@article {pmid111841,
year = {1979},
author = {Andrieux, M},
title = {[Operant vocal conditioning in the raven (Corvus corax L.)].},
journal = {Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des sciences. Serie D, Sciences naturelles},
volume = {288},
number = {15},
pages = {1191-1194},
pmid = {111841},
issn = {0567-655X},
mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/*physiology ; Psychophysiology/methods ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; },
}

Animals
Birds/*physiology
Conditioning, Operant/*physiology
Psychophysiology/methods
Vocalization, Animal/*physiology

@article {pmid520382,
year = {1979},
author = {Panek, PE and Rush, MC},
title = {Intellectual and personality differences between community-living and institutionalized older adult females.},
journal = {Experimental aging research},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {239-250},
doi = {10.1080/03610737908257201},
pmid = {520382},
issn = {0361-073X},
mesh = {Aged ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Nursing Homes ; *Personality ; Social Adjustment ; *Social Environment ; },
abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate simultaneously differences between normal institutionalized older adults and community-living older adults with respect to intelligence/cognitive test performance and personality. Participants were 25 community-living females (M age = 72.9 yrs, SD = 6.34) and 25 institutionalized females (M age = 80.0 yrs, SD = 6.46). Intellectual/cognitive ability was assessed by the WAIS, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Form L-M), Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices; personality was assessed by the Hand Test, a projective technique. Several multivariate analyses (discriminant analysis) were conducted. Results suggested that even when controlling for age and level of education, institutionalization appears to be associated with intellectual/cognitive as well as personality deficits. The findings were discussed in terms of the potential implications for the professional working with institutionalized older adults.},
}

Aged
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
*Nursing Homes
*Personality
Social Adjustment
*Social Environment

@article {pmid941527,
year = {1976},
author = {Hartung, ML and Lehrl, S},
title = {[Psychological findings in a group of patients with perioral dermatitis].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {110-114},
pmid = {941527},
issn = {0340-5613},
mesh = {Dermatitis/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Interpersonal Relations ; MMPI ; Mouth Diseases/*diagnosis ; *Personality ; Personality Inventory ; Personality Tests ; Rorschach Test ; Social Conformity ; },
abstract = {Female patients suffering from perioral dermatitis were given the Raven Test, two personality inventories (MMPI and FPI) and the Rorschach Test. The results of these four tests show statistically significant differences from controls, indicating emotional immaturity combined with high intelligence level, inability to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships contrasting with an overemphasis upon social conformity, and a tendency to 'hysteriform' reactions.},
}

Dermatitis/*diagnosis
Female
Humans
Intelligence
Interpersonal Relations
MMPI
Mouth Diseases/*diagnosis
*Personality
Personality Inventory
Personality Tests
Rorschach Test
Social Conformity

@article {pmid1218375,
year = {1975},
author = {Kertesz, A and McCabe, P},
title = {Intelligence and aphasia: performance of aphasics on Raven's coloured progressive matrices (RCPM).},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {387-395},
doi = {10.1016/s0093-934x(75)80079-4},
pmid = {1218375},
issn = {0093-934X},
mesh = {*Aphasia ; Brain Damage, Chronic ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Speech ; },
}

*Aphasia
Brain Damage, Chronic
Humans
*Intelligence
*Intelligence Tests
Language
Speech

@article {pmid1517761,
year = {1992},
author = {van Dijk, JG and Jennekens-Schinkel, A and Caekebeke, JF and Zwinderman, AH},
title = {Are event-related potentials in multiple sclerosis indicative of cognitive impairment? Evoked and event-related potentials, psychometric testing and response speed: a controlled study.},
journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences},
volume = {109},
number = {1},
pages = {18-24},
doi = {10.1016/0022-510x(92)90088-3},
pmid = {1517761},
issn = {0022-510X},
mesh = {Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Motor Activity ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications/physiopathology/*psychology ; Neural Conduction ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; },
abstract = {Bimodal event-related potentials (ERPs), together with evoked potentials (EPs), measures of motor speed (tapping test, EMG latencies and reaction times (RT)), and psychometric test results were studied in a group of 30 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 19 controls. ERPs have been advocated as objective tests of cognitive function. In the present study ERPs were compared with the results of psychometric tests, which have a proven validity in measuring aspects of cognitive function that are important in daily life. Abnormal EMG, RT and tapping speed confirmed that motor aspects of performance were slowed in the MS group. In contrast, cognitive non-motor variables such as Raven-IQ and MQ were not significantly abnormal. The proportions of abnormal ERP N2 and P3 latencies did not differ between the groups. It is concluded that the slow performance of MS subjects is therefore most likely not due to cognitive speed decrement, but to motor, executive impairments. No significant relationships between ERP latencies and psychometric test results were found. This held even for a subgroup of 5 MS patients with psychometrically established cognitive impairments. Based on these results, we query the relevance of ERPs as subtle indicators of cognitive impairment in MS.},
}

Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology
Evoked Potentials
Humans
Intelligence Tests
Motor Activity
Multiple Sclerosis/complications/physiopathology/*psychology
Neural Conduction
Neuropsychological Tests
Predictive Value of Tests
Psychomotor Performance
Reaction Time

@article {pmid1544616,
year = {1992},
author = {Pakesch, G and Pfersmann, D and Loimer, N and Grünberger, J and Linzmayer, L and Mayerhofer, S},
title = {[Noopsychological changes and psychopathological characteristics of HIV-1 patients of various risk groups].},
journal = {Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie},
volume = {60},
number = {1},
pages = {17-27},
doi = {10.1055/s-2007-999121},
pmid = {1544616},
issn = {0720-4299},
mesh = {AIDS Dementia Complex/*diagnosis/psychology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; *HIV-1 ; Homosexuality/psychology ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; MMPI ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis/psychology ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Risk Factors ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/psychology ; },
abstract = {Reports on neuropsychological assessment and psychopathological symptoms in HIV-1 patients are rather different. The aim of the study was to assess frequency and extent of noopsychic changes and psychopathological symptoms in HIV-1 patients of different risk groups. Of the 77 patients being included in the study 35 patients belonged to risk group 1, 42 to risk group 2. The patient groups were compared to a control-group of healthy volunteers (n = 50) and to a control-group of HIV-negative i.v. drug-addicts (n = 31). The psychometric test battery included Raven and MWT Test, Benton Test, numerical memory Test, ARG Test. Personality variables were assessed by MMPI, Psychopathology by AMDP-System, Hamilton Depression Scale, Wellbeing Scale (von Zerssen), STAI 1 and 2 and BPRS. Patients of risk group 1 showed significantly less impairment of noopsychic performance than patients of risk group 2. Risk group 1 showed only in the Benton Test significant impairment compared to healthy volunteers while risk group 2 in most of the tests was impaired. Risk group 2 did not show impairment compared to the control-group of seronegative drug users. Depressive syndromes mainly in risk group 2 showed a significant influence on the noopsychic performance.},
}

AIDS Dementia Complex/*diagnosis/psychology
Adolescent
Adult
Female
*HIV-1
Homosexuality/psychology
Humans
Intelligence Tests
MMPI
Male
Middle Aged
Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis/psychology
*Neuropsychological Tests
Risk Factors
Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/psychology

@article {pmid1652645,
year = {1991},
author = {Lawler, KA and Lacy, J and Armstead, CA and Lawler, JE},
title = {Family history of hypertension, gender, and cardiovascular responsivity during stress.},
journal = {Journal of behavioral medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {169-186},
pmid = {1652645},
issn = {0160-7715},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Female ; *Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension/etiology/*genetics ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Reaction Time ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological/*complications ; Task Performance and Analysis ; },
abstract = {The relationships of family history of hypertension and gender to cardiovascular responses to stress were investigated in this research. One hundred twenty-three subjects were monitored while they rested and performed two tasks, reaction time and Ravens progressive matrices. Positive-family history males exhibited higher levels of systolic blood pressure than the negative male group and higher levels of rate pressure product than the positive-family history female group. Positive-family history males also had heart rate levels as high as the females. Female subjects did not differ from each other based on family history. In addition, subjects were grouped by gender and by high- or low-heart rate reactivity. The results suggest that heart rate reactivity has equally broad effects on cardiovascular function for males and females; for males, this reactivity during rests and tasks also tends to be associated with family history of hypertension.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Blood Pressure/physiology
Female
*Heart Rate/physiology
Humans
Hypertension/etiology/*genetics
Male
Prospective Studies
Reaction Time
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
Stress, Psychological/*complications
Task Performance and Analysis

@article {pmid1887655,
year = {1991},
author = {Krause, W and Voigt, C and Donczik, J and Michels, W and Gstöttner, H},
title = {[Assisted spontaneous delivery vs. Bracht manual aid within the scope of vaginal delivery in breech presentation. Late morbidity in children 5-7 years of age].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie},
volume = {195},
number = {2},
pages = {76-81},
pmid = {1887655},
issn = {0300-967X},
mesh = {Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology ; *Breech Presentation ; Child ; *Extraction, Obstetrical ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Social Adjustment ; Social Environment ; },
abstract = {For judgment of late morbidity we investigated 52 children after vaginal delivery in breech presentation age from 5 to 7 years. This concerned 27 children after assisted spontaneous labour and 25 children after manual expression according to Bracht. All the children were mature and eutrophic and without neonatal distress after delivery. They were explored with help of an voluminous screening programme, concerning not only the intellectual development but also the psychomotoric capacity. The result was an very high intellectual conduct in frame of the test according to Raven (PR greater than 75). The difference in confrontation to the collective after manual expression according to Bracht was statistical significant (p less than 0.05). Neuropsychologic investigations according to Simernitzkaja demonstrated evident differences in disfavour to children after manual expression according to Bracht concerning the visual memory performance for symbols and letters. Further investigations referring to the graphomotoric accomplishment of one hand or both hands reinforced the opinion; that means the visual motoric totality performance in a narrowed sense or the psychomotoric performance in a enlarged sense was statistical significant poorer pronounced (p less than 0.05). The results underline the claim to estimate more critical the manual expression according to Bracht till now.},
}

Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology
*Breech Presentation
Child
*Extraction, Obstetrical
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Functional Laterality/physiology
Humans
Intelligence Tests
Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology
Neuropsychological Tests
Pregnancy
Risk Factors
Social Adjustment
Social Environment

@article {pmid1947875,
year = {1991},
author = {Lenzenweger, MF and Dworkin, RH and Wethington, E},
title = {Examining the underlying structure of schizophrenic phenomenology: evidence for a three-process model.},
journal = {Schizophrenia bulletin},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {515-524},
doi = {10.1093/schbul/17.3.515},
pmid = {1947875},
issn = {0586-7614},
mesh = {Adult ; Diseases in Twins/psychology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; *Personality Development ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychometrics ; Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis/rehabilitation ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; *Social Adjustment ; *Social Environment ; },
abstract = {The present report examined the latent structure of schizophrenic phenomenology. Schizophrenic patient case histories (n = 192) were rated for positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and premorbid social adjustment and the observed covariation among these clinical features was evaluated using a model-based confirmatory factor analytic approach. Our results indicated that schizophrenic phenomenology was best characterized by three distinct underlying structures. These data provide empirical support for Strauss et al.'s (1974) three-process model, which suggests that positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and disordered premorbid personal-social relationships are three distinct classes of phenomenology possibly reflective of three relatively independent pathological processes in schizophrenia. The data are also consistent with Crow's (1980, 1985, 1987) model of schizophrenic symptomatology, differentiating social impairment from both positive and negative symptoms. The heuristic implications of these data for the development of schizophrenia are discussed and the utility of a replication of the present study is noted.},
}

Adult
Diseases in Twins/psychology
Humans
Interpersonal Relations
*Personality Development
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychometrics
Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis/rehabilitation
*Schizophrenic Psychology
*Social Adjustment
*Social Environment

@article {pmid2514087,
year = {1989},
author = {Arendt, G and Hefter, H and Elsing, C and Neuen-Jakob, E and Strohmeyer, G and Freund, HJ},
title = {[New electrophysiological findings on the incidence of brain involvement in clinically and neurologically asymptomatic HIV infections].},
journal = {EEG-EMG Zeitschrift fur Elektroenzephalographie, Elektromyographie und verwandte Gebiete},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {280-287},
pmid = {2514087},
issn = {0012-7590},
mesh = {AIDS-Related Complex/physiopathology ; Basal Ganglia Diseases/etiology ; Brain/pathology/*physiopathology ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; HIV Infections/pathology/*physiopathology ; HIV Seropositivity/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Motor Activity ; Psychometrics ; Reaction Time ; Tremor/etiology ; },
abstract = {Motor (postural tremor of the outstretched hands, most rapid voluntary alternating index finger movements and rise times of most rapid voluntary isometric index finger extensions) and psychometric tests (multiple choice vocabulary test - form b, syndrome short test, the German version of the standard progressive matrices - Raven, and the psychic and somatic findings according to the AMDP-system) as well as MRI-Scans were analysed in 100 HIV-infected patients of all stages according to the actual CDC-classification, but without any central-nervous or psychic deficit. Patients with drug, alcohol or tranquilizer abuse, opportunistic, cerebral infections or fever were excluded from the study. Tremor-peak-frequencies and reaction times did not show any significant difference to an age- and sex-matched control group; the other motor parameters revealed significant slowing in the patient group and a worsening with the CDC-stages. MRI-scans of all the patients were normal. The psychometric tests did not show significant alterations on a group statistical level, especially not in the depression scales. Morphologically, the motor performances of the HIV-infected patients resembled those of patients with basal ganglia diseases (M. Huntington, M. Wilson, M. Parkinson). Correspondingly, in some cases of clinically demented HIV-positive patients, MRI-scans showed lesions in the basal ganglia. It can be concluded, that there is an early subclinical central-nervous system affection in HIV-infected patients, especially of the basal ganglia, detectable with appropriate motor function tests sometimes considerably preceeding structural deficits seen later in the course of the disease in MRI-scans.},
}

AIDS-Related Complex/physiopathology
Basal Ganglia Diseases/etiology
Brain/pathology/*physiopathology
Electrophysiology
Female
HIV Infections/pathology/*physiopathology
HIV Seropositivity/physiopathology
Humans
Male
Models, Statistical
Motor Activity
Psychometrics
Reaction Time
Tremor/etiology

@article {pmid2640710,
year = {1989},
author = {Skłodowski, H and Stańczak, J and Gaszyński, W and Zboralski, K},
title = {[Psychological evaluation of postoperative pain and its significance for treatment].},
journal = {Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)},
volume = {44},
number = {20},
pages = {456-459},
pmid = {2640710},
issn = {0032-3756},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Manifest Anxiety Scale ; Meperidine/therapeutic use ; Pain Measurement/methods ; Postoperative Pain/diagnosis/etiology/*psychology/therapy ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Stress, Psychological/*complications ; Surgical Procedures, Operative/*psychology ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; },
abstract = {The results of tests applied to two groups of the patients who underwent elective surgeries are being discussed. The patients were selected with the aid of J.C. Raven's Intelligence Quotient, H.J. Eysenck's Personality Inventory, J. Taylor's Personality Scale, and Spielberg's S.T.A.I. The patients were operated at the Casualty and Orthopaedic Surgery Department of the Surgical Institute, Military Academy of Medicine. Postoperative analgesia was achieved with i.m. pethidine (1 mg/kg b.w.) in the group of 30 patients with low intensity of neurosis and anxiety while the group of 60 patients with high level of neurosis and anxiety required three different techniques: pethidine (dose as above) intravenously, electric stimulation and placebo stimulation. The following tests were applied to all patients before surgery and on the three postoperative days: 1) evaluation of anxiety level, 2) determination and detection of pain points, 3) pain intensity determination, 4) determination of the dose of analgetic agent required for pain abolishment. Other factors determined included: 1) efficiency of both electric and placebo efficacy, 2) analgesic drug dose vs. pain intensity, 3) pain vs. anxiety ratio. The obtained results indicated that considerable oscillations of the emotional tension are observed in both pre- and postoperative periods. Intensity of pain and its compliance to the treatment are closely related to the level of anxiety. Psychological examination performed in patients preoperatively enables to foresee the postoperative pain intensity and to plan the course of therapy.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Humans
Manifest Anxiety Scale
Meperidine/therapeutic use
Pain Measurement/methods
Postoperative Pain/diagnosis/etiology/*psychology/therapy
Psychophysiologic Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Stress, Psychological/*complications
Surgical Procedures, Operative/*psychology
Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

