@article {pmid30132156, year = {2018}, author = {Hennefield, L and Hwang, HG and Weston, SJ and Povinelli, DJ}, title = {Meta-analytic techniques reveal that corvid causal reasoning in the Aesop's Fable paradigm is driven by trial-and-error learning.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {735-748}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-018-1206-y}, pmid = {30132156}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {F32 HD093273/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; *Learning ; *Problem Solving ; Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The classic Aesop's fable, Crow and the Pitcher, has inspired a major line of research in comparative cognition. Over the past several years, five articles (over 32 experiments) have examined the ability of corvids (e.g., rooks, crows, and jays) to complete lab-based analogs of this fable, by requiring them to drop stones and other objects into tubes of water to retrieve a floating worm (Bird and Emery in Curr Biol 19:1-5, 2009b; Cheke et al. in Anim Cogn 14:441-455, 2011; Jelbert et al. in PLoS One 3:e92895, 2014; Logan et al. in PLoS One 7:e103049, 2014; Taylor et al. in Gray R D 12:e26887, 2011). These researchers have stressed the unique potential of this paradigm for understanding causal reasoning in corvids. Ghirlanda and Lind (Anim Behav 123:239-247, 2017) re-evaluated trial-level data from these studies and concluded that initial preferences for functional objects, combined with trial-and-error learning, may account for subjects' performance on key variants of the paradigm. In the present paper, we use meta-analytic techniques to provide more precise information about the rate and mode of learning that occurs within and across tasks. Within tasks, subjects learned from successful (but not unsuccessful) actions, indicating that higher-order reasoning about phenomena such as mass, volume, and displacement is unlikely to be involved. Furthermore, subjects did not transfer information learned in one task to subsequent tasks, suggesting that corvids do not engage with these tasks as variants of the same problem (i.e., how to generate water displacement to retrieve a floating worm). Our methodological analysis and empirical findings raise the question: Can Aesop's fable studies distinguish between trial-and-error learning and/or higher-order causal reasoning? We conclude they cannot.}, }
@article {pmid30355809, year = {2018}, author = {Ling, H and Mclvor, GE and Nagy, G and MohaimenianPour, S and Vaughan, RT and Thornton, A and Ouellette, NT}, title = {Simultaneous measurements of three-dimensional trajectories and wingbeat frequencies of birds in the field.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {15}, number = {147}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2018.0653}, pmid = {30355809}, issn = {1742-5662}, abstract = {Tracking the movements of birds in three dimensions is integral to a wide range of problems in animal ecology, behaviour and cognition. Multi-camera stereo-imaging has been used to track the three-dimensional (3D) motion of birds in dense flocks, but precise localization of birds remains a challenge due to imaging resolution in the depth direction and optical occlusion. This paper introduces a portable stereo-imaging system with improved accuracy and a simple stereo-matching algorithm that can resolve optical occlusion. This system allows us to decouple body and wing motion, and thus measure not only velocities and accelerations but also wingbeat frequencies along the 3D trajectories of birds. We demonstrate these new methods by analysing six flocking events consisting of 50 to 360 jackdaws (Corvus monedula) and rooks (Corvus frugilegus) as well as 32 jackdaws and 6 rooks flying in isolated pairs or alone. Our method allows us to (i) measure flight speed and wingbeat frequency in different flying modes; (ii) characterize the U-shaped flight performance curve of birds in the wild, showing that wingbeat frequency reaches its minimum at moderate flight speeds; (iii) examine group effects on individual flight performance, showing that birds have a higher wingbeat frequency when flying in a group than when flying alone and when flying in dense regions than when flying in sparse regions; and (iv) provide a potential avenue for automated discrimination of bird species. We argue that the experimental method developed in this paper opens new opportunities for understanding flight kinematics and collective behaviour in natural environments.}, }
@article {pmid29920164, year = {2018}, author = {Komar, N and Panella, NA and Golnar, AJ and Hamer, GL}, title = {Forage Ratio Analysis of the Southern House Mosquito in College Station, Texas.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {485-490}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2018.2285}, pmid = {29920164}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*blood ; Culex/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Mammals/*blood ; Species Specificity ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Culex quinquefasciatus is the principal vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in the South Central United States, yet limited data on host utilization are available. We evaluated host utilization over a 3-month period in 2013 in a residential landscape in College Station, Texas. PCR sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene permitted molecular identification of vertebrate bloodmeals to the species level. Forage ratio analysis identified bird species that were overutilized and underutilized by comparing community feeding index values to expected relative abundance values of bird species, derived from eBird data. Community feeding index values were also used in conjunction with reservoir competence data from the literature to generate reservoir capacity index values, a means of identifying relative importance of vertebrate reservoir hosts. Of 498 blood-engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus, 313 (62.9%) were identified to vertebrate species. The majority (95.5%) of bloodmeals originated from avian species with the remainder from mammals, but not humans. Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) was the principal host for mosquito feeding in June and July, but northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) became primary host in August. Forage ratio analysis revealed the overutilization of house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), American robin (Turdus migratorius), northern mockingbird, northern cardinal, white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica), and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), and Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) were under-utilized relative to availability. Reservoir capacity calculations suggested that northern mockingbird and northern cardinal were the principal amplifiers in the study area. These data identify the primary avian species contributing to the enzootic amplification of WNV in East-Central Texas and reveal that the heavy feeding on moderately competent hosts and no feeding on humans likely limit epidemics in this region.}, }
@article {pmid28053306, year = {2017}, author = {Davidson, G and Miller, R and Loissel, E and Cheke, LG and Clayton, NS}, title = {The development of support intuitions and object causality in juvenile Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {40062}, doi = {10.1038/srep40062}, pmid = {28053306}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/*physiology ; *Causality ; *Cognition ; *Intuition ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Knowledge about the causal relationship between objects has been studied extensively in human infants, and more recently in adult animals using differential looking time experiments. How knowledge about object support develops in non-human animals has yet to be explored. Here, we studied the ontogeny of support relations in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius), a bird species known for its sophisticated cognitive abilities. Using an expectancy violation paradigm, we measured looking time responses to possible and impossible video and image stimuli. We also controlled for experience with different support types to determine whether the emergence of support intuitions is dependent upon specific interactions with objects, or if reasoning develops independently. At age 9 months, birds looked more at a tool moving a piece of cheese that was not in contact than one that was in direct contact. By the age of 6 months, birds that had not experienced string as a support to hold up objects looked more at impossible images with string hanging from below (unsupported), rather than above (supported). The development of support intuitions may be independent of direct experience with specific support, or knowledge gained from interactions with other objects may be generalised across contexts.}, }
@article {pmid30282404, year = {2018}, author = {Shin, DA and Kim, C and Yudoyono, F and Yun, Y and Ha, Y and Kang, S}, title = {Feasibility of Percutaneous Robot-Assisted Epiduroscopic System.}, journal = {Pain physician}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {E565-E571}, pmid = {30282404}, issn = {2150-1149}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Endoscopy has replaced open surgery, especially in spinal surgery. Among them, image-guided epiduroscopy allows pain generators to be identified, including epidural adhesion, fibrotic tissues, root compression, and spinal stenosis. However, the heavy lead apron worn by pain physicians to avoid exposure to radiation can induce occupational hazards, such as orthopedic complications and radiation-induced cancer. Hence, we developed a robotic system to address these problems.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a robot-controlled epiduroscopic system.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN: In vivo animal experiment.<br><br>SETTING: University in Republic of Korea.<br><br>METHODS: The robot-controlled epiduroscopic system was developed using the open architecture robot system (The Raven Surgical Robotic System, CITRIS, Berkley, CA, USA). The robotic system consists of a lab-made epiduroscope, steering section, robotic arm, and manipulator. For the in vivo study, 2 Yorkshire pigs were used to simulate an epiduroscopic procedure with the robotic system.<br><br>RESULTS: The insertion and steering of the catheter was performed safely, and epiduroscopic visualization was obtained without side effects. There were no device-related complications. Radiation exposure for the primary operator was 80% lower than the levels found during conventional epiduroscopic procedures. All live pigs showed normal behavior without any signs of pain. The mean time to reach the target region was less than 8 minutes.<br><br>LIMITATIONS: The epiduroscopic procedure was performed on pigs and not on humans. The dimensions of the spinal canal of pigs cannot compare to those of humans.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the feasibility of the robot-assisted epiduroscopic system.<br><br>KEY WORDS: Epiduroscopy, robotic system, spine, pig, animal model.}, }
@article {pmid29768124, year = {2018}, author = {Fronzetti Colladon, A and Grippa, F}, title = {The Importance of Being Honest: Correlating Self-Report Accuracy and Network Centrality with Academic Performance.}, journal = {The Journal of psychology}, volume = {152}, number = {5}, pages = {304-324}, doi = {10.1080/00223980.2018.1459443}, pmid = {29768124}, issn = {1940-1019}, mesh = {Academic Performance/*psychology/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Deception ; Engineering/education ; Female ; Friends/psychology ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Personality ; Self Report/*standards ; Students/*psychology/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Trust/psychology ; *Truth Disclosure ; Universities ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the correlation of self-report accuracy with academic performance. The sample was composed of 289 undergraduate students (96 senior and 193 junior) enrolled in two engineering classes. Age ranged between 22 and 24 years, with a slight over representation of male students (53%). Academic performance was calculated based on students' final grades in each class. The tendency to report inaccurate information was measured at the end of the Raven Progressive Matrices Test, by asking students to report their exact finishing times. We controlled for gender, age, personality traits, intelligence, and past academic performance. We also included measures of centrality in their friendship, advice and trust networks. Correlation and multiple regression analyses results indicate that lower achieving students were significantly less accurate in self-reporting data. We also found that being more central in the advice network was correlated with higher performance (r = .20, p < .001). The results are aligned with existing literature emphasizing the individual and relational factors associated with academic performance and, pending future studies, may be utilized to include a new metric of self-report accuracy that is not dependent on academic records.}, }
@article {pmid30256169, year = {2018}, author = {Elderbrock, EK and Small, TW and Schoech, SJ}, title = {Adult Provisioning Influences Nestling Corticosterone Levels in Florida Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens).}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {1083-1090}, doi = {10.1086/700258}, pmid = {30256169}, issn = {1537-5293}, abstract = {We studied Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) nestlings to examine the relationship between parental feeding rates and levels of corticosterone (CORT), a metabolic and stress-related steroid hormone hypothesized to play a role in mediating begging behavior. It has been documented that nutritional deficiency results in increased glucocorticoid levels in nestling birds. Further, previous studies have found that CORT levels of Florida scrub jay nestlings are negatively correlated with parental nest attendance and provisioning rates; however, the behavioral observations were made several days before the collection of samples to assess CORT levels. Few studies have investigated whether experience immediately before sampling impacts nestling glucocorticoid levels, especially in a free-living species. By monitoring parental activity at the nest before sample collection, we found that nestling CORT levels varied as a function of parental provisioning rate and the time since their last feed. However, counter to our predictions, higher provisioning rates and more recent feedings were associated with higher CORT levels in nestlings rather than lower CORT levels. These results suggest that some aspect of parental provisioning results in increased CORT levels in nestling Florida scrub jays.}, }
@article {pmid30238146, year = {2018}, author = {Ganz, K and Jenni, L and Madry, MM and Kraemer, T and Jenny, H and Jenny, D}, title = {Acute and Chronic Lead Exposure in Four Avian Scavenger Species in Switzerland.}, journal = {Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-018-0561-7}, pmid = {30238146}, issn = {1432-0703}, abstract = {Despite irrefutable evidence of its negative impact on animal behaviour and physiology, lethal and sublethal lead poisoning of wildlife is still persistent and widespread. For scavenging birds, ingestion of ammunition, or fragments thereof, is the major exposure route. In this study, we examined the occurrence of lead in four avian scavengers of Switzerland and how it differs between species, regions, and age of the bird. We measured lead concentration in liver and bone of the two main alpine avian scavengers (golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos and bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus) over the entire area of the Swiss Alps and two of the main avian scavengers occurring in the lowlands of Switzerland (red kite Milvus milvus and common raven Corvus corax). Of those four species, only the bearded vulture is an obligate scavenger. We found that lead burdens in the two alpine avian scavengers were higher than those found for the same species elsewhere in Europe or North America and reached levels compatible with acute poisoning, whereas lead burdens of the two lowland avian scavengers seemed to be lower. Several golden eagles, but only one red kite with abnormally high bone lead concentrations were found. In all four species, a substantial proportion of birds had elevated levels which presumably represent recent (liver lead levels) or past (bone lead levels) uptake of sublethal doses of lead.}, }
@article {pmid30222228, year = {2018}, author = {Townsend, AK and Taff, CC and Jones, ML and Getman, KH and Wheeler, SS and Hinton, MG and Logsdon, RM}, title = {Apparent inbreeding preference despite inbreeding depression in the American crow.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14866}, pmid = {30222228}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {Although matings between relatives can have negative effects on offspring fitness, apparent inbreeding preference has been reported in a growing number of systems, including those with documented inbreeding depression. Here, we examined evidence for inbreeding depression and inbreeding preference in two populations (Clinton, New York and Davis, California, USA) of the cooperatively breeding American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We then compared observed inbreeding strategies with theoretical expectations for optimal, adaptive levels of inbreeding, given the inclusive fitness benefits and population-specific magnitude of inbreeding depression. We found that low heterozygosity at a panel of 33 microsatellite markers was associated with low survival probability (fledging success) and low white blood cell counts among offspring in both populations. Despite these costs, our data were more consistent with inbreeding preference than avoidance: the observed heterozygosity among 396 sampled crow offspring was significantly lower than expected if local adults were mating by random chance. This pattern was consistent across a range of spatial scales in both populations. Theoretically adaptive levels of inbreeding, given the magnitude of inbreeding depression, were predicted to be very low in the California population, whereas complete disassociative mating was predicted in the New York population. Sexual conflict might have contributed to the apparent absence of inbreeding avoidance in crows. These data add to an increasing number of examples of an &quot;inbreeding paradox,&quot; where inbreeding appears to be preferred despite inbreeding depression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid30215276, year = {2018}, author = {Simonds, VW and Kim, FL and LaVeaux, D and Pickett, V and Milakovich, J and Cummins, J}, title = {Guardians of the Living Water: Using a Health Literacy Framework to Evaluate a Child as Change Agent Intervention.}, journal = {Health education &amp; behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1090198118798676}, doi = {10.1177/1090198118798676}, pmid = {30215276}, issn = {1552-6127}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: American Indian communities in the United States experience considerable health inequities, including increased exposure to environmental contaminants. Consequently, community members of the Apsáalooke (Crow) Nation identified the lack of water-related environmental knowledge among children as an area of concern.<br><br>AIM: The purpose of this study was to provide a feasibility evaluation of an increasingly sophisticated environmental health literacy program for children.<br><br>METHOD: A community-academic partnership developed and piloted the Guardians of the Living Water program to increase environmental health literacy among children and their families on the Crow reservation. Nutbeam's framework for health literacy, a schema based on functional, interactive, and critical literacy, shaped the program evaluation. We used a within-subjects, quasi-experimental design without a control group. Interviews with children and parents were used to assess the feasibility of the program, while pre-/posttests assessed changes in knowledge, skills, and behavior.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared with preintervention responses, those from postintervention indicated significant increases for selected knowledge and attitude components. Based on qualitative interviews with children and caregivers, the camp was a valuable experience and increased knowledge of water quality science and reinforced cultural knowledge.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This success of our program stems from the trust initially built between partners and then expanded throughout the community. The program and the evaluation benefited from both the health literacy framework and from our integration of Apsáalooke values.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a community-based intervention designed to increase environmental health literacy among youth and their social networks is feasible and acceptable to this American Indian community.}, }
@article {pmid28767009, year = {2018}, author = {Costello, KA}, title = {A no-man's-land of sex: Reading Stephen Gordon and &quot;her&quot; critics.}, journal = {Journal of lesbian studies}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {165-184}, doi = {10.1080/10894160.2017.1342457}, pmid = {28767009}, issn = {1540-3548}, mesh = {Female ; *Gender Identity ; History, 20th Century ; Homosexuality, Female/history/*psychology ; Humans ; *Literature, Modern ; Psychological Theory ; }, abstract = {One of the most read novels of lesbian, transgender, and queer criticism, Radclyffe Hall's novel The Well of Loneliness (1928) has given rise to numerous and contradictory interpretations of the protagonist Stephen Gordon's complex relationship to her body. Some have argued that she is a historically specific example of female masculinity, others that she is a lesbian who wishes she were more feminine, and others still that she is a prototypical transsexual character. Focusing on the exemplary essays by Jack Halberstam, Teresa de Lauretis, and Jay Prosser, I argue that the coexistence of mutually exclusive interpretations of Stephen Gordon's relationship to her femaleness suggests that the novel is, in fact, a demand to readers to unmoor identity from sex and to recognize what I call &quot;sexual indeterminacy.&quot; Lesbian, transgender, and queer theory's tendency to elide the literariness of literary objects and their reliance on critique as the primary mode of reading and argumentation have made it impossible for critics to see that the novel is explicitly about what cannot be settled.}, }
@article {pmid30205027, year = {2018}, author = {Wheatcroft, D and Price, TD}, title = {Collective Action Promoted by Key Individuals.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {192}, number = {4}, pages = {401-414}, doi = {10.1086/698874}, pmid = {30205027}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {Explaining why individuals participate in risky group behaviors has been a long-term challenge. We experimentally studied the formation of groups of birds (mobs) that aggressively confront predators and avian nest parasites and developed a theoretical model to evaluate the conditions under which mobs arise. We presented taxidermied mounts of predators on adult birds (hawks and owls) and of nest threats (crows and cuckoos) at different distances to nests of Phylloscopus warblers. Even when alone, birds are aggressive toward predators of adult birds, both at and away from their nests. By contrast, birds aggressively confront nest threats alone only when they have a nest nearby. However, strong initial responses by nest owners lead individuals without nearby nests to increase their responses, thereby generating a mob. Building on these findings, we derive the conditions in which individuals are incentivized to invest more when joining a high-gain individual compared to when acting alone. Strong responses of high-gain individuals acting alone tend to reduce the investments of other high-gain individuals that subsequently join. However, individuals that benefit sufficiently little from acting alone increase their investments when joining a high-gain individual and can even be sufficiently incentivized to join in when they would otherwise not act alone. Together, these results suggest an important role for key individuals in the generation of some group behaviors.}, }
@article {pmid30127351, year = {2018}, author = {Mason, LD and Wardell-Johnson, G and Luxton, SJ and Bateman, PW}, title = {Predators Show Seasonal Predilections for Model Clay Spiders in an Urban Environment.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12444}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30778-y}, pmid = {30127351}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Predator-prey interactions may be altered under human-induced rapid environmental change, such as urbanisation. Extensive clearing in urban areas may leave short-range endemic species, such as mygalomorph spiders, more vulnerable to local extinction through predation in remaining remnants. Predation rates on Australian mygalomorph spiders were assessed using clay models of two size classes (5 cm, 3 cm), during two time periods in 2016 (January-February, July-August). Size and phenology of models resembled the mygalomorph genera Aname and Teyl occurring in these local urban remnants. Local predator guilds were significantly influenced by leaf-litter cover (%) and proportion of surrounding parkland. Preference for spider vs. control models was consistent across all predator types (bird, rodent, lizard and wasp), but specialist spider wasps (Pompilidae) only attacked spider models. Generalist predators (birds, lizards and rodents) were more opportunistic. Lizards and rodents exhibit similar predation behaviour, indicating there may be some inter-specific competition. Invasive generalists (e. g. rodents) or urban adapters (e. g. corvids) are more likely to represent an increased threat to spiders than are co-evolved specialists (e.g. spider wasps).}, }
@article {pmid28929247, year = {2017}, author = {Kabadayi, C and Krasheninnikova, A and O'Neill, L and van de Weijer, J and Osvath, M and von Bayern, AMP}, title = {Are parrots poor at motor self-regulation or is the cylinder task poor at measuring it?.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1137-1146}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-017-1131-5}, pmid = {28929247}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; *Inhibition (Psychology) ; Male ; Parrots/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Research Design ; *Self-Control ; }, abstract = {The ability to inhibit unproductive motor responses triggered by salient stimuli is a fundamental inhibitory skill. Such motor self-regulation is thought to underlie more complex cognitive mechanisms, like self-control. Recently, a large-scale study, comparing 36 species, found that absolute brain size best predicted competence in motor inhibition, with great apes as the best performers. This was challenged when three Corvus species (corvids) were found to parallel great apes despite having much smaller absolute brain sizes. However, new analyses suggest that it is the number of pallial neurons, and not absolute brain size per se, that correlates with levels of motor inhibition. Both studies used the cylinder task, a detour-reaching test where food is presented behind a transparent barrier. We tested four species from the order Psittaciformes (parrots) on this task. Like corvids, many parrots have relatively large brains, high numbers of pallial neurons, and solve challenging cognitive tasks. Nonetheless, parrots performed markedly worse than the Corvus species in the cylinder task and exhibited strong learning effects in performance and response times. Our results suggest either that parrots are poor at controlling their motor impulses, and hence that pallial neuronal numbers do not always correlate with such skills, or that the widely used cylinder task may not be a good measure of motor inhibition.}, }
@article {pmid28762195, year = {2017}, author = {Kraft, FL and Forštová, T and Utku Urhan, A and Exnerová, A and Brodin, A}, title = {No evidence for self-recognition in a small passerine, the great tit (Parus major) judged from the mark/mirror test.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1049-1057}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7}, pmid = {28762195}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Self-recognition is a trait presumed to be associated with high levels of cognition and something previously considered to be exclusive to humans and possibly apes. The most common test of self-recognition is the mark/mirror test of whether an animal can understand that it sees its own reflection in a mirror. The usual design is that an animal is marked with a colour spot somewhere on the body where the spot can only be seen by the animal by using a mirror. Very few species have passed this test, and among birds, only magpies have been affirmatively demonstrated to pass it. In this study, we tested great tits (Parus major), small passerines, that are known for their innovative foraging skills and good problem-solving abilities, in the mirror self-recognition test. We found no indication that they have any ability of this kind and believe that they are unlikely to be capable of this type of self-recognition.}, }
@article {pmid28688117, year = {2018}, author = {Lim, SM and Geervliet, M and Verhagen, JH and Müskens, GJDM and Majoor, FA and Osterhaus, ADME and Martina, BEE}, title = {Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and Usutu virus infections in Eurasian coots in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, pages = {96-102}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12375}, pmid = {28688117}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bird Diseases/blood/epidemiology/*virology ; Birds ; Cell Line ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods/veterinary ; *Flavivirus ; Flavivirus Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; Netherlands ; Population Surveillance ; *West Nile virus ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are arboviruses that are maintained in enzootic transmission cycles between mosquitoes and birds and are occasionally transmitted to mammals. As arboviruses are currently expanding their geographic range and emerging in often unpredictable locations, surveillance is considered an important element of preparedness. To determine whether sera collected from resident and migratory birds in the Netherlands as part of avian influenza surveillance would also represent an effective source for proactive arbovirus surveillance, a random selection of such sera was screened for WNV antibodies using a commercial ELISA. In addition, sera of jackdaws and carrion crows captured for previous experimental infection studies were added to the selection. Of the 265 screened serum samples, 27 were found to be WNV-antibody-positive, and subsequent cross-neutralization experiments using WNV and USUV confirmed that five serum samples were positive for only WNV-neutralizing antibodies and seven for only USUV. The positive birds consisted of four Eurasian coots (Fulica atra) and one carrion crow (Corvus corone) for WNV, of which the latter may suggest local presence of the virus, and only Eurasian coots for USUV. As a result, the screening of a small selection of serum samples originally collected for avian influenza surveillance demonstrated a seroprevalence of 1.6% for WNV and 2.8% for USUV, suggesting that this sustained infrastructure could serve as a useful source for future surveillance of arboviruses such as WNV and USUV in the Netherlands.}, }
@article {pmid30071975, year = {2018}, author = {Campo, JV and Bridge, JA}, title = {Exploring the Impact of 13 Reasons Why: Looking for Light Amidst the Heat . . .}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry}, volume = {57}, number = {8}, pages = {547-549}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.012}, pmid = {30071975}, issn = {1527-5418}, abstract = {A Letter to the Editor by Kieling and collegues1 in this month's Journal attempts to explore the impact of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why (13RW) on the thinking and behavior of adolescent viewers. The series is an adaptation of a 2007 novel by Jay Asher, and tells the story of an adolescent girl who dies by suicide following a series of traumas and disappointments that she catalogues before her death on 13 audiotapes. The tapes are left behind with the expectation that each of the individuals presumably responsible for her suicide will listen and better understand their individual and collective failures. Since its release and airing in 2017, the show has generated considerable heated debate and controversy, largely due to concerns about its potential for suicide contagion.}, }
@article {pmid30071683, year = {2018}, author = {Sutton, JT and Helmkampf, M and Steiner, CC and Bellinger, MR and Korlach, J and Hall, R and Baybayan, P and Muehling, J and Gu, J and Kingan, S and Masuda, BM and Ryder, OA}, title = {A High-Quality, Long-Read De Novo Genome Assembly to Aid Conservation of Hawaii's Last Remaining Crow Species.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes9080393}, pmid = {30071683}, issn = {2073-4425}, abstract = {Abstract: Genome-level data can provide researchers with unprecedented precision to examine the causes and genetic consequences of population declines, which can inform conservation management. Here, we present a high-quality, long-read, de novo genome assembly for one of the world's most endangered bird species, the 'Alalā (Corvus hawaiiensis; Hawaiian crow). As the only remaining native crow species in Hawai'i, the 'Alalā survived solely in a captive-breeding program from 2002 until 2016, at which point a long-term reintroduction program was initiated. The high-quality genome assembly was generated to lay the foundation for both comparative genomics studies and the development of population-level genomic tools that will aid conservation and recovery efforts. We illustrate how the quality of this assembly places it amongst the very best avian genomes assembled to date, comparable to intensively studied model systems. We describe the genome architecture in terms of repetitive elements and runs of homozygosity, and we show that compared with more outbred species, the 'Alalā genome is substantially more homozygous. We also provide annotations for a subset of immunity genes that are likely to be important in conservation management, and we discuss how this genome is currently being used as a roadmap for downstream conservation applications.}, }
@article {pmid30012749, year = {2018}, author = {Gonçalves, A and Biro, D}, title = {Comparative thanatology, an integrative approach: exploring sensory/cognitive aspects of death recognition in vertebrates and invertebrates.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {373}, number = {1754}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0263}, pmid = {30012749}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Evolutionary thanatology benefits from broad taxonomic comparisons of non-human animals' responses to death. Furthermore, exploring the sensory and cognitive bases of these responses promises to allow classification of the underlying mechanisms on a spectrum from phylogenetically ancient to more derived traits. We draw on studies of perception and cognition in invertebrate and vertebrate taxa (with a focus on arthropods, corvids, proboscids, cetaceans and primates) to explore the cues that these animals use to detect life and death in others, and discuss proximate and ultimate drivers behind their capacities to do so. Parallels in thanatological behaviour exhibited by the last four taxa suggest similar sensory-cognitive processing rules for dealing with corpses, the evolution of which may have been driven by complex social environments. Uniting these responses is a phenomenon we term 'animacy detection malfunction', whereupon the corpse, having both animate and inanimate attributes, creates states of fear/curiosity manifested as approach/avoidance behaviours in observers. We suggest that integrating diverse lines of evidence (including the 'uncanny valley' effect originating from the field of robotics) provides a promising way to advance the field, and conclude by proposing avenues for future research.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.}, }
@article {pmid30012745, year = {2018}, author = {Swift, K and Marzluff, JM}, title = {Occurrence and variability of tactile interactions between wild American crows and dead conspecifics.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {373}, number = {1754}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0259}, pmid = {30012745}, issn = {1471-2970}, abstract = {Observations of some mammals and birds touching their dead provoke questions about the motivation and adaptive value of this potentially risky behaviour. Here, we use controlled experiments to determine if tactile interactions are characteristic of wild American crow responses to dead crows, and what the prevalence and nature of tactile interactions suggests about their motivations. In Experiment 1, we test if food or information acquisition motivates contact by presenting crows with taxidermy-prepared dead crows, and two species crows are known to scavenge: dead pigeons and dead squirrels. In Experiment 2, we test if territoriality motivates tactile interactions by presenting crows with taxidermy crows prepared to look either dead or upright and life-like. In Experiment 1, we find that crows are significantly less likely to make contact but more likely to alarm call and recruit other birds in response to dead crows than to dead pigeons and squirrels. In addition, we find that aggressive and sexual encounters with dead crows are seasonally biased. These findings are inconsistent with feeding or information acquisition-based motivation. In Experiment 2, we find that crows rarely dive-bomb and more often alarm call and recruit other crows to dead than to life-like crows, behaviours inconsistent with responses given to live intruders. Consistent with a danger response hypothesis, our results show that alarm calling and neighbour recruitment occur more frequently in response to dead crows than other stimuli, and that touching dead crows is atypical. Occasional contacts, which take a variety of aggressive and sexual forms, may result from an inability to mediate conflicting stimuli.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.}, }
@article {pmid29992421, year = {2018}, author = {Smulders, TV}, title = {Smarter through group living?.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-018-0335-0}, pmid = {29992421}, issn = {1543-4508}, abstract = {Wild Australian magpies living (or growing up) in larger social groups take fewer trials to solve a battery of four cognitive tests than those living (or growing up) in smaller groups. The tests all draw on a common underlying factor, but is this factor cognitive or motivational?}, }
