, BE}, title = {Clinical evaluation of cats with nonobstructive urinary tract diseases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {210}, number = {1}, pages = {46-50}, pmid = {8977647}, issn = {0003-1488}, support = {DK47538/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects/classification ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/veterinary ; Cystoscopy/veterinary ; Diverticulum/diagnosis/veterinary ; Female ; Hematuria/diagnosis/veterinary ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Prospective Studies ; Proteinuria/diagnosis/veterinary ; Specific Gravity ; Struvite ; Urethra/abnormalities ; Urethral Stricture/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemistry/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify the underlying cause of clinical signs in cats with nonobstructive diseases of the bladder and urethra.

DESIGN: Prospective case series.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 109 cats examined by the urology service of The Ohio State University's veterinary teaching hospital because of stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, or urination in inappropriate locations.

PROCEDURE: History was obtained and a CBC, serum biochemical analyses, serologic tests for FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, and contrast radiography or urethrocystoscopy (females only) were performed.

RESULTS: 16 cats had cystic calculi: 8 had struvite uroliths, 7 had calcium oxalate uroliths, and 1 had a urolith of unknown composition in conjunction with an anatomic defect. Anatomic defects, including diverticulae, urethral strictures, and a malpositioned urethra, were identified in 12 cats. A urinary tract infection was identified in 1 cat, and neoplasia was diagnosed in 2. One of the cats with neoplasia also had a struvite urolith. The remaining 80 cats did not have an anatomic defect, urolith, or tumor. Ten of these cats also did not have radiographic or cystoscopic abnormalities and were presumed to have a behavioral disorder. The remaining 70 cats had radiographic or cystoscopic abnormalities, and idiopathic cystitis was diagnosed. In 14 of the cats with idiopathic cystitis, results of a urinalysis were normal. Cats with idiopathic cystitis were significantly more likely to eat dry food exclusively (59%) than were cats in the general population (19%).

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that idiopathic cystitis occurs commonly in cats with stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, or inappropriate elimination and is associated with consumption of dry foods. Contrast radiography or cystoscopy is necessary for differentiating idiopathic cystitis from behavioral disorders in some cats.}, } @article {pmid9037850, year = {1996}, author = {Chen, WC and Jan, CR and Lee, YH and Ou, HC and Huang, JK and Tseng, CJ}, title = {A model for investigating effect of shock waves on intracellular calcium mobilization.}, journal = {Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chinese medical journal; Free China ed}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {341-347}, pmid = {9037850}, issn = {0578-1337}, mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bradykinin/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dogs ; Kidney/*cytology/*metabolism ; *Lithotripsy ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) has become a non-invasive standard treatment for urolithiasis; however, it has some unwanted bioeffects. A cell model using calcium (Ca) imaging of cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells has been established in this laboratory to study the effects of shock waves on intracellular free Ca mobilization of renal tubular cells.

METHODS: Digital video imaging of fura-2 fluorescence was used to measure both resting and stimulated intracellular free Ca concentrations in single cultured MDCK cells. Pharmacological agents including adenosine-5'-trisphosphate (ATP), bradykinin and thapsigargin, were used as Ca mobilizing agents.

RESULTS: ATP, bradykinin and thapsigargin all elicited a robust transient increase in intracellular Ca concentration.

CONCLUSIONS: A cell model was established to investigate the effect of shock waves on single kidney cells. This provided an opportunity to determine how shock waves affect the regulation of intracellular Ca concentrations in kidney cells; in addition, it allows investigation, for the first time at the single cell level, of whether blocking Ca entry in kidney cells plays any role in the mechanism by which some Ca channel blockers, e.g. nifedipine and verapamil, protect patients of urolithiasis from shock wave-induced renal damage.}, } @article {pmid8899016, year = {1996}, author = {Siems, J and Jakovljevic, S and Adams, LG}, title = {What is your diagnosis? Matrix urolith in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {209}, number = {9}, pages = {1553-1554}, pmid = {8899016}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Male ; Radiography ; }, } @article {pmid9499832, year = {1996}, author = {Robles, JE and Rosell, D}, title = {[Experimental applications of shock waves].}, journal = {Revista de medicina de la Universidad de Navarra}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {25-33}, pmid = {9499832}, issn = {0556-6177}, mesh = {Animals ; Bone and Bones/ultrastructure ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Cells/*ultrastructure ; Cells, Cultured ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Connective Tissue/ultrastructure ; Dogs ; Gelatin ; Humans ; Kidney/ultrastructure ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Lithotripsy ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/therapy ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*therapy ; Pseudarthrosis/therapy ; Rats ; *Sonication/adverse effects ; Suspensions ; Swine ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ultrasonic Therapy ; }, abstract = {High-energy shock waves (HESW) are widely accepted for disintegration of renal and ureteral stones. In the last years, HESW have been applied to tumor cells in vitro and tumors in vivo. In the present paper we summarized the effects of HESW on cells, the interaction mechanisms between HESW and tissue, and the combined treatment of HESW and biological response modifiers and cytostatic drugs.}, } @article {pmid8874719, year = {1996}, author = {Domingo-Neumann, RA and Ruby, AL and Ling, GV and Schiffman, PS and Johnson, DL}, title = {Ultrastructure of selected struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {57}, number = {9}, pages = {1274-1287}, pmid = {8874719}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Polarography ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the ultrastructural details of struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs.

SAMPLE POPULATION: 38 specimens were selected from a collection of approximately 13,000 canine urinary calculi: 18 of these were composed entirely of struvite, and 20 consisted of struvite and calcium phosphate (apatite).

PROCEDURE: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of specimens included use of plain and polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imagery, x-ray fluorescence scans, and electron microprobe analysis.

RESULTS: 4 textural types were recognized among struvite calculi, and 4 textural types of struvite-apatite calculi were described. Evidences of calculus dissolution were described from 4 calculi studied.

CONCLUSIONS: The presence of small, well interconnected primary pores in struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs appears to be a significant factor in determining the possible interaction of calculi with changes in the urine composition. The progress of dissolution from the calculus surface to the calculus interior appears to be largely affected by the primary porosity originally present between crystals forming the calculus framework. Apatite was observed to be more resistant to dissolution than struvite.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of fine concentric laminations having low porosity, and the common occurrence of apatite among struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs may be 2 reasons why the efficacy of dietary and medicinal manipulations in dissolving urinary calculi is greater among cats than it is among dogs.}, } @article {pmid8755971, year = {1996}, author = {Tillson, DM and Layton, CE and Godshalk, CP}, title = {What is your diagnosis? Portoazygos shunt and urinary calculi in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {209}, number = {3}, pages = {561-562}, pmid = {8755971}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Azygos Vein/*abnormalities ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Male ; Portal Vein/*abnormalities ; Portography/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid8725800, year = {1996}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Felice, LJ and Fletcher, TF and Lulich, JP and Chen, M}, title = {Effects of various methods of preservation on the stability of uric acid in frozen canine urine.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {787-790}, pmid = {8725800}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/veterinary ; Cryopreservation/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/urine ; Dogs/*urine ; Prospective Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dilution and alkalinization, separately and together, on the stability of uric acid in canine urine stored at -20 C.

DESIGN: Prospective-controlled study.

ANIMALS: 5 dogs with confirmed ammonium urate uroliths, 6 Beagles, and 6 mixed-breed dogs.

PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a 31.4% protein (dry weight), meat-based diet for 21 days, and urine samples were collected on day 22. Urine samples were preserved, using combinations of dilution and alkalinization, and divided into 1-ml aliquots for storage at -20 C for 1 to 12 weeks. Urine uric acid concentrations were measured, using high-performance liquid chromatography, on day of collection (baseline), and after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

RESULTS: Alkalinization did not have a significant effect on reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentrations in urine; however, dilution did have a significant effect. Compared with baseline, uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from dogs with ammonium urate uroliths and Beagles and diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water were not different after storage for 1 to 12 weeks. Uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from mixed-breed dogs did not differ from baseline values during the 12-week storage period whether samples were undiluted or were diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water.

CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of uric acid concentration are most reproducible in canine urine samples stored at -20 C for 1 to 12 weeks when samples are diluted 1:20 with deionized water.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To ensure reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentration in urine samples collected from dogs affected with urate uroliths, urine should be diluted 1:20 with deionized water. Alkalinization is not necessary, and is not recommended because of the additional step in processing and its potential to interfere with measurement of other urinary analytes.}, } @article {pmid9157657, year = {1996}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA}, title = {Management of urocystoliths by voiding urohydropropulsion.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {629-637}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50088-4}, pmid = {9157657}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/blood/*physiopathology/*therapy ; Cats ; Cystoscopy/methods/veterinary ; Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; Male ; Urinalysis/methods/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract/pathology/physiopathology ; Urination/*physiology ; Urography/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Voiding urohydropropulsion is a nonsurgical method of removing uroliths from the urinary bladder. Any urocystolith of sufficient size to pass through the distended urethral lumen can be safely and effectively removed by this new technique. Compared to cystotomy, voiding urohydropropulsion offers several advantages: urolith removal can be performed in minutes, anesthetic period is shorter, postprocedural dysuria and hematuria are less severe, and it provides greater success for complete removal of small urocystoliths. This technique is not suitable for removal of large urocystoliths or uroliths that become lodged in the urethral lumen.}, } @article {pmid9157656, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Thumchai, R and Bartges, JW and Sanderson, SL and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Swanson, LL}, title = {Diagnosis, medical treatment, and prognosis of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {589-627}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50087-2}, pmid = {9157656}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/prevention & control/*therapy ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Diet/standards/veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Prognosis ; Radiography/methods/veterinary ; Ultrasonography/methods/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract/pathology/surgery ; Urography/methods/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Radiographic or ultrasonographic evaluation of the urinary tract is required to consistently detect feline uroliths. Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings facilitate "guesstimation" of the mineral composition of uroliths. Therapy should not be initiated before appropriate samples have been collected for diagnosis. The objectives of medical management of uroliths are to arrest further growth and to promote urolith dissolution by correcting or controlling underlying abnormalities. For therapy to be effective, it must induce undersaturation of urine with calculogenic crystalloids by (1) increasing the solubility of crystalloids in urine, (2) increasing the volume of urine in which crystalloids are dissolved or suspended, and (3) reducing the quantity of calculogenic crystalloids in urine.}, } @article {pmid9157652, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Caywood, DD and Johnston, GR and Polzin, DJ and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Ulrich, LK}, title = {Feline perineal urethrostomy: a potential cause of feline lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {535-549}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50083-5}, pmid = {9157652}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology ; Cats ; Incidence ; Male ; Perineum ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Urethra/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/*surgery ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/complications/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Perineal urethrostomies are associated with complications that may mimic primary causes of feline lower urinary tract disorders. Though postoperative urethral strictures may be minimized by proficiency with an effective surgical technique, removal of the distal urethra may result in bacterial urinary tract infections in 25% to 30% of patients after surgery. Urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing microbes may induce struvite urolith formation. Thus the prophylactic benefits of minimizing recurrent urethral obstruction by urethrostomy must be weighed against a long-term predisposition to recurrent bacterial urinary tract infection and urolith formation.}, } @article {pmid8711873, year = {1996}, author = {Ulrich, LK and Bird, KA and Koehler, LA and Swanson, L}, title = {Urolith analysis. Submission, methods, and interpretation.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {393-400}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50218-4}, pmid = {8711873}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*metabolism ; Cats ; Cystine/analysis/metabolism ; Oxalates/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Uric Acid/analysis/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/metabolism/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/instrumentation/methods/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The detection, treatment, and prevention of the causes underlying urolithiasis depend on knowledge of the composition and structure of the entire stone. Therefore, proper and complete analysis of uroliths is an important part of proper patient care. This article discusses methods of urolith retrieval, proper sample submission, methods of urolith analysis, and interpretation of results.}, } @article {pmid8711872, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Ulrich, LK and Bird, KA}, title = {Feline crystalluria. Detection and interpretation.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {369-391}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50217-2}, pmid = {8711872}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*urine ; Cats/*urine ; Crystallization ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary ; Phosphates/analysis ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/ultrastructure/urine/*veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {Crystalluria results from oversaturation of urine with crystallogenic substances. However, oversaturation may occur as a result of in vivo and in vitro events. Therefore, care must be used not to overinterpret the significance of crystalluria. Evaluation of urine crystals may aid in (1) detection of disorders predisposing cats to urolith or matrix-crystalline urethral plug formation; (2) estimation of the mineral composition of uroliths or urethral plugs; and (3) evaluation of the effectiveness of medical protocols initiated to dissolve or prevent urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid8711867, year = {1996}, author = {Buffington, CA and Chew, DJ and DiBartola, SP}, title = {Interstitial cystitis in cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {317-326}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50212-3}, pmid = {8711867}, issn = {0195-5616}, support = {DK-47538/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Cats ; Cystitis, Interstitial/diagnosis/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology ; Kidney/metabolism/pathology/physiology ; Urinary Bladder/metabolism/pathology/physiology ; Urinary Tract/metabolism/pathology ; Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {Despite much research on FUS, there still is no consensus regarding its cause, or even its definition. We recently have demonstrated that some cases of FUS are similar to interstitial cystitis in human beings. Exclusion of anatomic defects, behavior abnormalities, neoplasia, urolithiasis, urethral obstruction, and urinary tract infection leads one to the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis in cats. This diagnosis suggests the need for new approaches to treatment, including pain management and environmental modification.}, } @article {pmid8711860, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Ulrich, LK and Bird, KA and Koehler, LA}, title = {Feline urethral plugs. Etiology and pathophysiology.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {233-253}, pmid = {8711860}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/metabolism ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Cats ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Male ; Minerals/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Purines/analysis/metabolism ; Struvite ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {Feline urethral plugs commonly are composed of large quantities of matrix mixed with minerals (especially struvite). However, some urethral plugs are composed primarily of matrix, some consist of sloughed tissue, blood, and/or inflammatory reactants, and a few are composed primarily of aggregates of crystalline minerals. The formation of matrix-crystalline urethral plugs may be analogous to the preparation of fruit jello.}, } @article {pmid8711859, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Thumchai, R and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Bartges, JW}, title = {Feline urolithiasis. Etiology and pathophysiology.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {217-232}, pmid = {8711859}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/metabolism ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Cats ; Cystine/analysis/metabolism ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Risk Factors ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A variety of different types of uroliths occur in cats, of which calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate are the most common. Treatment and prevention are most likely to be successful if associated risk factors are identified and eliminated or controlled.}, } @article {pmid8711855, year = {1996}, author = {Osborne, CA and Kruger, JM and Lulich, JP}, title = {Feline lower urinary tract disorders. Definition of terms and concepts.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {169-179}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50200-7}, pmid = {8711855}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*classification/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Cats ; Cystitis, Interstitial/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary ; Female ; Hematuria/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary ; Male ; Terminology as Topic ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary ; Urination Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/classification/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Lower urinary tract disorders of male and female cats may be caused by a variety of fundamentally different causes. The term Feline urologic syndrome should be abandoned and substituted with descriptive etiopathogenic terms whenever possible. If the underlying cause cannot be identified, the term Idiopathic lower urinary tract disease is recommended.}, } @article {pmid8669763, year = {1996}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Felice, LJ and Unger, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Chen, M}, title = {Influence of four diets on uric acid metabolism and endogenous acid production in healthy beagles.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {324-328}, pmid = {8669763}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Ammonia/urine ; *Animal Feed ; Animals ; Creatinine/blood ; *Diet ; Dogs/*metabolism ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Random Allocation ; Reference Values ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/*metabolism/urine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of 3 diets used to dissolve or prevent ammonium urate uroliths in dogs, and a diet formulated for growth, on 24-hour excretions of uric acid, ammonia, net acid, titratable acid, bicarbonate, and creatinine; 24-hour urine volumes; pH values of 24-hour urine samples; plasma uric acid concentration; serum creatinine concentration; and endogenous creatinine clearance values.

DESIGN: Randomized block.

ANIMALS: Six reproductively intact female Beagles, 3.9 to 4.2 years old, weighing 8.5 to 11.1 kg.

PROCEDURES: Four diets were evaluated for their ability to dissolve magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) uroliths (diet S); to minimize uric acid excretion (diet U); to minimize clinical signs associated with renal failure (diet K); and to promote growth in pups (diet P). Each diet was fed for 14 days; then 24-hour urine samples were collected. An adult maintenance diet was fed during a 7-day washout period.

RESULTS: Consumption of diet U was associated with lowest plasma uric acid concentration, lowest 24-hour urinary uric acid, ammonia, titratable acid, and net acid excretions, lowest endogenous creatinine clearance values, highest 24-hour urinary bicarbonate excretion and urine pH values, and highest 24-hour urine volumes. Consumption of diet P was associated with opposite results; results of consumption of diets S and K were intermediate between those for diets U and P.

CONCLUSION: Consumption of diet U by healthy Beagles is associated with reduced magnitude of urinary excretion of uric acid and ammonia, with alkaluria, and with polyuria, which may be beneficial in the management of ammonium urate uroliths in dogs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results support use of diet U for management of ammonium urate urolithiasis in dogs.}, } @article {pmid8603905, year = {1996}, author = {Thumchai, R and Lulich, J and Osborne, CA and King, VL and Lund, EM and Marsh, WE and Ulrich, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA}, title = {Epizootiologic evaluation of urolithiasis in cats: 3,498 cases (1982-1992).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {208}, number = {4}, pages = {547-551}, pmid = {8603905}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Confidence Intervals ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: to test the hypothesis that breed, sex and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths are risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis.

DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Records of 3,498 feline urolith accessions submitted between September 1982 and September 1992.

PROCEDURE: Mineral composition of feline uroliths was quantitatively analyzed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for breed, sex, age, and urolith location as risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolith formation. The population at risk was defined as all cats for which that type of urolith had been submitted. The control population was all cats for which uroliths had been submitted, excluding cats with the type of urolith being evaluated.

RESULTS: Burmese, Persian, and Himalayan breeds were at higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but at reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Compared with females, neutered male cats had a higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but a reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. The risk for calcium oxalate urolith formation increased with age. One- to 2-year-old female cats had the highest risk for magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Uroliths removed from the kidneys were more likely to be composed of calcium oxalate than of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Breed, sex, and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths should be considered when evaluating risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in urolith-forming cats.}, } @article {pmid8603902, year = {1996}, author = {Block, G and Adams, LG and Widmer, WR and Lingeman, JE}, title = {Use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis in five dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {208}, number = {4}, pages = {531-536}, pmid = {8603902}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/blood ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Hematuria/etiology/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Lithotripsy/adverse effects/instrumentation/*veterinary ; Male ; Specific Gravity ; Ureteral Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The safety and efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in 5 dogs with nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis was assessed. Three dogs had bilateral nephrolithiasis, 1 had bilateral nephrolithiasis and unilateral ureterolithiasis, and 1 had unilateral nephrolithiasis and unilateral ureterolithiasis. A first-generation lithotriptor was used for all treatments. None of the dogs developed clinically important complications during or after treatment, except for 1 dog treated for bilateral nephrolithiasis that developed transient ureterolithiasis. Renal function was unchanged in all dogs following treatment. Clinical signs resolved in all dogs. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy appears to be a safe and effective means of treating nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis in dogs and appears to cause less renal parenchymal damage and renal function loss than does nephrotomy.}, } @article {pmid24304031, year = {1996}, author = {Kohjimoto, Y and Ebisuno, S and Tamura, M and Ohkawa, T}, title = {Experimental studies of adhesion and endocytosis of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubular cells.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {3}, number = {1 Suppl}, pages = {S72-5}, doi = {10.1111/j.1442-2042.1996.tb00093.x}, pmid = {24304031}, issn = {1442-2042}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*chemistry ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Crystallization ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Endocytosis/*physiology ; Kidney Tubules/*chemistry/*cytology/ultrastructure ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nephrolithiasis/*metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; }, abstract = {The present investigation was designed to study the interactions between Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, the most abundant constituent of urinary crystals, and to clarify the significance of these crystal-cell interactions in stone pathogenesis. COM crystals adhered to the intact surface of MDCK cells by some biological mechanisms (biological adhesion) and, were then internalized into the cell (endocytosis). The microvilli of the cell appeared to play an important role in this process. In the kidneys of rats with experimentally induced stones, most COM crystals adhered to the tubular cells and some crystals were engulfed, via endocytosis. Thus, these crystal-cell interactions might be one of the earliest processes in the formation of kidney stones. Further elucidation of the mechanism and the regulatory factors of this process may provide new insight into stone pathogenesis.}, } @article {pmid9813624, year = {1996}, author = {Kohjimoto, Y and Ebisuno, S and Tamura, M and Ohkawa, T}, title = {Adhesion and endocytosis of calcium oxalate crystals on renal tubular cells.}, journal = {Scanning microscopy}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {459-68; discussion 468-70}, pmid = {9813624}, issn = {0891-7035}, mesh = {Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; *Endocytosis ; Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; }, abstract = {The present investigation was designed to study interactions between Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals and to clarify the significance of these crystal-cell interactions in stone pathogenesis. MDCK cells cultured in the presence of COM crystals showed a time-dependent uptake of crystals; this was specific for COM crystals. In the dynamic model system designed to study these phenomena under more physiological conditions, COM crystals adhered to the cell surface and were subsequently internalized. In this endocytotic process, the microvilli of the cell appeared to play an important role. The observation by scanning electron microscopy of complexes consisting of aggregated COM crystals and cell debris led us to speculate that adhesion and endocytosis of crystals might provide the calculus nidus for aggregation and retention of crystals in the renal tubule. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycans and the macromolecular fraction of human urine were shown to have the ability to inhibit the cellular uptake of crystals. Evidence that similar processes may also occur in vivo was obtained using an experimental stone model in rats. Our experiments revealed that most of the COM crystals adhered to the tubular cells and some crystals were endocytosed by the cell. Thus, these crystal-cell interactions might be one of the earliest processes in the formation of kidney stones. Further elucidation of the mechanism and the regulatory factors involved in this process may provide new insight into stone pathogenesis.}, } @article {pmid8931975, year = {1996}, author = {Yamate, T and Kohri, K and Umekawa, T and Amasaki, N and Amasaki, N and Isikawa, Y and Iguchi, M and Kurita, T}, title = {The effect of osteopontin on the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.}, journal = {European urology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {388-393}, doi = {10.1159/000474201}, pmid = {8931975}, issn = {0302-2838}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*pharmacology ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Kidney/*cytology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Osteopontin ; Phosphoproteins/*pharmacology ; Sialoglycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Thrombin/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/etiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We have recently reported that osteopontin protein (OPN) is present in calcium-containing urinary calculi and in rat distal tubular cells and that it is an important substance of the matrix in urinary stone formation. To investigate how OPN participates in urinary stone formation, we assessed the role of OPN in the adhesion of the surfaces of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which are distal tubular cells of the dog, to calcium oxalate crystals.

METHODS: We cultured MDCK cells with OPN, thrombin, which is an OPN inhibitor, Arg-Gly-Asp peptide and Arg-Gly-Glu peptide as a control for Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, and examined changes in adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to the cells by scanning electron microscopy and the calcium (45Ca) concentration around the cells.

RESULTS: The 45Ca concentration in calcium oxalate crystals adhering to MDCK cells was about 1.4 times higher in MDCK cells incubated with OPN than in an MDCK-cell-negative group, and was about one half that in MDCK cells incubated with thrombin than in the group without MDCK cells.

CONCLUSION: OPN is considered to be an accelerator of urinary stone formation because of the increase in adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to the renal distal tubular epithelium in the presence of OPN. These findings suggest that OPN plays an important role in the formation of calcium-containing urinary stones.}, } @article {pmid8720232, year = {1996}, author = {Neumann, RD and Ruby, AL and Ling, GV and Schiffman, PS and Johnson, DL}, title = {Ultrastructure of selected struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {12-24}, pmid = {8720232}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Calcium/analysis ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Magnesium/analysis ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Polarization ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Potassium/analysis ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/classification/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the ultrastructural details of struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats.

DESIGN: Specimens studied were inclusive of the range of textures visible during preliminary analysis by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Textural types, which were used to infer crystal growth conditions, were differentiated with regard to crystal habit, crystal size, growth orientation, and primary porosity.

SAMPLE POPULATION: Thirty specimens were selected from a collection of approximately 1,600 feline urinary calculi: 20 of these were composed entirely of struvite, and 10 consisted of struvite and calcium phosphate (apatite).

PROCEDURE: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of specimens included use of plain and polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imagery, x-ray fluorescence scans, and electron probe microanalysis.

RESULTS: Four textural types were recognized among struvite calculi, whereas 2 textural types of struvite-apatite calculi were described.

CONCLUSIONS: The presence of minute, well interconnected primary pores in struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats is an important feature, which may promote possible interaction of calculi with changes in urine composition.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Primary porosity, which can facilitate interaction between the calculus and changing urine composition, may explain the efficacy of dietary or medicinal manipulations to promote the dissolution of struvite-containing uroliths from this species.}, } @article {pmid8646594, year = {1996}, author = {Kageyama, S and Ohtawara, Y and Fujita, K and Watanabe, T and Ushiyama, T and Suzuki, K and Naito, Y and Kawabe, K}, title = {Microlith formation in vitro by Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {23-26}, doi = {10.1111/j.1442-2042.1996.tb00624.x}, pmid = {8646594}, issn = {0919-8172}, mesh = {Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/enzymology ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*etiology ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/*cytology/enzymology ; LLC-PK1 Cells/chemistry/cytology/enzymology ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Swine ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The mechanism of renal stone genesis as well as the location of stone crystal formation in the kidney remains unclear. Possible sites of stone generation are either in the tubular lumen or tubular cell.

METHODS: We cultured Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK), LLC-PK1 and Magen Krebs Niigata-28 (MKN-28) cells in DMEM + 10% FBS medium in a well without passage for 30 days.

RESULTS: MDCK cells produced microliths at the basolateral side but not on the lumen side of these cells. The other two cell lines did not form microliths.

CONCLUSION: Our data show that microlith formation is a characteristic of MDCK cells and that biological mineralization of MDCK cells may serve as a human urolithiasis model in vitro. The findings support a significant role of the renal distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts in the in vitro generation of urinary stones.}, } @article {pmid7493896, year = {1995}, author = {Casal, ML and Giger, U and Bovee, KC and Patterson, DF}, title = {Inheritance of cystinuria and renal defect in Newfoundlands.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {1585-1589}, pmid = {7493896}, issn = {0003-1488}, support = {RR 02512/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Cystinuria/complications/genetics/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Pedigree ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical features, characterize metabolic renal abnormalities, and evaluate mode of inheritance of cystinuria in Newfoundlands.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

ANIMALS: Two families of Newfoundlands including 11 dogs with dysuria, stranguria, or obstruction attributable to cystine calculi.

PROCEDURE: Urinalysis and nitroprusside spot tests were performed to evaluate cystinuria in the affected dogs. All calculi were analyzed by crystallography. Amino acid concentrations in urine and plasma of affected dogs were compared with those in clinically normal related dogs. Renal fractional excretion and reabsorption of amino acids were determined in 5 affected Newfoundlands.

RESULTS: Nine dogs had pure cystine calculi in the bladder, and 4 of these had renal cystine calculi. Affected dogs persistently excreted excessive amounts of cystine (> 500 nmol/mg of creatinine; reference = 54 +/- 38 nmol/mg of creatinine) and had typical cystine crystals in acidic urine. Urinary excretion of ornithine, lysine, and arginine was also high. Dogs with cystinuria had complete lack of reabsorption and active secretion of cystine, and reabsorption of lysine, ornithine, and arginine was moderately impaired. Although clinical signs of urinary obstruction were observed only in males, cystinuric male and female offspring were produced from noncystinuric parents, consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Obligate heterozygotes did not have clinical signs, and had normal urinary cystine content and renal amino acid reabsorption.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because detection of carriers by routine urinalysis is currently not possible, Newfoundlands with cystinuria and their parents and offspring should be excluded from breeding.}, } @article {pmid7493870, year = {1995}, author = {Kirk, CA and Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Scarlett, JM}, title = {Evaluation of factors associated with development of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {207}, number = {11}, pages = {1429-1434}, pmid = {7493870}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Breeding ; *Calcium Oxalate ; Case-Control Studies ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology ; Cats ; Diet/veterinary ; Female ; Housing, Animal ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dietary and environmental factors as potential risk factors for calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats.

DESIGN: Case-control study.

ANIMALS: 84 cats with uroliths composed of at least 90% calcium oxalate and 258 age- and gender-matched control cats.

PROCEDURE: Owners of cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and control cats were surveyed between November 1990 and August 1992. Owners completed a standard questionnaire administered during a single telephone interview. Data collected included information regarding signalment, environment, urination and defecation, diet, and medical history.

RESULTS: Calcium oxalate uroliths tended to develop in middle- to older-aged, domestic shorthair cats of typical weight. A gender predilection was not detected. Factors associated with an increase in the risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats were feeding urine-acidifying diets, feeding a single brand of cat food without providing additional foods or table scraps, maintaining cats in an indoor-only environment, and being of the Persian breed.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Control of diet and environment may help prevent calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid7495113, year = {1995}, author = {Corcos, J and Savoie, C and Madarnas, P and Picard, L and Escher, E}, title = {Innocuity of agents for radiocontrast enhancement of urinary tract stones.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {643-647}, doi = {10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80293-3}, pmid = {7495113}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Absorption ; Animals ; Cesium Radioisotopes/pharmacology/*toxicity ; *Contrast Media/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Female ; Gadolinium/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Kidney/drug effects/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; Pressure ; Radioisotopes/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Radionuclide Imaging ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Mineral kidney stones are frequently difficult to detect due to their radiotranslucency. We have recently developed a method that enhances the visibility of such stones by retrograde infusions of certain heavy metal salt solutions such as cesium or lanthanide gadolinium. This report describes toxicologic studies carried out on the use of those contrast agents to introduce this technique eventually into clinical trials.

METHODS: Systemic absorption was assessed in dogs through infusion of radioactive contrast agent into the renal pelvis with or without ureteral obstruction. Radioactivity in urine and blood was monitored. Local toxicity was studied in animals infused with the contrast agent at intervals up to 4 weeks.

RESULTS: Reabsorption studies under high intrapelvic pressures (70 cm H2O or higher), demonstrated reabsorption of cesium. However, at normal intrapelvic pressures, only a moderate reabsorption of cesium was observed. No gadolinium reabsorption was detected even at high intrapelvic pressures. Histopathologic studies showed no major urothelial lesions but only a transient inflammatory reaction that was undetectable 4 weeks following exposure to gadolinium salts.

CONCLUSIONS: Gadolinium salt solutions are good positive radiocontrast agents for mineral kidney stones without having serious toxic effects or systemic reabsorption.}, } @article {pmid7649772, year = {1995}, author = {Bailey, G and Burk, RL}, title = {Dry extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of ureterolithiasis and nephrolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {207}, number = {5}, pages = {592-595}, pmid = {7649772}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Hematuria/etiology/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/complications/therapy/*veterinary ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; Lithotripsy/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/therapy/*veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A second-generation lithotriptor was used to perform dry extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in a dog with ureterolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, and chronic renal failure. Previous studies on the use of lithotripsy in dogs have involved first-generation machines and have primarily concentrated on acute and chronic effects of lithotripsy in experimental models. Treatment in this dog resulted in resolution of ureteral obstruction, ureterolithiasis, and nephrolithiasis, and avoided complications associated with ureteral and renal surgery. The only complication was substantial hematuria of 12 hours' duration immediately after the procedure. Second-generation lithotripsy may offer an effective treatment for ureterolithiasis or nephrolithiasis in selected dogs.}, } @article {pmid7547831, year = {1995}, author = {Pastoor, FJ and Van 't Klooster, AT and Opitz, R and Beynen, AC}, title = {Effect of dietary magnesium level on urinary and faecal excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in adult, ovariectomized cats.}, journal = {The British journal of nutrition}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {77-84}, doi = {10.1079/bjn19950108}, pmid = {7547831}, issn = {0007-1145}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/*urine ; Cats/*urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Feces ; Female ; Magnesium/*administration & dosage/*urine ; Ovariectomy/veterinary ; Phosphorus/*urine ; }, abstract = {Dietary Mg restriction is generally considered to contribute to the prevention of struvite urolithiasis in cats, but its effects on faecal and urinary excretion of Ca and P have not been systematically investigated. The present study seeks to fill the gap. In a 4 x 4-week crossover study, ovariectomized cats were fed on purified diets containing either 0.40, 0.79, 1.59 or 3.17 mmol Mg/MJ (0.19, 0.38, 0.76 and 1.52 g Mg/kg diet). Increasing the dietary Mg level from 0.40 to 3.17 mmol Mg/MJ by the addition of extra MgCO3 raised urinary and faecal excretion of Mg from 0.14 to 0.68 mmol/MJ and from 0.28 to 1.66 mmol/MJ respectively. The 8-fold increase in Mg intake significantly raised urinary excretion of Ca from 0.06 to 0.09 mmol/MJ. Apparent absorption and urinary excretion of P were depressed by 13 and 25% respectively when the dietary Mg level was raised from 0.40 to 3.17 mmol/MJ. A dietary level of 0.40 mmol Mg/MJ (0.19 g Mg/kg diet) was found to be sufficient to maintain Mg balance in the adult ovariectomized cats fed on the purified diet.}, } @article {pmid8714751, year = {1995}, author = {Hackett, RL and Shevock, PN and Khan, SR}, title = {Alterations in MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells exposed to oxalate and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, journal = {Scanning microscopy}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {587-596}, pmid = {8714751}, issn = {0891-7035}, support = {5 PO1 DK 20586-18/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/*toxicity ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/chemistry/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Kidney Calculi/chemistry/etiology/pathology ; LLC-PK1 Cells ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Models, Biological ; Oxalates/chemistry/*toxicity ; Oxalic Acid ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Structural analysis of human kidney stones reveals the presence of cellular membranes and other cell fragments. Experimentally, calcium oxalate crystallization is facilitated when an exogenous nephrotoxin is given with ethylene glycol, thus providing cellular degradation products to act as heterogeneous nuclei. In this report, we tested whether oxalate alone could act as a cell toxin capable of producing damaged cells without the presence of an exogenous agent. Cultured LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells, when exposed to 1.0 mmol KOx, a concentration at the limit of metastability for calcium oxalate nucleation, were severely damaged as measured by specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in the spent media and by trypan blue exclusion. This effect was magnified by the addition of pre-formed calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; the injury was significantly amplified when compared to exposure to oxalate alone. Scanning electron microscopy studies illustrated attachment of crystals to cells with loss of cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate contact, as cells were released from the monolayer. In both oxalate and combined crystal-oxalate studies, more cells were released from the monolayer and exhibited considerably more damage when compared to controls. Oxalate, at the limit of metastability for calcium oxalate, is a cell toxin and can produce cellular degradation products. This effect is increased significantly by the addition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, } @article {pmid7782240, year = {1995}, author = {Gibson, KL and Muhlbauer, MC}, title = {Urethral obstruction in a pup.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {206}, number = {11}, pages = {1697-9; discussion 1699-702}, pmid = {7782240}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/therapy ; Dogs ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7761970, year = {1995}, author = {}, title = {[What is your diagnosis? Bladder calculus].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {120}, number = {10}, pages = {306-7, 309}, pmid = {7761970}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animals ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7661453, year = {1995}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Felice, LJ and Unger, LK and Chen, M}, title = {Influence of allopurinol and two diets on 24-hour urinary excretions of uric acid, xanthine, and ammonia by healthy dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {595-599}, pmid = {7661453}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*pharmacology ; Ammonia/*urine ; Animals ; Diet, Protein-Restricted/veterinary ; Dietary Proteins/*pharmacology ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Food-Drug Interactions ; Uric Acid/blood/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/veterinary ; Xanthines/blood/*urine ; }, abstract = {Hyperxanthinuria and xanthine uroliths have been recognized with increased frequency in dogs with ammonium urate uroliths that had been given allopurinol. We hypothesized that dietary modification might reduce the magnitude of uric acid and xanthine excretion in urine of dogs given allopurinol. To test this hypothesis, excretion of metabolites, volume, and pH were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of allopurinol administration (15 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) and consumption of 2 special purpose diets: a 10.4% protein (dry matter), casein-based diet and a 31.4% protein (dry matter), meat-based diet. Significantly lower values of uric acid (P = 0.004), xanthine (P = 0.003), ammonia (P = 0.0002), net acid (P = 0.0001), titratable acid (P = 0.0002), and creatinine (P = 0.01) excreted during a 24-hour period were detected when dogs consumed the casein-based diet and were given allopurinol, compared with the 24-hour period when the same dogs consumed the meat-based diet and were given allopurinol. For the same 24-hour period, urine pH values, urine volumes, and urine bicarbonate values were significantly (P = 0.0004, P = 0.04, and P = 0.002, respectively) higher during the period when the dogs were fed the casein-based diet and given allopurinol than when they were fed the meat-based diet and given allopurinol. Endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly (P = 0.006) lower when dogs were fed the casein-based diet and given allopurinol than when they were fed the meat-based diet and given allopurinol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid7618214, year = {1995}, author = {Mudraia, IS and Pliatskovskaia, SV and Kirpatovskiĭ, VI and Moskalenko, SA}, title = {[The contractile function of the upper urinary tract during extracorporeal lithotripsy].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {3}, pages = {15-17}, pmid = {7618214}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/physiopathology/therapy ; *Lithotripsy ; *Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/physiopathology/therapy ; Urinary Tract/*physiopathology ; Urodynamics ; }, abstract = {Functional urodynamic investigations of the upper urinary tracts (UUT) were performed in 14 patients before UUT catheterization preceding extracorporeal lithotripsy (ECL) on Lithostar unit (Siemens). UUT-inserted electrode PEDM-9 and six-channel urological rheograph REUR-6 registered multichannel impedance ureterogram (MIUG) and electroureterogram within the ureter. All the patients with uroliths exhibited impaired ureteral motility. They concerned mainly the form of the motility complexes, the direction of the waves and UUT tonicity. Functional analysis of bioelectrical curves in the UUT of patients with ureteroliths and nephroliths made it possible to distinguish two basic variants of the motility disorders: active, but deformed, contractility of UUT wall and its noticeable tone; weak contractility of ureteral wall, poor tone of, most likely, dilated UUT which could not resist passing movements from the viscera. ECL action on UUT motility was recorded from the moment of the unit switching on in the form of shifts in the frequency, and amplitude of the motility complexes, UUT tonicity, additional waves of MIUG readings. The changes registered depended on individual features of UUT reactivity and baseline abnormalities in the motility.}, } @article {pmid7759334, year = {1995}, author = {Marquez, GA and Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA}, title = {Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a cat with a functional parathyroid adenocarcinoma.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {206}, number = {6}, pages = {817-819}, pmid = {7759334}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Animals ; Calcium/blood ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/*etiology ; Cats ; Hyperparathyroidism/complications/etiology/veterinary ; Male ; Parathyroid Neoplasms/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 9-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat with dysuria, anorexia, vomiting, and lethargy was admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. A large, firm mass was palpable in the ventral cervical region. Hypercalcemia, azotemia, and nonregenerative anemia were evident on serum biochemical analysis and CBC, and multiple uroliths were detected by abdominal radiography. At necropsy, light microscopy of the ventral cervical mass revealed a parathyroid adenocarcinoma. Light microscopy of sections of the kidneys revealed multifocal, chronic, lymphocytic/plasmacytic, tubulointerstitial nephritis, as well as moderate multifocal acute tubular necrosis. On quantitative analysis, the uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate. Determination of serum calcium concentration is indicated in cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis to aid in detection of primary hyperparathyroidism.}, } @article {pmid7771700, year = {1995}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Felice, LJ and Allen, TA and Brown, C and Unger, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Chen, M}, title = {Diet effect on activity product ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate in urine formed by healthy beagles.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {329-333}, pmid = {7771700}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Caseins/administration & dosage ; Diet, Protein-Restricted/*veterinary ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Meat ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urine activity product ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate and urinary excretion of metabolites were determined in 24-hour samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of a low-protein, casein-based diet (diet A) and a high-protein, meat-based diet (diet B). Comparison of effects of diet A with those of diet B revealed: significantly lower activity product ratios of uric acid (P = 0.025), sodium urate (P = 0.045), and ammonium urate (P = 0.0045); significantly lower 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid (P = 0.002), ammonia (P = 0.0002), sodium (P = 0.01), calcium (P = 0.005), phosphorus (P = 0.0003), magnesium (P = 0.01), and oxalic acid (P = 0.004); significantly (P = 0.0001) higher 24-hour urine pH; and significantly (P = 0.01) lower endogenous creatinine clearance. These results suggest that consumption of diet A minimizes changes in urine that predispose dogs to uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid7768686, year = {1995}, author = {Whitney, GD}, title = {Urinary calculi.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {206}, number = {4}, pages = {430}, pmid = {7768686}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; *Drinking ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7779042, year = {1995}, author = {Gomez, A and Nombela, C and Zapardiel, J and Soriano, F}, title = {An encrusted cystitis caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum in a dog.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {72-73}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb15338.x}, pmid = {7779042}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; Corynebacterium/*isolation & purification ; Corynebacterium Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/urine/*veterinary ; Cystitis/drug therapy/microbiology/urine/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*microbiology/urine ; Dogs ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Female ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Postoperative Complications/microbiology/veterinary ; Teicoplanin/therapeutic use ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/microbiology/pathology/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; }, } @article {pmid7695151, year = {1995}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Felice, LJ and Allen, TA and Brown, C and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Unger, LK and Chen, M}, title = {Influence of four diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) on uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urine activity product ratios of healthy beagles.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {60-65}, pmid = {7695151}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Dietary Proteins/*administration & dosage ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dogs/blood/*urine ; Female ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urine activity product ratios of uric acid (APRua), sodium urate (APRna), and ammonium urate (APRau), and urinary excretion of 10 metabolites were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of 4 diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) and various protein sources: a 72% moisture, casein-based diet; a 10% moisture, egg-based diet; a 72% moisture, chicken-based diet; and a 71% moisture, chicken-based, liver-flavored diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher APRua, APRna, and APRau were observed when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the other 3 diets; there were no differences in these ratios among the other 3 diets. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of chloride, potassium, phosphorus, and oxalic acid were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of sodium were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the casein-based diet and the chicken-based, liver-flavored diet, but were not significantly different between the egg-based diet and chicken-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urine volume was similar when dogs consumed the 4 diets. Twenty-four-hour endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower when dogs consumed the casein-based diet; there were no differences among the other 3 diets. Although consumption of all diets was associated with production of alkaline urine, the 24-hour urine pH was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid7996261, year = {1994}, author = {Kienzle, E and Wilms-Eilers, S}, title = {Struvite diet in cats: effect of ammonium chloride and carbonates on acid base balance of cats.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {124}, number = {12 Suppl}, pages = {2652S-2659S}, doi = {10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2652S}, pmid = {7996261}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Acid-Base Equilibrium/*drug effects ; Ammonium Chloride/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*pharmacology ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Carbonates/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Cat Diseases/chemically induced/diet therapy ; Cats/*metabolism ; *Diet ; Drinking/drug effects ; Eating ; Feces/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phosphorus/blood/urine ; Regression Analysis ; Urinary Calculi/diet therapy/veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; Vomiting/chemically induced/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Six healthy adult cats were fed a basal minced beef meat and rice diet (one meal per day) with varying amounts or combinations of acidifying and alkalizing additives (ammonium chloride, calcium and sodium carbonate). The base excess in the food (mmol/kg dry matter) was calculated (data on food compounds in g/kg dry matter) as follows: base excess = 49.9*Ca + 82.3*Mg + 43.5*Na + 25.6*K-64.6*P-13.4*met-16.6*cys-28.2*Cl. Base excess in the experimental diets amounted to between +305 and -1079 mmol/kg dry matter. After an adaptation period of 5 d, urine and blood pH as well as water and mineral balance were determined in the cats over a 10-15-d period. The daily mean urine pH ranged between 6.1 and 7.8. There was a highly significant correlation between the base excess in the food and the mean urine pH. The regression line was linear down to a base excess in the diet of approximately -400 to -500 mmol/kg dry matter and a pH in the urine of 6.2. The postprandial increase of urine pH was suppressed either by large amounts of ammonium chloride (> 780 mmol/kg dry matter) alone or in combination with calcium carbonate but not in combination with sodium carbonate. The relationship between the decrease of the blood pH and the amount of ammonium chloride added to the diet was more marked than the relationship between blood pH and base excess in the food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid7996260, year = {1994}, author = {Buffington, CA}, title = {Lower urinary tract disease in cats--new problems, new paradigms.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {124}, number = {12 Suppl}, pages = {2643S-2651S}, doi = {10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2643S}, pmid = {7996260}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/*etiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/etiology/veterinary ; Female ; Humans ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/diet therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diet therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Companion animal diets may be related to prevention, pathogenesis and/or treatment of diseases of the lower urinary tract. For example, urolithiasis can be either diet induced or nutrient sensitive. One of the most interesting developments in veterinary urolithiasis research has been the recent change in the composition of stones recovered from cats. In 1984, 88% of stones analyzed by quantitative methods were > 70% struvite, whereas < 1% were calcium oxalate. In 1992, the percentage of struvite had dropped to 62, whereas the percentage of calcium oxalate had increased to 24. Another recent development in lower urinary tract disease of cats is the recognition that urolithiasis appears to be a minor cause of the signs of frequency, urgency and hematuria for which patients are presented. This suggests that diet may no longer be involved, or be involved in previously unrecognized ways, in many current cases of this disease. Some of these feline patients may have a disease similar to interstitial cystitis, a disease of humans that appears to be of neuroepithelial origin. Our laboratory has been studying this possibility recently, and many similarities between the two diseases have been found.}, } @article {pmid7985330, year = {1994}, author = {Grasso, M and Loisides, P and Beaghler, M and Bagley, D}, title = {Treatment of urinary calculi in a porcine and canine model using the Browne Pneumatic Impactor.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {937-941}, doi = {10.1016/s0090-4295(94)80190-8}, pmid = {7985330}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Alloys ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation/methods ; Swine ; Ureteroscopy ; Urinary Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To define the safety and efficacy of a pneumatically driven, mechanical lithotriptor using nitinol probes through semirigid and actively deflectable, flexible fiberoptic endoscopes.

METHODS: The Browne Pneumatic Impactor (BPI) uses standard compressed air to drive a nitinol wire along its long axis onto a calculus, fragmenting it. Bench top and in vivo experiments were designed to explore variables, including the effects of various nitinol probe tip designs, outer diameters, excursion distances, and sheathing materials as well as the efficiency of fragmentation with active endoscope deflection. In vivo experiments in two animal models (porcine and canine) were performed using small diameter, fiberoptic semirigid, and actively deflectable, flexible ureteroscopes. Surgically placed calculi were fragmented with the BPI and representative tissue was obtained immediately and up to 2 weeks postoperatively to define histologic changes. A panel of human urinary calculi was chosen for their relative difficulty in fragmentation with other modalities.

RESULTS: Calculi, including pure calcium oxalate monohydrate, brushite, cystine, and triamterene, were fragmented with the BPI used through both semirigid and actively deflectable, flexible endoscopes. A rounded tip design and excursions of 1 mm fragmented calculi most efficiently with minimal histologic reaction. Retrograde stone migration before fragmentation was noted in dilated upper urinary tracts. This was prevented by first entrapping the calculus within a standard basket. Ureteral calculi were fragmented with the nitinol probes deflected up to 45 degrees by the flexible endoscope. With increased active deflection, the efficiency of fragmentation decreased.