@article {pmid2724530,
year = {1989},
author = {Mazzuero, G and Zotti, AM and Bertolotti, G and Tavazzi, L},
title = {Hemodynamic response to different types of mental stress in patients with recent myocardial infarction.},
journal = {Japanese heart journal},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {35-46},
doi = {10.1536/ihj.30.35},
pmid = {2724530},
issn = {0021-4868},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; *Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Mathematics ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction/*complications ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Noise ; Stress, Psychological/complications/etiology/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to analyze the cardiovascular effects induced by mental stress evoked by different stressors in patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Twenty four males, aged 52 +/- 10 years, were studied 45 +/- 22 days after uncomplicated myocardial infarction in the absence of specific cardiovascular drugs. During electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with a Swan-Ganz catheter the patients underwent 4 different stressors: mental arithmetic, Sacks test, Raven progressive matrices, white noise. All hemodynamic parameters were significantly (p less than 0.001) modified by 3 of the 4 stressors, while noise significantly affected (p less than 0.005) only blood pressure. Mental arithmetic was more powerful in inducing hemodynamic effects than either the Sacks test or the Raven matrices. Thus, experimentally induced mental stress challenges the recently infarcted patient's cardiovascular system to a quantifiable extent, causing important increments in left ventricular filling pressure. Hemodynamic response is different depending on the stressor employed.},
}

Adult
Aged
*Hemodynamics
Humans
Male
Mathematics
Middle Aged
Myocardial Infarction/*complications
Neuropsychological Tests
Noise
Stress, Psychological/complications/etiology/*physiopathology

@article {pmid2802400,
year = {1989},
author = {Serrano Luna, JL and Sabater García, A},
title = {[Prognosis for encopresis].},
journal = {Anales espanoles de pediatria},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {10-14},
pmid = {2802400},
issn = {0302-4342},
mesh = {Child ; Child, Preschool ; Encopresis/drug therapy/*physiopathology/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; },
abstract = {Here is presented a study concerning a hundred children with encopresis, aged from three to twelve years old, controlled for eleven years, so that the period of its evolution can be determined. We have contrasted the data with that obtained by other authors referring to different parameters: pregnancy, delivery, neonatal pathology, etc. We have compared the study of the prediction concerning the time of its evolution, and we have only found two citations in the looked-up bibliography. We have concluded that this time of evolution will be the more shortened when it is a secondary encopresis, there is good scholastic performance, there aren't any disturbances in the EEG, when the dark enema is normal, because the C1 in the Goodenough test is bigger, and so is the percentage in the Raven test and when there is no feeling of guilt, jealousy or introversion.},
}

Child
Child, Preschool
Encopresis/drug therapy/*physiopathology/psychology
Female
Humans
Male
Prognosis

@article {pmid3307511,
year = {1987},
author = {Nagoshi, CT and Wilson, JR},
title = {Influence of family alcoholism history on alcohol metabolism, sensitivity, and tolerance.},
journal = {Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {392-398},
doi = {10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01330.x},
pmid = {3307511},
issn = {0145-6008},
support = {AA-03527/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; DA-07043/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adoption ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/*psychology ; Alcoholism/*genetics/metabolism ; *Diseases in Twins ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychological Tests ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic ; },
abstract = {As part of the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA), 35 subjects who reported having an alcoholic parent or sibling [family alcoholism history positive (FHP)] were matched with 35 controls [family alcoholism history negative (FHN)]. All subjects were tested three times on a battery of physiological, motor, and cognitive performance tasks before the ingestion of alcohol, then were tested three more times over a 3-hr period during which their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was brought up to and maintained at about 0.10 g/dl by an initial large dose of ethanol and subsequent topping doses. FHP subjects scored significantly lower than FHN subjects on the Raven's Progressive Matrices and on some of the cognitive tasks before alcohol ingestion. FHP and FHN subjects, however, did not significantly differ in absorption and clearance of alcohol or in sensitivity and acute tolerance scores calculated on the repeated measures. Contrary to expectations, FHP subjects perceived themselves as being more impaired by alcohol than FHN subjects, and there was little evidence to suggest that they were less sensitive to variations in BAC.},
}

Adoption
Adult
Alcohol Drinking/*psychology
Alcoholism/*genetics/metabolism
*Diseases in Twins
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychological Tests
Surveys and Questionnaires
Twins, Dizygotic
Twins, Monozygotic

@article {pmid3434128,
year = {1987},
author = {Guttman, R and Nathan, M and Esrachi, A},
title = {Restrictiveness-permissiveness of their environment as perceived by kibbutz twins and singletons.},
journal = {Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {165-170},
doi = {10.1017/s0001566000004396},
pmid = {3434128},
issn = {0001-5660},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Authoritarianism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Faculty ; Humans ; Infant ; Israel ; Parents ; Permissiveness ; Psychological Tests ; *Social Environment ; *Social Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Twins/*psychology ; },
abstract = {This research compares similarities and differences between kibbutz twins and singletons on individual perceptions of extent of restriction imposed by their fathers and mothers, teachers, caretakers and peers with regard to the children's choices, plans, and actual activities. During the past two years, the parents of all kibbutz twins in Israel of age 1 to 18 have been contacted. They provided background information about themselves and their twin children. In each kibbutz, two control singletons were selected of the same sex and age for each twin pair, yielding a "quartet". With the aid of a mapping sentence, questionnaires were constructed to help ascertain the child's role in life areas such as family, friendship, school, hobbies, work, amusement. Questionnaires with the same facet design are being administered to children (twin and singleton), mothers, fathers, teachers, and caretakers. In addition, each child is given a battery of tests--including the verbal WISC, Block Design, Raven Matrices, and Reading Comprehension. The children will be interviewed and tested in three successive years, beginning either in grade 4 or 5. Data will thus be obtained on changes in perception of permissiveness-restrictiveness and their relation to performance at ages 9 to 13. To date 9-year-olds in 14 kibbutzim have been interviewed. Analyses of responses to four questions are presented in this paper. The preliminary analyses indicate that twins and singletons have similar means and distributions with regard to the extent to which the children feel they are told what to do by either parent.},
}

Adolescent
Authoritarianism
Child
Child, Preschool
Faculty
Humans
Infant
Israel
Parents
Permissiveness
Psychological Tests
*Social Environment
*Social Perception
Surveys and Questionnaires
Twins/*psychology

@article {pmid3445809,
year = {1987},
author = {Bruck, JC and Baker, TJ and Gordon, H},
title = {Facial mimics and the coronal brow lift.},
journal = {Aesthetic plastic surgery},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {199-201},
pmid = {3445809},
issn = {0364-216X},
mesh = {Eyebrows/*surgery ; Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgery, Plastic/*methods ; },
abstract = {The classic rhytidectomy leaves the upper third of the face without improvement. Yet the eye-eyebrow region is the most influential in determining facial expressions. There is only a narrow range of positions of the eyebrows in which they are perceived as attractive. The influence of the coronal browlift on facial mimics is discussed as it seems to be a way to predictably reposition the eyebrows and improve crow's feet and forehead, and glabellar wrinkles at the same time. The results of 56 patients surveyed 1-3 years postoperatively are presented.},
}

Eyebrows/*surgery
Facial Expression
Facial Muscles/*surgery
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Surgery, Plastic/*methods

@article {pmid3530358,
year = {1986},
author = {Beardsley, EH},
title = {Good-bye to Jim Crow: the desegregation of Southern hospitals, 1945-70.},
journal = {Bulletin of the history of medicine},
volume = {60},
number = {3},
pages = {367-386},
pmid = {3530358},
issn = {0007-5140},
mesh = {Black or African American ; History, 20th Century ; Hospitals/*history ; Humans ; *Prejudice ; United States ; White People ; },
}

Black or African American
History, 20th Century
Hospitals/*history
Humans
*Prejudice
United States
White People

@article {pmid3557641,
year = {1986},
author = {North, AJ and Ulatowska, HK and Macaluso-Haynes, S and Bell, H},
title = {Discourse performance in older adults.},
journal = {International journal of aging & human development},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {267-283},
doi = {10.2190/BPF0-2BWD-BGNQ-HWCW},
pmid = {3557641},
issn = {0091-4150},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Aged ; *Aging ; Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Mental Recall ; Middle Aged ; Speech ; },
abstract = {Thirty-three elderly women, whose mean age was 76.2 years, and eighteen middle-aged women, whose mean age was 45.6 years, were assessed on a number of linguistic discourse tasks. The women were well educated, and most of them were or had been engaged in the teaching profession. Each woman was given narrative discourse tasks involving recall of stories, summarizing stories, giving the morals of the stories, procedural discourse tasks, interview to assess cognitive functioning and communicative abilities, and the following cognitive tests: Block Design, Symbol-Digit, Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, and Word Fluency. The findings were that the older group generally performed more poorly than did the middle-aged group on most of the discourse tasks and cognitive tests. Within the older group, measures of quality of discourse were generally negatively related to age and positively related to scores on cognitive tests.},
}

Age Factors
Aged
*Aging
Cognition
Female
Humans
*Language
Mental Recall
Middle Aged
Speech

@article {pmid3625568,
year = {1987},
author = {Ziv, A},
title = {The effect of humor on aggression catharsis in the classroom.},
journal = {The Journal of psychology},
volume = {121},
number = {4},
pages = {359-364},
doi = {10.1080/00223980.1987.9712676},
pmid = {3625568},
issn = {0022-3980},
mesh = {*Abreaction ; Adolescent ; Aggression/*psychology ; *Catharsis ; Female ; Frustration ; Humans ; Learning Disabilities/*psychology ; Male ; *Wit and Humor as Topic ; },
abstract = {Two studies were designed to measure the cathartic effects of humor on aggressive responses. In the first study, two versions (easy and difficult) of Raven's intelligence test were administered to two groups of high school students. Only the easy version could be solved in the alloted time. Rosenzweig's (1951) Picture Frustration test was then administered and the students' aggressive responses were scored. Results showed that those who did not solve the problems had significantly higher scores on aggressivity than did the others. The second study, using four different groups, was planned according to a modified Solomon design. Two of the four groups of students completed the difficult part of the Raven test, and then two video-tapes were presented: a humorous one to two groups and a neutral one to the others. Finally, the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test was administered to all four groups. An analysis of variance computed on the aggressivity scores showed one significant difference: frustrated students who viewed the humorous videotape had lower scores than those viewing the neutral one.},
}

*Abreaction
Adolescent
Aggression/*psychology
*Catharsis
Female
Frustration
Humans
Learning Disabilities/*psychology
Male
*Wit and Humor as Topic

@article {pmid3625580,
year = {1987},
author = {Szymczak, JT},
title = {Daily distribution of sleep states in the rook Corvus frugilegus.},
journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology},
volume = {161},
number = {2},
pages = {321-327},
pmid = {3625580},
mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Seasons ; Sleep Stages/*physiology ; Sleep, REM/physiology ; Temperature ; Wakefulness/physiology ; },
abstract = {Sleep and wake states were monitored polygraphically in the rook Corvus frugilegus, under the natural photoperiod and temperature. The indices of sleep and wake states in the rook were similar to those described previously for birds in general. The appearance of sleep episodes was confined to the dark part of the photoperiod. Slow wave sleep (SWS) showed a tendency to increase during the course of the night, while paradoxical sleep (PS) showed the opposite trend. The distribution of short SWS episodes were clustered into two groups, one group occurred in the period following the onset of sleep and the other, less prominent group occurred towards the end of sleep. The longest episodes of SWS appeared in the second half of the night, whereas those of PS appeared after onset of sleep.},
}

Animals
Birds/*physiology
Brain/physiology
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Motor Activity/physiology
Seasons
Sleep Stages/*physiology
Sleep, REM/physiology
Temperature
Wakefulness/physiology

@article {pmid3972946,
year = {1985},
author = {Seltzer, CC and Oechsli, FW},
title = {Psychosocial characteristics of adolescent smokers before they started smoking: evidence of self-selection. A prospective study.},
journal = {Journal of chronic diseases},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {17-26},
doi = {10.1016/0021-9681(85)90004-9},
pmid = {3972946},
issn = {0021-9681},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Personality ; Personality Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Psychological Tests ; *Psychology, Adolescent ; *Smoking ; },
abstract = {Evidence of noncomparability of self-formed smoker and nonsmoker groups of adolescents from the Child Health and Development Studies of the University of California, Berkeley, was found in a study of antecedent psychosocial characteristics (observed at age 10) before the adoption of the smoking habit. With possible confounding factors controlled, eventual smokers showed significantly greater prevalence than nonsmokers of Type A personality traits, extraversion, psychoticism, anger, and restless sleep. Eventual smokers were lower in socioeconomic status than nonsmokers, and also exhibited significantly lower mean scores for the Raven Progressive Matrices and Peabody Picture Vocabulary tests. For each trait, the trends of the data were consistent in boys and girls. Since many of these traits are shown to "track" into adult life, where they are then related to coronary heart disease, the role of self-selection requires further consideration in causal inferences about smoking and coronary heart disease.},
}

Adolescent
Female
Humans
Male
*Personality
Personality Tests
Prospective Studies
Psychological Tests
*Psychology, Adolescent
*Smoking

@article {pmid4784918,
year = {1973},
author = {Kertesz, A},
title = {Intelligence and aphasia. Performance of aphasies on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices.},
journal = {Transactions of the American Neurological Association},
volume = {98},
number = {},
pages = {126-128},
pmid = {4784918},
issn = {0065-9479},
mesh = {Adult ; *Aphasia/complications ; Brain Damage, Chronic ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Mental Disorders/etiology ; },
}

Adult
*Aphasia/complications
Brain Damage, Chronic
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Language
Mental Disorders/etiology

@article {pmid5134897,
year = {1971},
author = {Daniell, HW},
title = {Smoker's wrinkles. A study in the epidemiology of "crow's feet".},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {75},
number = {6},
pages = {873-880},
doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-75-6-873},
pmid = {5134897},
issn = {0003-4819},
mesh = {*Aging ; Body Weight ; Environmental Exposure ; *Face ; Methods ; *Skin Manifestations ; *Smoking ; Sunlight ; Time Factors ; *Weather ; },
}

*Aging
Body Weight
Environmental Exposure
*Face
Methods
*Skin Manifestations
*Smoking
Sunlight
Time Factors
*Weather

@article {pmid6240202,
year = {1984},
author = {Berry, P and Groeneweg, G and Gibson, D and Brown, RI},
title = {Mental development of adults with Down syndrome.},
journal = {American journal of mental deficiency},
volume = {89},
number = {3},
pages = {252-256},
pmid = {6240202},
issn = {0002-9351},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Deinstitutionalization ; Down Syndrome/*psychology/rehabilitation ; *Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Male ; Psychological Tests ; *Social Adjustment ; },
abstract = {Measures of cognitive, verbal, and functional performance obtained at widely separated time periods were examined for adults with Down syndrome. Comparisons of first and last test profiles for Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Adaptive Functioning Index (Social Education) Test all demonstrated significant increases over a mean time span of 5 years. These increases could not be attributed to year of entry into program, history of institutionalization, or age of the individuals. The findings indicate that mental development of adults with Down syndrome continues well into the third and fourth decade of life.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Deinstitutionalization
Down Syndrome/*psychology/rehabilitation
*Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Male
Psychological Tests
*Social Adjustment

@article {pmid6483175,
year = {1984},
author = {Vocate, DR},
title = {Differential cerebral speech lateralization in Crow Indian and Anglo children.},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {487-494},
doi = {10.1016/0028-3932(84)90043-5},
pmid = {6483175},
issn = {0028-3932},
mesh = {Child ; *Dominance, Cerebral ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*psychology ; *Language ; Montana ; Phonetics ; Semantics ; *Speech Perception ; },
abstract = {Sixty pairs of dichotically presented CV syllables were administered to matched samples of bilingual Native American Crow and monolingual Anglo subjects. While sex and grade were not significant factors, a significant variance was found between the performance of the bilingual Native American Crow and the monolingual Anglo subjects. As predicted (1) the bilingual children demonstrated a more symmetrical cerebral representation for language processing than the monolingual children; and (2) the bilingual primary Crow speakers had a greater right hemisphere involvement in receptive language processing than the monolingual English speakers. Possible factors influencing these results are discussed.},
}

Child
*Dominance, Cerebral
Humans
Indians, North American/*psychology
*Language
Montana
Phonetics
Semantics
*Speech Perception

@article {pmid6522499,
year = {1984},
author = {Wasserman, FE and Dowd, C and Byman, D and Schlinger, BA and Battista, SP and Kunz, TH},
title = {Aversion/attraction of blue jays to microwave irradiation.},
journal = {Physiology & behavior},
volume = {33},
number = {5},
pages = {805-807},
doi = {10.1016/0031-9384(84)90051-9},
pmid = {6522499},
issn = {0031-9384},
mesh = {Animals ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Birds/*physiology ; Escape Reaction ; *Microwaves ; Perception/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Aversion/attraction experiments were conducted to determine whether birds can perceive the presence of 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave irradiation by observing whether Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) exhibit an attraction or an aversion to the field when exposed to 25 and 50 mW/cm2. At power densities of 25 and 50 mW/cm2 Blue Jays exhibit an aversion to microwave irradiation.},
}

Animals
Biophysical Phenomena
Biophysics
Birds/*physiology
Escape Reaction
*Microwaves
Perception/*physiology