@article {pmid29926397, year = {2018}, author = {Hampton, R}, title = {Parallel overinterpretation of behavior of apes and corvids.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-018-0330-5}, pmid = {29926397}, issn = {1543-4508}, support = {P51OD011132//National Science Foundation/ ; P51OD011132//National Institutes of Health ORIP/OD/ ; }, abstract = {The report by Kabadayi and Osvath (Science, 357(6347), 202-204, 2017) does not demonstrate planning in ravens. The behavior of corvids and apes is fascinating and will be best appreciated through well-designed experiments that explicitly test alternative explanations and that are interpreted without unjustified anthropomorphic embellishment.}, }
@article {pmid29875298, year = {2018}, author = {Szipl, G and Ringler, E and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Attacked ravens flexibly adjust signalling behaviour according to audience composition.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1880}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0375}, pmid = {29875298}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {A fundamental attribute of social intelligence is the ability to monitor third-party relationships, which has been repeatedly demonstrated in primates, and recently also in captive ravens. It is yet unknown how ravens make use of this ability when dealing with different types of social relationships simultaneously during complex real-life situations. Free-ranging non-breeder ravens live in societies characterized by high fission-fusion dynamics and structured by age, pair-bond status and kinship. Here, we show that free-ranging ravens modify communication during conflicts according to audience composition. When being attacked by dominant conspecifics, victims of aggression signal their distress via defensive calls. Victims increased call rates when their kin were in the bystander audience, but reduced call rates when the bystanders were bonding partners of their aggressors. Hence, ravens use social knowledge flexibly and probably based on their own need (i.e. alert nearby allies and avoid alerting nearby rivals).}, }
@article {pmid29774435, year = {2018}, author = {Stow, MK and Vernouillet, A and Kelly, DM}, title = {Neophobia does not account for motoric self-regulation performance as measured during the detour-reaching cylinder task.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {565-574}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-018-1189-8}, pmid = {29774435}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {312379-2009//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {The ability to restrain a prepotent response in favor of a more adaptive behavior, or to exert inhibitory control, has been used as a measure of a species' cognitive abilities. Inhibitory control defines a spectrum of behaviors varying in complexity, ranging from self-control to motoric self-regulation. Several factors underlying inhibitory control have been identified, however, the influence of neophobia (i.e., aversion to novelty) on inhibitory control has not received much attention. Neophobia is known to affect complex cognitive abilities, but whether neophobia also influences more basic cognitive abilities, such as motoric self-regulation, has received less attention. Further, it remains unclear whether an individual's response to novelty is consistent across different paradigms purported to assess neophobia. We tested two North American corvid species, black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia) and California scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica) using two well-established neophobia paradigms to assess response stability between contexts. We then evaluated neophobia scores against the number of trials needed to learn a motoric self-regulation task, as well as subsequent task performance. Neophobia scores did not correlate across paradigms, nor did the responses during either paradigm account for motoric self-regulation performance.}, }
@article {pmid29764777, year = {2018}, author = {Monshizadeh, L and Vameghi, R and Sajedi, F and Yadegari, F and Hashemi, SB and Kirchem, P and Kasbi, F}, title = {Comparison of Social Interaction between Cochlear-Implanted Children with Normal Intelligence Undergoing Auditory Verbal Therapy and Normal-Hearing Children: A Pilot Study.}, journal = {The journal of international advanced otology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {34-38}, doi = {10.5152/iao.2018.3663}, pmid = {29764777}, issn = {1308-7649}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: A cochlear implant is a device that helps hearing-impaired children by transmitting sound signals to the brain and helping them improve their speech, language, and social interaction. Although various studies have investigated the different aspects of speech perception and language acquisition in cochlear-implanted children, little is known about their social skills, particularly Persian-speaking cochlear-implanted children. Considering the growing number of cochlear implants being performed in Iran and the increasing importance of developing near-normal social skills as one of the ultimate goals of cochlear implantation, this study was performed to compare the social interaction between Iranian cochlear-implanted children who have undergone rehabilitation (auditory verbal therapy) after surgery and normal-hearing children.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study compared the social interaction level of 30 children with normal hearing and 30 with cochlear implants who were conveniently selected. The Raven test was administered to the both groups to ensure normal intelligence quotient. The social interaction status of both groups was evaluated using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.<br><br>RESULTS: After controlling age as a covariate variable, no significant difference was observed between the social interaction scores of both the groups (p > 0.05). In addition, social interaction had no correlation with sex in either group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Cochlear implantation followed by auditory verbal rehabilitation helps children with sensorineural hearing loss to have normal social interactions, regardless of their sex.}, }
@article {pmid29690109, year = {2018}, author = {Hammer, MP and Allen, GR and Martin, KC and Adams, M and Ebner, BC and Raadik, TA and Unmack, PJ}, title = {Revision of the Australian Wet Tropics endemic rainbowfish genus Cairnsichthys (Atheriniformes: Melanotaeniidae), with description of a new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4413}, number = {2}, pages = {271-294}, pmid = {29690109}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Male ; Queensland ; }, abstract = {The freshwater melanotaeniid genus Cairnsichthys is endemic to a relatively small area of specialised habitat within the Wet Tropics bioregion of north-eastern Queensland, Australia. It was previously considered as monotypic, including only a single species, C. rhombosomoides (Nichols Raven, 1928). The recent discovery of an apparently-isolated population in the Daintree rainforest, approximately 120 km north of the known range extent, prompted a detailed investigation of its taxonomic status using a combined lines of evidence approach. We provide compelling evidence from multiple nuclear genetic markers (52 allozyme loci), mitochondrial DNA sequence data (1141 bp cytochrome b) and morphology (examination of a suite of 38 morphometric and meristic characters) that supports north-south splitting of C. rhombosomoides. Accordingly, we describe the northern population as a distinct species, C. bitaeniatus sp. nov., on the basis of 25 specimens, 34.7-65.6 mm SL. The new species differs morphologically primarily by having a more slender and narrow shape, featuring a flatter, straighter predorsal profile and shorter second dorsal fin base; possession of slightly smaller scales, reflected in higher counts of lateral scales and predorsal scales; typically more vertebrae; and colour differences including a more robust, short black stripe across the upper operculum, a pronounced yellow patch on the anteroventral body and usually a more conspicuous second dark stripe on the lower body, with adult males generally having yellowish compared to reddish fins. We also provide a generic diagnosis for Cairnsichthys and a redescription of C. rhombosomoides. Information on the known distribution, habitats and conservation status of species in the genus is summarised, the new species being of particular concern as a narrow range endemic with specific environmental requirements.}, }
@article {pmid29643220, year = {2018}, author = {Duque, JF and Leichner, W and Ahmann, H and Stevens, JR}, title = {Mesotocin influences pinyon jay prosociality.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0105}, pmid = {29643220}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {Many species exhibit prosocial behaviour, in which one individual's actions benefit another individual, often without an immediate benefit to itself. The neuropeptide oxytocin is an important hormonal mechanism influencing prosociality in mammals, but it is unclear whether the avian homologue mesotocin plays a similar functional role in birds. Here, we experimentally tested prosociality in pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), a highly social corvid species that spontaneously shares food with others. First, we measured prosocial preferences in a prosocial choice task with two different pay-off distributions: Prosocial trials delivered food to both the subject and either an empty cage or a partner bird, whereas Altruism trials delivered food only to an empty cage or a partner bird (none to subject). In a second experiment, we examined whether administering mesotocin influenced prosocial preferences. Compared to choices in a control condition, we show that subjects voluntarily delivered food rewards to partners, but only when also receiving food for themselves (Prosocial trials), and administration of high levels of mesotocin increased these behaviours. Thus, in birds, mesotocin seems to play a similar functional role in facilitating prosocial behaviours as oxytocin does in mammals, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved hormonal mechanism for prosociality.}, }
@article {pmid29576946, year = {2018}, author = {Brecht, KF and Ostojić, L and Legg, EW and Clayton, NS}, title = {Difficulties when using video playback to investigate social cognition in California scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4451}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.4451}, pmid = {29576946}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Previous research has suggested that videos can be used to experimentally manipulate social stimuli. In the present study, we used the California scrub-jays' cache protection strategies to assess whether video playback can be used to simulate conspecifics in a social context. In both the lab and the field, scrub-jays are known to exhibit a range of behaviours to protect their caches from potential pilferage by a conspecific, for example by hiding food in locations out of the observer's view or by re-caching previously made caches once the observer has left. Here, we presented scrub-jays with videos of a conspecific observer as well as two non-social conditions during a caching period and assessed whether they would cache out of the observer's &quot;view&quot; (Experiment 1) or would re-cache their caches once the observer was no longer present (Experiment 2). In contrast to previous studies using live observers, the scrub-jays' caching and re-caching behaviour was not influenced by whether the observer was present or absent. These findings suggest that there might be limitations in using video playback of social agents to mimic real-life situations when investigating corvid decision making.}, }
@article {pmid29563949, year = {2018}, author = {Boeckle, M and Szipl, G and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Raven food calls indicate sender's age and sex.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {5}, doi = {10.1186/s12983-018-0255-z}, pmid = {29563949}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {Background: Acoustic parameters of animal signals have been shown to correlate with various phenotypic characteristics of the sender. These acoustic characteristics can be learned and categorized and thus are a basis for perceivers' recognition abilities. One of the most demanding capacities is individual recognition, achievable only after repeated interactions with the same individual. Still, class-level recognition might be potentially important to perceivers who have not previously encountered callers but can classify unknown individuals according to the already learned categories. Especially for species with high fission-fusion dynamics that repeatedly encounter unknown individuals it may be advantageous to develop class-level recognition. We tested whether frequency-, temporal-, and amplitude-related acoustic parameters of vocalizations emitted by ravens, a species showing high fission-fusion dynamics in non-breeder aggregations, are connected to phenotypic characteristics and thus have the potential for class-level recognition.<br><br>Results: The analysis of 418 food calls revealed that some components summarizing acoustic parameters were differentiated by age-classes and sex.<br><br>Conclusions: Together, the results provide evidence for the co-variation of vocal characteristics and respective sex and age categories, a prerequisite for class-level recognition in perceivers. Perceivers that are ignorant of the caller's identity can thus potentially recognize these class-level differences for decision-making processes in feeding contexts.}, }
@article {pmid29491996, year = {2017}, author = {Pesendorfer, MB and Sillett, TS and Morrison, SA}, title = {Spatially biased dispersal of acorns by a scatter-hoarding corvid may accelerate passive restoration of oak habitat on California's largest island.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, pages = {363-367}, doi = {10.1093/cz/zow075}, pmid = {29491996}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {Scatter hoarding by corvids (crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers) provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germination and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns (Quercus spp.) on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds' behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1) island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2) whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island's oak habitat since the 1980s.}, }
@article {pmid29414945, year = {2018}, author = {Ashton, BJ and Ridley, AR and Edwards, EK and Thornton, A}, title = {Cognitive performance is linked to group size and affects fitness in Australian magpies.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {554}, number = {7692}, pages = {364-367}, doi = {10.1038/nature25503}, pmid = {29414945}, issn = {1476-4687}, support = {BB/H021817/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Cognition/*physiology ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Intelligence/physiology ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Population Density ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The social intelligence hypothesis states that the demands of social life drive cognitive evolution. This idea receives support from comparative studies that link variation in group size or mating systems with cognitive and neuroanatomical differences across species, but findings are contradictory and contentious. To understand the cognitive consequences of sociality, it is also important to investigate social variation within species. Here we show that in wild, cooperatively breeding Australian magpies, individuals that live in large groups show increased cognitive performance, which is linked to increased reproductive success. Individual performance was highly correlated across four cognitive tasks, indicating a 'general intelligence factor' that underlies cognitive performance. Repeated cognitive testing of juveniles at different ages showed that the correlation between group size and cognition emerged in early life, suggesting that living in larger groups promotes cognitive development. Furthermore, we found a positive association between the task performance of females and three indicators of reproductive success, thus identifying a selective benefit of greater cognitive performance. Together, these results provide intraspecific evidence that sociality can shape cognitive development and evolution.}, }
@article {pmid29386519, year = {2018}, author = {Stanford, R and Lockley, MG and Tucker, C and Godfrey, S and Stanford, SM}, title = {A diverse mammal-dominated, footprint assemblage from wetland deposits in the Lower Cretaceous of Maryland.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {741}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-18619-w}, pmid = {29386519}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A newly discovered assemblage of predominantly small tracks from the Cretaceous Patuxent Formation at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, reveals one of the highest track densities and diversities ever reported (~70 tracks, representing at least eight morphotypes from an area of only ~2 m2). The assemblage is dominated by small mammal tracks including the new ichnotxon Sederipes goddardensis, indicating sitting postures. Small crow-sized theropod trackways, the first from this unit, indicate social trackmakers and suggest slow-paced foraging behavior. Tracks of pterosaurs, and other small vertebrates suggest activity on an organic-rich substrate. Large well-preserved sauropod and nodosaurs tracks indicate the presence of large dinosaurs. The Patuxent Formation together with the recently reported Angolan assemblage comprise the world's two largest Mesozoic mammal footprint assemblages. The high density of footprint registration at the NASA site indicates special preservational and taphonomic conditions. These include early, penecontemporaneous deposition of siderite in organic rich, reducing wetland settings where even the flesh of body fossils can be mummified. Thus, the track-rich ironstone substrates of the Patuxent Formation, appear to preserve a unique vertebrate ichnofacies, with associated, exceptionally-preserved body fossil remains for which there are currently no other similar examples preserved in the fossil record.}, }
@article {pmid29375193, year = {2018}, author = {Maziarz, M and Piggott, C and Burgess, M}, title = {Predator recognition and differential behavioural responses of adult wood warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix.}, journal = {Acta ethologica}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {13-20}, doi = {10.1007/s10211-017-0275-2}, pmid = {29375193}, issn = {0873-9749}, abstract = {Birds often engage in nest defence against predators to improve breeding success, but defence efficiency requires the capability to assess the threat level posed by potential predators. For species with low breeding-site tenacity, which may encounter varying occurrence and density of predators in different areas, threat recognition could be compromised due to naivety, and so predator recognition may focus on broad key features to diminish the risk of misidentification. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by recording behavioural reactions of the nomadic wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix to objects reflecting various levels of threat: least weasel and Eurasian jay taxidermy mounts, an inanimate object and an empty display mount. To assess actual nest predators, we used remote cameras to record predation events at wood warbler nests. As in other studies in Western Europe, Eurasian jay was found to be the main nest predator, with occasional predation by least weasel. The reaction of adult warblers to the models was generally to remain silent and on nests during the incubation stage presumably due to the need to maintain efficient nest camouflage and concealment. During the nestling stage, behavioural responses of adult warblers, calling and suspended feeding of young, showed the strongest effects from the jay taxidermy mount, moderate to the weasel and weakest to the inanimate object and empty mount. As the reaction of wood warblers reflected the degree of genuine threat posed by the predators depicted by the models, we conclude that predator recognition may be present in this species.}, }
@article {pmid29373167, year = {2018}, author = {Claes, R and Muyshondt, PGG and Dirckx, JJJ and Aerts, P}, title = {Do high sound pressure levels of crowing in roosters necessitate passive mechanisms for protection against self-vocalization?.}, journal = {Zoology (Jena, Germany)}, volume = {126}, number = {}, pages = {65-70}, doi = {10.1016/j.zool.2017.12.002}, pmid = {29373167}, issn = {1873-2720}, mesh = {Animals ; Chickens/*physiology ; Crowding/psychology ; Ear/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Sound/adverse effects ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {High sound pressure levels (>120dB) cause damage or death of the hair cells of the inner ear, hence causing hearing loss. Vocalization differences are present between hens and roosters. Crowing in roosters is reported to produce sound pressure levels of 100dB measured at a distance of 1m. In this study we measured the sound pressure levels that exist at the entrance of the outer ear canal. We hypothesize that roosters may benefit from a passive protective mechanism while hens do not require such a mechanism. Audio recordings at the level of the entrance of the outer ear canal of crowing roosters, made in this study, indeed show that a protective mechanism is needed as sound pressure levels can reach amplitudes of 142.3dB. Audio recordings made at varying distances from the crowing rooster show that at a distance of 0.5m sound pressure levels already drop to 102dB. Micro-CT scans of a rooster and chicken head show that in roosters the auditory canal closes when the beak is opened. In hens the diameter of the auditory canal only narrows but does not close completely. A morphological difference between the sexes in shape of a bursa-like slit which occurs in the outer ear canal causes the outer ear canal to close in roosters but not in hens.}, }
@article {pmid29338711, year = {2018}, author = {Shurulinkov, P and Spasov, L and Stoyanov, G and Chakarov, N}, title = {Blood parasite infections in a wild population of ravens (Corvus corax) in Bulgaria.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, doi = {10.1186/s12936-018-2179-7}, pmid = {29338711}, issn = {1475-2875}, support = {PIEF-GA-2013-625883//H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Blood parasites have been studied intensely in many families of avian hosts, but corvids, a particularly cosmopolitan family, remain underexplored. Haemosporidian parasites of the common raven (Corvus corax) have not been studied, although it is the largest, most adaptable, and widespread corvid. Genetic sequence data from parasites of ravens can enhance the understanding of speciation patterns and specificity of haemosporidian parasites in corvids, and shed light how these hosts cope with parasite pressure.<br><br>METHODS: A baited cage trap was used to catch 86 ravens and a nested PCR protocol was used to amplify a 479 bp fragment of the haemosporidian cytochrome b gene from the samples. The obtained sequences were compared with the MalAvi database of all published haemosporidian lineages and a phylogenetic tree including all detected raven parasites was constructed. An examination of blood smears was performed for assessment of infection intensity.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty blood parasite lineages were recovered from ravens caught in a wild population in Bulgaria. The prevalence of generalist Plasmodium lineages was 49%, and the prevalence of Leucocytozoon lineages was 31%. Out of 13 detected Leucocytozoon lineages six were known from different corvids, while seven others seem to be specific to ravens. A phylogenetic reconstruction suggests that Leucocytozoon lineages of ravens and other corvids are not monophyletic, with some groups appearing closely related to parasites of other host families.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Several different, morphologically cryptic groups of Leucocytozoon parasites appear to infect corvids. Ravens harbour both generalist corvid Leucocytozoon as well as apparently species-specific lineages. The extraordinary breeding ecology and scavenging lifestyle possibly allow ravens to evade vectors and have relatively low blood parasite prevalence compared to other corvids.}, }
@article {pmid29320499, year = {2018}, author = {Morrison, R and Reiss, D}, title = {Precocious development of self-awareness in dolphins.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0189813}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0189813}, pmid = {29320499}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Awareness ; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Mirror-self recognition (MSR) is a behavioral indicator of self-awareness in young children and only a few other species, including the great apes, dolphins, elephants and magpies. The emergence of self-awareness in children typically occurs during the second year and has been correlated with sensorimotor development and growing social and self-awareness. Comparative studies of MSR in chimpanzees report that the onset of this ability occurs between 2 years 4 months and 3 years 9 months of age. Studies of wild and captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have reported precocious sensorimotor and social awareness during the first weeks of life, but no comparative MSR research has been conducted with this species. We exposed two young bottlenose dolphins to an underwater mirror and analyzed video recordings of their behavioral responses over a 3-year period. Here we report that both dolphins exhibited MSR, indicated by self-directed behavior at the mirror, at ages earlier than generally reported for children and at ages much earlier than reported for chimpanzees. The early onset of MSR in young dolphins occurs in parallel with their advanced sensorimotor development, complex and reciprocal social interactions, and growing social awareness. Both dolphins passed subsequent mark tests at ages comparable with children. Thus, our findings indicate that dolphins exhibit self-awareness at a mirror at a younger age than previously reported for children or other species tested.}, }
@article {pmid29299036, year = {2017}, author = {Szipl, G and Ringler, E and Spreafico, M and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Calls during agonistic interactions vary with arousal and raise audience attention in ravens.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {57}, doi = {10.1186/s12983-017-0244-7}, pmid = {29299036}, issn = {1742-9994}, abstract = {Background: Acoustic properties of vocalizations can vary with the internal state of the caller, and may serve as reliable indicators for a caller's emotional state, for example to prevent conflicts. Thus, individuals may associate distinct characteristics in acoustic signals of conspecifics with specific social contexts, and adjust their behaviour accordingly to prevent escalation of conflicts. Common ravens (Corvus corax) crowd-forage with individuals of different age classes, sex, and rank, assemble at feeding sites, and engage in agonistic interactions of varying intensity. Attacked individuals frequently utter defensive calls in order to appease the aggressor. Here, we investigated if acoustic properties of defensive calls change with varying levels of aggression, and if bystanders respond to these changes.<br><br>Results: Individuals were more likely to utter defensive calls when the attack involved contact aggression, and when the attacker was higher in rank than the victim. Defensive calls produced during intense conflicts were longer and uttered at higher rates, and showed higher fundamental frequency- and amplitude-related measures than calls uttered during low-intensity aggression, indicating arousal-based changes in defensive calls. Playback experiments showed that ravens were more likely to react in response to defensive calls with higher fundamental frequency by orientating towards the speakers as compared to original calls and calls manipulated in duration.<br><br>Conclusions: Arousal-based changes are encoded in acoustic parameters of defensive calls in attacked ravens, and bystanders in the audience pay attention to the degree of arousal in attacked conspecifics. Our findings imply that common ravens can regulate conflicts with conspecifics by means of vocalizations, and are able to gather social knowledge from conspecific calls.}, }
@article {pmid29274762, year = {2018}, author = {Gallup, GG and Anderson, JR}, title = {The &quot;olfactory mirror&quot; and other recent attempts to demonstrate self-recognition in non-primate species.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {16-19}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2017.12.010}, pmid = {29274762}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Ego ; Olfactory Perception/*physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; Smell/physiology ; }, abstract = {The recent attempt by Horowitz (2017) to develop an &quot;olfactory mirror&quot; test of self-recognition in domestic dogs raises some important questions about the kinds of data that are required to provide definitive evidence for self-recognition in dogs and other species. We conclude that the &quot;olfactory mirror&quot; constitutes a compelling analog to the mark test for mirror self-recognition in primates, but despite claims to the contrary neither dogs, elephants, dolphins, magpies, horses, manta rays, squid, nor ants have shown compelling, reproducible evidence for self-recognition in any modality.}, }
@article {pmid29249025, year = {2018}, author = {Grúz, A and Déri, J and Szemerédy, G and Szabó, K and Kormos, É and Bartha, A and Lehel, J and Budai, P}, title = {Monitoring of heavy metal burden in wild birds at eastern/north-eastern part of Hungary.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, pages = {6378-6386}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-017-1004-0}, pmid = {29249025}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Concentrations of different heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) were examined in the contour feathers of long-eared owl (Asio otus), little owl (Athene noctua), tawny owl (Strix aluco), barn owl (Tyto alba), Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), rook (Corvus frugilegus), hooded crow (Corvus cornix), carrion crow (Corvus corone), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The samples were collected from the Hortobágyi Madárpark (Bird Hospital Foundation) in Hungary. The bird species were classified into six groups based on their nourishment. Feathers were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The aim of our study was to determine the concentration of the above-mentioned heavy metals in the six different groups and to compare them by the groups, to find a possible connection between the concentrations and the age of birds and to get some information about the heavy metal burden of the environment. The highest As concentration was measured in little owl (0.65 ± 0.56 mg/kg). The highest Cd, Cr and Pb concentration was found in the feathers of barn swallow (0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg; 1.69 ± 0.44 mg/kg; 5.36 ± 1.46 mg/kg), while the highest Cu and Hg concentration (65.45 ± 17.66 mg/kg; 2.72 ± 1.08 mg/kg) in sparrowhawk feathers and the highest Zn concentration in owls (157.21 ± 57.3 mg/kg). Statistically significant difference has been determined between the juvenile and adult crows in the case of Cd (p = 0.011). The higher concentration was measured in adults (0.14 ± 0.04 mg/kg) than that in juveniles (0.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Based on our results, the examined area is not contaminated by these heavy metals on that level, which can cause any adverse effect or poisoning in birds, so this region is safe to wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid29238321, year = {2017}, author = {Kabadayi, C and Jacobs, I and Osvath, M}, title = {The Development of Motor Self-Regulation in Ravens.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {2100}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02100}, pmid = {29238321}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Inhibitory control refers to the ability to stop impulses in favor of more appropriate behavior, and it constitutes one of the underlying cognitive functions associated with cognitive flexibility. Much attention has been given to cross-species comparisons of inhibitory control; however, less is known about how and when these abilities develop. Mapping the ontogeny of inhibitory control in different species may therefore reveal foundational elements behind cognitive processes and their evolution. In this study, we tested the development of motor self-regulation in raven chicks (Corvus corax), using two detour tasks that required inhibition of motor impulses to directly reach for a visible reward behind a barrier. One task included a mesh barrier, which partly occluded the reward, and the other task used a completely transparent barrier, the cylinder task. The results suggest that the more visible a reward is, the more difficult it is to inhibit motor impulses toward it, and further, that this inhibitory challenge gradually decreases during development. The mesh barrier is reliably detoured before the animals pass the task with the wholly transparent cylinder. As the majority of the birds begun testing as nestlings, and as we provided them with experiences they normally would not receive in a nest, it is likely that they showed the earliest possible onset of these skills. A control subject, tested at a later age, showed that the mesh detours required no particular training, but that tasks including complete transparency likely require more specific experiences. Adult ravens without explicit training are highly proficient in inhibitory detour tasks, and, together with chimpanzees, they are the best performers of all tested species in the cylinder task. Our results suggest that their skills develop early in life, around their third month. Their developmental pattern of inhibitory skills for detours resembles that of children and rhesus macaques, albeit the pace of development is markedly faster in ravens. Investigating the development of cognition is crucial to understanding its foundations within and across species.}, }
@article {pmid29229413, year = {2018}, author = {Taufique, SKT and Prabhat, A and Kumar, V}, title = {Constant light environment suppresses maturation and reduces complexity of new born neuron processes in the hippocampus and caudal nidopallium of a diurnal corvid: Implication for impairment of the learning and cognitive performance.}, journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {120-127}, doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.001}, pmid = {29229413}, issn = {1095-9564}, abstract = {Periodic day-night environment shapes the temporal pattern in the behaviour and physiology (e.g. 24-h activity-rest and sleep-wake cycles) and the advanced brain function, such as learning, memory and decision making. In a previous study, we showed the abolition of 24-h rhythm in the activity-rest pattern, and an attenuated cognitive performance in diurnal Indian house crows (Corvus splendens) under constant light (no-night; LL) environment. Present study extended this, and investigated LL-induced effects on the neurogenesis (birth, maturation and neurite complexity of new born neurons) in the hippocampus and caudal nidopallium, the brain regions directly associated with learning and cognition in birds. We performed immunohistochemistry of doublecortin (DCX; a neurogenesis marker) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a key enzyme of the dopamine biosynthesis) in the brain section containing hippocampus or caudal nidopallium of Indian house crows exposed for 2 weeks to LL, with controls maintained under 12L:12D. As expected, crows showed arrhythmicity with a significantly reduced rest period in the 24-h activity-rest pattern, and a decreased cognitive performance when tested for the spatial and pattern association learning tasks under LL. Importantly, there was a significant decrease in DCX-immunoreactive (ir) cells and, as shown by Sholl analysis, in the complexity of DCX-ir neurites in both, the hippocampus and caudal nidopallium of crows under LL, as compared to those under 12L:12D. The anatomical proximity of DCX-ir neurons with TH-ir fibers suggested a functional association of the new born hippocampal and caudal nidopallial neurons with the learning, and perhaps cognition in Indian house crows. These results give insights into possible impact of the loss of night on brain health and functions in an emerging ecosystem in which other diurnal species including humans may be inadvertently exposed to an illuminated night, such as in an overly lighted metropolitan urban habitat.}, }
@article {pmid29225028, year = {2017}, author = {Sugasawa, S and Klump, BC and St Clair, JJH and Rutz, C}, title = {Causes and Consequences of Tool Shape Variation in New Caledonian Crows.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {3885-3890.e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.028}, pmid = {29225028}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Hominins have been making tools for over three million years [1], yet the earliest known hooked tools appeared as recently as 90,000 years ago [2]. Hook innovation is likely to have boosted our ancestors' hunting and fishing efficiency [3], marking a major transition in human technological evolution. The New Caledonian crow is the only non-human animal known to craft hooks in the wild [4, 5]. Crows manufacture hooked stick tools in a multi-stage process, involving the detachment of a branch from suitable vegetation; &quot;sculpting&quot; of a terminal hook from the nodal joint; and often additional adjustments, such as length trimming, shaft bending, and bark stripping [4, 6, 7]. Although tools made by a given population share key design features [4, 6, 8], they vary appreciably in overall shape and hook dimensions. Using wild-caught, temporarily captive crows, we experimentally investigated causes and consequences of variation in hook-tool morphology. We found that bird age, manufacture method, and raw-material properties influenced tool morphology, and that hook geometry in turn affected crows' foraging efficiency. Specifically, hook depth varied with both detachment technique and plant rigidity, and deeper hooks enabled faster prey extraction in the provided tasks. Older crows manufactured tools of distinctive shape, with pronounced shaft curvature and hooks of intermediate depth. Future work should explore the interactive effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on tool production and deployment. Our study provides a quantitative assessment of the drivers and functional significance of tool shape variation in a non-human animal, affording valuable comparative insights into early hominin tool crafting [9].}, }