CONCLUSIONS: The BPI represents a safe, thermal-free endoscopic lithotrite able to fragment the hardest calculi through semirigid and flexible ureteroscopes.}, } @article {pmid7871700, year = {1994}, author = {Pastoor, FJ and Opitz, R and Van 't Klooster, AT and Beynen, AC}, title = {Substitution of dietary calcium chloride for calcium carbonate reduces urinary ph and urinary phosphorus excretion in adult cats.}, journal = {The veterinary quarterly}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {157-160}, doi = {10.1080/01652176.1994.9694440}, pmid = {7871700}, issn = {0165-2176}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; Calcium Carbonate/administration & dosage ; Calcium Chloride/*administration & dosage ; Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage ; Cat Diseases/prevention & control ; Cats/*urine ; Cross-Over Studies ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Phosphorus/*urine ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/veterinary ; }, abstract = {In a 4x4-wk cross-over study, eight adult cats were given four moist diets containing identical amounts of calcium (13.9 mmol/MJ) but with different ratios of calcium carbonate to calcium chloride, the calcium salts providing half of the total dietary calcium. Increasing amounts of calcium chloride were substituted for equimolar amounts of calcium carbonate. Higher intakes of calcium chloride caused significantly lower pH values in postprandial and 24-h urine samples. The urinary excretion of ammonium and titratable acid rose with increasing calcium chloride intake. The urinary concentrations of calcium and magnesium were not affected by the type of calcium salt, but the urinary excretion and concentration of phosphorus were significantly depressed when the amount of calcium chloride in the diet was increased. The results are discussed in the context of dietary prevention of and therapy for struvite urolithiasis in cats.}, } @article {pmid7848180, year = {1994}, author = {Filippich, LJ}, title = {Feline lower urinary tract disease: dietary considerations.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {71}, number = {10}, pages = {326-327}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00908.x}, pmid = {7848180}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/physiopathology ; Cats ; Diet/*adverse effects ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/etiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7820419, year = {1994}, author = {Ryan, PC and Lennon, GM and McLean, PA and Fitzpatrick, JM}, title = {The effects of acute and chronic JJ stent placement on upper urinary tract motility and calculus transit.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {434-439}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1994.tb00418.x}, pmid = {7820419}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Kidney Pelvis/*physiology ; Male ; Pressure ; *Stents ; Ureter/*physiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the pathophysiological changes in upper urinary tract motility and calculus transit which may occur following JJ stent insertion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The acute and chronic effects of JJ stent placement were studied in 24 canine renal units. Intrarenal and intraureteric pressures and motility were measured, in addition to transit times for complete passage of synthetic calculi from the upper ureter into the bladder.

RESULTS: Acute effects included raised renal intrapelvic pressure, reduced pelvic and ureteric motility and delayed calculus transit time. Prolonged JJ stent placement was associated with return of intrapelvic pressure to normal but persistent changes in both renal and ureteric motility and also calculus transit time.