@article {pmid6539540,
year = {1984},
author = {Krause, W and Daute, KH and Thiele, G and Fuhrmeister, EM and Burgmeier, J and Donczik, J and Michels, W},
title = {[Morbidity of term and low-birth weight infants born in breech presentation by vaginal or abdominal delivery].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie},
volume = {188},
number = {2},
pages = {80-86},
pmid = {6539540},
issn = {0300-967X},
mesh = {Apgar Score ; Attention ; *Birth Weight ; *Breech Presentation ; *Cesarean Section ; Child ; *Child Development/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Extraction, Obstetrical ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intelligence ; *Labor Presentation ; Morbidity ; Motor Activity ; Pregnancy ; Psychological Tests ; },
abstract = {182 children born in breech presentation were investigated at the age of 5 to 6 years with regard to late morbidity after vaginal delivery and caesarean section. From case historical data, development in early childhood was assessed comparing the criteria of walking, speaking and "dryness". An attempt was made to find a relation between neonatal data and late morbidity. 156 children (85,7%) had a birthweight of not less than 2 500 g. 26 children (14,3%) were preterm and/or small for date. 80 term babies and 8 preterm and/or small for date babies were delivered by caesarean section. The birth weight of the preterm and/or small for date babies was 2 212,5 +/- 286,5 g for those delivered by caesarean section and 2 070,5 +/- 312,0 g for those delivered vaginally. The investigation program consisted of the following items: A. Assessment of intellectual development by means of the Raven-test, B. Examination of total and minute motor activity by means of the Rostock- Oseretzky -scale, C. Assessment of concentration abilities according to Koch- Pleissner . Statistically significant advantages in all items investigated were found in the group of term as well as preterm and/or small for date babies delivered by caesarean section. Except for intellectual development, analogous results were found for term delivered babies. Concerning development in early childhood, as reflected in walking, speaking and "dryness", there were no statistically significant differences between children delivered vaginally and those delivered by caesarean section. No relation could be found between neonatal data (Apgar-score, pH-value in the umbilical artery) and late morbidity. Problems of birth management are discussed.},
}

Apgar Score
Attention
*Birth Weight
*Breech Presentation
*Cesarean Section
Child
*Child Development/physiology
Child, Preschool
Extraction, Obstetrical
Female
Humans
Infant, Low Birth Weight
Infant, Newborn
Intelligence
*Labor Presentation
Morbidity
Motor Activity
Pregnancy
Psychological Tests

@article {pmid6876379,
year = {1983},
author = {Frey, MA and Siervogel, RM},
title = {Cardiovascular response to a mentally stressful stimulus.},
journal = {Japanese heart journal},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {315-323},
doi = {10.1536/ihj.24.315},
pmid = {6876379},
issn = {0021-4868},
support = {R01-HL-23194/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Forearm/blood supply ; Heart Rate ; *Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Regional Blood Flow ; *Stress, Psychological ; Stroke Volume ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate multivariable cardiovascular responses to a non-mathematical mental task. Fifty-two subjects, 8 to 69 years of age, were monitored at rest and while attempting to solve a Raven's matrix test without prodding or pressure from the experimentors. Adults (greater than or equal to 18 years) had higher blood pressures (BP) and longer pre-ejection periods (PEP) at rest than did the children. Women had higher resting heart rates (HR) than men. The task induced significant increases in systolic and diastolic BP and HR in adults and children, with the adults exhibiting larger BP responses. During the stressful stimulus significant decreases in left ventricular ejection time occurred in men and women, and significant increases in forearm blood flow occurred in men. The stability in PEP during the stressful period when both BP and HR were increased is evidence of enhanced contractility brought on by the stress. In general, men and women responded similarly. Thus, even a mild, non-mathematical stress of short duration elicits the multiple cardiovascular responses, including increases in BP, HR, muscle blood flow, and contractility, which are observed with more threatening tasks.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Blood Pressure
Child
Electrocardiography
Female
Forearm/blood supply
Heart Rate
*Hemodynamics
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Regional Blood Flow
*Stress, Psychological
Stroke Volume

@article {pmid7372836,
year = {1980},
author = {Kish, GB and Hagen, JM and Woody, MM and Harvey, HL},
title = {Alcoholics' recovery from cerebral impairment as a function of duration of abstinence.},
journal = {Journal of clinical psychology},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {584-589},
doi = {10.1002/jclp.6120360234},
pmid = {7372836},
issn = {0021-9762},
mesh = {*Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholism/psychology/*rehabilitation ; Cognition Disorders/*chemically induced/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychological Tests ; },
abstract = {There is clear evidence in the literature for permanent cerebral impairment due to prolonged alcohol abuse. Observation also suggests that there is a component of this cerebral impairment that is found immediately subsequent to heavy drinking and that is reversible. This study examined the time-course of recovery from this temporary impairment and delineated more specifically the neuropsychological functions that participate in the recovery. Four groups (N = 87) of hospitalized male alcoholics were tested after 6, 15, 21, and 110 days of abstinence using the Raven Progressive Matrices, the Trail-Making Test, the Memory for Designs, and the following subscales of the WAIS: Arithmetic, Digit Span, Block Design, Similarities, and Digit Symbol. The results indicated that significant improvement occurred during the third week of abstinence (between 15 and 21 days) on the Digit Span, Block Design, Similarities, Memory for Designs, Raven, and Trail-Making tests, but not on the Arithmetic and Digit Symbol tests. These results suggest that treatment programs that use a preliminary "drying-out" period should consider lengthening this period to 3 weeks to insure that patients are maximally responsive to psychotherapy.},
}

*Alcohol Drinking
Alcoholism/psychology/*rehabilitation
Cognition Disorders/*chemically induced/psychology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychological Tests

@article {pmid7541600,
year = {1995},
author = {von Knorring, L and Lindström, E},
title = {Principal components and further possibilities with the PANSS.},
journal = {Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum},
volume = {388},
number = {},
pages = {5-10},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb05937.x},
pmid = {7541600},
issn = {0065-1591},
mesh = {Affective Symptoms/classification/*diagnosis/drug therapy/psychology ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Isoxazoles/therapeutic use ; Piperidines/therapeutic use ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; Syndrome ; },
abstract = {At the end of the last century, Hughlings-Jackson suggested that positive and negative syndromes should be kept apart in psychotic disorders. When the concepts of dementia praecox and schizophrenia were introduced by Kraepelin and Bleuler, emphasis was laid on the negative symptoms, regarded as fundamental. After the introduction of the "first rank symptoms" by Schneider emphasis switched to the positive symptoms in schizophrenia and these symptoms were included in most diagnostic criteria. In the 1980s Andreasen and Crow suggested a dichotomy into positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Kay and co-workers introduced a Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. In the original studies satisfactory construct validity and inter-rater reliability were demonstrated. However, in studies outside the USA a high construct validity was found for the negative scales but not for the positive and general psychopathology scales. Furthermore, the inter-rater reliability of the negative scale was a problem. After introduction of the Structured Clinical Interview for the PANSS (SCI-PANSS) the inter-rater reliability increased for all three scales. In an early study Kay and Sevy found seven factors in a principal component analysis of the PANSS and suggested a four factor pyramidical model. Later principal component analyses by Lepine, Peralta et al. and Kawasaki et al. suggested that the four factor model was an oversimplification and Lindström and von Knorring suggested a five factor pyramidical model. A similar model was later suggested by Bell et al. after a reanalysis of the original series of Kay and Sevy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
}

Affective Symptoms/classification/*diagnosis/drug therapy/psychology
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use
Humans
Isoxazoles/therapeutic use
Piperidines/therapeutic use
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Risperidone
Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis/drug therapy
*Schizophrenic Psychology
Syndrome

@article {pmid7892431,
year = {1994},
author = {Stough, C and Mangan, G and Bates, T and Pellett, O},
title = {Smoking and Raven IQ.},
journal = {Psychopharmacology},
volume = {116},
number = {3},
pages = {382-384},
pmid = {7892431},
issn = {0033-3158},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Autonomic Pathways/drug effects/physiology ; Decision Making/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Parasympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/physiology ; Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects ; Smoking/*psychology ; },
abstract = {Nicotine has recently been shown to enhance measures of information processing speed including the decision time (DT) component of simple and choice reaction time and the string length measure of evoked potential waveform complexity. Both (DT and string length) have been previously demonstrated to correlate with performance on standard intelligence tests (IQ). We therefore hypothesised that nicotine is acting to improve intellectual performance on the elementary information processing correlates of IQ. In the current experiment we tested this hypothesis using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) test. APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session, suggesting that nicotine acts to enhance physiological processes underlying performance on intellectual tasks.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Autonomic Pathways/drug effects/physiology
Decision Making/drug effects
Female
Humans
*Intelligence Tests
Male
Parasympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/physiology
Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
Smoking/*psychology

@article {pmid7914043,
year = {1994},
author = {Schooler, NR},
title = {Deficit symptoms in schizophrenia: negative symptoms versus neuroleptic-induced deficits.},
journal = {Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum},
volume = {380},
number = {},
pages = {21-26},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05827.x},
pmid = {7914043},
issn = {0065-1591},
mesh = {Affective Symptoms/chemically induced/diagnosis/psychology ; Antipsychotic Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Arousal/*drug effects ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; *Motivation ; Neurologic Examination ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; },
abstract = {Definitions of negative symptoms and deficit syndromes are reviewed in this article; rating scale criteria (the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale); Crow's type II syndrome; Carpenter's deficit syndrome; and the draft of DSM-IV. The core negative symptoms identified by these investigators also describe the neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome (NIDS). Study designs and assessment methods to distinguish NIDS from the symptoms of schizophrenia are presented. Assessment methods include rating scales and a novel method that uses descriptive symptom vignettes. Designs include neuroleptic discontinuation studies, dose comparisons and comparison of atypical antipsychotic medicines to typical neuroleptic drugs.},
}

Affective Symptoms/chemically induced/diagnosis/psychology
Antipsychotic Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
Arousal/*drug effects
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
*Motivation
Neurologic Examination
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Schizophrenia/diagnosis/*drug therapy
*Schizophrenic Psychology

@article {pmid7981593,
year = {1994},
author = {Bresolin, N and Castelli, E and Comi, GP and Felisari, G and Bardoni, A and Perani, D and Grassi, F and Turconi, A and Mazzucchelli, F and Gallotti, D},
title = {Cognitive impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.},
journal = {Neuromuscular disorders : NMD},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {359-369},
doi = {10.1016/0960-8966(94)90072-8},
pmid = {7981593},
issn = {0960-8966},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; Muscular Dystrophies/*complications/genetics/psychology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Psychomotor Performance ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; },
abstract = {Cognitive function and dystrophin gene mutations were investigated in 50 DMD patients (mean age 11.1 yr; range 3.5-20.3). General intelligence assessment showed 31% of patients with Wechsler full intelligence quotient (FIQ) lower than 75 (normal values: 100 +/- 14), and only 24% with appropriate FIQ level. Modal distribution of Wechsler verbal, performance, and FIQs, and Raven IQs was normal. Verbal IQ was more affected than performance IQ (PIQ) only in the younger group of subjects. Low PIQ correlated with the presence of macroglossia, detected in 13 out of 50 patients. Impairment of productive language was of non-dysphasic nature and correlated with defects of short-term memory, which was also affected in non-verbal skills. DMD patients shared the same spectrum of neuropsychological defects, regardless of whether they were or were not mentally retarded. The proportion of patients with dystrophin gene deletions was 64%. No statistically significant correlations were found between genetic data and psychometric assessment. Finally, (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies demonstrated cerebellar hypometabolism in all the DMD patients examined and variable involvement of associative cortical areas. These findings suggest a possible role of the cerebral and cerebellar hypometabolism in the cognitive impairment of DMD.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Animals
Child
Child, Preschool
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology
Gene Deletion
Humans
Intelligence
Language
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Memory
Muscular Dystrophies/*complications/genetics/psychology
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychometrics
Psychomotor Performance
Tomography, Emission-Computed

@article {pmid7988405,
year = {1994},
author = {Ribeyre, JM and Dollfus, S and Lesieur, P and Ménard, JF and Petit, M},
title = {[Schedule for evaluation of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia: Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS) (Kirkpatrick et al.). Importance pertinence of the SDS. Introduction of the French version].},
journal = {L'Encephale},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {413-419},
pmid = {7988405},
issn = {0013-7006},
mesh = {*Arousal ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Depression/classification/*diagnosis/psychology ; Humans ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; },
abstract = {The negative symptoms of schizophrenia have generated a great interest leading some authors (Crow, Andreasen, Kay) to delineate schizophrenic subtypes based on their presence or absence. Carpenter et al. have recently proposed another subtype, the deficit syndrome, based on Kraepelin's clinical description. This differs from other proposed negative subtypes and refers to the presence or absence of prominent, enduring and primary negative symptoms. Primary negative symptoms have to be due to psychophrenia itself, in other words, independent of factors such as depression, anxiety, akinesia... Kirkpatrick et al. have proposed the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) to reliably identify this deficit syndrome. Some studies using this instrument have supported the validity of the deficit syndrome concept. Particularly, deficit patients have clinical, neuropsychological, neurological, eye-tracking and brain imaging impairments compared to nondeficit patients. We realized a french translation of SDS and used it to study a biological index (plasma homovanillic acid, pHVA) among deficit and nondeficit schizophrenic patients. Our data suggest a specific biochemical basis for the deficit syndrome, ie, significant lower mean pHVA levels with a lack of diurnal variation for deficit patients. The french version of SDS was validated by Kirkpatrick after english back translation. We present here our psychometric data regarding reliability (assessed by weighted and unweighted kappa coefficients) and cohesiveness of the construct (assessed by rank-order correlations of each negative symptoms with the other five, using Spearman's rho). These data are quite significant and in agreement with the SDS authors.},
}

*Arousal
*Cross-Cultural Comparison
Depression/classification/*diagnosis/psychology
Humans
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Schizophrenia/classification/*diagnosis
*Schizophrenic Psychology

@article {pmid8037075,
year = {1994},
author = {Blennerhassett, L and Strohmeier, SJ and Hibbett, C},
title = {Criterion-related validity of Raven's Progressive Matrices with deaf residential school students.},
journal = {American annals of the deaf},
volume = {139},
number = {2},
pages = {104-110},
doi = {10.1353/aad.2012.0053},
pmid = {8037075},
issn = {0002-726X},
mesh = {Achievement ; Adolescent ; *Deafness ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; *Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Male ; *Reproducibility of Results ; *Residential Facilities ; *Schools ; *Students ; },
abstract = {Criterion-related validity of Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) was investigated using a sample of 107 deaf residential adolescents. Data collection involved retrieval of psychoeducational test scores (RPM; WISC-R Performance IQ; VMI-R; Bender-Gestalt; and SAT-HI Reading Comprehension, Spelling, and Language) from student files. Concurrent validity between the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and WISC-R PIQ was established, with significant (p .001) correlations of .598 (using WISC-R deaf norms) and .616 (using WISC-R hearing norms). Predictive validity was supported by significant correlations between the SPM and SAT-HI Reading Comprehension, Spelling, and Language scores.},
}

Achievement
Adolescent
*Deafness
Female
Humans
Intelligence
*Intelligence Tests
Language
Male
*Reproducibility of Results
*Residential Facilities
*Schools
*Students

@article {pmid8120349,
year = {1993},
author = {Bonnyman, G},
title = {Unmasking Jim Crow.},
journal = {Journal of health politics, policy and law},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {871-879},
doi = {10.1215/03616878-18-4-871},
pmid = {8120349},
issn = {0361-6878},
mesh = {*Black or African American ; *Civil Rights ; Health Care Reform/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Health Services Accessibility/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Insurance, Health ; Medicaid/legislation & jurisprudence ; Prejudice ; *Race Relations ; United States ; },
}

*Black or African American
*Civil Rights
Health Care Reform/*legislation & jurisprudence
Health Services Accessibility/*legislation & jurisprudence
Insurance, Health
Medicaid/legislation & jurisprudence
Prejudice
*Race Relations
United States

@article {pmid8157394,
year = {1994},
author = {Lange, P and Schnohr, P},
title = {The relationship between facial wrinkling and airflow obstruction.},
journal = {International journal of dermatology},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {123-126},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01541.x},
pmid = {8157394},
issn = {0011-9059},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Pulmonary Ventilation ; Skin Aging/*physiology ; Smoking ; Vital Capacity ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Similar smoking-related changes in the collagen and elastin could play a role in the pathogenesis of both skin wrinkling and chronic airflow obstruction. The hypothesis was tested by analyzing whether increased facial wrinkling, especially in smokers, is associated with the presence of airflow obstruction.

METHODS: An age-stratified randomized sample of the general population comprising 6034 men and 7152 women between 30 and 80 years of age was analyzed. The recording of wrinkling in the crow's foot area of the right eye was performed according to an earlier described severity score. As an index of airflow obstruction, we used the ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity in percent (FEV1/FVC%).

RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis comprising current and previous smokers showed that, after controlling for age, subjects with highest wrinkle scores had on average FEV1/FVC% that was 1.2-1.9% lower than in subjects with lower wrinkle scores. No association between facial wrinkling and airflow obstruction was observed among lifetime nonsmokers.