@article {pmid29217466, year = {2018}, author = {Elderbrock, EK and Small, TW and Schoech, SJ}, title = {Influence of corticosterone treatment on nestling begging in Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens).}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {259}, number = {}, pages = {213-222}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.12.003}, pmid = {29217466}, issn = {1095-6840}, abstract = {Altricial young are dependent on adults for protection and food, and they display nutritional need by begging to elicit feeding from parents. Begging at high levels can be energetically expensive and attract predators; thus, an individual must balance its nutritional needs with these potential costs. Further, because a parent is limited in the amount of food it can provide, begging can contribute to both parent-offspring conflict and sibling-sibling competition. Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors may contribute to begging behavior. One intrinsic factor of interest is corticosterone (CORT), a metabolic hormone hypothesized to play a role in regulating a nestling's begging behavior. We investigated the hypothesis that increased exposure to CORT influences nestling begging behavior in an altricial species, the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). We treated one nestling per treatment nest with a twice-daily dose of exogenous hormone via a CORT-injected waxworm, whereas a second individual received a vehicle-injected waxworm. We monitored individual nestling and adult behavior at all nests with the use of high-definition video cameras on several days during treatment. We found no difference in begging rate between CORT fed and vehicle fed nestlings within a treatment nest. Further, to determine whether CORT treatment had indirect effects on the entire brood, we monitored additional nests, in which nestlings were not manipulated. When treatment and controls were compared, overall begging rates of nestlings in treatment nests were greater than those in control nests. This result suggests that CORT treatment of an individual altered its behavior, as well as that of its siblings.}, }
@article {pmid29187607, year = {2017}, author = {Found, R}, title = {Interactions between cleaner-birds and ungulates are personality dependent.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2017.0536}, pmid = {29187607}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Deer/*psychology ; *Passeriformes ; Personality ; }, abstract = {While a growing body of literature explores the ecological implications of consistent individual variation in the behaviour of wildlife, few studies have looked at the reciprocal influences of personality within interspecific interactions, despite the potentially significant impacts on biodiversity. Here I used two species involved in cleaner-bird behaviour-black-billed magpies (Pica pica) and Rocky mountain elk (Cervus canadensis)-to show that the exhibition of mutualistic behaviour can depend on the personality of the individual involved. I recorded suites of correlated behaviours in both elk and magpies to derive personality gradients from 'shy' to 'bold', which I compared with observations of interspecific interactions. I measured each half of this mutualistic relationship separately. I found that bold elk were more likely to aggressively reject magpie landings, while shy elk allowed magpies to land and groom them. Contrastingly, I found it was bold magpies that were willing to risk landings, while shy magpies rarely attempted landings. These results show that the exhibition of interspecific behaviour is predicated on the personality of the individuals, and thus likely contributes to the selection and maintenance of personality variation within populations.}, }
@article {pmid29128976, year = {2018}, author = {Hartmann, K and Veit, L and Nieder, A}, title = {Neurons in the crow nidopallium caudolaterale encode varying durations of visual working memory periods.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, volume = {236}, number = {1}, pages = {215-226}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-017-5120-3}, pmid = {29128976}, issn = {1432-1106}, support = {NI 618/6-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Adaptive sequential behaviors rely on the bridging and integration of temporally separate information for the realization of prospective goals. Corvids' remarkable behavioral flexibility is thought to depend on the workings of the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a high-level avian associative forebrain area. We trained carrion crows to remember visual items for three alternating delay durations in a delayed match-to-sample task and recorded single-unit activity from the NCL. Sample-selective delay activity, a correlate of visual working memory, was maintained throughout different working memory durations. Delay responses remained selective for the same preferred sample item across blocks with different delay durations. However, selectivity strength decreased with increasing delay durations, mirroring worsened behavioral performance with longer memory delays. Behavioral relevance of delay activity was further evidenced by reduced encoding of the preferred sample item during error trials. In addition, NCL neurons adapted their time-dependent discharges to blocks of different memory durations, so that delay duration could be successfully classified based on population activity a few trials after the delay duration switched. Therefore, NCL neurons not only maintain information from individual trials, but also keep track of the duration for which this information is needed in the context of the task. These results strengthen the role of corvid NCL in maintaining working memory for flexible control of temporally extended goal-directed behavior.}, }
@article {pmid29081434, year = {2017}, author = {Herzberg, D}, title = {Entitled to Addiction?: Pharmaceuticals, Race, and America's First Drug War.}, journal = {Bulletin of the history of medicine}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, pages = {586-623}, doi = {10.1353/bhm.2017.0061}, pmid = {29081434}, issn = {1086-3176}, support = {G13 LM012050/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Drug and Narcotic Control/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Racism/*history ; Substance-Related Disorders/*history/psychology ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*history/organization &amp; administration ; }, abstract = {This article rethinks the formative decades of American drug wars through a social history of addiction to pharmaceutical narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants in the first half of the twentieth century. It argues, first, that addiction to pharmaceutical drugs is no recent aberration; it has historically been more extensive than &quot;street&quot; or illicit drug use. Second, it argues that access to psychoactive pharmaceuticals was a problematic social entitlement constructed as distinctively medical amid the racialized reforms of the Progressive Era. The resulting drug control regime provided inadequate consumer protection for some (through the FDA), and overly punitive policing for others (through the FBN). Instead of seeing these as two separate stories-one a liberal triumph and the other a repressive scourge-both should be understood as part of the broader establishment of a consumer market for drugs segregated by class and race like other consumer markets developed in the era of Progressivism and Jim Crow.}, }
@article {pmid29078034, year = {2018}, author = {Hill, SD and Aryal, A and Pawley, MDM and Ji, W}, title = {So much for the city: Urban-rural song variation in a widespread Asiatic songbird.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {194-205}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12284}, pmid = {29078034}, issn = {1749-4877}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Asia ; Cities ; Male ; Noise ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Song plays a fundamental role in intraspecific communication in songbirds. The temporal and structural components of songs can vary in different habitats. These include urban habitats where anthropogenic sounds and alteration of habitat structure can significantly affect songbird vocal behavior. Urban-rural variations in song complexity, song length and syllable rate are not fully understood. In this study, using the oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) as a model, we investigated urban-rural variation in song complexity, song length, syllable rate, syllable length and inter-syllable interval. Comparing urban and rural songs from 7 countries across its natural Asiatic range (Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand), we found no significant differences in oriental magpie-robin song complexity. However, we found significant differences in temporal song variables between urban and rural sites. Longer songs and inter-syllable intervals in addition to slower syllable rates within urban sites contributed the most to this variance. This indicates that the urban environment may have driven production of longer and slower songs to maximize efficient transmission of important song information in urban habitats.}, }
@article {pmid28989768, year = {2017}, author = {Lambert, ML and Schiestl, M and Schwing, R and Taylor, AH and Gajdon, GK and Slocombe, KE and Seed, AM}, title = {Function and flexibility of object exploration in kea and New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {170652}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.170652}, pmid = {28989768}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {A range of non-human animals frequently manipulate and explore objects in their environment, which may enable them to learn about physical properties and potentially form more abstract concepts of properties such as weight and rigidity. Whether animals can apply the information learned during their exploration to solve novel problems, however, and whether they actually change their exploratory behaviour to seek functional information about objects have not been fully explored. We allowed kea (Nestor notabilis) and New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) to explore sets of novel objects both before and after encountering a task in which some of the objects could function as tools. Following this, subjects were given test trials in which they could choose among the objects they had explored to solve a tool-use task. Several individuals from both species performed above chance on these test trials, and only did so after exploring the objects, compared with a control experiment with no prior exploration phase. These results suggest that selection of functional tools may be guided by information acquired during exploration. Neither kea nor crows changed the duration or quality of their exploration after learning that the objects had a functional relevance, suggesting that birds do not adjust their behaviour to explicitly seek this information.}, }
@article {pmid28978738, year = {2017}, author = {Ręk, P and Magrath, RD}, title = {Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1864}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2017.1774}, pmid = {28978738}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australian Capital Territory ; Female ; Male ; Songbirds/*physiology ; *Territoriality ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing 'pseudo-duets' by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca, and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.}, }
@article {pmid28968822, year = {2017}, author = {McPhatter, LP and Su, T and Williams, G and Cheng, ML and Dhillon, M and Gerry, AC}, title = {Host-Feeding Patterns of Culex stigmatosoma (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern California.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, pages = {1750-1757}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx154}, pmid = {28968822}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; California ; Cattle ; Cities ; *Culex ; Dogs ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of the blood-feeding patterns exhibited by arthropod vectors is essential for understanding the complex dynamics of vector-borne disease transmission. Some species of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex have been implicated as having major roles in the transmission of arboviruses such as West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and Western equine encephalitis virus. Although the host-feeding patterns for many of these Culex species are well studied, the host-feeding patterns of Culex stigmatosoma Dyar are relatively poorly studied, even though this species is suspected to be an important maintenance vector for West Nile virus and other arboviruses. In the current study, bloodmeals from 976 blood-engorged Cx. stigmatosoma, collected from 30 sites in southern California from 2009-2012, were processed for vertebrate host identification by nucleotide sequencing following polymerase chain reaction to amplify portions of the cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b genes of vertebrate animals. Vertebrate DNA was amplified, sequenced, and identified from a total of 647 Cx. stigmatosoma bloodmeals, revealing that 98.6% of bloodmeals were from birds, 1.2% from three mammal species, and a single bloodmeal was from a reptile species. In total, 40 different host species were identified. The greatest number of bloodmeals identified was from domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) (38% of bloodmeals), house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.) (23%), house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus Müller) (17%), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos L.) (4%), and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura L.) (3%). However, chicken bloodmeals were identified almost entirely from a single site where mosquito collection devices were placed in the near vicinity of confined domestic chickens. The strongly ornithophilic feeding behavior shown in this study for Cx. stigmatosoma supports the hypothesis that this mosquito species may be an important maintenance (or endemic) vector for arboviruses that circulate among susceptible birds.}, }
@article {pmid28963599, year = {2017}, author = {Stanton, L and Davis, E and Johnson, S and Gilbert, A and Benson-Amram, S}, title = {Adaptation of the Aesop's Fable paradigm for use with raccoons (Procyon lotor): considerations for future application in non-avian and non-primate species.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {1147-1152}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-017-1129-z}, pmid = {28963599}, issn = {1435-9456}, abstract = {To gain a better understanding of the evolution of animal cognition, it is necessary to test and compare the cognitive abilities of a broad array of taxa. Meaningful inter-species comparisons are best achieved by employing universal paradigms that standardize testing among species. Many cognitive paradigms, however, have been tested in only a few taxa, mostly birds and primates. One such example, known as the Aesop's Fable paradigm, is designed to assess causal understanding in animals using water displacement. To evaluate the universal effectiveness of the Aesop's Fable paradigm, we applied this paradigm to a previously untested taxon, the raccoon (Procyon lotor). We first trained captive raccoons to drop stones into a tube of water to retrieve a floating food reward. Next, we presented successful raccoons with objects that differed in the amount of water they displaced to determine whether raccoons could select the most functional option. Raccoons performed differently than corvids and human children did in previous studies of Aesop's Fable, and we found raccoons to be innovative in many aspects of this task. We suggest that raccoon performance in this paradigm reflected differences in tangential factors, such as behavior, morphology, and testing procedures, rather than cognitive deficiencies. We also present insight into previously undocumented challenges that should better inform future Aesop's Fable studies incorporating more diverse taxa.}, }
@article {pmid28953940, year = {2017}, author = {Lee, SI and Lee, H and Jablonski, PG and Choe, JC and Husby, M}, title = {Microbial abundance on the eggs of a passerine bird and related fitness consequences between urban and rural habitats.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0185411}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0185411}, pmid = {28953940}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Eggs/*microbiology ; Passeriformes/*microbiology/physiology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Urban environments present novel and challenging habitats to wildlife. In addition to well-known difference in abiotic factors between rural and urban environments, the biotic environment, including microbial fauna, may also differ significantly. In this study, we aimed to compare the change in microbial abundance on eggshells during incubation between urban and rural populations of a passerine bird, the Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica), and examine the consequences of any differences in microbial abundances in terms of hatching success and nestling survival. Using real-time PCR, we quantified the abundances of total bacteria, Escherichia coli/Shigella spp., surfactin-producing Bacillus spp. and Candida albicans on the eggshells of magpies. We found that urban magpie eggs harboured greater abundances of E. coli/Shigella spp. and C. albicans before incubation than rural magpie eggs. During incubation, there was an increase in the total bacterial load, but a decrease in C. albicans on urban eggs relative to rural eggs. Rural eggs showed a greater increase in E. coli/Shigella spp. relative to their urban counterpart. Hatching success of the brood was generally lower in urban than rural population. Nestling survival was differentially related with the eggshell microbial abundance between urban and rural populations, which was speculated to be the result of the difference in the strength of the interaction among the microbes. This is the first demonstration that avian clutches in urban and rural populations differ in eggshell microbial abundance, which can be further related to the difference in hatching success and nestling survival in these two types of environments. We suggest that future studies on the eggshell microbes should investigate the interaction among the microbes, because the incubation and/or environmental factors such as urbanization or climate condition can influence the dynamic interactions among the microbes on the eggshells which can further determine the breeding success of the parents.}, }
@article {pmid28922382, year = {2017}, author = {Canestrari, D and Bolopo, D and Turlings, TCJ and Röder, G and Marcos, JM and Baglione, V}, title = {Formal comment to Soler et al.: Great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern Spain.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e0184446}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0184446}, pmid = {28922382}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; Crows ; Nesting Behavior ; *Passeriformes ; Spain ; }, }
@article {pmid28914409, year = {2018}, author = {Despinoy, F and Zemiti, N and Forestier, G and Sánchez, A and Jannin, P and Poignet, P}, title = {Evaluation of contactless human-machine interface for robotic surgical training.}, journal = {International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {13-24}, doi = {10.1007/s11548-017-1666-6}, pmid = {28914409}, issn = {1861-6429}, mesh = {Gestures ; Humans ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/*education/methods ; *User-Computer Interface ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Teleoperated robotic systems are nowadays routinely used for specific interventions. Benefits of robotic training courses have already been acknowledged by the community since manipulation of such systems requires dedicated training. However, robotic surgical simulators remain expensive and require a dedicated human-machine interface.<br><br>METHODS: We present a low-cost contactless optical sensor, the Leap Motion, as a novel control device to manipulate the RAVEN-II robot. We compare peg manipulations during a training task with a contact-based device, the electro-mechanical Sigma.7. We perform two complementary analyses to quantitatively assess the performance of each control method: a metric-based comparison and a novel unsupervised spatiotemporal trajectory clustering.<br><br>RESULTS: We show that contactless control does not offer as good manipulability as the contact-based. Where part of the metric-based evaluation presents the mechanical control better than the contactless one, the unsupervised spatiotemporal trajectory clustering from the surgical tool motions highlights specific signature inferred by the human-machine interfaces.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Even if the current implementation of contactless control does not overtake manipulation with high-standard mechanical interface, we demonstrate that using the optical sensor complete control of the surgical instruments is feasible. The proposed method allows fine tracking of the trainee's hands in order to execute dexterous laparoscopic training gestures. This work is promising for development of future human-machine interfaces dedicated to robotic surgical training systems.}, }
@article {pmid28895948, year = {2017}, author = {Marley, SA and Erbe, C and Kent, CPS}, title = {Underwater recordings of the whistles of bottlenose dolphins in Fremantle Inner Harbour, Western Australia.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {170126}, doi = {10.1038/sdata.2017.126}, pmid = {28895948}, issn = {2052-4463}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bottle-Nosed Dolphin ; *Vocalization, Animal ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {Dolphins use frequency-modulated whistles for a variety of social functions. Whistles vary in their characteristics according to context, such as activity state, group size, group composition, geographic location, and ambient noise levels. Therefore, comparison of whistle characteristics can be used to address numerous research questions regarding dolphin populations and behaviour. However, logistical and economic constraints on dolphin research have resulted in data collection biases, inconsistent analytical approaches, and knowledge gaps. This Data Descriptor presents an acoustic dataset of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) whistles recorded in the Fremantle Inner Harbour, Western Australia. Data were collected using an autonomous recorder and analysed using a range of acoustic measurements. Acoustic data review identified 336 whistles, which were subsequently measured for six key characteristics using Raven Pro software. Of these, 164 'high-quality' whistles were manually measured to provide an additional five acoustic characteristics. Digital files of individual whistles and corresponding measurements make this dataset available to researchers to address future questions regarding variations within and between dolphin communities.}, }
@article {pmid28878059, year = {2017}, author = {Laumer, IB and Bugnyar, T and Reber, SA and Auersperg, AMI}, title = {Can hook-bending be let off the hook? Bending/unbending of pliant tools by cockatoos.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {284}, number = {1862}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2017.1026}, pmid = {28878059}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cockatoos ; *Learning ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The spontaneous crafting of hook-tools from bendable material to lift a basket out of a vertical tube in corvids has widely been used as one of the prime examples of animal tool innovation. However, it was recently suggested that the animals' solution was hardly innovative but strongly influenced by predispositions from habitual tool use and nest building. We tested Goffin's cockatoo, which is neither a specialized tool user nor a nest builder, on a similar task set-up. Three birds individually learned to bend hook tools from straight wire to retrieve food from vertical tubes and four subjects unbent wire to retrieve food from horizontal tubes. Pre-experience with ready-made hooks had some effect but was not necessary for success. Our results indicate that the ability to represent and manufacture tools according to a current need does not require genetically hardwired behavioural routines, but can indeed arise innovatively from domain general cognitive processing.}, }
@article {pmid28874011, year = {2017}, author = {Thiemann, TC and Woodward, DL and Fang, Y and Ryan, BM and Nelms, BM and Scott, JJ and Reisen, WK}, title = {Abundance and Bloodfeeding Patterns of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an Oak Woodland on the Eastern Slope of the Northern Coast Range of California.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, pages = {1344-1353}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjx078}, pmid = {28874011}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; California ; Culicidae/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Forests ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; *Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The abundance and bloodfeeding patterns of mosquitoes was studied from 2008 to 2010 at an 18 ha. oak woodland in Lake County, CA. Host-seeking females were collected weekly from sunset to sunrise by paired dry-ice-baited CDC style traps, whereas resting females were aspirated from paired walk-in red boxes. Sequences of the COI gene amplified from bloodmeals from engorged resting females were used to identify the bloodmeal hosts. Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) and Aedes increpitus Dyar complex mosquitoes were univoltine, although the timing of emergence and abundance varied temporally and seemed weather dependent. Abundance of both Anopheles franciscanus McCracken and Anopheles freeborni Aitken peaked in mid to late summer. Females of both genera bloodfed primarily on mule deer and black-tailed jackrabbits, and few fed on either dogs or humans that were consistently present within the woodland. In contrast, multivoltine Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culex stigmatosoma Dyar were abundant throughout summer, especially from July to September. Both Culex species bloodfed on a wide variety of avian hosts, with most bloodmeals originating from California scrub-jay, wild turkey, oak titmouse, and house finch. Culex tarsalis fed on proportionately more mammals as summer progressed, peaking at 33% in September.}, }
@article {pmid28857604, year = {2017}, author = {Schwing, R and Weber, S and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Kea (Nestor notabilis) decide early when to wait in food exchange task.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {131}, number = {4}, pages = {269-276}, doi = {10.1037/com0000086}, pmid = {28857604}, issn = {1939-2087}, support = {//Austrian Science Fund (FWF)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Delay Discounting/*physiology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; Psittaciformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability to forego an immediate reward in favor of a bigger or better one at a later point has been linked with advanced cognitive skills, such as impulse control and forward-planning, and can be assessed by the classic food exchange paradigm. While the ability to perform in such tasks has long been regarded as an exclusive trait of humans and some mammals, that is, primates and dogs, in recent years some bird species have been found to perform similarly as primates. Here we test 10 captive kea (Nestor notabilis), using a food exchange paradigm standardized in earlier experiments, but adding the use of a container to hold the initial item. The subjects reached waiting times of up to 160 s. They also showed significantly different results depending on the difference in the preference level for the presented food items, as well as clearly nonrandom waiting times, displaying forward-planning and economic evaluation of the situation at hand. As in most other species, results were markedly better when exchanging for quality as opposed to quantity. These results provide further evidence for temporal discounting in birds and fit in with the data gained on corvids and parrots in recent years. (PsycINFO Database Record}, }
@article {pmid28847742, year = {2017}, author = {Fausto, F and Cuevas, E and Valdivia, A and González, A}, title = {A global optimization algorithm inspired in the behavior of selfish herds.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {39-55}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.07.010}, pmid = {28847742}, issn = {1872-8324}, mesh = {*Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Crows/physiology ; Insecta/physiology ; *Mass Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In this paper, a novel swarm optimization algorithm called the Selfish Herd Optimizer (SHO) is proposed for solving global optimization problems. SHO is based on the simulation of the widely observed selfish herd behavior manifested by individuals within a herd of animals subjected to some form of predation risk. In SHO, individuals emulate the predatory interactions between groups of prey and predators by two types of search agents: the members of a selfish herd (the prey) and a pack of hungry predators. Depending on their classification as either a prey or a predator, each individual is conducted by a set of unique evolutionary operators inspired by such prey-predator relationship. These unique traits allow SHO to improve the balance between exploration and exploitation without altering the population size. To illustrate the proficiency and robustness of the proposed method, it is compared to other well-known evolutionary optimization approaches such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Differential Evolution (DE), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), Dragonfly Algorithm (DA), Moth-flame Optimization Algorithm (MOA) and Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). The comparison examines several standard benchmark functions, commonly considered within the literature of evolutionary algorithms. The experimental results show the remarkable performance of our proposed approach against those of the other compared methods, and as such SHO is proven to be an excellent alternative to solve global optimization problems.}, }
@article {pmid28724689, year = {2017}, author = {Kelley, LA and Clayton, NS}, title = {California scrub-jays reduce visual cues available to potential pilferers by matching food colour to caching substrate.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2017.0242}, pmid = {28724689}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; Color ; Cues ; Feeding Behavior ; *Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {Some animals hide food to consume later; however, these caches are susceptible to theft by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Caching animals can use protective strategies to minimize sensory cues available to potential pilferers, such as caching in shaded areas and in quiet substrate. Background matching (where object patterning matches the visual background) is commonly seen in prey animals to reduce conspicuousness, and caching animals may also use this tactic to hide caches, for example, by hiding coloured food in a similar coloured substrate. We tested whether California scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) camouflage their food in this way by offering them caching substrates that either matched or did not match the colour of food available for caching. We also determined whether this caching behaviour was sensitive to social context by allowing the birds to cache when a conspecific potential pilferer could be both heard and seen (acoustic and visual cues present), or unseen (acoustic cues only). When caching events could be both heard and seen by a potential pilferer, birds cached randomly in matching and non-matching substrates. However, they preferentially hid food in the substrate that matched the food colour when only acoustic cues were present. This is a novel cache protection strategy that also appears to be sensitive to social context. We conclude that studies of cache protection strategies should consider the perceptual capabilities of the cacher and potential pilferers.}, }
@article {pmid28724626, year = {2017}, author = {Serrano, FJ and Chiappe, LM}, title = {Aerodynamic modelling of a Cretaceous bird reveals thermal soaring capabilities during early avian evolution.}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface}, volume = {14}, number = {132}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2017.0182}, pmid = {28724626}, issn = {1742-5662}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Fossils ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Several flight modes are thought to have evolved during the early evolution of birds. Here, we use a combination of computational modelling and morphofunctional analyses to infer the flight properties of the raven-sized, Early Cretaceous bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis-a likely candidate to have evolved soaring capabilities. Specifically, drawing information from (i) mechanical inferences of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus, (ii) wing shape (i.e. aspect ratio), (iii) estimations of power margin (i.e. difference between power required for flight and available power from muscles), (iv) gliding behaviour (i.e. forward speed and sinking speed), and (v) palaeobiological evidence, we conclude that S. chaoyangensis was a thermal soarer with an ecology similar to that of living South American screamers. Our results indicate that as early as 125 Ma, some birds evolved the morphological and aerodynamic requirements for soaring on continental thermals, a conclusion that highlights the degree of ecological, functional and behavioural diversity that resulted from the first major evolutionary radiation of birds.}, }
@article {pmid28706072, year = {2017}, author = {Kabadayi, C and Osvath, M}, title = {Ravens parallel great apes in flexible planning for tool-use and bartering.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {357}, number = {6347}, pages = {202-204}, doi = {10.1126/science.aam8138}, pmid = {28706072}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Crows ; Female ; Hominidae/*psychology ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The ability to flexibly plan for events outside of the current sensory scope is at the core of being human and is crucial to our everyday lives and society. Studies on apes have shaped a belief that this ability evolved within the hominid lineage. Corvids, however, have shown evidence of planning their food hoarding, although this has been suggested to reflect a specific caching adaptation rather than domain-general planning. Here, we show that ravens plan for events unrelated to caching-tool-use and bartering-with delays of up to 17 hours, exert self-control, and consider temporal distance to future events. Their performance parallels that seen in apes and suggests that planning evolved independently in corvids, which opens new avenues for the study of cognitive evolution.}, }
@article {pmid28695387, year = {2017}, author = {Mitra, S and Karmakar, A and Mukherjee, A and Barik, A}, title = {The Role of Leaf Volatiles of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven in the Attraction of Altica cyanea (Weber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, pages = {679-692}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-017-0866-4}, pmid = {28695387}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {F. No. - 43-578/2014(SR) from UGC, Govt. of India//University Grants Commission/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Female ; *Herbivory ; Monoterpenes/analysis/metabolism ; Olfactometry ; Onagraceae/chemistry/*physiology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Pheromones/analysis/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/*physiology ; Plant Weeds/chemistry/*physiology ; Terpenes/analysis/metabolism ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Larvae and adults of Altica cyanea (Weber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feed on the rice-field weed Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (Onagraceae), commonly known as willow primrose, which is considered a biocontrol agent of the weed. Volatile organic compounds from undamaged plants, plants after 4, 12, and 36 h of continuous feeding by A. cyanea larvae or adult females and after mechanical damaging were identified by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. Twenty nine compounds were identified from undamaged plants. 2Z-Penten-1-ol, geraniol, and 1-tridecanol were present in all plants damaged by larvae. In contrast, feeding by adults caused the release of 2Z-penten-1-ol only after 12 and 36 h; whereas geraniol and 1-tridecanol appeared only after 36 h. Farnesyl acetone was detected after 12 and 36 h of feeding by larvae and after 36 h of feeding by adults. Farnesene was detected after 36 h of feeding by larvae and adults. Linalool was unique after 36 h of feeding by larvae. In Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassays, A. cyanea females were attracted to volatiles after 36 h of feeding by larvae or adults compared to volatiles released by undamaged plants. The insects were attracted to five synthetic compounds: 3-hexanol, α-pinene, linalool oxide, geraniol, and phytol. Synthetic blends were more attractive than individual compounds. Compared to undamaged plants, volatiles released by plants, damaged by conspecific individuals, were more attractive to A. cyanea females, due to elevated emissions of 3-hexanol, α-pinene, linalool oxide, geraniol, and phytol.}, }