CONCLUSION: In situ JJ stents impair upper urinary tract motility and experimental calculus transit time and may delay passage of ureteric calculi or calculus fragments following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.}, } @article {pmid8041733, year = {1994}, author = {Lieske, JC and Swift, H and Martin, T and Patterson, B and Toback, FG}, title = {Renal epithelial cells rapidly bind and internalize calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {91}, number = {15}, pages = {6987-6991}, pmid = {8041733}, issn = {0027-8424}, support = {DK-08618/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; DK-39689/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; K08 DK-02272/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Epithelium/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Kidney/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; }, abstract = {Renal tubular fluid is supersaturated with calcium and oxalate ions, which can nucleate to form crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the most abundant constituent of kidney stones. However, the mechanisms by which nascent crystals are retained in the nephron and then grow into kidney stones are unclear. An interaction of COM crystals with the surface of renal epithelial cells could be a critical initiating event in nephrolithiasis. To investigate this possibility we used cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) as a model system and found that [14C]COM crystals bound to the cell surface within seconds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that crystals bind first to apical microvilli, which subsequently migrate over the crystalline surface. When visualized by transmission electron microscopy, intracellular crystals were located within vesicles. Cytoskeletal responses to crystal uptake were sought by immunofluorescence microscopy, which revealed concentration of F-actin at sites of crystal contact as well as a generalized reorganization of the intermediate filament network containing cytokeratin 8. Uptake of COM crystals did not adversely affect renal epithelial cell growth, and internalized crystals were apparently distributed to daughter cells during division. Rapid adherence of COM crystals to the apical surface of tubular epithelial cells could promote crystal retention in the kidney. Elucidation of factors that regulate this process may provide insight into the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid7978637, year = {1994}, author = {Buffington, CA and Blaisdell, JL and Komatsu, Y and Kawase, K}, title = {Effects of choreito consumption on struvite crystal growth in urine of cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, pages = {972-975}, pmid = {7978637}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Diuretics/*pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*pharmacology ; Electrolytes/urine ; Female ; Magnesium Compounds/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Reference Values ; Specific Gravity ; Struvite ; Urine/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The effect of a dietary supplement, choreito, on in vitro struvite crystal growth in feline urine was evaluated. Adult specific-pathogen-free cats (4 females, 4 males) considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings and normal results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalyses obtained before the beginning of the study were used. Before 24-hour urine sample collections were made, cats were fed a commercial canned diet with 0 or 500 mg of choreito supplement/kg of body weight for at least 2 weeks in a cross-over design with 4 cats/treatment. Filtered urine samples were analyzed for urine pH, specific gravity, osmolality, and urine electrolytes. The struvite activity product was calculated, using a statistical software program that calculates urine saturation. Urine samples were placed in wells of cell culture plates, increasing concentrations of ammonium hydroxide were added to adjacent wells to stimulate struvite crystal growth, and the plates were incubated at 37 C. Crystal growth was assessed by determination of number of crystals and supersaturation index by direct visualization, using an inverted microscope. Supplementation of the diet with choreito (at this concentration) did not change urine pH, specific gravity, osmolality, urine electrolyte composition, or calculated struvite activity product. However, supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced crystal number and supersaturation index. These results indicate that direct observation of struvite crystal formation in whole urine may more accurately predict the effects of treatments to prevent or treat struvite urolithiasis than do calculations based on electrolyte concentration that do not account for the effect of urine macromolecules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid8077134, year = {1994}, author = {Bartges, JW and Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Unger, LK and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA and Clinton, CW and Davenport, MP}, title = {Prevalence of cystine and urate uroliths in bulldogs and urate uroliths in dalmatians.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {204}, number = {12}, pages = {1914-1918}, pmid = {8077134}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Distribution ; Animals ; Breeding ; Confidence Intervals ; Cystine/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Uric Acid/*analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Data were evaluated from all dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) between June 1, 1981 and Dec 31, 1991. During this period, uroliths were retrieved and analyzed from 452 of 37,574 dogs admitted. The odds that uroliths from Bulldogs were composed of cystine were 32.3 times greater than for other breeds evaluated. The odds that a Bulldog admitted was affected with cystine uroliths were 154.1 times greater than for other breeds. Cystine uroliths were retrieved only from male Bulldogs. The odds that uroliths from Bulldogs were composed of urate were 7.9 times greater than for other breeds. The odds that a Bulldog admitted was affected with urate uroliths were 43.0 times greater than for other breeds. Male Bulldogs were 14.3 times more likely to be affected with urate uroliths than were females. The odds that uroliths from Dalmatians were composed of urate were 228.9 times greater than for other breeds. The odds that a Dalmation admitted was affected with urate uroliths were 122.4 times greater than for other breeds. Male Dalmatians were 16.4 times more likely to be affected with urate uroliths than were females. Data also were evaluated from files of canine uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative mineral analysis between June 1, 1981 and Dec 31, 1991. During this period, 94 of 11,188 uroliths analyzed were obtained from Bulldogs and 387 were obtained from Dalmatians. The odds that uroliths retrieved from Bulldogs were composed of cystine were 40.7 times greater than for other breeds. Cystine uroliths were retrieved only from male Bulldogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid7801469, year = {1994}, author = {Pastoor, FJ and van 't Klooster, AT and Beynen, AC}, title = {Calcium chloride as urinary acidifier in relation to its potential use in the prevention of struvite urolithiasis in the cat.}, journal = {The veterinary quarterly}, volume = {16 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {37S-38S}, pmid = {7801469}, issn = {0165-2176}, mesh = {Animals ; Bone Density/drug effects ; Calcium Chloride/*administration & dosage ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration/drug effects ; Phosphates/urine ; Urinary Calculi/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, } @article {pmid8308580, year = {1994}, author = {Pastoor, FJ and Van 't Klooster, AT and Mathot, JN and Beynen, AC}, title = {Increasing calcium intakes lower urinary concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium in adult ovariectomized cats.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {124}, number = {2}, pages = {299-304}, doi = {10.1093/jn/124.2.299}, pmid = {8308580}, issn = {0022-3166}, mesh = {Absorption ; Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Calcium/blood ; Calcium, Dietary/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Creatinine/blood ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/blood/*urine ; Minerals/administration & dosage ; Ovariectomy/veterinary ; Phosphorus/blood/*urine ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The effect of dietary calcium level on the fecal and urinary excretion of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was studied in adult cats. Ovariectomized cats were fed purified diets containing 3.2, 4.8, 9.5 or 19.3 mmol calcium/MJ in a 4 x 4 wk crossover study. During the experiment, balance studies were performed and blood samples were taken. The adult ovariectomized cats maintained calcium balance at all four levels of calcium tested. Extra dietary calcium, in the form of CaCO3, caused a slight increase in urinary pH. Urinary concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium dropped, but that of calcium remained unchanged, when the cats were fed diets with increasing calcium levels. The percentages of apparent absorption of phosphorus and magnesium fell when calcium intake was raised. The dietary calcium level did not affect plasma concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus or plasma activity of alkaline phosphatase.}, } @article {pmid7830874, year = {1994}, author = {Dimski, DS and Taylor, HW and Taboada, J and Van Steenhouse, JL and Swenson, DH and Marx, BD}, title = {Toxic and vascular nephropathy associated with orotic acid administration in laboratory cats.}, journal = {Nephron}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {275-276}, doi = {10.1159/000188276}, pmid = {7830874}, issn = {1660-8151}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Kidney/blood supply/*drug effects/pathology ; Orotic Acid/*toxicity ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/pathology ; Vasculitis/chemically induced/pathology ; }, } @article {pmid7783701, year = {1994}, author = {Hoyer, JR}, title = {Uropontin in urinary calcium stone formation.}, journal = {Mineral and electrolyte metabolism}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {385-392}, pmid = {7783701}, issn = {0378-0392}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Dogs ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osteopontin ; Proteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Swine ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Normal urine is frequently supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate. Thus, urinary inhibitors of crystallization appear to have an important role in preventing urinary stone formation. Uropontin was isolated by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and has the same N-terminal sequence as osteopontin derived from bone. This urinary form of osteopontin is a potent inhibitor of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth at concentrations (approximately 0.1 microM) that normally prevail in human urine. Interaction with calcium oxalate monohydrate in vivo was shown by analysis of EDTA extracts of calcium stones. Uropontin is an abundant component of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones and present in only trace quantities in calcium oxalate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite stones. However, the precise role of uropontin in the pathogenesis of urinary stone formation is not known and is the subject of ongoing investigations.}, } @article {pmid7719311, year = {1994}, author = {Zwergel, U and Klaus, E and Englert, H and Zwergel, T}, title = {New drugs for renal colic therapy--in-vitro and animal experiments.}, journal = {Investigative urology (Berlin, Germany)}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {225-229}, pmid = {7719311}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Animals ; Benzopyrans/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Colic/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Cromakalim ; Dogs ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Female ; Isometric Contraction/drug effects ; *Kidney Calculi/physiopathology ; Kidney Pelvis/*drug effects/physiopathology ; Manometry ; Muscle, Smooth/*drug effects ; Potassium Channels/*drug effects/physiology ; Pyrroles/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Ureter/*drug effects ; Ureteral Obstruction/physiopathology ; Urodynamics/*drug effects ; }, } @article {pmid8306863, year = {1993}, author = {Kienzle, E and Meyer-Lindenberg, A and Schuknecht, A and Nolte, I}, title = {Investigations on dietary treatment of struvite urolithiasis: 3. Effect of an acidifying diet on acid-base- and mineral-balance of cats after acute urethral obstruction.}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {100}, number = {12}, pages = {473-476}, pmid = {8306863}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {*Acid-Base Equilibrium ; *Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Electrolytes/blood/urine ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Urethral Obstruction/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diet therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The effect of a commercial acidifying diet on acid-base-balance and urinary mineral concentration was compared in five healthy cats and five cats with urethral obstruction for six days after the removal of lower urinary tract obstruction. There were no significant differences in urine pH throughout the experiment between the groups. Blood pH was decreased in obstructed animals at the time of presentation at the clinic, but thereafter it did not differ from data from healthy cats on the same diet. The concentration of phosphorus and potassium in urine decreased, sodium and chloride did not change, while magnesium and calcium content increased.}, } @article {pmid8261907, year = {1993}, author = {Kienzle, E and Wilms-Eilers, S}, title = {[Struvite calculi dietetics: 2. Effect of ammonium chloride and carbonates on the acid-base and mineral balance of cats].}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {100}, number = {10}, pages = {399-405}, pmid = {8261907}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {Acid-Base Equilibrium/drug effects ; Ammonium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Carbonates/*pharmacology ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/prevention & control ; Cats ; Food Additives/*pharmacology ; Magnesium Compounds ; Minerals/metabolism ; Phosphates ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Six healthy adult cats were fed a basal minced beef meat and rice diet with varying amounts or combinations of acidifying and alkalizing additives (ammonium chloride, calcium and sodium carbonate). The base excess in the food (mmol/kg dry matter) was calculated (data on food compounds in g/kg dry matter) as follows: base excess = 49.9*Ca + 82.3*Mg + 43.5*Na + 25.6*K - 64.6*P - 13.4*Met-16.6*Cystine -28.2*Cl. It amounted to between +305 and -1079 mmol/kg dry matter. Urine and blood pH as well as balance of minerals and water were determined in the cats. The mean urine pH ranged between 6.1 and 7.8. There was a highly significant correlation between the base excess in the food and the mean urine pH. The regression line was linear down to a base excess in the diet of about -400 to -500 mmol/kg dry matter and a pH in the urine of 6.2. The postprandial increase of urine pH was suppressed either by large amounts of ammonium chloride (> 780 mmol/kg dry matter) alone or in combination with calcium carbonate, but not in combination with sodium carbonate. The relationship between the decrease of the blood pH and the amount of ammonium chloride added to the diet was more marked than the relationship between blood pH and base excess in the food. In order to avoid health risks by long term application of acidifying diets it is recommended to formulate struvite diets with low base excess in such a way, that they contain as few alkalizing compounds as possible, which must be neutralized by acidifiers.}, } @article {pmid8226243, year = {1993}, author = {Sorenson, JL and Ling, GV}, title = {Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {203}, number = {6}, pages = {863-869}, pmid = {8226243}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Breeding ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; Dogs ; Drinking ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, } @article {pmid8226242, year = {1993}, author = {Sorenson, JL and Ling, GV}, title = {Metabolic and genetic aspects of urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {203}, number = {6}, pages = {857-862}, pmid = {8226242}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/genetics/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Linkage ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; Multigene Family ; Selection, Genetic ; Uric Acid/analysis/*metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid8407532, year = {1993}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Carlson, M and Unger, LK and Samelson, LL and Koehler, LA and Bird, KA}, title = {Nonsurgical removal of urocystoliths in dogs and cats by voiding urohydropropulsion.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {203}, number = {5}, pages = {660-663}, pmid = {8407532}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/etiology/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/etiology/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Hematuria/etiology/veterinary ; Male ; Palpation/veterinary ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Urination Disorders/etiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {A technique called voiding urohydropropulsion has been developed that facilitates nonsurgical removal of urocystoliths. Voiding urohydropropulsion was performed in 11 dogs and 10 cats with urocystoliths. Urocystoliths were completely removed from 15 of 21 animals (5 female dogs, 3 male dogs, 5 female cats, and 1 male cat). The number of uroliths removed from any animal varied between 1 and 983. The mean time required to complete voiding urohydropropulsion in the 15 animals from which all uroliths were completely removed was 22 minutes. In 6 animals (2 female dogs, 3 female cats, and 1 male cat), not all urocystoliths were removed. Visible hematuria was induced in all animals as a consequence of voiding urohydropropulsion. In dogs, visible hematuria resolved within 4 hours. Dysuria was not induced by this technique in dogs. In many cats, visible hematuria and dysuria persisted for 1 to 2 days. One male cat developed urethral obstruction after we failed to remove a urolith from the bladder. The urolith was returned to the urinary bladder, and subsequently removed by cystotomy. Voiding urohydropropulsion is a simple and effective method that should be considered for removal of small urocystoliths from dogs and cats before cystotomy is performed.}, } @article {pmid8407468, year = {1993}, author = {Case, LC and Ling, GV and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL and Franti, CE and Stevens, F}, title = {Urolithiasis in Dalmations: 275 cases (1981-1990).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {203}, number = {1}, pages = {96-100}, pmid = {8407468}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Bacteriuria/microbiology/veterinary ; Breeding ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {From July 1, 1981 to December 31, 1990 the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California received 292 urinary calculi from 275 Dalmations (14 females, 14 episodes; 261 males, 278 episodes). The mean age of dogs at the time of the first episode of calculus formation was 4.5 years for males and 5.5 years for females. Bacteria were isolated from 22 of 49 calculi (45%). The bacteria were gram-positive with 2 exceptions; coagulase-positive staphylococci accounted for 62.5% of the isolates. Polarized light microscopy was used to determine the mineral content of the calculi. One hundred ninety three calculi were 100% urate; 78 calculi contained > or = 50% urate in 1 or more layers and were classified as mixed urate calculi; 7 calculi contained < 50% urate in all layers; and 14 calculi contained no urate. The secondary minerals most commonly encountered in mixed urate calculi were struvite (77%, 60 of 78 calculi), and oxalate (17%, 13 of 78 calculi). There were 65 struvite-containing calculi, 16 oxalate-containing calculi, 7 apatite-containing calculi, 5 silica-containing calculi, and 1 calculus specimen was composed of 100% cystine. The risk of forming urate-containing calculi was high in Dalmations, whereas the risk of forming calculi containing other minerals was consistently lower in Dalmations than in other breeds. X-ray diffraction and high pressure liquid chromatography were performed on all calculi from dogs known to have been given allopurinol (n = 19).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid8343888, year = {1993}, author = {Horgan, PG and Hanley, D and Burke, J and Couse, NF and Fitzpatrick, JM}, title = {Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy induces the release of prostaglandins which increase ureteric peristalsis.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, pages = {648-652}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1993.tb16058.x}, pmid = {8343888}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Culture Techniques ; Dinoprostone/*metabolism/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*physiopathology/therapy/urine ; *Lithotripsy ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Prostaglandins F/*metabolism/urine ; Thromboxane B2/*metabolism/urine ; Ureter/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/*physiopathology/therapy/urine ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to identify the changes in secretion of prostaglandins into the urinary tract as a result of treatment by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and to determine their effects on ureteric motility. Sixteen patients with renal or upper ureteric calculi were studied. A peripheral blood and urine sample was collected immediately before and after ESWL, with further samples taken 24 h later. The following variables were assessed by radioimmunoassay:prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). An in vitro canine study was then designed to study the activity of TXB2, PGF1 alpha and PGE2 on an isolated intact canine ureter model. Significant elevations of TXB2 were found immediately after ESWL in both serum and urine, which fell almost to pre-treatment levels by 24 h. PGF1 alpha levels showed significant elevations at 24 h but no immediate increase as seen with TXB2. In contrast, PGE2 levels were unchanged in the urine but significantly decreased in the serum. In vitro studies showed that both TXB2 and PGF1 alpha repeatedly produced an increased frequency of ureteric contraction. ESWL results in the release of prostaglandins from the urinary tract which are shown to cause increased ureteric peristalsis.}, } @article {pmid8342360, year = {1993}, author = {Rhodes, DC and Hinsman, EJ and Rhodes, JA}, title = {Cation-induced aggregation of cat Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and its possible role in feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {283-291}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00629.x}, pmid = {8342360}, issn = {0514-7158}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Chloride/pharmacology ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Chemical Precipitation ; Magnesium Chloride/pharmacology ; Male ; Mucoproteins/drug effects/*metabolism ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Uromodulin ; }, abstract = {The in vitro cation-induced aggregation properties of cat Tamm-Horsfall protein (cTHP), a urinary glycoprotein, were examined and related to the potential role of cTHP in feline urolithiasis. The aggregation assay involved adding either CaCl2, MgCl2, or NaCl to solutions containing purified cTHP, and then separating the aggregated cTHP by centrifugation. The concentration of cTHP remaining in the supernatant was quantified using a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect that buffer pH, cTHP concentration, and urea concentration had on cTHP aggregation also were examined. Of the three salts, CaCl2 consistently was most efficient at precipitating cTHP, while MgCl2 was slightly less efficient. At least ten times more NaCl than CaCl2 or MgCl2 was required for comparable cTHP aggregation. As the pH decreased, increasing concentrations of the salts were required to aggregate cTHP. Increased amounts of CaCl2 and MgCl2 also were required to aggregate cTHP when the urea concentration was increased. As cTHP concentration increased within the physiological range, lower concentrations of CaCl2 and MgCl2 were required to precipitate 50% of the cTHP. Several aspects of the in vitro aggregation properties of cTHP correlate closely with previously identified risk factors for feline urolithiasis, strengthening the theory that cTHP aggregation may be important in this disease.}, } @article {pmid8334507, year = {1993}, author = {Hoppe, A and Denneberg, T and Jeppsson, JO and Kågedal, B}, title = {Urinary excretion of amino acids in normal and cystinuric dogs.}, journal = {The British veterinary journal}, volume = {149}, number = {3}, pages = {253-268}, doi = {10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80171-X}, pmid = {8334507}, issn = {0007-1935}, mesh = {Amino Acids/*urine ; Animals ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange/veterinary ; Creatinine/urine ; Cystinuria/drug therapy/urine/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*urine ; Dogs/*urine ; Female ; Male ; Tiopronin/therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/urine/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The 24-h urine excretion of 20 amino acids was investigated in 24 cystinuric and 15 normal dogs. The diagnosis of cystinuria was based on infrared spectroscopy of removed uroliths, which in all cases were composed of pure cystine. Seven of 24 cystinuric dogs showed normal cystine excretion compared to normal dogs, and four of 24 dogs showed normal total amino acid excretion. In contrast to earlier investigations, almost half of the cystinuric dogs (46%) showed elevated excretion of five or more amino acids. Isolated cystinuria, or isolated dibasic amino aciduria was not found. Compared to normal dogs, the cystinuric dogs showed a significantly (P < 0.05) increased excretion of cystine, arginine, lysine, cystathionine, glutamic acid, threonine and glutamine. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between the urinary excretion of cystine and 10 other amino acids, with the highest correlation found (P < 0.001) for arginine, lysine, cystathionine, ornithine and 1-methyl-histidine. Three patterns of amino acid excretion could be identified: (1) increased excretion and a significant correlation with cystine for the three dibasic amino acids (lysine, arginine and ornithine), compatible with a common reabsorption mechanism as shown in man. This pattern was also found for cystathionine and glutamic acid, which might indicate a relation in metabolism or transport; (2) increased excretion but no correlation with cystine for glutamine, threonine and citrulline; (3) good correlation with cystine, but no increased excretion for 1-methyl-histidine, phenylalanine, 3-methyl-histidine, leucine and alanine. The great variation in urinary cystine excretion suggests that factors other than the excretion of cystine must be considered as causes of cystine urolith formation. For example, cystinuric dogs were found to have lower diuresis than normal dogs and produced urine with higher cystine concentration thereby increasing the risk of cystine urolith formation.}, } @article {pmid8334506, year = {1993}, author = {Hoppe, A and Denneberg, T and Jeppsson, JO and Kågedal, B}, title = {Canine cystinuria: an extended study on the effects of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine on cystine urolithiasis and urinary cystine excretion.}, journal = {The British veterinary journal}, volume = {149}, number = {3}, pages = {235-251}, doi = {10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80170-8}, pmid = {8334506}, issn = {0007-1935}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Cystine/analysis ; Cystinuria/drug therapy/urine/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/urine ; Dogs ; Follow-Up Studies ; Male ; Recurrence ; Tiopronin/adverse effects/*therapeutic use/urine ; Ureteral Calculi/drug therapy/urine/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/drug therapy/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A clinical study covering 1 to 6 years was undertaken during which 25 cystinuric dogs were orally treated with 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG). The drug was effective at dissolving uroliths at a dose of approximately 40 mg kg-1 body weight. In 15 dogs with bladder uroliths, complete urolith dissolution was achieved on 9/17 occasions (53%). When 2-MPG was administered prophylactically at 30 mg/kg body weight, uroliths did not reform in 14 dogs (56%). In four dogs, uroliths re-formed during treatment, but dissolved when the dose of 2-MPG was raised to 40 mg kg-1 body weight. Six dogs were surgically treated, and in two of these animals the uroliths were found to consist of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Euthanasia was performed on six dogs during the study; three because of recurrent uroliths with urethral obstruction, and three because of aging. In one dog, uroliths were present in the bladder throughout the study. The purpose of the study was to propose a new strategy for individual treatment of cystinuric dogs. This was accomplished by measuring the urinary free cystine concentration and the mixed cysteine-2-MPG disulphide in a subgroup of 15 of the 25 dogs. To evaluate cystine excretion, morning samples of urine were used, and the cystine concentration was related to the creatinine concentration. For dose adjustment it was difficult to evaluate the effect of 2-MPG on urinary cystine excretion, especially when cystine uroliths were present. However, this variable was studied in order to identify dogs with a strong tendency for urolith formation during 2-MPG treatment. In some cases, urinary cystine excretion returned to normal with time, and in three dogs, 2-MPG treatment could be stopped after 1.5 to 3.5 years. In spite of no further treatment, urinary cystine was almost undetectable up to 2 years later, and the dogs did not develop any new uroliths. It was concluded that 2-MPG is a satisfactory alternative treatment for cystinuric dogs. It has a good prophylactic effect, shown as a change in the rate of urolith formation from on average 6 months before to 17 months during 2-MPT treatment. The drug was shown to have few side effects, and the dog owner drug compliance can be followed by measurement of the mixed 2-MPG-cysteine disulphide.}, } @article {pmid8334504, year = {1993}, author = {Nash, AS}, title = {Canine cystinuria--something old, something new.}, journal = {The British veterinary journal}, volume = {149}, number = {3}, pages = {205-206}, doi = {10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80167-8}, pmid = {8334504}, issn = {0007-1935}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystinuria/drug therapy/*veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Tiopronin/therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid8319549, year = {1993}, author = {Kienzle, E and Schuhknecht, A}, title = {[Struvite stone dietetics: 1. Effect of different feed rations on the urine pH value of cats].}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {198-203}, pmid = {8319549}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {*Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urine/*chemistry ; }, abstract = {In this investigation the base excess of cat foods (sum of alkalogenic compounds calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium minus sum of acidifying compounds phosphorus, chloride, methionine and cysteine; base excess in mmol/kg dry matter = Ca*2+Mg*2+Na+K-(met(-)+cys)*2-P*2-Cl) as a method of predicting the influence of food on the urinary pH was tested. The base excess and the effect on urinary pH (feeding experiment with 4 to 6 adult cats per trial) was determined in 10 commercial cat foods (3 moist, 3 dry type foods, 4 struvite diets) as well as the influence of several additives (CaCl2, CaCO3, Ca-lactate, CaHPO4, phosphoric acid in 2 doses, NH4Cl, ascorbic acid). After the intake of commercial cat foods the mean urine pH ranged between 6.58 and 7.89, after the intake of struvite diets it ranged between 6.36 and 7.57. The addition of Ca-carbonate or -lactate led to a significant increase of urine pH, Ca-phosphate and ascorbic acid had no effect, while Ca-Chloride, phosphoric acid and ammonium chloride led to a decrease. There was a highly significant correlation between the base excess in the food (x; mmol/kg dry matter) and the mean urine pH (y; y = 6.72 + 0.0021 x; r = 0.96**).}, } @article {pmid8473230, year = {1993}, author = {DeVries, SE and Feldman, EC and Nelson, RW and Kennedy, PC}, title = {Primary parathyroid gland hyperplasia in dogs: six cases (1982-1991).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {202}, number = {7}, pages = {1132-1136}, pmid = {8473230}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animals ; Calcium/blood/therapeutic use ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Hypercalcemia/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Hyperparathyroidism/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Parathyroid Glands/*pathology/surgery ; Parathyroid Hormone/blood ; Phosphates/blood ; Polyuria/veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Syndrome ; Thirst ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Persistent hypercalcemia attributable to parathyroid gland hyperplasia was identified in 6 dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical signs included polydipsia (n = 4), polyuria (n = 4), and signs caused by cystic calculi (n = 3). Abnormal clinical pathologic findings included hypercalcemia (mean, 13.6 mg/dl; range, 12.6 to 14.7 mg/dl; n = 6), hypophosphatemia (mean, 2.2 mg/dl; range, 1.4 to 2.9 mg/dl; n = 6), high serum alkaline phosphatase activity (mean, 222 IU/L; range, 161 to 286 IU/L; n = 3), and isosthenuria (mean, 1.012; range, 1.006 to 1.017; n = 6). Serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within the reference range or high (mean, 23 pmol/L; range, 7 to 119 pmol/L; reference range, 1.5 to 13 pmol/L) in all dogs. At surgery, the number of large parathyroid glands was variable, being limited to 1 gland in 3 dogs, 2 glands in 2 dogs, and 4 glands in 1 dog. All visibly large parathyroid glands were surgically removed from each dog. Serum calcium concentration decreased into or below the reference range within 72 hours of surgery in all dogs, confirming the diagnosis of primary parathyroid disease. Multiple nodules of adenomatous hyperplasia were identified in each dog. All 6 dogs were treated with vitamin D and calcium carbonate following surgery. The dog from which all 4 parathyroid glands were removed has remained eucalcemic for more than 1 year with vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D and calcium administration was discontinued within 4 to 12 weeks of surgery in the remaining 5 dogs. These dogs remained eucalcemic without vitamin D supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid8043788, year = {1993}, author = {Mudraia, IS and Kirpatovskiĭ, VI and Martov, AG and Kudriavtsev, IuV and Makarova, TI}, title = {[The effect of upper urinary tract interior drainage on urodynamics and contractile function of the ureteral wall].}, journal = {Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {144-147}, pmid = {8043788}, issn = {0365-9615}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; Stents ; Ureter/*physiology ; Urinary Calculi/surgery ; }, abstract = {S-stents were introduced to the upper urinary tracts of experimental dogs on a period from 1 week to 11 months. It was found mild ureter dilation, the increased ureter pressure, refluxes along the upper urinary tract, the lowered flow resistance during perfusion and diuretic loads. Isolated ureter wall fragments demonstrated the diminished contractility in vitro, and the mode of their contractile force adrenergic regulation was modified. The reduced ureter pressure during large flows after indwelling S-stents to the ureters may be the factor that facilitated the renal and ureter stones removing but the decreased contractility and ureter refluxes emphasized that the period of stent implantation to the upper urinary tracts must be pathogenetically and clinically evident.}, } @article {pmid8098252, year = {1993}, author = {Eisenberger, F and Schmidt, A}, title = {ESWL and the future of stone management.}, journal = {World journal of urology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2-6}, pmid = {8098252}, issn = {0724-4983}, mesh = {Animals ; Contraindications ; Dogs ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Laser Therapy ; *Lithotripsy/methods/trends ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/*therapy ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, abstract = {Based on optimal efficacy regarding disintegration and stone clearance, combined with minimal invasiveness, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) represents the first choice therapy for urolithiasis. Further developments in ESWL have related more to economic aspects than to improvement of disintegration efficacy or reduction of side effects. Routine indications for ESWL are well known and widely accepted. Its limitations are also well established: silent calyceal stones, calyceal diverticula stones, nephrolithiasis in horse-shoe kidneys, medullary sponge kidney, and residual fragments after ESWL. Although endourology provides new, less invasive and traumatic means of stone retrieval or disintegration, including laser lithotripsy, small ureteroscopes and actively deflectable uretero- and pyeloscopes, indications for an aggressive approach in such cases are limited to those who are symptomatic. In the case of distal ureteral calculi ureteroscopy in traureteral laser-induced shockwave lithotripsy open up new and interesting possibilities for the future.}, } @article {pmid2815527, year = {1989}, author = {}, title = {Urolith analysis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {125}, number = {15}, pages = {405}, doi = {10.1136/vr.125.15.405-a}, pmid = {2815527}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Female ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid2800298, year = {1989}, author = {Singleton, P}, title = {Urolith analysis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {125}, number = {9}, pages = {245}, doi = {10.1136/vr.125.9.245}, pmid = {2800298}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/*analysis ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, } @article {pmid2801401, year = {1989}, author = {Kawauchi, A}, title = {[A fundamental study on expansive splitter lithotripsy].}, journal = {Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, pages = {1105-1111}, pmid = {2801401}, issn = {0018-1994}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; *Calcium Compounds ; Catheterization ; Dogs ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney Pelvis/drug effects ; Oxides/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Rubber ; Swine ; Urinary Bladder/drug effects ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {The application of expansive splitter for industrial use to lithotripsy was studied. A natural rubber latex catheter 350 mm in length, 3.5 mm in diameter and 0.1 mm in thickness was newly developed for prevention from alkalization by expansive splitter. Expansive pressure generated by expansive splitter was measured to calculate the fragmentation time of urinary stones. Urinary stones 20, 30 or 40 mm in diameter were expected to be fragmented in 7.5, 9 and 11 minutes. Human bladder stone 55 x 54 x 33 mm in size was divided into two parts in 24 minutes using expansive splitter. The fragmentation test of model calculi was performed to decide the boring length necessary for the fragmentation of urinary stones. The necessary boring length was a half of the stone diameter in stones smaller than 20 mm in diameter and was 3/4 of it in stones larger than 30 mm in diameter. A tolerance test of the catheter was performed. When the used catheters for splitting were immersed in water, no change was observed in pH, in spite of the elevation of pH from 6.6 to 12.3 when the splitter itself was immersed in water. No leakage of water from the catheter was observed in this tolerance test. Histological change on the epithelium of the bladder and the renal pelvis by expansive splitter was examined. The mucosa of the dog; bladder and the pig renal pelvis, to which expansive splitter was made contact, showed no histological change after 30, 45 or 60 minutes after the contact. In conclusion, expansive splitter enclosed in the natural rubber latex catheter can be employed for clinical use to fragment urinary calculi in endourological procedures.}, } @article {pmid2781701, year = {1989}, author = {Davies, M}, title = {Urate urolithiasis in bulldogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {125}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, doi = {10.1136/vr.125.1.26-a}, pmid = {2781701}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid2914795, year = {1989}, author = {Buffington, T}, title = {Struvite urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {194}, number = {1}, pages = {7-8}, pmid = {2914795}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Acidosis/etiology/*veterinary ; Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid2783274, year = {1989}, author = {Akins, EW and Hawkins, IF and Mladinich, C and Tupler, R and Siragusa, RJ and Pry, R}, title = {The blunt needle: a new percutaneous access device.}, journal = {AJR. American journal of roentgenology}, volume = {152}, number = {1}, pages = {181-182}, doi = {10.2214/ajr.152.1.181}, pmid = {2783274}, issn = {0361-803X}, mesh = {Abscess/surgery ; Animals ; Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures/methods ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; *Needles ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Punctures/*instrumentation ; }, } @article {pmid3228755, year = {1988}, author = {Huang, ZC and Luo, KM}, title = {[Experimental study and clinical use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor with water sac].}, journal = {Zhonghua yi xue za zhi}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, pages = {519-521}, pmid = {3228755}, issn = {0376-2491}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rabbits ; Urinary Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid2900569, year = {1988}, author = {Zerbib, M and Steg, A and Moissonier, P and Auvert, V and Crespeau, P and Cotard, JP}, title = {Effects of pulsed dye laser lithotripsy on tissues. Experimental study in the canine ureter.}, journal = {The Urologic clinics of North America}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {547-550}, pmid = {2900569}, issn = {0094-0143}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Endothelium/pathology ; Kidney/*pathology ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers/*adverse effects ; Lithotripsy/*methods ; Lithotripsy, Laser ; Ureter/*pathology ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; Ureterostomy/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {This experimental study demonstrates the absence of irreversible tissue damage after lithotripsy with a pulsed dye laser. The absence of thermal damage with this laser is due to the beam divergence capacity at the end of the fiber and to the short pulse, which generates very low thermal effect. These results as a whole confirm the safety of the pulsed dye laser and indicate that it can be used for clinical treatments in humans.}, } @article {pmid3415625, year = {1988}, author = {Lewis, DC and Adamson, DR and Jacobs, KA and Lamb, WA}, title = {Pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis and perinephric abscessation in a dog.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, pages = {195-196}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14304.x}, pmid = {3415625}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Abscess/complications/*veterinary ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/complications/*veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/complications/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephrectomy/veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/complications/*veterinary ; Urography/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid3400930, year = {1988}, author = {Hoppe, A and Denneberg, T and Kågedal, B}, title = {Treatment of clinically normal and cystinuric dogs with 2-mercaptopropionylglycine.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, pages = {923-928}, pmid = {3400930}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Amino Acids, Sulfur/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Cystinuria/complications/drug therapy/metabolism/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Dogs ; Drug Tolerance ; Female ; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary ; Male ; Recurrence ; Tiopronin/administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In a pharmacokinetic and tolerance study, 2 healthy Beagles were given 13.2 to 39.5 mg of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG)/kg of body weight orally once daily in increasing doses for 3 weeks. A third dog was given 10 mg of 2-MPG/kg of body weight, IV. The drug was well tolerated. After these initial studies, 15 cystinuric dogs were treated with 2-MPG orally once daily for 5 to 45 months and with sodium bicarbonate for urine alkalinization and fluid diuresis. Pharmacokinetic studies were done in 7 dogs on the third day of oral treatment with 2-MPG. After oral administration of 15.6 to 31.3 of 2-MPG/kg of body weight, maximal serum/plasma concentrations were from 28.6 to 76.3/mumol/L after 1 to 3 hours in 6 cystinuric dogs. The mean urinary excretion was 22% (range, 0.3 to 58.9%) of the dose. Ten of 15 cystinuric dogs had no re-formation of uroliths. Of 4 dogs with uroliths at the beginning of treatment, 3 had total urolith dissolution on continuous treatment. During treatment, further growth of the uroliths was inhibited in one dog, and in another dog with re-formed uroliths, they dissolved. We concluded that 2-MPG is well tolerated and promising for treatment of cystinuric dogs, but the pharmacokinetic studies should be expanded to include different dosage regimens, and results of long-term treatment should be evaluated. Our recommendations for treatment of dogs with cystine uroliths include surgical intervention if the dog has urethral obstruction or has dysuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid3352024, year = {1988}, author = {Servadio, C and Livne, P and Winkler, H}, title = {Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a new, compact and portable unit.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {139}, number = {4}, pages = {685-688}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42601-2}, pmid = {3352024}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation ; Rats ; }, abstract = {We report on the use of a new compact, inexpensive, portable shock wave lithotriptor. To date 40 treatments on 37 patients with different calculi in the upper urinary tract have been performed at our institution with excellent results and no complications. More patients currently are being treated with this machine at additional centers with equally good results.}, } @article {pmid3368892, year = {1988}, author = {Jaeger, P and Redha, S and Uhlschmid, G and Hauri, D}, title = {[Effect of shockwave lithotripsy on the kidney].}, journal = {Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {192-195}, pmid = {3368892}, issn = {0040-5930}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Kidney/*injuries/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/pathology/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; }, } @article {pmid3227574, year = {1988}, author = {Delius, M and Brendel, W}, title = {A model of extracorporeal shock wave action: tandem action of shock waves.}, journal = {Ultrasound in medicine & biology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {515-518}, doi = {10.1016/0301-5629(88)90115-9}, pmid = {3227574}, issn = {0301-5629}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Hemolysis ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Kidney/injuries ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; }, } @article {pmid3212839, year = {1988}, author = {Delius, M and Jordan, M and Eizenhoefer, H and Marlinghaus, E and Heine, G and Liebich, HG and Brendel, W}, title = {Biological effects of shock waves: kidney haemorrhage by shock waves in dogs--administration rate dependence.}, journal = {Ultrasound in medicine & biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {689-694}, doi = {10.1016/0301-5629(88)90025-7}, pmid = {3212839}, issn = {0301-5629}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Hemorrhage/*etiology/pathology ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Kidney Diseases/*etiology/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/pathology ; Lithotripsy/adverse effects/*methods ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {The effect of shock waves on normal canine kidneys was examined in two groups of dogs whose right kidneys were exposed to 3000 shock waves generated with 20 kV and 40 nF in a Dornier HM II lithotripter. The groups differed only in the rate of shock wave administration which was 100 and 1 per second, respectively. Autopsy was performed 24 to 30 h later. Macroscopically and histologically, significantly more haemorrhages occurred in the kidney parenchyma if shock waves were administered at a rate of 100 waves per second. Haemorrhages were diffuse, the outer medulla was most heavily affected. The results show that kidney damage is dependent on the rate of shock wave administration. They argue against a direct shock wave effect and favor cavitation as the mechanism of shock wave damage although thermal effects cannot be excluded.}, } @article {pmid2906230, year = {1988}, author = {Zerbib, M and Steg, A and Moissonnier, P and Auvert, V and Crespeau, F and Cotard, JP}, title = {[Tissue effects of pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy. Experimental study on the ureter in dogs].}, journal = {Annales d'urologie}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {395-399}, pmid = {2906230}, issn = {0003-4401}, mesh = {Abdominal Muscles/pathology/radiation effects ; Animals ; Coloring Agents ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/pathology/radiation effects ; Kidney Diseases/etiology ; *Laser Therapy ; Lithotripsy/*methods ; *Lithotripsy, Laser ; Male ; Ureter/*pathology/radiation effects ; Ureteral Calculi/therapy ; }, abstract = {The tissue effects of pulsed dye laser (Pulsolith) were studied in 10 dog ureters. The results show the absence of ureteric perforation or damage to adjacent organs by the laser irradiation. The only lesions observed were focal hyperplasia of the urothelium and chorion with extremely limited abrasions of the urothelium. The absence of tissue damage of the pulsed dye laser allows it to be used in human clinical practice.}, } @article {pmid3693002, year = {1987}, author = {Johnson, CA and Armstrong, PJ and Hauptman, JG}, title = {Congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 46 cases (1979-1986).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {191}, number = {11}, pages = {1478-1483}, pmid = {3693002}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*congenital/epidemiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Portal System/*abnormalities/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) were diagnosed in 46 dogs. The historic, physical, and laboratory findings were tabulated. Half of the affected males were cryptorchid. Urolithiasis was detected in 20% of the dogs. The biochemical tests with the best sensitivity for the diagnosis of CPSS were sulfobromophthalein retention, fasting serum ammonia concentration, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The survival time and quality of life were assessed by physical and biochemical reevaluation of the dogs and by means of a questionnaire that was completed by the owners. Five dogs were treated medically. Thirty-three dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that had complete surgical occlusion of the CPSS became normal, and quality of life was excellent. Dogs that had partial occlusion of the CPSS improved, and some became clinically normal. Dogs that did not have surgical correction of the CPSS had continuation of signs, but several survived for years.}, } @article {pmid3692984, year = {1987}, author = {Klausner, JS and O'Leary, TP and Osborne, CA}, title = {Calcium urolithiasis in two dogs with parathyroid adenomas.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {191}, number = {11}, pages = {1423-1426}, pmid = {3692984}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Adenoma/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Calcium/analysis/*metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Parathyroid Neoplasms/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Primary hyperparathyroidism resulted in calcium urolith formation and calcium nephropathy in 2 dogs. Uroliths composed of calcium phosphate were surgically removed from the bladder of one dog 3 months after surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma. Five years later, hypercalcemia and urolithiasis had not recurred. In a second dog, calcium oxalate renal and bladder uroliths remained unchanged in size at 11 months after removal of a parathyroid adenoma. The possibility of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in any dog with calcium urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid3507175, year = {1987}, author = {Donner, GS and Ellison, GW and Ackerman, N and Senior, DF and Campbell, G}, title = {Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the dog. An experimental study.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {411-417}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-950x.1987.tb00979.x}, pmid = {3507175}, issn = {0161-3499}, support = {BRSG 122801460/RS/DRS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen/veterinary ; Catheterization/veterinary ; Creatinine/blood ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/pathology/physiopathology/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Percutaneous nephrostomies (PN) were created with teflon fascial dilators under fluoroscopic guidance, to implant stones bilaterally into the renal pelves of five dogs weighing 7 to 35 kg. Between one and seven stones of 0.25 to 1.00 cm diameter were implanted into each renal pelvis. Two to 4 weeks later, PN tracts were recreated, and the implanted renal stones were successfully removed under fluoroscopic and endoscopic visualization. Results of gross and histopathologic evaluation of the kidneys 2, 7, 14, 30, and 90 days after stone removal showed minimal, localized renal parenchymal trauma. Complications, although infrequent, included proximal ureteral tears and hemorrhage. Difficulty was encountered in maneuvering equipment around large or numerous stones. Canine percutaneous nephrolithotomy was successful despite great variation in kidney size, as well as variations in the number, size, and shape of stones in the upper urinary tract.}, } @article {pmid3438956, year = {1987}, author = {Lopatkin, NA and Shokurov, MM and Golubchikov, VA and Darenkov, AF and Uvarov, VA}, title = {[Experimental extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy using Soviet-made Urat-P].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {6}, pages = {8-12}, pmid = {3438956}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation ; Male ; USSR ; }, } @article {pmid3686783, year = {1987}, author = {Tarttelin, MF}, title = {Feline struvite urolithiasis: fasting reduced the effectiveness of a urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride) and increased the intake of a low magnesium diet.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {121}, number = {11}, pages = {245-248}, doi = {10.1136/vr.121.11.245}, pmid = {3686783}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/metabolism ; *Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*metabolism ; Cats ; Drinking ; Eating ; *Fasting ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/metabolism/*urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In three separate experiments nine male cats were fed either a canned complete diet or a commercially available dry pelleted diet or the same dry diet containing 1.6 per cent ammonium chloride for seven days and then fasted for 20 hours. Then ad libitum feeding was continued and urine samples were taken at four-hour intervals for 12 hours and a final sample 12 hours later. Urine pH and the presence of struvite crystals in urine sediment were evaluated. The food and water intake of four of the nine cats was measured at the time of urine collection. After the fast, urine pH was raised, even after feeding the dry diet supplemented with ammonium chloride. A post prandial rise in urine pH was also seen on all three diets. After feeding the dry diet the postprandial peak pH was 7.97 and struvite occurred spontaneously. Urine pH after feeding the dry diet supplemented with ammonium chloride peaked at 7.75 then fell to 6.1 12 hours after the start of feeding. Struvite occurred spontaneously at all times until the pH reached 6.1 but when the pH of urine was raised to 7.0 the struvite crystallised. Urine pH on the canned complete diet peaked at 6.8 then fell to 5.8; struvite did not occur spontaneously but when urine pH was raised to 7.0 struvite crystallised except at the eighth and 12th hour sampling. These data show that fasting initiates a post prandial rise in urine pH and struvite crystalluria even when a normally effective urinary acidifier is used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid3672831, year = {1987}, author = {Tarttelin, MF}, title = {Feline struvite urolithiasis: factors affecting urine pH may be more important than magnesium levels in food.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {121}, number = {10}, pages = {227-230}, doi = {10.1136/vr.121.10.227}, pmid = {3672831}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/urine ; Cats ; *Diet ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/*administration & dosage/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Eighteen male cats were fed either a canned complete diet or a commercially available dry pelleted diet or the same dry diet containing 1.6 per cent ammonium chloride. The daily food and water intake of four of these cats was measured. Urine samples were taken at random and the pH and the presence of struvite crystals in their sediment estimated. In some samples in which the pH was less than 7.0, and struvite crystals were absent, the pH was increased to 7.0 and any sediment was examined for struvite. No spontaneous struvite was seen in urine samples (pH 5.8) from cats fed the canned complete diet but when its pH was raised to 7.0, 46 per cent of these samples showed struvite. Cats fed the dry pelleted diet had urine of higher pH (7.55) and 78 per cent of the samples contained struvite crystals. Cats fed this diet supplemented with ammonium chloride had a urine pH of 5.97 and only 9 per cent contained struvite crystals but when the pH was adjusted to 7.0 all the samples showed struvite crystals. Energy intake was similar on all three diets but the intake of dry matter was greater on the dry diets. Liquid water intake was greater on the dry diets but total water intake was greatest on the canned complete diet. The intake of magnesium, calcium and phosphate was greater on the dry diets. It is concluded that urine pH is a more important controller of struvite precipitation than mineral intake.}, } @article {pmid3682515, year = {1987}, author = {Kurosu, S and Ioritani, N and Kanbe, K and Kageyama, S and Kuwahara, M and Niwa, T and Takayama, K}, title = {[Extracorporeal renal stone disintegration using chemical explosive pellets. Effects of underwater shock wave on various organs].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, pages = {1252-1259}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.78.7_1252}, pmid = {3682515}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Azides/therapeutic use ; Dogs ; Explosions ; *Immersion ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lead/therapeutic use ; Lithotripsy/adverse effects/*methods ; Lung/pathology ; }, } @article {pmid3114933, year = {1987}, author = {Stoll, HP and Kopper, B and Ziegler, M and Oberhausen, E}, title = {[Nuclear medicine assessment of renal function in beagles before and after extracorporeal percutaneous lithotripsy with a piezoelectric instrument system].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {222-228}, pmid = {3114933}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Indium Radioisotopes ; Iodohippuric Acid ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; *Kidney Function Tests ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation ; Organometallic Compounds ; Oxyquinoline/analogs & derivatives ; }, abstract = {High energy sound pulses which are generated piezoelectrically can be used for extracorporal lithotripsy as an alternative to shock-waves. Since several years a lithotripter for renal concrements based on piezoelectrical oscillators has been developed at the Department for Urology in Homburg/Saar; W.Germany. The present paper describes animal experiments which have been carried out with Beagle-dogs in order to prove that the sound pulses used for lithotripsy do not affect renal function. This function is measured by methods of nuclear medicine (131J-Hippuran Clearance with a modified evaluation). In addition it is evaluated by 111In labelled leucocytes if inflammatory processes in the kidney are suspected. It could be demonstrated that no detremental effects on the kidneys can be detected even with the most sensitive methods of nuclear medicine.}, } @article {pmid3603974, year = {1987}, author = {Guthrie, S}, title = {Cystic calculi in cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {120}, number = {17}, pages = {416-417}, doi = {10.1136/vr.120.17.416}, pmid = {3603974}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Female ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid3576592, year = {1987}, author = {Hoppe, AE and Bellström, LP and Gustavsson, EI and Jerre, SP and Sevelius, E}, title = {Dietary management in urolithiasis in the dog.}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {112 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {111S-116S}, pmid = {3576592}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/analysis ; Radiography ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/diet therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/diet therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Struvite uroliths are found more frequently than other types of uroliths in the urinary tracts of dogs. Medical dissolution of struvite uroliths with a Swedish calculolythic diet has been evaluated. The palatability of the diet was good and only two out of a total of 69 dogs in the study could not be maintained on the diet because of diarrhea. In 19 of 33 dogs medically treated, the uroliths were dissolved over a period of one to 6 months (mean time 2.5 months). In the remaining dogs uroliths were surgically removed, and calculolytic diet was postoperatively given. Consumption of the calculolytic diet was in most cases associated with a lowered specific gravity and pH of the urine. A representative case report of medical dissolution of struvite uroliths located in the urinary bladder of a 9 year-old female cocker spaniel with a history of recurrent urolithiasis is described. It is concluded that the Swedish calculolytic diet can be used successfully to dissolve struvite in adults dogs.}, } @article {pmid3613640, year = {1987}, author = {Zhang, JG and Shen, ZY and Shi, FY and Zhang, XM and Chen, SZ}, title = {Experimental hydronephrosis from incarcerated ureterolithiasis: treatment with the kidney warming and a diuresis-promoting regimen.}, journal = {Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {63-66}, pmid = {3613640}, issn = {0255-2922}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/*drug therapy/etiology ; Kidney Calculi/complications ; Male ; *Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; *Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Ureteral Calculi/complications ; }, } @article {pmid3661315, year = {1987}, author = {Similon, B and Martin, X and Mestas, JL and Margonari, J and Cathignol, D and Choux, C and Cadi, PO and Dubernard, JM}, title = {[Treatment of renal calculi using extracorporeal shock waves. A new generation of lithotriptors].}, journal = {Acta urologica Belgica}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {342-349}, pmid = {3661315}, issn = {0001-7183}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/instrumentation/*methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Posture ; }, } @article {pmid3590548, year = {1987}, author = {Panin, AG and Zaĭtsev, EI and Veroman, VIu}, title = {[Noncontact disintegration of urinary calculi in an experiment].}, journal = {Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova}, volume = {138}, number = {1}, pages = {85-86}, pmid = {3590548}, issn = {0042-4625}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*methods ; }, } @article {pmid3800119, year = {1986}, author = {Bailie, NC and Osborne, CA and Leininger, JR and Fletcher, TF and Johnston, SD and Ogburn, PN and Griffith, DP}, title = {Teratogenic effect of acetohydroxamic acid in clinically normal beagles.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, pages = {2604-2611}, pmid = {3800119}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {*Abnormalities, Drug-Induced ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Birth Weight/drug effects ; Bone and Bones/abnormalities ; Dogs ; Erythrocytes/drug effects ; Female ; Fertility/drug effects ; Heart Defects, Congenital/chemically induced/epidemiology ; Hydroxamic Acids/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Litter Size/drug effects ; Male ; Organ Size/drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Animal/*drug effects ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), a potent urease inhibitor used for treatment of infection-induced struvite urolithiasis, was teratogenic after administration of 25 mg of AHA/kg of body weight/day orally to 5 clinically normal Beagles from the onset of proestrus until parturition. Thirty pups exposed to AHA in utero developed anomalies of the skeletal system, heart, and ventral midline. Cardiac anomalies included atrial septal defects (20%), ventricular septal defects (3%), and atrial and ventricular septal defects (3%). Skeletal anomalies included coccygeal hemivertebrae and fused coccygeal vertebrae (50%), supernumerary vertebrae (67%), supernumerary ribs (50%), duplicated sternebrae (3%), and lumbar hemivertebrae (3%). Defects of the ventral midline of the abdominal wall occurred in 20% of AHA-exposed pups. Other abnormalities included retarded growth, high neonatal mortality, and a decreased number of circulating RBC, compared with those in 30 control pups born to 5 Beagles given a placebo. Adverse effects of AHA in pregnant Beagles were limited to morphologic alterations (Howell-Jolly bodies, spherocytes, and target cells) in a small number of circulating RBC. Slight neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis occurred between 0 and 30 days of pregnancy in dogs given AHA, compared with those in controls. Seemingly, AHA did not influence fertility, conception rate, or length of gestation.}, } @article {pmid3800113, year = {1986}, author = {Zinn, KR and Glascock, MD and Schmidt, DA}, title = {Instrumental neutron-activation analysis of canine urinary calculi for some selected elements.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, pages = {2536-2538}, pmid = {3800113}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Magnesium/*analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Neutron Activation Analysis ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Thirty canine urinary calculi, most of which had been qualitatively classified as struvite calculi, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis at the University of Missouri Research Reactor. Measurements of sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chloride, potassium, and calcium were possible, using a dual irradiation procedure. Magnesium was used to calculate the percentage of struvite mineral, Mg(NH4) (PO4) X 6H2O, in the calculi by making use of the stoichiometric relationship of the element magnesium to the mineral. For those calculi containing greater than 80% struvite, the mean elemental concentrations were found to be 0.12% Na, 9.35% Mg, 0.0033% Al, 12.1% P, 0.02% Cl, 0.85% K, and 2.05% Ca. A new method for determination of silicon in urinary calculi also was discussed. Two calculi were found to contain 45.0% and 37.3% silicon, and 1 mixed calculus was composed of 1.4% silicon.}, } @article {pmid3026299, year = {1986}, author = {Manning, RA and Blaney, BJ}, title = {Identification of uroliths by infrared spectroscopy.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {63}, number = {12}, pages = {393-396}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb15915.x}, pmid = {3026299}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Dogs ; Goats ; Horses ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/analysis ; Rabbits ; Sheep ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Struvite ; Swine ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Wet chemical tests have deficiencies when applied to mixtures containing silica, which are common in the uroliths of some domestic animals. Consequently, the applicability of an infrared spectroscopic method was tested on 104 uroliths obtained from cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, dogs, a chicken and a rabbit during diagnostic investigations. The following components were satisfactorily identified: silica, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate and urates. The infrared characteristics of these compounds and their mixtures are described.}, } @article {pmid3824781, year = {1986}, author = {Sopilidi, FL and Aliev, VM and Pesin, AL}, title = {[Selection of the method of ureterotomy in ureteral calculi].}, journal = {Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova}, volume = {137}, number = {11}, pages = {37-40}, pmid = {3824781}, issn = {0042-4625}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Methods ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/*surgery ; }, abstract = {A comparative assessment of longitudinal and transverse ureterotomies in experiments and clinic has shown the transverse ureterotomy to be a more physiological method. The observation of the patients in dynamics has revealed an earlier and more valuable recovery of the ureter functioning than after longitudinal ureterotomy.}, } @article {pmid3535988, year = {1986}, author = {Grainger, R and Webb, DR and Alken, P and Thüroff, J and Fitzpatrick, JM}, title = {The sapphire crystal infrared photocoagulator and polyglactin (Vicryl) mesh: two new alternatives to the suturing of radial nephrotomies.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {484-487}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1986.tb05451.x}, pmid = {3535988}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Dogs ; Kidney/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; *Light Coagulation ; Polyglactin 910 ; *Surgical Mesh ; *Suture Techniques/instrumentation ; Wound Healing ; }, abstract = {The sapphire crystal infrared photocoagulator and polyglactin (Vicryl) mesh, two new methods for closure of radial nephrotomies, were assessed in 16 dogs. Six radial nephrotomies were carried out in each dog; in 10 the nephrotomies were sealed by the infrared photocoagulator and in six they were left open, but the kidney was covered with a polyglactin mesh. Functional and morphological studies were performed using creatinine clearance, microfil casting, corrosion cast angiography and histology. There was no significant loss of function or loss of renal tissue. Both methods were shown to be safe and effective in the closure of radial nephrotomies.}, } @article {pmid3530361, year = {1986}, author = {Martin, X and Mestas, JL and Cathignol, D and Margonari, J and Dubernard, JM}, title = {Ultrasound stone localisation for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, pages = {349-352}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1986.tb09081.x}, pmid = {3530361}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Computers ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*pathology ; Lithotripsy/instrumentation/*methods ; Ultrasonography/instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {An extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor using an ultrasound scan head pantograph location system has been designed. The shock wave ellipsoid reflector position is adjusted to the stone with a computer assisted positioning device. Seven dogs with stones implanted into the renal pelvis were treated and stone fragmentation occurred in all cases. Subsequently, 45 patients with stones were treated. The stones ranged in size from 5 to 29 mm (mean 16). Radio-opaque as well as poorly opaque or radiolucent stones were treated and fragmentation was achieved in 85% of cases. An additional endoscopic procedure was performed in four cases. No fragmentation occurred in four patients. Further shock wave treatment was necessary in two patients who presented with stones larger than 2 cm. Both radio-opaque and poorly opaque stones can be treated with this system. Ultrasound localisation and the ellipsoid positioning device avoid the need for expensive fluoroscopic equipment and a hydraulic patient positioning system.}, } @article {pmid3765221, year = {1986}, author = {Riedlinger, R and Ueberle, F and Wurster, H and Krauss, W and Vallon, P and Konrad, G and Kopper, B and Stoll, HP and Goebbels, R and Gebhardt, T}, title = {[Disintegration of kidney calculi by piezoelectrically generated high-energy sound waves. Physical principles and experimental studies].