CONCLUSIONS: Increased facial wrinkling is independent of age when associated with airflow obstruction in smokers, but not in never-smokers. The magnitude of this association, however, is small.},
}

Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Forced Expiratory Volume
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Pulmonary Ventilation
Skin Aging/*physiology
Smoking
Vital Capacity

@article {pmid8222450,
year = {1993},
author = {Morgan, JM and Biehl, WC and Wagner, FW},
title = {Management of neuropathic arthropathy with the Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker.},
journal = {Clinical orthopaedics and related research},
volume = {},
number = {296},
pages = {58-63},
pmid = {8222450},
issn = {0009-921X},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic/diagnostic imaging/*therapy ; Diabetic Neuropathies/complications/*therapy ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/etiology/*therapy ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Orthotic Devices ; Patient Satisfaction ; Radiography ; },
abstract = {A recently designed Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker (CROW) was used in the treatment of 18 patients with diabetic neuroarthropathy involving the foot and ankle. Eight of these patients had no surgery before the use of the CROW. In ten patients, the device was used for prolonged immobilization after surgery for complications of neuropathic joint disease. The CROW is a rigid, custom, full-foot enclosure ankle-foot orthosis. It was used after an initial period of cast immobilization. The CROW effectively controls limb edema, returns the patient to ambulatory activities, and prevents significant progression of deformity. All patients rated their satisfaction with the device as good or excellent. The CROW is an attractive alternative to currently used methods to provide the prolonged immobilization and protection necessary for healing in neuropathic arthropathy.},
}

Adult
Aged
Arthropathy, Neurogenic/diagnostic imaging/*therapy
Diabetic Neuropathies/complications/*therapy
Female
Fractures, Bone/etiology/*therapy
Humans
Locomotion
Male
Middle Aged
*Orthotic Devices
Patient Satisfaction
Radiography

@article {pmid8306646,
year = {1993},
author = {Templer, DI and Kaiser, G and Siscoe, K},
title = {Correlates of pathological gambling propensity in prison inmates.},
journal = {Comprehensive psychiatry},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {347-351},
doi = {10.1016/0010-440x(93)90022-v},
pmid = {8306646},
issn = {0010-440X},
mesh = {Adult ; Gambling/*psychology ; Humans ; MMPI/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Mental Disorders/classification/diagnosis/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Nevada ; Prisoners/*psychology ; Psychometrics ; },
abstract = {The South Oaks Gambling Inventory was administered to 136 consecutively admitted inmates in a medium-security prison in Nevada. According to the criteria of the authors of this instrument, 22.79% of these inmates had some problem and 26% were probable pathological gamblers. Significant positive correlations with the F, depression, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia, paranoia, schizophrenia, and Mac Andrew alcoholism scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were found. Gambling score was negatively correlated with the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices measure of intelligence. Clinical implications are suggested.},
}

Adult
Gambling/*psychology
Humans
MMPI/statistics & numerical data
Male
Mental Disorders/classification/diagnosis/psychology
Middle Aged
Nevada
Prisoners/*psychology
Psychometrics

@article {pmid8369962,
year = {1993},
author = {Taniguchi, M and Murakami, N and Nakamura, H and Nasu, T and Shinohara, S and Etoh, T},
title = {Melatonin release from pineal cells of diurnal and nocturnal birds.},
journal = {Brain research},
volume = {620},
number = {2},
pages = {297-300},
doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(93)90169-n},
pmid = {8369962},
issn = {0006-8993},
mesh = {8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Columbidae/*physiology ; Melatonin/*metabolism ; *Motor Activity ; Pineal Gland/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Melatonin release from the pineal cells of chicks, pigeons and crows (diurnal birds) in vitro was compared with that from owls (a nocturnal bird). The pineal cells of diurnal birds secreted large amounts of melatonin during the dark period, whereas owl pineal cells released virtually no melatonin over 24 h and did not respond to exogenous stimulant agents. Histological examination revealed that the owl pineal gland is very small and has a poor vascular network. These results suggest that the pineal gland of owls may have degenerated and is not involved in the circadian clock mechanism in this species.},
}

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
Animals
Birds/*physiology
Cells, Cultured
*Circadian Rhythm
Columbidae/*physiology
Melatonin/*metabolism
*Motor Activity
Pineal Gland/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism
Species Specificity

@article {pmid8518987,
year = {1993},
author = {Cashman, FE and Gilbert, R},
title = {Blue jay mania.},
journal = {Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {299},
doi = {10.1177/070674379303800419},
pmid = {8518987},
issn = {0706-7437},
mesh = {Adult ; Arousal ; *Baseball ; Bipolar Disorder/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Social Facilitation ; },
}

Adult
Arousal
*Baseball
Bipolar Disorder/*psychology
Humans
Male
Social Facilitation

@article {pmid8531285,
year = {1996},
author = {Hargarten, SW and Karlson, TA and O'Brien, M and Hancock, J and Quebbeman, E},
title = {Characteristics of firearms involved in fatalities.},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {275},
number = {1},
pages = {42-45},
pmid = {8531285},
issn = {0098-7484},
mesh = {Data Collection ; *Firearms/statistics & numerical data ; Homicide/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Suicide/statistics & numerical data ; Wisconsin/epidemiology ; Wounds, Gunshot/*mortality ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To document the types of firearms associated with firearm fatalities, and to determine the availability of information on firearm characteristics in existing data sources.

DESIGN: Review of police, medical examiner, and crime laboratory records for all firearm homicides and review of medical examiner records for all suicides and unintentional and undetermined firearm fatalities.

SETTING: City of Milwaukee, Wis, from 1990 through 1994.

POPULATION: A total of 175 firearm suicides and 524 firearm homicides.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Source of data; circumstances and means of death; host demographic characteristics; firearm make, model, caliber, barrel length, and serial number.

RESULTS: Handguns accounted for 468 (89%) of 524 firearm homicides and 124 (71%) of 175 firearm suicides. Handguns of .25 caliber accounted for 14% (n = 63) of 438 firearm homicides and 12% (n = 15) of all firearm suicides in which caliber was known. The Raven MP-25 was the single most commonly identified firearm and accounted for 10% (n = 15) of 153 handgun homicide cases and 7% (n = 7) of the 76 suicide cases in which the manufacturer of the firearm was identified. From all data sources combined, information on firearm type was available in 681 (97%) of 699 cases, caliber/gauge in 636 cases (91%), manufacturer/model in 309 cases (44%), and serial number in 276 cases (40%).

CONCLUSIONS: Inexpensive, short-barreled .25-caliber handguns were the most common weapon type associated with firearm homicides and suicides in Milwaukee during 1990 through 1994. Product-specific information is a crucial part of planning appropriate injury countermeasures for firearms. In combination, police, crime laboratory, and medical examiner data can supply this information with modest changes in data collection procedures.},
}

Data Collection
*Firearms/statistics & numerical data
Homicide/statistics & numerical data
Humans
Suicide/statistics & numerical data
Wisconsin/epidemiology
Wounds, Gunshot/*mortality

@article {pmid8545507,
year = {1995},
author = {Meissner, WW},
title = {In the shadow of death.},
journal = {Psychoanalytic review},
volume = {82},
number = {4},
pages = {535-557},
pmid = {8545507},
issn = {0033-2836},
mesh = {*Attitude to Death ; Fantasy ; Humans ; Male ; *Paintings ; *Psychoanalytic Interpretation ; Religion and Psychology ; Suicide/psychology ; Symbolism ; Unconscious, Psychology ; },
abstract = {Death dogged Vincent's footsteps throughout his life, and formed a core component of his unconscious fantasy system. It cast a lugubrious shadow over all of his undertakings--he found little joy and less love in life. It found its way onto his canvases, both directly--the grinning death's head--and indirectly. It found expression in his portrayals of sowers and reapers, in his representations of trees--especially the highly symbolic treatments of cypresses--in the menacing crows hovering over storm-darkened fields of wheat, and finally in the images of Christ, suffering and dead, held in the embrace of a loving and grieving mother. If death was a bottomless pit that haunted him with its terrors, it was also a siren song that drew him ever closer to his destiny, ever closer to the edge of the pit. The power of that attraction lies in his identification with the dead Vincent whose place he had taken and whose name he bore. It was through that identification, and through the passageway of suffering and death that he would surcease in the arms of a loving and accepting mother whose warm embrace he had sought throughout his odyssey, but in vain. It was to be gained only in and through death. It was only through death that he would find rest from his pain and would gain the heavenly reward of his suffering in eternal love and bliss.},
}

*Attitude to Death
Fantasy
Humans
Male
*Paintings
*Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Religion and Psychology
Suicide/psychology
Symbolism
Unconscious, Psychology

@article {pmid8604259,
year = {1996},
author = {Rubin, DH and Erickson, CJ and San Agustin, M and Cleary, SD and Allen, JK and Cohen, P},
title = {Cognitive and academic functioning of homeless children compared with housed children.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {97},
number = {3},
pages = {289-294},
pmid = {8604259},
issn = {0031-4005},
mesh = {Anxiety ; Child ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology ; Educational Status ; Ethnicity ; Female ; *Homeless Youth ; *Housing ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Mothers/psychology ; Social Class ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the past 10 years, the number of homeless families has increased in every region of the United States. Despite several studies of this population, there are few data regarding the cognitive functioning of these homeless children. The aim of this controlled study was to determine the effect of homelessness on cognitive and academic functioning of children aged 6 to 11 years.

METHODS: Homeless children (N = 102) and their mothers living in shelters were compared with a housed group of children (N = 178) and their mothers selected from the homeless child's classroom in New York City between August 1990 and August 1992. Groups were compared using standardized cognitive and academic performance instruments.

RESULTS: Controlling for child's age, sex, race, social class, and family status, verbal intelligence (estimated by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and nonverbal intelligence (estimated by the Raven's Progressive Matrices) were not significantly different between the groups. However, academic achievement (measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised [WRAT-R]) was significantly poorer in reading, (75% of homeless children compared with 48% of housed children were below grade level), spelling (72.4% of the homeless children compared with 50% of housed children were below grade level) and arthmetic (53.6% of homeless children compared with 21.7% of housed children were below grade level). These dramatic differences in academic performance did not appear to be related to the mother's report of the number of days missed from school or the length of homelessness, but were associated with: (1) the number of school changes for the WRAT-R reading subtest and (2) grade repetition for the WRAT-R spelling subtest.

CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrae no difference in cognitive functioning between homeless and housed children. However, homeless children performed significantly more poorly than housed children in tests of academic performance.},
}

Anxiety
Child
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression
Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology
Educational Status
Ethnicity
Female
*Homeless Youth
*Housing
Humans
Intelligence
Male
Mothers/psychology
Social Class

@article {pmid8618971,
year = {1996},
author = {Mogelvang, C},
title = {Brow lift by flap transposition in the glabrous brow area.},
journal = {Plastic and reconstructive surgery},
volume = {97},
number = {5},
pages = {1040-50; discussion 1051-2},
doi = {10.1097/00006534-199604001-00025},
pmid = {8618971},
issn = {0032-1052},
mesh = {Aged ; *Eyebrows ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Forehead ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Care ; Preoperative Care ; Rhytidoplasty/*methods ; Surgical Flaps/*methods ; Suture Techniques ; },
abstract = {In brow lift, if a direct approach is utilized, the suture line medially is placed in a normal frontalis crease, and then the lateral part of the suture line, by lateral transfer of a small superiorly based flap, is caused to fall into a natural "laugh line" or "crow's feet" crease, three improvements result: 1. Greater control and predictability of shaping and position than with other techniques; 2. A more normal appearance, including better lateral lift and a much more inconspicuous scar than with supraciliary direct lift; 3. A longer-lasting result. In approximately 150 patients, scar appearance has been very gratifying indeed, with only 3 limited segmental scar revisions and 2 secondary midforehead elliptical excisions. It is believed that the principle exhibited in the tightening of the upper suture line by flap transfer, referred to by analogy as the worm principle, accounts for much of the improvement, especially in durability. This principle is seen as an aid in thinking through the mechanics of several other plastic surgical situations as well.},
}

Aged
*Eyebrows
Facial Expression
Female
Forehead
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Care
Preoperative Care
Rhytidoplasty/*methods
Surgical Flaps/*methods
Suture Techniques

@article {pmid8767037,
year = {1996},
author = {Samuelian, JC},
title = {[Incidence of the deficit form in refractory schizophrenia].},
journal = {L'Encephale},
volume = {22 Spec No 2},
number = {},
pages = {19-23},
pmid = {8767037},
issn = {0013-7006},
mesh = {Antipsychotic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Chronic Disease ; Depression/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Schizophrenia/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; Treatment Failure ; },
abstract = {The treatment and management of schizophrenic patients "resistant" to neuroleptics is one of the major problem areas in current psychiatry, as is deficitary (non-productive) schizophrenia, which is considered to be the least curable clinical form of the disease. What is the scope of these definitions? The majority of definitions amalgamate affective blunting, social withdrawal, poverty of ideas and speech when describing the deficitary clinical picture. Even though there are differences between authors such as Andreasen and Kay, the consensus opinion holds that there is impoverished emotional range and diminished spontaneous movement. The term "resistance" refers to resistance to neuroleptic treatments. Kane, for example, stipulates that 3 antipsychotic treatments at effective doses and prescribed for an adequate length of time must have proved to be ineffective before the patient can be termed "treatment-resistant". Based on studies, 5 to 20% of these patients are also intolerant of neuroleptics, in particular of their extrapyramidal effects, which induce Parkinson's syndrome, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. The sedative and extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptics may incidentally augment the negative symptoms (Möller, 1993). Currently there is no scientific method of predicting the likely profile of responders and non-responders to neuroleptics. Collaborative studies carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health (Cole et al., 1964, 1966) on the response to neuroleptics in the acute phase of schizophrenia showed that 3% of patients were worsened, 22% marginally improved and 69% greatly improved by treatment. Recognition of negative forms in resistant schizophrenia also requires distinction between depressive features which develop during the course of schizophrenia. Symptoms such as anhedonia, apathy, social withdrawal and poverty of speed which are typical of depressive illness are also considered to be schizophrenic symptoms (Maier et al., 1990). It is currently accepted that 10 to 25% of schizophrenic patients may be considered as non-responders to antipsychotic treatments. When evaluating this response not only the disappearance of positive and negative symptoms, but also the ability to function socially and professionally and the number of hospitalizations must be taken into account (Strauss and Carpenter, 1972), (Brenner, 1990). It is highly appropriate to evaluate the beneficial effects of treatments on positive and negative symptoms. Johnstone et al. (1978) verified the hypothesis that the traditional neuroleptics were less effective against negative symptoms. Kay and Opler (1987) showed that improvement in these symptoms took longer to become established. The negative symptoms which characterize type II schizophrenia described by Crow (1980, 1985) are considered to be non-responders to treatment. However, authors such as Goldberg (1985) and Meltzer et al. (1986) in the French tradition have dismissed this argument. Studies on the evaluation of treatment currently tend to make a sharp distinction between negative and positive poles. In all cases, biological treatment is rarely adequate and it is essential to combine it with psychosocial therapy. Information from patient and family on the type of illness involved and on the different types of assistance which can be provided, as much medical as purely social, invariably proves useful.},
}

Antipsychotic Agents/*therapeutic use
Chronic Disease
Depression/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy
Humans
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Schizophrenia/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy
*Schizophrenic Psychology
Treatment Failure

@article {pmid8767042,
year = {1996},
author = {Verdoux, H and Bourgeois, M},
title = {[Schizophrenic deficit syndrome and neurologic tolerance].},
journal = {L'Encephale},
volume = {22 Spec No 2},
number = {},
pages = {45-47},
pmid = {8767042},
issn = {0013-7006},
mesh = {Antipsychotic Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Depression/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy/psychology ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*diagnosis/psychology ; Humans ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; },
abstract = {Risk factors promoting the occurrence of neuroleptic-related tardive dyskinesia remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that type II schizophrenia, based on Crow's classification, would be more liable to this complication due to cerebral structural abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia characterized by deficitary symptoms. Association between tardive dyskinesia and cognitive deficit is currently the most firmly established. Data in the literature concerning the association between tardive dyskinesia and the other features of type II schizophrenia are more contradictory.},
}

Antipsychotic Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
Depression/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy/psychology
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*diagnosis/psychology
Humans
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Risk Factors
Schizophrenia/classification/diagnosis/*drug therapy
*Schizophrenic Psychology

@article {pmid8833689,
year = {1996},
author = {Thomas, P and Kearney, G and Napier, E and Ellis, E and Leuder, I and Johnson, M},
title = {Speech and language in first onset psychosis differences between people with schizophrenia, mania, and controls.},
journal = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science},
volume = {168},
number = {3},
pages = {337-343},
doi = {10.1192/bjp.168.3.337},
pmid = {8833689},
issn = {0007-1250},
mesh = {Bipolar Disorder/*psychology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; Psychotic Disorders/*psychology ; *Schizophrenia ; Severity of Illness Index ; Social Class ; *Speech ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed linguistic differences between diagnostic groups. This study investigates the extent to which these differences are accounted for by factors such as chronicity, or disturbances in cognition associated with acute psychosis.