@article {pmid28691148, year = {2017}, author = {Bugelli, V and Papi, L and Fornaro, S and Stefanelli, F and Chericoni, S and Giusiani, M and Vanin, S and Campobasso, CP}, title = {Entomotoxicology in burnt bodies: a case of maternal filicide-suicide by fire.}, journal = {International journal of legal medicine}, volume = {131}, number = {5}, pages = {1299-1306}, doi = {10.1007/s00414-017-1628-0}, pmid = {28691148}, issn = {1437-1596}, abstract = {One of the most common methods of maternal filicide is by fire. In this case study, a 40-year-old female and her children were found completely burned in a burnt out car. All bodies showed a degree of destruction by fire consisting to a level 3 of the Crow-Glassman Scale (CGS) and early stage of insect activity. Toxicological analyses were performed on soft tissues and body fluids still available. The results were positive for diazepam and its metabolites only for children with blood concentrations consistent with therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines. Home video surveillance cameras confirmed sedation prior to death recording the mother while administering some drops of sedative drugs in a soft drink to the children just a couple of hours before setting fire to the car. Based on autopsy findings, all victims were still alive at the time of fire. The cause of death was determined as carbon monoxide poisoning and fatal thermal injuries by fire. This case study has a special focus on the entomotoxicology and the potential role of insects in death investigations of burnt bodies, supposed to be an inadequate substratum for insect colonization. It demonstrates that in burnt bodies, arthropod colonization can be quite immediate after fire is extinguished. Toxicological analyses performed on larvae actively feeding on the children's bodies were positive for diazepam and its metabolites in small amount compared with blood concentrations, whereas the larvae collected from the mother's body were totally negative. These data, according to the autopsy findings and the toxicological results from the victim's blood and tissues, supported the suspect of a non-lethal sedation prior to death, which is a common behaviour in maternal filicide.}, }
@article {pmid28689262, year = {2017}, author = {West, EH and Peery, MZ}, title = {Behavioral mechanisms leading to improved fitness in a subsidized predator.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {4}, pages = {787-798}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-017-3898-0}, pmid = {28689262}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {MSN150028//Save the Redwoods League (US)/ ; MSN160820//Save the Redwoods League (US)/ ; MSN164905//University of Wisconsin Madison Office of the Vice Chancellor Research and Graduate Education/ ; }, abstract = {General mechanisms underlying the distribution and fitness of synanthropic predators in human-influenced landscapes remain unclear. Under the consumer resource-matching hypothesis, synanthropes are expected to distribute themselves among habitats according to resource availability, such that densities are greater in human-subsidized habitats, but mean individual fitness is equal among habitats because of negative density dependence. However, &quot;under-matching&quot; to human food resources can occur, because dominant individuals exclude subordinates from subsidized habitats and realize relatively high fitness. We integrated physiological, behavioral, and demographic information to test resource-matching hypotheses in Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), a synanthropic nest predator, to understand how behavior and social systems can influence how synanthropes respond to food subsidies. Jays consumed more human foods at subsidized (park campground) sites than jays at unsubsidized (interior forest) sites based on stable isotope analyses. Jays that occurred at higher densities were in better body condition (based on feather growth bars and lipid analyses), and had greater reproductive output at subsidized than unsubsidized sites. Jays with breeding territories in subsidized sites maintained relatively small home ranges that overlapped with multiple conspecifics, and exhibited a social system where dominant individuals typically won contests over food. Thus, jays appeared to be under-matched to prevalent resource subsidies despite high densities and behaviors expected to lead to resource matching. Our results also indicate that local resource subsidies within protected areas can result in source habitats for synanthropes, potentially impacting sensitive species over broader spatial scales.}, }
@article {pmid28624899, year = {2017}, author = {Fasfous, AF and Al-Joudi, HF and Puente, AE and Pérez-García, M}, title = {Neuropsychological Measures in the Arab World: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Neuropsychology review}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {158-173}, doi = {10.1007/s11065-017-9347-3}, pmid = {28624899}, issn = {1573-6660}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Arab World ; Humans ; Middle East ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; *Neuropsychology/instrumentation/methods ; }, abstract = {Although Arabic is one of the most widely used languages in the world, little is known on the availability of standardized neuropsychological tests in Arabic. We review the literature published before 2016, using the keywords Arab*, cogniti*, and neuropsycholo*, as well as keywords for each Arab country. PubMed, PsycINFO, Education Source, Academic Search Complete, Education Resources Information Center, Shamaa, and Arabpsynet databases were searched, in addition to a selected number of Arabic medical and educational journals. After excluding case reports, studies conducted on Arab groups residing outside the Arab world or Israel, and studies that employed intelligence scales or cognitive screens without standardization, 384 studies were eventually reviewed. Tests with most extensive use, adaptation, validation and norming were identified. The Raven Matrices, with its variants, was the most normed cognitive test for Arab individuals (normed in 16 countries). The rate of neuropsychology publications from the Arab countries combined, per year, was less than half of that of each American journal (top 10 journals pertaining to cognition). Nonetheless, the rate in Arab countries has increased after 2010. Publications were mostly from Egypt and Saudi Arabia, but the ratio of test adaptation-to-publication was the largest in Jordan and Lebanon. Approximately half of these publications did not employ cognitive tests that were developed, translated, adapted, or standardized according to international guidelines of psychological measurement. We provide recommendations on improving clinical neuropsychology to better serve Arab patients.}, }
@article {pmid28619108, year = {2017}, author = {Gomo, G and Mattisson, J and Hagen, BR and Moa, PF and Willebrand, T}, title = {Scavenging on a pulsed resource: quality matters for corvids but density for mammals.}, journal = {BMC ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {22}, doi = {10.1186/s12898-017-0132-1}, pmid = {28619108}, issn = {1472-6785}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Deer/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Male ; Norway ; Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human food subsidies can provide predictable food sources in large quantities for wildlife species worldwide. In the boreal forest of Fennoscandia, gut piles from moose (Alces alces) harvest provide a potentially important food source for a range of opportunistically scavenging predators. Increased populations of predators can negatively affect threatened or important game species. As a response to this, restrictions on field dressing of moose are under consideration in parts of Norway. However, there is a lack of research to how this resource is utilized. In this study, we used camera-trap data from 50 gut piles during 1043 monitoring days. We estimated depletion of gut piles separately for parts with high and low energy content, and used these results to scale up gut pile density in the study area. We identified scavenger species and analyzed the influences of gut pile quality and density on scavenging behavior of mammals and corvids (family Corvidae).<br><br>RESULTS: Main scavengers were corvids and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Parts with high energy content were rapidly consumed, mainly by corvids that were present at all gut piles shortly after the remains were left at the kill site. Corvid presence declined with days since harvest, reflecting reduction in gut pile quality over time independent of gut pile density. Mammals arrived 7-8 days later at the gut piles than corvids, and their presence depended only on gut pile density with a peak at intermediate densities. The decline at high gut pile densities suggest a saturation effect, which could explain accumulation of gut pile parts with low energy content.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that remains from moose harvest can potentially be an important food resource for scavengers, as it was utilized to a high degree by many species. This study gives novel insight into how energy content and density of resources affect scavenging patterns among functional groups of scavengers.}, }
@article {pmid28570966, year = {2017}, author = {O'Donnell, LA and Axelson, DA and Kowatch, RA and Schneck, CD and Sugar, CA and Miklowitz, DJ}, title = {Enhancing quality of life among adolescents with bipolar disorder: A randomized trial of two psychosocial interventions.}, journal = {Journal of affective disorders}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {201-208}, doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.039}, pmid = {28570966}, issn = {1573-2517}, support = {R01 MH073871/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH093676/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R21 MH097007/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Bipolar Disorder/psychology/*therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Communication ; Family Relations ; Family Therapy/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Education as Topic/*methods ; Quality of Life/*psychology ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) report lower quality of life (QoL) than adolescents with other psychiatric disorders. This study compared the efficacy of family-focused therapy for adolescents (FFT-A) plus pharmacotherapy to brief psychoeducation (enhanced care, or EC) plus pharmacotherapy on self-rated QoL in adolescents with BD over 2 years.<br><br>METHODS: Participants were 141 adolescents (mean age: 15.6±1.4yr) with BD I or II who had a mood episode in the previous 3 months. Adolescents and parents were randomly assigned to (1) FFT-A, given in 21 sessions in 9 months of psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills training, or (2) EC, given in 3 family psychoeducation sessions. Study psychiatrists provided patient participants with protocol-based pharmacotherapy for the duration of the study. QoL was assessed with The KINDLRQuestionnaire (Ravens-Sieberer and Bullinger, 1998) during active treatment (baseline to 9 months) and during a post-treatment follow-up (9-24 months).<br><br>RESULTS: The two treatment groups did not differ in overall QoL scores over 24 months. However, adolescents in FFT-A had greater improvements in quality of family relationships and physical well-being than participants in EC. For quality of friendships, the trajectory during active treatment favored EC, whereas the trajectory during post-treatment favored FFT-A.<br><br>LIMITATIONS: We were unable to standardize medication use or adherence over time. Quality of life was based on self-report rather than on observable functioning.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A short course of family psychoeducation and skills training may enhance relational functioning and health in adolescents with BD. The effects of different psychosocial interventions on peer relationships deserves further study.}, }
@article {pmid28557688, year = {2017}, author = {Veit, L and Pidpruzhnykova, G and Nieder, A}, title = {Learning Recruits Neurons Representing Previously Established Associations in the Corvid Endbrain.}, journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience}, volume = {29}, number = {10}, pages = {1712-1724}, doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_01152}, pmid = {28557688}, issn = {1530-8898}, mesh = {Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Feedback, Psychological/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Telencephalon/*physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; }, abstract = {Crows quickly learn arbitrary associations. As a neuronal correlate of this behavior, single neurons in the corvid endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) change their response properties during association learning. In crows performing a delayed association task that required them to map both familiar and novel sample pictures to the same two choice pictures, NCL neurons established a common, prospective code for associations. Here, we report that neuronal tuning changes during learning were not distributed equally in the recorded population of NCL neurons. Instead, such learning-related changes relied almost exclusively on neurons which were already encoding familiar associations. Only in such neurons did behavioral improvements during learning of novel associations coincide with increasing selectivity over the learning process. The size and direction of selectivity for familiar and newly learned associations were highly correlated. These increases in selectivity for novel associations occurred only late in the delay period. Moreover, NCL neurons discriminated correct from erroneous trial outcome based on feedback signals at the end of the trial, particularly in newly learned associations. Our results indicate that task-relevant changes during association learning are not distributed within the population of corvid NCL neurons but rather are restricted to a specific group of association-selective neurons. Such association neurons in the multimodal cognitive integration area NCL likely play an important role during highly flexible behavior in corvids.}, }
@article {pmid28535928, year = {2017}, author = {Luef, EM and Ter Maat, A and Pika, S}, title = {Vocal similarity in long-distance and short-distance vocalizations in raven pairs (Corvus corax) in captivity.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {142}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2017.05.013}, pmid = {28535928}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Acoustics ; Animals ; Communication ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Pair Bond ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vocal interactions in many birds are characterized by imitation or the matching of vocalizations whereby one individual makes its vocalizations more similar to those of a conspecific. This behaviour is aided by vocal learning, which allows birds to change the vocalizations already in their repertoires, or to add new ones. The majority of studies on vocal similarity have been focussing on the songs of birds rather than their calls, with evidence for vocal similarity in calls being rather scarce. Here, we investigated whether ravens make their calls acoustically similar to one another by analysing the extent to which short- and long-distance calls of their vocal repertoires exhibited vocal similarity. Our results showed that long-distance calls, but not short-distance calls, are highly similar between pair partners. This effect may be explained by the different functions underlying short- and long-distance communication in ravens, with vocal similarity possibly being scaffolded by specific social matrices such as pair-bonds and/or strong social relationships.}, }
@article {pmid28510577, year = {2017}, author = {Baragli, P and Demuru, E and Scopa, C and Palagi, E}, title = {Are horses capable of mirror self-recognition? A pilot study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {e0176717}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0176717}, pmid = {28510577}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Horses ; Pilot Projects ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Mirror Self-Recognition (MSR) unveils complex cognitive, social and emotional skills and it has been found only in humans and few other species, such as great apes, dolphins, elephants and magpies. In this pilot study, we tested if horses show the capacity of MSR. Four subjects living socially under naturalistic conditions were selected for the experiment. We adopted the classical mark test, which consists in placing a coloured mark on an out-of-view body part, visible only through mirror inspection. If the animal considers the image as its own, it will use its reflection to detect the mark and will try to explore it. We enhanced the classical paradigm by introducing a double-check control. Only in the presence of the reflecting surface, animals performed tactile and olfactory exploration of the mirror and looked behind it. These behaviors suggest that subjects were trying to associate multiple sensory cues (visual, tactile and olfactory) to the image in the mirror. The lack of correspondence between the collected stimuli in front of the mirror and the response to the colored mark lead us to affirm that horses are able to perceive that the reflected image is incongruent when compared with the memorized information of a real horse. However, without replication of data, the self-directed behavior towards the colored marks showed by our horses cannot be sufficient per se to affirm that horses are capable of self-recognition.}, }
@article {pmid28499162, year = {2017}, author = {Jaam, M and Ibrahim, MIM and Kheir, N and Awaisu, A}, title = {Factors associated with medication adherence among patients with diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa region: A systematic mixed studies review.}, journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2017.04.015}, pmid = {28499162}, issn = {1872-8227}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Diabetes Mellitus/*drug therapy/psychology ; Drug Therapy, Combination/psychology ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Medication Adherence/*psychology ; Middle East ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {Multiple systematic reviews were conducted investigating factors associated with medication adherence worldwide. However, investigations from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region were largely underrepresented in those reviews. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review is to identify the factors influencing medication adherence among patients with diabetes in the MENA region. A systematic literature search was conducted through Cochrane Library, EBSCO, EMBASE, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, and ProQuest. Studies were included if they determined factors associated with medication adherence among patients with diabetes within the MENA region. Quality was assessed using Crow Critical Appraisal Tool. Thirty primary studies from 10 MENA countries were included. The factors associated with medication adherence were categorized into demographics-related; disease- and medication-related; perception, attitude and psychological feelings-related; and societal-related factors. Positively associated factors included knowledge about the disease and medications, regular follow-up visits, and patients' positive beliefs about effectiveness and motivations about medications, while negatively associated factors included forgetfulness, side effects, and polypharmacy. Factors associated with medication adherence among patients with diabetes in the MENA region are highly diverse. The identified factors can serve as potential targets for culturally-relevant interventions to improve medication adherence and overall health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid28499128, year = {2017}, author = {Zarrintab, M and Mirzaei, R}, title = {Stress induced by heavy metals on breeding of magpie (Pica pica) from central Iran.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {143}, number = {}, pages = {28-37}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.047}, pmid = {28499128}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {Animals ; Clutch Size/drug effects ; Ecosystem ; Egg Shell/chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity ; Feathers/chemistry ; Iran ; Metals, Heavy/analysis/*toxicity ; Ovum/chemistry ; Passeriformes/*metabolism/physiology ; Pica ; Random Allocation ; Reproduction/*drug effects ; Stress, Physiological/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to address the impacts of some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu) contamination on laying behavior, egg quality and breeding performance of Pica pica in north of Isfahan Province, Iran. During the breeding season of 2013, magpie's egg content and eggshell as well as nestling excrements and feathers were collected and total concentrations of heavy metals were measured by ICP-OES. Except for Zn in nestling feathers, the significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals were observed in nestling excrements than other samples. Also, comparison of heavy metals concentrations in egg content and eggshell showed that egg content had significantly higher concentrations of Zn and Pb, instead eggshell had significantly higher amount of Cu and Cd. Except for Cu, all heavy metals concentrations in eggshell had a negative relationship with morphological characters; and also concentration of Cu in egg content showed a significantly negative correlation with egg weight and volume. The most of heavy metals in nestling feathers and excrements had strongly positive correlations with each other. Also all heavy metals levels in eggshell and egg content had significantly positive correlations (except for Cu). Unhatched eggs had significantly lower weight but also greater levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb, than randomly collected eggs. No significant differences were observed for morphometric measurements of eggs between different sites, however, a decreased gradient was observed in egg volume toward the brick kiln site. Samples collected in brick kiln site accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals than other sites. Although numbers of clutch size in brick kiln site were significantly higher than other sites, however, other breeding variable were lower than other sites. It can be suggested that ecosystem contamination may be caused to decrease the reproduction rate of Pica pica in brick kiln, probably by laying more poor quality eggs per clutch and nestling mortality.}, }
@article {pmid28422953, year = {2017}, author = {Soler, M and de Neve, L and Roldán, M and Pérez-Contreras, T and Soler, JJ}, title = {Great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern Spain.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0173080}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0173080}, pmid = {28422953}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Crows/parasitology/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Spain ; Symbiosis/physiology ; }, abstract = {Host defences against cuckoo parasitism and cuckoo trickeries to overcome them are a classic example of antagonistic coevolution. Recently it has been reported that this relationship may turn to be mutualistic in the case of the carrion crow (Corvus corone) and its brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius), given that experimentally and naturally parasitized nests were depredated at a lower rate than non-parasitized nests. This result was interpreted as a consequence of the antipredatory properties of a fetid cloacal secretion produced by cuckoo nestlings, which presumably deters predators from parasitized host nests. This potential defensive mechanism would therefore explain the detected higher fledgling success of parasitized nests during breeding seasons with high predation risk. Here, in a different study population, we explored the expected benefits in terms of reduced nest predation in naturally and experimentally parasitized nests of two different host species, carrion crows and magpies (Pica pica). During the incubation phase non-parasitized nests were depredated more frequently than parasitized nests. However, during the nestling phase, parasitized nests were not depredated at a lower rate than non-parasitized nests, neither in magpie nor in carrion crow nests, and experimental translocation of great spotted cuckoo hatchlings did not reveal causal effects between parasitism state and predation rate of host nests. Therefore, our results do not fit expectations and, thus, do not support the fascinating possibility that great spotted cuckoo nestlings could have an antipredatory effect for host nestlings, at least in our study area. We also discuss different possibilities that may conciliate these with previous results, but also several alternative explanations, including the lack of generalizability of the previously documented mutualistic association.}, }
@article {pmid28412529, year = {2017}, author = {Manrique, HM and Molina, AC and Posada, S and Colell, M}, title = {Vertical string-pulling in green jays (Cyanocorax yncas).}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {140}, number = {}, pages = {74-80}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.004}, pmid = {28412529}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition/*physiology ; Conditioning, Operant ; Discrimination Learning ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {The cognition of green jays (Cyanocorax yncas), a non Corvus corvid species, was investigated by using the string-pulling paradigm. Five adult green jays performed a vertical string-pulling task in which they had to retrieve a worm attached to the end of a vertical hanging string while sitting on their perch. In the first experiment, three of the subjects managed to retrieve the worm by pulling on the string with their beaks and stepping on the resulting loop, and thereafter repeating this sequence until the worm was accessible. When subjects were given a choice between two strings in subsequent experiments 2-4, they chose at random between the string connected to the worm and the one connected to a slice of a wooden dowel. In experiment 5, subjects that had failed the previous discrimination series were able, nevertheless, to solve a more stringent vertical string array in which they had to pull up the whole length of the string without any visual access to the worm at the end. We discuss green jays' performance in comparison with other corvid species in which cognition has been more extensively investigated.}, }
@article {pmid28364366, year = {2017}, author = {Uomini, N and Hunt, G}, title = {A new tool-using bird to crow about.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {205-206}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-017-0262-5}, pmid = {28364366}, issn = {1543-4508}, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition ; *Crows ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The Hawaiian crow has been revealed as a skilled tool user, confirmed by testing the last members of this endangered species that survive in captivity. The finding suggests its behavior is tantalizingly similar to that of the famous tool-using New Caledonian crow and has implications for the evolution of tool use and intelligence in birds.}, }
@article {pmid28336913, year = {2017}, author = {Loretto, MC and Schuster, R and Itty, C and Marchand, P and Genero, F and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Fission-fusion dynamics over large distances in raven non-breeders.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {380}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-00404-4}, pmid = {28336913}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The influence of fission-fusion dynamics, i.e., temporal variation in group size and composition, on social complexity has been studied in large-brained mammals that rely on social bonds. Little is known about birds, even though some species like ravens have recently received attention for their socio-cognitive skills and use of social bonds. While raven breeders defend territories year-round, non-breeders roam through large areas and form groups at food sources or night roosts. We here examined the fission-fusion patterns of non-breeding ravens over years, investigating whether birds meet repeatedly either at the same or at different locations. We combined four large datasets: presence-absence observations from two study sites (Austria, Italy) and GPS-tracking of ravens across two study areas (Austria, France). As expected, we found a highly dynamic system in which individuals with long phases of temporary settlement had a high probability of meeting others. Although GPS-tagged ravens spread out over thousands of square kilometres, we found repeated associations between almost half of the possible combinations at different locations. Such a system makes repeated interactions between individuals at different sites possible and likely. High fission-fusion dynamics may thus not hinder but shape the social complexity of ravens and, possibly, other long-term bonded birds.}, }
@article {pmid28327578, year = {2017}, author = {Langin, KM and Sillett, TS and Funk, WC and Morrison, SA and Ghalambor, CK}, title = {Partial support for the central-marginal hypothesis within a population: reduced genetic diversity but not increased differentiation at the range edge of an island endemic bird.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {8-15}, doi = {10.1038/hdy.2017.10}, pmid = {28327578}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; California ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Islands ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Population Density ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {Large-scale population comparisons have contributed to our understanding of the evolution of geographic range limits and species boundaries, as well as the conservation value of populations at range margins. The central-marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts a decline in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation toward the periphery of species' ranges due to spatial variation in genetic drift and gene flow. Empirical studies on a diverse array of taxa have demonstrated support for the CMH. However, nearly all such studies come from widely distributed species, and have not considered if the same processes can be scaled down to single populations. Here, we test the CMH on a species composed of a single population: the Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis), endemic to a 250 km2 island. We examined microsatellite data from a quarter of the total population and found that homozygosity increased toward the island's periphery. However, peripheral portions of the island did not exhibit higher genetic differentiation. Simulations revealed that highly localized dispersal and small total population size, but not spatial variation in population density, were critical for generating fine-scale variation in homozygosity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microevolutionary processes driving spatial variation in genetic diversity among populations can also be important for generating spatial variation in genetic diversity within populations.}, }
@article {pmid28323477, year = {2017}, author = {Adler, JL}, title = {&quot;The Service I Rendered Was Just as True&quot;: African American Soldiers and Veterans as Activist Patients.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {675-683}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2017.303688}, pmid = {28323477}, issn = {1541-0048}, mesh = {African Americans/*history ; Health Policy/history ; History, 20th Century ; Hospitals, Military/*history ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel/*history ; Patient Advocacy/*history ; Prejudice/*history ; United States ; Veterans/*history ; World War I ; }, abstract = {In this article, I examine how African American soldiers and veterans experienced and shaped federally sponsored health care during and after World War I. Building on studies of the struggles of Black leaders and health care providers to win professional and public health advancement in the 1920s and 1930s, and of advocates to mobilize for health care rights in the mid-20th century, I focus primarily on the experiences and activism of patients in the interwar years. Private and government correspondence, congressional testimony, and reports from Black newspapers reveal that African American soldiers and veterans communicated directly with policymakers and bureaucrats regarding unequal treatment, assuming roles as &quot;policy actors&quot; who viewed health and medical care as &quot;politics by other means.&quot; In the process, they drew attention to the paradoxes inherent in expanding government entitlements in the era of Jim Crow, and helped shape a veterans' health system that emerged in the 1920s and remained in place for the following century. They also laid the groundwork for the system's precedent-setting desegregation, referred to by advocates of the time as &quot;a shining example to the rest of the country.&quot;}, }
@article {pmid28303393, year = {2017}, author = {Castro, J and Molina-Morales, M and Leverkus, AB and Martínez-Baroja, L and Pérez-Camacho, L and Villar-Salvador, P and Rebollo, S and Rey-Benayas, JM}, title = {Effective nut dispersal by magpies (Pica pica L.) in a Mediterranean agroecosystem.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, pages = {183-192}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-017-3848-x}, pmid = {28303393}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; *Nuts ; *Pica ; Rodentia ; Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Scatter-hoarding animals such as corvids play a crucial role in the dispersal of nut-producing tree species. This interaction is well known for some corvids, but remains elusive for other species such as the magpie (Pica pica), an abundant corvid in agroecosystems and open landscapes of the Palearctic region. In addition, the establishment of the individual dispersed seeds-a prerequisite for determining seed-dispersal effectiveness-has never before been documented for the interaction between corvids and nut-producing trees. We analyzed walnut dispersal by magpies in an agroecosystem in southern Spain. We used several complementary approaches, including video recording nut removal from feeders, measuring dispersal distance using radio tracking (with radio transmitters placed inside nuts), and monitoring the fate of dispersed nuts to the time of seedling emergence. Magpies were shown to be highly active nut dispersers. The dispersal distance averaged 39.6 ± 4.5 m and ranged from 4.1 to 158.5 m. Some 90% of the removed walnuts were cached later, and most of these (98%) were buried in the soil or hidden under plant material. By the time of seedling emergence, ca. 33% of nuts remained at the caching location. Finally, 12% of the cached nuts germinated and 4% yielded an emerged seedling, facilitating the transition to the next regeneration stage. The results demonstrate for the first time that magpies can be an effective scatter-hoarding disperser of a nut-producing tree species, suggesting that this bird species may play a key role in the regeneration and expansion of broadleaf forests in Eurasia.}, }
@article {pmid28263620, year = {2017}, author = {Marhounová, L and Frynta, D and Fuchs, R and Landová, E}, title = {Object permanence in the food-storing coal tit (Periparus ater) and the non-storing great tit (Parus major): Is the mental representation required?.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {131}, number = {2}, pages = {115-127}, doi = {10.1037/com0000061}, pmid = {28263620}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Coal ; Cognition/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Food ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Object permanence is a cognitive ability that enables animals to mentally represent the continuous existence of temporarily hidden objects. Generally, it develops gradually through six qualitative stages, the evolution of which may be connected with some specific ecological and behavioral factors. In birds, the advanced object permanence skills were reported in several storing species of the Corvidae family. In order to test the association between food-storing and achieved performance within the stages, we compared food-storing coal tits (Periparus ater) and nonstoring great tits (Parus major) using an adapted version of Uzgiris &amp; Hunt's Scale 1 tasks. The coal tits significantly outperformed the great tits in searching for completely hidden objects. Most of the great tits could not solve the task when the object disappeared completely. However, the upper limit for both species is likely to be Stage 4. The coal tits could solve problems with simply hidden objects, but they used alternative strategies rather than mental representation when searching for completely hidden objects, especially if choosing between two locations. Our results also suggest that neophobia did not affect the overall performance in the object permanence tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record}, }
@article {pmid28241283, year = {2017}, author = {Neumann, S and Salm, S and Rietz, C and Stenneken, P}, title = {The German Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS-G): Reliability and Validity of a Novel Assessment of Communicative Participation.}, journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {675-681}, doi = {10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0219}, pmid = {28241283}, issn = {1558-9102}, mesh = {Child Behavior/psychology ; Child, Preschool ; *Communication ; Female ; Humans ; Language Development Disorders/*diagnosis ; Male ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; }, abstract = {Purpose: Our purpose was to explore the validity and reliability of the German Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS-G; Thomas-Stonell, Oddson, Robertson, &amp; Rosenbaum, 2010, 2012), which is an authorized adaptation of the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (Thomas-Stonell et al., 2010) tool, which measures communicative participation in preschool children.<br><br>Method: Parents of typically developing children (TDC) and of children with speech impairment (CSI) completed the FOCUS-G and the Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children (KiddyKINDL; Ravens-Sieberer &amp; Bullinger, 2000). To determine test-retest reliability, the FOCUS-G was readministered to a subsample of parents 1 week later.<br><br>Results: The FOCUS-G had high values for internal consistency (α = .959, Ω = .941), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .974), and split-half reliability (r = .832). Total scores on the FOCUS-G and KiddyKINDL demonstrated significant associations. FOCUS-G total scores and subdomain scores for both samples showed significant correlations, indicating good construct validity. The discriminatory ability of the FOCUS-G was indicated by significantly higher mean scores for TDC (M = 6.03, SD = 0.65) than CSI (M = 5.47, SD = 1.02).<br><br>Conclusion: The overall good psychometric properties of this novel assessment of communicative participation support its use by speech-language pathologists for clinical and research purposes with German-speaking children.}, }