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {188-192}, pmid = {3765221}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/pathology/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {The recently developed equipment for extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy (EPL) represents an improvement concerning the shock-wave-induced disintegration of urinary calculi. While the usual spark gap transmitter needs a focusing reflector, the piezoelectric lithotriptor is based on a self-focusing spherical bowl transmitter. The stone is detected exclusively by ultrasound. For this purpose, an integrated sector scanner is used as well as the high-energy sound transmitter itself. With the piezoelectrically generated high-energy sound pulses we have succeeded in completely disintegrating implanted stones in the renal pelvis of dogs without injuring the morphology or function of the exposed kidneys.}, } @article {pmid3712615, year = {1986}, author = {Goldwasser, B and Carson, CC and Shalaby, NF and Oke, EJ and Wain, SL}, title = {Partial nephrectomy using a new dissecting instrument.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {136}, number = {1}, pages = {54-57}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)44724-0}, pmid = {3712615}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {The kidney is made of friable parenchyma with flexible blood vessels and collecting system structures. A dissecting clamp with interlacing blunt teeth was designed that, by repeated action of closing and opening over the renal parenchyma, crushes and dissects away the friable tissue, leaving the blood vessels and collecting system structures intact. Thus, individual ligation of blood vessels and collecting system structures can be performed at the line of resection. We report our experience in 10 dogs and 1 patient in whom partial nephrectomy was performed with this instrument.}, } @article {pmid3712608, year = {1986}, author = {Reckler, J and Rodman, JS and Jacobs, D and Rotterdam, H and Marion, D and Vaughan, ED}, title = {Urothelial injury to the rabbit bladder from various alkaline and acidic solutions used to dissolve kidney stones.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {136}, number = {1}, pages = {181-183}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)44767-7}, pmid = {3712608}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Acetylcysteine/adverse effects ; Acids/adverse effects ; Animals ; Citrates/adverse effects ; Citric Acid ; Creatinine/adverse effects ; Dogs ; Epithelium ; Kidney Calculi/drug therapy ; Rabbits ; Sodium Chloride/adverse effects ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology ; }, abstract = {Different irrigating solutions are used clinically to dissolve uric acid, cystine and struvite stones. These studies were undertaken to assess the toxicity to the rabbit bladder epithelium of several commonly used formulations. Test solutions were infused antegrade through a left ureterotomy overnight. Bladders were removed and routine histological sections made. A pH 7.6 solution of NaHCO3 appeared harmless. The same solution with two per cent acetylcysteine produced slight injury. All pH 4 solutions caused significant damage to the urothelium. Hemiacidrin, which contains magnesium, produced less damage than did other pH 4 solutions without that cation. Our data tend to support Suby's conclusions that addition of magnesium reduces urothelial injury even though the presence of magnesium will slow dissolution of struvite.}, } @article {pmid3739161, year = {1986}, author = {Gravestock, JD}, title = {Multiple cystic calculi in a female cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {118}, number = {23}, pages = {646}, doi = {10.1136/vr.118.23.646-b}, pmid = {3739161}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Female ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid3520944, year = {1986}, author = {Burger, IH}, title = {[Nutritional aspects in relation to the feline urological syndrome (FUS)].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {111}, number = {10}, pages = {476-479}, pmid = {3520944}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animal Feed/standards ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*physiopathology/prevention & control ; Cats ; Syndrome ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The 'ideal' diet for minimising FUS risk may not involve a single food but would aim, by various measures, to achieve the conditions listed below: Low urine pH. This may entail the use of urinary acidifiers which must be consumed with or in the food. Some researchers say that the alkaline tide effect must be abolished for the treatment to be completely effective. Low magnesium intake. One figure quoted is a magnesium concentration of 20 mg per 100 kcal DE (about 0.08% dry matter) or less. Nevertheless is appears that FUS risk is appreciably increased only when magnesium concentration reaches about 0.25% dry matter. High urine volume. This entails an adequate water intake with the amount of faecal water maintained as low as possible. This in turn means highly digestible, 'low bulk' foods. Having said this, these aspects are probably important only for the susceptible cats in the population and if all the conditions are achieved the type of diet fed is unlikely to be a crucial factor.}, } @article {pmid3959213, year = {1986}, author = {Kuwahara, M and Kambe, K and Kurosu, S and Orikasa, S and Takayama, K}, title = {Extracorporeal stone disintegration using chemical explosive pellets as an energy source of underwater shock waves.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {135}, number = {4}, pages = {814-817}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45867-8}, pmid = {3959213}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Azides ; Dogs ; Female ; Holography ; Interferometry ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; *Lead ; Lithotripsy/*methods ; Male ; }, abstract = {Extracorporeal renal stone disintegration using a chemical explosive pellet (lead azide 10 mg.) as an energy source of underwater shock waves has been successfully performed in animals. The shock wave was observed by holographic interferometry. Shock wave generation was performed by a reflector whose configuration was part of a pseudoellipsoid. The explosions were conducted 10 to 100 times for each animal and the stone (extracted human renal calculus or model calculus of activated alumina) placed in the renal pelvis was disintegrated satisfactorily. Negative findings in explorative laparotomy and histological examination, except for minor bleeding in several tubular lumina of the kidney, indicated that the method was clinically applicable.}, } @article {pmid3519161, year = {1986}, author = {Schmitt, PJ}, title = {[Unusual urinary calculus involvement in a young beagle].}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, pages = {121}, pmid = {3519161}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid3518207, year = {1986}, author = {Ruby, AL and Ling, GV}, title = {Bacterial culture of uroliths. Techniques and interpretation of results.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {325-331}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50034-6}, pmid = {3518207}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/microbiology/*urine ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article discusses techniques of bacterial culture of uroliths, interpretation of results of culture, and antimicrobial therapy of bacteria associated with uroliths.}, } @article {pmid3518206, year = {1986}, author = {Johnston, GR and Walter, PA and Feeney, DA}, title = {Radiographic and ultrasonographic features of uroliths and other urinary tract filling defects.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {261-292}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50030-9}, pmid = {3518206}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Ultrasonography/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urography/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Radiopaque uroliths and nonradiopaque (water density) uroliths are filling defects encountered in the urinary tracts of dogs and cats. Other free luminal and attached soft tissue density filling defects encountered during uroradiographic special procedures include blood clots, air bubbles, hematomas, granulomas, abscesses, inflammatory and neoplastic polyps. Nonradiopaque uroliths cannot be identified on survey radiographs from other soft tissue dense structures. Gray scale ultrasonography can be used to differentiate nonradiopaque (water dense) uroliths from other soft tissue attached or free luminal filling defects of the excretory pathway. The differential radiographic features of filling defects encountered during cystography and urethrography are described and illustrated.}, } @article {pmid3518205, year = {1986}, author = {Klausner, JS and Fernandez, FR and O'Leary, TP and Johnston, SD and Osborne, CA}, title = {Canine primary hyperparathyroidism and its association with urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {227-239}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50027-9}, pmid = {3518205}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/physiopathology/therapy ; Dogs ; Hyperparathyroidism/etiology/physiopathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Prognosis ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/physiopathology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Primary hyperparathyroidism results from autonomous secretion of parathyroid hormone by a single or multiple parathyroid glands. Clinical signs result from various combinations of hypercalcemia, hypercalcemic nephropathy, urolithiasis, or mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone. Following parathyroidectomy, the prognosis for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism is good if the disorder is diagnosed before renal disease is advanced.}, } @article {pmid3518204, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Oldroyd, NO and Clinton, CW}, title = {Etiopathogenesis of uncommon canine uroliths. Xanthine, carbonate, drugs, and drug metabolites.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {217-225}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50026-7}, pmid = {3518204}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Adenine/analogs & derivatives/urine ; Animals ; Calcium Carbonate/*urine ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/urine ; Dogs ; Oxypurinol/urine ; Sulfonamides/urine ; Tetracycline/urine ; Triamterene/urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; Xanthines/*urine ; }, abstract = {Metabolic disorders, medication, and diagnostic agents may be associated with urolithiasis in dogs. Examples of uroliths that have been uncommonly encountered in dogs include xanthine, dolomite, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Detection of these and other apparently uncommon uroliths requires a high index of suspicion and proper methods of analysis.}, } @article {pmid3486520, year = {1986}, author = {Caywood, DD and Osborne, CA}, title = {Surgical removal of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {389-407}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50038-3}, pmid = {3486520}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Surgery is indicated for patients with obstructive uropathy; calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, silica, and perhaps cystine uroliths; uroliths refractory to medical dissolution; nephrolithiasis and progressive renal dysfunction; anatomic defects predisposing to urinary tract infection; and problems precluding medical management. The goals of surgical management include removal of all uroliths while preserving organ function, eliminating partial or complete obstruction to urine outflow, and correction of anatomic abnormalities that predispose the patient to infection and or urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid3486519, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Kruger, JM and Johnston, GR and Polzin, DJ}, title = {Dissolution of canine ammonium urate uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {375-388}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50037-1}, pmid = {3486519}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy/urine ; Dogs ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/*urine ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Medical therapy that may be effective in promoting dissolution of canine ammonium urate uroliths includes the following: reduction of dietary purines, reduction in in vivo production of uric acid, and alkalinization of urine.}, } @article {pmid3486518, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ and Kruger, JM and Abdullahi, SU and Leininger, JR and Griffith, DP}, title = {Medical dissolution of canine struvite uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {349-374}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50036-x}, pmid = {3486518}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control/*therapy/urine ; Dogs ; Magnesium/*urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Medical therapy is an effective method of canine struvite urolith dissolution. Recommendations include (1) eradication or control of urinary tract infection (if present), (2) use of calculolytic diets, and (3) administration of urease inhibitors to patients with persistent urinary tract infection caused by urease-producing microbes.}, } @article {pmid3486517, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ}, title = {Nonsurgical management of canine obstructive urolithopathy.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {333-347}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50035-8}, pmid = {3486517}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Lithotripsy/veterinary ; Male ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Obstruction to urine outflow is a common complication of urolithiasis. However, varying degrees of recovery of renal function may occur following examination of the cause of obstruction. Therefore, in the absence of conclusive evidence of irreversible dysfunction, one should consider efforts to decompress the urinary tract and to eliminate the cause of obstruction. Nonsurgical methods that may be used for management of obstructive urolithiasis include cystocentesis, palpation, urohydropropulsion, and catheterization.}, } @article {pmid3486516, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW and Moran, HC and Bailie, NC}, title = {Comparison of qualitative and quantitative analyses of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {317-323}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50033-4}, pmid = {3486516}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis/urine ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Cystine/analysis ; Cystinuria/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/*urine ; Dogs ; Magnesium/analysis/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Minerals/analysis/*urine ; Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis/urine ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis/urine ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A study was performed to compare qualitative test results of canine uroliths with quantitative test results. Qualitative test results were in agreement with quantitative test results in only 96 of 223 specimens (43 per cent). Lack of agreement was caused by false-negative qualitative test results (85 of 223), false-positive qualitative test results (15 of 233), and a combination of false-negative and false-positive qualitative test results (27 of 233). This study indicates that the veterinary profession should abandon exclusive use of qualitative chemical test kits for uroliths.}, } @article {pmid3486515, year = {1986}, author = {Ruby, AL and Ling, GV}, title = {Methods of analysis of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {293-301}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50031-0}, pmid = {3486515}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallography ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Magnesium/analysis/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Minerals/analysis/urine ; Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {Accurate analysis of urinary calculi is essential for greater understanding of urinary stone disease and initiation of effective management and preventive measures. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of uroliths are discussed in this article.}, } @article {pmid3486514, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA}, title = {Biologic behavior of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {251-260}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50029-2}, pmid = {3486514}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*physiopathology ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Canine uroliths may form rapidly or slowly, progressively increase or decrease in size, or become inactive. Associated clinical signs are usually dependent on their locations but may also be influenced by underlying causes. Recurrence of uroliths is unpredictable, being influenced by several variables. Recurrent uroliths are usually, but not invariably, similar in mineral composition to those present during the initial episode.}, } @article {pmid3486513, year = {1986}, author = {Polzin, DJ and Osborne, CA and Bell, FW}, title = {Canine distal renal tubular acidosis and urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {241-250}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50028-0}, pmid = {3486513}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Acidosis, Renal Tubular/complications/etiology/physiopathology/therapy/*veterinary ; Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/urine ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/physiopathology/therapy/urine ; Dogs ; Magnesium/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Distal RTA is characterized by decreased distal renal tubular hydrogen ion secretion, decreased ability to acidify urine, hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia, hypocitraturia, and metabolic acidosis. Because of the resulting alterations in urine composition and pH, patients with distal RTA are predisposed to urolithiasis and renal calcification. Diagnosis of distal RTA is important because it is a potentially reversible disorder that, left untreated, may cause nephrocalcinosis, recurrent urolith formation, moderate to severe metabolic acidosis, and renal failure.}, } @article {pmid3486512, year = {1986}, author = {Bovée, KC}, title = {Canine cystine urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {211-215}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50025-5}, pmid = {3486512}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystinuria/complications/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/etiology/genetics/therapy/*urine ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Cystine uroliths form as a result of a complex metabolic disturbance in amino acid metabolism and transport. The inheritance of this disease is obscure because it does not follow a standard mendelian pattern. Uroliths are a vexing clinical problem because the recurrence rate is high. Accurate diagnosis of uroliths requires use of crystallographic methods. The renal defect leading to excessive excretion of cystine is variable. The only effective method of prevention of recurrence is use of D-penicillamine, which is poorly tolerated by some dogs.}, } @article {pmid3010531, year = {1986}, author = {Ling, GV and Ruby, AL}, title = {Canine uroliths. Analysis of data derived from 813 specimens.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {303-316}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50032-2}, pmid = {3010531}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/analysis/urine ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Cystine/analysis ; Cystinuria/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/*urine ; Dogs ; Magnesium/analysis/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Minerals/analysis/*urine ; Oxalates/analysis/urine ; Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis/urine ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis/urine ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This article contains an analysis of data compiled from 813 specimens of canine uroliths submitted to the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory at University of California School of Veterinary Medicine.}, } @article {pmid3743270, year = {1986}, author = {Dong, HS and Sun, BB and Sun, SY}, title = {[Clinical application and experimental studies of progesterone in the treatment of ureteral stones].}, journal = {Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chinese journal of surgery]}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {77-8, 124}, pmid = {3743270}, issn = {0529-5815}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Diuretics ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Progesterone/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Ureteral Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid3952900, year = {1986}, author = {Lopatkin, NA and Shokurov, MM and Golubchikov, VA and Uvarov, VA and Darenkov, AF}, title = {[Extracorporeal fragmentation of kidney calculi by shockwaves].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {3-9}, pmid = {3952900}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; *Lithotripsy/instrumentation ; Rats ; }, } @article {pmid3810034, year = {1986}, author = {Sanders, G and Hesse, A and Leusmann, DB}, title = {Experimental investigation of the genesis of struvite stones in cats.}, journal = {Scanning electron microscopy}, volume = {}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {1713-1720}, pmid = {3810034}, issn = {0586-5581}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Infrared spectroscopy of feline urinary stones revealed that struvite was the main constituent in 77.6% of all concrements. However, only in 30.8% (16/52) of struvite stone patients were any infections of the urinary tract detected. Scanning electron microscopical comparison of non-infected feline struvite stones and human struvite concrements which had grown in the presence of infection revealed clear differences. All the feline struvite concrements were of coarse crystalline construction with the crystalline form typical of struvite. Traces of partial solution and stratification were frequently detected on the crystalline surfaces. The human struvite stones whose growth had been accompanied by infection did not display these features; the predominant structures in these concrements revealed very little evidence of any ordered growth. Examination of the urine and calculation of the relative supersaturation showed that where physiological pH values and physiological concentrations of lithogenic substances were present sterile urine can become supersaturated with struvite. The morphological peculiarities of the feline concrements and the results of urinary analysis indicate slow crystalline growth rates. Phases of growth alternate with periods of stagnation. This process may be influenced by dietary factors. In contrast to this, struvite stone formation in the presence of infection is characterised by rapid growth in continually supersaturated urine.}, } @article {pmid3810033, year = {1986}, author = {Hesse, A and Sanders, G and Leusmann, DB}, title = {Analysis of canine urinary stones using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.}, journal = {Scanning electron microscopy}, volume = {}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {1705-1712}, pmid = {3810033}, issn = {0586-5581}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Dogs ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Species Specificity ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Infrared spectroscopic analysis of 741 canine urinary calculi revealed that struvite stones, 58% of the total, were the ones most commonly to be found. Cystine stone disease, 21%, is also of great significance for dogs, whereas calcium oxalate, urate and brushite calculi occur only seldom. 3 cases of xanthine stone formation were also noted. SEM examination revealed structures similar to human stones such as bipyramidal weddellite, pseudomorphs from whewellite to weddellite, apatite deposits in cystine stones and characteristic mono-ammonium-urate needles. Other, unknown, structures were also discovered such as closely-knit intergrowths of cystine and brushite strata, mono-Na-urate and mono-K-urate intergrowths and Ca-urate. Of particular interest are the various forms of xanthine from compact spherical to lance-shapes in sheath-like arrangement.}, } @article {pmid3798019, year = {1986}, author = {Rodgers, AL and Irving, RA and Mezzabotta, M and Benloulou, P}, title = {Struvite crystalluria and urolithiasis in cross Labradors.}, journal = {Scanning electron microscopy}, volume = {}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {1169-1174}, pmid = {3798019}, issn = {0586-5581}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacteriuria/drug therapy/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/microbiology/pathology/*urine ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/ultrastructure/urine/*veterinary ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {Recurrent struvite crystalluria and urolithiasis in a cross-Labrador bitch was studied using a combined Coulter-Counter and scanning electron microscope (SEM) approach. Staphylococcus bacteria were cultured from the patient's urine as well as from the calculi themselves. Urine samples were subjected to particle counting and sizing during active and non-active periods of stone formation. Size distribution curves so obtained were identical as were those derived from sterile and non-sterile specimens. These showed a peak incidence at a diameter of 5 microns. Particle sizes for 6 controls were also determined and showed an even distribution over a much wider range with small peaks occurring at 3, 10, and 20 microns diameters. SEM studies of urine sediments revealed the presence of struvite crystals in all the controls as well as in the stone-former. These occurred in a variety of shapes and sizes but were generally larger in the controls. SEM also revealed intimate admixtures of struvite and apatite in calculi surgically removed from the patient. The results of this study indicate that crystal numbers are of greater significance than crystal size. It is also suggested that Cross-Labradors may be unusually predisposed to struvite crystalluria. The repeated recurrence of struvite urolithiasis in the subject indicates a possible inherent physiological malfunction in the animal's ability to cope with this crystalluria. The absence of a nucleation inhibitor in the stone-former's urine is also postulated.}, } @article {pmid3715325, year = {1986}, author = {Robertson, JL}, title = {Spontaneous renal disease in dogs.}, journal = {Toxicologic pathology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {101-108}, doi = {10.1177/019262338601400112}, pmid = {3715325}, issn = {0192-6233}, mesh = {Aging ; Amyloidosis/veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology ; Dogs ; Glomerulonephritis/veterinary ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/veterinary ; Kidney Glomerulus/pathology ; Kidney Neoplasms/veterinary ; Kidney Tubules/pathology ; Nephritis, Interstitial/veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Renal disease is common in dogs. The incidence of significant renal disease increases with age. Many disease processes are subtle and subacute, and so many are not detected until they result in chronic renal failure. The causes of many renal diseases are not known but one must suspect immune-mediated damage in some.}, } @article {pmid3707073, year = {1986}, author = {Thibault, P and Dory, J and Cotard, JP and Moraillon, JY and Vallancien, G and André-Bougaran, J}, title = {[Lithotripsy by ultrashort pulsation. Experimental study in renal lithiasis in the dog].}, journal = {Annales d'urologie}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {20-25}, pmid = {3707073}, issn = {0003-4401}, mesh = {Animals ; Capillaries/pathology ; Dogs ; Hemorrhage/pathology ; Kidney/blood supply/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/pathology/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/adverse effects/*instrumentation ; Pyelonephritis/pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; }, abstract = {A lithotriptor delivering ultrashort shockwaves and designed for use under ultrasonographic guidance has recently been developed. Immersion in water is unnecessary. The device was experimented in renal lithiasis in dogs. Twenty-two animals were treated. In seven, who served as controls, the safety of shots delivered in particular to the lungs, liver, bones and kidneys was demonstrated. Furthermore, no cardiac rhythm disorders were recorded. A human stone was implanted in 15 animals. The stone was successfully broken up in 12. Gross and microscopic examinations done 2 to 30 days after the treatment indicate that the shots initially produce lesions similar to a limited contusion. Healing of the contusion, already underway on the 8th day, is complete by the 4th week. Elimination of the fragments is gradual. The quality of fragmentation can be evaluated during the treatment session using mode A ultrasonography. These experimental data are evidence of the effectiveness of this second generation lithotriptor.}, } @article {pmid3518203, year = {1986}, author = {Kruger, JM and Osborne, CA}, title = {Etiopathogenesis of uric acid and ammonium urate uroliths in non-Dalmatian dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {87-126}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50006-1}, pmid = {3518203}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/urine ; Dogs ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/*urine ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The etiopathogenesis of uric acid, sodium acid urate, and ammonium acid urate uroliths in non-Dalmatian dogs appears to be a complex phenomenon. It may involve one or more pathologic and/or physiologic processes acting independently or in concert to increase urinary concentration of lithogenic substances that result in initiation, growth, and retention of urate uroliths. Increased urine uric acid concentration and/or urinary excretion of uric acid appear to be primary predisposing factors in urate lithogenesis. Specific disorders resulting in hyperuricuria may involve abnormalities of increased synthesis, diminished biodegradation, and/or enhance excretion of uric acid. In addition, ammonium ion, hydrogen ion, and other organic and inorganic urine constituents appear to have major influences on urate urolith formation. Unfortunately, many specific disorders of uric acid metabolism and other factors promoting or inhibiting urate urolith formation remain poorly characterized in the majority of non-Dalmatian dogs with urate urolithiasis. Growing awareness of the significance of urate uroliths in non-Dalmatian dogs should encourage further investigation into the identification, characterization, and quantitation of parameters influencing urate lithogenesis. Results of such studies are required for development of practical and effective strategies for treatment and prevention of canine urate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid3518202, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Klausner, JS and Polzin, DJ and Griffith, DP}, title = {Etiopathogenesis of canine struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {67-86}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50005-x}, pmid = {3518202}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/urine ; Dogs ; Magnesium/*urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/*urine ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urine must be oversaturated with magnesium ammonium phosphate for struvite uroliths to form. Oversaturation of urine with magnesium ammonium phosphate may be associated with several factors, including urinary tract infections with urease-producing microbes, alkaline urine, diet, and genetic predisposition. Of the urease-producing microbes, staphylococci are most struvitogenic in dogs. The precise mechanisms resulting in formation of sterile struvite uroliths in dogs have not been determined.}, } @article {pmid3518201, year = {1986}, author = {Senior, DF and Finlayson, B}, title = {Initiation and growth of uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {19-26}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50002-4}, pmid = {3518201}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The urinary concentrating capacity of terrestrial animals often results in a high degree of urinary supersaturation. Supersaturation provides a driving force for rapid precipitation of solids. For some minerals in urine, the balance between supersaturation and presence of inhibitors determines whether crystal growth will occur. If crystals are delayed in their transit through the urinary tract, they may grow to such a size that they cannot readily pass through the ureters or urethra.}, } @article {pmid3518200, year = {1986}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA}, title = {Canine calcium phosphate uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {171-184}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50009-7}, pmid = {3518200}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Acidosis, Renal Tubular/complications/drug therapy/veterinary ; Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/*urine ; Crystallization ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*etiology/urine ; Dogs ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypercalcemia/complications/veterinary ; Hyperparathyroidism/complications/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths composed primarily of calcium phosphate are identified in approximately 3 per cent of canine stone patients. Predisposing factors to the formation of calcium phosphate uroliths include elevated urine pH, hypercalciuria, and the presence of crystallization inhibitors and promoters. Medical therapy of patients forming calcium phosphate uroliths should initially be directed at removing factors contributing to urine supersaturation with calcium phosphate.}, } @article {pmid3518199, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Poffenbarger, EM and Klausner, JS and Johnston, SD and Griffith, DP}, title = {Etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {133-170}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50008-5}, pmid = {3518199}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Benzothiadiazines ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cellulose/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Citrates/therapeutic use ; Crystallization ; Diuretics ; Dog Diseases/drug therapy/*etiology ; Dogs ; Hypercalcemia/urine/veterinary ; Magnesium/therapeutic use ; Methylene Blue/therapeutic use ; Phosphates/therapeutic use ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Calcium oxalate uroliths are commonly called metabolic uroliths because they are sequelae of a variety of metabolic abnormalities that alter the composition of body fluids and urine. Factors incriminated in the etiopathogenesis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis include hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hyperuricosuria. The predominant type of calcium oxalate urolith encountered in dogs is the monohydrate form; however, the dihydrate form may also occur. Male dogs have been more frequently affected than female dogs. Medical therapy should be formulated with the goal of reducing urine concentration of calculogenic substances.}, } @article {pmid3486511, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and O'Brien, TD and Ghobrial, HK and Meihak, L and Stevens, JB}, title = {Crystalluria. Observations, interpretations, and misinterpretations.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {45-65}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50004-8}, pmid = {3486511}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Bilirubin/urine ; Calcium Carbonate/urine ; Calcium Oxalate/urine ; Calcium Phosphates/urine ; Cholesterol/urine ; Crystallography ; Cystinuria/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Hippurates/urine ; Leucine/urine ; Magnesium/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Minerals/*urine ; Phosphates/urine ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/urine ; Struvite ; Tyrosine/urine ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Crystalluria results from oversaturation of urine with crystallogenic substance. However, oversaturation may occur as a result of in vitro as well as in vivo events. The microscopic appearance of crystals only represents a tentative identification of their composition because variable conditions associated with their formation, growth, and dissolution may alter their appearance. Definitive identification is dependent on physical methods such as optical crystallography, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopic analysis.}, } @article {pmid3486510, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW}, title = {Urolithiasis. Terms and concepts.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {3-17}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50001-2}, pmid = {3486510}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Terminology as Topic ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a general term that encompasses formulation of urinary tract stones as a sequela of one or more underlying abnormalities. A variety of terms have been used to describe the characteristics of uroliths based on mineral composition, location, and/or shape. Knowledge of the origins and meanings of these terms will facilitate understanding of the cause, detection, treatment, and prevention of uroliths.}, } @article {pmid3486509, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW and Bamman, LK and Moran, HC and Coston, BR and Frost, AP}, title = {Prevalence of canine uroliths. Minnesota Urolith Center.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {27-44}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50003-6}, pmid = {3486509}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/metabolism ; Dogs ; Minerals/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Uroliths obtained from 839 dogs were evaluated by quantitative methods. Struvite was the most prevalent mineral detected; newberyite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, sodium and ammonium urate, cystine, and silica were detected much less frequently. Seven per cent of the uroliths had an identifiable nucleus and one or more surrounding layers of different mineral types. Although uroliths were found in all parts of the urinary tract, the urinary bladder was most common. Uroliths of different composition were encountered in a variety of breeds of both sexes and different ages.}, } @article {pmid3486508, year = {1986}, author = {Schaible, RH}, title = {Genetic predisposition to purine uroliths in Dalmatian dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {127-131}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50007-3}, pmid = {3486508}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Disease Susceptibility ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Dogs ; Uric Acid/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Homozygosity for a defective recessive gene results in all Dalmatians having elevated concentrations of urine uric acid and predisposes them to formation of purine uroliths. Why some animals form uroliths and others do not is not known. In a pilot breeding experiment, the incidence of sensorineural deafness among backcrossed, high urine uric acid Dalmatians was significantly higher (probability less than 0.05) than among low urine uric acid siblings. Urine uric acid values for Dalmatians reported in the literature are not likely to be comparable, because uric acid appears to be more likely to precipitate in Dalmatian urine than in the urine of other dogs and man. Heating, alkalinization, and thorough mixing are required whenever specimens are transferred from one container to another or an aliquot is removed for assay.}, } @article {pmid3102396, year = {1986}, author = {Götz, F and Gimes, L and Hübler, J and Temes, G and Frang, D}, title = {Induced precipitation of calcium-oxalate crystals and its prevention in laboratory animals.}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {363-368}, pmid = {3102396}, issn = {0301-1623}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dogs ; Glyoxylates ; Kidney Calculi/analysis/*chemically induced/drug therapy/pathology ; Recurrence ; Thiamine/therapeutic use ; Thioctic Acid/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Induced precipitation of Ca-oxalate crystals and the possibility of its prevention were studied in dogs. In the first phase of the experiments precipitation of Ca-oxalate crystals in canine renal tubules was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Na-glyoxylate. Preventive medication (lipoic acid, vitamin B1, Milurit), applied in the second phase, resulted in a significant depression of induced precipitation. The successful experiments serve as a basis for clinical research aimed at a preventive medication of recurrent Ca-oxalate stone formation.}, } @article {pmid3010530, year = {1986}, author = {Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW and Kim, KM and Mansfield, CF}, title = {Etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of canine silica urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {185-207}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50010-3}, pmid = {3010530}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/pathology/prevention & control/therapy ; Dogs ; Silicon Dioxide/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/pathology/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Silica uroliths were first recognized in dogs in the mid 1970s. Currently available data suggest that dietary factors may play a role in their pathogenesis. Diagnosis is facilitated by their typical jackstone appearance but must be verified by quantitative analysis. Surgery is the only feasible method of treatment.}, } @article {pmid4033734, year = {1985}, author = {}, title = {Treatment of type I primary hyperoxaluria.}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {313}, number = {15}, pages = {959-960}, pmid = {4033734}, issn = {0028-4793}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*urine ; Cats ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*drug therapy/urine ; Magnesium/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Recurrence ; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency/complications ; }, } @article {pmid4087685, year = {1985}, author = {Martin, X and Opgennorth, TJ and Werness, PG and Rundquist, RT and Romero, JC and Smith, LH}, title = {Bladder secretion of inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {636-639}, doi = {10.1038/ki.1985.176}, pmid = {4087685}, issn = {0085-2538}, support = {AM-20605/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/United States ; HL-16496/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alcian Blue ; Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/*physiology ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Urinary Bladder/metabolism/*physiology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology ; }, abstract = {Differences in calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition were studied in normally voided urine (bladder urine) and in urine collected directly from the kidney (kidney urine) in nine dogs. Urine samples were collected before and 10 days after bilateral ureterostomies. Calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition was measured in a standard seeded crystal growth system. The alcian blue-precipitable material of the urine samples was determined. Significantly lower values were observed in kidney urine than in bladder urine for calcium oxalate crystal inhibition (mean difference, 0.07 +/- 0.02 inhibitor units/mg creatinine; P less than 0.01) and for the alcian blue-precipitable material (mean difference, 0.07 +/- 0.02 mg/mg creatinine; P less than 0.01). We conclude that the bladder adds calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition to urine. Glycosaminoglycans from the bladder mucosa may be responsible; however, other acidic polymers such as RNA fragments or glycopeptides have been shown to be a constituent of the alcian blue-precipitable material. These are potent inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth, and their participation in the increase of inhibition observed in bladder urine cannot be excluded. Total calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition present in normally voided urine may be an overestimation of the actual inhibition present at the level of the kidney, where calculi usually form.}, } @article {pmid3875734, year = {1985}, author = {Webb, DR and Fitzpatrick, JM}, title = {Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: a functional and morphological study.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, pages = {587-591}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47306-x}, pmid = {3875734}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Electric Stimulation Therapy ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology/physiopathology ; Kidney Calculi/physiopathology/*therapy ; Kidney Pelvis ; Postoperative Period ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Time Factors ; *Ultrasonic Therapy ; *Urinary Diversion ; }, abstract = {Percutaneous removal of renal calculi requires a nephrostomy track, irrigation and lithotripsy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of these procedures on renal function and anatomy. Renal access was obtained through a small left subcostal incision and a 22 Ch nephrostomy track was formed by fine parenchymal puncture and serial dilation in 15 dogs. Three liters of glycine solution were perfused through these tracks. In a further 16 dogs, human calculi were placed transparenchymally in the renal pelvis and disintegrated under vision through the Wolf nephroscope using an ultrasonic probe in 8 and electrohydraulic probe in 8. Assessments were made in all animals at 48 hours or 6 weeks by creatinine clearance, microfil casts, contrast radiography and ex-situ conventional and digital subtraction angiography. There was no significant urinary leakage or bleeding from the nephrostomy track at 48 hours. There was a small track hematoma and at 6 weeks a surface dimple and fine linear parenchymal scar. There was no ureteric or pelvic damage. Microfil casts showed small track defects at 48 hours resolving to a fine scar at 6 weeks. All angiograms were normal. Some IVU's displayed minor track defects at 48 hours but all were normal at 6 weeks. Corrosion casts and subtraction angiography demonstrated no significant vascular defects. Creatinine clearance showed no significant difference between experimental and control sides. Occasionally, intra pelvic scatter of fine calculus fragments was seen at 48 hours but none was detectable at 6 weeks. Transparenchymal nephrostomy, irrigation and nephrolithotripsy caused initial minor anatomical defects that rapidly resolved and were not associated with any loss of renal function.}, } @article {pmid4011895, year = {1985}, author = {Hunter, DW and Castaneda-Zuniga, WR and Young, AT and Cardella, J and Lund, G and Rysavy, JA and Hulbert, J and Lange, P and Reedy, P and Amplatz, K}, title = {Percutaneous removal of ureteral calculi: clinical and experimental results.}, journal = {Radiology}, volume = {156}, number = {2}, pages = {341-348}, doi = {10.1148/radiology.156.2.4011895}, pmid = {4011895}, issn = {0033-8419}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy/adverse effects/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Risk ; Therapeutic Irrigation/methods ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Between May 1983 and October 1984, 51 patients who had 68 ureteral stones underwent treatment at the University of Minnesota. All 68 stones were removed successfully using percutaneous techniques. The 100% success rate is a great improvement over previous results at our institution. The primary factors appear to be the development of the retrograde-flush technique, familiarity with and access to a wider range of methods, and the increasing use of the retrograde ureterorenoscope to see stones in the lower ureter. The average patient was a 45-year-old man who had no other medical problems. The average hospital stay was 6.8 days. Experimental studies with dogs indicate that injection rates of up to 30 ml/sec of contrast material through a retrograde catheter in the ureter are safe if a vent is present in the upper collecting system.}, } @article {pmid3989933, year = {1985}, author = {Sonda, LP and Fischer, CP and Gross, MD and Skinner, RW}, title = {Pyelovenous backflow: implications for coagulum pyelolithotomy and nephroscopy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {133}, number = {5}, pages = {894-896}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)49275-5}, pmid = {3989933}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Endoscopy ; Hydronephrosis/physiopathology ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Kidney Calculi/physiopathology/*therapy ; Kidney Pelvis/*physiology ; Renal Veins/*physiology ; Thrombin/therapeutic use ; Venous Pressure ; }, } @article {pmid4085532, year = {1985}, author = {Webb, DR and Fitzpatrick, JM}, title = {A canine model for the investigation of human calculus disease.}, journal = {European urology}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {406-409}, doi = {10.1159/000472551}, pmid = {4085532}, issn = {0302-2838}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*pathology ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Radiography ; }, abstract = {The rapid development of new methods for the treatment of renal calculi requires an animal model to assess the efficacy of stone treatment in vivo. This requires the implantation of human calculi large enough to be easily imaged radiologically. Most previous models have required multiple operative procedures and ureteric obstruction which has confused results. This study demonstrates the one-stage insertion of human calculi into the canine renal pelvis through a nephrostomy which does not affect the collecting system or cause any significant functional or structural damage to the kidney.}, } @article {pmid4071536, year = {1985}, author = {Kraft, W}, title = {[Analysis of urinary calculi].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {395-401}, pmid = {4071536}, issn = {0303-6286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; Horses ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urine calculi should always been analyzed for constituents. In this paper a commercially available test kit is described for determination of carbonate, calcium, oxalate, ammonium, phosphate, magnesium, urate and cystine. The method is simply to be performed and can be recommended for practitioners.}, } @article {pmid4071531, year = {1985}, author = {Giesecke, D and Kraft, W and Tiemeyer, W}, title = {[Why Dalmatians excrete uric acid. Causes and consequences of a classical metabolic disorder].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {331-341}, pmid = {4071531}, issn = {0303-6286}, mesh = {Allantoin/metabolism ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/urine/veterinary ; Liver/cytology/metabolism ; Urate Oxidase/metabolism ; Uric Acid/metabolism/*urine ; }, abstract = {After introducing into developmental aspects of "Dalmatian dog research" uric acid excretion is explained on the basis of new results by the loss of a specific transport system in liver cell membranes. Therefore, uricase which is present in normal activities is supplied only to a limited extent with uric acid for the transformation into the easily soluble allantoin. As indicated by feeding experiments, the plasma urate level is increased from about 32 mumol/l (no purine intake) up to 150-200 mumol/l at very high levels of purine intake. Thus, the influence of nutrition on plasma urate level is extraordinary. The diseases urate-urolithiasis and "bronze syndrome" associated with dalmatian urate metabolism are characterized in view of the typical pattern of the diseases and of the therapeutical and prophylactical measures to be taken.}, } @article {pmid4010435, year = {1985}, author = {Davi, SK}, title = {Continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser effects on vascular tissues and occlusive disease in vitro.}, journal = {Lasers in surgery and medicine}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {239-250}, doi = {10.1002/lsm.1900050306}, pmid = {4010435}, issn = {0196-8092}, mesh = {Animals ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*surgery ; Coronary Disease/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; *Laser Therapy ; Male ; }, abstract = {Human arterial segments with occlusive defects and acute dog hearts were exposed, in vitro, to high-energy pulsed and continuous wave (CW) laser beams at argon (514 nm) and Nd-YAG (1,064 nm) wavelengths, using various pulse powers, durations and pulse repetition rates. The laser effects included vaporization of plaques in the arterial segments and penetration of the pericardial sac, evaporation of pericardial fluid, and discoloration of tissue with crater-like lesions in the impact zone, all as a result of vaporization of heart muscle tissues. The areas affected and depth of penetration depended on the wavelength, power, pulse duration, and mode of energy deposition. Focused nanosecond Nd-YAG laser pulses at repetition rates of 40-50 Hz caused ablation or vaporization of hard plaques and kidney stones in air and saline. Picosecond (mode-locked) argon laser pulses at repetition rates of 3.8 MHz--average power 6.5 W, peak power of 230 W--caused effective vaporization of hard plaques and kidney stones in air and saline. Picosecond argon laser pulses--average power 1 W, peak power 250 W--were not effective in vaporization. Transmission characteristics of the various types of laser pulses through fiber optic waveguides were determined. The energy and power density required to vaporize fatty and hard plaques and kidney stones were tabulated as a function of laser wavelength, pulse energy, duration, and repetition rates.}, } @article {pmid3976097, year = {1985}, author = {Neĭmark, AI}, title = {[Correction of disorders of central and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic calculous pyelonephritis with obzidan].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {1}, pages = {17-20}, pmid = {3976097}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*complications ; Middle Aged ; Propranolol/*therapeutic use ; Pyelonephritis/*complications ; }, } @article {pmid3911756, year = {1985}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ and Abdullahi, SU and Leininger, JR and Clinton, CW and Griffith, DP}, title = {Struvite urolithiasis in animals and man: formation, detection, and dissolution.}, journal = {Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {1-101}, pmid = {3911756}, issn = {0065-3519}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/etiology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/etiology ; Dogs ; Humans ; Magnesium/*analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/*analysis ; Radiography ; Struvite ; Ureaplasma ; *Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/etiology/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid3908572, year = {1985}, author = {Martin, X and Mestas, JL and Cathignol, D and Margonari, J and Gelet, A and Dubernard, JM}, title = {[Extracorporeal shockwave destruction of urinary calculi after ultrasonic localization].}, journal = {Journal d'urologie}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, pages = {247-250}, pmid = {3908572}, issn = {0248-0018}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Lithotripsy ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Calculi/pathology/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Shock waves generated by an underwater spark gap discharge, focused by an ellipsoid can destroy most urinary stones extracorporeally. A device were stones are localized by ultrasound and where the ellipsoid itself could move to be positioned in the adequate position would obviate the need for a very expensive two fluoroscopes localisation system, and patient positioning device. A regular ultrasound probe was fixed on a multijointed metallic arm. From the measurements of the angles of every point it was possible to calculate the exact coordinates X, Y, Z, of the probe. This system, thought not extremely flexible allows to perform ultrasound examination of a kidney in the bathtub and localisation of stones in vivo in good conditions. When the stone was seen on the screen, the angles given to the joints were automatically recorded and the coordinates of the stone were instantly calculated with a personal computer. The computer program was able to calculate the displacement of the ellipsoid necessary to adjust its focal point on the X, Y, Z coordinates. The ellipsoid moved through a simple 3 motors system. Destruction of the stone was performed by shock waves. Progression of the disintegration was followed by plain X-rays performed in the bath tube with a portable X-ray apparatus. This device was tested in 7 dogs with stones surgically implanted in the renal pelvis. In every case, the stone was localised and disintegrated in fragments of the order of one millimeter using 700 to 2 000.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid3882027, year = {1985}, author = {Case, LC and Ling, GV and Biberstein, EL and Ruby, AL and Jang, SS}, title = {Staphylococci in canine urolithiasis: species identification, using a commercially available tray micromethod.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {238-241}, pmid = {3882027}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Cattle/microbiology ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Humans ; Pigments, Biological/biosynthesis ; Species Specificity ; Staphylococcus/*classification/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/classification ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Fifty-one coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from canine urinary calculi or from the urine of dogs with documented urolithiasis, and 17 coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from human beings and cattle were identified by a commercially available tray micromethod, as well as by conventional methods. Canine isolates had previously been classified as Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of a positive tube coagulase test. After 5 hours' incubation, the tray method identified all 51 canine urolithiasis isolates as S intermedius, rather than S aureus. All human and bovine isolates were identified as S aureus. Conventional methods supported these findings.}, } @article {pmid3881018, year = {1985}, author = {Sutton, RA}, title = {Diuretics and calcium metabolism.}, journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {4-9}, doi = {10.1016/s0272-6386(85)80128-1}, pmid = {3881018}, issn = {0272-6386}, mesh = {Absorption ; Acetazolamide/pharmacology ; Adult ; Animals ; *Benzothiadiazines ; Calcium/blood/*metabolism/urine ; Diuretics ; Dogs ; Furosemide/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/drug therapy ; Kidney Tubules/*metabolism ; Loop of Henle/metabolism ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {In this review the normal renal tubular handling of calcium is briefly described. A detailed examination follows of the sites and modes of action of furosemide and thiazide diuretics on renal calcium handling and overall calcium metabolism. The clinical applications of these effects are also considered. Finally, the use of diuretics with different tubular sites of action on calcium transport as probes to study disorders of calcium excretion is discussed.}, } @article {pmid6511597, year = {1984}, author = {Long, GG}, title = {Urolithiasis in ranch foxes.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {185}, number = {11}, pages = {1394-1396}, pmid = {6511597}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/etiology ; Cats ; Diet/adverse effects ; Female ; *Foxes ; Indiana ; Male ; Mink ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Vitamin A Deficiency/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6511594, year = {1984}, author = {Weber, WJ and Raphael, BL and Boothe, HW}, title = {Struvite uroliths in a cheetah.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {185}, number = {11}, pages = {1389-1390}, pmid = {6511594}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {*Acinonyx/surgery ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo/surgery ; *Carnivora/surgery ; Cats ; Dogs ; Hemostatics ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Magnesium ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates ; Struvite ; Ureter/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6516069, year = {1984}, author = {Mazo, EB and Abdullakhodzhaeva, MS and Sopilidi, FL}, title = {[Transverse ureterolithotomy].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {6}, pages = {13-20}, pmid = {6516069}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid6511641, year = {1984}, author = {Bovee, KC and McGuire, T}, title = {Qualitative and quantitative analysis of uroliths in dogs: definitive determination of chemical type.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {185}, number = {9}, pages = {983-987}, pmid = {6511641}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/microbiology ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Crystallography ; Cystine/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Silicic Acid/analysis ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Effective treatment and prevention of urolithiasis depends on accurate determination of the chemical nature of the uroliths. A widely used qualitative chemical procedure was compared with quantitative crystallographic analysis of 272 canine uroliths. Agreement between the 2 methods was 78%. Qualitative analysis failed to detect 62% of calcium-containing uroliths and 83% of carbonate apatite uroliths. Qualitative analysis gave false-positive results for urates in 55% of cystine uroliths. Mixed uroliths comprising 6% of the total could not be classified without quantitative analysis. Silicate, cystine, and urate uroliths generally were of pure composition. Crystallographic analysis indicated the following distribution of major types: struvite, 69%; calcium oxalate, 10%; urate, 7%; silicate, 3.5%; cystine, 3.2%; calcium phosphate, 1%; and mixed, 6%. Among dogs with struvite uroliths, 66% had positive results of bacterial culturing from the urinary bladder. Six breeds (Miniature Schnauzer, Welsh Corgi, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Pekingese, and Pug) had a significantly higher risk for urolithiasis, compared with other breeds. The German Shepherd Dog had a significantly lowered risk, compared with other breeds. Two breeds had significant relationship to a specific type of urolith: Miniature Schnauzer for oxalate, and Dalmatian for urate (P less than 0.001). It was concluded that quantitative analysis, using crystallography, was superior for the detection of calcium oxalate, carbonate apatite, cystine, urate, and mixed uroliths.}, } @article {pmid6388122, year = {1984}, author = {Pulatov, AT and Babaev, RIu and Kasymova, KhA}, title = {[Comparative evaluation of nephrotomy methods].}, journal = {Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova}, volume = {133}, number = {9}, pages = {103-107}, pmid = {6388122}, issn = {0042-4625}, mesh = {Animals ; Child ; Dogs ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; Kidney/blood supply/pathology/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Postoperative Period ; Sclerosis ; Suture Techniques ; Wound Healing ; }, abstract = {Four methods of nephrotomy different in the means of suturing the operation wound of the kidney were studied in experiments in dogs (1--the interrupted suture with the involvement of a wide layer of the parenchyma; 2--the interrupted V-suture with the topical picture of the vessels taken into consideration; 3--the interrupted suture with the topical picture of the vessels taken into consideration; 4--the interrupted suture with hemostasis in the wound). The advantages of the 3d and 4th techniques are shown.}, } @article {pmid6476563, year = {1984}, author = {Abdullahi, SU and Osborne, CA and Leininger, JR and Fletcher, TF and Griffith, DP}, title = {Evaluation of a calculolytic diet in female dogs with induced struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, pages = {1508-1519}, pmid = {6476563}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; *Diet ; Dog Diseases/*diet therapy/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Liver/pathology ; Magnesium ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates ; Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology/isolation & purification ; Struvite ; Urease/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diet therapy/pathology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The calculolytic effect of a diet designed to reduce the urine concentration of urea, P, and Mg was evaluated in female Beagles with induced urease-positive urinary tract infections and struvite urolithiasis and in female Beagles with induced sterile struvite urolithiasis. The reduced-protein calculolytic diet induced urolith dissolution in 5 of 6 infected dogs with struvite urolithiasis in 2 to 5 months (means = 14.4 weeks). At the end of 6 months, uroliths in comparable control dogs fed a maintenance diet were 5 times larger and 14 times heavier than at the beginning of the study. The calculolytic diet induced urolith dissolution in 6 of 6 noninfected dogs with struvite uroliths in 2 to 4 weeks (means = 3.3 weeks). Four uroliths in noninfected dogs fed the maintenance diet dissolved over a period of 2 to 5 months (means = 14 weeks). Urolith dissolution in dogs fed the calculolytic diet was associated with diet-induced diuresis, reduction in urine pH, reduction in urine concentration of urea ammonia, P, and Mg, and increase in urine titratable acidity. Consumption of the calculolytic diet was also associated with significant (P = less than 0.01) reduction in the serum concentration of urea and albumin and a significant (P = less than 0.01) increase in serum hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity. Concomitant occurrence of hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes indicated that these biochemical and morphologic changes were associated with dietary protein restriction.}, } @article {pmid24049883, year = {1984}, author = {Krawiec, DR and Osborne, CA and Leininger, JR and Griffith, DP}, title = {Effect of acetohydroxamic acid on prevention of canine struvite uroliths.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {1276-1282}, pmid = {24049883}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/chemically induced/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects/*pharmacology ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydroxamic Acids/adverse effects/*pharmacology ; Pyuria/chemically induced/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Long-term administration of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) to dogs with experimentally induced urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infections, and bladder zinc disk foreign bodies inhibited urolith growth in 2 dogs and prevented urolith growth in 4 dogs. Inhibition and prevention of urolith growth were associated with reduction in urine urease activity, crystalluria, pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria. Lesions in the urinary tract of AHA-treated dogs were less severe than those of infected control dogs. Administration of AHA for 6 months induced mild morphologic abnormalities in RBC, but did not cause hemolytic anemia.}, } @article {pmid24049882, year = {1984}, author = {Krawiec, DR and Osborne, CA and Leininger, JR and Griffith, DP}, title = {Effect of acetohydroxamic acid on dissolution of canine struvite uroliths.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, pages = {1266-1275}, pmid = {24049882}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Hydroxamic Acids/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Magnesium Compounds/*chemistry ; Phosphates/*chemistry ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Long-term administration of acetohydroxamic acid to dogs with experimentally induced urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infections and struvite urolithiasis resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of urolith growth or urolith dissolution. Inhibition of urolith growth was associated with drug dose-dependent reduction of urine urease activity, urine pH, crystalluria, pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria. Lesions of the urinary tract of dogs treated with acetohydroxamic acid were less severe than those of control dogs. Dose-dependent adverse drug reactions included reversible hemolytic anemia, abnormal red cell morphology, and abnormalities of bilirubin metabolism.}, } @article {pmid6610310, year = {1984}, author = {Hawkins, IF and Hunter, PT and Hawkins, MC and Nanni, GS and McNeely, F}, title = {New monofilament and soft-wire baskets for stone removal.}, journal = {AJR. American journal of roentgenology}, volume = {143}, number = {1}, pages = {147-150}, doi = {10.2214/ajr.143.1.147}, pmid = {6610310}, issn = {0361-803X}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Urinary Calculi/*therapy ; Urinary Catheterization/*instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {A new-design basket for stone removal uses a standard Teflon catheter with radially positioned holes at its tip to hold either monofilament or soft wire. The strands are positioned to form a basket that will change in both size and shape simply by advancing or retracting these strands. This basket is much safer, can be changed in size during maneuvering , will transmit instruments for stone fragmentation, and can be advanced over a guide wire. It has been effective both in vitro and in the retrieval of biliary and urinary tract stones in 20 patients, several of which could not be retrieved by standard methods.}, } @article {pmid6738511, year = {1984}, author = {Lewis, LD and Morris, ML}, title = {Canine urolithiasis: diagnosis and treatment.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, pages = {375-378}, pmid = {6738511}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Diet/*veterinary ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*diet therapy/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minerals/administration & dosage ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/diet therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Over 97% of all uroliths in males less than a year of age and in females are phosphate, excluding males with portosystemic shunts and male Dalmatians . Uroliths in male Dalmatians usually are composed of urate. Uroliths associated with Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection are phosphate. About 60% of uroliths in adult male Basset Hounds , Bulldogs , Chihuahuas , Irish Terriers and Yorkshire Terriers are cystine. In males of other breeds, as high as 60% of uroliths are phosphate. Feeding a calculolytic diet (s/d: Hill's) results in phosphate urolith dissolution in 2-20 weeks. Long-term feeding of the calculolytic diet is not recommended, nor is use after surgery and in pregnant, lactating or growing dogs and in those with heart failure, edema, ascites or pleural effusions. Uroliths recur in 20-50% of affected dogs without subsequent dietary alteration. Use of a urolith-prevention diet (u/d: Hill's) is recommended if urolithiasis recurs.}, } @article {pmid6719660, year = {1984}, author = {Addonizio, JC and Choudhury, MS and Sayegh, N and Chopp, RT}, title = {Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator. Applications in urologic surgery.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, pages = {417-420}, doi = {10.1016/s0090-4295(84)80004-7}, pmid = {6719660}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Nephrectomy ; *Surgical Instruments ; Ultrasonics/adverse effects/*instrumentation/methods ; Urologic Diseases/*surgery ; }, abstract = {The Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator is a unique modality for precise tissue removal which results in increased visibility, reduced bleeding, and shorter operating time when dealing with vascular lesions or organs. Herein, we present our experience in a dog laboratory as well as in a clinical setting with this new instrument. The mechanism of action, proper surgical technique required, and further application in urologic surgery are discussed.}, } @article {pmid6610981, year = {1984}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lees, GE and Polzin, DJ and Kruger, JM}, title = {Immediate relief of feline urethral obstruction.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {585-597}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50064-3}, pmid = {6610981}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Drainage/instrumentation ; Immobilization ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/therapeutic use ; Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Urethral Obstruction/*therapy ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid6610976, year = {1984}, author = {Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW and Brunkow, HC and Frost, AP and Johnston, GR}, title = {Epidemiology of naturally occurring feline uroliths and urethral plugs.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {481-489}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50055-2}, pmid = {6610976}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Minerals/*analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; Struvite ; Urethral Diseases/*pathology ; Urinary Calculi/*pathology ; }, } @article {pmid6610975, year = {1984}, author = {}, title = {Symposium on disorders of the feline lower urinary tract.