METHOD: Transcripts of interviews with patients suffering from RDC schizophrenia (n=38), mania (n=11) and controls (n=16) were examined using the Brief Syntactic Analysis (BSA). Patients were within two years of first onset of psychotic symptoms, and received tests of working memory and attention.

RESULTS: The speech of patients with schizophrenia was syntactically less complex than that of controls. Patients with schizophrenia and mania made more errors than controls. These differences were, to some extent, related to group differences in social class, working memory and attention, although significant group differences in language persisted after the effects of covariates were removed.

CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the existence of differences in the speech of psychiatric patients. Low complexity appears to be a particular feature of speech in schizophrenia, even in the earliest stages of the condition. The importance of this finding is discussed in relation to two recent theories of schizophrenia: Crow's evolutionary model, and Frith's neuro-psychological model.},
}

Bipolar Disorder/*psychology
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis
Educational Status
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
Psychotic Disorders/*psychology
*Schizophrenia
Severity of Illness Index
Social Class
*Speech

@article {pmid8867407,
year = {1996},
author = {Jay, SJ},
title = {A conversation with C. Everett Koop, M.D.. Interview by Stephen J. Jay.},
journal = {Indiana medicine : the journal of the Indiana State Medical Association},
volume = {89},
number = {2},
pages = {116-120},
pmid = {8867407},
issn = {0746-8288},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence ; Child ; Health Education/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Smoking/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Smoking Prevention ; United States ; },
}

Adolescent
Adult
Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence
Child
Health Education/legislation & jurisprudence
Humans
Smoking/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence
*Smoking Prevention
United States

@article {pmid9106083,
year = {1997},
author = {Ellis, DA and Tan, AK},
title = {Cosmetic upper-facial rejuvenation with botulinum.},
journal = {The Journal of otolaryngology},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {92-96},
pmid = {9106083},
issn = {0381-6605},
mesh = {Botulinum Toxins, Type A/*therapeutic use ; Contraindications ; Drug Monitoring ; Facial Expression ; Humans ; Neuromuscular Agents/*therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Rhytidoplasty/adverse effects/*methods ; Skin Aging/*drug effects/pathology ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A (Botox), which blocks the release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic neuromuscular junction leading to an irreversible, but temporary chemical denervation muscular paralysis and weakness. This produces a significant cosmetic improvement of wrinkling in the upper face due to hyperfunctional animation.

METHOD: A prospective clinical study representing our experience with this new technique is presented. Patient selection and evaluation, classification of animation lines, techniques, results and complications are discussed. In a 15-month period, 23 patients with seven anatomic sites were injected. Twenty-three patients had the lateral aspect and the inferior aspect of their squint lines injected, and 26 patients had their glabellar frownlines injected.

RESULTS: Significant improvement occurred to the average depth and length of the glabellar frownlines. The subjective improvement by the patients was also significant. Regarding the crow's feet, the lateral canthal lines showed more improvement than the inferior lateral canthal lines because the latter has a greater component of zygomaticus major and minor muscle, which contributes to the inferior lateral squint line.

CONCLUSION: Botox is a safe, easy-to-use, effective modality for the temporary elimination of hyperfunctioning upper-facial muscles.},
}

Botulinum Toxins, Type A/*therapeutic use
Contraindications
Drug Monitoring
Facial Expression
Humans
Neuromuscular Agents/*therapeutic use
Prospective Studies
Rhytidoplasty/adverse effects/*methods
Skin Aging/*drug effects/pathology
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid9446525,
year = {1997},
author = {Fieguth, A and Kistenmacher, L and Tröger, HD and Kleemann, WJ},
title = {[Fatalities caused by exposure to heat].},
journal = {Archiv fur Kriminologie},
volume = {200},
number = {3-4},
pages = {79-86},
pmid = {9446525},
issn = {0003-9225},
mesh = {Accidents/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Burns/*pathology ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/pathology ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Heat Exhaustion/*pathology ; Homicide/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Lung/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Suicide/*legislation & jurisprudence ; },
abstract = {Between 1978 and 1987 52 cases of death by burning or in connection with fire (13 females and 39 males) were examined at the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Medical School of Hannover. The causes were fires in flats (25), cars (15) and buildings(4), clothes set on fire (3) and explosions (3). In two cases death was caused by scalding. These cases could be divided into accidents (30), over 1/3 caused by smoking (11)), suicides (9) and homicides (6). The other seven cases could not be clarified definitively. Evidence of CO-elevation (38), soot inhalation (33), petechiae (11) and "crow's feet" (6) were noted. However, isolated findings cannot lead to a satisfactory assessment after death by burning. The reconstruction of events requires a comprehensive evaluation of the case history, the scene of death and the autopsy as well as complementary analyses. Therefore intensive cooperation between criminal investigators and forensic physicians is absolutely necessary.},
}

Accidents/*legislation & jurisprudence
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Burns/*pathology
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/pathology
Cause of Death
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Heat Exhaustion/*pathology
Homicide/*legislation & jurisprudence
Humans
Lung/pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Suicide/*legislation & jurisprudence

@article {pmid9453699,
year = {1997},
author = {Willey, P and Galloway, A and Snyder, L},
title = {Bone mineral density and survival of elements and element portions in the bones of the Crow Creek massacre victims.},
journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
volume = {104},
number = {4},
pages = {513-528},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199712)104:4<513::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-S},
pmid = {9453699},
issn = {0002-9483},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anthropology, Physical/*methods ; Archaeology/*methods ; *Bone Density ; Bone and Bones ; Cannibalism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {The interpretation of archaeologically-derived skeletal series is dependent on the elements and portions of elements preserved for examination. Bone and bone portion survival is affected by factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the elements themselves, that influence deterioration and preservation. Among the intrinsic variables, the density of the element and element portion are particularly important with respect to the degree of preservation. Recently reported bone mineral density values from a contemporary human sample are compared to the survival of prehistoric limb bones of the Crow Creek specimens, a fourteenth-century massacre skeletal series. The contemporary density values are positively correlated with Crow Creek element and element portion survival. Two calculations of bone mineral density, however, are more closely related to preservation than a third. Such density information has implications for assessing minimum number of elements and individuals and documenting taphonomic processes.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Anthropology, Physical/*methods
Archaeology/*methods
*Bone Density
Bone and Bones
Cannibalism
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged

@article {pmid9562305,
year = {1998},
author = {Roudier, M and Marcie, P and Grancher, AS and Tzortzis, C and Starkstein, S and Boller, F},
title = {Discrimination of facial identity and of emotions in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences},
volume = {154},
number = {2},
pages = {151-158},
doi = {10.1016/s0022-510x(97)00222-0},
pmid = {9562305},
issn = {0022-510X},
mesh = {Alzheimer Disease/*psychology ; *Discrimination, Psychological ; *Dissociative Disorders ; *Emotions ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Status Schedule ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate processing of human faces identity and of emotional expressions in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms responsible for discriminating facial identity may be dissociated from those involved in discriminating facial expressions. Patients with prosopagnosia often have preserved capacities for processing emotional facial expressions and occasionally, patients with focal lesions may recognize human faces without being able to recognize their facial expression. Such a dissociation has not been clearly shown in groups of AD patients.

METHODS: Thirty-one probable AD patients and 14 control subjects were administered tasks of discrimination of faces and of emotions.

RESULTS: AD patients were significantly impaired in discriminating facial identities and in naming and pointing to named emotions, but were comparable to controls in discriminating facial expressions of emotion. The deficits of facial discrimination and of identification of emotions were, on the whole, correlated with the MMS and Raven scores. Discrimination of emotions was not correlated to either test, suggesting that this ability is based on cognitive processes different from those underlying the MMS and the PM47.

CONCLUSIONS: This dissociation implies two separate systems, one dedicated to discrimination of facial identities and the other to discrimination of emotions. This is compatible with the modular organization of cognitive deficits in AD and may explain the well known experience that nonverbal communication often remains effective even in patients with severe dementia.},
}

Alzheimer Disease/*psychology
*Discrimination, Psychological
*Dissociative Disorders
*Emotions
*Facial Expression
Female
Humans
Male
Mental Status Schedule

@article {pmid9600810,
year = {1998},
author = {Grandjean, P and Weihe, P and White, RF and Debes, F},
title = {Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to "safe" levels of methylmercury.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {77},
number = {2},
pages = {165-172},
doi = {10.1006/enrs.1997.3804},
pmid = {9600810},
issn = {0013-9351},
support = {ES06112/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cognition/*drug effects/physiology ; Eye Movements/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Fingers/physiology ; Hand/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Maternal Exposure/*adverse effects ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Mercury/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Mercury Poisoning/etiology/physiopathology/psychology ; Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Motor Activity/drug effects/physiology ; Movement/drug effects/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychomotor Performance/*drug effects/physiology ; Reaction Time/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Within a cohort of 1022 consecutive singleton births in the Faroe Islands, we assessed prenatal methylmercury exposure from the maternal hair mercury concentration. At approximately 7 years of age, 917 of the children underwent detailed neurobehavioral examination. Little risk is thought to occur as long as the hair mercury concentration in pregnant women is kept below 10-20 microg/g (50-100 nmol/l). A case group of 112 children whose mothers had a hair mercury concentration of 10-20 microg/g was therefore matched to children with exposure below 3 microg/g, using age, sex, time of examination, and the mother's score on Raven's Progressive Matrices as matching criteria. The two groups were almost identical with regard to other factors that might affect neurobehavioral performance in this community. On six neuropsychological test measures, the case group showed mild decrements, relative to controls, especially in the domains of motor function, language, and memory. Subtle effects on brain function therefore seem to be detectable at prenatal methylmercury exposure levels currently considered to be safe.},
}

Case-Control Studies
Child
Cognition/*drug effects/physiology
Eye Movements/drug effects/physiology
Female
Fingers/physiology
Hand/physiology
Humans
Male
Maternal Exposure/*adverse effects
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Mercury/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Mercury Poisoning/etiology/physiopathology/psychology
Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
Motor Activity/drug effects/physiology
Movement/drug effects/physiology
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychomotor Performance/*drug effects/physiology
Reaction Time/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid9658793,
year = {1998},
author = {Saccomani, L and Vercellino, F and Rizzo, P and Becchetti, S},
title = {[Adolescents with scoliosis: psychological and psychopathological aspects].},
journal = {Minerva pediatrica},
volume = {50},
number = {1-2},
pages = {9-14},
pmid = {9658793},
issn = {0026-4946},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anxiety/etiology ; Body Image ; Child ; Depression/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Interview, Psychological ; Male ; Psychological Tests ; Scoliosis/*psychology/therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present study focuses on psychological and psychopathological aspects in children and adolescents with scoliosis.

METHODS: The case series included 28 subjects with scoliosis (7 males, 21 females; range 9-25 years; mean age 15.8 years) admitted to the Dept. of Orthopaedics of Gaslini Institute and referred to our observation. Psychological approach included semi-structured interviews focused on the evolution of scoliosis and based on questions about consciousness of illness, family and patient emotional reactions during treatment; familial, social and school adaptation; body image; onset of psychopathological disorders. Family relational and educational attitudes were also considered. The following psychological tests were also performed: Raven Progressive Matrices; "Draw-a-Person" test; Sacks' battery of incomplete sentences to evaluate cognitive aspects, body image, familial and social relationships, interactive aspects.

RESULTS: During adolescence consciousness of illness appeared concomitantly with the beginning of treatment. Most subjects presented intellectual-relational compensation strategies, but in a reasonable number of cases they showed insecurity and inferiority feelings. On a conscious level, body image appeared normal in most cases, but unconsciously (in 45% of cases) there were anguish aspects related to feelings of body deterioration. During long-term treatments anxious reactions, sometimes temporary, (in 36% of cases) and depressive aspects (in 9% of cases) were observed.

CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained stress the importance of the family and the medical staff in providing a reassuring and firm support, in order to face difficulties related to the patient's illness.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Anxiety/etiology
Body Image
Child
Depression/etiology
Female
Humans
Interview, Psychological
Male
Psychological Tests
Scoliosis/*psychology/therapy

@article {pmid9673101,
year = {1998},
author = {Vineis, P},
title = {[Interactions between genetics and environment].},
journal = {La Medicina del lavoro},
volume = {89},
number = {2},
pages = {117-123},
pmid = {9673101},
issn = {0025-7818},
mesh = {Aged ; *Carcinogens, Environmental ; Case-Control Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Environment ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; Genetic Testing ; Helicobacter Infections/complications ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/*etiology/*genetics ; Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced/prevention & control ; *Occupational Exposure ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Racial Groups ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Stomach Neoplasms/etiology ; Tuberculosis/etiology ; },
abstract = {From a scientific point of view, the idea that genes exert an important role in explaining human pathology has gained much popularity in recent decades. However, according to Stephen Jay Gould, the "genetic fallacy" has been repeatedly used to avoid environmental action. In the case of occupational cancer, genetic screening of workers for their susceptibility to the action of chemical carcinogens, on the basis of "metabolic polymorphisms", would be unacceptable because of racial discrimination, related to uneven racial distribution of most polymorphisms, for example, 90% of Africans and 10% of Asians have the "slow" acetylator genotype. Therefore, not only technical and scientific aspects of genetic susceptibility to cancer, but also ethical and social implication have to be considered.},
}

Aged
*Carcinogens, Environmental
Case-Control Studies
Confidence Intervals
Disease Susceptibility
*Environment
Ethics, Medical
Female
Genetic Testing
Helicobacter Infections/complications
Helicobacter pylori
Humans
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Neoplasms/chemically induced/*etiology/*genetics
Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced/prevention & control
*Occupational Exposure
Polymorphism, Genetic
Racial Groups
Smoking/adverse effects
Stomach Neoplasms/etiology
Tuberculosis/etiology

@article {pmid9678746,
year = {1998},
author = {Andersson, S and Finset, A},
title = {Heart rate and skin conductance reactivity to brief psychological stress in brain-injured patients.},
journal = {Journal of psychosomatic research},
volume = {44},
number = {6},
pages = {645-656},
doi = {10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00305-x},
pmid = {9678746},
issn = {0022-3999},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Injuries/diagnosis/*psychology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Galvanic Skin Response/*physiology ; Heart Rate/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Stress, Psychological/*psychology ; },
abstract = {Autonomic reactivity in response to two mentally challenging tasks was studied in 74 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n=33), cerebrovascular insults (CVA; n=27), and hypoxic brain damage (n = 14). Heart rate, skin conductance level, and number of spontaneous skin conductance responses were recorded during baseline and two problem-solving stress conditions consisting of Raven progressive matrices and mental arithmetic. CVA and TBI patients with focal right hemisphere injury showed significantly reduced stress reactivity compared to patients with focal left hemisphere injury. This right-left hemisphere difference was maintained when controlled for diagnosis, gender, sex, age, and stressor task performance and involvement. The results indicate that lateralization of lesion rather than diagnosis or etiology is the critical factor in autonomic stress hyporeactivity in brain-injured patients. The results are discussed in relation to brain lateralization of autonomic reactivity and possible clinical consequences of autonomic hyporeactivity for rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain injury.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Analysis of Variance
Brain Injuries/diagnosis/*psychology
Cerebrovascular Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology
Female
Functional Laterality
Galvanic Skin Response/*physiology
Heart Rate/*physiology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests
Stress, Psychological/*psychology

@article {pmid9693666,
year = {1998},
author = {Levy, PM and Salomon, D},
title = {Use of Biobrane after laser resurfacing.},
journal = {Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {729-734},
doi = {10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04241.x},
pmid = {9693666},
issn = {1076-0512},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Analgesics/therapeutic use ; Biocompatible Materials/*therapeutic use ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; Dermatitis, Irritant/prevention & control ; Erythema/prevention & control ; Female ; Glycosaminoglycans/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation/etiology ; Hypopigmentation/etiology ; *Laser Therapy ; Middle Aged ; *Occlusive Dressings ; Ointments ; Postoperative Pain/prevention & control ; Patient Satisfaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhytidoplasty/*methods ; Skin Aging ; Skin Care ; Wound Healing ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Laser skin resurfacing has become an ever more popular and effective technique for the treatment of photoaged skin. Often a prolonged postoperative healing period adversely affects patients and physician satisfaction. Erythema and a certain degree of patient discomfort are often believed to be inevitable as they are thought to reflect depth of wounding and consequently the efficacy of wrinkle removal. In addition, a high incidence of irritant contact dermatitis has been observed, complicating recovery.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simplified wound dressing protocol aimed at achieving mild, short-term erythema and minimal side effects following effective rhytidectomy performed by laser resurfacing.

METHODS: In a retrospective study from September 1995 to May 1997, 85 patients undergoing laser resurfacing for rhytid removal were placed on a postoperative wound care protocol consisting of immediate postsurgical once-only application, for 6 days, of Biobrane, a biosynthetic semipermeable dressing followed by the topical use of only a 10% cartilage extract in ointment.