@article {pmid28239221, year = {2017}, author = {Munteanu, AM and Stocker, M and Stöwe, M and Massen, JJ and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Behavioural and Hormonal Stress Responses to Social Separation in Ravens, Corvus corax.}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {123-135}, doi = {10.1111/eth.12580}, pmid = {28239221}, issn = {0179-1613}, abstract = {Social life is profitable, but it facilitates conflicts over resources and creates interdependence between individuals. Separating highly social animals triggers intense reactions aimed at re-establishing lost connections. Less is known, however, about behavioural and physiological responses to separation in socially facultative species, where individuals temporarily form groups and may subsequently leave them. Non-breeding common ravens (Corvus corax) gather in large numbers at feeding and roosting sites, but otherwise spend time seemingly solitary or in small subgroups. We here studied how ravens cope with being socially isolated, and investigated the life characteristics that might explain potential individual differences. For this, we individually separated captive subadult ravens (n = 25) and housed them in physical and visual isolation from their group members across 4 d. During the separation period, we collected behavioural data and measured the amount of immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites from bird droppings to assess the ravens' physiological stress response. We found behavioural indicators of stress at the start of the separation, when ravens showed higher levels of tension than of comfort - a pattern that reversed at the end of the separation. Furthermore, we found that the upbringing of ravens affected their behaviour during separation. Hand-raised birds produced more vocalisations in the beginning of the separation, and were less active at the end, while the reverse pattern occurred with parent-raised ravens. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find differences in hormonal responses between the beginning and end of the separation period or any link between hormonal responses and behaviours. Ravens' behavioural responses to social separation stress seem to be dependent on their arousal states, although possible links with hormonal reactions remain unclear. Our results show that behavioural reactions are not always linked with hormonal responses to stress, and further emphasise the importance of investigating effects of early-life experiences.}, }
@article {pmid28222237, year = {2017}, author = {Morinha, F and Dávila, JA and Bastos, E and Cabral, JA and Frías, Ó and González, JL and Travassos, P and Carvalho, D and Milá, B and Blanco, G}, title = {Extreme genetic structure in a social bird species despite high dispersal capacity.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {2812-2825}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14069}, pmid = {28222237}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; *Social Behavior ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Social barriers have been shown to reduce gene flow and contribute to genetic structure among populations in species with high cognitive capacity and complex societies, such as cetaceans, apes and humans. In birds, high dispersal capacity is thought to prevent population divergence unless major geographical or habitat barriers induce isolation patterns by dispersal, colonization or adaptation limitation. We report that Iberian populations of the red-billed chough, a social, gregarious corvid with high dispersal capacity, show a striking degree of genetic structure composed of at least 15 distinct genetic units. Monitoring of marked individuals over 30 years revealed that long-distance movements over hundreds of kilometres are common, yet recruitment into breeding populations is infrequent and highly philopatric. Genetic differentiation is weakly related to geographical distance, and habitat types used are overall qualitatively similar among regions and regularly shared by individuals of different populations, so that genetic structure is unlikely to be due solely to isolation by distance or isolation by adaptation. Moreover, most population nuclei showed relatively high levels of genetic diversity, suggesting a limited role for genetic drift in significantly differentiating populations. We propose that social mechanisms may underlie this unprecedented level of genetic structure in birds through a pattern of isolation by social barriers not yet described, which may have driven this remarkable population divergence in the absence of geographical and environmental barriers.}, }
@article {pmid28151701, year = {2017}, author = {Wright, AA and Magnotti, JF and Katz, JS and Leonard, K and Vernouillet, A and Kelly, DM}, title = {Corvids Outperform Pigeons and Primates in Learning a Basic Concept.}, journal = {Psychological science}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {437-444}, doi = {10.1177/0956797616685871}, pmid = {28151701}, issn = {1467-9280}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Concept Formation/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Corvids (birds of the family Corvidae) display intelligent behavior previously ascribed only to primates, but such feats are not directly comparable across species. To make direct species comparisons, we used a same/different task in the laboratory to assess abstract-concept learning in black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia). Concept learning was tested with novel pictures after training. Concept learning improved with training-set size, and test accuracy eventually matched training accuracy-full concept learning-with a 128-picture set; this magpie performance was equivalent to that of Clark's nutcrackers (a species of corvid) and monkeys (rhesus, capuchin) and better than that of pigeons. Even with an initial 8-item picture set, both corvid species showed partial concept learning, outperforming both monkeys and pigeons. Similar corvid performance refutes the hypothesis that nutcrackers' prolific cache-location memory accounts for their superior concept learning, because magpies rely less on caching. That corvids with &quot;primitive&quot; neural architectures evolved to equal primates in full concept learning and even to outperform them on the initial 8-item picture test is a testament to the shared (convergent) survival importance of abstract-concept learning.}, }
@article {pmid28145581, year = {2017}, author = {Laiolo, P}, title = {Phenotypic similarity in sympatric crow species: Evidence of social convergence?.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, pages = {1051-1060}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13195}, pmid = {28145581}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Social Behavior ; *Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Crows, rooks, and ravens (Corvus spp.) display marked morphological and voice similarities that have been hypothesized to stem from competitive interactions, as a case of nonaposematic mimicry. Here, I test predictions of the mimicry hypothesis at the macrovolutionary scale, examining whether species morphological and acoustic traits covary with those of coexisting congeners, and whether phenotypic similarity has facilitated the coexistence of related species after secondary contact. Body size and the temporal patterns of the commonest call display high levels of similarity among sympatric species, even after controlling for the effect of shared climate and habitat, and phylogenetic constraints in the production of variation. When sister species differed in these acoustic and morphological traits, their transition to secondary sympatry was delayed relative to those with more similar traits. No similarity was found in the sexual call of crows, suggesting that convergence occurs only when function does not favour maintenance of species-specific traits. Crow similarities in morphological and acoustic features may therefore be associated with coevolving interactions with congeners, in line with a broad array of studies documenting convergence among species that interact aggressively or forage communally.}, }
@article {pmid29693817, year = {2017}, author = {Washio, Y and Frederick, J and Archibald, A and Bertram, N and Crowe, JA}, title = {Community-I nitiated Pilot Program &quot;My Baby's Breath&quot; to Reduce Prenatal Alcohol Use.}, journal = {Delaware medical journal}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {46-51}, pmid = {29693817}, issn = {0011-7781}, mesh = {Alcohol Drinking/*prevention &amp; control ; Community Health Services ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/*prevention &amp; control ; *Health Education ; Humans ; Pilot Projects ; *Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/*prevention &amp; control ; United States ; }, abstract = {Prenatal alcohol use puts mothers and their children at risk for complications during pregnancy, birth, and the neonatal periods. This paper describes a currently implemented community-based pilot program to reduce drinking among pregnant mothers. The program has worked in collaboration with case managers from Crow Wing County Social Services. Participants were required to provide daily breath samples with monetary incentives on alcohol-negative sample submissions. The program has treated four pregnant mothers so far, with an average of 94 percent compliance rate and no alcohol-positive breath samples. Future planned adjustments include using a remotely reloadlable debit card to reinforce daily sample submission, switching to completely random monitoring schedules to avoid falsenegative results, and expanding the program service in other counties. The community-based program using mobile technology has promise to increase opportunities to reinforce healthy lifestyle during pregnancy.}, }
@article {pmid28135017, year = {2017}, author = {Griesser, M and Wagner, GF and Drobniak, SM and Ekman, J}, title = {Reproductive trade-offs in a long-lived bird species: condition-dependent reproductive allocation maintains female survival and offspring quality.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {782-795}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13046}, pmid = {28135017}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; *Clutch Size ; Female ; *Passeriformes ; Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Life history theory is an essential framework to understand the evolution of reproductive allocation. It predicts that individuals of long-lived species favour their own survival over current reproduction, leading individuals to refrain from reproducing under harsh conditions. Here we test this prediction in a long-lived bird species, the Siberian jay Perisoreus infaustus. Long-term data revealed that females rarely refrain from breeding, but lay smaller clutches in unfavourable years. Neither offspring body size, female survival nor offspring survival until the next year was influenced by annual condition, habitat quality, clutch size, female age or female phenotype. Given that many nests failed due to nest predation, the variance in the number of fledglings was higher than the variance in the number of eggs and female survival. An experimental challenge with a novel pathogen before egg laying largely replicated these patterns in two consecutive years with contrasting conditions. Challenged females refrained from breeding only in the unfavourable year, but no downstream effects were found in either year. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that condition-dependent reproductive allocation may serve to maintain female survival and offspring quality, supporting patterns found in long-lived mammals. We discuss avenues to develop life history theory concerning strategies to offset reproductive costs.}, }
@article {pmid28132659, year = {2017}, author = {Mitra, S and Sarkar, N and Barik, A}, title = {Long-chain alkanes and fatty acids from Ludwigia octovalvis weed leaf surface waxes as short-range attractant and ovipositional stimulant to Altica cyanea (Weber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, pages = {391-400}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485316001012}, pmid = {28132659}, issn = {1475-2670}, mesh = {Alkanes/*pharmacology ; Animals ; *Chemotaxis ; Coleoptera/*physiology ; Fatty Acids/*pharmacology ; Female ; Olfactometry ; Onagraceae/*chemistry ; Oviposition/*drug effects ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Weed Control ; }, abstract = {The importance of leaf surface wax compounds from the rice-field weed Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (Onagraceae) was determined in the flea beetle Altica cyanea (Weber) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Extraction, thin layer chromatography and GC-MS and GC-FID analyses of surface waxes of young, mature and senescent leaves revealed 20, 19 and 19 n-alkanes between n-C15 and n-C35, respectively; whereas 14, 14 and 12 free fatty acids between C12:0 and C22:0 fatty acids were identified in young, mature and senescent leaves, respectively. Tricosane was predominant n-alkane in young and mature leaves, whilst eicosane predominated in senescent leaves. Heneicosanoic acid, palmitic acid and docosanoic acid were the most abundant free fatty acids in young, mature and senescent leaves, respectively. A. cyanea females showed attraction to 0.25 mature leaf equivalent surface waxes compared with young or senescent leaves in a short glass Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. The insects were attracted to a synthetic blend of 0.90, 1.86, 1.83, 1.95, 0.50 and 0.18 µg ml-1 petroleum ether of hexadecane, octadecane, eicosane, tricosane, palmitic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively, comparable with the proportions as present in 0.25 mature leaf equivalent surface waxes. A. cyanea also laid eggs on a filter paper moistened with 0.25 mature leaf equivalent surface waxes or a synthetic blend of 0.90, 1.86, 1.83, 1.95, 0.50 and 0.18 µg ml-1 petroleum ether of hexadecane, octadecane, eicosane, tricosane, palmitic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. This finding could provide a basis for monitoring of the potential biocontrol agent in the field.}, }
@article {pmid28120800, year = {2016}, author = {Horn, L and Scheer, C and Bugnyar, T and Massen, JJ}, title = {Proactive prosociality in a cooperatively breeding corvid, the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2016.0649}, pmid = {28120800}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; Motivation ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {One of the contemporary hypotheses concerning the evolution of human altruism is the cooperative breeding hypothesis (CBH) which has recently been tested in non-human primates. Using a similar paradigm, we investigated prosociality in a cooperatively breeding corvid, the azure-winged magpie. We found that the magpies delivered food to their group members at high rates, and unlike other corvids, they did so without any cues provided by others. In two control conditions, the magpies stopped participating over time, indicating that they learned to discriminate prosocial tests from controls. Azure-winged magpies are thus the first birds that experimentally show proactive prosociality. Our findings are in line with the CBH; however, additional corvid species need to be tested in this promising paradigm.}, }
@article {pmid28118584, year = {2017}, author = {Ostojić, L and Legg, EW and Brecht, KF and Lange, F and Deininger, C and Mendl, M and Clayton, NS}, title = {Current desires of conspecific observers affect cache-protection strategies in California scrub-jays and Eurasian jays.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {R51-R53}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.020}, pmid = {28118584}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Mental Recall ; *Motivation ; Passeriformes/classification/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Many corvid species accurately remember the locations where they have seen others cache food, allowing them to pilfer these caches efficiently once the cachers have left the scene [1]. To protect their caches, corvids employ a suite of different cache-protection strategies that limit the observers' visual or acoustic access to the cache site [2,3]. In cases where an observer's sensory access cannot be reduced it has been suggested that cachers might be able to minimise the risk of pilfering if they avoid caching food the observer is most motivated to pilfer [4]. In the wild, corvids have been reported to pilfer others' caches as soon as possible after the caching event [5], such that the cacher might benefit from adjusting its caching behaviour according to the observer's current desire. In the current study, observers pilfered according to their current desire: they preferentially pilfered food that they were not sated on. Cachers adjusted their caching behaviour accordingly: they protected their caches by selectively caching food that observers were not motivated to pilfer. The same cache-protection behaviour was found when cachers could not see on which food the observers were sated. Thus, the cachers' ability to respond to the observer's desire might have been driven by the observer's behaviour at the time of caching.}, }
@article {pmid28093026, year = {2017}, author = {Salter, PS and Kelley, NJ and Molina, LE and Thai, LT}, title = {Out of sight, out of mind: racial retrieval cues increase the accessibility of social justice concepts.}, journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {1139-1147}, doi = {10.1080/09658211.2016.1274037}, pmid = {28093026}, issn = {1464-0686}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Attention/*physiology ; Cues ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Racism/*psychology ; *Social Justice ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Photographs provide critical retrieval cues for personal remembering, but few studies have considered this phenomenon at the collective level. In this research, we examined the psychological consequences of visual attention to the presence (or absence) of racially charged retrieval cues within American racial segregation photographs. We hypothesised that attention to racial retrieval cues embedded in historical photographs would increase social justice concept accessibility. In Study 1, we recorded gaze patterns with an eye-tracker among participants viewing images that contained racial retrieval cues or were digitally manipulated to remove them. In Study 2, we manipulated participants' gaze behaviour by either directing visual attention toward racial retrieval cues, away from racial retrieval cues, or directing attention within photographs where racial retrieval cues were missing. Across Studies 1 and 2, visual attention to racial retrieval cues in photographs documenting historical segregation predicted social justice concept accessibility.}, }
@article {pmid28035889, year = {2017}, author = {Griesser, M and Suzuki, TN}, title = {Naive Juveniles Are More Likely to Become Breeders after Witnessing Predator Mobbing.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {189}, number = {1}, pages = {58-66}, doi = {10.1086/689477}, pmid = {28035889}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Fitness ; *Passeriformes ; Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Responding appropriately during the first predatory attack in life is often critical for survival. In many social species, naive juveniles acquire this skill from conspecifics, but its fitness consequences remain virtually unknown. Here we experimentally demonstrate how naive juvenile Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus) derive a long-term fitness benefit from witnessing knowledgeable adults mobbing their principal predator, the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Siberian jays live in family groups of two to six individuals that also can include unrelated nonbreeders. Field observations showed that Siberian jays encounter predators only rarely, and, indeed, naive juveniles do not respond to predator models when on their own but do when observing other individuals mobbing them. Predator exposure experiments demonstrated that naive juveniles had a substantially higher first-winter survival after observing knowledgeable group members mobbing a goshawk model, increasing their likelihood of acquiring a breeding position later in life. Previous research showed that naive individuals may learn from others how to respond to predators, care for offspring, or choose mates, generally assuming that social learning has long-term fitness consequences without empirical evidence. Our results demonstrate a long-term fitness benefit of vertical social learning for naive individuals in the wild, emphasizing its evolutionary importance in animals, including humans.}, }
@article {pmid27988896, year = {2017}, author = {Krieger, N and Jahn, JL and Waterman, PD}, title = {Jim Crow and estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer: US-born black and white non-Hispanic women, 1992-2012.}, journal = {Cancer causes &amp; control : CCC}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {49-59}, doi = {10.1007/s10552-016-0834-2}, pmid = {27988896}, issn = {1573-7225}, mesh = {Adult ; African Continental Ancestry Group ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism/*pathology ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; *Racism ; Receptors, Estrogen/*metabolism ; Risk Factors ; SEER Program ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: It is unknown whether Jim Crow-i.e., legal racial discrimination practiced by 21 US states and the District of Columbia and outlawed by the US Civil Rights Act in 1964-affects US cancer outcomes. We hypothesized that Jim Crow birthplace would be associated with higher risk of estrogen-receptor-negative (ER-) breast tumors among US black, but not white, women and also a higher black versus white risk for ER- tumors.<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed data from the SEER 13 registry group (excluding Alaska) for 47,157 US-born black non-Hispanic and 348,514 US-born white non-Hispanic women, aged 25-84 inclusive, diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2012.<br><br>RESULTS: Jim Crow birthplace was associated with increased odds of ER- breast cancer only among the black, not white women, with the effect strongest for women born before 1965. Among black women, the odds ratio (OR) for an ER- tumor, comparing women born in a Jim Crow versus not Jim Crow state, equaled 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06, 1.13), on par with the OR comparing women in the worst versus best census tract socioeconomic quintiles (1.15; 95% CI 1.07, 1.23). The black versus white OR for ER- was higher among women born in Jim Crow versus non-Jim Crow states (1.41 [95% CI 1.13, 1.46] vs. 1.27 [95% CI 1.24, 1.31]).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The unique Jim Crow effect for US black women for breast cancer ER status underscores why analysis of racial/ethnic inequities must be historically contextualized.}, }
@article {pmid27973610, year = {2016}, author = {Neilands, PD and Jelbert, SA and Breen, AJ and Schiestl, M and Taylor, AH}, title = {How Insightful Is 'Insight'? New Caledonian Crows Do Not Attend to Object Weight during Spontaneous Stone Dropping.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0167419}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0167419}, pmid = {27973610}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {It is highly difficult to pinpoint what is going through an animal's mind when it appears to solve a problem by 'insight'. Here, we searched for an information processing error during the emergence of seemingly insightful stone dropping in New Caledonian crows. We presented these birds with the platform apparatus, where a heavy object needs to be dropped down a tube and onto a platform in order to trigger the release of food. Our results show New Caledonian crows exhibit a weight inattention error: they do not attend to the weight of an object when innovating stone dropping. This suggests that these crows do not use an understanding of force when solving the platform task in a seemingly insightful manner. Our findings showcase the power of the signature-testing approach, where experiments search for information processing biases, errors and limits, in order to make strong inferences about the functioning of animal minds.}, }
@article {pmid27936242, year = {2016}, author = {Miller, R and Jelbert, SA and Taylor, AH and Cheke, LG and Gray, RD and Loissel, E and Clayton, NS}, title = {Performance in Object-Choice Aesop's Fable Tasks Are Influenced by Object Biases in New Caledonian Crows but not in Human Children.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0168056}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0168056}, pmid = {27936242}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The ability to reason about causality underlies key aspects of human cognition, but the extent to which non-humans understand causality is still largely unknown. The Aesop's Fable paradigm, where objects are inserted into water-filled tubes to obtain out-of-reach rewards, has been used to test casual reasoning in birds and children. However, success on these tasks may be influenced by other factors, specifically, object preferences present prior to testing or arising during pre-test stone-dropping training. Here, we assessed this 'object-bias' hypothesis by giving New Caledonian crows and 5-10 year old children two object-choice Aesop's Fable experiments: sinking vs. floating objects, and solid vs. hollow objects. Before each test, we assessed subjects' object preferences and/or trained them to prefer the alternative object. Both crows and children showed pre-test object preferences, suggesting that birds in previous Aesop's Fable studies may also have had initial preferences for objects that proved to be functional on test. After training to prefer the non-functional object, crows, but not children, performed more poorly on these two object-choice Aesop's Fable tasks than subjects in previous studies. Crows dropped the non-functional objects into the tube on their first trials, indicating that, unlike many children, they do not appear to have an a priori understanding of water displacement. Alternatively, issues with inhibition could explain their performance. The crows did, however, learn to solve the tasks over time. We tested crows further to determine whether their eventual success was based on learning about the functional properties of the objects, or associating dropping the functional object with reward. Crows inserted significantly more rewarded, non-functional objects than non-rewarded, functional objects. These findings suggest that the ability of New Caledonian crows to produce performances rivaling those of young children on object-choice Aesop's Fable tasks is partly due to pre-existing object preferences.}, }
@article {pmid27922802, year = {2017}, author = {Sándor, AD and Kalmár, Z and Matei, I and Ionică, AM and Mărcuţan, ID}, title = {Urban Breeding Corvids as Disseminators of Ticks and Emerging Tick-Borne Pathogens.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {152-154}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2016.2054}, pmid = {27922802}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Cities ; *Crows ; Humans ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Tick-Borne Diseases/transmission/*veterinary ; Ticks/*microbiology ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Crows (Corvidae) are common city dwellers worldwide and are increasingly important subjects of epidemiology studies. Although their importance as hosts and transmitters of a number of zoonotic parasites and pathogens is well known, there are no studies on their importance as tick hosts. After mosquitoes, ticks are the most important vectors of zoonotic pathogens, especially for those causing emerging zoonotic diseases. Pathogenic bacteria, especially Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Anaplasma spp., vectored by ticks, are the cause for most vector-borne diseases in Europe. Here we report on ticks and tick-borne pathogens harbored by urban breeding crows. A total of 36 birds (33.33%, n = 108) hosted ticks, with 91 individual ticks belonging to 6 species (Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis parva, Haemaphysalis punctata, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes arboricola, and Ixodes ricinus). Rickettsia spp. DNA was found in 6.6% of ticks and 1.9% of bird tissues, whereas Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 5.9% of ticks and 0.9% of birds. Two rickettsial genospecies were located, Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia monacensis. This is the first study to determine such a diverse tick spectrum feeding on urban corvids, while highlighting their importance as tick hosts and raising concerns about their potential risk to human health.}, }
@article {pmid27920957, year = {2016}, author = {Miller, R and Logan, CJ and Lister, K and Clayton, NS}, title = {Eurasian jays do not copy the choices of conspecifics, but they do show evidence of stimulus enhancement.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e2746}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.2746}, pmid = {27920957}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Corvids (birds in the crow family) are hypothesised to have a general cognitive tool-kit because they show a wide range of transferrable skills across social, physical and temporal tasks, despite differences in socioecology. However, it is unknown whether relatively asocial corvids differ from social corvids in their use of social information in the context of copying the choices of others, because only one such test has been conducted in a relatively asocial corvid. We investigated whether relatively asocial Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) use social information (i.e., information made available by others). Previous studies have indicated that jays attend to social context in their caching and mate provisioning behaviour; however, it is unknown whether jays copy the choices of others. We tested the jays in two different tasks varying in difficulty, where social corvid species have demonstrated social information use in both tasks. Firstly, an object-dropping task was conducted requiring objects to be dropped down a tube to release a food reward from a collapsible platform, which corvids can learn through explicit training. Only one rook and one New Caledonian crow have learned the task using social information from a demonstrator. Secondly, we tested the birds on a simple colour discrimination task, which should be easy to solve, because it has been shown that corvids can make colour discriminations. Using the same colour discrimination task in a previous study, all common ravens and carrion crows copied the demonstrator. After observing a conspecific demonstrator, none of the jays solved the object-dropping task, though all jays were subsequently able to learn to solve the task in a non-social situation through explicit training, and jays chose the demonstrated colour at chance levels. Our results suggest that social and relatively asocial corvids differ in social information use, indicating that relatively asocial species may have secondarily lost this ability due to lack of selection pressure from an asocial environment.}, }
@article {pmid27890937, year = {2016}, author = {Greggor, AL and Jolles, JW and Thornton, A and Clayton, NS}, title = {Seasonal changes in neophobia and its consistency in rooks: the effect of novelty type and dominance position.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {121}, number = {}, pages = {11-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.08.010}, pmid = {27890937}, issn = {0003-3472}, support = {BB/H021817/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Neophobia, or the fear of novelty, may offer benefits to animals by limiting their exposure to unknown danger, but can also impose costs by preventing the exploration of potential resources. The costs and benefits of neophobia may vary throughout the year if predation pressure, resource distribution or conspecific competition changes seasonally. Despite such variation, neophobia levels are often assumed to be temporally and individually stable. Whether or not neophobia expression changes seasonally and fluctuates equally for all individuals is crucial to understanding the drivers, consequences and plasticity of novelty avoidance. We investigated seasonal differences and individual consistency in the motivation and novelty responses of a captive group of rooks, Corvus frugilegus, a seasonally breeding, colonial species of corvid that is known for being neophobic. We tested the group around novel objects and novel people to determine whether responses generalized across novelty types, and considered whether differences in dominance could influence the social risk of approaching unknown stimuli. We found that the group's level of object neophobia was stable year-round, but individuals were not consistent between seasons, despite being consistent within seasons. In contrast, the group's avoidance of novel people decreased during the breeding season, and individuals were consistent year-round. Additionally, although subordinate birds were more likely to challenge dominants during the breeding season, this social risk taking did not translate to greater novelty approach. Since seasonal variation and individual consistency varied differently towards each novelty type, responses towards novel objects and people seem to be governed by different mechanisms. Such a degree of fluctuation has consequences for other individually consistent behaviours often measured within the nonhuman personality literature.}, }
@article {pmid27870033, year = {2016}, author = {Marquis, RJ and Salazar, D and Baer, C and Reinhardt, J and Priest, G and Barnett, K}, title = {Ode to Ehrlich and Raven or how herbivorous insects might drive plant speciation.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, pages = {2939-2951}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.1534}, pmid = {27870033}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; *Genetic Speciation ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/*genetics ; Pollination/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Fifty years ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed that insect herbivores have driven much of plant speciation, particularly at tropical latitudes. There have been no explicit tests of their hypotheses. Indeed there were no proposed mechanisms either at the time or since by which herbivores might generate new plant species. Here we outline two main classes of mechanisms, prezygotic and postzygotic, with a number of scenarios in each by which herbivore-driven changes in host plant secondary chemistry might lead to new plant lineage production. The former apply mainly to a sympatric model of speciation while the latter apply to a parapatric or allopatric model. Our review suggests that the steps of each mechanism are known to occur individually in many different systems, but no scenario has been thoroughly investigated in any one system. Nevertheless, studies of Dalechampia and its herbivores and pollinators, and patterns of defense tradeoffs in trees on different soil types in the Peruvian Amazon provide evidence consistent with the original hypotheses of Ehrlich and Raven. For herbivores to drive sympatric speciation, our findings suggest that interactions with both their herbivores and their pollinators should be considered. In contrast, herbivores may drive speciation allopatrically without any influence by pollinators. Finally, there is evidence that these mechanisms are more likely to occur at low latitudes and thus more likely to produce new species in the tropics. The mechanisms we outline provide a predictive framework for further study of the general role that herbivores play in diversification of their host plants.}, }
@article {pmid27867222, year = {2016}, author = {St Clair, JJ and Klump, BC and van der Wal, JE and Sugasawa, S and Rutz, C}, title = {Strong between-site variation in New Caledonian crows' use of hook-tool-making materials.}, journal = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, pages = {226-232}, doi = {10.1111/bij.12757}, pmid = {27867222}, issn = {0024-4066}, abstract = {Functional tool use requires the selection of appropriate raw materials. New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides are known for their extraordinary tool-making behaviour, including the crafting of hooked stick tools from branched vegetation. We describe a surprisingly strong between-site difference in the plant materials used by wild crows to manufacture these tools: crows at one study site use branches of the non-native shrub Desmanthus virgatus, whereas only approximately 7 km away, birds apparently ignore this material in favour of the terminal twigs of an as-yet-unidentified tree species. Although it is likely that differences in local plant communities drive this striking pattern, it remains to be determined how and why crows develop such strong site-specific preferences for certain raw materials.}, }
@article {pmid27864088, year = {2017}, author = {Moll, FW and Nieder, A}, title = {Modality-invariant audio-visual association coding in crow endbrain neurons.}, journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {65-76}, doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.011}, pmid = {27864088}, issn = {1095-9564}, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Auditory Perception/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Crows ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Telencephalon/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Single neuron activity in the corvid nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), the supposed avian functional analog of the prefrontal cortex, represents associations of auditory with visual stimuli. This is of high adaptive value for songbirds that need to rely on audio-visual associations to communicate, find a mate or escape predators. However, it remains unclear whether NCL neurons can represent cross-modal associations in a modality invariant, abstract fashion. To dissociate between modality-dependent and modality-invariant NCL activity, we trained two crows to match auditory sample cues with visual test stimuli, and vice versa, across a temporal memory delay. During sample presentation, NCL activity selectively encoded associations in a modality invariant fashion. During the delay, we observed subject specific, population-level coding biases in NCL activity. Despite of these biases, task relevant information could be decoded equally well from either subject's neuronal delay activity. Decoding success was facilitated by many mixed selectivity neurons, which mediated high dimensional representations of task variables on the NCL population level. These results parallel findings from the mammalian PFC, suggesting common mechanisms responsible for the adaptability of multimodal association areas across taxa.}, }