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {407-717}, pmid = {6610975}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/*veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6429925, year = {1984}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ and Klausner, JS and Kruger, JM}, title = {Medical management of male and female cats with nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {617-640}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50067-9}, pmid = {6429925}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Cat Diseases/*drug therapy ; Cats ; Diverticulum/complications/embryology/veterinary ; Female ; Magnesium ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Methionine/therapeutic use ; Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use ; Phosphates ; Struvite ; Urachus ; Urinary Calculi/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {This case is typical of recurrent urolithiasis managed by repeated surgery. Retrospective assessment of the disorder indicates the need for quantitative analyses of uroliths removed by cystotomy. Compliance of the owners with recommendations to minimize recurrent urolithiasis might have been beneficial. Results of medical therapy designed to induce dissolution of uroliths in this case are representative of preliminary findings of medical dissolution of naturally occurring struvite uroliths in ten other cats. It is of interest that the uroliths dissolved even though no effort was made to induce diuresis. The underlying cause of UTI in this patient may have been damage to the lower urinary tract induced by previous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and/or sterile struvite uroliths that compromised local host defense mechanisms. Lack of urease production by the uropathogens suggests that they did not play a causative role in formation of uroliths. The need for preventative therapy of recurrent formation of uroliths after their medical dissolution is worthy of further comment. In this patient, specific measures to prevent urolith recurrence were not initiated because it is a part of a prospective clinical study. In the event uroliths recur, medical therapy designed to induce dissolution of uroliths would be repeated. Need for long-term preventative therapy would be dependent on the time interval between recurrent episodes (weeks, months, or years), and the effectiveness of medical therapy for urolith dissolution. Long-term prophylactic therapy would include urine acidifiers and diets low in magnesium.}, } @article {pmid6429924, year = {1984}, author = {Osborne, CA and Johnston, GR and Polzin, DJ and Kruger, JM and Poffenbarger, EM and Bell, FW and Feeney, DA and Goyal, S and Fletcher, TF and Newman, JA}, title = {Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogeneous causes.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {409-438}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50051-5}, pmid = {6429924}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/complications/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Diet/adverse effects ; Diverticulum/complications/embryology/veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Mycoplasma Infections/complications/veterinary ; Syndrome ; Urachus ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/etiology/*veterinary ; Virus Diseases/complications/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6377668, year = {1984}, author = {Polzin, DJ and Osborne, CA}, title = {Medical prophylaxis of feline lower urinary tract disorders.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {661-675}, pmid = {6377668}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Animal Feed ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Ethylenediamines/therapeutic use ; Magnesium/administration & dosage ; Methionine/therapeutic use ; Polyphosphates/therapeutic use ; Sodium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Syndrome ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*prevention & control ; }, } @article {pmid6377667, year = {1984}, author = {Lewis, LD and Morris, ML}, title = {Treatment and prevention of feline struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {649-660}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50069-2}, pmid = {6377667}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diet therapy/drug therapy/prevention & control ; Cats ; Magnesium/*administration & dosage ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Methionine/therapeutic use ; Phosphates ; Sodium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/*diet therapy/drug therapy/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {A diet providing less than 20 mg of magnesium per 100 kcal that maintains urine pH near 6.0 3 to 5 hours after eating, or a diet providing this amount fo magnesium (see Table 2) with 1 gm of ammonium chloride or 1.5 gm of dl-methionine added daily, should be fed for 1 to 3 months to dissolve struvite uroliths (see Fig. 1). The low-magnesium diet should be fed indefinitely to prevent recurrence, because struvite urolithiasis and all of its effects (hematuria, pollakiuria, and/or complete to partial obstruction to urinary excretion) recurs repeatedly in cats that have previously experienced the condition if they are returned to regular cat food. In contrast, if a diet low in magnesium is fed, recurrence is uncommon. For cats that have never been affected, feeding a low-magnesium ration is unnecessary. For all cats, the following measures are recommended: encourage exercise, allow frequent urination, prevent obesity, decrease confinement, keep the litter box clean, and always have palatable water readily available.}, } @article {pmid6377666, year = {1984}, author = {Lawler, DF and Evans, RH}, title = {Urinary tract disease in cats. Water balance studies, urolith and crystal analyses, and necropsy findings.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {537-553}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50060-6}, pmid = {6377666}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*pathology/physiopathology ; Cats ; Kidney/pathology ; Minerals/analysis ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Calculi/pathology/physiopathology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; *Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, } @article {pmid6377665, year = {1984}, author = {Lewis, LD and Morris, ML}, title = {Diet as a causative factor of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {513-527}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50058-8}, pmid = {6377665}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium, Dietary/adverse effects ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Diet/*adverse effects ; Feeding Behavior ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney Concentrating Ability ; Magnesium/adverse effects ; Phosphorus/adverse effects ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/urine/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6377662, year = {1984}, author = {Osborne, CA and Kruger, JM}, title = {Initiation and growth of uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {439-454}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50052-7}, pmid = {6377662}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*physiopathology/urine ; Cats ; Crystallization ; Minerals/urine ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6698875, year = {1984}, author = {Taton, GF and Hamar, DW and Lewis, LD}, title = {Urinary acidification in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {184}, number = {4}, pages = {437-443}, pmid = {6698875}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/*therapeutic use ; Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; Struvite ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine ; }, abstract = {Two groups of 12 cats were fed ad libitum an experimental dry expanded ration high in magnesium (0.37%, dry matter basis) and similar to most commercial dry cat foods in all other nutrients. The diet of one of the groups contained 1.5% ammonium chloride, which was added to the diet before processing. Urethral obstruction developed twice in 7 of the 12 cats fed the ration without ammonium chloride. Of the 5 remaining cats in that group, 2 had calculi in the urinary bladder and urethra at necropsy. In contrast, only 2 of the 12 cats fed the ration containing ammonium chloride had urethral blockage once; neither cat had another blockage. Both cats had been catheterized twice as paired controls before urethral obstruction. One of these 2 cats died from a urinary tract infection apparently introduced through the indwelling catheter, and at necropsy there were 2 small calculi in the urethra. At the end of the study, only 1 other cat fed the ammonium chloride diet had a calculus in the urinary bladder at necropsy; this cat had not had a urethral obstruction throughout the study. After each cat had 2 urethral blockages, its diet was changed. Four cats were fed the ration containing ammonium chloride and 3, a dry, commercial ration. Of the 4 cats fed the diet containing ammonium chloride, none developed another urethral obstruction within 6 months, and at necropsy, no calculi were in the urinary bladder or urethra. Two of the 3 cats fed the commercial ration experienced urethral blockage within 3 months. These 2 cats were then fed the diet containing ammonium chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid6698874, year = {1984}, author = {Taton, GF and Hamar, DW and Lewis, LD}, title = {Evaluation of ammonium chloride as a urinary acidifier in the cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {184}, number = {4}, pages = {433-436}, pmid = {6698874}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Ammonium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Diet ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/metabolism ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urine/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Twenty-four cats were fed a dry commercial cat food once daily for 2 weeks and then ad libitum for 2 weeks. Urine pH was measured 4 times daily the last 3 days of each feeding period. Subsequently, the cats were allotted to 2 equal groups and fed ad libitum an experimental, dry ration with or without 1.5% ammonium chloride for 11 months. During this period, urine pH was measured at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks, then monthly through 29 weeks, and then every 6 weeks for the duration of the study. When the cats were fed ad libitum, urine pH remained constant throughout the day, regardless of ration. In cats fed once daily, urine pH increased to 7.6 by 2 hours after feeding and remained between 6.6 and 7.6 for 9 hours. Urine pH remained constant throughout the study when cats were fed the experimental ration with or without 1.5% ammonium chloride, but was significantly different (P less than 0.01) between the 2 groups, 5.9 +/- 0.3 (n = 1,035) and 7.0 +/- 0.5 (n = 616), respectively. Ammonium chloride consumption had no effect on food and water consumption or body weight. It was concluded that ammonium chloride was an effective urinary acidifier for a prolonged time, maintained urine pH below 6.6, and did not decrease food intake when given at a concentration of 1.5% of the diet.}, } @article {pmid6724825, year = {1984}, author = {Nagy, Z and Frang, D and Jávor, A and Götz, F and Szatmári, J and Vizi, L and Kovács, G}, title = {Pyelolithotomy by the use of a hydrophilous macromolecular binding material ("pyeloform" pyelotomy).}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {17-22}, pmid = {6724825}, issn = {0301-1623}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Macromolecular Substances ; Methods ; Polymers/*therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {The use of a synthetic macromolecular hydrophilous binding material for the extraction of multiple renal calculi (" Pyeloform " pyelotomy) is reported. An account of the results of animal studies in vitro is given and the possibilities of the method in are pointed out.}, } @article {pmid6373150, year = {1984}, author = {Rosenstein, IJ and Hamilton-Miller, JM}, title = {Inhibitors of urease as chemotherapeutic agents.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.3109/10408418409105901}, pmid = {6373150}, issn = {1040-841X}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*enzymology ; Cattle ; Dogs ; Hepatic Encephalopathy/drug therapy/etiology ; Humans ; Hydroxamic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Kinetics ; Pyelonephritis/drug therapy/etiology ; Rats ; Recurrence ; Urease/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy/etiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/*drug therapy/etiology ; }, } @article {pmid6372227, year = {1984}, author = {Stone, EA}, title = {Surgical therapy for urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {77-92}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(84)50006-0}, pmid = {6372227}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Emergencies ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Male ; Methods ; Postoperative Care ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urethral Obstruction/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6649222, year = {1983}, author = {Hunter, PT and Hawkins, IF and Finlayson, B and Nanni, G and Senior, D}, title = {Hawkins-Hunter retrograde transcutaneous nephrostomy: a new technique.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {583-587}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(83)90300-x}, pmid = {6649222}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Catheterization/*methods ; Cystoscopy ; Dogs ; Female ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ureter/surgery ; }, abstract = {Retrograde nephrostomy, a new technique to aid in stone management, has been performed successfully in dogs. It has also been used without complication in a human patient to help remove a renal stone percutaneously under local anesthesia. The technique consists of placing a coaxial catheter over a guidewire under fluoroscopy into the exact calyx desired and advancing a long needle out to the skin to establish a transcutaneous tract. The advantages of the technique include increased control and precision of tract placement, efficient working angles for percutaneous stone removal, and the ability to perform the procedure under local anesthesia.}, } @article {pmid6632117, year = {1983}, author = {Algood, CB and Sood, N and Fairchild, T and Mayo, ME}, title = {Experimental study of ureteral calculus disease: effects of calculus size, obstruction and hydration.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {130}, number = {5}, pages = {999-1004}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)51616-x}, pmid = {6632117}, issn = {0022-5347}, support = {2 RO1 AM20671-03A1/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Kidney Pelvis/physiopathology ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology ; Pressure ; Time Factors ; Ureter/physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/etiology/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology ; Urination ; }, abstract = {A chronic canine model was developed to study the immediate mechanical effects of ureteral calculi. Totally implanted nephrostomy tubes were used to measure renal pelvic pressure and optical sensors recorded ureteral activity. Surrogate calculi were inserted in a retrograde fashion via a trigonal vesicostomy. Complete obstruction was more common with larger calculi and these all passed spontaneously, by which time ureteral activity had ceased. Reduction in urine output delayed the rise in renal pressure and thus prolonged the time the calculus was retained in the ureter. If large calculi, which normally obstruct, had holes drilled in them to allow free urine flow they remained in the ureter for at least 2 hours and had to be extracted. Therefore, in the first few hours increased proximal hydrostatic pressure was the most important factor responsible for the spontaneous passage of obstructing calculi.}, } @article {pmid6655665, year = {1983}, author = {Odendaal, JS}, title = {Unusually articulated vesical calculi: a "prehistoric articulation"?.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {213}, pmid = {6655665}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6345496, year = {1983}, author = {Morshead, D}, title = {Submucosal urethral calculus secondary to foxtail awn migration in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {182}, number = {11}, pages = {1247-1248}, pmid = {6345496}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Foreign Bodies/*veterinary ; Foreign-Body Migration/complications/*veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6836829, year = {1983}, author = {Hunter, PT and Finlayson, B and Demler, JW and Hawkins, IF and Nanni, GS}, title = {New monofilament basket for bladder calculi.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {388-389}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(83)90159-0}, pmid = {6836829}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; Urology/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {Successful stone manipulation was facilitated with the new monofilament basket in experimental situations and in patients. Advantages over other baskets include: in vivo adjustability, reduced mucosal trauma, ability to irrigate and aspirate through the basket, and ability to pass lithotriptor electrodes within the basket. Basket modifications under study might prove useful within the ureter, renal pelvis, and biliary tree.}, } @article {pmid6632440, year = {1983}, author = {Watanabe, K}, title = {[Application of microexplosion to medicine and biology. 7. Extents of bladder injuries caused by microexplosion].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {299-310}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.74.3_299}, pmid = {6632440}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Blast Injuries/pathology ; Dogs ; Explosions ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lead/analysis ; Methods ; Urinary Bladder/analysis/*pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid6868214, year = {1983}, author = {Harzmann, R and Schubert, GE and Gericke, D and Altenähr, E and Bichler, KH}, title = {Morphology of the urinary bladder following long-term experimental irritation of the urothelium.}, journal = {Urologia internationalis}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {166-172}, doi = {10.1159/000280883}, pmid = {6868214}, issn = {0042-1138}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Epithelium/pathology ; Female ; Foreign Bodies/complications ; Kidney/pathology ; Precancerous Conditions/etiology/*pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*complications ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology/*pathology ; }, abstract = {10 female beagle whelps received an artificial urinary calculus (1.5 ml of a rapidly polymerizing methyl-methacrylate) by means of a transurethral procedure. The X-ray, cytological, endoscopic and bioptic findings were followed in a long-term experiment. After a period of 61 months, precancerous urothelial changes (n = 1) and invasive urothelial microcarcinomas were found (n = 2). Typical changes from earlier controls were pseudopapillary follicular cystites. Chronic irritation of the urothelium is shown to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder carcinoma. Decisive is the length of the period of irritation rather than the actual material used in making the pellet.}, } @article {pmid6827683, year = {1983}, author = {Watanabe, H and Watanabe, K and Shiino, K and Oinuma, S}, title = {Micro-explosion cystolithotripsy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {23-28}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)51899-6}, pmid = {6827683}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Azides ; Cystoscopy ; Dogs ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Explosions ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lead ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Swine ; Urinary Bladder/injuries ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, abstract = {According to the newly established method of micro-explosion lithotripsy, a cystolithotriptor with an explosive catheter, the tip of which was charged with 5 mg. lead azide explosives, was developed. In 3 clinical cases bladder stones from 32 to 65 mm. in diameter were crushed successfully into several fragments by 1 to 8 explosions using the cystolithotriptor. The fragments then were smashed into grains with Young's cystoscope and washed out by aspiration. This success may prove the usefulness of micro-explosion lithotripsy, which also may be introduced for the treatment of calculi in other organs in the future.}, } @article {pmid6822460, year = {1983}, author = {Osborne, CA and Abdullahi, S and Klausner, JS and Johnston, GR and Polzin, DJ}, title = {Nonsurgical removal of uroliths from the urethra of female dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {182}, number = {1}, pages = {47-50}, pmid = {6822460}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Catheterization/methods/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Urethral Obstruction/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7150907, year = {1982}, author = {Graves, FT}, title = {An experimental study of the anatomy of the tubules of the human kidney and its relation to calculus formation.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {569-574}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1982.tb13598.x}, pmid = {7150907}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallization ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/pathology ; Kidney Calices/pathology ; Kidney Tubules/*pathology ; Kidney Tubules, Distal/pathology ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Radiography ; Resins, Synthetic ; }, abstract = {During a period of 28 years 6 clinical observations concerning humans and a dog indicated that micro-calculi can form and acquire laminated growth at the base of the papillae in the renal medulla. In the subsequent research, plastic casts were made of the distal tubules of human post mortem kidneys. Study of these showed that acute angle and Z-bends were more prevalent at the bases of the papillae in the lower calices. Macro-photographs revealed that kinks in the wall of the tubule can reduce the lumen at these points. The combined evidence suggests that crystals and cellular debris may become impacted at these sites and form the nucleus of a stone.}, } @article {pmid7175910, year = {1982}, author = {Briggs, OM and Rodgers, AL and Harley, EH}, title = {Uric acid urolithiasis in a Dalmatian coach hound.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {205-208}, pmid = {7175910}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism/therapy ; Dogs ; Male ; Ureteral Calculi/metabolism/therapy/*veterinary ; Uric Acid/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid6757436, year = {1982}, author = {Briggs, OM and Sperling, O}, title = {Uric acid metabolism in the Dalmatian coach hound.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {201-204}, pmid = {6757436}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Uric Acid/*metabolism/urine ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid6810985, year = {1982}, author = {Hall, RR}, title = {Report to the standing committee on urological instruments: lasers in urology.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, pages = {421-426}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1982.tb08958.x}, pmid = {6810985}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Argon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Dogs ; Endoscopy ; Hemorrhage/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Laser Therapy ; Neodymium ; Nephrectomy ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/surgery ; Urologic Diseases/*surgery ; Wound Healing ; }, } @article {pmid7118704, year = {1982}, author = {Martel, AF}, title = {What is your diagnosis?.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {181}, number = {2}, pages = {177-178}, pmid = {7118704}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Fecal Impaction/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Female ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7115280, year = {1982}, author = {Gutbrod, F}, title = {[Double contrasting of the bladder in dogs and cats].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {95}, number = {12}, pages = {229-231}, pmid = {7115280}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Radiography ; *Technology, Radiologic ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7086985, year = {1982}, author = {Thüroff, JW and Frohneberg, D and Riedmiller, R and Alken, P and Hutschenreiter, G and Thüroff, S and Hohenfellner, R}, title = {Localization of segmental arteries in renal surgery by Doppler sonography.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {127}, number = {5}, pages = {863-866}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54110-5}, pmid = {7086985}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Male ; Nephrectomy/*methods ; Renal Artery/*anatomy & histology ; *Ultrasonography ; }, abstract = {To avoid damage to major arteries of the renal parenchyma during nephrotomy, intraoperative Doppler sonography was used experimentally and clinical as an artery finder. In experiments with 7 beagles segmental arteries were detected easily and reliably by sonography, and the arterial course thus indicated correlated perfectly with arteriograms and casts. In a clinical trial the Doppler artery finder was used in 7 patients with staghorn calculi that were removed via the renal pelvis and additional multiple selective nephrotomies with as many as 7 selective nephrotomies in a single kidney there was no damage to the major arteries in any of these patients. Selective, avascular nephrotomy with the aid of the simple, quick and reliable technique of Doppler sonography promises improved functional results of transparenchymal stone manipulation.}, } @article {pmid6801274, year = {1982}, author = {Pence, JR and Airhart, RA and Novicki, DE and Williams, JL and Ehler, WJ}, title = {Pulmonary emboli associated with coagulum pyelolithotomy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {127}, number = {3}, pages = {572-573}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53914-2}, pmid = {6801274}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Factor VIII/administration & dosage ; *Fibrinogen/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Kidney Pelvis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/*etiology ; Pulmonary Embolism/*etiology ; Thrombin/administration & dosage ; }, abstract = {Coagulum pyelolithotomy has become a popular means to extract renal calculi in selected circumstances. Serious complications with this procedure have not been previously reported. A case report of an operative death due to a pulmonary embolus is presented, because of which we designed a canine laboratory study to determine the relationship between coagulum injection into the renal pelvis and thrombo-embolic phenomena. Positive lung scans were detected in a large number of animals related to the volume of the coagulum used and the concentration of the thrombin injected. Judicious use of this procedure with suggested cautions is proposed.}, } @article {pmid7038144, year = {1982}, author = {Millner, OE and Andersen, JA and Appler, ME and Benjamin, CE and Edwards, JG and Humphrey, DT and Shearer, EM}, title = {Flurofamide: a potent inhibitor of bacterial urease with potential clinical utility in the treatment of infection induced urinary stones.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, pages = {346-350}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53779-9}, pmid = {7038144}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Benzamides/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Male ; Proteus Infections/complications ; Proteus mirabilis/enzymology ; Proteus vulgaris/enzymology ; Rats ; Urease/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy/etiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/*complications ; }, } @article {pmid6810046, year = {1982}, author = {Barzilay, B and Lijovetzky, G and Shapiro, A and Caine, M}, title = {The clinical use of CO2 laser beam in the surgery of kidney parenchyma.}, journal = {Lasers in surgery and medicine}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {81-87}, doi = {10.1002/lsm.1900020110}, pmid = {6810046}, issn = {0196-8092}, mesh = {Adult ; Carbon Dioxide ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; *Laser Therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy/*methods ; Pyelonephritis/surgery ; }, abstract = {Encouraged by the experimental work done on 40 kidneys in 20 dogs using the CO2 laser beam for partial nephrectomies, we decided to use the laser in four patients. Three of them underwent lower partial nephrectomy, and the fourth underwent bivalving of kidney through the anatrophic line. The use of this new instrument was very helpful in reducing blood loss, shortening the time of hemostasis, and minimizing parenchymal damage. Case No. 1 is the first published case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis that underwent partial nephrectomy with success.}, } @article {pmid6915676, year = {1981}, author = {Gotthelf, LN}, title = {Persistent urinary tract infection and urolithiasis in a cat with a urachal diverticulum.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, pages = {1745-1747}, pmid = {6915676}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/complications/*congenital ; Cats ; Female ; Urachus/*surgery ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7306779, year = {1981}, author = {Skerritt, GC and Imhoff, RK}, title = {A preliminary study of the possible application of gastrocystoplasty in selected cases of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The British veterinary journal}, volume = {137}, number = {5}, pages = {501-506}, doi = {10.1016/s0007-1935(17)31588-9}, pmid = {7306779}, issn = {0007-1935}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Gastric Mucosa/*transplantation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Methods ; Urinary Bladder/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7277609, year = {1981}, author = {Carmignani, G and Belgrano, E and Puppo, P and Quattrini, S and Giuliani, L}, title = {Massive postoperative bleeding in a solitary kidney successfully treated by salvage clot embolization.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, pages = {400-402}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54543-7}, pmid = {7277609}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Embolization, Therapeutic/*methods ; Female ; Hemorrhage/etiology/*therapy ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/prevention & control/*surgery ; Kidney Diseases/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*therapy ; Postoperative Complications/*therapy ; Radiography ; Rats ; Renal Artery ; }, } @article {pmid6269267, year = {1981}, author = {Watson, RA and Ettinger, B and Deshon, GE and Agee, RE and Oldroyd, NO}, title = {Triamterene stone: advantage of crystallographic analysis.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {238-240}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(81)90352-6}, pmid = {6269267}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Contrast Media/adverse effects/analysis ; Crystallography ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Silicic Acid/adverse effects/analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/adverse effects/analysis ; Triamterene/adverse effects/*analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Microscopic crystallographic analysis of renal calculi provides clinically useful information concerning the pathogenesis of stone disease and is, therefore, superior to conventional chemical analysis of stones. The advantages of crystallography, performed at a centralized, experienced stone-analysis center, are highlighted by the recent discovery of triamterene deposits in kidney stones. Deposits of other medications and their metabolites have also been uncovered. Two case reports are presented, the clinical implications of these and related findings are discussed.}, } @article {pmid7287547, year = {1981}, author = {Osborne, CA and Klausner, JS and Krawiec, DR and Griffith, DP}, title = {Canine struvite urolithiasis: problems and their dissolution.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, pages = {239-244}, pmid = {7287547}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/etiology/therapy ; Dogs ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; Recurrence ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) uroliths are found more frequently in the urinary tracts, of dogs than are other types of uroliths. Infection of the urinary tract with urease-producing bacteria, especially staphylococci, plays an important role in urolith formation. An inherited predisposition to urinary tract infection may be associated with the high rat of occurrence of struvite uroliths in some dogs. Diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis should encompass analysis of the mineral composition of calculi and identification of concomitant urinary tract infection. Since urinary tract infections occur as sequelae to abnormalities in local or systemic host-defense mechanisms, appropriate effort should be directed toward detection of these abnormalities. Therapy of struvite urolithiasis should encompass relief of obstruction to outflow when necessary, elimination of existing calculi, eradication or control of urinary tract infection, and prevention of recurrence. Although surgical removal remains as the preferred method to eliminate struvite uroliths from dogs, nonsurgical methods of urolith dissolution should be considered. Recurrence of struvite uroliths may be prevented by various combinations of antimicrobial therapy, administration of urease inhibitors, acidification of urine, and induction of diuresis.}, } @article {pmid7277376, year = {1981}, author = {Rubinstein, R and Harley, EH and Rousseau, JW}, title = {Ammonium acid urate calculi in a cross-bred yorkshire terrier.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {147-149}, pmid = {7277376}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism/pathology/*veterinary ; Male ; Uric Acid/analysis ; }, abstract = {The history, clinical signs and pathological findings are described in a cross-bred Yorkshire Terrier which developed renal failure subsequent to the development of renal calculi. These calculi were found to consist of ammonium urate, a rare form of calculi in non-Dalmatian dogs.}, } @article {pmid7277374, year = {1981}, author = {Rodgers, AL and Mezzabotta, M and Mulder, KJ and Nassimbeni, LR}, title = {Application of several physical techniques in the total analysis of a canine urinary calculus.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {139-142}, pmid = {7277374}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Densitometry ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Female ; Hydroxyapatites/analysis ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates/analysis ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, abstract = {A single calculus from the bladder of a Beagle bitch has been analyzed by a multiple technique approach employing x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and density gradient fractionation. The qualitative and quantitative data obtained showed excellent agreement, lending confidence to such an approach for the evaluation and understanding of stone disease.}, } @article {pmid6796233, year = {1981}, author = {Xu, MC}, title = {[Experimental study and clinical application of micro-explosion in treating bladder stone (author's transl)].}, journal = {Zhonghua yi xue za zhi}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, pages = {341-344}, pmid = {6796233}, issn = {0376-2491}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; *Explosions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid7196904, year = {1981}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA and Clinton, CW and Stevens, JB and Griffith, DP}, title = {Mineral composition of urinary calculi from miniature schnauzer dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {178}, number = {10}, pages = {1082-1083}, pmid = {7196904}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Minerals/*analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Struvite ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The mineral composition of 150 calculi from the urinary tracts of Miniature Schnauzer dogs was determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. Struvite was the predominant mineral in 92% of the calculi. Other calculi contained predominantly apatite, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate, or silica. Most calculi were from the urinary bladder or urethra, or both. Four were from the renal pelves. Struvite calculi were more frequently encountered in females than males. The mean age of the dogs at the time of detection of calculi was 4.8 years. Qualitative analysis failed to detect some minerals that were identified by quantitative analysis.}, } @article {pmid7275778, year = {1981}, author = {Kirby, R and Crane, S and Schaer, M}, title = {Dissolution of a nephrolith in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {178}, number = {8}, pages = {827-828}, pmid = {7275778}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Diuresis ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6268585, year = {1981}, author = {Osborne, CA and Hammer, RF and Klausner, JS}, title = {Canine Silica Urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {178}, number = {8}, pages = {809-813}, pmid = {6268585}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Silica "jack-stone" uroliths developed in the urinary bladder and urethra of 83 dogs living in the United States. Naturally occurring silica jack stones have not been encountered prior to 1976. German Shepherd Dogs comprised more than 1/3 of affected animals; the remainder encompassed 26 other breeds. In this series, 81 were males and 2 were females. The mean age of the dogs was 5.8 years, with a range of 1.5 to 12 years. Several observations prompt the hypothesis that development of silica uroliths may be related to diet. Although most silica uroliths had a characteristic jack-stone appearance, not all silica uroliths had a jack-stone configuration and not all jack stones were composed of silica. Some calculi were comprised of a combination of silica and struvite. Silica uroliths were radiodense, compared with adjacent tissue, but were not associated with identifiable crystals in urine. The urine pH of affected dogs varied from acid to alkaline. Silica urolithiasis recurred in 5 dogs following surgery. Urinary tract infections, when they occurred, appeared to be a sequela of silica urolithiasis. Pending further studies, management of silica uroliths should include their removal from the urinary tract and eradication of associated urinary tract infections. Prophylactic measures should include attempts to augment urine volume and change of diet.}, } @article {pmid6908769, year = {1981}, author = {Ledford, LM}, title = {Urolithiasis in an 11-week-old kitten.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, pages = {516}, pmid = {6908769}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7011042, year = {1981}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA and Griffith, DP}, title = {Canine struvite urolithiasis.}, journal = {The American journal of pathology}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {457-458}, pmid = {7011042}, issn = {0002-9440}, support = {RR-00301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Susceptibility ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/complications/metabolism/*veterinary ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; Proteus Infections/veterinary ; Proteus mirabilis ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Radiography ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ; Struvite ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/metabolism/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6908757, year = {1981}, author = {Gotthelf, LN}, title = {Three concurrent urinary diseases in a cat: urinary obstruction, hypoplasia of the kidney, and nephritis caused by feline infectious peritonitis.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {217-219}, pmid = {6908757}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/surgery ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney/abnormalities ; Nephritis/etiology/*veterinary ; Peritonitis/complications/microbiology/*veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7204234, year = {1981}, author = {Marretta, SM and Pask, AJ and Greene, RW and Liu, S}, title = {Urinary calculi associated with portosystemic shunts in six dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, pages = {133-137}, pmid = {7204234}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Ammonia/blood ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Portal Vein/*abnormalities ; Radiography ; Uric Acid/blood ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Portosystemic shunts were diagnosed in 6 dogs with urinary calculi and signs of neurologic disease. Five of the dogs were initially examined because of neurologic signs, and 1 was seen because of urinary tract problems. The composition of the calculi was variable, but in all 13 episodes of calculi formation, the calculi contained an ammonium or uric acid component. One dog is being controlled under medical management; 4 of the dogs died, and 1 was euthanatized. The interpretation of pathogenesis was that decreased delivery of blood to the liver due to shunting or decreased liver function can potentially result in high blood concentrations of ammonia and uric acid, both of which are metabolic end products cleared by the kidneys; thus, the urinary tract would be an excellent environment for the precipitation of their salts.}, } @article {pmid7336245, year = {1981}, author = {Taubekova, TK}, title = {[Surgical treatment of patients with ureteral calculi].}, journal = {Sovetskaia meditsina}, volume = {}, number = {11}, pages = {54-58}, pmid = {7336245}, issn = {0038-5077}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dogs ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pyelonephritis/complications ; Ureter/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/*surgery ; Urodynamics ; }, } @article {pmid7013321, year = {1981}, author = {Sokratov, NV and Skipetrov, VP}, title = {[Kidneys as an effector in the regulation of blood clotting].}, journal = {Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {80-96}, pmid = {7013321}, issn = {0301-1798}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blood Coagulation ; Blood Coagulation Factors/biosynthesis ; Cats ; Dogs ; Female ; Fibrinolysis ; Glomerulonephritis/metabolism ; Heparin/metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney/*physiology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Plasminogen Activators/analysis ; Pregnancy ; Pyelonephritis/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology ; Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/analysis ; }, } @article {pmid6942803, year = {1981}, author = {Adam, WR}, title = {Significance, mechanisms and control of renal ammoniagenesis.}, journal = {Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {6-10}, pmid = {6942803}, issn = {0004-8291}, mesh = {*Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acidosis/metabolism ; Ammonia/*metabolism ; Animals ; Dogs ; Glutaminase/metabolism ; Glutamine/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kidney/*physiology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Potassium Deficiency/metabolism ; Rats ; Uric Acid/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ammonia is quantitatively the major buffer for hydrogen ion in the urine. Further, the excretion of ammonia can be varied by acid base status and is therefore of homeostatic importance. Acid base status exerts its effect on ammonia excretion both directly and also via an effect on renal ammonia production from glutamine. The mechanism of the effect of acid base status on glutamine deamidation and deamination is uncertain. Apart from its homeostatic role in health and disease alterations in renal ammonia production may assume pathological importance in potassium depletion and uric acid urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid6262014, year = {1981}, author = {Fabricant, CG}, title = {Serological responses to the cell associated herpesvirus and the manx calicivirus of SPF male cats with herpesvirus-induced urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Cornell veterinarian}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {59-68}, pmid = {6262014}, issn = {0010-8901}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*analysis ; Caliciviridae/*immunology ; Cat Diseases/*immunology ; Cats ; *Germ-Free Life ; Herpesviridae/*immunology ; Herpesviridae Infections/immunology/veterinary ; Male ; Neutralization Tests ; *Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urinary Calculi/immunology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The feline cell associated herpesvirus (CAHV), but not the Manx calicivirus, was previously reported to induce urolithiasis in specific pathogen free (SPF) cats. Serum neutralization (SN) antibody studies, reported here, revealed that the experimental SPF cats did not have SN antibodies either against the CAHV or the Manx calicivirus in preinoculation serum samples. However, all cats inoculated with the CAHV (either alone or in combination with the Manx virus) developed SN antibodies against the herpesvirus. SN antibodies against the CAHV were detected 21 days post inoculation (PI) in 7 cats, 41 days PI in 4 cats, and 89 days PI in 1 cat. Cats inoculated with the Manx calicivirus alone, or in combination with the CAHV developed SN antibodies against the calicivirus in 7 to 21 days PI with that virus.}, } @article {pmid6108446, year = {1980}, author = {Chaussy, C and Brendel, W and Schmiedt, E}, title = {Extracorporeally induced destruction of kidney stones by shock waves.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {2}, number = {8207}, pages = {1265-1268}, doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92335-1}, pmid = {6108446}, issn = {0140-6736}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Colic/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/*therapy ; Kidney Pelvis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physical Stimulation/adverse effects/*instrumentation ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/therapy ; Ureteral Diseases/etiology ; }, abstract = {High-energy shock waves were used to disintegrate kidney stones in dogs and man. In 96% of 60 dogs with surgically implanted renal pelvic stones, the fragments were discharged in the urine. The same effect was achieved in 20 out of 21 patients with renal pelvic stones. In the twenty-first patient, a staghorn calculus was broken up to facilitate surgical removal. 2 patients with upper ureteric stones also received shock waves, but their stones had to be removed surgically; in 1 of these the stone had been embedded in the ureteric wall by connective tissue. The procedure can in many cases be done under epidural instead of general anaesthesia. Side-effects consisted of slight haematuria and, occasionally, of easily treatable ureteric colic. They were probably due to passage of fragments down the ureter. Disintergration of kidney stones by shock waves seems to be a promising form of treatment that reduces the need for surgery.}, } @article {pmid7459561, year = {1980}, author = {Fitzpatrick, JM and Sleight, MW and Braack, A and Marberger, M and Wickham, JE}, title = {Intrarenal access: effects on renal function and morphology.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, pages = {409-414}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb03078.x}, pmid = {7459561}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Creatinine/urine ; Dogs ; Inulin/urine ; Kidney/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Methods ; Postoperative Period ; p-Aminohippuric Acid/urine ; }, abstract = {This study describes the effect of the 4 most commonly used methods of intrarenal access on renal function and morphology in the dog at 48 h. The extended sinus approach was associated with no functional or parenchymal loss; the radial paravascular approach was followed by a 20% decrease in function and no significant parenchymal loss; the anatrophic intersegmental nephrotomy caused a 30% functional decrease with a significant parenchymal loss; the bivalve nephrotomy was associated with a 50% loss of function and considerable parenchymal loss and distortion.}, } @article {pmid6996303, year = {1980}, author = {Ling, GV}, title = {Treatment of urinary tract infections.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {795-804}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(79)50088-6}, pmid = {6996303}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Ampicillin/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; Penicillin G/therapeutic use ; Penicillin Resistance ; Proteus Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; Recurrence ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/veterinary ; Trimethoprim/therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/complications/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6996297, year = {1980}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA}, title = {Urinary tract infection and urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {701-711}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(79)50082-5}, pmid = {6996297}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/drug therapy/surgery ; Dogs ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Urinary Calculi/complications/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6250272, year = {1980}, author = {Fabricant, CG}, title = {Viruses associated with diseases of the urinary tract.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {631-644}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(79)50078-3}, pmid = {6250272}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae/isolation & purification ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Herpesviridae/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Humans ; Male ; RNA Viruses/isolation & purification ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urethral Obstruction/microbiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*microbiology/*veterinary ; Virus Diseases/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7276269, year = {1980}, author = {Stoichev, II}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs from villages in Bulgaria.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, pages = {619-623}, doi = {10.1016/0021-9975(80)90110-3}, pmid = {7276269}, issn = {0021-9975}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Bulgaria ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Ureteral Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7410023, year = {1980}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA and O'Leary, TP and Muscoplat, CM and Griffith, DP}, title = {Experimental induction of struvite uroliths in miniature schnauzer and beagle dogs.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {127-132}, pmid = {7410023}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; *Magnesium ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; *Phosphates ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Staphylococcal Infections/complications/*veterinary ; Struvite ; Urethral Diseases/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urease positive staphylococcal urinary tract infection was experimentally induced in 13 dogs. Eight dogs developed cystic and/or urethral struvite calculi in 2 to 8 weeks. No abnormalities in systemic cell mediated immunity were detected in dogs before or after the establishment of the urinary tract infection. Miniature schnauzers whose ancestors had developed stones seemed to be no more susceptible to experimental urinary tract infection and stone formation than miniature schnauzers or beagles whose ancestors did not develop stones.}, } @article {pmid7441117, year = {1980}, author = {Cheng, L}, title = {Urinary tract calculi in man and laboratory animals: incidence, composition, and etiology.}, journal = {Journal of environmental pathology and toxicology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {317-349}, pmid = {7441117}, issn = {0146-4779}, mesh = {Animals ; Asia ; Diet ; Dogs ; Europe ; Humans ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism ; Mice ; Minerals/analysis ; Rats ; Species Specificity ; United States ; Urinary Calculi/*epidemiology/etiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Calculi in the urinary tract is a disease which afflicts not only man, but also experimental animals. The incidence of human stone disease varies widely according to the geographical area. With the advent of sophisticated physicochemical techniques, the elucidation of structure and the quantification of mineral components of urinary calculi have been greatly facilitated. In addition to calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, more than ten other minerals and a large number of trace elements have been identified to date. Matrix material consists of such macro-molecules as proteins and mucopolysaccharides. The etiology of urinary calculi is varied; diet, drugs, chemicals, bladder implants, infections, metabolic derangements, and environmental influences are some of the factors that can contribute to the pathogenesis of stones. The literature findings reflect the complexity of urolithiasis as a clinicopathological problem.}, } @article {pmid6999199, year = {1980}, author = {Iguchi, M}, title = {[Studies of the operative procedure for nephrolithotomy. Part 2. Improvement in the operative procedure for the suture after nephrotomy (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, pages = {753-766}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.71.7_753}, pmid = {6999199}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Suture Techniques ; }, } @article {pmid6999198, year = {1980}, author = {Iguchi, M}, title = {[Studies of the operative procedure for nephrolithotomy. Part 1. Vertical interrupted parenchymal suture (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, pages = {741-752}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.71.7_741}, pmid = {6999198}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/blood supply/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Microcirculation ; Postoperative Period ; *Suture Techniques ; }, } @article {pmid7406290, year = {1980}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA and O'Leary, TP and Gebhart, RN and Griffith, DP}, title = {Struvite urolithiasis in a litter of miniature Schnauzer dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {712-719}, pmid = {7406290}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Coagulase ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/microbiology/*pathology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; *Magnesium ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; *Phosphates ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Radiography ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/pathology/veterinary ; Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Struvite ; Urease ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/pathology/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/microbiology/pathology/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/pathology/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi developed in the urinary bladders and urethras of four of five offspring of Miniature Schnauzer parents with recurrent struvite urolithiasis. Calculi were detected by radiograhy when the dogs were 12 to 15 months old. Males and females were affected. A significant number of urease-producing staphylococci were identified in the urine of three of four dogs before urolith formation, and in one dog after urolith formation. The dogs were evaluated until they were 26 months old. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were inside usual limits throughout the study. Abnormalities that might predispose to urinary tract infection were not identified by radiography or necropsy studies. In one dog, bladder calculi recurred after surgical removal of multiple cystoliths. In another, urethral obstruction and acute generalized pyelonephritis induced a lethal uremic crisis. Gross and microscopic lesions, detected after necropsy of all dogs with uroliths, were typical of bacterial infection.}, } @article {pmid6966278, year = {1980}, author = {Purohit, GS and Pham, D and Raney, AM and Bogaev, JH}, title = {Electrohydraulic ureterolithotripsy. An experimental study.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {462-464}, pmid = {6966278}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Electric Stimulation Therapy/instrumentation/*methods ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy/methods ; Female ; Radiography ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was performed on ureteral calculi of various sizes and composition in 10 female mongrel dogs. Stones were successfully disintegrated in eight dogs with an overall 80 per cent success rate. Short- and long-term effects of the procedure on the ureter and the kidney are discussed.}, } @article {pmid7372540, year = {1980}, author = {Thayer, GW and Carrig, CB and Evans, AT}, title = {Fatal venous air embolism associated with pneumocystography in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {176}, number = {7}, pages = {643-645}, pmid = {7372540}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology ; Cats ; Embolism, Air/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; Male ; Pneumoradiography/adverse effects/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/*diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7434986, year = {1980}, author = {Heine, G}, title = {[Double x-ray technic and double grid method for intraoperative localization of kidney stones].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, pages = {223-228}, pmid = {7434986}, issn = {0044-3611}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Methods ; Radiography ; }, } @article {pmid6900434, year = {1980}, author = {Tucker, HQ and Keating, LK}, title = {Use of a copper intracystic device to treat urinary obstruction in male cats.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {435-436}, pmid = {6900434}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control/surgery ; Cats ; Copper ; Male ; Methods ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/prevention & control/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/prevention & control/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7364636, year = {1980}, author = {Groff, RM and Eib, NE and Warner, TG}, title = {Cystic calculi.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {176}, number = {3}, pages = {243-244}, pmid = {7364636}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid7382221, year = {1980}, author = {Watanabe, K and Watanabe, H and Takahashi, T and Akiyama, K and Kaneko, H and Kondo, K and Uchida, M and Oinuma, S and Shiino, K and Tanaka, I}, title = {[Studies on the application of microexplosion to medicine and biology. V. Development of experimental apparatus for microexplosion and histological change in dog bladder wall by blast in air (author's transl].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {15-19}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.71.1_15}, pmid = {7382221}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {*Air ; Animals ; Dogs ; In Vitro Techniques ; Urinary Bladder/*pathology ; Urinary Calculi/therapy ; }, } @article {pmid7239834, year = {1980}, author = {Frang, D and Götz, G and Nagy, Z and Hübler, J and Tóth, I and Halmágyi, G}, title = {Experimental study of marginal wedge resection and its practical application in the surgical therapy of staghorn calculi.}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {15-22}, pmid = {7239834}, issn = {0301-1623}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/classification/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Male ; Methods ; Radiography ; }, abstract = {A surgical procedure for staghorn calculi, which are inaccessible to conservative therapy, is described. It not only provides for complete elimination of the calculus but may also contribute to the prevention of recurrences. The technique of marginal wedge excision of the renal parenchyma, developed in animal studies, is described in detail and 11 surgical cases are reported. Removal of staghorn calculi was successful all throughout, and renal function remained unaffected by the intervention in all of the cases. Recurrences were confined to a single case. The procedure is safe, it involves no greater surgical strain than does marginal nephrotomy, but its short-term metaphylactic results seem more promising. Assessment of the long-term results awaits further observations.}, } @article {pmid6899618, year = {1980}, author = {Miller, CF}, title = {Urethrorectal fistula with concurrent urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {73-76}, pmid = {6899618}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Fistula/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; Rectal Diseases/complications/*veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4447970, year = {1974}, author = {Prát, V}, title = {[Experimental urinary tract infection and urolithiasis (author's transl)].}, journal = {Casopis lekaru ceskych}, volume = {113}, number = {52}, pages = {1603-1605}, pmid = {4447970}, issn = {0008-7335}, mesh = {Ammonia/metabolism ; Animals ; Cats ; Cattle ; Dogs ; Estrogens/adverse effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Mink/metabolism ; Pyelonephritis/chemically induced ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Sheep/metabolism ; Staphylococcal Infections/complications ; Urea/metabolism ; Urease/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/enzymology/*etiology/metabolism ; Urinary Tract Infections/*complications/enzymology/metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid4611987, year = {1974}, author = {Merkley, DF and Appleford, M and Krahwinkel, DF and Howard, DR}, title = {Recurrence and successful removal of a renal calculus in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {165}, number = {12}, pages = {1071-1073}, pmid = {4611987}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid4450426, year = {1974}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {Letter: Spring rise in the incidence of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {95}, number = {23}, pages = {540}, doi = {10.1136/vr.95.23.540-b}, pmid = {4450426}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Seasons ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4479909, year = {1974}, author = {Kneller, SK}, title = {Role of the excretory urogram in the diagnosis of renal and ureteral disease.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {843-861}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(74)50086-3}, pmid = {4479909}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Hematoma/veterinary ; Hemorrhage/veterinary ; Hydronephrosis/veterinary ; Kidney/abnormalities/diagnostic imaging ; Kidney Calculi/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Kidney Diseases, Cystic/veterinary ; Kidney Neoplasms/veterinary ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/veterinary ; Male ; Pyelonephritis/veterinary ; Ureter/abnormalities/diagnostic imaging/injuries ; Ureteral Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/veterinary ; Urography/methods/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4449204, year = {1974}, author = {Jackson, OF and Colles, CM}, title = {Experimental matrix plug production in male cat urine following a natural case of urolithiasis due to matrix plug.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {701-705}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1974.tb05653.x}, pmid = {4449204}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Male ; Mucus ; Urethral Diseases/urine/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4421614, year = {1974}, author = {Morrow, FA and Kogan, SJ and Freed, SZ and Laufman, H}, title = {In vivo comparison of polyglycolic acid, chromic catgut and silk in tissue of the genitourinary tract: an experimental study of tissue retrieval and calculogenesis.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, pages = {655-658}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59821-3}, pmid = {4421614}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystoscopy ; Dogs ; Edema/etiology ; Female ; Inflammation/etiology ; Kidney/pathology/*surgery ; *Polyglycolic Acid ; *Sutures ; Ureter/*surgery ; Urinary Bladder/pathology/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; Wound Healing ; }, } @article {pmid4216134, year = {1974}, author = {Park, RD}, title = {Radiographic contrast studies of the lower urinary tract.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {863-887}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(74)50087-5}, pmid = {4216134}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Abdominal Injuries/veterinary ; Air ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Contrast Media ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Diatrizoate ; Diverticulum/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Enema/veterinary ; Female ; Granuloma/veterinary ; Male ; Polyps/veterinary ; Rupture ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Ulcer/veterinary ; Urethra/diagnostic imaging ; Urethral Diseases/veterinary ; Urethral Neoplasms/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging/injuries ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; *Urography ; Uterine Diseases/veterinary ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4450374, year = {1974}, author = {Clark, WT}, title = {Staphylococcal infection of the urinary tract and its relation to urolithiasis in dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {95}, number = {10}, pages = {204-206}, doi = {10.1136/vr.95.10.204}, pmid = {4450374}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Recurrence ; Staphylococcal Infections/metabolism/microbiology/*veterinary ; Staphylococcus/enzymology/isolation & purification ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/metabolism/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4854101, year = {1974}, author = {Schellhammer, PF and Koontz, WW}, title = {Renacidin irrigation of the ileal conduit: a study of systemic magnesium absorption.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {92-97}, pmid = {4854101}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Citrates/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Ileum/*metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption/*drug effects ; Kidney Calculi/drug effects/drug therapy/surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/drug effects/metabolism ; Magnesium/blood/*metabolism/urine ; Male ; Perfusion ; Solvents/*pharmacology ; }, } @article {pmid4417963, year = {1974}, author = {Halvorson, HC and Bias, HI and Kaldahl, PE and Albers, DD}, title = {Elevated creatine phosphokinase in patients with ureteral calculi. Cause for unwarranted concern of coronary occlusion.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {254-256}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(74)90371-9}, pmid = {4417963}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Coronary Disease/*enzymology/etiology ; Creatine Kinase/*blood ; Dogs ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ureteral Calculi/blood/complications/*enzymology ; }, } @article {pmid4408323, year = {1974}, author = {Finco, DR and Osborne, CA and Lewis, RE}, title = {Nonneurongenic causes of abnormal micturition in the dog and cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {501-516}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(74)50053-x}, pmid = {4408323}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/congenital/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*etiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/congenital/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy/*etiology ; Dogs ; Estrogens/therapeutic use ; Female ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Male ; Radiography ; Urachus/abnormalities ; Ureter/abnormalities ; Urethra/abnormalities ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Incontinence/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/veterinary ; Urination Disorders/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4449232, year = {1974}, author = {Clark, WT}, title = {The distribution of canine urinary calculi and their recurrence following treatment.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {437-444}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1974.tb06521.x}, pmid = {4449232}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Recurrence ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4855322, year = {1974}, author = {Schneck, GW}, title = {Unusual urethral obstruction in a dog.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {94}, number = {19}, pages = {431}, doi = {10.1136/vr.94.19.431}, pmid = {4855322}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Edible Grain ; Foreign Bodies/*veterinary ; Male ; Seeds ; Urethritis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid4611100, year = {1974}, author = {Schneider, HJ}, title = {[Problems in experimental urology (with special reference to urolithiasis)].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, pages = {393-396}, pmid = {4611100}, issn = {0044-3611}, mesh = {Alanine/adverse effects ; Animals ; Anura ; Dogs ; Female ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypoparathyroidism/complications ; Magnesium Deficiency/complications ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Oxalates/metabolism ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Solvents/therapeutic use ; Ultrasonic Therapy ; *Urinary Calculi/etiology/metabolism/therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4361815, year = {1974}, author = {McCullagh, KG and Ehrhart, LA}, title = {Silica urolithiasis in laboratory dogs fed semisynthetic diets.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {164}, number = {7}, pages = {712-714}, pmid = {4361815}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cellulose/administration & dosage ; Cystitis/chemically induced/veterinary ; Diet ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced/pathology/veterinary ; Male ; *Silicon Dioxide/administration & dosage ; Time Factors ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/chemically induced/pathology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid4838923, year = {1974}, author = {Jonsson, O and Pettersson, S and Sivertsson, R}, title = {Inhibition of ureteral smooth muscle contraction by vibration: a possible aid at transurethral stone extraction.}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {120-127}, doi = {10.3109/00365597409132116}, pmid = {4838923}, issn = {0036-5599}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth ; Ureter ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; Urinary Catheterization ; Vibration/*therapeutic use ; }, } @article {pmid4809517, year = {1974}, author = {Howards, SS and Merrill, E and Harris, S and Cohn, J}, title = {Ultrasonic lithotripsy: laboratory evaluation.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {273-277}, pmid = {4809517}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Methods ; Time Factors ; Ultrasonic Therapy/*adverse effects ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy ; Urinary Calculi/therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4615411, year = {1974}, author = {Krane, RJ and Cho, SI and Klugo, RC and Olsson, CA}, title = {Laboratory and clinical experience with extracorporeal renal surgery.}, journal = {Transactions - American Society for Artificial Internal Organs}, volume = {20 B}, number = {}, pages = {538-543}, pmid = {4615411}, issn = {0066-0078}, mesh = {Adult ; Angiography ; Animals ; Cholesteatoma/surgery ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Diseases/surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/surgery ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; Organ Preservation ; Perfusion ; Replantation ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Ureteral Diseases/surgery ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid4591464, year = {1974}, author = {Schmidtke, D and Schmidtke, HO}, title = {[Urethral calculus and rupture of the bladder in a nine-week-old puppy. Short case report].}, journal = {DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, pages = {22}, pmid = {4591464}, issn = {0341-6593}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Male ; Rupture, Spontaneous/veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4478041, year = {1974}, author = {Hottendorf, GH and Hirth, RS}, title = {Lesions of spontaneous subclinical disease in Beagle dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary pathology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {240-258}, doi = {10.1177/030098587401100306}, pmid = {4478041}, issn = {0300-9858}, mesh = {Animals ; Bronchial Diseases/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Enteritis/veterinary ; Female ; Hyperplasia ; Inflammation ; Kidney Calculi/veterinary ; Kidney Neoplasms/veterinary ; Liver Diseases/veterinary ; Lung Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary ; Male ; Mastitis/veterinary ; Metaplasia ; Nematode Infections/veterinary ; Neoplasms/veterinary ; Nephritis/veterinary ; Parathyroid Diseases/veterinary ; Phlebitis/veterinary ; Pleural Diseases/veterinary ; Pregnancy ; Prostatitis/veterinary ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/veterinary ; Sex Factors ; Wounds and Injuries/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4786126, year = {1973}, author = {Stockman, V}, title = {Treatment of urolithiasis in the male cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {93}, number = {23}, pages = {602-603}, doi = {10.1136/vr.93.23.602}, pmid = {4786126}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Ammonium Sulfate/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/drug therapy/*therapy ; Cats ; Cystitis/drug therapy/therapy/veterinary ; Diet Therapy ; Magnesium/analysis/urine ; Male ; Minerals/urine ; Phosphates/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urination Disorders/drug therapy/therapy/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4765969, year = {1973}, author = {Chow, FH and Hamar, DW and Udall, RH and Hopwood, ML}, title = {Urinary calculi matrices and urine polyelectrolytes.