RESULTS: Thirty-eight full-face/three-quarter face, 26 supralabial, 13 perioral, and eight lower eyelid/crow's feet cosmetic units were treated. The fine and course wrinkles were improved in most patients, comparing favorably with other reported series. In 94% of patients erythema was absent to light pink at 4 weeks. Mild pain necessitating a medication was used in only five patients. Twenty-six patients developed transient hyperpigmentation and three patients developed focal hypopigmentation. Delayed irritant contact dermatitis presented in three patients. No infections developed and no scarring was observed.

CONCLUSION: With this wound healing protocol, carbon dioxide laser skin resurfacing can effectively improved facial rhytids with minimal to insignificant erythema or discomfort.},
}

Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Analgesics/therapeutic use
Biocompatible Materials/*therapeutic use
Carbon Dioxide
*Coated Materials, Biocompatible
Dermatitis, Irritant/prevention & control
Erythema/prevention & control
Female
Glycosaminoglycans/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Humans
Hyperpigmentation/etiology
Hypopigmentation/etiology
*Laser Therapy
Middle Aged
*Occlusive Dressings
Ointments
Postoperative Pain/prevention & control
Patient Satisfaction
Retrospective Studies
Rhytidoplasty/*methods
Skin Aging
Skin Care
Wound Healing

@article {pmid9870053,
year = {1998},
author = {Shenk, D and Zablotsky, D and Croom, MB},
title = {Thriving older African American women: aging after Jim Crow.},
journal = {Journal of women & aging},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {75-95},
doi = {10.1300/j074v10n01_06},
pmid = {9870053},
issn = {0895-2841},
mesh = {Black or African American/*psychology ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Prejudice ; Self Concept ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {This paper is based on the findings of small group discussions with self-defined successful African American women age 60+ in Charlotte, North Carolina. These women, who lived through the Jim Crow era and thrived in spite of the obstacles, continue to seek meaning in their lives through the roles they play in their families, churches, and communities. They feel strongly that there is a core of key values that continue to hold meaning and struggle to impart these values to those whose lives they touch. The key values identified include education, religion, work, and giving back to the community, and illustrate the integration of both traditional and nontraditional definitions of success. Mentoring is proposed as an important concept for understanding the lives of African American women in later life.},
}

Black or African American/*psychology
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging/*physiology
Female
Humans
Middle Aged
*Prejudice
Self Concept
Time Factors

@article {pmid9927214,
year = {1999},
author = {Hagan, H and McGough, JP and Thiede, H and Weiss, NS and Hopkins, S and Alexander, ER},
title = {Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses.},
journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
volume = {149},
number = {3},
pages = {203-213},
doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009792},
pmid = {9927214},
issn = {0002-9262},
support = {1F31DA05680/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; 1RO1DA08023/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; U62/CCU006260//PHS HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Female ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Hepatitis C/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Needle Sharing/*adverse effects ; *Needle-Exchange Programs ; Risk-Taking ; *Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; Time Factors ; Washington/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The authors utilized a cohort study among Seattle injection drug users (IDUs) to assess whether participation in a syringe exchange program was associated with incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Susceptible IDU subjects (187 seronegative for antibody to HCV, and 460 seronegative for core antibody to HBV) were identified in drug treatment, corrections, and social service agencies from June 1994 to January 1996, and followed for seroconversion one year later. The subjects included in the analysis were Seattle-King County (Washington State) area IDUs enrolled in a larger multipurpose cohort study, the Risk Activity Variables, Epidemiology, and Network Study (RAVEN Study). There were 39 HCV infections (20.9/100/year) and 46 HBV infections (10.0/100/year). There was no apparent protective effect of syringe exchange against HBV (former exchange users, relative risk (RR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-2.5; sporadic exchange users, RR = 2.4, 95% CI 0.9-6.5; regular users, RR = 1.81, 95% CI 0.7-4.8; vs. RR = 1.0 for nonusers of the exchange; adjusted for daily drug injection). Neither did the exchange protect against HCV infection (sporadic users, RR = 2.6, 95% CI 0.8-8.5; regular users, RR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.8-2.2; vs. RR = 1.0 for nonusers; adjusted for recent onset of injection and syringe sharing prior to enrollment). While it is possible that uncontrolled confounding or other bias obscured a true beneficial impact of exchange use, these data suggest that no such benefit occurred during the period of the study.},
}

Adult
Cohort Studies
Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
Female
Hepatitis B/epidemiology/*prevention & control
Hepatitis C/epidemiology/*prevention & control
Humans
Incidence
Male
Needle Sharing/*adverse effects
*Needle-Exchange Programs
Risk-Taking
*Substance Abuse, Intravenous
Time Factors
Washington/epidemiology

@article {pmid10068494,
year = {1999},
author = {Maney, DL and Schoech, SJ and Sharp, PJ and Wingfield, JC},
title = {Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on plasma prolactin in passerines.},
journal = {General and comparative endocrinology},
volume = {113},
number = {3},
pages = {323-330},
doi = {10.1006/gcen.1998.7220},
pmid = {10068494},
issn = {0016-6480},
mesh = {Animals ; Depression, Chemical ; Female ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Prolactin/*blood ; Radioimmunoassay ; Restraint, Physical ; Songbirds/*blood ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Psychological/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent releaser of prolactin (PRL) in domestic fowl, turkey, and ring doves. However, few comparative studies have investigated this in wild species. We tested the effects of intravenously administered chicken VIP on plasma PRL concentrations in four passerine species: the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), and the western scrub-jay (A. californica). In the white-crowned sparrow, junco, and Florida scrub-jay, which were tested during the breeding season, VIP induced a rapid increase in plasma PRL. Serial plasma samples taken after VIP injection in the white-crowned sparrow show a 10-fold increase in PRL within 2 min of treatment, followed by a gradual decline. Effects of VIP, as compared to saline, remained significant for at least 20 min after treatment. Western scrub-jays did not respond to intravenous VIP with a significant rise in PRL secretion, possibly because they were tested after termination of the breeding season. This study indicates that VIP control of PRL release may be widespread among avian species, and that seasonal changes in plasma PRL may be mediated in part at the level of the pituitary. In addition, analysis of the control data revealed no increase in plasma PRL as a result of injection or restraint, suggesting that unlike in mammals, PRL is not released during acute stress in passerines.},
}

Animals
Depression, Chemical
Female
Injections, Intravenous
Male
Prolactin/*blood
Radioimmunoassay
Restraint, Physical
Songbirds/*blood
Species Specificity
Stress, Psychological/metabolism
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/administration & dosage/*pharmacology

@article {pmid10378043,
year = {1999},
author = {Sigrist, T},
title = {["Crow's feet wrinkles" as a sign of preserved consciousness].},
journal = {Archiv fur Kriminologie},
volume = {203},
number = {3-4},
pages = {103-107},
pmid = {10378043},
issn = {0003-9225},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Autopsy/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Burns/pathology ; *Consciousness ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electric Injuries/pathology ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Male ; *Skin Aging ; Suicide/legislation & jurisprudence ; Wounds and Injuries/*pathology ; },
abstract = {We report on 3 deaths after the influence of high voltage current, fire and traumatic injury respectively. In all cases we found radial bands beside the eyes--so called "crow's feet". They are a sign of vital reaction in the cases of traumatic and thermic injury, possibly also in high-voltage burns due to sparking. In general, the "crow's feet" show that the person was conscious at the moment of the event.},
}

Adult
Aged
Autopsy/*legislation & jurisprudence
Burns/pathology
*Consciousness
Diagnosis, Differential
Electric Injuries/pathology
Eyelids
Humans
Male
*Skin Aging
Suicide/legislation & jurisprudence
Wounds and Injuries/*pathology

@article {pmid10407837,
year = {1999},
author = {Löffler, W and Häfner, H},
title = {[Dimensions of schizophrenic symptomatology. Comparative testing of several theoretical models in a first-episode population sample].},
journal = {Der Nervenarzt},
volume = {70},
number = {5},
pages = {416-429},
doi = {10.1007/s001150050457},
pmid = {10407837},
issn = {0028-2804},
mesh = {Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Models, Psychological ; Negativism ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Sampling Studies ; Schizophrenia/*diagnosis/*physiopathology ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; *Social Adjustment ; },
abstract = {The issue of this study was the investigation of the dimensional structure of non-psychotic and psychotic symptoms in 232 first-episode schizophrenic patients (ICD-9 295., 297., 298.3, 298.4). The study was conducted within the ABC-Schizophrenia-Study. The three-factor-model of Liddle with three factors (psychomotor poverty, disorganisation, reality distortion) was replicated for the time at first admission. The model is also valid for first-episode-patients as well as to chronic patients. The comparison of the three-factor-model of Liddle with Crow's dual process model, Andreasen's bipolar model and the "severity-liability" model was done by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The comparison shows that at first admission, the three-factor-model fitted in best with the data. In contrast to previous analyses within the ABC-Study, in which positive correlations have been found between positive and negative symptoms, no positive correlation exists between Liddle's negative and positive dimensions. This may be the consequence of the subdivision of the positive dimension into the two dimensions disorganisation and psychotic symptoms. As within the three-factor-model only the negative dimension and disorganisation correlated weekly, the three dimensions are best viewed as relatively independent for the time at first admission. There are no associations between sex, type of onset, age at onset and the three dimensions of Liddle's model. Patients with the familial load are more disorganized and patients with obstetric complications show more negative symptoms. While the negative dimension shows a high stability over five years, the dimensions "disorganisation" and "positive symptoms" are not stable over time. However, there is a high degree of correlation for the dimensions "disorganization" and "positive symptoms" among cross-sections while the negative dimension was independent of the other two dimensions. The negative dimension is a highly significant predictor for social disability and social development over five years, whereas the dimensions "disorganization" and "positive symptoms" have no prognostic importance for the outcome in the long term.},
}

Acute Disease
Adolescent
Adult
Child
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Models, Psychological
Negativism
Predictive Value of Tests
Prospective Studies
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Sampling Studies
Schizophrenia/*diagnosis/*physiopathology
*Schizophrenic Psychology
*Social Adjustment

@article {pmid10489761,
year = {1999},
author = {Ambrus, E and Szekeres, G and Kéri, S and Csernay, L and Janka, Z and Pávics, L},
title = {[Regional cerebral blood flow changes in schizophrenic patients detected by SPECT studies under resting and active conditions].},
journal = {Orvosi hetilap},
volume = {140},
number = {32},
pages = {1783-1786},
pmid = {10489761},
issn = {0030-6002},
mesh = {Adult ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; Rest ; Schizophrenia/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; },
abstract = {Brain SPECT studies in schizophrenia revealed changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The rCBF changes can be detected more accurate by activating tests. The aim of this study was to assess rCBF changes under resting and activation condition by the Raven test. Four control patients (2 male, 2 female, average age 45 years, 26-57 years) and 11 chronic, treated schizophrenic patients (4 male, 7 female, average age: 46 years, 33-56 years) were studied in two HMPAO brain SPECT sessions, 48 hours apart, both resting and during activation task. The images were evaluated visually and semiquantitatively. Under resting condition in the control group, there were no significant rCBF changes. In the Raven activation test, a significantly higher blood flow in the prefrontal region was seen (p < 0.05). The schizophrenic group had a significantly lower rCBF in the temporal region under resting condition (p < 0.05): four patients displayed left, 4 right temporal hypoperfusion and 3 exhibited no rCBF abnormality. In the Raven activation tests 5 patients had prefrontal hyperperfusion, and the remaining 6 patients had no such activation answer. Five patients had hypoperfusion in the temporal region. In our sample, patients with chronic schizophrenia displayed significant temporal hypoperfusion. Moreover the chronic schizophrenic group exhibited a poor response to prefrontal activation compared to the control group.},
}

Adult
*Cerebrovascular Circulation
Chronic Disease
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Motor Activity
Rest
Schizophrenia/*diagnosis/physiopathology
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

@article {pmid10507514,
year = {1999},
author = {Crow, TJ},
title = {Commentary on Annett, Yeo et al., Klar, Saugstad and Orr: cerebral asymmetry, language and psychosis--the case for a Homo sapiens-specific sex-linked gene for brain growth.},
journal = {Schizophrenia research},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {219-231},
doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00076-6},
pmid = {10507514},
issn = {0920-9964},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Cerebral Cortex/growth & development ; Developmental Disabilities/genetics ; Dominance, Cerebral/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Psychotic Disorders/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Annett, Yeo et al. and Klar have each proposed theories that relate the genetics of cerebral lateralization to predisposition to psychosis. These theories are considered in relation to the central paradox that psychosis is associated with a substantial biological disadvantage. Annett's heterozygote advantage hypothesis critically identified lateralization as a major determinant of ability, but it appears that what is inherited is degrees (as suggested by Yeo et al.) rather than (or as well as) direction of lateralization. Relative hand skill has been shown (Crow, T.J., Crow, L.R., Done, D.J., Leask, S.J., 1998. Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision. Neuropsychologia 36, 1275-1282.) to be a powerful predictor (interacting with sex) of academic ability but the greatest region of vulnerability (that includes reading disability and predisposition to psychosis) is close to the point of equal hand skill ('hemispheric indecision'). In contrast with Annett's single locus, Yeo's polygenic and Klar's strand-segregation hypotheses, each of which postulates an autosomal locus or loci, the hypothesis of a single gene for asymmetry located in a sex-specific region of homology on both X and Y chromosomes can account for sex differences, as observed in age of onset, and premorbid precursors of psychosis, as well as differences in the general population in relation to degrees of hand skill, verbal ability and cerebral asymmetry. The evolutionarily recent transposition to, and subsequent paracentric inversion in, the Y chromosome short arm of a 4-Mb block from Xq21.3 (the proximal long arm of the X) are candidates for speciation events in the lineage that led to Homo sapiens. A gene associated with a range of variation (that may be due to a high mutation site, or perhaps to epigenetic modification) on the Y that overlaps with, but differs quantitatively from, that on the X may explain the sex differences associated with psychosis, and may be relevant to its persistence. Such a gene could be the principal determinant in Man of the rate of brain growth, as suggested by Saugstad and by the findings of a recent study of adolescent onset psychosis (James, A., Crow, T.J., Renowden, S., Wardell, M., Smith, D.M., Anslow, P., in press. Is the course of brain development in schizophrenia delayed? Evidence from onsets in adolescence. Schizophr. Res.).},
}

*Biological Evolution
Cerebral Cortex/growth & development
Developmental Disabilities/genetics
Dominance, Cerebral/*genetics
Female
Genetic Linkage
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
Humans
Language
Language Development
Male
*Models, Genetic
Psychotic Disorders/*genetics
Selection, Genetic
Sex Chromosomes/*genetics
Species Specificity

@article {pmid10544420,
year = {1999},
author = {Blough, LK and Rittenhouse, RK and Dancer, J},
title = {Identification of gifted deaf children: a complex but critical educational process.},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
volume = {89},
number = {1},
pages = {219-221},
doi = {10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.219},
pmid = {10544420},
issn = {0031-5125},
mesh = {Attitude ; Child ; Child, Gifted/*classification/*education ; Deafness/complications/*psychology/rehabilitation ; *Education, Special ; Humans ; Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Sign Language ; Teaching ; },
abstract = {11 deaf students in a large midwestern school for the deaf were divided into gifted and nongifted groups by ratings of teachers and school administrators. There were six subjects in the gifted group (3 boys and 3 girls) and five subjects in the comparison group (3 boys and 2 girls). There was no statistically significant difference between mean raw scores of the two groups on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Also, teachers' rankings of the subjects identified as gifted did not correlate significantly with their Raven scores. Identification of gifted deaf students is too complex to be based only on teachers' ratings.},
}

Attitude
Child
Child, Gifted/*classification/*education
Deafness/complications/*psychology/rehabilitation
*Education, Special
Humans
Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data
Sign Language
Teaching

@article {pmid10590833,
year = {1999},
author = {McKinzey, RK and Podd, MH and Krehbiel, MA and Raven, J},
title = {Detection of malingering on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices: a cross-validation.},
journal = {The British journal of clinical psychology},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {435-439},
doi = {10.1348/014466599162935},
pmid = {10590833},
issn = {0144-6657},
mesh = {Adult ; False Positive Reactions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malingering/*diagnosis/psychology ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {A formula for detecting faked Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices profiles was cross-validated on 46 experimental malingerers and 381 people from the standardization sample. The formula yielded a cross-validated 26% false-negative rate and a 5% false-positive rate.},
}