@article {pmid27840464, year = {2016}, author = {Deventer, SA and Uhl, F and Bugnyar, T and Miller, R and Fitch, WT and Schiestl, M and Ringler, M and Schwab, C}, title = {Behavioural Type Affects Space Use in a Wild Population of Crows (Corvus corone).}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {122}, number = {11}, pages = {881-891}, doi = {10.1111/eth.12536}, pmid = {27840464}, issn = {0179-1613}, abstract = {While personality-dependent dispersal is well studied, local space use has received surprisingly little attention in this context, despite the multiple consequences on survival and fitness. Regarding the coping style of individuals, recent studies on personality-dependent space use within a habitat indicate that 'proactive' individuals are wider ranging than 'reactive' ones. However, such studies are still scarce and cover limited taxonomic diversity, and thus, more research is needed to explore whether this pattern generalises across species. We examined the link between coping style and space use in a population of crows (Corvus corone) freely inhabiting the urban zoo of Vienna, Austria. We used a binary docility rating (struggle during handling vs. no struggle) and a tonic immobility test to quantify individual coping style. Individual space use was quantified as the number of different sites at which each crow was observed, and we controlled for different number of sightings per individual by creating a space use index. Only the binary docility rating showed repeatability over time, and significantly predicted space use. In contrast to previous studies, we found that reactive crows (no struggle during handling) showed wider ranging space use within the study site than proactive individuals (who struggled during handling). The discrepancy from previous results suggests that the relationship between behavioural type and space use may vary between species, potentially reflecting differences in socioecology.}, }
@article {pmid27838379, year = {2017}, author = {Greggor, AL and Spencer, KA and Clayton, NS and Thornton, A}, title = {Wild jackdaws' reproductive success and their offspring's stress hormones are connected to provisioning rate and brood size, not to parental neophobia.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {243}, number = {}, pages = {70-77}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.11.006}, pmid = {27838379}, issn = {1095-6840}, support = {BB/H021817/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/L002264/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Corticosterone/*metabolism ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Phobic Disorders/*physiopathology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Siblings ; *Social Behavior ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Many species show individual variation in neophobia and stress hormones, but the causes and consequences of this variation in the wild are unclear. Variation in neophobia levels could affect the number of offspring animals produce, and more subtly influence the rearing environment and offspring development. Nutritional deficits during development can elevate levels of stress hormones that trigger long-term effects on learning, memory, and survival. Therefore measuring offspring stress hormone levels, such as corticosterone (CORT), helps determine if parental neophobia influences the condition and developmental trajectory of young. As a highly neophobic species, jackdaws (Corvus monedula) are excellent for exploring the potential effects of parental neophobia on developing offspring. We investigated if neophobic responses, alongside known drivers of fitness, influence nest success and offspring hormone responses in wild breeding jackdaws. Despite its consistency across the breeding season, and suggestions in the literature that it should have importance for reproductive fitness, parental neophobia did not predict nest success, provisioning rates or offspring hormone levels. Instead, sibling competition and poor parental care contributed to natural variation in stress responses. Parents with lower provisioning rates fledged fewer chicks, chicks from larger broods had elevated baseline CORT levels, and chicks with later hatching dates showed higher stress-induced CORT levels. Since CORT levels may influence the expression of adult neophobia, variation in juvenile stress responses could explain the development and maintenance of neophobic variation within the adult population.}, }
@article {pmid27826273, year = {2016}, author = {Clary, D and Kelly, DM}, title = {Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) Flexibly Adapt Caching Behavior to a Cooperative Context.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1643}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01643}, pmid = {27826273}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Corvids recognize when their caches are at risk of being stolen by others and have developed strategies to protect these caches from pilferage. For instance, Clark's nutcrackers will suppress the number of caches they make if being observed by a potential thief. However, cache protection has most often been studied using competitive contexts, so it is unclear whether corvids can adjust their caching in beneficial ways to accommodate non-competitive situations. Therefore, we examined whether Clark's nutcrackers, a non-social corvid, would flexibly adapt their caching behaviors to a cooperative context. To do so, birds were given a caching task during which caches made by one individual were reciprocally exchanged for the caches of a partner bird over repeated trials. In this scenario, if caching behaviors can be flexibly deployed, then the birds should recognize the cooperative nature of the task and maintain or increase caching levels over time. However, if cache protection strategies are applied independent of social context and simply in response to cache theft, then cache suppression should occur. In the current experiment, we found that the birds maintained caching throughout the experiment. We report that males increased caching in response to a manipulation in which caches were artificially added, suggesting the birds could adapt to the cooperative nature of the task. Additionally, we show that caching decisions were not solely due to motivational factors, instead showing an additional influence attributed to the behavior of the partner bird.}, }
@article {pmid27811974, year = {2016}, author = {Clary, D and Kelly, DM}, title = {Graded Mirror Self-Recognition by Clark's Nutcrackers.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {36459}, doi = {10.1038/srep36459}, pmid = {27811974}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The traditional 'mark test' has shown some large-brained species are capable of mirror self-recognition. During this test a mark is inconspicuously placed on an animal's body where it can only be seen with the aid of a mirror. If the animal increases the number of actions directed to the mark region when presented with a mirror, the animal is presumed to have recognized the mirror image as its reflection. However, the pass/fail nature of the mark test presupposes self-recognition exists in entirety or not at all. We developed a novel mirror-recognition task, to supplement the mark test, which revealed gradation in the self-recognition of Clark's nutcrackers, a large-brained corvid. To do so, nutcrackers cached food alone, observed by another nutcracker, or with a regular or blurry mirror. The nutcrackers suppressed caching with a regular mirror, a behavioural response to prevent cache theft by conspecifics, but did not suppress caching with a blurry mirror. Likewise, during the mark test, most nutcrackers made more self-directed actions to the mark with a blurry mirror than a regular mirror. Both results suggest self-recognition was more readily achieved with the blurry mirror and that self-recognition may be more broadly present among animals than currently thought.}, }
@article {pmid27808198, year = {2016}, author = {}, title = {Animal behaviour: Magpies behave cooperatively.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {539}, number = {7627}, pages = {9}, doi = {10.1038/539009e}, pmid = {27808198}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid26602225, year = {2016}, author = {Kazemeini, T and Fadardi, JS}, title = {Executive Function: Comparing Bilingual and Monolingual Iranian University Students.}, journal = {Journal of psycholinguistic research}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1315-1326}, doi = {10.1007/s10936-015-9403-1}, pmid = {26602225}, issn = {1573-6555}, mesh = {Adult ; Executive Function/*physiology ; Humans ; *Inhibition (Psychology) ; Iran ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology ; *Multilingualism ; Universities ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The study aimed to examine whether Kurdish-Persian early Bilingual university students (EBL) and Persian Monolingual university students (ML) differ on tasks of executive function (EF). Thirty male EBL and 30 male ML students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad completed a Persian Stroop Color-Word task (SCWT), Backward Digit Span Test (BDST), Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, and a demographic questionnaire. The results of an analysis of variance showed EBL students responded faster on the SCWT compared with ML students, suggesting an inhibition advantage for EBL students. Moreover, mean scores of BDST showed better performance of EBL students in working memory than ML students. These results provided evidence of advantaged EF among EBL and were consistent with the possibility that individuals who began speaking a second language (L2) earlier in childhood have greater advantages, due either to effects of acquiring an L2 earlier or to a longer duration of bilingual experience.}, }
@article {pmid27796660, year = {2017}, author = {Bílá, K and Beránková, J and Veselý, P and Bugnyar, T and Schwab, C}, title = {Responses of urban crows to con- and hetero-specific alarm calls in predator and non-predator zoo enclosures.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {43-51}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-1047-5}, pmid = {27796660}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Birds ; Cities ; *Crows ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Urban animals and birds in particular are able to cope with diverse novel threats in a city environment such as avoiding novel, unfamiliar predators. Predator avoidance often includes alarm signals that can be used also by hetero-specifics, which is mainly the case in mixed-species flocks. It can also occur when species do not form flocks but co-occur together. In this study we tested whether urban crows use alarm calls of conspecifics and hetero-specifics (jackdaws, Corvus monedula) differently in a predator and a non-predator context with partly novel and unfamiliar zoo animal species. Birds were tested at the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in the city of Vienna by playing back con- and hetero-specific alarm calls and control stimuli (great tit song and no stimuli) at predator (wolf, polar bear) and non-predator (eland antelope and cranes, peccaries) enclosures. We recorded responses of crows as the percentage of birds flying away after hearing the playback (out of those present before the playback) and as the number of vocalizations given by the present birds. A significantly higher percentage of crows flew away after hearing either con- or hetero-specific alarm calls, but it did not significantly differ between the predator and the non-predator context. Crows treated jackdaw calls just as crow calls, indicating that they make proper use of hetero-specific alarm calls. Responding similarly in both contexts may suggest that the crows were uncertain about the threat a particular zoo animal represents and were generally cautious. In the predator context, however, a high percentage of crows also flew away upon hearing the great tit control song which suggests that they may still evaluate those species which occasionally killed crows as more dangerous and respond to any conspicuous sound.}, }
@article {pmid27789089, year = {2016}, author = {Dunn, JC and Gruar, D and Stoate, C and Szczur, J and Peach, WJ}, title = {Can hedgerow management mitigate the impacts of predation on songbird nest survival?.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {184}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {535-544}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.028}, pmid = {27789089}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; England ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Nest predators can have significant impacts on songbird reproductive success. These impacts may be amplified by habitat simplification and here we test whether sympathetic management of farmland hedgerows can reduce nest depredation, especially by corvids. We test whether songbirds select nest sites according to structural features of hedgerows (including nest visibility and accessibility), and whether these features influence nest predation risk. Songbirds selected nesting sites affording higher vegetation cover above the nest, increased visibility on the nest-side of the hedgerow and reduced visibility on the far side of the hedge. Nest survival was unrelated to corvid abundance and only weakly related (at the egg stage) to corvid nest proximity. Nest survival at the chick stage was higher where vegetation structure restricted access to corvid-sized predators (averaging 0.78 vs. 0.53), and at nests close to potential vantage points. Overall nest survival was sensitive to hedgerow structure (accessibility) particularly at low exposure to corvid predation, while the overall impact of corvid exposure was dependent on the relationship involving proximity to vantage points. Nest survival over the chick stage was much higher (0.67) in stock-proof, trimmed and mechanically cut hedgerows, (which tended to provide lower side visibility and accessibility) than in recently laid, remnant or leggy hedgerows (0.18). Long-term reductions in the management of British hedgerows may therefore be exposing nesting songbirds to increased predation risk. We recommend regular rotational cutting of hedgerows to maintain a dense woody structure and thereby reduce songbird nest predation.}, }
@article {pmid27709968, year = {2016}, author = {Ostojić, L and Legg, EW and Dits, A and Williams, N and Brecht, KF and Mendl, M and Clayton, NS}, title = {Experimenter expectancy bias does not explain Eurasian jays' (Garrulus glandarius) performance in a desire-state attribution task.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {130}, number = {4}, pages = {407-410}, doi = {10.1037/com0000043}, pmid = {27709968}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bias ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food ; Male ; *Motivation ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; Social Perception ; }, abstract = {Male Eurasian jays have been found to adjust the type of food they share with their female partner after seeing her eat 1 type of food to satiety. One interpretation of this behavior is that the male encoded the female's decreased desire for the food she was sated on, and adjusted his behavior accordingly. However, in these studies, the male's actions were scored by experimenters who knew on which food the female was sated. Thus, it is possible that the experimenters' expectations (subconsciously) affected their behavior during tests that, in turn, inadvertently could have influenced the males' actions. Here, we repeated the original test with an experimenter who was blind to the food on which the female was sated. This procedure yielded the same results as the original studies: The male shared food with the female that was in line with her current desire. Thus, our results rule out the possibility that the Eurasian jay males' actions in the food sharing task could be explained by the effects of an experimenter expectancy bias. (PsycINFO Database Record}, }
@article {pmid27718536, year = {2017}, author = {Wagener, L and Nieder, A}, title = {Encoding of global visual motion in the nidopallium caudolaterale of behaving crows.}, journal = {The European journal of neuroscience}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {267-277}, doi = {10.1111/ejn.13430}, pmid = {27718536}, issn = {1460-9568}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows ; *Motion ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Songbirds ; Telencephalon/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Songbirds possess acute vision. How higher brain centres represent basic and parameterised visual stimuli to process sensory signals according to their behavioural importance has not been studied in a systematic way. We therefore examined how carrion crows (Corvus corone) and their nidopallial visual neurons process global visual motion information in dynamic random-dot displays during a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. The behavioural data show that moderately fast motion speeds (16° of visual angle/s) result in superior direction discrimination performance. To characterise how neurons encode and maintain task-relevant visual motion information, we recorded the single-unit activity in the telencephalic association area 'nidopallium caudolaterale' (NCL) of behaving crows. The NCL is considered to be the avian analogue of the mammalian prefrontal cortex. Almost a third (28%) of randomly selected NCL neurons responded selectively to the motion direction of the sample stimulus, mostly to downward motions. Only few NCL neurons (7.5%) responded consistently to specific motion directions during the delay period. In error trials, when the crows chose the wrong motion direction, the encoding of motion direction was significantly reduced. This indicates that sensory representations of NCL neurons are relevant to the birds' behaviour. These data suggest that the corvid NCL, even though operating at the apex of the telencephalic processing hierarchy, constitutes a telencephalic site for global motion integration.}, }
@article {pmid27757574, year = {2017}, author = {McIntosh, CS and Dadour, IR and Voss, SC}, title = {A comparison of carcass decomposition and associated insect succession onto burnt and unburnt pig carcasses.}, journal = {International journal of legal medicine}, volume = {131}, number = {3}, pages = {835-845}, doi = {10.1007/s00414-016-1464-7}, pmid = {27757574}, issn = {1437-1596}, mesh = {Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; *Coleoptera ; *Cremation ; *Diptera ; Entomology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Forensic Sciences ; *Postmortem Changes ; Swine ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {The rate of decomposition and insect succession onto decomposing pig carcasses were investigated following burning of carcasses. Ten pig carcasses (40-45 kg) were exposed to insect activity during autumn (March-April) in Western Australia. Five replicates were burnt to a degree described by the Crow-Glassman Scale (CGS) level #2, while five carcasses were left unburnt as controls. Burning carcasses greatly accelerated decomposition in contrast to unburnt carcasses. Physical modifications following burning such as skin discolouration, splitting of abdominal tissue and leathery consolidation of skin eliminated evidence of bloat and altered microambient temperatures associated with carcasses throughout decomposition. Insect species identified on carcasses were consistent between treatment groups; however, a statistically significant difference in insect succession onto remains was evident between treatments (PERMANOVA F (1, 224) = 14.23, p < 0.01) during an 8-day period that corresponds with the wet stage of decomposition. Differences were noted in the arrival time of late colonisers (Coleoptera) and the development of colonising insects between treatment groups. Differences in the duration of decomposition stages and insect assemblages indicate that burning has an effect on both rate of decomposition and insect succession. The findings presented here provide baseline data for entomological casework involving burnt remains criminal investigations.}, }
@article {pmid27288106, year = {2016}, author = {Friedman, SG}, title = {Credit where due.}, journal = {Journal of vascular surgery}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, pages = {530-533}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.033}, pmid = {27288106}, issn = {1097-6809}, mesh = {Biomedical Research/*history ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Correspondence as Topic/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Nobel Prize ; Periodicals as Topic/history ; Personality ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Vascular Surgical Procedures/*history ; }, abstract = {The history of medicine is filled with stories of tireless researchers who failed to get credit for their hard work. Examples of this include Rosalind Franklin, who helped to elucidate the structure of DNA; Frederick Banting, who helped to discover insulin; and Jay McLean, who discovered heparin. The founding of the field of vascular surgery provides one of the most vivid examples of uncredited work. Even though Alexis Carrel was an unpaid, untitled assistant in Charles Guthrie's laboratory, it was Carrel alone who received a Nobel Prize for their work. In an attempt to give credit where due, the reasons for this injustice are described.}, }
@article {pmid27745723, year = {2018}, author = {Guillod, L and Habersaat, S and Suter, M and Jeanneret, T and Bertoni, C and Stéphan, P and Urben, S}, title = {[Psychological processes of stress management and neuroendocrine regulation in incarcerated adolescent offenders: A pilot study].}, journal = {L'Encephale}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {111-117}, doi = {10.1016/j.encep.2016.08.012}, pmid = {27745723}, issn = {0013-7006}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a stressful period where important biological, psychological and social changes occur. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable during this developmental period and can use various strategies to deal with daily stress, such as substance use or externalizing behaviors. In previous studies, stress in adolescents with externalizing behaviors was often linked to ineffective cognitive coping strategies (i.e., constructive thinking) and overlooking the biological aspects involved in stress management such as neuroendocrine regulation. Indeed, repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in chronic stress situations may have long-term effects on subsequent cortisol regulation and lead to psychological difficulties. It was also shown that basal cortisol levels are lower in adolescents with externalizing behaviors. This study aims to assess the links between constructive thinking and neuroendocrine regulation in adolescent offenders and their association with externalizing symptoms (e.g., aggression, delinquency, psychopathic traits, substance use). Identifying particular biopsychological patterns can help to better understand stress management in youth with externalizing behaviors and to improve clinical treatments.<br><br>METHOD: Sixteen adolescent males aged from 12 to 18 years were recruited in an institution for juvenile offenders. Exclusion criteria were insufficient reasoning abilities assessed using the Raven Matrices Test. Regarding psychological dimensions, constructive thinking was assessed through the Constructive thinking inventory (CTI), psychopathic traits through the Youth psychopathic traits inventory (YPI), externalizing behaviors through 30 items (out of 113) and 2 subscales (aggressive behavior and delinquency problems) from the Child behavior checklist-youth self-report (CBCL), and substance use through the Dep-ado. Regarding biological dimensions, cortisol daily secretion and regulation were assessed through saliva samples that were collected during 3 consecutive days (4 samples per day: directly after awakening, at 10 a.m., at 4 a.m., and before going to bed).<br><br>RESULTS: Adolescent offenders presented maladaptative thinking styles and a particular neuroendocrine regulation in their daily management with stress. In particular, their level of cortisol in the morning was higher than those expected in a general population (20.34 nmol/L while the norm is around 10 nmol/L). They also showed more agressive and delinquent behaviors (CBCL) as well as more psychopathic traits (YPI) than the general population. Moreover, constructive thinking style was associated with personality and behavioral dimensions. Indeed, results indicated positive and significant correlations between categorical thinking style (CTI), psychopathic traits (YPI) (r=0.57, P=0.021) and externalizing behaviors (CBCL) (r=0.55, P=0.028). In other words, the more adolescent offenders used categorical thinking, the more they presented psychopathic traits and externalizing behaviors. With respect to the association between psychological and biological dimensions in stress management, we observed a significant and positive correlation between cortisol regulation and esoteric thinking (r=0.57, P=0.028) and a trend with superstitious thinking (r=0.47, P=0.075). The more adolescent offenders used esoteric and superstitious thinking, the poorer was their cortisol regulation. We also observed a trend between the life style scale of the YPI (i.e., impulsive, irresponsible) and the daily secretion of cortisol (r=0.51; P=0.052) as well as cortisol regulation (r=0.49, P=0.065). The more adolescent offenders presented psychopathic traits, the higher tended to be their daily secretion of cortisol and the poorer their cortisol regulation. Finally, cortisol regulation (r=0.54, P=0.038) and secretion (r=0.73, P=0.002) were significantly correlated with the DEP-Ado score. In other words, a poor cortisol regulation and a high secretion of cortisol seem to be associated with substance use.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent offenders face an important amount of daily stress and do not always have the appropriate skills to deal with it. Indeed, we know from clinical experience that they often report a sense of hopelessness toward their lack of professional perspectives as well as familial conflicts which can be important stressors in addition to the incarceration in itself. Therefore, treatment aiming to improve psychic elaboration can help these adolescents to make their thinking styles more flexible and use more appropriate ways of coping with stress instead of externalizing behaviors and substance use. Moreover, considering the complex cases of these adolescents and the many changes of caregivers and institutions where they have lived, which can be important stressors as well, professionals working with these youth should be aware of their emotional reactions toward them and try to encourage continuity of care.}, }
@article {pmid27738383, year = {2016}, author = {Królikowska, N and Szymkowiak, J and Laidlaw, RA and Kuczyński, L}, title = {Threat-sensitive anti-predator defence in precocial wader, the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus.}, journal = {Acta ethologica}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {163-171}, doi = {10.1007/s10211-016-0236-1}, pmid = {27738383}, issn = {0873-9749}, abstract = {Birds exhibit various forms of anti-predator behaviours to avoid reproductive failure, with mobbing-observation, approach and usually harassment of a predator-being one of the most commonly observed. Here, we investigate patterns of temporal variation in the mobbing response exhibited by a precocial species, the northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). We test whether brood age and self-reliance, or the perceived risk posed by various predators, affect mobbing response of lapwings. We quantified aggressive interactions between lapwings and their natural avian predators and used generalized additive models to test how timing and predator species identity are related to the mobbing response of lapwings. Lapwings diversified mobbing response within the breeding season and depending on predator species. Raven Corvus corax, hooded crow Corvus cornix and harriers evoked the strongest response, while common buzzard Buteo buteo, white stork Ciconia ciconia, black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus and rook Corvus frugilegus were less frequently attacked. Lapwings increased their mobbing response against raven, common buzzard, white stork and rook throughout the breeding season, while defence against hooded crow, harriers and black-headed gull did not exhibit clear temporal patterns. Mobbing behaviour of lapwings apparently constitutes a flexible anti-predator strategy. The anti-predator response depends on predator species, which may suggest that lapwings distinguish between predator types and match mobbing response to the perceived hazard at different stages of the breeding cycle. We conclude that a single species may exhibit various patterns of temporal variation in anti-predator defence, which may correspond with various hypotheses derived from parental investment theory.}, }
@article {pmid27639565, year = {2016}, author = {van Horik, JO and Emery, NJ}, title = {Transfer of physical understanding in a non-tool-using parrot.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1195-1203}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-1031-0}, pmid = {27639565}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition ; *Comprehension ; Cues ; *Parrots ; Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {Physical cognition has generally been assessed in tool-using species that possess a relatively large brain size, such as corvids and apes. Parrots, like corvids and apes, also have large relative brain sizes, yet although parrots rarely use tools in the wild, growing evidence suggests comparable performances on physical cognition tasks. It is, however, unclear whether success on such tasks is facilitated by previous experience and training procedures. We therefore investigated physical comprehension of object relationships in two non-tool-using species of captive neotropical parrots on a new means-end paradigm, the Trap-Gaps task, using unfamiliar materials and modified training procedures that precluded procedural cues. Red-shouldered macaws (Diopsittaca nobilis) and black-headed caiques (Pionites melanocephala) were presented with an initial task that required them to discriminate between pulling food trays through gaps while attending to the respective width of the gaps and size of the trays. Subjects were then presented with a novel, but functionally equivalent, transfer task. Six of eight birds solved the initial task through trial-and-error learning. Four of these six birds solved the transfer task, with one caique demonstrating spontaneous comprehension. These findings suggest that non-tool-using parrots may possess capacities for sophisticated physical cognition by generalising previously learned rules across novel problems.}, }
@article {pmid27631734, year = {2016}, author = {Furtado, K and Banks, KH}, title = {A Research Agenda for Racial Equity: Applications of the Ferguson Commission Report to Public Health.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {106}, number = {11}, pages = {1926-1931}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2016.303390}, pmid = {27631734}, issn = {1541-0048}, mesh = {*Health Policy ; Health Status Disparities ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Law Enforcement/methods ; *Public Health ; *Racism ; *Residence Characteristics ; Schools/organization &amp; administration ; *Social Justice ; }, abstract = {The Ferguson Commission was an independent body of 16 commissioners in operation from November 2014 to December 2015 and appointed by Missouri governor Jay Nixon to examine the root causes underlying the death of Michael Brown Jr. Its report, &quot;Forward Through Ferguson: A Path Toward Racial Equity,&quot; raises many issues on racial equity that public health is well suited to address, such as trends in police use of force, the health implications of the school-based discipline gap, and the health benefits of a coordinated housing strategy. Public health can also learn from the principles the commission adopted, including being unflinching in the questions asked and conclusions drawn, applying a racial equity lens to public health work, and moving beyond programmatic solutions to policy solutions.}, }
@article {pmid27629645, year = {2016}, author = {Rutz, C and Klump, BC and Komarczyk, L and Leighton, R and Kramer, J and Wischnewski, S and Sugasawa, S and Morrissey, MB and James, R and St Clair, JJ and Switzer, RA and Masuda, BM}, title = {Discovery of species-wide tool use in the Hawaiian crow.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {537}, number = {7620}, pages = {403-407}, doi = {10.1038/nature19103}, pmid = {27629645}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cognition ; Crows/classification/*physiology ; Female ; Hawaii ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Only a handful of bird species are known to use foraging tools in the wild. Amongst them, the New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides) stands out with its sophisticated tool-making skills. Despite considerable speculation, the evolutionary origins of this species' remarkable tool behaviour remain largely unknown, not least because no naturally tool-using congeners have yet been identified that would enable informative comparisons. Here we show that another tropical corvid, the 'Alalā (C. hawaiiensis; Hawaiian crow), is a highly dexterous tool user. Although the 'Alalā became extinct in the wild in the early 2000s, and currently survives only in captivity, at least two lines of evidence suggest that tool use is part of the species' natural behavioural repertoire: juveniles develop functional tool use without training, or social input from adults; and proficient tool use is a species-wide capacity. 'Alalā and New Caledonian crows evolved in similar environments on remote tropical islands, yet are only distantly related, suggesting that their technical abilities arose convergently. This supports the idea that avian foraging tool use is facilitated by ecological conditions typical of islands, such as reduced competition for embedded prey and low predation risk. Our discovery creates exciting opportunities for comparative research on multiple tool-using and non-tool-using corvid species. Such work will in turn pave the way for replicated cross-taxonomic comparisons with the primate lineage, enabling valuable insights into the evolutionary origins of tool-using behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid27584142, year = {2017}, author = {de Oliveira, RT and Felippe, LA and Bucken Gobbi, LT and Barbieri, FA and Christofoletti, G}, title = {Benefits of Exercise on the Executive Functions in People with Parkinson Disease: A Controlled Clinical Trial.}, journal = {American journal of physical medicine &amp; rehabilitation}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, pages = {301-306}, doi = {10.1097/PHM.0000000000000612}, pmid = {27584142}, issn = {1537-7385}, mesh = {Aged ; *Executive Function ; *Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease/*rehabilitation ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We have made a 3-arm trial (group vs. individual exercise vs. no treatment) to test the effects of a 6-month exercise program upon the executive functions in participants with Parkinson disease.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty-four subjects were randomly allocated in 3 groups and undertook individualized exercises (G1, n = 8), group exercises (G2, n = 8), or monitoring (G3, n = 8). Executive functions were evaluated by means of the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Raven colored matrices, both assessed at the beginning of the program and after 6 months. The statistical analyses consisted of the application of repeated measurement tests, with a significant level of 5%.<br><br>RESULTS: The findings showed similar behavior of groups in terms of the Wisconsin card sorting test (P = 0.792), reporting no benefit of the program on such instrument. Differently, Raven colored matrices evidenced a significant benefit provided by the intervention (P = 0.032). Compared with the control group, individuals from G1 had a substantial improvement on executive functions (P = 0.031) and from G2 had a trend of significance (P = 0.072).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Findings of this study show that 6 months of exercise improved some aspects of executive functions when compared with control peers. Individual therapy seems to have a more prominent improvement than group therapy.}, }
@article {pmid27546381, year = {2016}, author = {Tella, JL and Dénes, FV and Zulian, V and Prestes, NP and Martínez, J and Blanco, G and Hiraldo, F}, title = {Endangered plant-parrot mutualisms: seed tolerance to predation makes parrots pervasive dispersers of the Parana pine.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {31709}, doi = {10.1038/srep31709}, pmid = {27546381}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Geography ; Parrots/*physiology ; Pinus/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parrots are largely considered plant antagonists as they usually destroy the seeds they feed on. However, there is evidence that parrots may also act as seed dispersers. We evaluated the dual role of parrots as predators and dispersers of the Critically Endangered Parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia). Eight of nine parrot species predated seeds from 48% of 526 Parana pines surveyed. Observations of the commonest parrot indicated that 22.5% of the picked seeds were dispersed by carrying them in their beaks. Another five parrot species dispersed seeds, at an estimated average distance of c. 250 m. Dispersal distances did not differ from those observed in jays, considered the main avian dispersers. Contrary to jays, parrots often dropped partially eaten seeds. Most of these seeds were handled by parrots, and the proportion of partially eaten seeds that germinated was higher than that of undamaged seeds. This may be explained by a predator satiation effect, suggesting that the large seeds of the Parana pine evolved to attract consumers for dispersal. This represents a thus far overlooked key plant-parrot mutualism, in which both components are threatened with extinction. The interaction is becoming locally extinct long before the global extinction of the species involved.}, }