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {144}, number = {3}, pages = {912-916}, doi = {10.3181/00379727-144-37710}, pmid = {4765969}, issn = {0037-9727}, mesh = {Amino Acids/analysis/urine ; Animals ; Cattle ; Chromatography, Gel ; Dogs ; Electrolytes/*urine ; Humans ; Immunoelectrophoresis ; Molecular Weight ; Mucoproteins/urine ; Peptides/urine ; Proteinuria/urine ; Rabbits/immunology ; Rats ; Sheep ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid4798633, year = {1973}, author = {Kondo, K}, title = {[Clinical and experimental studies on the continuous pelvic irrigation method using normal saline containing antibiotics; with special references to the application of this method to the kidney after nephrolithotomy in cases of staghorn calculi (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, pages = {879-897}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.64.11_879}, pmid = {4798633}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Isotonic Solutions ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; *Kidney Pelvis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Nephrectomy ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control ; Sodium Chloride ; *Therapeutic Irrigation ; }, } @article {pmid4799676, year = {1973}, author = {Dufour, B}, title = {[Obstructions of the lumbo-iliac ureter excluding ureteral tumors].}, journal = {Journal d'urologie et de nephrologie}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, pages = {1-238}, pmid = {4799676}, issn = {0021-8200}, mesh = {Abdominal Injuries/complications ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/complications ; Humans ; Intestines/transplantation ; Lumbosacral Region ; Nephrectomy ; Radiography ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Tuberculosis, Renal/complications ; Ureteral Calculi/complications ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis/*diagnostic imaging/etiology/surgery/therapy ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Urinary Diversion ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications ; Urogenital Neoplasms/complications ; Vascular Diseases/complications ; }, } @article {pmid4760377, year = {1973}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {A springtime rise in the incidence of urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {93}, number = {12}, pages = {337}, doi = {10.1136/vr.93.12.337}, pmid = {4760377}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Seasons ; Urethral Diseases/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4352777, year = {1973}, author = {Fabricant, CG and Krook, L and Gillespie, JH}, title = {Virus-induced cholesterol crystals.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {181}, number = {4099}, pages = {566-567}, doi = {10.1126/science.181.4099.566}, pmid = {4352777}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/analysis/*metabolism ; Crystallization ; Herpesviridae Infections/*metabolism ; Kidney ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Myocardium ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism ; }, abstract = {One of the crystal types induced in cell cultures by a new feline herpesvirus was identified as cholesterol by crystal structure, polarized light microscopy, and mass spectroscopy.}, } @article {pmid4721766, year = {1973}, author = {Robinette, JD}, title = {Silicone rubber prosthesis for replacement of the uretha in male cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {163}, number = {3}, pages = {285-289}, pmid = {4721766}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Methods ; Postoperative Care ; Prostheses and Implants/*veterinary ; Prosthesis Design ; *Silicone Elastomers ; Sutures ; Urethra/surgery ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4596527, year = {1973}, author = {Barker, J and Povey, RC}, title = {The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in its aetiology.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {445-457}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1973.tb06484.x}, pmid = {4596527}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections/complications/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium ; Male ; Recurrence ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Urine ; Virus Diseases/complications/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4724269, year = {1973}, author = {Semerdjian, HS and Schirmer, HK}, title = {Experimental in vitro calculogenesis in urine from ischemic kidneys.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {35-37}, pmid = {4724269}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; *Ischemia ; Kidney/*blood supply ; Kidney Calculi/etiology/*urine ; Methods ; Osmolar Concentration ; Time Factors ; }, } @article {pmid4489770, year = {1973}, author = {Lowrey, JC and Barron, WG and Neibert, HC}, title = {Allopurinol in the treatment of an intractable metabolically-derived dermatosis in a Dalmatian dog.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, pages = {755-762}, pmid = {4489770}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Dermatitis/drug therapy/etiology/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Uric Acid/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4793148, year = {1973}, author = {Baviera, E and Bourquelot, P and Brisset, JM and Mignot, J}, title = {[Primary adenocarcinoma of the kidney pelvis. Apropos of a case].}, journal = {Archives d'anatomie pathologique}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {149-154}, pmid = {4793148}, issn = {0003-9608}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis/etiology/*pathology ; Aged ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/complications ; Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis/etiology/*pathology ; Kidney Pelvis/*pathology ; Metaplasia ; Prognosis ; Rabbits ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications ; }, } @article {pmid4349969, year = {1973}, author = {Ehrhart, LA and McCullagh, KG}, title = {Silica urolithiasis in dogs fed an atherogenic diet.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {143}, number = {1}, pages = {131-132}, doi = {10.3181/00379727-143-37268}, pmid = {4349969}, issn = {0037-9727}, mesh = {Animals ; Autopsy ; *Diet, Atherogenic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; *Silicon Dioxide ; }, } @article {pmid4692306, year = {1973}, author = {Brodey, RS and Riser, WH and Allen, H}, title = {Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in a dog with carcinoma of the urinary bladder.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {162}, number = {6}, pages = {474-478}, pmid = {4692306}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic/complications/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/pathology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4802067, year = {1973}, author = {Goodfriend, R}, title = {Disintegration of ureteral calculi by ultrasound.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {260-263}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(73)90750-4}, pmid = {4802067}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Male ; *Ultrasonic Therapy ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4691493, year = {1973}, author = {Dorn, CR and Saueressig, S and Schmidt, DA}, title = {Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {433-436}, pmid = {4691493}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Bacteriuria/epidemiology/veterinary ; Castration ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/etiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; Urethritis/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4808035, year = {1973}, author = {Ficush, J}, title = {[Roentgen diagnosis of organ diseases in vetinary practice for small animals (2)].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {347-362}, pmid = {4808035}, issn = {0303-6286}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain Diseases/veterinary ; Cardiovascular Diseases/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Digestive System/diagnostic imaging ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Foreign Bodies/veterinary ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Liver Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/veterinary ; Skull/abnormalities/diagnostic imaging ; Urography/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4805604, year = {1973}, author = {}, title = {[Increased occurrence of cystitis and urethral obstruction in the cat].}, journal = {Tierarztliche Praxis}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {338}, pmid = {4805604}, issn = {0303-6286}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; England ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4763506, year = {1973}, author = {Howards, SS and Piecka, A and Merrill, E and Marshall, R and Harris, S}, title = {Current status of mechanical lithotripsy.}, journal = {Transactions of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {123-125}, pmid = {4763506}, issn = {0065-7204}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Ultrasonic Therapy/*instrumentation ; Uric Acid ; Urinary Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4724697, year = {1973}, author = {Kallistratos, SG and Fenner, O and Berg, U}, title = {[Cystinuria and L-cystine lithiasis in dogs].}, journal = {Experientia}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {791}, pmid = {4724697}, issn = {0014-4754}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cystinuria ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid4683541, year = {1973}, author = {Schechter, RD and Schalm, OW and Kaneko, JJ}, title = {Heinz body hemolytic anemia associated with the use of urinary antiseptics containing methylene blue in the cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, pages = {37-44}, pmid = {4683541}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Anemia, Hemolytic/blood/chemically induced/*veterinary ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Transfusion ; Cat Diseases/blood/*chemically induced/drug therapy ; Cats ; Cystitis/drug therapy/veterinary ; Erythrocytes/enzymology ; Female ; *Heinz Bodies ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Male ; Methylene Blue/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5082736, year = {1972}, author = {Eaton, JM and Malin, JM and Glenn, JF}, title = {Electrohydraulic lithotripsy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, pages = {865-866}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60892-9}, pmid = {5082736}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Methods ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid4486542, year = {1972}, author = {Lippincott, CL}, title = {Surgical relief for an 8-week-old male beagle puppy with cystic and urethral calculi: postpubic urethrostomy (a photographic essay).}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, pages = {1317-1322}, pmid = {4486542}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Methods ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4648352, year = {1972}, author = {Stockman, V}, title = {Surgery of urolithiasis in the male dog.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {635-639}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1972.tb06813.x}, pmid = {4648352}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Calcium, Dietary ; Diet Therapy ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Urethra/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4580597, year = {1972}, author = {Lyngset, A}, title = {[The feline urological syndrome].}, journal = {Nordisk veterinaermedicin}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {577-585}, pmid = {4580597}, issn = {0029-1579}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Cystitis/*veterinary ; Female ; Hyperparathyroidism/veterinary ; Male ; Syndrome ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, } @article {pmid4484968, year = {1972}, author = {Hardy, RM and Osborne, CA and Cassidy, FC and Johnson, KH}, title = {Urolithiasis in immature dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {67}, number = {11}, pages = {1205-1211}, pmid = {4484968}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5080206, year = {1972}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {The dry cat food controversy. Urolithiasis in laboratory and domestic cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {91}, number = {12}, pages = {292-293}, doi = {10.1136/vr.91.12.292}, pmid = {5080206}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Magnesium ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Water ; }, } @article {pmid5078299, year = {1972}, author = {Fennell, C and Owen, DF}, title = {Urolithiasis and dry cat food.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {91}, number = {10}, pages = {251}, doi = {10.1136/vr.91.10.251}, pmid = {5078299}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animal Feed/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/adverse effects ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urine ; }, } @article {pmid4680162, year = {1972}, author = {Cunico, SC}, title = {[Urological experimentation with a new solution of active vegetable principles (Schoum solution)].}, journal = {Minerva urologica}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {206-211}, pmid = {4680162}, issn = {0026-4989}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Evaluation ; Guinea Pigs ; Kidney Calculi/*drug therapy ; Mice ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/*therapeutic use ; Plants/*therapeutic use ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Solutions ; Ureteral Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4483983, year = {1972}, author = {Zaslow, IM and Lenhard, AA}, title = {Osteoplasty of the os penis to correct chronic urolithiasis in the dog.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {67}, number = {8}, pages = {854-856}, pmid = {4483983}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Methods ; Penis/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4483126, year = {1972}, author = {Jolley, RL and Mrochek, JE and Scott, JD and Lowrey, JC}, title = {Body fluid constituents of dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, pages = {794-800}, pmid = {4483126}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Body Fluids/*analysis ; Carbohydrates/urine ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; *Dogs ; Male ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4402360, year = {1972}, author = {}, title = {AAHA '72.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {21-24}, pmid = {4402360}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Congresses as Topic ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Hospitals ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/veterinary ; Male ; Nephritis, Interstitial/veterinary ; Paralysis/veterinary ; Societies ; United States ; Urethral Stricture/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine ; }, } @article {pmid5073138, year = {1972}, author = {}, title = {Cystitis in cats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {90}, number = {22}, pages = {642-643}, doi = {10.1136/vr.90.22.642}, pmid = {5073138}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Cystitis/etiology/*veterinary ; Urethral Stricture/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4570216, year = {1972}, author = {Osborne, CA and Finco, DR}, title = {Urinary tract emergencies and renal care following trauma.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {259-292}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(72)50030-8}, pmid = {4570216}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/veterinary ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Dehydration/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Electrolytes/urine ; Female ; Ischemia ; Kidney/blood supply ; Kidney Diseases/veterinary ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/veterinary ; Male ; Nephrosis/veterinary ; Rupture ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Uremia/veterinary ; Ureteral Obstruction/veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Tract/*injuries ; Urologic Diseases/*veterinary ; Water-Electrolyte Balance ; }, } @article {pmid5078624, year = {1972}, author = {Snow, HN}, title = {Surgical transpositions of the feline urethra necessary to ameliorate urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {193-200}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1972.tb06843.x}, pmid = {5078624}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4559229, year = {1972}, author = {Wüstenberg, PW}, title = {[Magnesium metabolism from the nephrologic viewpoint (a review)].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {241-257}, pmid = {4559229}, issn = {0044-3611}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dogs ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Kidney/*metabolism/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/drug therapy ; Kidney Diseases/metabolism ; Magnesium/adverse effects/analysis/blood/*metabolism/physiology/poisoning/therapeutic use/urine ; Magnesium Deficiency/diagnosis/metabolism/physiopathology ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rats ; }, } @article {pmid5020217, year = {1972}, author = {Schepky, A and Mayer, H}, title = {[Bladder and kidney calculi in a dog].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {93-94}, pmid = {5020217}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/pathology/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4651299, year = {1972}, author = {Andre, PG and Jackson, OF}, title = {Lead foreign body in a cat's bladder.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {101-102}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1972.tb06836.x}, pmid = {4651299}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Foreign Bodies/*veterinary ; *Lead ; *Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Wounds, Gunshot/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4677888, year = {1972}, author = {Schneck, G}, title = {[Increased occurrence of cystitis and urethral obstructions in cats].}, journal = {Wiener tierarztliche Monatsschrift}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, pages = {279-280}, pmid = {4677888}, issn = {0043-535X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; England ; Urethral Stricture/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4671184, year = {1972}, author = {Howards, SS and Merrill, E and Harris, S and Cohen, J}, title = {Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on urinary calculi and urothelium.}, journal = {Surgical forum}, volume = {23}, number = {0}, pages = {524-524}, pmid = {4671184}, issn = {0071-8041}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Ultrasonic Therapy/adverse effects ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/*etiology ; Urinary Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4649242, year = {1972}, author = {Wax, SH}, title = {The abnormal radiorenogram. B. The renogram in urinary tract obstruction.}, journal = {Progress in nuclear medicine}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {259-273}, pmid = {4649242}, issn = {0091-7559}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Diatrizoate ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Iodohippuric Acid ; Kidney/blood supply ; Krypton ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis ; *Radioisotope Renography ; Regional Blood Flow ; Ureteral Calculi/physiopathology ; Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis/*physiopathology ; Xenon ; }, } @article {pmid4550721, year = {1972}, author = {Guerriero, WG and Scott, R and Joyce, L}, title = {Development of extracorporeal renal perfusion as an adjunct for bench renal surgery.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {4-8}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60930-3}, pmid = {4550721}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Angiography ; Animals ; Dogs ; Hypothermia, Induced ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney/injuries/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery ; Kidney Transplantation ; Methods ; Nephrectomy ; *Perfusion ; Time Factors ; Tissue Preservation ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Tritium ; Wounds and Injuries/surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5166929, year = {1971}, author = {Wilson, GP and Harrison, JW}, title = {Perineal urethrostomy in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {159}, number = {12}, pages = {1789-1793}, pmid = {5166929}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Perineum/surgery ; Sutures/veterinary ; Time Factors ; Urethra/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5166925, year = {1971}, author = {Piermattei, DL and Osborne, CA}, title = {Nonsurgical removal of calculi from the urethra of male dogs.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {159}, number = {12}, pages = {1755-1757}, pmid = {5166925}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dilatation ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/*therapy ; Dogs ; Male ; Urethra ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid5148550, year = {1971}, author = {Raĭkevich, NP}, title = {[Experimental basis for ureterolithotomy].}, journal = {Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, pages = {23-28}, pmid = {5148550}, issn = {0042-4625}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Cadaver ; Child ; Dogs ; Humans ; Methods ; Ureteral Calculi/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5146331, year = {1971}, author = {Sander, W}, title = {[Postrenal azotemia in the dog].}, journal = {Monatshefte fur Veterinarmedizin}, volume = {26}, number = {21}, pages = {818-820}, pmid = {5146331}, issn = {0026-9263}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*physiopathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Uremia/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5115751, year = {1971}, author = {Holtzapple, PG and Rea, C and Bovee, K and Segal, S}, title = {Characteristics of cystine and lysine transport in renal jejunal tissue from cystinuric dogs.}, journal = {Metabolism: clinical and experimental}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {1016-1022}, doi = {10.1016/0026-0495(71)90024-2}, pmid = {5115751}, issn = {0026-0495}, mesh = {Animals ; Arginine/urine ; Biological Transport ; Biopsy ; Carbon Isotopes ; Culture Techniques ; Cystine/*metabolism ; Cystinuria/metabolism/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*metabolism ; Dogs ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestine, Small/*physiology ; Jejunum/physiology ; Kidney/*physiology ; Lysine/*metabolism/urine ; Ornithine/urine ; Species Specificity ; Sulfur Isotopes ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4945963, year = {1971}, author = {Liberman, UA and De Vries, A}, title = {Idiopathic hypercalciuria. A state of compensated hyperparathyroidism?.}, journal = {Revue europeenne d'etudes cliniques et biologiques. European journal of clinical and biological research}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {860-865}, pmid = {4945963}, issn = {0035-3019}, mesh = {Animals ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Calcitonin/metabolism/*physiology ; Calcium/blood/metabolism/*urine ; Dogs ; Feedback ; Humans ; *Hyperparathyroidism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Kidney Calculi ; Kidney Concentrating Ability ; Kinetics ; Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Rats ; }, } @article {pmid5209314, year = {1971}, author = {Von Eiff, GC}, title = {Urinary calculi in a 5 and one-half-week-old puppy.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {66}, number = {10}, pages = {1026}, pmid = {5209314}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Male ; Pyelitis/veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4941484, year = {1971}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {The treatment and subsequent prevention of struvite urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {555-568}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1971.tb06175.x}, pmid = {4941484}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Acetates/administration & dosage ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Buffers ; Castration/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*drug therapy/prevention & control ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium/urine ; Male ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Urethral Stricture/drug therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5093833, year = {1971}, author = {Raĭkevich, NP and Beloborodov, RA}, title = {[Wound healing of the ureter following various methods of ureterotomy].}, journal = {Klinicheskaia khirurgiia}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {55-58}, pmid = {5093833}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Methods ; Time Factors ; Ureter/*surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery ; *Wound Healing ; }, } @article {pmid4328262, year = {1971}, author = {Pak, CY}, title = {Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin: their mode of action and regulation.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {179}, number = {}, pages = {450-474}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb46922.x}, pmid = {4328262}, issn = {0077-8923}, mesh = {Adenoma/urine ; Adenylyl Cyclases ; Adult ; Animals ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Bone Resorption/drug effects ; Bone and Bones/enzymology ; Calcitonin/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; Calcium/blood/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use/urine ; Calcium Metabolism Disorders/physiopathology ; Cyclic AMP/urine ; Dogs ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxyproline/urine ; Hyperplasia/metabolism ; Hypoparathyroidism/physiopathology/urine ; Hypothyroidism/urine ; Infusions, Parenteral ; Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Kidney/enzymology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteitis Deformans/urine ; Osteoporosis/physiopathology ; Parathyroid Diseases/metabolism ; Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; Parathyroid Neoplasms/urine ; }, } @article {pmid5568281, year = {1971}, author = {Rich, LJ and Fabricant, CG and Gillespie, JH}, title = {Virus induced urolithiasis in male cats.}, journal = {The Cornell veterinarian}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, pages = {542-553}, pmid = {5568281}, issn = {0010-8901}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/complications/*microbiology ; Cats ; Culture Techniques ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Kidney ; Male ; Picornaviridae/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; Urethral Stricture/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; Virus Diseases/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5563424, year = {1971}, author = {Rosen, DI and Nemoy, NJ and Wolf, PL and Stamey, TA}, title = {Intravenous infusion of renacidin in dogs.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {31-33}, pmid = {5563424}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Blood Cell Count ; Citrates/metabolism/toxicity ; Creatine/blood ; Dogs ; Injections, Intravenous ; Lactates/pharmacology ; Leukocytosis/*chemically induced ; Magnesium/blood/pharmacology ; Solvents/*toxicity ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid5208803, year = {1971}, author = {Osbaldiston, GW and Lowrey, JL}, title = {Allopurinol in the prevention of hyperuricemia in Dalmatian dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {66}, number = {7}, pages = {711-715}, pmid = {5208803}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Administration, Oral/veterinary ; Allopurinol/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/metabolism/*prevention & control ; Dogs ; Uric Acid/blood ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*prevention & control ; }, } @article {pmid4397818, year = {1971}, author = {Melchior, H and Lymberopoulos, S and Lutzeyer, W}, title = {[Spasmolytic effect of beta-adrenergic drugs. Conservative treatment of urolithiasis].}, journal = {Der Urologe}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {183-188}, pmid = {4397818}, mesh = {Adrenergic beta-Agonists/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Colic/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Drug Antagonism ; Female ; Humans ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Manometry ; Metaproterenol/pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Contraction/drug effects ; Phentolamine/pharmacology ; Propranolol/pharmacology ; Reserpine/pharmacology ; Sympatholytics/*therapeutic use ; Ureter/drug effects/physiology ; Ureteral Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid5104482, year = {1971}, author = {Bovee, KC and Linnetz, LJ and Chacko, SK}, title = {Clinico-pathological conference: cellulitis, urolithiasis, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis and chronic prostatitis and cystic hyperplasia in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {12}, pages = {2077-2085}, pmid = {5104482}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cellulitis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Cystitis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*pathology ; Dogs ; Hyperplasia/veterinary ; Kidney/pathology ; Male ; Prostatitis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Urologic Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5107324, year = {1971}, author = {Ryan, CP and Smith, RA}, title = {Bilateral nephrolithiasis in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {11}, pages = {1946-1947}, pmid = {5107324}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; Male ; Nephritis/veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5104614, year = {1971}, author = {Weaver, AD}, title = {Surgical treatment of bilateral renal calculi in a bitch.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {319-325}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1971.tb06236.x}, pmid = {5104614}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Urography/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4949752, year = {1971}, author = {Rich, LJ}, title = {Current concepts and feline urethral obstruction.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {245-250}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(71)50030-2}, pmid = {4949752}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Cystitis/complications ; Diet ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Methionine/therapeutic use ; Picornaviridae ; Sodium Chloride/therapeutic use ; Urethral Diseases/drug therapy/etiology ; Urethral Stricture/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/complications/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/*veterinary ; Urine/analysis ; Virus Diseases/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5103368, year = {1971}, author = {Clark, WT and Cuddeford, D}, title = {A study of the amino-acids in urine from dogs with cystine urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {88}, number = {16}, pages = {414-417}, doi = {10.1136/vr.88.16.414}, pmid = {5103368}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Arginine/urine ; Chromatography ; *Cystinuria ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Lysine/urine ; Male ; Nitrogen/urine ; Ornithine/urine ; *Renal Aminoacidurias ; Serine/urine ; Threonine/urine ; Urinary Calculi/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4933817, year = {1971}, author = {Warren, MN and Furlow, WL and Wakim, KG and Leary, FJ and Farrow, GM}, title = {Gold leaf in urologic surgery: an experimental study.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {559-566}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)61576-3}, pmid = {4933817}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Gold/*therapeutic use ; Hemostatics/*therapeutic use ; Kidney/drug effects/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Function Tests ; Ligation ; Renal Artery ; Suture Techniques ; Time Factors ; Urologic Diseases/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid4930310, year = {1971}, author = {Fabricant, CG and Rich, LJ}, title = {Microbial studies of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {6}, pages = {Suppl 2:976+}, pmid = {4930310}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae/isolation & purification ; Picornaviridae/*isolation & purification ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; Virus Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4930309, year = {1971}, author = {Rich, LJ and Fabricant, CG}, title = {Experimental production of urolithiasis in male cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {6}, pages = {Suppl 2:974-6}, pmid = {4930309}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Germ-Free Life ; Male ; Picornaviridae/*isolation & purification ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; Virus Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4325043, year = {1971}, author = {Scott, FW}, title = {Feline Syncytial Virus.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {6}, pages = {Suppl 2:946-8}, pmid = {4325043}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Carrier State/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Hemagglutination Tests/veterinary ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neoplasms/microbiology/veterinary ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*veterinary ; Peritonitis/microbiology/veterinary ; Proteins/analysis ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/analysis/*isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5101880, year = {1971}, author = {Greene, RW and Böhning, RH}, title = {Patent persistent urachus associated with urolithiasis in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {4}, pages = {489-491}, pmid = {5101880}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*complications/diagnostic imaging/etiology/surgery ; Cats ; Congenital Abnormalities/complications/diagnostic imaging/surgery/veterinary ; Male ; Radiography ; Urachus/*abnormalities/surgery ; Urinary Calculi/complications/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5551195, year = {1971}, author = {Wickham, JE}, title = {Regional renal hypothermia.}, journal = {Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {99-113}, pmid = {5551195}, issn = {0035-8843}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/surgery ; Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; *Hypothermia, Induced ; Kidney/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery ; Rabbits ; Renal Artery Obstruction/surgery ; Thermometers ; Time Factors ; }, } @article {pmid5102590, year = {1971}, author = {Pearson, H and Gibbs, C}, title = {Urinary tract abnormalities in the dog.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {67-84}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1971.tb06203.x}, pmid = {5102590}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Congenital Abnormalities/*veterinary ; Cysts/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Prostatic Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Ureter/abnormalities ; Ureterocele/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Incontinence/etiology/veterinary ; Urination Disorders/etiology/veterinary ; *Urogenital Abnormalities ; Urogenital Neoplasms/complications/veterinary ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid4933069, year = {1971}, author = {Viek, NF and Uhlman, RC}, title = {Open bladder flap ureteroneocystostomy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {209-210}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)61495-2}, pmid = {4933069}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Methods ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Ureter/injuries/*surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery ; Urinary Bladder/*surgery ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid4925719, year = {1971}, author = {Finco, DR}, title = {Current status of canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {3}, pages = {327-335}, pmid = {4925719}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Age Factors ; Allopurinol/administration & dosage ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bicarbonates/administration & dosage ; Cystine/analysis/metabolism ; Diet Therapy ; *Dog Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/metabolism/prevention & control/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Oxalates/analysis ; Phosphates/analysis/metabolism ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control ; Sex Factors ; Uric Acid/analysis/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/metabolism/prevention & control/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4993553, year = {1971}, author = {Fabricant, CG and King, JM and Gaskin, JM and Gillespie, JH}, title = {Isolation of a virus from a female cat with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {158}, number = {2}, pages = {200-201}, pmid = {4993553}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Phosphates/metabolism ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney/microbiology/pathology ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/metabolism/microbiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/veterinary ; Viruses, Unclassified/*isolation & purification ; }, } @article {pmid5579042, year = {1971}, author = {Gasteyer, KH}, title = {[A new method of bladder calculi fragmentation: ultrasonic lithotripsy].}, journal = {Der Urologe}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {30-32}, pmid = {5579042}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Dogs ; Germany, West ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Radiography ; *Ultrasonic Therapy/instrumentation ; Ureteral Calculi/therapy ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4932933, year = {1971}, author = {Ward, AM}, title = {Glandular neoplasia within the urinary tract. The aetiology of adenocarcinoma of the urothelium with a review of the literature. I. Introduction: the origin of glandular epithelium in the renal pelvis, ureter and bladder.}, journal = {Virchows Archiv. A, Pathology. Pathologische Anatomie}, volume = {352}, number = {4}, pages = {296-311}, pmid = {4932933}, issn = {0042-6423}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/*etiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Cystitis/complications ; Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; Epithelium ; Escherichia coli Infections/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/complications ; Kidney Neoplasms/*etiology ; Kidney Pelvis/embryology ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Middle Aged ; Schistosomiasis/complications ; Ureter/embryology ; Ureteral Neoplasms/*etiology ; Urinary Bladder/embryology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications ; }, } @article {pmid5529767, year = {1970}, author = {}, title = {Report of the panel of the colloquium on selected feline infectious diseases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {157}, number = {12}, pages = {2043-2051}, pmid = {5529767}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/prevention & control ; Cats ; Feline Panleukopenia/prevention & control ; Leukemia/veterinary ; Peritonitis/veterinary ; Pneumonia/veterinary ; Rabies/veterinary ; Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary ; Sarcoma/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5530335, year = {1970}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {The use of sterile Walpole's buffer solution pH 4.5 as a diagnostic agent and a treatment of struvite urolithiasis in the cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {87}, number = {21}, pages = {667-668}, doi = {10.1136/vr.87.21.667}, pmid = {5530335}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Buffers/therapeutic use ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Urethral Diseases/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid5529082, year = {1970}, author = {Finco, DR and Rosin, E and Johnson, KH}, title = {Canine urolithiasis: a review of 133 clinical and 23 necropsy cases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {157}, number = {9}, pages = {1225-1228}, pmid = {5529082}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/veterinary ; Male ; Minnesota ; Pedigree ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5529079, year = {1970}, author = {Damitz, WF}, title = {The radiographic diagnosis of renal calculus in the left kidney of a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {157}, number = {8}, pages = {1108-1110}, pmid = {5529079}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Radiography ; }, } @article {pmid5528360, year = {1970}, author = {Finco, DR and Kurtz, HJ and Porter, TE}, title = {Renal and ureteral urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {157}, number = {6}, pages = {837-840}, pmid = {5528360}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Dilatation/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5528574, year = {1970}, author = {Walker, RG and Douglas, SW}, title = {The use of contrast media in the diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities in the dog, with particular reference to infusion urography: a report of two cases.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {87}, number = {10}, pages = {287-290}, doi = {10.1136/vr.87.10.287}, pmid = {5528574}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Contrast Media ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Methods ; Ureter/diagnostic imaging ; Ureteral Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; *Urogenital Abnormalities ; Urography/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5459973, year = {1970}, author = {Kim, HL and Labay, PC and Boyarsky, S and Glenn, JF}, title = {An experimental model of ureteral colic.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, pages = {390-394}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)61745-2}, pmid = {5459973}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Cineradiography ; Dilatation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Edema/etiology ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/etiology ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertrophy ; Kidney Pelvis/physiopathology ; Mucous Membrane/pathology ; Pain ; Stainless Steel ; Ureter/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/pathology/*physiopathology ; Ureteral Obstruction/pathology/*physiopathology ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid4914798, year = {1970}, author = {Fein, RL and Matsumoto, T and Soloway, HB}, title = {Renal injury: suture versus n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive spray repair.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12-20}, pmid = {4914798}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {*Acrylates ; Aerosols ; Animals ; Cicatrix ; Dogs ; Female ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Hemostasis ; Kidney/*injuries/pathology/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Kidney Pelvis ; Organ Size ; Postoperative Complications ; Suture Techniques ; *Sutures ; *Tissue Adhesives ; }, } @article {pmid4910799, year = {1970}, author = {Schechter, RD}, title = {The significance of bacteria in feline cystitis and urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {156}, number = {11}, pages = {1567-1573}, pmid = {4910799}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/*veterinary ; Calculi/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/microbiology/urine/*veterinary ; Erythrocyte Count ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Female ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Pasteurella/isolation & purification ; Proteinuria/veterinary ; Specific Gravity ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; Urologic Diseases/microbiology/urine/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5498564, year = {1970}, author = {Sutor, DJ and Wooley, SE and Jackson, OF}, title = {Crystalline material from the feline bladder.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {298-299}, pmid = {5498564}, issn = {0034-5288}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Carbonates/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*metabolism ; Cats ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5199080, year = {1970}, author = {Osbaldiston, GW and Taussig, RA}, title = {Clinical report on 46 cases of feline urological syndrome.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, pages = {461-468}, pmid = {5199080}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Cystitis/*veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4984848, year = {1970}, author = {Sesia, G and Ferrando, U and Laudi, M and Tempia, G}, title = {A new apparatus for the dissolution of renal calculi. Experimental research.}, journal = {International surgery}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {262-267}, pmid = {4984848}, issn = {0020-8868}, mesh = {Acetates/*administration & dosage ; Allopurinol/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Dogs ; Edetic Acid/*administration & dosage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Perfusion/instrumentation ; Piperazines/*administration & dosage ; }, } @article {pmid4315123, year = {1970}, author = {Jackson, OF and Sutor, DJ}, title = {Ammonium acid urate calculus in a cat with a high uric acid excretion possibly due to a renal tubular reabsorption defect.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {86}, number = {12}, pages = {335-337}, doi = {10.1136/vr.86.12.335}, pmid = {4315123}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Castration ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney Diseases/*veterinary ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/*analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Uric Acid/analysis/blood/*urine ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/metabolism/urine/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, } @article {pmid5461261, year = {1970}, author = {Weaver, AD}, title = {Canine urolithiasis: incidence, chemical composition and outcome of 100 cases.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {93-107}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1970.tb06134.x}, pmid = {5461261}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/metabolism/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5004170, year = {1970}, author = {Weaver, RG}, title = {The effect of pyuria upon experimentally produced renal obstruction.}, journal = {Urologia internationalis}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, pages = {428-438}, doi = {10.1159/000279693}, pmid = {5004170}, issn = {0042-1138}, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli ; Hydronephrosis/*complications/etiology ; Kidney Calculi/*complications ; Nitrofurans/administration & dosage ; Penicillins/administration & dosage ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Pyelonephritis/etiology ; Pyuria/*complications/drug therapy/microbiology ; Streptomycin/administration & dosage ; Urinary Catheterization ; }, } @article {pmid17655050, year = {1969}, author = {Holtzapple, PG and Bovee, K and Rea, CF}, title = {Amino acid uptake by kidney and jejunal tissue from dogs with cystine stones.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {166}, number = {3912}, pages = {1525-1527}, doi = {10.1126/science.166.3912.1525}, pmid = {17655050}, issn = {0036-8075}, support = {AM 10894/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/United States ; HD 00215/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acids/*metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cystine/metabolism ; Cystinuria/*metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Glycine/metabolism ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Jejunum/*metabolism ; Kidney Cortex/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Cystine and lysine accumulation in vitro in intestinal and renal tissue was studied in eight dogs that form cystine stones. Under conditions which demonstrate in vitro defects in tissue obtained from humans with cystinuria, normal amino acid accumulation occurred in six dogs with the canine disorder. Normal amino acid uptake in tissue and the demonstration of normal to minimum increases in excretion of lysine suggest that the canine disorder is not similar to the human syndrome.}, } @article {pmid5393516, year = {1969}, author = {Hattangady, SR and George, PO}, title = {Urolithiasis in dogs--a survey of cases in Bombay city.}, journal = {The Indian veterinary journal}, volume = {46}, number = {12}, pages = {1090-1092}, pmid = {5393516}, issn = {0019-6479}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; India ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5392744, year = {1969}, author = {Yudofsky, SC and Scott, FB}, title = {Urolithiasis on suture materials: its importance, pathogenesis and prophylaxis: an introduction to the monofilament teflon suture.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, pages = {745-749}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)62243-2}, pmid = {5392744}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; *Fluorocarbon Polymers ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications/etiology ; *Sutures ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology/prevention & control/surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5378420, year = {1969}, author = {Thomas, J and Monsaingeon, A and Levillain, P and Balan, L and Thomas, E and Steg, A and Benassayag, E and Aboulker, P}, title = {[Study of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium metabolism in renal lithiasis. Tests with aluminium carbonate and fructose].}, journal = {Journal d'urologie et de nephrologie}, volume = {75}, number = {12}, pages = {963-971}, pmid = {5378420}, issn = {0021-8200}, mesh = {Adult ; Age Factors ; *Aluminum ; Animals ; Antacids ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Carbonates ; Child ; Dogs ; *Fructose ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hyperparathyroidism/complications ; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/complications ; Kidney Calculi/complications/*metabolism ; Kidney Concentrating Ability ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; Methods ; Phosphates/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid4982510, year = {1969}, author = {Delbarre, F and Holtzer, A and Auscher, C}, title = {[Xanthine urinary lithiasis and xanthinuria in a dachshund. Deficiency, probably genetic, of the xanthine oxidase system].}, journal = {Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences. Serie D: Sciences naturelles}, volume = {269}, number = {15}, pages = {1449-1452}, pmid = {4982510}, mesh = {Allantoin/analysis ; Animals ; Dogs ; Infrared Rays ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics/*urine ; Purines/urine ; Spectrum Analysis ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Uric Acid/urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Xanthine Oxidase/*metabolism ; Xanthines/*urine ; }, } @article {pmid5390817, year = {1969}, author = {Kondo, A and Shimizu, K}, title = {[Spanate (flopropione), its clinical evaluation for urolithiasis and effects on ureteral peristalsis and blood pressure in dogs].}, journal = {Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {748-754}, pmid = {5390817}, issn = {0018-1994}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Blood Pressure/*drug effects ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxypropiophenone/adverse effects/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Manometry ; Middle Aged ; Urethra/*drug effects ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid4310934, year = {1969}, author = {Fabricant, CG and Rich, LJ and Gillespie, JH}, title = {Feline viruses. XI. Isolation of a virus similar to a myxovirus from cats in which urolithiasis was experimentally induced.}, journal = {The Cornell veterinarian}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, pages = {667-672}, pmid = {4310934}, issn = {0010-8901}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Orthomyxoviridae/*isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5795277, year = {1969}, author = {Kaspar, LV and Norris, WP}, title = {Fixation of Cesium-137 by urinary calculi.}, journal = {Health physics}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {798-800}, pmid = {5795277}, issn = {0017-9078}, mesh = {Animals ; Autoradiography ; Binding Sites ; Cesium Isotopes/*metabolism ; Crystallography ; Dogs ; Injections, Intravenous ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid5771246, year = {1969}, author = {Ashkar, LN and Davis, WG}, title = {Silastic repair of ureteropelvic junction stricture.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, pages = {801-802}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)62429-7}, pmid = {5771246}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Hydronephrosis/etiology ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Methods ; *Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects ; Rubber ; Silicones ; Ureteral Obstruction/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/etiology ; }, } @article {pmid5780586, year = {1969}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {Urolithiasis and experimental urethral obstruction in the cat.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, volume = {201}, number = {2}, pages = {97P-98P}, pmid = {5780586}, issn = {0022-3751}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; Crystallography ; Male ; Urethral Stricture/*etiology ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; Zinc ; }, } @article {pmid5257569, year = {1969}, author = {Goulden, BE}, title = {Some observations on serum biochemistry in canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {57-62}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.1969.33784}, pmid = {5257569}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcium/blood ; Dog Diseases/*blood ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium/blood ; Male ; Phosphorus/blood ; Urea/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/*blood/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5818885, year = {1969}, author = {Pobisch, R}, title = {[Urolithiasis in dog and cat. (Continuation and conclusion). II. Clinical observations].}, journal = {Wiener tierarztliche Monatsschrift}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {93-104 concl}, pmid = {5818885}, issn = {0043-535X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Radiography ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5360141, year = {1969}, author = {Kierfeld, G and Mellin, P and Daum, H}, title = {[Lithotripsy using hydraulic waves in animal experiments].}, journal = {Der Urologe}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {99-102}, pmid = {5360141}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Methods ; Swine ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5812575, year = {1969}, author = {Rich, LJ and Kirk, RW}, title = {The relationship of struvite crystals to urethral obstruction in cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {154}, number = {2}, pages = {153-157}, pmid = {5812575}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Glycosuria ; Hematocrit ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Magnesium ; Male ; *Phosphates ; Proteinuria ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/etiology ; }, } @article {pmid5818423, year = {1969}, author = {Pobisch, R}, title = {[Urolithiasis in dogs and cats].}, journal = {Wiener tierarztliche Monatsschrift}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {3-12}, pmid = {5818423}, issn = {0043-535X}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Radiography ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5378928, year = {1969}, author = {Aĭvazian, AV and Kiparisov, LN}, title = {[Local hypothermia and freezing in surgery of the kidney].}, journal = {Eksperimental'naia khirurgiia i anesteziologiia}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {69-72}, pmid = {5378928}, issn = {0013-3329}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Ethyl Chloride ; Female ; *Freezing ; Humans ; *Hypothermia, Induced ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Male ; Tuberculosis, Renal/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5253530, year = {1968}, author = {Goulden, BE}, title = {Vesico-ureteral reflux in the dog.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {167-175}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.1968.33769}, pmid = {5253530}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urography/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*veterinary ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5694021, year = {1968}, author = {Goulden, BE}, title = {Clinical observations on the rôle of urinary infection in the aetiology of canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {83}, number = {20}, pages = {509-514}, doi = {10.1136/vr.83.20.509}, pmid = {5694021}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Staphylococcal Infections/complications/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5693463, year = {1968}, author = {Rich, LJ and Kirk, RW}, title = {Feline urethral obstruction: mineral aspects.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, pages = {2149-2156}, pmid = {5693463}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5748993, year = {1968}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {Oxalate calculi and oxaluria in the cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {83}, number = {16}, pages = {417-419}, doi = {10.1136/vr.83.16.417}, pmid = {5748993}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Oxalates/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5677378, year = {1968}, author = {Rathert, P and Siemensen, H and Thiel, KH}, title = {Experimental and clinical use of cyanoacrylate adhesive and amniotic tissue in partial nephrectomy.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, pages = {427-432}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)62545-x}, pmid = {5677378}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {*Acrylates ; Adult ; *Amnion ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; *Hemostasis ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Function Tests ; Male ; *Nephrectomy ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control ; Rabbits ; Swine ; *Tissue Adhesives ; Wound Healing ; }, } @article {pmid4877423, year = {1968}, author = {Uehling, DT and Barnhart, DD and Seastone, CV}, title = {Antibody production in urinary bladder infection.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {211-222}, pmid = {4877423}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; *Antibody Formation ; Cystitis/immunology ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology ; Female ; Infections/*immunology ; Kidney/microbiology ; Leukocyte Count ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Spleen/immunology ; Urinary Bladder/*immunology/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications ; Urine/microbiology ; }, } @article {pmid5212505, year = {1968}, author = {Kidder, DE and Chivers, PR}, title = {Xanthine calculi in a dog.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {83}, number = {9}, pages = {228-229}, doi = {10.1136/vr.83.9.228}, pmid = {5212505}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/analysis/*veterinary ; Male ; Xanthines/*analysis ; }, } @article {pmid5249479, year = {1968}, author = {Goulden, BE and MacKenzie, CP}, title = {Suspected primary hyperparathyroidism in the dog.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {16}, number = {8-9}, pages = {131-140}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.1968.33760}, pmid = {5249479}, issn = {0048-0169}, mesh = {Animals ; Bone Diseases/*veterinary ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Hyperparathyroidism/*veterinary ; Jaw Diseases/*veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; Male ; }, } @article {pmid4297540, year = {1968}, author = {Murphy, GP and Mirand, EA and Johnston, GS and Gibbons, RP and Schirmer, HK and Scott, WW}, title = {Erythropoietin alterations in human genitourinary disease states: correlation with experimental observations.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {802-810}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)62798-8}, pmid = {4297540}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dogs ; Electric Stimulation ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin/*metabolism ; Ethacrynic Acid/pharmacology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis/physiopathology ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Infant ; Iron Isotopes ; Kidney Diseases/physiopathology ; Kidney Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Polycythemia Vera/physiopathology ; Rats ; Testicular Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Testosterone/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/physiopathology ; Urologic Diseases/*physiopathology ; Wilms Tumor/physiopathology ; Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology ; }, } @article {pmid5185276, year = {1968}, author = {McMurry, TS}, title = {Decompression cystolithotomy in the male dog.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, pages = {139-143}, pmid = {5185276}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6074270, year = {1967}, author = {Wickham, JE and Hanley, HG and Joekes, AM}, title = {Regional renal hypothermia.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, pages = {727-743}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1967.tb09856.x}, pmid = {6074270}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Hypothermia, Induced/instrumentation ; Ischemia/etiology/pathology/physiopathology ; Kidney/blood supply/metabolism/pathology/*physiopathology/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Function Tests ; Methods ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rabbits ; Time Factors ; }, } @article {pmid6061183, year = {1967}, author = {Mani, P and Scott, FB}, title = {An evaluation of teflon-dacron suture in the dog urinary bladder: negative result.}, journal = {Southern medical journal}, volume = {60}, number = {11}, pages = {1177-1179}, doi = {10.1097/00007611-196711000-00007}, pmid = {6061183}, issn = {0038-4348}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; *Fluorocarbon Polymers ; *Polymers ; Postoperative Complications ; *Sutures ; Urinary Bladder/*surgery ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*etiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications ; }, } @article {pmid6070657, year = {1967}, author = {Fowler, NG}, title = {Urethral calculus in a six-week-old puppy.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {583-585}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04501.x}, pmid = {6070657}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Male ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid4165137, year = {1967}, author = {Charlton, CA}, title = {Fibrinolysis and urolithiasis.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {1}, number = {7501}, pages = {1199-1200}, doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(67)92845-0}, pmid = {4165137}, issn = {0140-6736}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Fibrinolysin ; *Fibrinolysis ; Humans ; Mucoproteins/metabolism ; Plasminogen ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; }, } @article {pmid6067872, year = {1967}, author = {Pollock, S}, title = {Renal calculus in association with pyometritis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {150}, number = {10}, pages = {1157-1159}, pmid = {6067872}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/complications/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Radiography ; Uterine Diseases/diagnostic imaging/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6068723, year = {1967}, author = {Foster, SJ}, title = {The "urolithiasis" syndrome in male cats; a statistical analysis of the problems, with clinical observations.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {207-214}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04544.x}, pmid = {6068723}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Castration/*adverse effects/*veterinary ; Cats ; Male ; Urethral Diseases/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6068134, year = {1967}, author = {Cornelius, CE and Bishop, JA and Schaffer, MH}, title = {A quantitative study of amino aciduria in dachshunds with a history of cystine urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Cornell veterinarian}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {177-183}, pmid = {6068134}, issn = {0010-8901}, mesh = {Animals ; Arginine/*urine ; Cystinuria/complications/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*urine ; Dogs ; Lysine/*urine ; Ornithine/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5308275, year = {1967}, author = {Kaspar, LV and Norris, WP}, title = {Urinary calculi and their retention of radionuclides in the beagle dog. ANL-7409.}, journal = {ANL}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {255-257}, pmid = {5308275}, issn = {0192-3188}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Radioisotopes/*metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid6008207, year = {1966}, author = {Rhodes, J}, title = {Urethral transplant in the dog.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, pages = {347}, doi = {10.1136/vr.79.12.347}, pmid = {6008207}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Transplantation, Homologous/veterinary ; Urethra/*transplantation ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6000841, year = {1966}, author = {Khomenko, VF and Modorskiĭ, MI}, title = {[On the method of enterorevascularization of the kidney in chronic pyelonephritis].}, journal = {Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {85-86}, pmid = {6000841}, issn = {0042-4625}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Renal/etiology ; Intestines/*surgery ; Kidney/*blood supply/surgery ; Pyelonephritis/complications/etiology/*surgery ; Uremia/etiology ; Urinary Calculi/complications ; }, } @article {pmid5997560, year = {1966}, author = {Maksudov, NKh and Koĭsman, AA}, title = {[Artemisol in the treatment of patients with urolithiasis. Clinical-experimental investigation].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {37-40}, pmid = {5997560}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; Diuresis/drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Rats ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid5951299, year = {1966}, author = {Borden, TA and Vermeulen, CW}, title = {The renal papilla in calculogenesis of oxamide stones.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {125-132}, pmid = {5951299}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Amides/*toxicity ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Dogs ; Guinea Pigs ; Kidney Calculi/*chemically induced ; Oxalates/toxicity ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Swine ; }, } @article {pmid6008853, year = {1966}, author = {Haugh, I and Lonsdale, K and Mason, P and White, EG}, title = {Crystallography and calculi.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {565-570}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04487.x}, pmid = {6008853}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Crystallography ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; *Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; X-Ray Diffraction ; }, } @article {pmid6008852, year = {1966}, author = {Goulden, BE}, title = {Urolithiasis in the dog. V. Treatment and prophylaxis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {557-564}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04486.x}, pmid = {6008852}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*prevention & control/*surgery ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6008851, year = {1966}, author = {Clark, WT}, title = {Urolithiasis in the dog. IV. Diagnosis.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {553-556}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04485.x}, pmid = {6008851}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; Urography ; }, } @article {pmid6008850, year = {1966}, author = {Jolly, DW and Worden, AN}, title = {Urolithiasis in the dog. 3. Nutritional aspects.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {549-552}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04484.x}, pmid = {6008850}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Food ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6008849, year = {1966}, author = {Treacher, RJ}, title = {Urolithiasis in the dog. II. Biochemical aspects.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {537-547}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04483.x}, pmid = {6008849}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6008848, year = {1966}, author = {White, EG}, title = {Symposium on urolithiasis in the dog. I. Introduction and incidence.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, pages = {529-535}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04482.x}, pmid = {6008848}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6007849, year = {1966}, author = {Stockman, V}, title = {Permanent urethrotomy and urethal transplant in the dog.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {110-112}, doi = {10.1136/vr.79.4.110}, pmid = {6007849}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Male ; Urethra/transplantation ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6007108, year = {1966}, author = {Lawler, DC}, title = {Bilateral renal lithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {78}, number = {26}, pages = {930}, doi = {10.1136/vr.78.26.930}, pmid = {6007108}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/*veterinary ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid6007098, year = {1966}, author = {Giles, MB}, title = {Bilateral renal lithiasis in a dog: a case report.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {78}, number = {24}, pages = {829-830}, doi = {10.1136/vr.78.24.829}, pmid = {6007098}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystitis/complications/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5956850, year = {1966}, author = {Porter, P}, title = {Colloidal properties of urates in relation to calculus formation.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {128-137}, pmid = {5956850}, issn = {0034-5288}, mesh = {Animals ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Colloids ; Dogs ; Electrophoresis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spectrophotometry ; Uric Acid/analysis/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid5987089, year = {1966}, author = {Krebs, W}, title = {[On the management of profuse hemorrhages in urinary tract operations].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {81-123}, pmid = {5987089}, issn = {0044-3611}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Hemorrhage/etiology/*therapy ; *Hemostasis ; Humans ; Kidney/surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Diseases/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Care Team ; Urinary Calculi/surgery ; Urinary Tract Infections/surgery ; Urogenital System/*surgery ; Urologic Diseases/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid5929455, year = {1966}, author = {Howard, JE and Thomas, WC and Smith, LH and Barker, LM and Wadkins, CL}, title = {A urinary peptide with extraordinary inhibitory powers against biological "calcification" (deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals).}, journal = {Transactions of the Association of American Physicians}, volume = {79}, number = {}, pages = {137-145}, pmid = {5929455}, issn = {0066-9458}, mesh = {Acrylates ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cartilage ; Cats ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, Paper ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydroxyapatites/*metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Peptides/*urine ; Phosphates/metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid4224146, year = {1966}, author = {Charlton, CA}, title = {Pathogenesis of urolithiasis: relation of urinary fibrinolytic activity to nondialyzable urinary solids.}, journal = {Surgical forum}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {503-505}, pmid = {4224146}, issn = {0071-8041}, mesh = {Aminocaproates/pharmacology ; Animals ; Dogs ; Fibrinolysin/*urine ; Mucoproteins/urine ; Prednisone/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology/urine ; }, } @article {pmid14301294, year = {1965}, author = {LVINGSTON, ML}, title = {A POSSIBLE HEREDITARY INFLUENCE IN FELINE UROLITHIOSIS.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {705}, pmid = {14301294}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; *Genetics ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid5841716, year = {1965}, author = {Ljunggren, E}, title = {[Prophylactic treatment of oxalate calculi].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie}, volume = {58}, number = {7}, pages = {507-512}, pmid = {5841716}, issn = {0044-3611}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium, Dietary ; Cats ; Humans ; *Magnesium Deficiency ; *Oxalates ; Plants, Medicinal ; Pyridoxine/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rheum ; Urinary Calculi/*drug therapy/*prevention & control ; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency/*drug therapy ; }, } @article {pmid14278517, year = {1965}, author = {MCMURRY, TS}, title = {A TECHNIC OF DECOMPRESSION CYSTOLITHOTOMY.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {372-374}, pmid = {14278517}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Decompression ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urinary Catheterization ; *Urologic Surgical Procedures ; }, } @article {pmid5842890, year = {1965}, author = {Epshteĭn, IM and Vaĭnberg, ZS and Tongur, AM}, title = {[On experimental nephrolithiasis in the light of electron microscopic studies].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {10-14}, pmid = {5842890}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*etiology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rats ; }, } @article {pmid14212294, year = {1964}, author = {MULVANEY, WP and BECK, CW and QURESHI, MA}, title = {DEPOSITION OF TETRACYCLINES IN URINARY CALCULI.