Adult
False Positive Reactions
Female
Humans
Male
Malingering/*diagnosis/psychology
Mental Disorders/diagnosis
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid10800626,
year = {2000},
author = {Pontón, MO and Gonzalez, JJ and Hernandez, I and Herrera, L and Higareda, I},
title = {Factor analysis of the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS).},
journal = {Applied neuropsychology},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {32-39},
doi = {10.1207/S15324826AN0701_5},
pmid = {10800626},
issn = {0908-4282},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Attention ; *Cognition ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Hispanic or Latino/*psychology ; Humans ; *Language ; Learning ; Male ; Memory ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {The Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS; Pontón et al., 1996) was developed to provide clinicians and researchers with appropriate tests and norms to assess the Latino population. However, the construct validity of the NeSBHIS is unclear, and its clinical utility is untested. This study provides data on the construct validity of this battery via factor analytic methodology. Five factors were identified: (a) a language factor, which included the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Pontón-Satz Boston Naming Test, and the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos (EIWA; Wechsler, Green, & Martinez, 1968) Digit Span; (b) a verbal learning factor, which included all the World Health Organization--University of California, Los Angeles Auditory Verbal Learning Test scores (Trials V, VII, and VIII); (c) an attentional-mental control factor, which included the EIWA Digit Symbol, Color Trails 1 and 2, and the EIWA Block Design; (d) a visuospatial factor, made up of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Copy and Memory and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices total score; and (e) a psychomotor factor, the Pin Test. This was a stable factor structure, suggesting that the NeSBHIS has a robust construct validity.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Attention
*Cognition
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Hispanic or Latino/*psychology
Humans
*Language
Learning
Male
Memory
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests/*standards
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid11310888,
year = {2001},
author = {Perez, M and Henke, SE and Fedynich, AM},
title = {Detection of aflatoxin-contaminated grain by three granivorous bird species.},
journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {358-361},
doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.358},
pmid = {11310888},
issn = {0090-3558},
mesh = {Aflatoxins/*analysis ; Animal Feed/*microbiology ; Animals ; Aspergillus ; Aspergillus flavus ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Colinus/*physiology ; Columbidae/*physiology ; Food Preferences/*physiology ; Random Allocation ; Songbirds/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Supplemental feeding of game species and the use of backyard feeders to attract avian wildlife are common practices throughout the United States. However, these activities may expose wildlife to aflatoxins. We tested the hypothesis that wild birds would avoid consuming aflatoxin-contaminated feed. Individual northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica), and green jays (Cyanocorax yncas) were presented with feeders that had four compartments, which contained milo that was contaminated with aflatoxin levels of 0, 100, 500, and 1,000 microg/kg, respectively. Feed remaining was weighed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hr after the initiation of the trial. White-winged doves and northern bobwhites did not avoid contaminated feed. However, green jays selected against aflatoxin-tainted grain. Because white-winged doves and northern bobwhites did not avoid contaminated feed, the risk of exposure to this potentially hazardous toxin exists for these species.},
}

Aflatoxins/*analysis
Animal Feed/*microbiology
Animals
Aspergillus
Aspergillus flavus
Avoidance Learning/physiology
Colinus/*physiology
Columbidae/*physiology
Food Preferences/*physiology
Random Allocation
Songbirds/*physiology

@article {pmid11403342,
year = {2001},
author = {Bostantjopoulou, S and Kiosseoglou, G and Katsarou, Z and Alevriadou, A},
title = {Concurrent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence in Parkinson's disease patients.},
journal = {The Journal of psychology},
volume = {135},
number = {2},
pages = {205-212},
doi = {10.1080/00223980109603691},
pmid = {11403342},
issn = {0022-3980},
mesh = {Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests/*standards ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests/standards ; Nonverbal Communication/*psychology ; Parkinson Disease/*psychology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-2; L. Brown, R. J. Sherbenou, & S. Johnsen, 1990) and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM; J. C. Raven, 1965) are defined as language-free measures of cognitive ability. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between the RCPM and the TONI-2 for samples of patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 75) and controls (n = 47). A regression equation was computed to evaluate the relation of the RCPM scores to the TONI-2 quotient. Regression equation results indicate that there is a significant overlapping linear variance between the two measures in both patients and controls.},
}

Aged
Case-Control Studies
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests/*standards
Male
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests/standards
Nonverbal Communication/*psychology
Parkinson Disease/*psychology
Predictive Value of Tests
Regression Analysis
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid11517096,
year = {2001},
author = {Angelsen, NK and Vik, T and Jacobsen, G and Bakketeig, LS},
title = {Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years.},
journal = {Archives of disease in childhood},
volume = {85},
number = {3},
pages = {183-188},
pmid = {11517096},
issn = {1468-2044},
support = {1-HD-1-3127/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; 1-HD-4-2803/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Breast Feeding ; Child Development/*physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition/*physiology ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Prospective Studies ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Statistics as Topic ; Time Factors ; Wechsler Scales ; },
abstract = {AIM: To examine whether duration of breast feeding has any effect on a child's cognitive or motor development in a population with favourable environmental conditions and a high prevalence of breast feeding.

METHODS: In 345 Scandinavian children, data on breast feeding were prospectively recorded during the first year of life, and neuromotor development was assessed at 1 and 5 years of age. Main outcome measures were Bayley's Scales of Infant Development at age 13 months (Mental Index, MDI; Psychomotor Index, PDI), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI-R), and Peabody Developmental Scales at age 5.

RESULTS: Children breast fed for less than 3 months had an increased risk, compared to children breast fed for at least 6 months, of a test score below the median value of MDI at 13 months and of WPPSI-R at 5 years. Maternal age, maternal intelligence (Raven score), maternal education, and smoking in pregnancy were significant confounders, but the increased risk of lower MDI and total IQ scores persisted after adjustment for each of these factors. We found no clear association between duration of breast feeding and motor development at 13 months or 5 years of age.

CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that a longer duration of breast feeding benefits cognitive development.},
}

*Breast Feeding
Child Development/*physiology
Child, Preschool
Cognition/*physiology
Educational Status
Female
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
Maternal Age
Mothers
Prospective Studies
Psychomotor Performance/physiology
Statistics as Topic
Time Factors
Wechsler Scales

@article {pmid11645801,
year = {1992},
author = {Campbell, CS},
title = {It never dies: assessing the Nazi analogy in bioethics.},
journal = {The Journal of medical humanities},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {21-29},
pmid = {11645801},
issn = {1041-3545},
mesh = {*Bioethical Issues ; *Bioethics ; Biomedical Research ; *Complicity ; Democracy ; Double Effect Principle ; *Ethical Analysis ; Ethical Theory ; *Ethics ; Ethics, Medical ; Eugenics ; Euthanasia ; Euthanasia, Active ; Euthanasia, Passive ; Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Germany ; Health Care Rationing ; History ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; Intention ; Metaphor ; *Morals ; Motivation ; *National Socialism ; Patient Selection ; Physicians ; *Political Systems ; Prejudice ; *Professional Misconduct ; Quality of Life ; Research ; *Social Values ; United States ; Value of Life ; Wedge Argument ; },
abstract = {... As should be evident from the foregoing analysis, I have significant reservations about the moral utility of the Nazi analogy in debates over bioethics issues. Nevertheless, I am unable to dismiss its force entirely. I want to suggest that the real threat to the moral and human values expressed by the analogy will come not from responsibly formulated and clearly articulated proposals that undergo debate and scrutiny in the public forum, and whose practical impact in a democratic society is limited by institutional review and procedural safeguards. My concern instead is with the psychology of moral distancing, in which moral conscience is compartmentalized from vocational interests, such as the pursuit of scientific knowledge through biomedical research. It is the kind of psychology that Robert Jay Lifton has referrred to as "doubling: the division of the self into two functioning wholes, so that a part-self acts as an entire self," and which Lifton believes enabled the transformation of physicians from healers to killers in Nazi Germany....},
}

*Bioethical Issues
*Bioethics
Biomedical Research
*Complicity
Democracy
Double Effect Principle
*Ethical Analysis
Ethical Theory
*Ethics
Ethics, Medical
Eugenics
Euthanasia
Euthanasia, Active
Euthanasia, Passive
Fetal Tissue Transplantation
Germany
Health Care Rationing
History
Human Experimentation
Humans
Intention
Metaphor
*Morals
Motivation
*National Socialism
Patient Selection
Physicians
*Political Systems
Prejudice
*Professional Misconduct
Quality of Life
Research
*Social Values
United States
Value of Life
Wedge Argument

@article {pmid11649915,
year = {1987},
author = {Caplan, AL},
title = {Can we talk? A review of Jay Katz, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient.},
journal = {Western New England law review},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {43-52},
pmid = {11649915},
issn = {0190-6593},
mesh = {Attitude ; *Communication ; *Decision Making ; Disclosure ; Economics ; *Freedom ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; *Informed Consent ; Medicine ; Moral Obligations ; *Paternalism ; Patient Care ; *Patient Participation ; Patients ; *Personal Autonomy ; *Physician-Patient Relations ; Research Personnel ; Research Subjects ; Social Dominance ; Social Responsibility ; Social Values ; },
}

Attitude
*Communication
*Decision Making
Disclosure
Economics
*Freedom
Human Experimentation
Humans
*Informed Consent
Medicine
Moral Obligations
*Paternalism
Patient Care
*Patient Participation
Patients
*Personal Autonomy
*Physician-Patient Relations
Research Personnel
Research Subjects
Social Dominance
Social Responsibility
Social Values

@article {pmid11707507,
year = {2001},
author = {Boggs, DF and Baudinette, RV and Frappell, PB and Butler, PJ},
title = {The influence of locomotion on air-sac pressures in little penguins.},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {204},
number = {Pt 20},
pages = {3581-3586},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.204.20.3581},
pmid = {11707507},
issn = {0022-0949},
mesh = {Abdominal Muscles/physiology ; Air Sacs/*physiology ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Electromyography ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Oxygen Consumption ; Pressure ; Swimming/physiology ; Transducers, Pressure ; Walking/physiology ; Wings, Animal ; },
abstract = {Air-sac pressures have been reported to oscillate with wing beat in flying magpies and with foot paddling in diving ducks. We sought to determine the impact on air-sac pressure of wing beats during swimming and of the step cycle during walking in little penguins (Eudyptula minor). Fluctuations averaged 0.16+/-0.06 kPa in the interclavicular air sacs, but only 0.06+/-0.04 kPa in the posterior thoracic sac, generating a small differential pressure between sacs of 0.06+/-0.02 kPa (means +/- S.E.M., N=4). These fluctuations occurred at approximately 3 Hz and corresponded to wing beats during swimming, indicated by electromyograms from the pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles. There was no abdominal muscle activity associated with swimming or exhalation, but the abdominal muscles were active with the step cycle in walking penguins, and oscillations in posterior air-sac pressure (0.08+/-0.038 kPa) occurred with steps. We conclude that high-frequency oscillations in differential air-sac pressure enhance access to and utilization of the O(2) stores in the air sacs during a dive.},
}

Abdominal Muscles/physiology
Air Sacs/*physiology
Animals
Birds/*physiology
Electromyography
Motor Activity/*physiology
Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
Oxygen Consumption
Pressure
Swimming/physiology
Transducers, Pressure
Walking/physiology
Wings, Animal

@article {pmid11757995,
year = {2001},
author = {Bischoff, K and Morgan, S and Chelsvig, J and Spencer, D},
title = {4-aminopyridine poisoning of crows in the Chicago area.},
journal = {Veterinary and human toxicology},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {350-352},
pmid = {11757995},
issn = {0145-6296},
mesh = {4-Aminopyridine/*poisoning ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*chemically induced ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Potassium Channel Blockers/*poisoning ; Seizures/chemically induced ; *Songbirds ; Vocalization, Animal ; Zea mays/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Poisoning of crows with the avicide 4-aminopyridine is reported. Seven crows had frequent vocalization and nervous signs; 6 died. Postmortem examination of 4 found evidence of trauma and corn-based bait present in the gastrointestinal tract. The bait contained 4-aminopyridine, a rapidly fatal nervous system toxin. When utilized by pest control professionals using manufacturer's recommendations, 4-aminopyridine has little risk of direct or relay toxicosis to non-target species. Treatment of exposed individuals involves symptomatic care and control of seizures.},
}

4-Aminopyridine/*poisoning
Animals
Bird Diseases/*chemically induced
Fatal Outcome
Female
Potassium Channel Blockers/*poisoning
Seizures/chemically induced
*Songbirds
Vocalization, Animal
Zea mays/chemistry

@article {pmid12013662,
year = {2002},
author = {Smirnova, AA and Lazareva, OF and Zorina, ZA},
title = {[Prototype symbolization in hooded crows].},
journal = {Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {241-254},
pmid = {12013662},
issn = {0044-4677},
mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The ability in prototype symbolization was studied in four crows trained in matching concept. The experimental approach was characterized by the absence of direct training providing an association between the pictured arrays and Arabic numerals. Experimental sessions were divided into demonstrative and test phases. In the demonstrative phases, the sample and the reinforced stimulus belonged to the same category: if the sample was a pictured array, the reinforced stimulus was also the pictured array, if the sample was a numeral, the reinforced stimulus was likewise a numeral. Matching-to-sample competence was sufficient to perform this task successfully. In case of a correct choice a crow received some mealworms, their number was equal to the number of items in the pictured array or the Arabic numeral. In the test phases, the sample and the comparison stimuli were of different categories. If the sample was a pictured array, the comparison stimuli were numerals; if the sample was a numeral, the comparisons were the pictured arrays. Such tests required the birds to choose a numeric symbol corresponding to the pictured array or to choose the array of pictured items numerically equal to the Arabic symbol. All four crows performed this task successfully. Birds were able to set up a correspondence between the Arabic numeral from 1 to 4 and the number of elements in pictured arrays by way of mental juxtaposition of the earlier received information. Similar experiments showed that crows are likely to be able to perform mental operations with numerals analogous to simple arithmetic addition.},
}

*Animal Communication
Animals
Birds/*physiology

@article {pmid12281421,
year = {1986},
author = {Farley, R},
title = {Assessing black progress: voting and citizenship rights, residency and housing, education.},
journal = {Economic outlook USA},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {16-19},
pmid = {12281421},
issn = {0095-3830},
mesh = {*Black or African American ; Americas ; Culture ; Demography ; Developed Countries ; Economics ; *Education ; *Educational Status ; Ethnicity ; *Geography ; *Hispanic or Latino ; *Housing ; *Human Rights ; North America ; Population ; Population Characteristics ; *Prejudice ; *Residence Characteristics ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States ; *Urban Population ; *Urbanization ; *White People ; },
}

*Black or African American
Americas
Culture
Demography
Developed Countries
Economics
*Education
*Educational Status
Ethnicity
*Geography
*Hispanic or Latino
*Housing
*Human Rights
North America
Population
Population Characteristics
*Prejudice
*Residence Characteristics
Social Class
Socioeconomic Factors
United States
*Urban Population
*Urbanization
*White People

@article {pmid12486275,
year = {2003},
author = {Starr, JM and Leaper, SA and Murray, AD and Lemmon, HA and Staff, RT and Deary, IJ and Whalley, LJ},
title = {Brain white matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance [correction of resosnance] imaging are associated with balance and gait speed.},
journal = {Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {94-98},
pmid = {12486275},
issn = {0022-3050},
mesh = {Aged ; Brain/pathology/physiopathology ; Brain Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Brain Stem/pathology/physiopathology ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Female ; Gait ; Gait Disorders, Neurologic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neuropsychological Tests ; *Postural Balance ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Visual Acuity ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations between premorbid and current mental ability, mood, and white matter signal abnormalities detected by T2 weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and impairment of balance and mobility in older adults.

METHODS: 97 subjects from the Aberdeen 1921 birth cohort underwent brain MRI, evaluation of balance, and measurement of gait speed. White matter hyperintensities detected on T2 weighted MRI scans were rated by three independent raters on three variables: white matter lesions; periventricular lesions; and brain stem lesions.