@article {pmid27533282, year = {2016}, author = {Audet, JN and Ducatez, S and Lefebvre, L}, title = {Bajan Birds Pull Strings: Two Wild Antillean Species Enter the Select Club of String-Pullers.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {e0156112}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0156112}, pmid = {27533282}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Barbados ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Cognition ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; Reward ; }, abstract = {String-pulling is one of the most popular tests in animal cognition because of its apparent complexity, and of its potential to be applied to very different taxa. In birds, the basic procedure involves a food reward, suspended from a perch by a string, which can be reached by a series of coordinated pulling actions with the beak and holding actions of the pulled lengths of string with the foot. The taxonomic distribution of species that pass the test includes several corvids, parrots and parids, but in other families, data are much spottier and the number of individuals per species that succeed is often low. To date, the association between string-pulling ability and other cognitive traits was never tested. It is generally assumed that string-pulling is a complex form of problem-solving, suggesting that performance on string-pulling and other problem-solving tasks should be correlated. Here, we show that individuals of two innovative species from Barbados, the bullfinch Loxigilla barbadensis and the Carib grackle Quiscalus lugubris fortirostris, pass the string-pulling test. Eighteen of the 42 bullfinches tested succeeded, allowing us to correlate performance on this test to that on several other behavioral measurements. Surprisingly, string-pulling in bullfinches was unrelated to shyness, neophobia, problem-solving, discrimination and reversal learning performance. Only two of 31 grackles tested succeeded, precluding correlational analyses with other measures but still, the two successful birds largely differed in their other behavioral traits.}, }
@article {pmid27524823, year = {2016}, author = {Durden, LA and Beckmen, KB and Gerlach, RF}, title = {New Records of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From Dogs, Cats, Humans, and Some Wild Vertebrates in Alaska: Invasion Potential.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {1391-1395}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw128}, pmid = {27524823}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Alaska ; *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; *Birds ; Cat Diseases/parasitology ; Cats ; Dog Diseases/parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; *Introduced Species ; Ixodidae/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Larva/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; *Mammals ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Tick Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; }, abstract = {During 2010-2016, tick specimens were solicited from veterinarians, biologists, and members of the public in Alaska. Eight species of ticks were recorded from domestic dogs. Some ticks were collected from dogs with recent travel histories to other countries or other U.S. states, which appears to explain records of ticks not native to Alaska such as Amblyomma americanum (L.) (lone star tick), Ixodes scapularis (Say) (blacklegged tick), and Ixodes ricinus (L.). However, we recorded Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (American dog tick) from dogs (and humans) both with and without travel history, suggesting that this nonindigenous tick could be establishing populations in Alaska. Other ticks commonly recorded from dogs included the indigenous Ixodes angustus Neumann and the invasive Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (brown dog tick). Domestic cats were only parasitized by one tick species, the native I. angustus Six species of ticks were recorded from humans: A. americanum (with and without travel history), Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Rocky Mountain wood tick; travel associated), D. variabilis (with and without travel history), Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (rabbit tick, native to Alaska), I. angustus, and R. sanguineus. Ixodes angustus predominated among tick collections from native mammals. Also, Ixodes texanus Banks (first record from Alaska) was collected from an American marten, Martes americana (Turton), H. leporispalustris was recorded from a snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus Erxleben, and Ixodes auritulus Neumann was collected from a Northwestern crow, Corvus caurinus Baird. The establishment of D. variabilis, D. andersoni, A. americanum, and/or I. scapularis in Alaska would have strong implications for animal and human health.}, }
@article {pmid27503195, year = {2017}, author = {Magnotti, JF and Wright, AA and Leonard, K and Katz, JS and Kelly, DM}, title = {Abstract-concept learning in Black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia).}, journal = {Psychonomic bulletin &amp; review}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {431-435}, doi = {10.3758/s13423-016-1132-4}, pmid = {27503195}, issn = {1531-5320}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Birds ; *Concept Formation ; *Conditioning (Psychology) ; *Discrimination Learning ; Female ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Transfer (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {relational concepts depend upon relationships between stimuli (e.g., same vs. different) and transcend features of the training stimuli. Recent evidence shows that learning abstract concepts is shared across a variety species including birds. Our recent work with a highly-skilled food-storing bird, Clark's nutcracker, revealed superior same/different abstract-concept learning compared to rhesus monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and pigeons. Here we test a more social, but less reliant on food-storing, corvid species, the Black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia). We used the same procedures and training exemplars (eight pairs of the same rule, and 56 pairs of the different rule) as were used to test the other species. Magpies (n = 10) showed a level of abstract-concept learning that was equivalent to nutcrackers and greater than the primates and pigeons tested with these same exemplars. These findings suggest that superior initial abstract-concept learning abilities may be shared across corvids generally, rather than confined to those strongly reliant on spatial memory.}, }
@article {pmid27493780, year = {2016}, author = {Kulahci, IG and Rubenstein, DI and Bugnyar, T and Hoppitt, W and Mikus, N and Schwab, C}, title = {Social networks predict selective observation and information spread in ravens.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {7}, pages = {160256}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.160256}, pmid = {27493780}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Animals are predicted to selectively observe and learn from the conspecifics with whom they share social connections. Yet, hardly anything is known about the role of different connections in observation and learning. To address the relationships between social connections, observation and learning, we investigated transmission of information in two raven (Corvus corax) groups. First, we quantified social connections in each group by constructing networks on affiliative interactions, aggressive interactions and proximity. We then seeded novel information by training one group member on a novel task and allowing others to observe. In each group, an observation network based on who observed whose task-solving behaviour was strongly correlated with networks based on affiliative interactions and proximity. Ravens with high social centrality (strength, eigenvector, information centrality) in the affiliative interaction network were also central in the observation network, possibly as a result of solving the task sooner. Network-based diffusion analysis revealed that the order that ravens first solved the task was best predicted by connections in the affiliative interaction network in a group of subadult ravens, and by social rank and kinship (which influenced affiliative interactions) in a group of juvenile ravens. Our results demonstrate that not all social connections are equally effective at predicting the patterns of selective observation and information transmission.}, }
@article {pmid27478138, year = {2016}, author = {Taufique, SK and Kumar, V}, title = {Differential activation and tyrosine hydroxylase distribution in the hippocampal, pallial and midbrain brain regions in response to cognitive performance in Indian house crows exposed to abrupt light environment.}, journal = {Behavioural brain research}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {21-29}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.046}, pmid = {27478138}, issn = {1872-7549}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Hippocampus/*enzymology ; Learning/*physiology ; Light ; Memory/*physiology ; Mesencephalon/*enzymology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Songbirds ; Substantia Nigra/enzymology ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Disruption of the cyclic feature of the day-night environment can cause negative effects on daily activity and advanced brain functions such as learning, memory and decision-making behaviour. These functions in songbirds, including corvids, involve the hippocampus, pallium and midbrain, as revealed by ZENK (a neuronal activation marker) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressions. TH is rate-limiting marker enzyme of the biosynthesis of dopamine, widely implicated in learning and memory. Here, we measured ZENK and TH immunoreactivity in the hippocampal, pallial and midbrain regions in response to cognitive performance (learning-memory retrieval) tests in Indian house crows (Corvus splendens) exposed to constant light environment (LL) with controls on 12h light:12h darkness. Along with the decay of circadian rhythm in activity behaviour, LL caused a significant decline in the cognitive performance. There was also a decrease under LL in the activity of neurons in the hippocampus, medial and central caudal nidopallium, and hyperpallium apicale, which are widely distributed with TH-immunoreactive fibres. Further, under LL, TH- immunoreactive neurons were reduced in number in midbrain dopamine synthesis sites, the venteral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), with a negative correlation of co-localized ZENK/TH- immunoreactive cells on errors during the association tasks. These results show decreased activity of learning and memory neural systems, and underscore the role of dopamine in reduced cognitive performance of diurnal corvids with disrupted circadian rhythms under an abrupt light environment.}, }
@article {pmid29491922, year = {2016}, author = {Loretto, MC and Schuster, R and Bugnyar, T}, title = {GPS tracking of non-breeding ravens reveals the importance of anthropogenic food sources during their dispersal in the Eastern Alps.}, journal = {Current zoology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, pages = {337-344}, doi = {10.1093/cz/zow016}, pmid = {29491922}, issn = {1674-5507}, abstract = {In many songbirds, the space use of breeders is well studied but poorly understood for non-breeders. In common ravens, some studies of non-breeders indicate high vagrancy with large individual differences in home range size, whereas others show that up to 40% of marked non-breeders can be regularly observed at the same anthropogenic food source over months to years. The aim of this study was to provide new insights on ravens' behavior during dispersal in the Eastern Alps. We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers on 10 individuals to gather accurate spatial and temporal information on their movements to quantify: 1) the dimension of the birds' space use (home range size with seasonal effects and daily/long-term travel distances), 2) how long they stayed in a dispersal stage of wandering as opposed to settling temporarily, and 3) their destination of movements. We recorded movements of up to 40 km per hour, more than 160 km within 1 day and more than 11,000 km within 20 months, indicating high vagrancy. Switching frequently between temporarily settling and travelling large distances in short time intervals leads to extensive home ranges, which also explains and combines the different findings in the literature. The destinations are rich anthropogenic food sources, where the birds spent on average 75% of their time. We discuss how ravens may find these &quot;feeding hot spots&quot; and which factors may influence their decision to stay/leave a site. The strong dependence on anthropogenic resources found in this population may have implications for site management and conservation issues.}, }
@article {pmid27468639, year = {2016}, author = {Expósito-Granados, M and De La Cruz, C and Parejo, D and Valencia, J and Alarcos, S and Avilés, JM}, title = {Exploratory behaviour modulates the relationship between colony familiarity and helping in a cooperative bird.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {9-14}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2016.07.013}, pmid = {27468639}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Helping Behavior ; Male ; Passeriformes ; Personality/*physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Individuals within animal groups may differ in personality and degree of familiarity raising the question of how this influences their social interactions. In Iberian magpies Cyanopica cooki, a portion of first-year males engage in cooperative behaviours and dispersal, allowing addressing this question. In this study, we first investigate the relationship between colony familiarity (native versus foreign) and reproductive status (breeding versus helping) of males during 21 years. Secondly, we measure the exploratory behaviour and monitor reproductive status of a sample of individuals with different colony familiarity during 2 years. Long-term monitoring revealed that foreign individuals were more likely breeders. The analysis on the subset of individuals in which exploratory behaviour was measured revealed a mediatory effect of exploratory behaviour in the association between colony familiarity and helping behaviour. Specifically, among foreign individuals, higher explorative males were more frequently involved in helping behaviour than lower explorative ones. Conversely, among native males, breeders were more explorative than helpers. Our results suggest that aspects of personality may mediate the value of familiarity in reproductive tasks in social species.}, }
@article {pmid27455197, year = {2016}, author = {Wille, M and McBurney, S and Robertson, GJ and Wilhelm, SI and Blehert, DS and Soos, C and Dunphy, R and Whitney, H}, title = {A PELAGIC OUTBREAK OF AVIAN CHOLERA IN NORTH AMERICAN GULLS: SCAVENGING AS A PRIMARY MECHANISM FOR TRANSMISSION?.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {793-802}, doi = {10.7589/2015-12-342}, pmid = {27455197}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology ; Birds ; Canada ; Charadriiformes/*microbiology ; Cholera/epidemiology/*transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Feeding Behavior ; Newfoundland and Labrador/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida , is an endemic disease globally, often causing annual epizootics in North American wild bird populations with thousands of mortalities. From December 2006 to March 2007, an avian cholera outbreak caused mortality in marine birds off the coast of Atlantic Canada, largely centered 300-400 km off the coast of the island of Newfoundland. Scavenging gulls (Larus spp.) were the primary species detected; however, mortality was also identified in Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and one Common Raven (Corvus corax), a nonmarine species. The most common gross necropsy findings in the birds with confirmed avian cholera were acute fibrinous and necrotizing lesions affecting the spleen, air sacs, and pericardium, and nonspecific hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The etiologic agent, P. multocida serotype 1, was recovered from 77 of 136 carcasses examined, and confirmed or probable avian cholera was diagnosed in 85 cases. Mortality observed in scavenging gull species was disproportionately high relative to their abundance, particularly when compared to nonscavenging species. The presence of feather shafts in the ventricular lumen of the majority of larid carcasses diagnosed with avian cholera suggests scavenging of birds that died from avian cholera as a major mode of transmission. This documentation of an outbreak of avian cholera in a North American pelagic environment affecting primarily scavenging gulls indicates that offshore marine environments may be a component of avian cholera dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid27454122, year = {2016}, author = {Syrová, M and Němec, M and Veselý, P and Landová, E and Fuchs, R}, title = {Facing a Clever Predator Demands Clever Responses - Red-Backed Shrikes (Lanius collurio) vs. Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {e0159432}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0159432}, pmid = {27454122}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Red-backed shrikes (Lanius collurio) behave quite differently towards two common nest predators. While the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is commonly attacked, in the presence of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), shrikes stay fully passive. We tested the hypotheses that this passive response to the magpie is an alternative defense strategy. Nesting shrikes were exposed to the commonly attacked European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in a situation in which i) a harmless domestic pigeon, ii) a commonly attacked European jay, and iii) a non-attacked black-billed magpie are (separately) presented nearby. The kestrel dummy presented together with the magpie dummy was attacked with a significantly lower intensity than when it was presented with the other intruders (pigeon, jay) or alone. This means that the presence of the magpie inhibited the shrike's defense response towards the other intruder. These results support our previous hypotheses that shrikes use an alternative defense strategy in the magpie's presence. We hypothesize that the magpie is able to associate the active defense of the shrikes with the close proximity of a nest and that shrikes try not to draw the magpie's attention to the nest. The reason why this strategy is not used against the jay remains unanswered as jays as well as magpies show very similar cognitive and foraging skills enabling them to individuate the nest presence according to active parental defense.}, }
@article {pmid27449007, year = {2016}, author = {Freedman, D and Bao, Y and Shen, L and Schaefer, CA and Brown, AS}, title = {Maternal T. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder and neurocognition.}, journal = {Psychiatry research}, volume = {243}, number = {}, pages = {382-389}, doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.057}, pmid = {27449007}, issn = {1872-7123}, support = {K02 MH065422/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH069819/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH073080/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; T32 MH013043/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; N01HD13334/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Bipolar Disorder/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition/*physiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/blood/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Random Allocation ; *Toxoplasma/metabolism ; Toxoplasmosis/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Prenatal exposure to maternal Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) IgG antibody titer has been associated previously with an increased risk of offspring schizophrenia (SZ) and cognitive impairment. We examined maternal T. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder (BP) and childhood cognition using a population-based birth cohort. Maternal sera, drawn in the third trimester, were analyzed for T. gondii IgG antibody titer, and offspring cognition at ages 5 and 9-11 was measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Raven Matrices (Raven). Raw scores were standardized and the ages combined. Potential cases with BP from the cohort were identified by database linkages. This protocol identified 85 cases who were matched 1:2 to controls. Maternal T. gondii IgG was not associated with the risk of BP in offspring. Neither moderate [HR=1.43 (CI: 0.49, 4.17)] nor high IgG titer [HR=1.6 [CI: 0.74, 3.48)] were associated with offspring BP. Associations were not observed between maternal T. gondii and BP with psychotic features or BP type 1. In addition, maternal T. gondii was not associated with childhood cognition. Our study suggests that T. gondii may be specific to SZ among major psychotic disorders, though further studies with larger sample sizes are required.}, }
@article {pmid27437926, year = {2016}, author = {Jacobs, IF and von Bayern, A and Osvath, M}, title = {A novel tool-use mode in animals: New Caledonian crows insert tools to transport objects.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, pages = {1249-1252}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-1016-z}, pmid = {27437926}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crows ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) rely heavily on a range of tools to extract prey. They manufacture novel tools, save tools for later use, and have morphological features that facilitate tool use. We report six observations, in two individuals, of a novel tool-use mode not previously reported in non-human animals. Insert-and-transport tool use involves inserting a stick into an object and then moving away, thereby transporting both object and tool. All transported objects were non-food objects. One subject used a stick to transport an object that was too large to be handled by beak, which suggests the tool facilitated object control. The function in the other cases is unclear but seems to be an expression of play or exploration. Further studies should investigate whether it is adaptive in the wild and to what extent crows can flexibly apply the behaviour in experimental settings when purposive transportation of objects is advantageous.}, }
@article {pmid27429456, year = {2016}, author = {Greggor, AL and Clayton, NS and Fulford, AJ and Thornton, A}, title = {Street smart: faster approach towards litter in urban areas by highly neophobic corvids and less fearful birds.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {117}, number = {}, pages = {123-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.029}, pmid = {27429456}, issn = {0003-3472}, abstract = {The extent to which animals respond fearfully to novel stimuli may critically influence their ability to survive alongside humans. However, it is unclear whether the fear of novel objects, object neophobia, consistently varies in response to human disturbance. Where variation has been documented, it is unclear whether this variation is due to a change in fear towards specific novel stimuli, or whether it is symptomatic of a general change in fear behaviour. We measured levels of object neophobia in free-flying birds across urban and rural habitats, comparing corvids, a family known for being behaviourally flexible and innovative, with other urban-adapting bird species. Neophobic responses were measured in the presence of different types of objects that varied in their novelty, and were compared to behaviour during a baited control. Corvids were more neophobic than noncorvid species towards all object types, but their hesitancy abated after conspecifics approached in experimental conditions in which objects resembled items they may have experienced previously. Both sets of species were faster to approach objects made from human litter in urban than rural areas, potentially reflecting a category-specific reduction in fear based on experience. These results highlight species similarities in behavioural responses to human-dominated environments despite large differences in baseline neophobia.}, }
@article {pmid27406172, year = {2017}, author = {Szabo, B and Bugnyar, T and Auersperg, AM}, title = {Within-group relationships and lack of social enhancement during object manipulation in captive Goffin's cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana).}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {7-19}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-016-0235-0}, pmid = {27406172}, issn = {1543-4508}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Cockatoos ; Crows ; *Learning ; Parrots ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Different types of social relationships can influence individual learning strategies in structured groups of animals. Studies on a number of avian species have suggested that local and/or stimulus enhancement are important ingredients of the respective species' exploration modes. Our aim was to identify the role of enhancement during object manipulation in different social contexts. We used focal observations to identify a linear dominance hierarchy as well as affiliative relationships between individuals in a group of 14 Goffin's cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana, formerly goffini). Thereafter, in an unrewarded object choice task, several pairs of subjects were tested for a possible influence of social enhancement (local vs. stimulus) in three conditions: dominance, affiliation, and kinship. Our results suggest strong individual biases. Whereas previous studies on ravens and kea had indicated that enhancement in a non-food-related task was influenced by the social relationship between a demonstrator and an observer (affiliated - nonaffiliated), we found no such effects in our study group. In this context, Goffin's cockatoos' object learning seems to take place more on an individual level, despite their generally high motivation to manipulate nonfood items.}, }
@article {pmid27359074, year = {2016}, author = {Miller, R and Schwab, C and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Explorative innovators and flexible use of social information in common ravens (Corvus corax) and carrion crows (Corvus corone).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {130}, number = {4}, pages = {328-340}, doi = {10.1037/com0000039}, pmid = {27359074}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Choice Behavior ; *Crows ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Humans ; *Problem Solving ; *Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Innovation and social information use are influenced by individual characteristics, and are important for the creation and transmission of novel behavioral patterns. Here, we investigated which individual factors predict innovation rates and social transmission of information in a comparative study with identically reared common ravens (Corvus corax) and carrion crows (Corvus corone corone; Corvus corone cornix). In the innovation experiment (1), we presented the birds with a novel problem-solving task while alone, to determine which individuals would quickly solve (&quot;innovators&quot;) or not solve (&quot;noninnovators&quot;) this task. We then related these findings to sex, object exploration (frequency of novel item manipulation), object neophobia (latency to novel item interaction), and social rank position. We found that innovators were more explorative than noninnovators, although they did not differ significantly in social rank, object neophobia or sex. In the social information use experiments (2 &amp; 3), subjects first observed a model (Exp. 2: conspecific, heterospecific; Exp. 3: conspecific innovator &amp; noninnovator) demonstrate a specific color selection in a 2-choice cup task, before being allowed to make their own cup selection. Innovator and noninnovator observers did not significantly differ in their tendency to use social information, that is, to select the demonstrated cup first, from a conspecific or heterospecific model. Furthermore, observers did not preferentially use social information from an innovator over a noninnovator model. We discuss our findings in relation to the likely benefits of flexible information use, and the role of other model characteristics, such as relationships, on the use of social information. (PsycINFO Database Record}, }
@article {pmid27346889, year = {2016}, author = {Reber, SA and Boeckle, M and Szipl, G and Janisch, J and Bugnyar, T and Fitch, WT}, title = {Territorial raven pairs are sensitive to structural changes in simulated acoustic displays of conspecifics.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {116}, number = {}, pages = {153-162}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.04.005}, pmid = {27346889}, issn = {0003-3472}, abstract = {Human language involves combining items into meaningful, syntactically structured wholes. The evolutionary origin of syntactic abilities has been investigated by testing pattern perception capacities in nonhuman animals. New World primates can respond spontaneously to structural changes in acoustic sequences and songbirds can learn to discriminate between various patterns in operant tasks. However, there is no conclusive evidence that songbirds respond spontaneously to structural changes in patterns without reinforcement or training. In this study, we tested pattern perception capacities of common ravens, Corvus corax, in a habituation-discrimination playback experiment. To enhance stimulus salience, call recordings of male and female ravens were used as acoustic elements, combined to create artificial territorial displays as target patterns. We habituated captive territorial raven pairs to displays following a particular pattern and subsequently exposed them to several test and control playbacks. Subjects spent more time visually orienting towards the loudspeaker in the discrimination phase when they heard structurally novel call combinations, violating the pattern presented during habituation. This demonstrates that songbirds, much like primates, can be sensitive to structural changes in auditory patterns and respond to them spontaneously, without training.}, }
@article {pmid27286247, year = {2016}, author = {Asakawa-Haas, K and Schiestl, M and Bugnyar, T and Massen, JJ}, title = {Partner Choice in Raven (Corvus corax) Cooperation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {e0156962}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0156962}, pmid = {27286247}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Choice Behavior ; Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Recognition (Psychology) ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Although social animals frequently make decisions about when or with whom to cooperate, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of partner choice. Most previous studies compared different dyads' performances, though did not allow an actual choice among partners. We tested eleven ravens, Corvus corax, in triads, giving them first the choice to cooperate with either a highly familiar or a rather unfamiliar partner and, second, with either a friend or a non-friend using a cooperative string-pulling task. In either test, the ravens had a second choice and could cooperate with the other partner, given that this one had not pulled the string in the meantime. We show that during the experiments, these partner ravens indeed learn to wait and inhibit pulling, respectively. Moreover, the results of these two experiments show that ravens' preferences for a specific cooperation partner are not based on familiarity. In contrast, the ravens did show a preference based on relationship quality, as they did choose to cooperate significantly more with friends than with non-friends and they were also more proficient when cooperating with a friend. In order to further identify the proximate mechanism of this preference, we designed an open-choice experiment for the whole group where all birds were free to cooperate on two separate apparatuses. This set-up allowed us to distinguish between preferences for close proximity and preferences to cooperate. The results revealed that friends preferred staying close to each other, but did not necessarily cooperate with one another, suggesting that tolerance of proximity and not relationship quality as a whole may be the driving force behind partner choice in raven cooperation. Consequently, we stress the importance of experiments that allow such titrations and, suggest that these results have important implications for the interpretations of cooperation studies that did not include open partner choice.}, }
@article {pmid27282438, year = {2016}, author = {Greggor, AL and McIvor, GE and Clayton, NS and Thornton, A}, title = {Contagious risk taking: social information and context influence wild jackdaws' responses to novelty and risk.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {27764}, doi = {10.1038/srep27764}, pmid = {27282438}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BB/H021817/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; *Exploratory Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Motivation ; Risk Factors ; *Risk-Taking ; Seasons ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Although wild animals increasingly encounter human-produced food and objects, it is unknown how they learn to discriminate beneficial from dangerous novelty. Since social learning allows animals to capitalize on the risk-taking of others, and avoid endangering themselves, social learning should be used around novel and unpredictable stimuli. However, it is unclear whether animals use social cues equally around all types of novelty and at all times of year. We assessed whether wild, individually marked jackdaws-a highly neophobic, yet adaptable species-are equally influenced by social cues to consume novel, palatable foods and to approach a startling object. We conducted these tests across two seasons, and found that in both seasons observers were more likely to consume novel foods after seeing a demonstrator do so. In contrast, observers only followed the demonstrator in foraging next to the object during breeding season. Throughout the year more birds were wary of consuming novel foods than wary of approaching the object, potentially leading to jackdaws' greater reliance on social information about food. Jackdaws' dynamic social cue usage demonstrates the importance of context in predicting how social information is used around novelty, and potentially indicates the conditions that facilitate animals' adjustment to anthropogenic disturbance.}, }
@article {pmid27260356, year = {2016}, author = {Taff, CC and Weis, AM and Wheeler, S and Hinton, MG and Weimer, BC and Barker, CM and Jones, M and Logsdon, R and Smith, WA and Boyce, WM and Townsend, AK}, title = {Influence of Host Ecology and Behavior on Campylobacter jejuni Prevalence and Environmental Contamination Risk in a Synanthropic Wild Bird Species.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {15}, pages = {4811-4820}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01456-16}, pmid = {27260356}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*microbiology/physiology ; Bird Diseases/*microbiology/physiopathology ; Campylobacter jejuni/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Crows/*microbiology/physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. Wild birds may play a role in the transmission of C. jejuni by acting as reservoir hosts. Despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor C. jejuni, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. We tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk. C. jejuni infection and host ecology were studied simultaneously in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Davis, CA, over 3 years. We found that 178 of 337 samples tested were culture positive (53%), with infection varying by season and host age. Among adult crows, infection rates were highest during the winter, when migrants return and crows form large communal roosts. Nestlings had the highest risk of infection, and whole-genome sequencing supports the observation of direct transmission between nestlings. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) receivers to quantify habitat use by crows; space use was nonrandom, with crows preferentially occupying some habitats while avoiding others. This behavior drastically amplified the risk of environmental contamination from feces in specific locations. This study demonstrates that social behavior contributes to infection within species and that habitat use leads to a heterogeneous risk of cross-species transmission.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. Despite efforts to reduce the colonization of poultry flocks and eventual infection of humans, the incidence of human C. jejuni infection has remained high. Because wild birds can harbor strains of C. jejuni that eventually infect humans, there has long been speculation that wild birds might act as an important reservoir in the C. jejuni infection cycle. We simultaneously studied infection prevalence, social behavior, and movement ecology in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We found that social behavior contributed to patterns of infection and that movement behavior resulted in some areas having a high risk of transmission while others had a low risk. The incorporation of ecological data into studies of C. jejuni in wild birds has the potential to resolve when and how wild birds contribute to domestic animal and human C. jejuni infection, leading to better control of initial poultry contamination.}, }
@article {pmid29737706, year = {2016}, author = {Wang, QY and Zhao, YZ and Luo, X and Hua, JQ and Li, Z and Xu, JL}, title = {[Potential nest predators of Syrmaticus reevesii based on camera traps and artificial nests.].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1968-1974}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201606.020}, pmid = {29737706}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Animals ; *Breeding ; Ecosystem ; *Galliformes ; Nesting Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {In order to understand the background of the field breeding ecology of Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) inside and outside of protected area, an investigation on nest predation rate, potential nest predators and the habitat factors affecting nest predation was conducted at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province and Pingjingguan Village, Hubei Province, which were protected and non-protected area, respectively. The fieldwork was conducted from March to July 2014, and artificial nests (taking eggs as bait), camera traps and habitat plots were used at these two sites to catch information about nest predation. Experiments were designed in two rounds, including the early-breeding stage (March to April) and mid-breeding stage (May to June). We placed 149 artificial ground nests with 62 randomly picked nest sites, each monitored by one camera. The working days of all cameras were 1315 days, and we finally obtained 7776 pictures and 6950 video clips. The results showed that the rate of nest predation outside the protected areas (Pingjingguan) was higher than that in nature reserve (Dongzhai), with highly significant diffe-rences both in early-breeding and mid-breeding stages. In two stages, more nest predator species (11 and 6 species in two stages, respectively) occurred in Pingjingguan than in Dongzhai (7 and 5 species, respectively). In Pingjingguan, Glires and Corvidae were top predators, while in Dongzhai Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) was firstly ranked. Slope degree and arbor canopy cover were positively related with the nest predation rate in Pingjingguan, while fallen leaves coverage had significant influence on nest predation in Dongzhai. We also found wild Reeves's pheasant paid visits to 13 artificial nests for 18 times by viewing the pictures and video clips.}, }