}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {1074-1076}, doi = {10.1001/jama.1964.03070250056021}, pmid = {14212294}, issn = {0098-7484}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calcium Carbonate ; *Calcium Phosphates ; *Chemistry Techniques, Analytical ; Dogs ; *Fluorescence ; *Fluorometry ; *Magnesium ; *Oxalates ; *Oxytetracycline ; *Tetracycline ; *Tetracyclines ; *Toxicology ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid14322742, year = {1964}, author = {KOLLWITZ, AA}, title = {[ON THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF LITHIUM SALTS IN URIC ACID CALCULI].}, journal = {Der Urologe}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {360-363}, pmid = {14322742}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Kidney Calculi ; *Lithium ; *Research ; *Salts ; *Therapeutic Irrigation ; *Uric Acid ; }, } @article {pmid14195027, year = {1964}, author = {YOHO, AV and DRACH, G and KOLETSKY, S and PERSKY, L}, title = {EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TISSUE ADHESIVES IN UROGENITAL SURGERY.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {92}, number = {}, pages = {56-59}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)63886-2}, pmid = {14195027}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Nephrectomy ; *Pathology ; *Research ; *Surgical Procedures, Operative ; *Tissue Adhesives ; *Toxicology ; *Urinary Bladder ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urogenital Surgical Procedures ; }, } @article {pmid5890836, year = {1964}, author = {Treacher, RJ}, title = {The aetiology of canine cystinuria.}, journal = {The Biochemical journal}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, pages = {494-498}, pmid = {5890836}, issn = {0264-6021}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Chromatography, Paper ; Creatine ; *Cystine ; Cystinuria/*etiology ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; In Vitro Techniques ; Propionates ; Spectrophotometry ; Sulfonic Acids ; *Urinary Calculi ; Urine ; }, } @article {pmid14139264, year = {1964}, author = {GRUENBERG, W}, title = {[URINARY CALCULI IN ANIMALS. 1. PRESENCE, EXAMINATION AND PRACTICAL METHODS].}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur allgemeine Pathologie u. pathologische Anatomie}, volume = {105}, number = {}, pages = {256-271}, pmid = {14139264}, issn = {0044-4030}, mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Veterinary Medicine ; }, } @article {pmid14047053, year = {1963}, author = {HELD, L and SIGEL, A and WAGNER, B and STINGL, J}, title = {[EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE TISSUE TOLERANCE OF THE LITHOLYSIS LIQUID P 40 ACCORDING TO THE HAMBURG MODEL].}, journal = {Der Urologe}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {259-264}, pmid = {14047053}, mesh = {Animals ; Corynebacterium ; Dogs ; *Kidney Calculi ; *Pathology ; *Research ; *Solvents ; }, } @article {pmid14073236, year = {1963}, author = {VIVALDI, E}, title = {[EXPERIMENTAL URINARY INFECTION].}, journal = {Revista medica de Chile}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {381-394}, pmid = {14073236}, issn = {0034-9887}, mesh = {*Bacteriology ; *Dogs ; *Escherichia coli Infections ; *Proteus Infections ; *Pyelonephritis ; *Rats ; *Research ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urinary Tract Infections ; *Urine ; }, } @article {pmid13985574, year = {1963}, author = {PORTER, P}, title = {Urinary calculi in the dog. II. Urate stones and purine metabolism.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {119-135}, doi = {10.1016/s0368-1742(63)80015-6}, pmid = {13985574}, issn = {0021-9975}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; *Purines ; *Uric Acid ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid13923703, year = {1962}, author = {ULM, AH and MILLER, F}, title = {Graft of acid-secreting stomach wall to renal pelvis of the dog.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {21-24}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)64900-0}, pmid = {13923703}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Gastric Juice ; Humans ; *Kidney ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Stomach/*transplantation ; Urinary Calculi/*chemistry ; }, } @article {pmid13784816, year = {1961}, author = {WHITE, EG and TREACHER, RJ and PORTER, P}, title = {Urinary calculi in the dog. I. Incidence and chemical composition.}, journal = {Journal of comparative pathology}, volume = {71}, number = {}, pages = {201-216}, doi = {10.1016/s0368-1742(61)80025-8}, pmid = {13784816}, issn = {0021-9975}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Incidence ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid17421305, year = {1961}, author = {McCully, RM and Lieberman, LL}, title = {Histopathology in a Case of Feline Urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {52-61}, pmid = {17421305}, issn = {0008-5286}, } @article {pmid14431257, year = {1959}, author = {PEARSON, PT and JENSEN, EC and RICHTER, WR}, title = {Urinary calculi in a 2-month-old pup.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {329-331}, pmid = {14431257}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid13661189, year = {1959}, author = {GERSHOFF, SN and FARAGALLA, FF and NELSON, DA and ANDRUS, SB}, title = {Vitamin B6 deficiency and oxalate nephrocalcinosis in the cat.}, journal = {The American journal of medicine}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {72-80}, doi = {10.1016/0002-9343(59)90062-2}, pmid = {13661189}, issn = {0002-9343}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; Cats ; *Kidney ; *Kidney Calculi ; *Nephrocalcinosis ; Oxalates/*metabolism ; *Vitamin B 6 Deficiency ; *Vitamin B Deficiency ; *Vitamins ; }, } @article {pmid13630806, year = {1959}, author = {BEAMER, RJ}, title = {Ureterocolostomy for relief of urinary stenosis in the domestic cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {134}, number = {5}, pages = {201-204}, pmid = {13630806}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {*Anastomosis, Surgical ; Animals ; *Calculi ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Testosterone/*pharmacology ; Ureter/*surgery ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urinary Tract ; }, } @article {pmid13271233, year = {1955}, author = {ANDERSON, MK and RASTAS, VP}, title = {Large urinary calculus in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {127}, number = {945}, pages = {490}, pmid = {13271233}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; Dogs ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid13242466, year = {1955}, author = {FISHLER, J}, title = {Urolithiasis or urethral impaction in the cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {127}, number = {941}, pages = {121-123}, pmid = {13242466}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; Cats ; Male ; *Urethra ; *Urethral Diseases ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urolithiasis ; }, } @article {pmid13221500, year = {1955}, author = {BRODEY, RS}, title = {Canine urolithiasis; a survey and discussion of fifty-two clinical cases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {126}, number = {934}, pages = {1-9}, pmid = {13221500}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; *Urinary Calculi ; *Urinary Tract ; *Urolithiasis ; }, } @article {pmid13211452, year = {1954}, author = {MOTTA, A and WALMSLEY, G}, title = {Urethrotomy in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {125}, number = {933}, pages = {456-457}, pmid = {13211452}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; Dogs ; Male ; *Urethra ; *Urethral Diseases ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid13029327, year = {1953}, author = {MOWBRAY, DC and SHIVELY, JN}, title = {Removal of a cystic calculus from a dog.}, journal = {United States Armed Forces medical journal}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {453}, pmid = {13029327}, issn = {0566-0777}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid14853262, year = {1951}, author = {SNYDER, WE}, title = {Vesical calculus in puppy.}, journal = {The North American veterinarian}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, pages = {483-484}, pmid = {14853262}, mesh = {*Abdominal Cavity ; Animals ; *Canidae ; Dogs ; Female ; *Urinary Bladder ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid15423750, year = {1950}, author = {COLLINS, DK}, title = {Vesical calculi in a shepherd bitch.}, journal = {The North American veterinarian}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, pages = {465}, pmid = {15423750}, mesh = {*Abdominal Cavity ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; *Urinary Bladder ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid17775772, year = {1948}, author = {Groen, J}, title = {An Experimental Syndrome of Fatty Liver, Uric Acid Kidney Stones, and Acute Pancreatic Necrosis Produced in Dogs by Exclusive Feeding of Bacon.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {107}, number = {2782}, pages = {425-426}, doi = {10.1126/science.107.2782.425}, pmid = {17775772}, issn = {0036-8075}, mesh = {Animals ; *Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; *Bleomycin ; Dogs ; *Doxorubicin ; *Fatty Liver ; Humans ; *Kidney Calculi ; *Lomustine ; *Mechlorethamine ; *Uric Acid ; *Vincristine ; }, } @article {pmid18897185, year = {1947}, author = {STROCKBINE, JK}, title = {Treatment of urethral calculi in male cats.}, journal = {The North American veterinarian}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {825}, pmid = {18897185}, mesh = {Animals ; *Calculi ; Cats ; Humans ; Male ; *Urethra ; *Urethral Diseases ; *Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid20262428, year = {1947}, author = {EISENBERG, D}, title = {Large cystic calculus in a dog nine months of age.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, pages = {389}, pmid = {20262428}, issn = {0372-5588}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; *Urinary Bladder ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid20998665, year = {1946}, author = {JONAS, S}, title = {Vesical calculi in a puppy.}, journal = {The North American veterinarian}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {503}, pmid = {20998665}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; *Urinary Bladder ; *Urinary Bladder Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid1476317, year = {1992}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA}, title = {Effects of chlorothiazide on urinary excretion of calcium in clinically normal dogs.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {53}, number = {12}, pages = {2328-2332}, pmid = {1476317}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Calcium/blood/*urine ; Calcium Carbonate/pharmacokinetics ; Chlorothiazide/*pharmacology ; Dogs/blood/*urine ; Electrolytes/blood/urine ; Female ; }, abstract = {Administration of thiazide diuretics has been recommended to prevent calcium oxalate urolith development in dogs. To evaluate the effects of thiazide diuretics in dogs, 24-hour urine excretion of calcium was measured in 6 clinically normal Beagles after administration of chlorothiazide (CTZ) for 2 weeks, administration of CTZ for 10 weeks, and administration of calcium carbonate and CTZ for 2 weeks. Compared with baseline values, 24-hour urine calcium excretion did not decrease after CTZ administration. When CTZ was given at a high dosage (130 mg/kg of body weight), urinary calcium excretion was significantly (P < 0.04) higher than baseline values. Based on these observations, we do not recommend CTZ for treatment or prevention of canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, } @article {pmid1466511, year = {1992}, author = {Fettman, MJ and Coble, JM and Hamar, DW and Norrdin, RW and Seim, HB and Kealy, RD and Rogers, QR and McCrea, K and Moffat, K}, title = {Effect of dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and mineral and bone metabolism in adult cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, pages = {2125-2135}, pmid = {1466511}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Acid-Base Equilibrium/drug effects/*physiology ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/drug effects/*metabolism ; Cats/*metabolism ; Female ; Food, Fortified ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Minerals/*metabolism ; Phosphoric Acids/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Experimental evidence indicates that maintenance of urinary pH < or = 6.4 is the single most effective means of preventing feline struvite crystalluria or urolithiasis of noninfectious causes. This may be accomplished by dietary acidification, but must be moderated to avoid potential adverse effects of excessive acidification, including bone demineralization, negative calcium balance, potassium depletion, and renal disease. Effects of chronic dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and on mineral and bone metabolism were investigated in adult, domestic cats. One group of 6 cats was fed a basal, naturally acidifying diet without added acidifiers, and another group of 6 cats was fed 1.7% dietary phosphoric acid. Changes observed during 12 months of study included development of noncompensated metabolic acidosis, increased urinary calcium excretion, and lower but positive calcium balance in cats of both groups. Urinary pH decreased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) and consistently maintained < or = 6.4 in cats given dietary phosphoric acid. Urinary phosphorus excretion increased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in phosphoric acid-supplemented cats, leading to lower overall phosphorus balance as well. Potassium balance decreased in cats of both groups, but was only transiently negative in the phosphoric acid-supplemented cats midway through the study, and normalized at positive values thereafter. Plasma taurine concentration was not affected by dietary acidification, and remained well within the acceptable reference range for taurine metabolism. Double labeling of bone in vivo with fluorescent markers was followed by bone biopsy and histomorphometric measurement of several static and dynamic variables of bone formation. Overall indices of bone formation decreased in cats of both groups with age and confinement, but were not affected by dietary phosphoric acid supplementation. Dietary supplementation with phosphoric acid used as the principal inorganic P source to achieve moderate and stable degree of urinary acidification, did not appear over the course of 1 year, to have induced adverse effects on mineral, bone, or taurine balance in these adult domestic cats.}, } @article {pmid1455930, year = {1992}, author = {Rhodes, DC and Hinsman, EJ and Rhodes, JA and Hawkins, EC}, title = {Urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein concentrations in normal and urolithiasis-affected male cats determined by an ELISA.}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, pages = {621-634}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00226.x}, pmid = {1455930}, issn = {0514-7158}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/*veterinary ; Male ; Mucoproteins/*urine ; Reproducibility of Results ; Urinary Calculi/urine/*veterinary ; Uromodulin ; }, abstract = {A precise and reproducible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which measures urinary cat Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (cTHP) was developed in order to investigate the possible role of cTHP in the pathogenesis of feline urolithiasis. Reproducible quantification required that the cTHP be disaggregated with 2M urea and 0.05% Tween 20. It was necessary to standardize rigidly the handling of the samples prior to analysis, since the apparent cTHP concentration varied depending on the preanalysis protocols. Using the sample handling protocol of freezing urine at -70 degrees C before dialysis, urinary cTHP was quantified in male cats with no history of urolithiasis ("normal" cats) and in male cats with a history of urolith formation ("urolithiasis" cats). The mean cTHP concentration in adult, male "normal" cats of 49.2 +/- 35.5 micrograms/ml (N = 23) was significantly lower than the mean cTHP concentration of 95.4 +/- 34.1 micrograms/ml (N = 9) in "urolithiasis" cats (p < 0.01, Students' T-test). These findings indicate a correlation between urolithiasis and high urine cTHP concentrations in male cats which warrants further investigation.}, } @article {pmid1644636, year = {1992}, author = {Case, LC and Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Ruby, AL and Stevens, F and Johnson, DL}, title = {Cystine-containing urinary calculi in dogs: 102 cases (1981-1989).}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {201}, number = {1}, pages = {129-133}, pmid = {1644636}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; Cystine/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {One hundred and seven cystine-containing urinary calculi from 1 female and 101 male dogs were analyzed. Cystine-containing calculi accounted for 2% (107 of 5,375) of all canine urinary calculi submitted to the urinary stone analysis laboratory from July 1981 through December 1989. Male dogs that formed cystine calculi were compared with 3 other canine populations to determine whether certain breeds were apparently at increased or decreased risk for cystine calculus formation. In one or more of 3 population comparisons, significantly increased risk of cystine calculus formation was found in Mastiffs, Australian Cattle Dogs, English Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Bullmastiffs, Newfoundlands, Dachshunds, Basenjis, Australian Shepherd Dogs, Scottish Deerhounds, Staffordshire Terriers, Miniature Pinschers, pitbull terriers, Welsh Corgis, Silky Terriers, and Bichon Frises. Significantly low risk of cystine calculus formation was found in German Shepherd Dogs, Poodles, Schnauzers, and mixed-breed dogs.}, } @article {pmid1644629, year = {1992}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA}, title = {Catheter-assisted retrieval of urocystoliths from dogs and cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {201}, number = {1}, pages = {111-113}, pmid = {1644629}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Suction/veterinary ; Syringes/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {To facilitate medical dissolution of uroliths in dogs and cats, urinary catheters may be used to retrieve urocystoliths for quantitative mineral analysis. Following transurethral catheterization of the urinary bladder and distention of the bladder with physiologic saline solution, urine and saline solution are aspirated into a syringe while an assistant vigorously and repeatedly moves the abdomen up and down. Dispersion of small uroliths throughout fluid in the bladder lumen facilitates their aspiration into the catheter and syringe.}, } @article {pmid1626364, year = {1992}, author = {Shearer, AG and Nash, AS}, title = {Oxalate urolithiasis in Dandie Dinmont terriers.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {130}, number = {21}, pages = {480}, doi = {10.1136/vr.130.21.480}, pmid = {1626364}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*genetics ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1612988, year = {1992}, author = {Clark, TP and Panciera, R}, title = {Calcium phosphate urolithiasis and renal dysplasia in a young dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {200}, number = {10}, pages = {1509-1511}, pmid = {1612988}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*congenital/etiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Kidney/*pathology ; Kidney Diseases/complications/congenital/*veterinary ; Male ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/congenital/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Incontinence/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Calcium phosphate urolithiasis and bilateral renal dysplasia was diagnosed in an 8-week-old Border Terrier with a history of urine dribbling, which had been observed from the time of birth. Most reported cases of calcium phosphate urolithiasis are secondary to hypercalcemic disorders, but this was not detected. In addition, despite renal dysplasia, there was no evidence of renal failure. After cystotomy and calculus removal, the dog has remained clinically normal.}, } @article {pmid1626396, year = {1992}, author = {McCarthy, RJ and Lipowitz, AJ and O'Brien, TD}, title = {Continent jejunal reservoir (Kock pouch) for urinary diversion in dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary surgery : VS}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {208-216}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-950x.1992.tb00048.x}, pmid = {1626396}, issn = {0161-3499}, mesh = {Acidosis/etiology/veterinary ; Animals ; Bacteriuria/etiology/veterinary ; Dogs/*surgery ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/etiology/veterinary ; Jejunum/*surgery ; Postoperative Complications/*veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; Urinary Incontinence/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Reservoirs, Continent/*veterinary ; Urine/chemistry ; Urography/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urinary diversion by transplantation of both ureters into a reservoir constructed from 60 cm of jejunum was performed in six clinically normal dogs. The reservoir was connected to a stoma on the abdominal wall through a valve constructed from a short segment of intussuscepted bowel to provide continence. The reservoir was emptied three times daily by catheterization. One dog did not survive the surgical procedure and two dogs died within 1 week of surgical complications. The postoperative capacity of the reservoir in surviving dogs was 100 to 200 mL; it increased during the first month to 600 to 750 mL. Continence was excellent in two dogs. One dog was continent until month 2, when partial slippage of the intussusception occurred. A reversible hyponatremic, hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic acidosis developed. Bacteriuria was not responsive to systemic or local instillation of antibiotics. Ascending pyelonephritis, hydroureter, and hydronephrosis occurred in two dogs. Struvite urinary calculi formed in one dog. The procedure as described would be unsuitable for clinical use in dogs.}, } @article {pmid1762262, year = {1991}, author = {Takao, M}, title = {[The effects of gravity load on the canine kidney].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {82}, number = {11}, pages = {1732-1741}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1989.82.1732}, pmid = {1762262}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {*Aerospace Medicine ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dogs ; Gravitation ; Kidney/*physiology ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Lithotripsy ; Pressure ; Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology ; }, abstract = {In Self-defense Force Hospitals we often treat pilots with renal stones who will be exposed to high gravity (G) load after the treatment. Because the regulation prohibits the flight of a pilot with urolithiasis, the stone must be removed completely by noninvasive procedure. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, therefore, is one of the treatment of choice in such patients. The effect of G load on the kidney, in particular, on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (R-A-A) system and the safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a pilot who is exposed to high G load have not been adequately investigated. In this study, I examined the effect of G load in canine kidney model. The effect of G load on R-A-A system: Twenty-two adult mongrel dogs of a mean weight of 10.9 kg. maintained on a normal Na+ intake were studied. To dogs in the sitting position, high G load was given. The exposure to G load consisted of maximum load of 8 G for 45 seconds with the onset ratio of 0.1 G/sec. for group 1, and 5 courses of maximum G load of 8 G for 10 seconds with the onset ratio of 2.5 G/sec., followed by 1.5 G for 60 seconds for group 2. Plasma renin activity was unchanged in group 1, but it increased in group 2. Plasma aldosterone increased from 68.6 +/- 17.9 to 252.0 +/- 56.4 pg/ml (p less than 0.005) in group 1. and from 191.8 +/- 40.6 to 479.2 +/- 76.0 pg/ml (p less than 0.005) in group 2 after G load. Angiotensin II decreased from 129.0 +/- 19.4 to 84.7 +/- 19.1 pg/ml (p less than 0.05) after G load in group 2. These data suggest that the increase in plasma aldosterone after G load in independent of the renin-angiotensin system. It is considered that the alteration of R-A-A system was caused by the change of blood flow distribution due to the effect of G load. The tolerance to G load on the kidney following subcutaneous nephrostomy: Unilateral subcutaneous nephrostomies were carried out under pentobarbital anesthesia in 15 adult female mongrel dogs. Each experimental dog was exposed to high G load 2 or 4 weeks after removal of the nephrostomy tube. Excretory urography, renal angiography and renal function tests were performed before and after G load. Excretory urograms demonstrated no remarkable changes at all after G load in all dogs. Renal angiograms revealed small renal infarction along the nephrostomy tract in almost all dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid1767976, year = {1991}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Nagode, LA and Polzin, DJ and Parke, ML}, title = {Evaluation of urine and serum metabolites in miniature schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {52}, number = {10}, pages = {1583-1590}, pmid = {1767976}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Calcitriol/blood ; Calcium/blood/*urine ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/blood/*urine ; Dogs ; Electrolytes/blood/urine ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/*urine ; Parathyroid Hormone/blood ; Urinary Calculi/blood/chemistry/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {To evaluate underlying causes of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, 24-hour excretion of urine metabolites was measured in 6 Miniature Schnauzers that formed calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths during periods when they were fed a standard diet and during periods when food was withheld. Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D also were evaluated. Serum calcium concentrations were normal in all 6 affected Miniature Schnauzers; however, during diet consumption, mean 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was significantly (P = 0.025) higher than calcium excretion when food was withheld. In 1 dog, urinary calcium excretion was lower during the period of food consumption, compared with the period when food was withheld. Compared with clinically normal Beagles, Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly greater quantities of calcium when food was consumed (P = 0.0004) and when food was withheld (P = 0.001). Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly less oxalate than clinically normal Beagles during fed (P = 0.028) and nonfed (P = 0.004) conditions. Affected Miniature Schnauzers also excreted abnormally high quantities of uric acid. Excretion of citrate was not different between Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis and clinically normal Beagles. In 5 of 6 Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis, concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone were similar to values from age- and gender-matched Miniature Schnauzers without uroliths. The concentration of serum parathyroid hormone in 1 dog was greater than 4 times the mean concentration of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers. Mean serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in Miniature Schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis were similar to concentrations of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers.}, } @article {pmid1767975, year = {1991}, author = {Lulich, JP and Osborne, CA and Unger, LK and Sanna, J and Clinton, CW and Davenport, MP}, title = {Prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths in miniature schnauzers.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {52}, number = {10}, pages = {1579-1582}, pmid = {1767975}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Minnesota/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/epidemiology/genetics/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Epidemiologic data were evaluated from all dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 69,890 admissions, 2,077 were Miniature Schnauzers. Uroliths were retrieved from 63 of the 2,077 Miniature Schnauzers admitted. In 20 of the 63 urolith episodes, calcium oxalate was the predominant mineral identified. By comparison, calcium oxalate uroliths were identified in only 56 of the remaining 67,813 non-Miniature Schnauzer canine admissions. The odds that uroliths from Miniature Schnauzers were composed of calcium oxalate was 11.8 times greater than for other canine breeds evaluated at the UMVTH (95% confidence interval = 6.8 to 20.1). Data also were evaluated from files of uroliths retrieved from dogs and submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative mineral analysis, between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 3,930 uroliths analyzed, 615 (15.6%) uroliths were obtained from Miniature Schnauzers. of the 615 uroliths, 175 (28.4%) were calcium oxalate. By comparison, only 550 (16.6%) of the remaining 3,315 from dogs of breeds other than Miniature Schnauzers were calcium oxalate. The odds that uroliths submitted for analysis were composed of calcium oxalate was 2 times greater for Miniature Schnauzers than for dogs of other breeds (95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 2.4). Calcium oxalate uroliths were retrieved more frequently in males than females. The risk for males developing calcium oxalate uroliths was greater than 3 times the risk for females in both groups of data evaluated. The mean age of all Miniature Schnauzers admitted to the UMVTH with calcium oxalate uroliths was 9 years. Calcium oxalate uroliths were not detected in Miniature Schnauzers younger than 1.7 years.}, } @article {pmid1683042, year = {1991}, author = {Weissmüller, J and Schafhauser, W and Schrott, KM and Hochberger, JH and Ell, C}, title = {[Laser lithotripsy of ureteral stones. Personal experiences].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, pages = {333-336}, pmid = {1683042}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Laser Therapy ; Lithotripsy/instrumentation/*methods ; *Lithotripsy, Laser ; Male ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {The in vitro evaluation of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, showed an effective and fine fragmentation of urinary calculi and showed only minimal subepithelial bleeding in the directly irradiated canine ureter. Since 1989 we have treated ureteral calculi in 30 patients. The laser pulses of 15-20 mJ (at fiber tip), 20 ns, 20-25 cps are transmitted by a 300-microns quartz fiber with a specially formed tip focusing the light. The fiber is passed through an 11.5-F ureteroscope within a guide tube, or, without a guide tube, through one of the new minimized ureteroscopies and is placed in front of the calculus. In 27 patients the procedure was successful, without any residual concretions after 1 day. In our opinion the advantages of this method are the very fine-grained, complete fragmentation of all sorts of calculi, the highly atraumatic procedure, and the absence of either optical or acoustic irritation to the operator.}, } @article {pmid1653776, year = {1991}, author = {Kruger, JM and Osborne, CA and Goyal, SM and Wickstrom, SL and Johnston, GR and Fletcher, TF and Brown, PA}, title = {Clinical evaluation of cats with lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {199}, number = {2}, pages = {211-216}, pmid = {1653776}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hematuria/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Herpesviridae/immunology ; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/veterinary ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Pyuria/diagnosis/veterinary ; Sex Factors ; Urethral Obstruction/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/veterinary ; Urination Disorders/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In a prospective study, 141 cats with hematuria, dysuria, urethral obstruction, or combinations of these signs were evaluated by contemporary diagnostic methods and compared with 26 clinically normal cats (controls). Specific diagnosis was established in 45% (64/141) of cats affected with lower urinary tract disease (LUTD). Crystalline matrix plug-induced urethral obstruction was diagnosed in 21% (30/141) of affected cats, uroliths were identified in 21% (30/141) of affected cats, uroliths with concomitant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) were identified in less than 2% (2/141) of affected cats, and bacterial UTI alone was identified in less than 2% (2/141) of cats with LUTD. Viruses, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas were not isolated from urine samples collected from affected or control cats. Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4)-neutralizing antibodies were not detected in any serum sample obtained from cats with LUTD or from control cats. In contrast, BHV-4 antibodies were detected by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test in sera obtained from 31% (44/141) of cats with LUTD and 23% (6/26) of control cats. The prevalence of positive BHV-4 IFA test results in affected cats was not significantly different from that observed in control cats. Significant association was not apparent between positive BHV-4 IFA test results and clinical diagnosis, abnormal laboratory findings, or cat age. However, the number of male cats with BHV-4 IFA titer was significantly (P less than 0.02, chi 2 test) greater than that of female cats. Detection of BHV-4 antibodies in approximately 30% of affected and control cats indicates prior virus exposure. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the specific role of BHV-4 in cats with naturally acquired LUTD.}, } @article {pmid1874670, year = {1991}, author = {Ling, GV and Ruby, AL and Harrold, DR and Johnson, DL}, title = {Xanthine-containing urinary calculi in dogs given allopurinol.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {198}, number = {11}, pages = {1935-1940}, pmid = {1874670}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Allopurinol/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Breeding ; Dog Diseases/*chemically induced ; Dogs ; Male ; Urinary Calculi/chemically induced/*chemistry/prevention & control ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Xanthine ; Xanthines/*analysis/urine ; }, abstract = {Clinical features and laboratory findings were evaluated in 10 dogs that formed xanthine-containing urinary calculi during the period that they were given allopurinol (9 to 38 mg/kg of body weight/d). Duration of allopurinol treatment was 5 weeks to 6 years. Of the 10 dogs, 9 (all Dalmatians) had formed uric acid-containing calculi at least once before allopurinol treatment was initiated. It was not possible to recognize xanthine as a crystalline component of the calculi by use of a chemical colorimetric method or by polarized light microscopy. We concluded that the best diagnostic method for recognition of xanthine-containing calculi was high-pressure liquid chromatography because it is quantitative, sensitive, and accurate, and can be conducted on a small amount (1 to 2 mg) of crystalline material.}, } @article {pmid2051700, year = {1991}, author = {Daidoh, Y and Komine, Y and Arai, T and Suda, A and Kikuchi, M and Murai, M and Nakamura, H}, title = {[The prevention method of inadvertent irradiation during laser stone fragmentation by the fiber-optic radiometry analysis].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, pages = {620-627}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1989.82.620}, pmid = {2051700}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Argon ; Dogs ; Endoscopy ; Fiber Optic Technology ; *Laser Therapy ; Optical Fibers ; Radiation Injuries, Experimental/*prevention & control ; Radiometry ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {To minimize urothelial tissue injuries by inadvertent laser irradiation during the laser stone fragmentation, we developed a novel fiber-optic analysis system which is able to distinguish the urothelial tissues from urinary stones. The reflection mode of the pulsed photo-thermal radiometry (PPTR) was employed for non-destructive tissue characterization. We developed the first fiber-optic PPTR system using chalcogenide infrared glass fibers as a transmission line. As excitation light sources for the samples, three different lasers were used in vitro and compared to select the proper excitation laser which is able to distinguish wet urinary stones from urothelial tissues. The e-folding decay time of the PPTR waveform, by which the samples are characterized, was measured as an index. The ultraviolet argon (UV Ar) laser had the best discriminative faculty. Using UV Ar laser, the e-folding decay time of calcium oxalate stones, uric acid stones and the ureter, was 239 +/- 57 ms, 33 +/- 4 ms, and 102 +/- 24 ms (p less than 0.001), respectively. The new analysis system which was composed of the fiber-optic PPTR analyzer using UV Ar laser excitation together with a thin-fiber endoscope was applied to measure the e-folding decay time of PPTR waveform of urinary stones and canine ureters in vivo general anesthesia. The e-folding decay time of calcium oxalate stones, uric acid stones and the ureter was 153 +/- 15 ms, 26 +/- 3 ms and 246 +/- 31 ms, respectively. The canine ureter was clearly differentiable from urinary stones by the measurement of the e-folding decay time of PPTR waveform.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, } @article {pmid2048098, year = {1991}, author = {Stein, BS}, title = {Feline lower urinary tract disease.}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {116 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {93S-96S}, pmid = {2048098}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Radiography/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1997719, year = {1991}, author = {Corcos, J and Picard, L and Groleau, S and Madarnas, P and Escher, E}, title = {Radio-contrast enhancement of urinary tract stones.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {145}, number = {3}, pages = {618-623}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38407-0}, pmid = {1997719}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Animals ; *Contrast Media ; Fluoroscopy/methods ; Humans ; *Metals ; Urinary Calculi/*diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {Most urologists treating stone disease with any method (ESWL, PCL, URS) have encountered problems of poor stone visualization with fluoroscopy. This difficulty to localize urinary tract (UT) stones or fragments may result in incomplete stone extraction, prolonged surgery and increased risk of recurrence and post-operative complications. We have sought and found means to increase the radioopacity of mineral UT stones by a simple pre-operative perfusion technique. The capacity of radioopacification has first been demonstrated in in vitro incubations of fragments of human mineral stones with aqueous solutions of barium, of the lanthanides and of the two natural actinides. Most of the incubations led to considerable radio-contrast enhancement and heavy metal incorporation, measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Dogs with implanted human stone fragments were used as an in vivo model. The UT were perfused through a retrograde pyelic catheter with heavy metal salts solutions, the ensuing radioopacification of the implanted UT-stones was estimated by abdominal radiographies and the metal incorporation was measured on the retrieved stones. Considerable radioopacity enhancement together with heavy metal incorporation was observed for the following elements: Sr, Ba and the lanthanides Gd and Yb. The pathological evaluation of the urothelial linings from animals treated with lanthanide salt showed no toxic effects.}, } @article {pmid1995560, year = {1991}, author = {DiBartola, SP and Chew, DJ and Horton, ML}, title = {Cystinuria in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, pages = {102-104}, pmid = {1995560}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Absorption ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*urine ; Cats ; Creatinine/analysis ; Cystinuria/*veterinary ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Male ; Osmolar Concentration ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A 10-month-old male Siamese cat with dysuria was determined to have cystine crystalluria. Many small calculi composed entirely of cystine were found in the urinary bladder. Measurement of serum and urine amino acids and calculation of fractional reabsorption of amino acids indicated reabsorption defects for cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine. Urinary acidification, fractional reabsorption of glucose, and fractional reabsorption of electrolytes were normal. Diagnoses of cystinuria and cystine urolithiasis were made on the basis of low fractional reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids and the detection of cystine calculi in the urinary bladder.}, } @article {pmid1993272, year = {1991}, author = {Karlsen, SJ and Smevik, B and Klingenberg Lund, K and Berg, KJ}, title = {Do extracorporeal shock waves affect urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans?.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {24-28}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1991.tb15062.x}, pmid = {1993272}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Glycosaminoglycans/*urine ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/physiopathology/therapy/*urine ; *Lithotripsy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was studied in 9 anaesthetised dogs and 10 patients with single kidneys. The animals were studied for 4 to 5 hours after administration of shock waves to 1 kidney, the contralateral organ serving as control. Urinary excretion of GAGs was measured on both sides. The patients were studied 0 to 24 and 32 to 56 h after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). In the animals an increased mean urinary excretion of GAGs was observed on both sides; this was more marked in the treated kidney. The increase reflects tissue injury in the exposed kidney induced by the extracorporeal shock waves. No increase in mean urinary excretion of GAGs was observed in the patients.}, } @article {pmid1926663, year = {1991}, author = {Oosterlinck, W and Verbeeck, R and Cuvelier, C and Verplaetse, H and Verbaeys, A}, title = {Toxicity of litholytic ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solutions to the urothelium of the rat and dog.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {265-268}, pmid = {1926663}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Buffers ; Dogs ; Edetic Acid/*toxicity ; Epithelium/drug effects ; Ethanolamines ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/therapy ; Mucous Membrane/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Urinary Bladder/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {The toxicity to the urothelium of bipotassium ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (K2-EDTA) buffered with 0.2 M triethanolamine (TEA) at pH 8 and 8.5 was tested in rats and dogs. Even at a low concentration of 3.125 mM, K2-EDTA is very noxious to the bladder mucosa. This toxicity is not due to the buffer TEA, which is well tolerated. Although buffered K2-EDTA, at pH 8.5 is an excellent chemolytic agent for calcium-containing stones, its clinical use is limited by this toxicity.}, } @article {pmid1898578, year = {1991}, author = {Goldberg, BB and Bagley, D and Liu, JB and Merton, DA and Alexander, A and Kurtz, AB}, title = {Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract: preliminary observations.}, journal = {AJR. American journal of roentgenology}, volume = {156}, number = {1}, pages = {99-103}, doi = {10.2214/ajr.156.1.1898578}, pmid = {1898578}, issn = {0361-803X}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Tract/diagnostic imaging ; Urologic Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Urologic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; }, abstract = {Endoluminal sonography of the urinary tract was performed by using endoluminal ultrasound transducers contained within 2-mm-diameter catheters. The catheters were inserted into the urinary bladder via the urethra and advanced into the ureters and renal pelvis under cystoscopic control; then, cross-sectional images of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis were obtained. Two dogs and seven human patients were studied. In one dog, a 4.5-mm pseudopolyp, which was surgically created in the bladder wall, was successfully imaged; in the other, stones 2 mm or larger inserted into the bladder were identified. Of the seven patients, sonography showed stones embedded in the renal parenchyma (one patient) and the mucosa of the distal ureter (one patient). These were ultimately confirmed by their eventual removal. In a third, sonography showed a tumor of the distal ureter and identified the depth of the tumor. This was confirmed by biopsy. In a fourth, sonography clearly showed a crossing vessel as the cause for narrowing of the proximal ureter. In a fifth, sonography showed that the cause of a ureteral stricture was idiopathic. In the last two cases, sonography did not reveal a cause for hematuria. In these last three cases, negative sonographic results were confirmed by direct ureteroscopic examinations and follow-up studies. Our observations based on this limited study suggest that endoluminal sonography is a useful procedure for diagnosing diseases of the urinary tract. Further study is warranted.}, } @article {pmid1884286, year = {1991}, author = {Escolar, E and Bellanato, J and Rodriquez, M}, title = {Study of cystine urinary calculi in dogs.}, journal = {Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {67-70}, pmid = {1884286}, issn = {0830-9000}, mesh = {Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cystine/*analysis ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates/analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The composition and structure of 48 canine cystine urinary stones were determined by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive X-ray analysis. The infrared analysis showed that about 45% of the specimens were composed of pure cystine. The remainder also contained calcium oxalate (mono and/or dihydrate), magnesium ammonium phosphate hexadydrate (struvite), calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite) and complex urates (ammonium, ammonium potassium and/or potassium enriched ammonium urate). The infrared study of several samples heated at 620 degrees C and 750 degrees C revealed the presence of apatitic calcium phosphate. This compound was difficult to detect in the spectrum of the original samples due to the small proportion of phosphate contained in the calculi and to band overlapping. The examination of a series of selected samples by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis complemented the infrared results.}, } @article {pmid2176338, year = {1990}, author = {Escolar, E and Bellanato, J and Medina, JA}, title = {Structure and composition of canine urinary calculi.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {327-333}, pmid = {2176338}, issn = {0034-5288}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Calcium Phosphates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Electron Probe Microanalysis ; Female ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/chemistry/ultrastructure/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The chemical constituents of 171 specimens of canine urinary calculi have been analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 46 per cent of the total contained struvite as the major component; 26 per cent contained cystine; 16 per cent were found to be composed of whewellite and, or, weddellite; 8 per cent of urates; 3 per cent of calcium phosphate (apatite and, or, brushite) and 1 per cent of silica. A series of selected samples was also studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). This examination revealed structures similar to human stones. Potassium and complex urates containing two or more cations were commonly found in many areas of ammonium urate and sodium urate calculi. Moreover, EDAX analysis detected a calcium enriched urate in several zones of urate calculi.}, } @article {pmid2260250, year = {1990}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Bartges, JW and Felice, LJ}, title = {Medical dissolution and prevention of canine and feline uroliths: diagnostic and therapeutic caveats.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {127}, number = {15}, pages = {369-373}, pmid = {2260250}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Medical protocols designed to promote the dissolution of canine and feline struvite uroliths, the dissolution of canine ammonium urate and cystine uroliths and the prevention of all major types of canine and feline uroliths have been developed. However, because the causes of different types of uroliths vary, the medical protocols for their dissolution and prevention also vary. When the diagnosis of the underlying causes of uroliths becomes the rule rather than the exception, therapeutic failures should become the exception rather than the rule.}, } @article {pmid2341317, year = {1990}, author = {Ling, GV and Franti, CE and Ruby, AL and Johnson, DL}, title = {Epizootiologic evaluation and quantitative analysis of urinary calculi from 150 cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {196}, number = {9}, pages = {1459-1462}, pmid = {2341317}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Apatites/analysis ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Bacteriuria/veterinary ; Breeding ; Calcium Oxalate/analysis ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Cats ; Female ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Struvite ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {One hundred fifty specimens of urinary calculi from 150 cats were analyzed by at least 1 of 4 quantitative methods. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) was the predominant mineral substance encountered, with 104 (69%) of the calculi being composed entirely of struvite and 23 (15%) being composed partially of struvite. Most (93%) of the calculi were located in the urinary bladder. Growth of bacteria was observed in samples from calculi or urine from 30 (41%) of 74 cats. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from the urine or calculi from 17 cats (45% of bacteria isolated). Ten other bacterial species were isolated. Median and mean ages of the cats were 5.0 and 5.1 years, respectively. Domestic short-hair and domestic longhair breeds predominated. Fifty-seven percent of the calculi came from females, 43% from males. The distribution by gender did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.2) among the 3 groups (domestic shorthair, domestic longhair, and other). However, the distribution of struvite calculi differed significantly (chi 2 = 15.5, P less than 0.001) by age and gender; among cats less than or equal to 2 years of age, males predominated 2:1 over females, and among cats greater than 2 years of age, females predominated by nearly 3:1 over males. When compared with the general population, females greater than 2 years old were significantly (chi 2 = 15.4, P less than 0.001) overrepresented.}, } @article {pmid2189256, year = {1990}, author = {Moreau, PM}, title = {Disorders of the lower urinary tract in old dogs.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {126}, number = {17}, pages = {415-425}, pmid = {2189256}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnosis/therapy ; Dogs ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid2329073, year = {1990}, author = {Osborne, CA and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Polzin, DJ and Johnston, GR and Kroll, RA}, title = {Medical dissolution of feline struvite urocystoliths.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {196}, number = {7}, pages = {1053-1063}, pmid = {2329073}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Amoxicillin/*therapeutic use ; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*diet therapy ; Cats ; Clavulanic Acids/*therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/analysis/urine ; *Magnesium Compounds ; Male ; Phosphates/analysis/urine ; Radiography ; Recurrence ; Specific Gravity ; Struvite ; Time Factors ; Urinary Calculi/analysis/diagnostic imaging/diet therapy/urine/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/drug therapy/veterinary ; }, abstract = {The efficacy of a diet designed to facilitate dissolution of feline magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) uroliths was evaluated in 30 cases of urolithiasis, sterile struvite uroliths dissolved in a mean of 36 days after initiation of dietary treatment. In 5 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-negative bacterial urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 23 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. In 3 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 79 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. Dissolution of uroliths in cats fed the treatment diet was associated with concomitant remission of dysuria, hematuria, and pyuria, and reduction in urine pH and struvite crystalluria. In one case, a urocystolith composed of 100% ammonium urate, and in another case, a urolith composed of 60% calcium phosphate, 20% calcium oxalate, and 20% magnesium ammonium phosphate did not dissolve.}, } @article {pmid2304180, year = {1990}, author = {Crowley, AR and Byrne, JC and Vaughan, ED and Marion, DN}, title = {The effect of acute obstruction on ureteral function.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {143}, number = {3}, pages = {596-599}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)40037-1}, pmid = {2304180}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Muscle Contraction ; Pressure ; Ureter/physiopathology ; Ureteral Calculi/complications/physiopathology ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {In an effort to understand the physiologic processes which contribute to, or hinder the transport of stones through the ureter, we examined the intraluminal ureteral pressures and peristaltic activity above and below the acutely obstructed site. Because of patient differences, variability in stone size, shape and composition, an in vivo animal model was developed to study acute ureteral obstruction. Five adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized. A midline celiotomy was made and an open-ended ureteral catheter was inserted through a distal ureterotomy and advanced up the ureter. An angiographic balloon catheter was inserted through a small nephrotomy and directed down the ureter. The experiment was divided into phases: control, ureteral obstruction (balloon inflation) and release of obstruction (balloon deflation). Compared to control values, peristaltic rate above the obstruction increased significantly (p less than 0.05), as well as baseline, peak, and delta (peak minus baseline) pressures. In contrast, the peristaltic rate below the obstructed site remained approximately the same as its control, despite the significant decreases in baseline, peak, and delta (p less than 0.05) pressures. Failure of transmission of effective peristalsis across the obstructed site may hinder stone passage; however, this remains to be proven. Moreover, the failure of transmission of the increased rate of peristalsis past the balloon and persistence of peristaltic activity below the site of obstruction despite absence of urine flow suggest segmental forces influence peristaltic activity.}, } @article {pmid2289515, year = {1990}, author = {Rassweiler, J and Köhrmann, U and Heine, G and Back, W and Wess, O and Alken, P}, title = {Modulith SL 10/20--experimental introduction and first clinical experience with a new interdisciplinary lithotriptor.}, journal = {European urology}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {237-241}, doi = {10.1159/000463921}, pmid = {2289515}, issn = {0302-2838}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Lithotripsy/*instrumentation/methods ; Models, Biological ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {More than 20 second-generation lithotriptors have been introduced for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Despite great technical progress, each machine still has its specific short-comings. In cooperation, Storz Medical (Kreuzlingen, Switzerland) and the Department of Urology (Klinikum Mannheim, FRG), have developed a new lithotriptor designed to overcome these drawbacks. Energy source: Electromagnetic cylinder with paraboloid reflector (40 cm) for focusing, providing a wide range of pressure (190-1,000 bar) and a focal zone of 28 x 6 mm. The focal depth is maximally 15 cm. Coupling and positioning: Water cushion with patient lying on a specially designed 'acoustic cradle' consisting of an impedance-adapted foil. This is integrated in either a manually or automatically operated table. Localization: Coaxial ultrasound probe for real-time scanning and integrated C arm with pulsed fluoroscopy using a virtual focus (moved along x-axis) for stone localization. In 1989, we commenced with the first treatment based on our own in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the range of energy required for safe application. We treated 137 stones (100 caliceal, 19 pelvic and 18 ureteral) in 88 patients. The mean generator voltage was 16 kV (10-18 kV). Successful disintegration was achieved in 83 patients (95%) employing an average of 2,359 impulses (940-3,500). Thirteen percent of the treatments were performed without any anesthesia on lower generator voltage (10-15 kV), whereas the majority of calculi were treated under intravenous analgesia. The 5 failure cases included 2 stones in a caliceal diverticulum. Moreover, 12 patients with biliary calculi (11 gallstones and 1 bile duct stone) were successfully treated; 1 of these cases required a second treatment session.}, } @article {pmid2219588, year = {1990}, author = {Strohmaier, WL and Bichler, KH and Deetjen, P and Kleinknecht, S and Pedro, M and Wilbert, DM}, title = {Damaging effects of high energy shock waves on cultured Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {255-258}, pmid = {2219588}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/analysis ; Cell Line ; Culture Media ; Dogs ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kidney Tubules/enzymology/*pathology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis ; Ultrasonics/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has become an almost non-invasive standard treatment modality for urolithiasis. Several investigations, however, demonstrated that ESWL is not completely free of side effects. Among others alteration of renal tubular function has been reported. To study the effect of shock waves on tubular cells directly an in-vitro model with cultured Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells was established. Suspensions of MDCK cells (7 groups of 6 containers each) were exposed to 0, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 shock waves (Dornier HM4, 18 kV). Before and 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 h after ESWL the following parameters were measured in the nutrient medium: lactate dehydroxygenase (LDH), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), electrolytes. LDH and GOT increased depending on the number of shock waves indicating a membrane damage of MDCK cells. The MDCK model seems suitable for further studies on the effect of shock waves on renal tubular cells.}, } @article {pmid2126322, year = {1990}, author = {Kallerhoff, M and Blech, M and Götz, L and Kehrer, G and Bretschneider, HJ and Helmchen, U and Ringert, RH}, title = {A new method for conservative renal surgery--experimental and first clinical results.}, journal = {Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie}, volume = {375}, number = {6}, pages = {340-346}, pmid = {2126322}, issn = {0023-8236}, mesh = {Animals ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery ; *Cardioplegic Solutions ; Dogs ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Glucose ; Hemangioma/surgery ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Hypertonic Solutions ; Kidney/physiology/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery ; Lipoma/surgery ; Male ; Mannitol ; *Perfusion ; Potassium Chloride ; Procaine ; }, abstract = {So far two methods for prolonging the tolerance of renal ischemia are available: 1) surface cooling with crushed ice and 2) perfusion cooling with an extracellular-like solution. Both methods use only the principle of reducing metabolism through cooling. While rewarming during surgery the ischemic protection is lost, or the kidney must be cooled once again. Therefore, a new preservation solution should reduce energy consumption due to its composition in addition to cooling. For open heart surgery, the HTK solution by Bretschneider is already used clinically. In 71 dog kidney experiments, the ischemic time kidneys could tolerate was prolonged by this solution from 15 to 120 min at 35 degrees C and from 45 to 360 min at 25 degrees C. After 2 h of ischemia at 30 degrees C glomerular filtration rate was about 20 ml/min.100gww within 3 h of reperfusion. After six postoperative days the filtration rate was 40 ml/min.100 gww. No ischemic damage could be recognized by histological investigations. The clinical effectiveness of this method was shown in 7 clinical applications. Ischemic duration lasted up to 113 min, and blood creatinine was between 0.8 and 2.4 mg% at the 6th postoperative day. Use of this preservation technique thus leads to improved kidney function immediately following operation. Longer ischemia can be tolerated by a kidney thus protected, and using this technique excellent visibility can be achieved during intrarenal surgery, simplifying, for example, tumor extirpation.}, } @article {pmid2595861, year = {1989}, author = {Lopatkin, NA and Morozov, AV and Makarova, TI and Gershman, AB and Krendel', BM}, title = {[Are the sequelae predictable for sectional and multiple partial nephrolithotomies of completely intrarenal coral stones? (experimental and clinical research)].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {5}, pages = {3-12}, pmid = {2595861}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney/physiopathology/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/complications/mortality/physiopathology/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/surgery ; Methods ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In the assessment of surgical intervention for fully intrarenal stone casts, different kinds of nephrotomies (sectional or multiple partial ones, those supplementing pyelolithotomy or performed in the kidneys with marked parenchyma) should be compared in terms of functional outcomes, severity and incidence of complications (intraoperative or postoperative bleeding from the violated kidney), postoperative urinary fistulas, aggravated renal failure and postoperative mortality. It is these milestones that have determined the scope of the present study. An experimental assessment of the degree of trauma, associated with sectional nephrolithotomy as well as its functional sequelae was made in dogs after a stone-like structure was simulated and the kidney reached the necessary degree of secretory deficiency. The comparison of pre- and postoperative renographic parameters over different spans of follow-up of animals after sectional nephrolithotomy was made to assess the latter's organ-damaging effect and, in part, functional results of surgery in a kidney with a profound functional deficiency by the time of the operation. A similar methodology was used in clinical patients, subjected to nephrolithotomy (either sectional or multiple partial procedure) for fully intrarenal coral stones. Functional results of nephrolithotomies in animals and in patients are presented in Figs 1-3. For cases where postoperative results were good or satisfactory at 1-2 months, follow-up results are presented in Tables 4-5. Postoperative complications of sectional and partial nephrolithotomies are reflected in Figs. 4-5. The incidence of paranephritis and postoperative mortality are reported in Tables 6-7. Therefore, functional results of sectional nephrolithotomy are indicative of its considerable organ-sparing effect in experimental animals. Functional outcomes of the clinical sectional and multiple partial nephrolithotomies are similar, yet partial nephrolithotomies are more detrimental to the kidney and the upper urinary tract in terms of the pattern and rate of postoperative complications, as compared to sectional nephrolithotomy. As the sequelae of sectional and partial nephrolithotomies are largely unpredictable, indications for surgical removal of intrarenal stereometrically-composite coral stones should be as limited as possible.}, } @article {pmid2678433, year = {1989}, author = {Jaeger, P and Redha, S and Alund, G and Uhlschmid, G}, title = {[Do shock waves damage the kidney? Morphologic and functional changes of the kidney following exposure to shock waves].}, journal = {Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {119}, number = {26}, pages = {944-949}, pmid = {2678433}, issn = {0036-7672}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Hemorrhage/pathology ; Humans ; Kidney/*injuries/pathology ; *Kidney Function Tests ; Lithotripsy/*adverse effects ; }, abstract = {The introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) as a routine procedure has brought about a dramatic change in the therapy of urolithiasis. More than 500,000 patients have been treated successfully. Although a tissue damaging effect of the shock wave on the kidney was regarded as non-existent, phenomena such as hematuria during ESWL treatment and subsequent subcapsular hematomas suggest the possibility of damage in the region of the renal parenchyma by the shockwave itself. To investigate this possibility canine kidneys were examined histologically at different intervals after shockwave exposure. Extensive histological changes such as hemorrhage and sometimes direct tubular damage were found, with scar formation after three months. These changes are limited to the areas exposed to ESWL treatment.}, } @article {pmid2658292, year = {1989}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ and Lulich, JP and Kruger, JM and Johnston, GR and O'Brien, TD and Felice, LJ}, title = {Relationship of nutritional factors to the cause, dissolution, and prevention of canine uroliths.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {583-619}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(89)50062-7}, pmid = {2658292}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis/diet therapy/*etiology/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/diet therapy/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Nutritional factors play a variable role in the etiopathogenesis of canine struvite, ammonium urate, cysteine, calcium oxalate, and silica uroliths. Knowledge of these factors allows modification of diets to promote dissolution of selected minerals within uroliths.}, } @article {pmid2658291, year = {1989}, author = {Osborne, CA and Polzin, DJ and Kruger, JM and Lulich, JP and Johnston, GR and O'Brien, TD}, title = {Relationship of nutritional factors to the cause, dissolution, and prevention of feline uroliths and urethral plugs.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {561-581}, doi = {10.1016/s0195-5616(89)50061-5}, pmid = {2658291}, issn = {0195-5616}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology ; Cats ; *Diet ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Feline lower urinary tract disease is often associated with uroliths and urethral plugs. Uroliths and urethral plugs are composed of variable quantities of matrix and a variety of minerals (including struvite, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate, calcium phosphate, and cystine). Knowledge of nutritional factors associated with the pathophysiology of uroliths and urethral plugs facilitates the modification of diets for the dissolution of several minerals contained within them.}, } @article {pmid2573257, year = {1989}, author = {Zerbib, M and Steg, A and Debre, B and Astier, R and Lecarpentier, Y}, title = {[Pulsed lasers in the treatment of urinary calculi].}, journal = {Acta urologica Belgica}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {683-692}, pmid = {2573257}, issn = {0001-7183}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; *Laser Therapy ; *Lithotripsy ; *Lithotripsy, Laser ; Male ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Intracorporeal lithotripsy of urinary calculi by pulsed dye laser recently enriched the urologist's therapeutic arsenal. We recall the in vitro studies and animal experimentations which demonstrated the feasibility of laser lithotripsy and the absence of harmful tissue damage. The ideal indications for intracorporeal lithotripsy are ureteral stones accessible by rigid and, more especially, flexible ureteroscopy. The results of the first published series using this technique are very encouraging.}, } @article {pmid261006, year = {1979}, author = {Ryan, CP and Barnes, JK}, title = {Nephrolithiasis in a cat with malignant lymphoma.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, pages = {1487-1494}, pmid = {261006}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Calcinosis/etiology ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Duodenal Neoplasms/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/etiology ; Lymphoma/complications/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; }, } @article {pmid494455, year = {1979}, author = {Konrad, G and Ziegler, M and Hüsler, E and Kaspar-Sersch, U and Stein, L and Wurster, H and Krauss, W}, title = {[Electric shock waves crushing stones in the exposed kidney (author's transl)].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {289-293}, pmid = {494455}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Methods ; Pressure ; Rats ; }, abstract = {Highenergy shock waves can desintegrate human calculi of the kidney into fine fragments without direct contact. A closed reflector system which allows sterile contact with the exposed kidney is presented.}, } @article {pmid116410, year = {1979}, author = {Lang, F and Greger, R and Sporer, H and Oberleithner, H and Deetjen, P}, title = {Renal handling of urate and oxalate: possible implications for urolithiasis.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {143-148}, pmid = {116410}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Alkalies/pharmacology ; Animals ; Diuretics/pharmacology ; Dogs ; Haplorhini ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism ; Kidney Glomerulus/drug effects/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects/metabolism ; Nephrons/drug effects/metabolism ; Oxalates/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Uric Acid/*metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; }, abstract = {Both urate and oxalate are organic acids of considerable clinical interest, owing to their limited solubility. Calcium oxalate is the most frequent constituent of renal calculi and occasionally precipitates in body fluids. Urate precipitations are common in the kidney and in various other tissues. In this paper, a short outline of the present knowledge of renal handling of these substances will be followed by some conclusions as to the possible relevance of this knowledge for the understanding of urolithiasis and intrarenal precipitation. Direct (micropuncture) data are available for urate in the rat (1, 6, 7, 10, 21, 23, 28, 36, 42), rabbit (35), dog (34) and cebus monkey (33) and in the rat only for oxalate (11, 15, 20).}, } @article {pmid480775, year = {1979}, author = {Fukuda, S and Matsuoka, O}, title = {Cystic calculosis repeating in a beagle dog.}, journal = {Nihon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, pages = {413-415}, doi = {10.1292/jvms1939.41.413}, pmid = {480775}, issn = {0021-5295}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid438042, year = {1979}, author = {Klausner, JS and Osborne, CA}, title = {Dissolution of a struvite nephrolith in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {174}, number = {10}, pages = {1100-1104}, pmid = {438042}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Ammonium Sulfate/metabolism ; Animals ; *Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/*veterinary ; Kidney Pelvis ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Male ; Radiography ; }, abstract = {A large radiodense calculus in the left renal pelvis of a 22-month-old, male Great Dane disappeared one month following surgical removal of two struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) calculi from the right renal pelvis. The dog's urine likely became undersaturated with struvite for a sufficient period to permit dissolution of the renal calculus. Several factors may have contributed to the decrease in urine struvite concentration, including eradication of a urease-producing Proteus sp from the urinary tract and induction of polydipsia and compensatory polyuria by oral administration of sodium chloride.