RESULTS: Decreased gait speed was correlated with impaired visual acuity (p = 0.020), shorter stature (p = 0.008), a lower childhood IQ (p = 0.030), a lower current Raven's progressive matrices score (Raven score) (p < 0.001), a higher hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) score (p = 0.004), and an increased grade of brain stem lesions on MRI. Inability to balance was correlated with Raven score (p = 0.042), brain stem lesions (p = 0.003), white matter lesions (p = 0.003), and periventricular lesions (p = 0.038). Binary logistic regression identified brain stem lesions (odds ratio (OR) 0.22; 95% confidence interval 0.09 to 0.54) and HADS depression score (OR 0.75; 0.58 to 0.97) as the only significant associations with balance. Structural equation modelling detected an association between two latent traits representing white matter disease and an integrating function, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, white matter lesions, periventricular lesions, and brain stem lesions were associated with impaired balance. Current mental ability was strongly related to gait speed. There appears to be a concordance between motor skills and intellect in old age, which is degraded by white matter disease.},
}

Aged
Brain/pathology/physiopathology
Brain Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Brain Stem/pathology/physiopathology
Cohort Studies
Comorbidity
Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology
Female
Gait
Gait Disorders, Neurologic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Humans
Intelligence Tests
Longitudinal Studies
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Multivariate Analysis
Neuropsychological Tests
*Postural Balance
Scotland/epidemiology
Visual Acuity

@article {pmid12675982,
year = {2003},
author = {McKinzey, RK and Prieler, J and Raven, J},
title = {Detection of children's malingering on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices.},
journal = {The British journal of clinical psychology},
volume = {42},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {95-99},
doi = {10.1348/014466503762842048},
pmid = {12675982},
issn = {0144-6657},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malingering/*diagnosis ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {A formula for detecting faked Raven's SPM profiles was cross-validated on 44 children and adolescents (ages 7-17). It yielded a false negative rate of 64%. However, a rule using three very easy items (i.e., any of A3, A4 or B1 missed) yielded a hit rate of 95%, with 5% false positive and negative rates. All but two of the participants were able to produce lower scores when asked to fake the test.},
}

Adolescent
Child
Female
Humans
Male
Malingering/*diagnosis
*Neuropsychological Tests
Reproducibility of Results
*Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid12703337,
year = {2003},
author = {Moss, SW},
title = {John A. Kenney, MD, and the North Jersey Medical Society. Taking on Jim Crow.},
journal = {New Jersey medicine : the journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey},
volume = {100},
number = {4},
pages = {37-41},
pmid = {12703337},
issn = {0885-842X},
mesh = {Black or African American/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Hospitals, Voluntary/history ; Humans ; New Jersey ; Periodicals as Topic/history ; Prejudice ; Societies, Medical/*history ; },
}

Black or African American/*history
History, 20th Century
Hospitals, Voluntary/history
Humans
New Jersey
Periodicals as Topic/history
Prejudice
Societies, Medical/*history

@article {pmid12735938,
year = {2003},
author = {Noveck, IA and Posada, A},
title = {Characterizing the time course of an implicature: an evoked potentials study.},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {203-210},
doi = {10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00053-1},
pmid = {12735938},
issn = {0093-934X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Electrooculography ; Evoked Potentials/*physiology ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Language ; Reaction Time ; *Semantics ; Speech Perception ; },
abstract = {This work employs Evoked Potential techniques as 19 participants are confronted with sentences that have the potential to produce scalar implicatures, like in Some elephants have trunks. Such an Underinformative utterance is of interest to pragmatists because it can be considered to have two different truth values. It can be considered true when taken at face value but false if one were to treat Some with the implicature Not All. Two accounts of implicature production are compared. The neo-Gricean approach (e.g., Levinson, 2000) assumes that implicatures intrude automatically on the semantics of a term like Some. Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1985/1996) assumes that implicatures are effortful and not automatic. In this experiment, the participants are presented with 25 Underinformative sentences along with 25 sentences that are Patently True (e.g. Some houses have bricks) and 25 that are Patently False (e.g. Some crows have radios). As reported in an earlier study (Noveck, 2001), Underinformative sentences prompt strong individual differences. Seven participants here responded true to all (or nearly all) of the Underinformative sentences and the remaining 12 responded false to all (or nearly all) of them. The present study showed that those who responded false to the Underinformative sentences took significantly longer to do so that those who responded true. The ERP data indicate that: (a) the Patently True and Patently False sentences prompt steeper N400's--indicating greater semantic integration--than the Underinformative sentences and that (b) regardless of one's ultimate response to the Underinformative sentences, the N400's were remarkably flat, indicating no particular reaction to these sentences. Collectively, the data are taken to show that implicatures are part of a late-arriving, effort-demanding decision process.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Brain/physiology
Electroencephalography
Electrooculography
Evoked Potentials/*physiology
Functional Laterality/physiology
Humans
Language
Reaction Time
*Semantics
Speech Perception

@article {pmid12900711,
year = {2003},
author = {Mazzone, D and Nicolosi, A and Aliberti, C and Mazzone, L and Caruso-Nicoletti, M},
title = {[Psychological findings in children with short stature].},
journal = {Minerva pediatrica},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {261-266},
pmid = {12900711},
issn = {0026-4946},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Anxiety/etiology ; *Body Height ; Child ; Depression/etiology ; Female ; Growth Disorders/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; },
abstract = {AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychological findings in patients with short stature.

METHODS: We studied 19 subjects, 13 males and 6 females, with age range 7-14 years. We evaluated heigth, growth velocity, bone age, target height and growth hormone secretion after provocative stimuli. Psychological evaluation included: Kovacs Scale, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Anxiety Scale (Busnelli-Dall'Aglio-Farina); drawing of the human figure (Goodenough Test); Raven Test for neuropsychological performances (P.M. 38 and 47). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U-test.

RESULTS: We diagnosed familial short stature (FSS) in 7 patients and growth hormone deficit (GHD) in 12. No statistical difference was found in the anxiety and depression tests, although the score was higher in GHD patients. The human figure drawing and the interview revealed low self-esteem, sense of inadequacy, dependence from parents, social inhibition in all patients. These characteristics were more evident in patients with GHD. Neuropsycho-logical evaluation by Raven test showed normal score in all patients, however subjects with FSS exhibited a higher score than with GHD (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a negative influence of short stature on the affective field of children with short stature; GHD patients exhibited lower neuropsychological performances and more psychological problems than patients with FSS.},
}

Adolescent
Anxiety/etiology
*Body Height
Child
Depression/etiology
Female
Growth Disorders/*psychology
Humans
Male

@article {pmid12953359,
year = {2003},
author = {Howe, EG},
title = {Lessons from "Jay Carter".},
journal = {The Journal of clinical ethics},
volume = {14},
number = {1-2},
pages = {109-117},
pmid = {12953359},
issn = {1046-7890},
mesh = {Asperger Syndrome/psychology/therapy ; Beneficence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent/*ethics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Narration ; Periodicals as Topic ; Personal Autonomy ; Physician-Patient Relations/*ethics ; Psychiatry/*ethics ; Publishing/*ethics ; },
}

Asperger Syndrome/psychology/therapy
Beneficence
Guidelines as Topic
Humans
Informed Consent/*ethics
Male
Middle Aged
*Narration
Periodicals as Topic
Personal Autonomy
Physician-Patient Relations/*ethics
Psychiatry/*ethics
Publishing/*ethics

@article {pmid14614551,
year = {2003},
author = {Bain, GH and Lemmon, H and Teunisse, S and Starr, JM and Fox, HC and Deary, IJ and Whalley, LJ},
title = {Quality of Life in healthy old age: relationships with childhood IQ, minor psychological symptoms and optimism.},
journal = {Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology},
volume = {38},
number = {11},
pages = {632-636},
doi = {10.1007/s00127-003-0685-5},
pmid = {14614551},
issn = {0933-7954},
mesh = {Activities of Daily Living/psychology ; Aged/*psychology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anxiety/diagnosis/psychology ; *Attitude ; *Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Depression/diagnosis/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Male ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Quality of Life/*psychology ; Regression Analysis ; Scotland ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine relationships in old age between Quality of Life (QoL), childhood IQ, current cognitive performance and minor psychological symptoms, and to estimate possible contributions to these relationships made by sex, education, socioeconomic deprivation, current living group, sex, and balance and 6m walk time.

METHODS: We conducted a follow-up study on 88 community residents without dementia who were survivors of the Aberdeen City 1921 birth cohort. QoL was measured by the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual QoL-Direct Weighting (SEIQoL-DW), current cognition by MMSE and Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), childhood IQ, minor psychological symptoms as assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and optimism by the Life Orientation Test (LOT); we included balance, 6m walk time and demographic data.

RESULTS: QoL was better in men than in women. Women reported more anxiety and depression. QoL correlated significantly with current cognition measured by RPM, childhood intelligence, anxiety and depressive symptoms, optimism and balance. The best model to predict QoL relied on childhood intelligence (13.4% of the variance) and was improved by addition of HADS (8.8 %) and LOT (4.8 %). Other variables did not contribute to the prediction of QoL.

CONCLUSION: In the absence of dementia, childhood IQ, HADS and LOT explain 26.9% of the variance in QoL as reported by community-resident old people. The direction of association between current anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower QoL is uncertain. Lower childhood IQ may contribute to coping less well with later life. Lower QoL is not an invariable concomitant of mild cognitive decline.},
}

Activities of Daily Living/psychology
Aged/*psychology
Aged, 80 and over
Anxiety/diagnosis/psychology
*Attitude
*Cognition
Cohort Studies
Depression/diagnosis/psychology
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Male
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Quality of Life/*psychology
Regression Analysis
Scotland
Sex Factors

@article {pmid14700386,
year = {2003},
author = {Hustad, KC and Jones, T and Dailey, S},
title = {Implementing speech supplementation strategies: effects on intelligibility and speech rate of individuals with chronic severe dysarthria.},
journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR},
volume = {46},
number = {2},
pages = {462-474},
pmid = {14700386},
issn = {1092-4388},
mesh = {Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Cerebral Palsy/complications ; Communication Devices for People with Disabilities ; Dysarthria/etiology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Speech Acoustics ; *Speech Intelligibility ; Speech Therapy/*methods ; },
abstract = {A growing body of experimental research suggests that speech supplementation strategies can markedly increase speech intelligibility for individuals with dysarthria (D. Beukelman & K. Yorkston, 1977; E. Crow & P. Enderby, 1989; L. Hunter, T. Pring, & S. Martin, 1991; K. C. Hustad & D. R. Beukelman, 2001). However, studies in which speech supplementation strategies were actually implemented by speakers with dysarthria are limited, leaving their clinical efficacy unknown. The present study compared intelligibility and speech rate differences following speaker implementation of 3 strategies (topic, alphabet, and combined topic and alphabet supplementation) and a habitual (noncued) speech control condition for 5 speakers with severe dysarthria. Results revealed that combined cues and alphabet cues yielded significantly higher intelligibility scores and slower speech rates than topic cues and noncued speech. Overall, topic cues and noncued speech did not differ from one another with regard to intelligibility or speech rate. Combined cues and alphabet cues did not differ from one another with regard to intelligibility; however, speech rate was significantly different between the 2 strategies. Individual differences among speakers were generally consistent with group findings. Results were somewhat different from previous research in which strategies were experimentally superimposed on the habitual speech signal. However, findings provide evidence that alphabet cues and combined cues can have an important effect on intelligibility for speakers with severe dysarthria.},
}

Adult
Analysis of Variance
Cerebral Palsy/complications
Communication Devices for People with Disabilities
Dysarthria/etiology/physiopathology/*therapy
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Reproducibility of Results
*Speech Acoustics
*Speech Intelligibility
Speech Therapy/*methods

@article {pmid14723175,
year = {2004},
author = {Kellerman, B},
title = {Thinking about ... leadership. Warts and all.},
journal = {Harvard business review},
volume = {82},
number = {1},
pages = {40-5, 112},
pmid = {14723175},
issn = {0017-8012},
mesh = {Administrative Personnel/ethics/*psychology ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations ; *Leadership ; *Morals ; Politics ; Power, Psychological ; Professional Competence ; *Psychological Theory ; Social Dominance ; },
abstract = {Does using Tyco's funds to purchase a $6,000 shower curtain and a $15,000 dog-shaped umbrella stand make Dennis Kozlowski a bad leader? Is Martha Stewart's career any less instructive because she may have sold some shares on the basis of a tip-off? Is leadership synonymous with moral leadership? Before 1970, the answer from most leadership theorists would certainly have been no. Look at Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot, Mao Tsetung--great leaders all, but hardly good men. In fact, capricious, murderous, high-handed, corrupt, and evil leaders are effective and commonplace. Machiavelli celebrated them; the U.S. constitution built in safeguards against them. Everywhere, power goes hand in hand with corruption--everywhere, that is, except in the literature of business leadership. To read Tom Peters, Jay Conger, John Kotter, and most of their colleagues, leaders are, as Warren Bennis puts it, individuals who create shared meaning, have a distinctive voice, have the capacity to adapt, and have integrity. According to today's business literature, to be a leader is, by definition, to be benevolent. But leadership is not a moral concept, and it is high time we acknowledge that fact. We have as much to learn from those we would regard as bad examples as we do from the far fewer good examples we're presented with these days. Leaders are like the rest of us: trustworthy and deceitful, cowardly and brave, greedy and generous. To assume that all good leaders are good people is to be willfully blind to the reality of the human condition, and it severely limits our ability to become better leaders. Worse, it may cause senior executives to think that, because they are leaders, they are never deceitful, cowardly, or greedy. That way lies disaster.},
}

Administrative Personnel/ethics/*psychology
Humans
Interprofessional Relations
*Leadership
*Morals
Politics
Power, Psychological
Professional Competence
*Psychological Theory
Social Dominance

@article {pmid14967850,
year = {2004},
author = {Mak, SK and Spurgeon, P},
title = {The effects of acute sleep deprivation on performance of medical residents in a regional hospital: prospective study.},
journal = {Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {14-20},
pmid = {14967850},
issn = {1024-2708},
mesh = {Adult ; Cognition ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; *Internship and Residency ; Male ; Occupational Diseases/psychology ; Physician's Role ; Physicians/*psychology ; Prospective Studies ; Sleep Deprivation/*psychology ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the level of perceived occupational stress and cognitive functioning in a group of medical residents.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

SETTING: Regional hospital, Hong Kong.

PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one residents who had regular in-hospital on-call duties.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: From January to April 2002, participants were asked to complete the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (sets I and II) and Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised tests at the beginning of an on-call day. They then repeated the tests towards the end of their on-call duties on their next on-call day, at a mean (standard deviation) interval of 8.9 (2.3) days. Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised test scores were transformed into T-scores to provide information about an individual's scores relative to the scores of participants in a normative sample.

RESULTS: The group slept for a mean (standard deviation) of 2.9 (1.0) hours during 29.3 (3.8) hours of on-call duties. Before the on-call duties, participants' mean T-scores for the Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised test ranged from 50.6 to 54.5 for the Occupational Role Questionnaire, 52.0 to 57.0 for the Personal Strain Questionnaire, and 37.3 to 52.3 for the Personal Resources Questionnaire. After on-call duties, apart from a slight increase in Role Insufficiency T-scores (50.6 [5.9] versus 52.1 [6.0]; P=0.044), there was no significant change in all other scales of the Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised test. The scores of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices test remained stable after the on-call duties (11.3 [1.2] versus 11.5 [0.8], P=0.129 for set I; 29.9 [5.5] versus 30.2 [6.3], P=0.2 for set II).

CONCLUSION: Acute sleep deprivation among medical residents was not associated with any significant changes in both cognitive functioning and level of stress perceived.},
}

Adult
Cognition
Female
Hong Kong
Humans
*Internship and Residency
Male
Occupational Diseases/psychology
Physician's Role
Physicians/*psychology
Prospective Studies
Sleep Deprivation/*psychology
Stress, Psychological/psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid15147999,
year = {2004},
author = {Crone, EA and van der Molen, MW},
title = {Developmental changes in real life decision making: performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.},
journal = {Developmental neuropsychology},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {251-279},
doi = {10.1207/s15326942dn2503_2},
pmid = {15147999},
issn = {8756-5641},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Analysis of Variance ; Case-Control Studies ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Child ; Concept Formation/physiology ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Feedback ; Female ; Gambling/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; *Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {Patients with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, when performing gambling tasks modeling real-life decision-making, opt for choices that yield high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. Under the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex is the last brain region to mature, it was examined whether young children would show a similar preference for immediate prospects. In Experiment 1, 4 age groups (6-9, 10-12, 13-15 and 18-25 years olds) performed 2 versions of a computerized variant of the original Iowa gambling task under 3 different feedback conditions (no feedback, global feedback, and option-specific feedback) and completed the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices as an index of inductive reasoning ability. In Experiment 2, 3 age groups (7-8, 11-12, and 15-16 year olds) performed both task versions in addition to a working memory task ("Digit Span Backwards"). Results showed a developmental increase in the sensitivity to future consequences, positive or negative, that could not be explained by developmental changes in working memory capacity or inductive reasoning. It was concluded that young children share with ventromedial prefrontal patients the failure to anticipate on future outcomes.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Analysis of Variance
Case-Control Studies
Chi-Square Distribution
Child
Concept Formation/physiology
Decision Making/*physiology
Feedback
Female
Gambling/*psychology
Humans
Male
*Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data
Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology
Psychomotor Performance/*physiology
Sex Factors

@article {pmid15155036,
year = {2004},
author = {Croizet, JC and Després, G and Gauzins, ME and Huguet, P and Leyens, JP and Méot, A},
title = {Stereotype threat undermines intellectual performance by triggering a disruptive mental load.},
journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
volume = {30},
number = {6},
pages = {721-731},
doi = {10.1177/0146167204263961},
pmid = {15155036},
issn = {0146-1672},
mesh = {Adult ; Cognition ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Stereotyping ; *Stress, Psychological ; },
abstract = {Research on stereotype threat has repeatedly demonstrated that the intellectual performance of social groups is particularly sensitive to the situational context in which tests are usually administered. In the present experiment, an adaptation of the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Test was introduced as a measure of cognitive ability. Results showed that individuals targeted by a reputation of intellectual inferiority scored lower on the test than did other people. However, when the identical test was not presented as a measure of cognitive ability, the achievement gap between the target and the control group disappeared. Using heart rate variability indices to assess mental workload, our findings showed that the situational salience of a reputation of lower ability undermined intellectual performance by triggering a disruptive mental load. Our results indicate that group differences in cognitive ability scores can reflect different situational burdens and not necessarily actual differences in cognitive ability.},
}

Adult
Cognition
Female
Heart Rate
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Male
Reproducibility of Results
*Stereotyping
*Stress, Psychological