}, } @article {pmid461118, year = {1979}, author = {Arnbjerg, J}, title = {[Clinical use of ketamine-xylazine for anaesthesia in the cat (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nordisk veterinaermedicin}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {145-154}, pmid = {461118}, issn = {0029-1579}, mesh = {Anesthesia, General/methods/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cats/*surgery ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Evaluation ; Female ; Injections, Intramuscular ; *Ketamine/administration & dosage ; Pregnancy ; *Thiazines/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; *Xylazine/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Based on experiences from anaesthesia of approximately 7000 cats in a four year period the effects of a combination of 20--25 mg/kg Ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg Xylazine given i/m are described. In the present study the Xylazine has been applied in considerably lower doses, compared with previous reports on these drugs, and this change has reduced the unwanted side effects, without at the same time reducing the effect on the muscular tension and the psychical disturbances induced by the Ketamine. Ketamine and Xylazine were given in one injection after being taken in the named sequence and mixed in the syringe. Indication for anaesthetizing the cats were, besides routine surgery in the out-patient clinic, operations of weakened animals for pyometra, foreign bodies, intestinal invaginations with and without resection, removal of abdominal tumors and urolithiasis. Animals with impared liver function were not anaesthetized with these drugs due to the important role of liver metabolism in their excretion. In spite of the fact that the corneal and laryngeal reflexes normally persist, the combination of the two drugs allowed surgery in these organs after application of local anaesthetics as an extra precaution. Premedication with atropine has not been used routinely, and still only very few cases of increased salivation or vomiting have been observed. Aspiration has not been a complication and in the whole material, only 3 deaths have occurred, none of them with a specific post mortem finding besides shock. In these 3 cases the patient died later than 45 minutes after the injection and after ended surgery. Side effects ascribed to phenomena of interaction have not been observed. One cat was anaesthetized a number of times during pregnancy without any effect on the cat or its kittens. It is concluded, that the Ketamine/Xylazine combination, when mixed as prescribed gives a very safe and pleasant narcosis, and that side effects are minimized, if the corneas are moistened with an ophthalmic ointment and the patient is allowed to recover in dark and quiet surroundings.}, } @article {pmid427706, year = {1979}, author = {Post, K}, title = {Feline urological syndrome.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {109-112}, pmid = {427706}, issn = {0008-5286}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis ; Cats ; Cystitis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Male ; Syndrome ; Urethritis/diagnosis/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A case of feline urolithiasis is described. It was demonstrated that serial determinations of renal function were mandatory in order to provide a favorable prognosis. Because hyperkalemia was present, the fluid of choice for the initial treatment was saline. The various considerations in the prevention, treatment and monitoring of cats with feline urolithiasis syndrome are discussed.}, } @article {pmid452178, year = {1979}, author = {Lindsey, D and Parker, DA and Arganese, T and Ushman, D and Werstlein, T and Blackman, F}, title = {Modification by dipyrone (noramidopyrine methanesulphonate) of stone-induced ureteric hyperperistalsis in the dog.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13-17}, pmid = {452178}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Aminopyrine/*analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Dipyrone/*therapeutic use ; Dogs ; Epinephrine/pharmacology ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Muscle Contraction/drug effects ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Parasympatholytics/*therapeutic use ; Phenoxybenzamine/pharmacology ; Propranolol/pharmacology ; Ureter/*drug effects ; Ureteral Calculi/*complications ; }, abstract = {Implantation of a stone in the ureter of the dog by ureterotomy results in focal hyperperistalsis which is accentuated by administration of norepinephrine, and reduced by administration of phenoxybenzamine or isoproterenol. Administration of dipyrone reduces the hyperperistalsis, but this action does not appear to be that of either a beta-agonist of an alpha-antagonist.}, } @article {pmid447578, year = {1979}, author = {O'Handley, P and Carrig, CB and Walshaw, R}, title = {Renal and ureteral duplication in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {174}, number = {5}, pages = {484-487}, pmid = {447578}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*congenital/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Dogs ; Kidney/*abnormalities/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Radiography ; Ureter/*abnormalities/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Duplication of a kidney and ureter in an 18-month-old male English Bulldog was demonstrated radiographically and was confirmed surgically. Urinary tract infection had been a problem for a year. Antimicrobial therapy resolved the clinical signs of urinary infection but did not eliminate bacteriuria.}, } @article {pmid255306, year = {1979}, author = {Bradley, RL and Cortesi, RR}, title = {Lower urinary obstruction due to cystic calculi in a female cat (a case report).}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {353-356}, pmid = {255306}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Female ; Radiography ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid570037, year = {1979}, author = {Röcken, H}, title = {[Urethrotomy in the bitch with an incarcerated urinary calculus].}, journal = {Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {26-27}, pmid = {570037}, issn = {0005-9366}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Methods ; Urethra/*surgery ; Urinary Calculi/*surgery ; }, } @article {pmid447547, year = {1979}, author = {Hill, BL and Postlewaite, RC}, title = {Urethral rupture in a bitch with urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {174}, number = {2}, pages = {170-171}, pmid = {447547}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Urethral Diseases/etiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/complications/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid536176, year = {1979}, author = {Gotchev, D and Moneva-Antonova, L and Mladenov, I}, title = {Polymeric pyelotomy (experimental studies).}, journal = {International urology and nephrology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {279-288}, pmid = {536176}, issn = {0301-1623}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Gels ; Hemostatics/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/*surgery ; Polyvinyls/*therapeutic use ; Rabbits ; Swine ; }, abstract = {A non-toxic, soluble polymeric preparation MAG with controlled period of gelation was synthetized for the extraction of stones from the pyelocalyceal system during surgery for urolithiasis. With respect to toughness the preparation proved superior to the fibrinogen-thrombin mixture, used in the so-called "fibrin pyelotomy" according to Dees. Its biologic testing in animals (rabbits, dogs and pigs) yielded excellent results.}, } @article {pmid429117, year = {1979}, author = {Fischer, CP and Sonda, LP}, title = {Cryoprecipitate: its use and effects in canine coagulum pyelolithotomy.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {266-269}, pmid = {429117}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature ; Creatinine/blood ; Dogs ; Factor VIII/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Fibrinogen/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/blood/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis/surgery ; Methods ; Temperature ; Tensile Strength ; }, abstract = {A fibrin clot forming an extractable cast or "coagulum" of the pyelocalyceal system was developed and characterized using a blood product not previously described--single donor type specific cryoprecipitate. The physical properties of the cryoprecipitate coagulum were investigated and compared with other described formulations. Simulated coagulum pyelolithotomy was performed in vivo in 11 canine kidneys with no adverse effect upon creatinine clearance or anatomic integrity. The advantages of the cryoprecipitate are detailed and a new, simplified operative technique is described.}, } @article {pmid160299, year = {1979}, author = {Fabricant, CG}, title = {Herpesvirus induced feline urolithiasis--a review.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {121-134}, doi = {10.1016/0147-9571(79)90038-9}, pmid = {160299}, issn = {0147-9571}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae/isolation & purification ; Cats ; *Herpesviridae ; Immunodiffusion ; Male ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/isolation & purification ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urethral Obstruction/etiology ; Urinary Calculi/*etiology ; }, } @article {pmid380719, year = {1978}, author = {Wickham, JE and Fernando, AR and Hendry, WF and Watkinson, LE and Whitfield, HN}, title = {Inosine: clinical results of ischaemic renal surgery.}, journal = {British journal of urology}, volume = {50}, number = {7}, pages = {465-468}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-410x.1978.tb06192.x}, pmid = {380719}, issn = {0007-1331}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Creatinine/blood ; Dogs ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inosine/*therapeutic use ; *Ischemia ; Kidney/*blood supply ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radioisotope Renography ; }, abstract = {Ten patients requiring ischaemic renal surgery for calculus or tumour were operated on with the kidney protected by perfusion with a room temperature solution of inosine. The warm ischaemic times ranged from 35 to 75 min (mean 57.1 min). Post-operative recovery was uneventful in all patients. No adverse cardiodynamic effects due to inosine were noted. There was only moderate transient depression in renal function as assessed by gamma camera renography and serum creatinine estimations. Three of the 10 patients have now been followed for over a year. The results with inosine perfusion are comparable to those obtained with hypothermic protection.}, } @article {pmid251358, year = {1978}, author = {Ryan, CP and Wolfer, JJ}, title = {Cystic calculi in four cats.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, pages = {1414-1421}, pmid = {251358}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Cats ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid723216, year = {1978}, author = {Kaspar, LV and Poole, CM and Norris, WP}, title = {Incidence of struvite urinary calculi in two ancestral lines of beagles.}, journal = {Laboratory animal science}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {545-550}, pmid = {723216}, issn = {0023-6764}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*genetics/urine ; Dogs ; Female ; Magnesium/*urine ; Male ; Phosphates/*urine ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/*urine ; Urethral Diseases/genetics/urine/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/genetics/urine/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/genetics/urine/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In the last 17 years, 55 of 2,125 (2.6%) purebred beagles maintained in a closed colony had urolithiasis. Males comprised 72.7% of the affected animals. All the uroliths except one set in the kidneys were in the urinary bladder, the urethra, or both. All uroliths were nearly pure magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. Partially inbred beagles had a 10.7% incidence of urolithiasis, compared to a 2.0% incidence in an outbred line.}, } @article {pmid309206, year = {1978}, author = {Raney, AM}, title = {Electrohydraulic ureterolithotripsy. Preliminary report.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {284-285}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(78)90392-8}, pmid = {309206}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Cystoscopy/*methods ; Dogs ; Electric Stimulation Therapy/*methods ; Female ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Ureter/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid689975, year = {1978}, author = {Bohonowych, RO and Parks, JL and Greene, RW}, title = {Features of cystic calculi in cats in a hospital population.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {173}, number = {3}, pages = {301-303}, pmid = {689975}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Recurrence ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {The case records of 131 cats undergoing surgery for cystic calculi at The Animal Medical Center during the period of June 1969 to January 1975 were reviewed. Data for 16 intact females, 63 spayed females, 14 intact males, and 38 castrated males were analyzed. The mean age of first occurrence was 4.9 years. Meaningful conclusions regarding breed predisposition could not be made. Phosphate calculi were the predominant (124/128 analyzed) type. Swab specimens were taken from the bladder wall at time of surgery in 86 cases; only 28 (32.8%) were positive for bacteria.}, } @article {pmid354178, year = {1978}, author = {Gaskell, CJ}, title = {Urolithiasis in the dog and the cat.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {102}, number = {25}, pages = {546-547}, doi = {10.1136/vr.102.25.546}, pmid = {354178}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animals ; *Cat Diseases/etiology ; Cats ; *Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; Recurrence ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid687293, year = {1978}, author = {McIntosh, GH}, title = {Urolithiasis in animals.}, journal = {Australian veterinary journal}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {267-271}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb02456.x}, pmid = {687293}, issn = {0005-0423}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; Cat Diseases/etiology ; Cats ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/etiology ; Diet ; Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs ; Humans ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/etiology ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Urolithiasis is a disease of multifactorial origin. Prominent amongst the causes of disease outbreaks are nutritional factors. Alteration of diet is probably one of the most effective means of prevention, depending of course on the nature of the uroliths formed. In this regard analysis of the stones formed is an essential prelude to understanding, adequately treating the disease and preventing its recurrence.}, } @article {pmid672195, year = {1978}, author = {Gaskell, CJ and Denny, HR and Jackson, OF and Weaver, AD}, title = {Clinical management of the feline urological syndrome.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {301-314}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1978.tb05500.x}, pmid = {672195}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*therapy ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Syndrome ; Urethral Diseases/therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid351268, year = {1978}, author = {Yendt, ER and Cohanim, M}, title = {Prevention of calcium stones with thiazides.}, journal = {Kidney international}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {397-409}, doi = {10.1038/ki.1978.58}, pmid = {351268}, issn = {0085-2538}, mesh = {Animals ; *Benzothiadiazines ; Calcium/physiology/urine ; Diuretics ; Dogs ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Female ; Humans ; Magnesium/urine ; Male ; Oxalates/urine ; Recurrence ; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/adverse effects/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/*prevention & control/urine ; Zinc/urine ; }, abstract = {On the basis of almost 15 years of experience with thiazide treatment in 346 patients with calcium stones, we believe that the following conclusions are justified: 1) Stone progression ceases in at least 90% of patients who take hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg, twice daily) on a regular basis. 2) A reduced dose of hydrochlorothiazide, i.e., 25 mg twice daily, appears to be effective in a significant proportion of patients. 3) Thiazides are effective in normocalciuric as well as hypercalciuric patients and in most patients with tubular ectasia (medullary sponge kidney). 4. Side effects necessitate discontinuation of thiazide treatment in approximately 7% of patients. The incidence and severity of side effects is reduced by initiating treatment with a small dose and by increasing the dose progressively until the full maintenance dose is achieved. A trial with a reduced dose is warranted in patients who are unable to tolerate the regular maintenance dose. 5) The therapeutic efficacy of thiazides in stone prevention cannot be accurately predicted by the degree of hypocalciuric response. Stone prevention may cease despite a minimal hypocalciuric response, whereas stone progression may occur when an adequate hypocalciuric response has taken place. 6) In addition to the hypocalciuric action, thiazides reduce urine oxalate excretion and increase urine zinc and (probably) magnesium; these effects probably contribute to the efficacy of this agent in stone prevention.}, } @article {pmid656083, year = {1978}, author = {Duch, DS and Hamar, DW and Chow, FC and Lewis, LD}, title = {Study on urine polyelectrolytes of cats with natural and experimental urolithiasis.}, journal = {Biochemical medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {236-245}, doi = {10.1016/0006-2944(78)90025-x}, pmid = {656083}, issn = {0006-2944}, mesh = {Amino Acids/metabolism/*urine ; Animals ; Cats ; Electrolytes/*urine ; Hexosamines/metabolism/urine ; Urinary Calculi/metabolism/*urine ; }, } @article {pmid646192, year = {1978}, author = {Shroyer, EL and Shalaby, MR}, title = {Isolation of feline syncytia-forming virus from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, pages = {555-560}, pmid = {646192}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae/growth & development ; Cat Diseases/*microbiology ; Cats ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Female ; Herpesviridae/growth & development ; Leukocytes/*microbiology ; Male ; Mouth/*microbiology ; Pharynx/*microbiology ; RNA Viruses/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; Trypsin/pharmacology ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/veterinary ; Virus Diseases/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Thirteen of 40 female cats were found to be chronically infected with feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV). Attempts to isolate the virus from these cats by conventional methods were not successful. However, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. A new method was used involving inoculation of actively dividing Crandell feline kidney cell cultures. Cultures were trypsinized 3 days after inoculation and, as a result, cytopathic effect was amplified and ability to detect the virus was enhanced. The FeSFV was detected in 93% (92/88) of the oropharyngeal swab samples and 100% (14/14) of the buffy coat cell specimens. Feline sera were tested by immunodiffusion for precipitating antibody against FeSFV antigen. There was 100% correlation between viral infection and the presence of precipitating antibody. Virus and antibody persisted in infected cats for the duration of this study (8 months for 5 of the infected cats). Urolithiasis was observed in 15 of 28 male cats. Although a direct relationship between FeSFV infection and urolithiasis was not established, most of these male cats (20 of 21) had antibody to FeSFV.}, } @article {pmid632192, year = {1978}, author = {Lewis, LD and Chow, FH and Taton, GF and Hamar, DW}, title = {Effect of virus dietary mineral concentrations on the occurrence of feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {172}, number = {5}, pages = {559-563}, pmid = {632192}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cat Diseases/etiology/*metabolism ; Cats ; Kidney/metabolism ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Male ; Minerals/*metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/metabolism/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid625671, year = {1978}, author = {Kaminski, JM and Katz, AR and Woodward, SC}, title = {Urinary bladder calculus formation on sutures in rabbits, cats and dogs.}, journal = {Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics}, volume = {146}, number = {3}, pages = {353-357}, pmid = {625671}, issn = {0039-6087}, mesh = {Absorption ; Animals ; Cats ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Polyethylenes/adverse effects ; Polyglycolic Acid/adverse effects ; Polypropylenes/adverse effects ; Polytetrafluoroethylene/adverse effects ; Rabbits ; Sutures/*adverse effects ; Time Factors ; Urinary Bladder/surgery ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*etiology ; }, abstract = {Cystotomies were performed upon 152 animals with various suture materials. The bladders were examined for the presence of concretions at intervals ranging from three to 120 days. Calculi were found with regularity in rabbits but not in cats or dogs, irrespective of the suture material used. Urinary calculi persisting later than seven days postoperatively were seen only in those rabbit bladders repaired with nonabsorbable sutures. Despite major differences in the geometry and chemical composition of the suture, the two absorbable sutures polyglycolic acid and catgut showed an equivalent incidence of early, reversible calculus formation in the rabbit urinary bladder. The property of suture materials that contributes most to the formation of persistent urinary calculi is nonabsorbability. Surface characteristics and cross sectional geometry appear to play little, or no, role in the calculus formation in the bladders of animals.}, } @article {pmid627512, year = {1978}, author = {Ryan, CP}, title = {Nephrolithiasis in a cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {162-164}, pmid = {627512}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Cats ; Female ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*veterinary ; Radiography ; }, } @article {pmid753018, year = {1978}, author = {Boyarsky, S and Labay, PC}, title = {Glucagon, ureteral colic and ureteral peristalsis.}, journal = {Transactions of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons}, volume = {70}, number = {}, pages = {22-24}, pmid = {753018}, issn = {0065-7204}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Edema/drug therapy ; Glucagon/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Pain/drug therapy ; Ureter/drug effects/physiology ; Ureteral Calculi/*drug therapy ; Ureteral Diseases/drug therapy ; Ureteral Obstruction/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Experimentally, glucagon is an effective ureteral relaxant that induces a moderate diuresis. Our data suggest that in specified cases of ureteral colic, before the development of a ureteral bar, flaccid dilatation of the pelvis and renal shutdown, glucagon may facilitate the expulsion of small ureteral calculi. When the ureteral pain is due to hyperperistalsis the drug has promise in the alleviation of pain. The complexities of the pathophysiology of ureteral colic in an experimental model support the treatment of ureteral edema in colic with anti-inflammatory drugs but suggest certain precautions in the design of any investigation of drug therapy for colic, lest a good drug be found ineffective for the wrong reason-that it was used in an impossible situation.}, } @article {pmid309204, year = {1978}, author = {Eisenberger, F and Chaussy, C}, title = {Contact-free renal stone fragmentation with shock waves.}, journal = {Urological research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {111}, doi = {10.1007/BF00261309}, pmid = {309204}, issn = {0300-5623}, mesh = {Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Medical Laboratory Science/*instrumentation ; Ultrasonic Therapy/methods ; }, } @article {pmid204451, year = {1978}, author = {Scott, FW}, title = {Recent developments in feline disease research.}, journal = {The Cornell veterinarian}, volume = {68 Suppl 7}, number = {}, pages = {151-157}, pmid = {204451}, issn = {0010-8901}, mesh = {Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Caliciviridae/immunology ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Female ; Herpesviridae/immunology ; Leukemia/veterinary ; Leukemia Virus, Feline ; Male ; Peritonitis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Viral Vaccines ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid599544, year = {1977}, author = {Irvine-Smith, B}, title = {Perineal urethrostomy in the male cat.}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {282-283}, pmid = {599544}, issn = {1019-9128}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Methods ; Urethra/surgery ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid201200, year = {1977}, author = {Fabricant, CG}, title = {Herpesvirus-induced urolithiasis in specific-pathogen-free male cats.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {1837-1842}, pmid = {201200}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/microbiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/etiology/veterinary ; Female ; *Germ-Free Life ; Herpesviridae/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/complications/microbiology/*veterinary ; Male ; *Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urethral Diseases/etiology/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid918977, year = {1977}, author = {Kubo, T and Sasaki, S and Numasato, S and Takahashi, S and Arasaka, T}, title = {Changes of the ureteral movement in diuretic condition and after ureteral surgery.}, journal = {The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {9-22}, doi = {10.1620/tjem.123.9}, pmid = {918977}, issn = {0040-8727}, mesh = {Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; *Diuresis ; Dogs ; Electromyography ; Furosemide/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis/physiology ; Pressure ; Ureter/*physiology/physiopathology/surgery ; Ureteral Calculi/physiopathology/surgery ; }, } @article {pmid199795, year = {1977}, author = {Brody, RS and Thomson, R and Sayer, P and Eugster, B}, title = {Silicate renal calculi in Kenyan dogs.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, pages = {523-528}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05924.x}, pmid = {199795}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/metabolism ; Dogs ; Kenya ; Kidney Calculi/epidemiology/metabolism/*veterinary ; Silicon Dioxide/*metabolism ; }, } @article {pmid331657, year = {1977}, author = {Weaver, AD and Pillinger, R}, title = {Lower urinary tract pathogens in the dog and their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, pages = {77-79}, doi = {10.1136/vr.101.4.77}, pmid = {331657}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/microbiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Ninety-six urine samples were collected by a sterile technique from 75 dogs affected with urinary tract disease (cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis, etc) involving bacteruria. The infecting organisms were isolated and tested against sensitivity discs (penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethaprin and Sulphatriad). The commonest isolate was Escherichia coli, which was generally sensitive to several agents, though in eight cases it was resistant to all drugs. Next in order were Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus spp. A double infection was present in 11 cases. Further data give a breakdown for sex and the clinical diagnosis, neither of which was related to any particular organism.}, } @article {pmid587555, year = {1977}, author = {Kirkpatrick, RM}, title = {Urate calculus in a male cat.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {72}, number = {7}, pages = {1171-1173}, pmid = {587555}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Male ; *Uric Acid ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid864007, year = {1977}, author = {Lian, JB and Prien, EL and Glimcher, MJ and Gallop, PM}, title = {The presence of protein-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in calcium-containing renal calculi.}, journal = {The Journal of clinical investigation}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, pages = {1151-1157}, pmid = {864007}, issn = {0021-9738}, mesh = {Adult ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Apatites/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dogs ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Oxalates/metabolism ; Phosphates ; Protein Binding ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Tricarboxylic Acids/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is found in four blood-clotting proteins, in a bone protein, in kidney protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications. This paper reports the presence of Gla in the EDTA-soluble, nondialyzable proteins of calcium-containing renal calculi including calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite, and mixed stores of apatite and struvite (MgNH4PO4). Calculi composed of pure struvite and those composed of only uric acid or cystine do not contain Gla. From calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite stontes, a protein of about 17,000 daltons was obtained which contained about 40 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acids. The amino acid composition of this protein had no apparent relationship to the Gla-containing bone protein or to the similarly-sized F1 fragment of prothrombin which contains about 64 residues of Gla per 1,000 amino acid residues. The Gla-rich protein in calcium-containing renal stones thus may be a different Gla-containing protein. These data as well as other studies demonstrating the presence of Gla in pathologically calcified tissues not normally containing Gla suggest that the Gla-containing proteins may be of considerable pathophysiological significance.}, } @article {pmid564733, year = {1977}, author = {Tan, RJ and Lim, EW}, title = {Isolation of Torulopsis glabrata from a urine specimen of a Labrador bitch with urolithiasis.}, journal = {The British veterinary journal}, volume = {133}, number = {3}, pages = {324-325}, doi = {10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34104-0}, pmid = {564733}, issn = {0007-1935}, mesh = {Animals ; Candida/*isolation & purification ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Mycoses/microbiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Urine/*microbiology ; }, } @article {pmid327649, year = {1977}, author = {Marberger, M and Georgi, M and Günther, R and Schäfer, R and Hohenfellner, R}, title = {[Intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery: clinical applications and observations (author's transl)].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {146-153}, pmid = {327649}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/surgery ; Animals ; *Catheterization/adverse effects ; Dogs ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; *Hemostatic Techniques ; Humans ; Hypothermia, Induced/methods ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery ; Male ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Perfusion ; Radiography ; *Renal Artery ; Renal Veins/diagnostic imaging ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A method permitting percutaneous catheterization and temporary balloon occlusion of the human renal artery with a 5-F-Swan-Ganz-Catheter is presented. When properly performed, the arterial occlusion is reliable, low in complications, and less traumatizing to the vessel than external clamp occlusion. The technique was employed in 112 patients for occlusion of the renal artery prior to tumor nephrectomy, for attaining stop-flow conditions for improved nephrophlebography, for preventing the reflux of emboli at transarterial embolisation of inoperable kidney tumors, or, combined with simultaneous hypothermic perfusion via the second lumen of the catheter, in extensive kidney surgery necessitating ischemia. Particularly this last range of application offers new possibilities for in-situ surgery of the kidney, as it renders dissection of the renal pedicle and cumbersome surface cooling of the kidney unnecessary.}, } @article {pmid875380, year = {1977}, author = {Walker, AD and Weaver, AD and Anderson, RS and Crighton, GW and Fennell, C and Gaskell, CJ and Wilkinson, GT}, title = {An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {283-301}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05886.x}, pmid = {875380}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Female ; Male ; Syndrome/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid585521, year = {1977}, author = {Donovan, CA}, title = {Clinical observations on use of methylene blue for urinary calculi and conception.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, pages = {582}, pmid = {585521}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Fertility/*drug effects ; Methylene Blue/*therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid844998, year = {1977}, author = {Brodsky, SL and Zimskind, PD and Dure-Smith, P and Lewis, PL}, title = {Effects of crush and devascularizing injuries to the proximal ureter. An experimental study.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {361-365}, pmid = {844998}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Vessels/*injuries ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Fistula/etiology ; Hydronephrosis/etiology ; Time Factors ; Ureter/blood supply/*injuries/pathology ; Ureteral Calculi/etiology ; Ureteral Diseases/etiology ; Ureteral Obstruction/etiology ; }, abstract = {Crush and devascularizing injuries were performed on proximal canine ureters. The pathogenesis of the reaction to these injuries was evaluated by using microbiologic, physiologic, radiologic, biophysical, histologic, and anatomic techniques. The results indicated that within 12 weeks after crush injuries lasting up to 60 min, renal function fully returned and radiologic demonstration of the crush area resolved, even through other radiologic and pathologic changes persisted in hte crushed ureters. The pathophsiologic results of devascularizing injuries that did not resolve spontaneously tended to progress more rapidly and case more serious renal impairment than any of the crush injuries. Devascularizing injuries that resolved tended to be benign in their effect.}, } @article {pmid558449, year = {1977}, author = {Watanabe, H and Oinuma, S}, title = {[Studies on the application of microexplosion to medicine and biology. I. Development of special explosive for the experiments (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, pages = {243-248}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.68.3_243}, pmid = {558449}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Explosions ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Methods ; Urinary Calculi ; }, } @article {pmid838616, year = {1977}, author = {Brown, NO and Parks, JL and Greene, RW}, title = {Recurrence of canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {170}, number = {4}, pages = {419-412}, pmid = {838616}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Carbonates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; *Dog Diseases/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Recurrence ; Sex Factors ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {A retrospective analysis of urolithiasis in the dog was done at the Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, and involved a review of case records from Jan 1, 1968, to June 30, 1974. The study involved a total of 438 dogs that had a total of 561 urolithic episodes. Of the 438 dogs, 111 had 155 known recurrences of calculi. The types of recurrent calculi were phosphate (54 dogs), cystine (45 dogs), urate (7 dogs), oxalate (3 dogs), and carbonate (2 dogs). Two-thirds of the recurrent cases involved only 2 episodes. One-half of the population was composed of mixed breeds, Schnauzers, and Poodles. With the exception of 25 females that had phosphate calculi, all of the dogs with recurrences were males. Sixty-six dogs were tested for urinary bacteria and of these dogs, 40 had infected urinary tracts. The infected dogs had both phosphate and cystine calculi. In addition, most dogs with phosphate calculi had Staphylococcus infections, whereas the cultures from the dogs with cystine calculi had a wide range of bacteria.}, } @article {pmid838615, year = {1977}, author = {Brown, NO and Parks, JL and Greene, RW}, title = {Canine urolithiasis: retrospective analysis of 438 cases.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {170}, number = {4}, pages = {414-418}, pmid = {838615}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections/veterinary ; Carbonates/analysis ; Cystine/analysis ; *Dog Diseases/epidemiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Oxalates/analysis ; Phosphates/analysis ; Sex Factors ; Uric Acid/analysis ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In a retrospective analysis of 438 cases of canine urolithiasis, a total of 561 urolithic episodes were found to have occurred in a 6 1/2-year period. The hospital incidence of urolithiasis during that period, defined as the proportion of dogs hospitalized with urolithiasis to the total number of dogs hospitalized, was 2.8%. The major chemical component of the calculus in 307 dogs was phosphate; in 95 dogs, cystine; in 21 dogs, urate; in 12 dogs, oxalate; and in 3 dogs, carbonate. The Miniature Schnauzer, Dachsund, Dalmatian, Pug, Bulldog, Welsh Corgi, Beagle, and Bassett Hound were breeds that had a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) incidence of calculi than did breeds of other dogs hospitalized. Predisposition for calculi, by sex, was not found. Most dogs with calculi were between 3 and 7 years old. Most calculi were radiopaque and were located in the bladder or in the bladder and urethra. Specimens for bacteriologic culture were obtained by catheterization or by swabbing of tissue at the surgical site. Of 259 specimens obtained, 181 were culture-positive. The most common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Klebsiella spp. Most of the bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, and methanamine mandelate.}, } @article {pmid891204, year = {1977}, author = {Gonick, HC}, title = {Kidney in patients with abnormalities in uric acid metabolism.}, journal = {Contributions to nephrology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {79-96}, doi = {10.1159/000400117}, pmid = {891204}, issn = {0302-5144}, mesh = {Acute Disease ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Gout/complications/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Kidney/*physiopathology ; Kidney Calculi/metabolism ; Kidney Diseases/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Uric Acid/blood/*metabolism/urine ; }, } @article {pmid863480, year = {1977}, author = {Taneja, OP and Balasubramanian, S and Mittal, KP and Bhardwaj, OP}, title = {The causation of ureteric reflux in vesical calculus --an experimental study.}, journal = {The Indian journal of medical research}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {117-124}, pmid = {863480}, issn = {0971-5916}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/complications ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*complications/diagnostic imaging ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/diagnostic imaging/*etiology ; }, } @article {pmid847860, year = {1977}, author = {Chaussy, C and Eisenberger, F and Wanner, K}, title = {[The implantation of human kidney stones--a simple experimental model (author's transl)].}, journal = {Der Urologe. Ausg. A}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {35-38}, pmid = {847860}, issn = {0340-2592}, mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*physiopathology ; Ureter/surgery ; }, abstract = {Human kidney stones of different chemical components were implanted into the renal pelvis of 15 mongrel dogs. In the first surgical intervention the ureter was ligated near the bladder. Eight days later a second laparotomy was performed. It was possible to implant concrements with a diameter of about 1 - 1.5 cm into the dilated pelvis. At the same time urinary stasis was removed by a neoureterostomy. This method offers a unique experimental model for the evaluation of problems involved in litholysis of human kidney stones by chemical and physical methods.}, } @article {pmid847407, year = {1977}, author = {Pettersson, S and Jonsson, O and Sivertsson, R and Säve-Söderbergh, J and Zachrisson, BE}, title = {Transurethral stone extraction with a vibrating basket catheter.}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {35-40}, doi = {10.3109/00365597709179689}, pmid = {847407}, issn = {0036-5599}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ureter/injuries ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; Urinary Catheterization/*instrumentation ; Urography ; Vibration ; }, abstract = {In a recent in vitro study, mechanical vibration was shown to facilitate, considerably, both the passing of a basket catheter beyond an artificial ureteral stone as well as the extraction of a calculus. Therefore, a device by which vibration can be transmitted to the basket of a modified stone extractor was developed for clinical application. The basket moves to and fro with an amplitude of 2-4 mm and a frequency of 40-60 Hz. An experimental follow-up study was performed in dogs to find out whether the vibration procedure as such induced injuries to the ureters. Modified stone extractors were passed up bilaterally into the ureters of 11 dogs. Vibration was applied in a standardized manner to one side, the other non-vibrated side served as a control. Postoperatively, 5 dogs were followed during 4-5 weeks with repeated urographies. Specimens of the ureters were examined microscopically when the dogs were sacrificed. No complications which could be ascribed to the vibration procedure as such were observed. The vibration technique was tried also in a pilot study comprising 14 patients with distal ureteral stones; in 9 patients, the stones were successfully extracted. Of the remaining 5 patients in whom the stone extraction failed, 3 passed the stone spontaneously and in 2 ureterolithotomies were performed. No complications were encountered.}, } @article {pmid334553, year = {1977}, author = {Dreikorn, K and Röhl, L and Heering, H}, title = {An experimental model for extracorporeal renal surgery: ex situ removal of artificially induced renal staghorn calculi in ambiothermia.}, journal = {European urology}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, pages = {303-306}, doi = {10.1159/000472122}, pmid = {334553}, issn = {0302-2838}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/*surgery ; Kidney Pelvis ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Methylmethacrylates/administration & dosage ; Microsurgery ; Nephrectomy ; Perfusion/methods ; Radiography ; Transplantation, Autologous ; }, abstract = {An experimental model for the evaluation of surgical techniques and preservation in extracorporeal surgery is described: staghorn calculi were induced in 15 dogs by the injection of methylmethacrylate into the renal pelvis. Removal of the calculi was carried out 3-4 weeks later on a workbench, using microsurgical techniques and ex situ radiographies. 15 min of warm ischaemic and 6 h of ambiothermic preservation were well tolerated as could be demonstrated by determination of the serum creatinine following autotransplantation and immediate contralateral nephrectomy.}, } @article {pmid1051766, year = {1976}, author = {Pollock, S and Wagner, BM}, title = {Renal calculi in a dog. A four-year clinical picture.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, pages = {1693-1696}, pmid = {1051766}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/*veterinary ; Male ; Time Factors ; }, } @article {pmid992979, year = {1976}, author = {Bissada, NK and Welch, LT and Redman, JF}, title = {Rapid formation of a staghorn calculus in the canine kidney. A surgical model.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {246-248}, pmid = {992979}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Animals ; Dental Materials ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; General Surgery/*education ; Humans ; Kidney/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/*surgery ; Urology/*education ; }, abstract = {A model for immediate production of staghorn calculi in dogs is described. A paste made of gray investment is injected into the renal pelvis and allowed to solidify for 30 min. Calculi thus formed have a striking similarity to naturally occurring staghorn calculi and can be utilized by urology teaching programs to initiate residents in the technique of anatrophic nephrolithotomy.}, } @article {pmid979174, year = {1976}, author = {Clark, WT}, title = {The structure of canine urinary calculi.}, journal = {The Journal of small animal practice}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {575-581}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5827.1976.tb07004.x}, pmid = {979174}, issn = {0022-4510}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Microradiography ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid960508, year = {1976}, author = {Collins, DR}, title = {Dietary consideration in feline practice.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {341-352}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(76)50053-0}, pmid = {960508}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {*Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/diet therapy ; *Cats/metabolism ; Diet ; Emaciation/veterinary ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary ; Liver Diseases/veterinary ; Male ; Obesity/veterinary ; Pancreatic Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid956015, year = {1976}, author = {Johnson, TC}, title = {Surgical correction of ectopic ureter in the dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {169}, number = {3}, pages = {316-317}, pmid = {956015}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/congenital/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Surgical Wound Dehiscence/veterinary ; Ureter/*abnormalities/surgery ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid949125, year = {1976}, author = {Willeberg, P and Priester, WA}, title = {Feline urological syndrome: associations with some time, space, and individual patient factors.}, journal = {American journal of veterinary research}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, pages = {975-978}, pmid = {949125}, issn = {0002-9645}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Breeding ; Castration/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/*epidemiology ; Cats ; Cystitis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Hysterectomy/veterinary ; Male ; Seasons ; Sex Factors ; Syndrome/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/epidemiology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In the Veterinary Medical Data Program, 4,111 cases of the feline urological syndrome (FUS) were identified from the abstracted records for the period March, 1964, through December, 1973. Associations between FUS and some relevant factors were evaluated by a relative risk technique, referring to the characteristics of the population of all cats seen at the 13 contributing veterinary colleges. Significant differences existed in the rates of FUS for these institutions, whereas the seasonal variations in general were similar for all institutions and years, showing a peak in March and a decrease in July-August. There was an increase in the frequency of the FUS diagnosis over the 10-year period. Persian cats showed increased risk, and Siamese cats decreased risk relative to the other breeds, and castrated males and spayed females were found to have excess risk when compared with their respective unaltered sex category; interaction from age affected the degree but not the direction of these associations. The age factor per se had risks peaking at 2 to 6 years. Finally, heavy cats showed significantly higher risk of FUS than did less heavy cats.}, } @article {pmid785791, year = {1976}, author = {Scott, RC}, title = {Feline urologic diseases.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {479-493}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(76)50065-7}, pmid = {785791}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/therapy ; Cats ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Diuresis ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis/veterinary ; Hematuria/veterinary ; Hyperkalemia/veterinary ; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/veterinary ; Infusions, Parenteral ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/veterinary ; Male ; Pyelonephritis/veterinary ; Sodium/urine ; Urethritis/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1270233, year = {1976}, author = {Bartone, FF and Shervey, PD and Gardner, PJ}, title = {Long term tissue responses to catgut and collagen sutures.}, journal = {Investigative urology}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {390-394}, pmid = {1270233}, issn = {0021-0005}, mesh = {Absorption ; Animals ; Cats ; Chromium/adverse effects/metabolism ; Collagen/adverse effects/*metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; *Sutures/adverse effects ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/etiology ; Urinary Tract/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Reaction of catgut and collagen sutures in both wounded and nonwounded bladder, kidney, muscle, and liver tissue was studied in guinea pigs up to 130 days after implantation. A minimal amount of degradation of ths so-called absorbable sutures was observed. There was little difference in absorption rates in the tissues studied although there seemed to be slightly greater absorption in the kidney than in other tissues. Tissue responses were characterized by the formation of a bilaminar connective tissue capsule. The inner zone contained primarily fibroblasts and histiocytes, while lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were scattered throughout both layers. Multinucleated giant cells were often observed in the inner layer, and aggregates of lymphocytes and mast cells were occasionally found in the pericapsular areas. Calculi formed on those suture loops that were loosely tied and thus projected into the bladder lumen.}, } @article {pmid973267, year = {1976}, author = {Sokratov, NV and Skipetrov, VP}, title = {[Possible role of blood coagulation factors in the etiology of urolithiasis].}, journal = {Urologiia i nefrologiia}, volume = {}, number = {3}, pages = {40-42}, pmid = {973267}, issn = {0042-1154}, mesh = {Animals ; *Blood Coagulation Factors ; Cats ; Kidney Calculi/*blood/etiology ; }, } @article {pmid179185, year = {1976}, author = {Povey, C}, title = {Viral diseases of cats: current concepts.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {98}, number = {15}, pages = {293-299}, doi = {10.1136/vr.98.15.293}, pmid = {179185}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Caliciviridae ; Carrier State/veterinary ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Feline Panleukopenia/diagnosis ; Glomerulonephritis/veterinary ; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/veterinary ; Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/veterinary ; Peritonitis/diagnosis/veterinary ; Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/veterinary ; Syndrome/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Virus Diseases/diagnosis/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid768738, year = {1976}, author = {Kronfeld, DS}, title = {Canine and feline nutrition. Part 3, minerals and other nutrients.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, pages = {176-180}, pmid = {768738}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/etiology ; Cats/*metabolism ; Diarrhea/veterinary ; Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism ; Dog Diseases/etiology ; Dogs/*metabolism ; Edible Grain ; Female ; Fish Products ; Food Additives/adverse effects ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Male ; Meat ; Milk ; Potassium/metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid176137, year = {1976}, author = {Legendre, AM}, title = {Silica urolithiasis in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {168}, number = {5}, pages = {418-419}, pmid = {176137}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Male ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Urethral Diseases/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid813316, year = {1976}, author = {Zimskind, PD}, title = {Urology.}, journal = {Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics}, volume = {142}, number = {2}, pages = {227-229}, pmid = {813316}, issn = {0039-6087}, mesh = {Adenocarcinoma/metabolism ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Kidney/growth & development ; Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostatic Diseases/drug therapy ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Uremia/physiopathology ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/therapy ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Urogenital Neoplasms/therapy ; *Urologic Diseases ; Wound Healing ; }, } @article {pmid1246234, year = {1976}, author = {Farrow, CS and Zontine, WJ}, title = {Urinary problems.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {42-45}, pmid = {1246234}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1016494, year = {1976}, author = {Muradian, KM}, title = {[Electromyographic study of ureteral motor function in the presence of stones in the renal pelvis and different parts of the ureter].}, journal = {Zhurnal eksperimental'noi i klinicheskoi meditsiny}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {82-86}, pmid = {1016494}, issn = {0514-7484}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Ureter/*physiopathology ; Urinary Calculi/*physiopathology ; }, } @article {pmid816613, year = {1976}, author = {}, title = {Clinical and experimental studies on "general attack therapy" of ureteral stones.}, journal = {Chinese medical journal}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {25-32}, pmid = {816613}, issn = {0366-6999}, mesh = {Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide/therapeutic use ; Male ; *Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; *Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Ureteral Calculi/*therapy ; }, } @article {pmid1196298, year = {1975}, author = {Zontine, WJ}, title = {The urinary system.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {12}, pages = {840-844}, pmid = {1196298}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Nephrocalcinosis/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Pelvic Bones/injuries ; Radiography ; Rupture ; Urethra/injuries ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urologic Diseases/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1105927, year = {1975}, author = {Scott, R}, title = {Urinary tract stone disease. Classic studies.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {667-675}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(75)90792-x}, pmid = {1105927}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney Calculi/history/pathology ; Nephrocalcinosis/complications/history ; United States ; *Urinary Calculi/history/metabolism ; Urinary Tract Infections/complications/history ; }, } @article {pmid1186655, year = {1975}, author = {Zontine, WJ}, title = {Urolithiasis.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {11}, pages = {776-780}, pmid = {1186655}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Radiography ; Urethral Diseases/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1179561, year = {1975}, author = {Raney, AM and Handler, J}, title = {Electrohydraulic nephrolithotripsy.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {439-442}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(75)90623-8}, pmid = {1179561}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Aged ; Animals ; Cystoscopes ; Dogs ; *Electronics, Medical/instrumentation ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/*therapy ; Male ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; *Water ; }, } @article {pmid1177862, year = {1975}, author = {}, title = {Spraying by castrated tomcats.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {10}, pages = {729-731}, pmid = {1177862}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Castration/*veterinary ; Cat Diseases ; Cats/*physiology ; Cystitis/veterinary ; Diethylstilbestrol/therapeutic use ; Emotions ; Male ; Medroxyprogesterone/therapeutic use ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; *Urination ; }, } @article {pmid1099059, year = {1975}, author = {Madewell, BR and Creed, JE and Hopkins, JB}, title = {Hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis in a dog.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {167}, number = {5}, pages = {377-379}, pmid = {1099059}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Female ; Hydronephrosis/*veterinary ; Proteinuria/veterinary ; Pyelonephritis/*veterinary ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1162886, year = {1975}, author = {Fennell, C}, title = {Letter: Feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, pages = {118}, doi = {10.1136/vr.97.6.118-a}, pmid = {1162886}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1162849, year = {1975}, author = {Gourley, IM}, title = {Symposium on surgical techniques in small animal practice. Nephrectomy and nephrolithotomy.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {401-413}, pmid = {1162849}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/surgery ; *Cats/anatomy & histology ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; *Dogs/anatomy & histology ; Kidney/anatomy & histology/*surgery ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Kidney Diseases/surgery/veterinary ; Methods ; Nephrectomy/methods/*veterinary ; Postoperative Care ; }, } @article {pmid1143280, year = {1975}, author = {}, title = {New technics recommendations.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {8}, pages = {583-585}, pmid = {1143280}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary ; Brucellosis/diagnosis/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/therapy ; Cats ; Culture Media ; Dirofilariasis/veterinary ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; Dogs ; Laboratories ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/instrumentation ; Sutures ; Urethral Diseases/therapy/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/instrumentation/veterinary ; Veterinary Medicine/*methods ; }, } @article {pmid1099776, year = {1975}, author = {Grier, RL}, title = {Symposium on surgical techniques in small animal practice. Cystotomy.}, journal = {The Veterinary clinics of North America}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {415-420}, doi = {10.1016/s0091-0279(75)50058-4}, pmid = {1099776}, issn = {0091-0279}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/surgery ; *Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Methods ; Polyglycolic Acid ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Urinary Bladder/*surgery ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid239480, year = {1975}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {The case against a viral aetiology in feline urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, pages = {70-71}, doi = {10.1136/vr.97.4.70}, pmid = {239480}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*etiology/microbiology/transmission ; Cats ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Specific Gravity ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Urethral Diseases/etiology/microbiology/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Urine/microbiology ; Virus Diseases/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {Efforts have been made to endorse the thory of a viral aetiology for the feline urolithiasis syndrome (FUS) in the male cat. The presence of virus in the urine of three cases could not be confirned nor could the condition be transmitted by intra vesicular inoculation of urine from four affected cats into the bladders of normal cats. Following these negative findings work was done on SPF cats and a survey made of the incidence of urethral obstruction in six SPF cat units in England. No cases were reported from four of these units over a two-year period. Five cases occurred in the other two SPF units, three of which were associated with feeding an expanded dry cat food. There is, thus, no direct evidence that viral agents are involved in the aetiology of FUS.}, } @article {pmid808018, year = {1975}, author = {Weaver, AD and Pillinger, R}, title = {Relationship of bacterial infection in urine and calculi to canine urolithiasis.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, pages = {48-50}, doi = {10.1136/vr.97.3.48}, pmid = {808018}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriuria/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*microbiology/surgery ; Dogs ; Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Female ; Male ; Proteus/isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; Urethral Diseases/microbiology/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/microbiology/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/microbiology/surgery/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {In 26 dogs treated surgically for urolithiasis, bacteriological examination of the urine and the interior of calculi showed that infection was present in both materials in 14 cases. Infection with phosphate calculi, present in 13 of these 14 dogs, was associated with a variety of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Staph epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. In a follow-up examination of 16 dogs, organisms different from the original isolates were recovered from some cases. The significance of the persistence of viable bacteria within canine bladder calculi is discussed.}, } @article {pmid1143270, year = {1975}, author = {Alvarenga, J and Spicciati, W and Iwasaki, M}, title = {Surgical removal of multiple urinary calculi.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {7}, pages = {481}, pmid = {1143270}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Kidney Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Ureteral Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/surgery/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1143265, year = {1975}, author = {Zontine, WJ}, title = {Radiographic interpretation. The urethra.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, pages = {411-415}, pmid = {1143265}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; Dog Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Dogs ; Male ; Radiography ; Rupture ; Urethra/diagnostic imaging/injuries ; Urethral Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/diagnostic imaging/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1041068, year = {1975}, author = {Tillie, JE and Benson, JE}, title = {Phosphate uroliths in a Dachshund.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {683}, pmid = {1041068}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dog Diseases ; Dogs ; Female ; Phosphates/*urine ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid805948, year = {1975}, author = {Nöske, HD}, title = {[Renal parenchyma resection--development, technique, problems (author's transl)].}, journal = {MMW, Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {117}, number = {19}, pages = {817-822}, pmid = {805948}, issn = {0341-3098}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Animals ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Cats ; Dogs ; Electrosurgery ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Infrared Rays/therapeutic use ; Ischemia ; Kidney/blood supply/physiopathology ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Kidney Diseases/*surgery ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery ; Laser Therapy ; Nephrectomy/*methods ; Postoperative Complications ; Pyelonephritis/surgery ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures/adverse effects ; Tuberculosis, Renal/surgery ; }, abstract = {Organ preservation by renal surgery is the principal and most pressing task of urology, according to Bischoff. In clinical practice at the present time, resection of the renal parenchyma is the principal aim and is to a large extent achieved. Sacrificing a localised diseased portion of the parenchyma (organ amputation) contributes to the survival of the rest of the organ (preservation of the organ). The additional inevitable loss of functional tissue must be kept as small as possible (sparing the organ). Decisive syndromes are nephrolithiasis, renal tumors and to a decreasing extent, tuberculosis of the urinary system. The operation, which usually takes the form of resection of the pole of the kidney, but which must sometimes be extended to heminephrectomy and even more, repeatedly underlies attempts at improvement both in animal experiments and in the clinical sphere.}, } @article {pmid1166460, year = {1975}, author = {Van Gastel-Jansen, A}, title = {[Pneumocystography in the dog (author's transl)].}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde}, volume = {100}, number = {9}, pages = {507-508}, pmid = {1166460}, issn = {0040-7453}, mesh = {Animals ; *Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Pneumoradiography/methods/*veterinary ; Rupture/prevention & control ; Urinary Bladder/*diagnostic imaging/injuries ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Catheterization/instrumentation/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1146155, year = {1975}, author = {Jackson, OF}, title = {Letter: Feline urolithiasis report.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {96}, number = {17}, pages = {390}, doi = {10.1136/vr.96.17.390}, pmid = {1146155}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*prevention & control ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1129927, year = {1975}, author = {}, title = {Editorial:: Fat lazy cats and FUS.}, journal = {The Veterinary record}, volume = {96}, number = {14}, pages = {297-298}, doi = {10.1136/vr.96.14.297}, pmid = {1129927}, issn = {0042-4900}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases ; Cats ; Syndrome ; Urinary Calculi/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1093302, year = {1975}, author = {Taylor, JS}, title = {Kidney cooling in partial nephrectomy. Evaluation of a technique.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {456-460}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(75)90066-7}, pmid = {1093302}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Temperature ; *Cold Temperature ; Dogs ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; Immersion ; Ischemia/physiopathology ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Kidney Calculi/diagnostic imaging/surgery ; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute/prevention & control ; Nephrectomy/*methods ; Perfusion ; Radiography ; Suture Techniques ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {A technique of cooling the isolated human kidney by immersing it in a plastic bag filled with iced saline slush is described. This technique is simple, swift to perform, requires no specialized equipment, and is inexpensive; it has proved to be effective and safe.}, } @article {pmid1171326, year = {1975}, author = {Kumagai, I}, title = {[A scanning electron microscopic study on the urotheliums. I. Ultrastructure of the urothelial surface of the bladder (author's transl)].}, journal = {Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi. The japanese journal of urology}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {131-139}, doi = {10.5980/jpnjurol1928.66.3_131}, pmid = {1171326}, issn = {0021-5287}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Cystitis/pathology ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/ultrastructure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane/ultrastructure ; Ureteral Calculi/pathology ; Urinary Bladder/*ultrastructure ; }, } @article {pmid1118989, year = {1975}, author = {Griffith, DP and Musher, DM}, title = {Acetohydroxamic acid. Potential use in urinary infection caused by urea-splitting bacteria.}, journal = {Urology}, volume = {05}, number = {3}, pages = {299-302}, doi = {10.1016/0090-4295(75)90142-9}, pmid = {1118989}, issn = {0090-4295}, mesh = {Acetamides/metabolism ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Bacteria/enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Dogs ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; Humans ; Hydroxamic Acids/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use/toxicity ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy ; Mice ; Thymidine/metabolism ; Thymus Gland/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Urease/antagonists & inhibitors ; Urinary Calculi/drug therapy/prevention & control ; Urinary Tract Infections/*drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Several lines of evidence suggest that bacterial urease is the primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. The hydroxamate group of compounds are specific urease inhibitors. Of the cogeners studied, to dat, AHA (acetohydroxamic acid) appears to have the most pharmacologic potential. AHA is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is concentrated and excreted in the urine. In animals it appears to be relatively nontoxic. Although its toxicity in human beings has not been studied, its similarity to hydroxyurea suggests that reversible toxicity involving the gastrointestinal tract and the hematopoietic systems may result when high doses are administered. The only known metabolite of AHA is acetamide which is nontoxic and rapidly excreted in the urine. Pharmacologic use of AHA is expected to be practical and relatively safe. Use of AHA in patients with urinary infections caused by urea-splitting bacteria may reduce pathogenicity of the infecting organism and may lead to prevention and/or dissolution of stones commonly associated with such infections.}, } @article {pmid1117502, year = {1975}, author = {Raney, AM}, title = {Electrohydraulic lithotripsy: experimental study and case reports with the stone disintegrator.}, journal = {The Journal of urology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, pages = {345-347}, doi = {10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59477-x}, pmid = {1117502}, issn = {0022-5347}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Dogs ; Electrocardiography ; Electronics, Medical/*instrumentation ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*therapy ; }, abstract = {Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with the SD-1 for crushing bladder stones was performed experimentally, in vitro and in vivo. The results of this experiment in laboratory animals and in 19 patients revealed that the procedure is safe and superior to the conventional methods with blind or optical lithotriptors. The methods is easy to learn and application of the technique may be combined in the same session with other urological operations. This procedure was done more than 50 times in toto without any complication.}, } @article {pmid1112747, year = {1975}, author = {Gershoff, SN}, title = {Nutritional problems of household cats.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {166}, number = {5}, pages = {455-458}, pmid = {1112747}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animal Feed ; *Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid/biosynthesis ; *Cat Diseases ; *Cats/metabolism ; Dietary Proteins/metabolism ; Meat ; Nutrition Disorders/*veterinary ; Nutritional Requirements ; Osteogenesis Imperfecta/veterinary ; Plant Proteins, Dietary/metabolism ; Riboflavin Deficiency/veterinary ; Rickets/veterinary ; Thiamine Deficiency/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/veterinary ; Vitamin A/adverse effects ; Vitamin A Deficiency/veterinary ; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency/veterinary ; Vitamin D Deficiency/veterinary ; Vitamin E Deficiency/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1089621, year = {1975}, author = {Biewenga, WJ}, title = {Preputial urethroplasty for relief of urethral obstruction in the male cat.}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {166}, number = {5}, pages = {460-462}, pmid = {1089621}, issn = {0003-1488}, mesh = {Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Methods ; Penis/*surgery ; Postoperative Care/veterinary ; Postoperative Complications/veterinary ; Recurrence ; Suture Techniques ; Urethra/*surgery ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urethral Stricture/veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Catheterization/veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid803677, year = {1975}, author = {Rothe, R and Esenberger, F and Pfeifer, KJ and Chaussy, C and Klein, U and Heinze, HG}, title = {[Value of sequential scintrigraphy and clearance determination following normo- and hypothermic renal ischemia].}, journal = {Nuclear-Medizin}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {288-302}, pmid = {803677}, mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; Edetic Acid ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothermia/*physiopathology ; Hypothermia, Induced ; Iodohippuric Acid ; Ischemia/*physiopathology ; Kidney/*blood supply ; Kidney Calculi/surgery ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Perfusion ; Postoperative Care ; Preoperative Care ; *Radioisotope Renography ; Radioisotopes ; *Radionuclide Imaging ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors ; Urography ; Ytterbium ; }, abstract = {Using quantitative sequential camera scintigraphy and simultaneous separated clearance determinations with 131-I-Hippuran and 169-Yb-EDTA renal function was measured applying a new surgical method which permits in-situ kidney perfusion and cooling in animals and patients. While mongrel dogs of 15 kg average weight (control group of N = 5) showed after 1 hour of normothermic ischaemia a postoperative delay of intrarenal transport of 131-I-Hippuran with reduction of 131-I-Hippuran and 169Yb-EDTA clearances, renal function returned to normal on the first postoperative day after 1-hour (N = 5) and 2-hour (N = 5) hypothermic ischaemia. In patients (N = 9) with hypothermic in-situ perfusion of between 40 and 92 min duration a transient postoperative delay of intrarenal 131-I-Hippuran transport and a reduction of the 131I-Hippuran clearance was observed which returned to almost normal 1 1/2 to 3 months after surgery. The results and the significance of the method discussed and are compared with clinical findings and with radiological and laboratory renal function studies.}, } @article {pmid1110662, year = {1975}, author = {}, title = {Urolithiasis in cats.}, journal = {Modern veterinary practice}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {61-63}, pmid = {1110662}, issn = {0362-8140}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cat Diseases/prevention & control ; Cats ; Urinary Calculi/prevention & control/*veterinary ; }, } @article {pmid1039206, year = {1975}, author = {Wolff, EF}, title = {Surgical relief for urethral obstruction due to sabulous calculi in the male cat.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {73-75}, pmid = {1039206}, issn = {0042-4889}, mesh = {Animals ; Cat Diseases/*surgery ; Cats ; Male ; Urethral Diseases/surgery/*veterinary ; Urinary Calculi/surgery/*veterinary ; }, }