@article {pmid27220061, year = {2017}, author = {Zengel, B and Ambler, JK and McCarthy, RJ and Skowronski, JJ}, title = {Spontaneous trait inference and spontaneous trait transference are both unaffected by prior evaluations of informants.}, journal = {The Journal of social psychology}, volume = {157}, number = {3}, pages = {382-387}, doi = {10.1080/00224545.2016.1192099}, pmid = {27220061}, issn = {1940-1183}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; *Character ; *Facial Recognition ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Social Perception ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {This article reports results from a study in which participants encountered either (a) previously known informants who were positive (e.g. Abraham Lincoln), neutral (e.g., Jay Leno), or negative (e.g., Adolf Hitler), or (b) previously unknown informants. The informants ostensibly described either a trait-implicative positive behavior, a trait-implicative negative behavior, or a neutral behavior. These descriptions were framed as either the behavior of the informant or the behavior of another person. Results yielded evidence of informant-trait linkages for both self-informants and for informants who described another person. These effects were not moderated by informant type, behavior valence, or the congruency or incongruency between the prior knowledge of the informant and the behavior valence. Results are discussed in terms of theories of Spontaneous Trait Inference and Spontaneous Trait Transference.}, }
@article {pmid27195059, year = {2016}, author = {Ostojić, L and Cheke, LG and Shaw, RC and Legg, EW and Clayton, NS}, title = {Desire-state attribution: Benefits of a novel paradigm using the food-sharing behavior of Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius).}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e1134065}, doi = {10.1080/19420889.2015.1134065}, pmid = {27195059}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {In recent years, we have investigated the possibility that Eurasian jay food sharing might rely on desire-state attribution. The female's desire for a particular type of food can be decreased by sating her on it (specific satiety) and the food sharing paradigm can be used to test whether the male's sharing pattern reflects the female's current desire. Our previous findings show that the male shares the food that the female currently wants. Here, we consider 3 simpler mechanisms that might explain the male's behavior: behavior reading, lack of self-other differentiation and behavioral rules. We illustrate how we have already addressed these issues and how our food sharing paradigm can be further adapted to answer outstanding questions. The flexibility with which the food sharing paradigm can be applied to rule out alternative mechanisms makes it a useful tool to study desire-state attribution in jays and other species that share food.}, }
@article {pmid27152224, year = {2016}, author = {Kabadayi, C and Taylor, LA and von Bayern, AM and Osvath, M}, title = {Ravens, New Caledonian crows and jackdaws parallel great apes in motor self-regulation despite smaller brains.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {160104}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.160104}, pmid = {27152224}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Overriding motor impulses instigated by salient perceptual stimuli represent a fundamental inhibitory skill. Such motor self-regulation facilitates more rational behaviour, as it brings economy into the bodily interaction with the physical and social world. It also underlies certain complex cognitive processes including decision making. Recently, MacLean et al. (MacLean et al. 2014 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 2140-2148. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1323533111)) conducted a large-scale study involving 36 species, comparing motor self-regulation across taxa. They concluded that absolute brain size predicts level of performance. The great apes were most successful. Only a few of the species tested were birds. Given birds' small brain size-in absolute terms-yet flexible behaviour, their motor self-regulation calls for closer study. Corvids exhibit some of the largest relative avian brain sizes-although small in absolute measure-as well as the most flexible cognition in the animal kingdom. We therefore tested ravens, New Caledonian crows and jackdaws in the so-called cylinder task. We found performance indistinguishable from that of great apes despite the much smaller brains. We found both absolute and relative brain volume to be a reliable predictor of performance within Aves. The complex cognition of corvids is often likened to that of great apes; our results show further that they share similar fundamental cognitive mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid27128947, year = {2016}, author = {van Vuuren, K and O'Keeffe, S and Jones, DN}, title = {&quot;Vicious, Aggressive Bird Stalks Cyclist&quot;: The Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen) in the News.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani6050029}, pmid = {27128947}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {The Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen) is a common bird found in urban Australian environments where its nest defense behavior during spring brings it into conflict with humans. This article explores the role of print media in covering this conflict. Leximancer software was used to analyze newspaper reports about the Australian Magpie from a sample of 634 news stories, letters-to-the editor and opinion pieces, published in newspapers from around Australia between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014. The results confirm that stories about these birds are primarily published in the daily regional and weekly suburban press, and that the dominant story frame concerns the risk of &quot;swooping&quot; behavior to cyclists and pedestrians from birds protecting their nests during the spring breeding season. The most prominent sources used by journalists are local and state government representatives, as well as members of the public. The results show that the &quot;swooping season&quot; has become a normal part of the annual news cycle for these publications, with the implication that discourse surrounding the Australian Magpie predominantly concerns the risk these birds pose to humans, and ignores their decline in non-urban environments.}, }
@article {pmid27108470, year = {2016}, author = {Graff, G}, title = {Post Civil War African American History: Brief Periods of Triumph, and Then Despair.}, journal = {The Journal of psychohistory}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {247-261}, pmid = {27108470}, issn = {0145-3378}, mesh = {African Americans/*history/psychology ; *American Civil War ; Civil Rights/*history/psychology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Prisons/history ; Racism/*history/psychology ; United States ; }, abstract = {During Reconstruction, which is often called the most progressive period in American history, African Americans made great strides. By 1868 African American men constituted a majority of registered voters in South Carolina and Mississippi, and by 1870 eighty-five percent of Mississippi's black jurors could read and write. However, Reconstruction was followed by approximately one hundred years of Jim Crow laws, lynching, disenfranchisement, sharecropping, unequal educational resources, terrorism, racial caricatures, and convict leasing. The Civil Rights Revolution finally ended that period of despair, but the era of mass incarceration can be understood as a reaction to the Civil Rights Movement. This article attempts to understand the persistence of racism in the United States from slavery's end until the present.}, }
@article {pmid27105987, year = {2016}, author = {Bergsman, LD and Hyman, JM and Manore, CA}, title = {A mathematical model for the spread of west nile virus in migratory and resident birds.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {401-424}, pmid = {27105987}, issn = {1551-0018}, support = {U01 GM097661/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 GM097658/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Crows/virology ; Culicidae/virology ; Forecasting ; *Models, Biological ; Seasons ; Songbirds/virology ; United States/epidemiology ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*transmission ; West Nile virus/physiology ; }, abstract = {We develop a mathematical model for transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) that incorporates resident and migratory host avian populations and a mosquito vector population. We provide a detailed analysis of the model's basic reproductive number and demonstrate how the exposed infected, but not infectious, state for the bird population can be approximated by a reduced model. We use the model to investigate the interplay of WNV in both resident and migratory bird hosts. The resident host parameters correspond to the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), a competent host with a high death rate due to disease, and migratory host parameters to the American Robin (Turdus migratorius), a competent host with low WNV death rates. We find that yearly seasonal outbreaks depend primarily on the number of susceptible migrant birds entering the local population each season. We observe that the early growth rates of seasonal outbreaks is more influenced by the the migratory population than the resident bird population. This implies that although the death of highly competent resident birds, such as American Crows, are good indicators for the presence of the virus, these species have less impact on the basic reproductive number than the competent migratory birds with low death rates, such as the American Robins. The disease forecasts are most sensitive to the assumptions about the feeding preferences of North American mosquito vectors and the effect of the virus on the hosts. Increased research on the these factors would allow for better estimates of these important model parameters, which would improve the quality of future WNV forecasts.}, }
@article {pmid27092388, year = {2016}, author = {Smångs, M}, title = {Doing Violence, Making Race: Southern Lynching and White Racial Group Formation.}, journal = {AJS; American journal of sociology}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, pages = {1329-1374}, pmid = {27092388}, issn = {0002-9602}, mesh = {History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Race Relations/*history/psychology ; Racism/*history ; Socioeconomic Factors/history ; Southeastern United States ; Violence/*history ; }, abstract = {This article presents a theoretical framework of how intergroup violence may figure into the activation and maintenance of group categories, boundaries, and identities, as well as the mediating role played by organizations in such processes. The framework's analytical advantages are demonstrated in an application to southern lynchings. Findings from event- and community-level analyses suggest that &quot;public&quot; lynchings, carried out by larger mobs with ceremonial violence, but not &quot;private&quot; ones, perpetrated by smaller bands without public or ceremonial violence, fed off and into the racial group boundaries, categories, and identities promoted by the southern Democratic Party at the turn of the 20th century and on which the emerging Jim Crow system rested. Highlighting that racialized inequalities cannot be properly understood apart from collective processes of racial group boundary and identity making, the article offers clues to the mechanisms by which past racial domination influences contemporary race relations.}, }
@article {pmid27070019, year = {2015}, author = {Derbyshire, R and Strickland, D and Norris, DR}, title = {Experimental evidence and 43 years of monitoring data show that food limits reproduction in a food-caching passerine.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {96}, number = {11}, pages = {3005-3015}, pmid = {27070019}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Several species of birds and mammals overcome periods of scarcity by caching food, but for the vast majority of species, it is virtually unknown whether they are food limited during these periods. The Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) is a boreal-resident, food-caching passerine that breeds in late winter when fresh food is scarce. Using a two-year experiment and 43 years of monitoring data, we examined the food limitation hypothesis in a population of Gray Jays in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, that has declined by over 50% in the last three decades. Breeding pairs that were experimentally food supplemented during the pre-breeding period laid eggs earlier in the season and had larger brood sizes than non-supplemented controls. From the long-term data, we found strong evidence that pairs that were regularly supplemented by the public (park visitors) tended to lay eggs earlier and have larger clutches and brood sizes compared to pairs that were not supplemented. Nestling body condition (mass controlled for body size) was not influenced by either experimental or public food supplementation. Our results support the hypothesis that Gray Jays are food limited during their late-winter breeding period and suggest that warmer fall temperatures, which have been hypothesized to lead to cache spoilage, may have a significant impact on reproductive success in this declining population. Moreover, our results contribute to understanding how public feeding can influence the fitness of wild animals.}, }
@article {pmid27036232, year = {2016}, author = {Kelly, EM}, title = {Counting on your friends: The role of social environment on quantity discrimination.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {9-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2016.03.019}, pmid = {27036232}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Male ; *Passeriformes ; Social Behavior ; *Social Environment ; }, abstract = {Quantity discrimination has been established in a range of species. However, most demonstrations of quantity discrimination control for social factors by testing animals individually. I tested whether sociality affects quantity discrimination in the wild by comparing the performances of the highly social Mexican jay (MJ; Aphelocoma wollweberi) and the territorial Western scrub jay (WJ; Aphelocoma californica). The birds were given a choice between two lines of peanuts that differed in initial quantity ranging from 2 vs 8 to 14 vs 16. Their choices were recorded until all peanuts were eaten or cached. Whereas non-social WJ selected the larger quantity across all the trials significantly more than chance, social MJ selected the larger line only when the difference in the number of peanuts between lines was small. In MJ, individual choice when selecting the large or small quantity was influenced by what line the previous bird had chosen when the difference in lines was large, with followers significantly more likely to select the smaller quantity. WJ were not significantly affected by the choices of other individuals. The only factors that influenced WJ choice were ratio and total differences between the two quantities. These results suggests that in certain scenarios, both species can discriminate between different quantities. However, MJ were greatly influenced by social factors, a previously untested factor, while WJ were only influenced by ratio and total difference between the quantities, consistent with findings in other species. Overall, this study demonstrates the important role of sociality in numerical cognitive performance, a previously overlooked factor.}, }
@article {pmid26984123, year = {2016}, author = {Legg, EW and Ostojić, L and Clayton, NS}, title = {Caching at a distance: a cache protection strategy in Eurasian jays.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {753-758}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-0972-7}, pmid = {26984123}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Passeriformes ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {A fundamental question about the complexity of corvid social cognition is whether behaviours exhibited when caching in front of potential pilferers represent specific attempts to prevent cache loss (cache protection hypothesis) or whether they are by-products of other behaviours (by-product hypothesis). Here, we demonstrate that Eurasian jays preferentially cache at a distance when observed by conspecifics. This preference for a 'far' location could be either a by-product of a general preference for caching at that specific location regardless of the risk of cache loss or a by-product of a general preference to be far away from conspecifics due to low intra-species tolerance. Critically, we found that neither by-product account explains the jays' behaviour: the preference for the 'far' location was not shown when caching in private or when eating in front of a conspecific. In line with the cache protection hypothesis we found that jays preferred the distant location only when caching in front of a conspecific. Thus, it seems likely that for Eurasian jays, caching at a distance from an observer is a specific cache protection strategy.}, }
@article {pmid26955788, year = {2016}, author = {Matsui, H and Hunt, GR and Oberhofer, K and Ogihara, N and McGowan, KJ and Mithraratne, K and Yamasaki, T and Gray, RD and Izawa, E}, title = {Adaptive bill morphology for enhanced tool manipulation in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {22776}, doi = {10.1038/srep22776}, pmid = {26955788}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Beak/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Crows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Early increased sophistication of human tools is thought to be underpinned by adaptive morphology for efficient tool manipulation. Such adaptive specialisation is unknown in nonhuman primates but may have evolved in the New Caledonian crow, which has sophisticated tool manufacture. The straightness of its bill, for example, may be adaptive for enhanced visually-directed use of tools. Here, we examine in detail the shape and internal structure of the New Caledonian crow's bill using Principal Components Analysis and Computed Tomography within a comparative framework. We found that the bill has a combination of interrelated shape and structural features unique within Corvus, and possibly birds generally. The upper mandible is relatively deep and short with a straight cutting edge, and the lower mandible is strengthened and upturned. These novel combined attributes would be functional for (i) counteracting the unique loading patterns acting on the bill when manipulating tools, (ii) a strong precision grip to hold tools securely, and (iii) enhanced visually-guided tool use. Our findings indicate that the New Caledonian crow's innovative bill has been adapted for tool manipulation to at least some degree. Early increased sophistication of tools may require the co-evolution of morphology that provides improved manipulatory skills.}, }
@article {pmid26925331, year = {2016}, author = {Logan, CJ and Harvey, BD and Schlinger, BA and Rensel, M}, title = {Western scrub-jays do not appear to attend to functionality in Aesop's Fable experiments.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {e1707}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.1707}, pmid = {26925331}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Western scrub-jays are known for their highly discriminatory and flexible behaviors in a caching (food storing) context. However, it is unknown whether their cognitive abilities are restricted to a caching context. To explore this question, we tested scrub-jays in a non-caching context using the Aesop's Fable paradigm, where a partially filled tube of water contains a floating food reward and objects must be inserted to displace the water and bring the food within reach. We tested four birds, but only two learned to drop stones proficiently. Of these, one bird participated in 4/5 experiments and one in 2/5 experiments. Both birds passed one experiment, but without attending to the functional differences of the objects, and failed the other experiments. Scrub-jays were not motivated to participate in these experiments, suggesting that either this paradigm was ecologically irrelevant or perhaps their flexibility is restricted to a caching context.}, }
@article {pmid26876417, year = {2016}, author = {Pesendorfer, MB and Sillett, TS and Morrison, SA and Kamil, AC}, title = {Context-dependent seed dispersal by a scatter-hoarding corvid.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {798-805}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12501}, pmid = {26876417}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Feeding Behavior ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Quercus/physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Corvids (crows, jays, magpies and nutcrackers) are important dispersers of large-seeded plants. Studies on captive or supplemented birds suggest that they flexibly adjust their scatter-hoarding behaviour to the context of social dynamics and relative seed availability. Because many corvid-dispersed trees show high annual variation in seed production, context-dependent foraging can have strong effects on natural corvid scatter-hoarding behaviour. We investigated how seed availability and social dynamics affected scatter-hoarding in the island scrub jays (Aphelocoma insularis). We quantified rates of scatter-hoarding behaviour and territorial defence of 26 colour-marked birds over a three-year period with variable acorn crops. We tested whether caching parameters were correlated with variation in annual seed production of oaks as predicted by the predator dispersal hypothesis, which states that caching rates and distances should vary with seed abundance in ways that benefit tree fitness. We also tested whether antagonistic interactions with conspecifics would affect scatter-hoarding adversely, as found in experimental studies. Caching behaviour varied with acorn availability. Caching distances correlated positively with annual acorn crop size, increasing by as much as 40% between years. Caching rates declined over time in years with small acorn crops, but increased when crops were large. Acorn foraging and caching rates were also negatively correlated with rates of territorial aggression. Overall foraging rates, however, were not associated with aggression, suggesting that reduced dispersal rates were not simply due to time constraints. Our field results support laboratory findings that caching rates and distances by scatter-hoarding corvids are context-dependent. Furthermore, our results are consistent with predictions of the predator dispersal hypothesis and suggest that large seed crops and social interactions among scatter-hoarders affect dispersal benefits for oaks and other masting tree species.}, }
@article {pmid26868053, year = {2016}, author = {Droege, G and Töpfer, T}, title = {The Corvids Literature Database--500 years of ornithological research from a crow's perspective.}, journal = {Database : the journal of biological databases and curation}, volume = {2016}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/database/bav122}, pmid = {26868053}, issn = {1758-0463}, mesh = {Animals ; Biology/*methods ; Crows/*physiology ; *Databases, Bibliographic ; Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Geography ; Language ; Phylogeny ; Publications ; Research ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Corvids (Corvidae) play a major role in ornithological research. Because of their worldwide distribution, diversity and adaptiveness, they have been studied extensively. The aim of the Corvids Literature Database (CLD, http://www.corvids.de/cld) is to record all publications (citation format) on all extant and extinct Crows, Ravens, Jays and Magpies worldwide and tag them with specific keywords making them available for researchers worldwide. The self-maintained project started in 2006 and today comprises 8000 articles, spanning almost 500 years. The CLD covers publications from 164 countries, written in 36 languages and published by 8026 authors in 1503 journals (plus books, theses and other publications). Forty-nine percent of all records are available online as full-text documents or deposited in the physical CLD archive. The CLD contains 442 original corvid descriptions. Here, we present a metadata assessment of articles recorded in the CLD including a gap analysis and prospects for future research. Database URL: http://www.corvids.de/cld.}, }
@article {pmid26848954, year = {2016}, author = {Miller, R and Laskowski, KL and Schiestl, M and Bugnyar, T and Schwab, C}, title = {Socially Driven Consistent Behavioural Differences during Development in Common Ravens and Carrion Crows.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0148822}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0148822}, pmid = {26848954}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Crows/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Environment ; Female ; Male ; Personality ; *Social Behavior ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Consistent individual differences in behaviour, or 'personality', are likely to be influenced by development, social context, and species ecology, though few comparative, longitudinal studies exist. Here, we investigated the role of development and social context on personality variation in two identically reared, social corvids: common ravens and carrion crows. We repeatedly presented subjects with a variety of novel food and objects, while alone and in a primarily sibling subgroup, from fledging to sub-adulthood. We predicted that consistent individual differences would emerge later in development, and that conspecific presence would facilitate behavioural similarities. In contrast to our predictions, we found that individuals of both species were highly inconsistent in their behavioural responses throughout the development period. In line with our predictions, though in the ravens only, conspecific presence promoted behavioural similarities as individuals were strongly shaped by their subgroup, and it is likely that these effects were driven by social context rather than relatedness. We discuss these findings in relation to developmental steps and the role of social relations in these species. Overall, our findings highlight that these two species are highly adaptable in their behaviour, and the ravens in particular are strongly influenced by their social environment, which may facilitate cooperation and social learning.}, }
@article {pmid26848730, year = {2016}, author = {Mankin, JL and Thompson, C and Branigan, HP and Simner, J}, title = {Processing compound words: Evidence from synaesthesia.}, journal = {Cognition}, volume = {150}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.007}, pmid = {26848730}, issn = {1873-7838}, support = {617678//European Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Color ; Color Perception/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Photic Stimulation/*methods ; *Semantics ; *Word Association Tests ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {This study used grapheme-colour synaesthesia, a neurological condition where letters evoke a strong and consistent impression of colour, as a tool to investigate normal language processing. For two sets of compound words varying by lexical frequency (e.g., football vs lifevest) or semantic transparency (e.g., flagpole vs magpie), we asked 19 grapheme-colour synaesthetes to choose their dominant synaesthetic colour using an online colour palette. Synaesthetes could then select a second synaesthetic colour for each word if they experienced one. For each word, we measured the number of elicited synaesthetic colours (zero, one, or two) and the nature of those colours (in terms of their saturation and luminance values). In the first analysis, we found that the number of colours was significantly influenced by compound frequency, such that the probability of a one-colour response increased with frequency. However, semantic transparency did not influence the number of synaesthetic colours. In the second analysis, we found that the luminance of the dominant colour was predicted by the frequency of the first constituent (e.g. rain in rainbow). We also found that the dominant colour was significantly more luminant than the secondary colour. Our results show the influence of implicit linguistic measures on synaesthetic colours, and support multiple/dual-route models of compound processing.}, }
@article {pmid26843781, year = {2016}, author = {Zduniak, P and Kosicki, JZ and Yosef, R}, title = {Sexual aggression by intruders in hooded crow Corvus cornix.}, journal = {Acta ethologica}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {91-94}, doi = {10.1007/s10211-015-0222-z}, pmid = {26843781}, issn = {0873-9749}, abstract = {The hooded crow Corvus cornix is a west Palaearctic, solitary nesting, monogamous corvid. In the breeding season, populations are characterized by a social organization wherein breeding pairs are territorial and non-breeding individuals, called floaters, live in flocks. During a study of the breeding ecology of the hooded crow, conducted in a protected flooded area, we monitored nests with video cameras. We recorded two separate incidents when intruders attacked a female at the nest. We believe that she remained in the nest in order to prevent the strangers cannibalizing the nestlings by mantling over the brood. The spatio-temporal occurrence of these attacks suggests that the observed behaviour is intraspecific sexual aggression wherein non-breeding males mounted an immobilized female.}, }
@article {pmid26843555, year = {2016}, author = {Jelbert, SA and Taylor, AH and Gray, RD}, title = {Does absolute brain size really predict self-control? Hand-tracking training improves performance on the A-not-B task.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {20150871}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2015.0871}, pmid = {26843555}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; *Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Reward ; *Self-Control ; }, abstract = {Large-scale, comparative cognition studies are set to revolutionize the way we investigate and understand the evolution of intelligence. However, the conclusions reached by such work have a key limitation: the cognitive tests themselves. If factors other than cognition can systematically affect the performance of a subset of animals on these tests, we risk drawing the wrong conclusions about how intelligence evolves. Here, we examined whether this is the case for the A-not-B task, recently used by MacLean and co-workers to study self-control among 36 different species. Non-primates performed poorly on this task; possibly because they have difficulty tracking the movements of a human demonstrator, and not because they lack self-control. To test this, we assessed the performance of New Caledonian crows on the A-not-B task before and after two types of training. New Caledonian crows trained to track rewards moved by a human demonstrator were more likely to pass the A-not-B test than birds trained on an unrelated choice task involving inhibitory control. Our findings demonstrate that overlooked task demands can affect performance on a cognitive task, and so bring into question MacLean's conclusion that absolute brain size best predicts self-control.}, }
@article {pmid26835849, year = {2016}, author = {Bugnyar, T and Reber, SA and Buckner, C}, title = {Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {10506}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms10506}, pmid = {26835849}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Crows ; Female ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Male ; Theory of Mind/*physiology ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Recent studies purported to demonstrate that chimpanzees, monkeys and corvids possess a basic Theory of Mind, the ability to attribute mental states like seeing to others. However, these studies remain controversial because they share a common confound: the conspecific's line of gaze, which could serve as an associative cue. Here, we show that ravens Corvus corax take into account the visual access of others, even when they cannot see a conspecific. Specifically, we find that ravens guard their caches against discovery in response to the sounds of conspecifics when a peephole is open but not when it is closed. Our results suggest that ravens can generalize from their own perceptual experience to infer the possibility of being seen. These findings confirm and unite previous work, providing strong evidence that ravens are more than mere behaviour-readers.}, }
@article {pmid26809620, year = {2016}, author = {Pesendorfer, MB and Koenig, WD}, title = {The effect of within-year variation in acorn crop size on seed harvesting by avian hoarders.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, pages = {97-106}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-016-3557-x}, pmid = {26809620}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Birds ; Diet ; Ecology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Germination ; Quercus/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/*growth &amp; development ; Species Specificity ; Trees/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Spatial and temporal variation in resource distribution affect the movement and foraging behavior of many animals. In the case of animal-dispersed trees, numerous studies have addressed masting-the synchronized variation in seed production between years-but the fitness consequences of spatial variation in seed production within a year are unclear. We investigated the effects of variable acorn production in a population of valley oaks (Quercus lobata) on the composition and behavior of the avian-disperser community. We found that western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica), high-quality dispersers that store seeds in the ground, were attracted to, and exhibited increased per capita dispersal rates from, trees with large acorn crops. In contrast, acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), low-quality dispersers that store acorns in trees where they are unlikely to germinate, increased per capita hoarding rates but did not attend trees with large seed crops in higher numbers, suggesting that the two species responded to resources on different spatial scales. Antagonistic interactions within and between species increased with the number of birds attending a tree, resulting in a potential cost for foraging birds, but did not reduce dispersal rates. Using a simulation model, we estimated that trees with large initial crops experienced a greater proportion (77 %) of high-quality seed dispersal events than trees with small crops (62 %). Our findings provide support for a mechanistic link between seed production and foraging behavior of seed dispersers as predicted by the predator dispersal hypothesis for the functional consequences of variable seed production in hoarder-dispersed trees.}, }
@article {pmid26806602, year = {2016}, author = {Beatty, J}, title = {What are narratives good for?.}, journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {33-40}, doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.12.016}, pmid = {26806602}, issn = {1879-2499}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Narration/history ; Natural History/history ; Philosophy/history ; Science/*history ; }, abstract = {Narratives may be easy to come by, but not everything is worth narrating. What merits a narrative? Here, I follow the lead of narratologists and literary theorists, and focus on one particular proposal concerning the elements of a story that make it narrative-worthy. These elements correspond to features of the natural world addressed by the historical sciences, where narratives figure so prominently. What matters is contingency. Narratives are especially good for representing contingency and accounting for contingent outcomes. This will be squared with a common view that narratives leave no room for chance. On the contrary, I will argue, tracing one path through a maze of alternative possibilities, and alluding to those possibilities along the way, is what a narrative does particularly well.}, }
@article {pmid26803346, year = {2016}, author = {Chien, AL and Qi, J and Cheng, N and Do, TT and Mesfin, M and Egbers, R and Xie, W and Chow, C and Chubb, H and Sachs, D and Voorhees, J and Kang, S}, title = {Perioral wrinkles are associated with female gender, aging, and smoking: Development of a gender-specific photonumeric scale.}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {924-930}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.042}, pmid = {26803346}, issn = {1097-6787}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; *Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mouth ; Multivariate Analysis ; *Photography ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Skin Aging/*physiology ; Smoking/*adverse effects ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Perioral wrinkling is commonly reported among older adults, but its objective evaluation and causes remain poorly understood.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: We sought to develop a photonumeric scale for perioral wrinkling and to elucidate contributory lifestyle factors.<br><br>METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited participants for facial photographs and a survey. A gender-specific photonumeric scale for perioral wrinkling was developed and used by 3 graders to evaluate participant photographs. Scores and survey responses were used to create a multiple regression model to predict perioral wrinkling.<br><br>RESULTS: In all, 143 participants aged 21 to 91 years were enrolled. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for interrater and intrarater reliability were high (>0.8) across 2 trials and 3 graders. A multiple regression model for prediction of perioral wrinkling severity included age, gender, and years of smoking as variables.<br><br>LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by sample size and a predominantly Caucasian study population.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We created a photonumeric scale that accounts for gender differences in perioral wrinkling and highlighted contributory variables to photoaging in this anatomical location.}, }
@article {pmid26801495, year = {2016}, author = {Vernouillet, A and Anderson, J and Clary, D and Kelly, DM}, title = {Inhibition in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana): results of a detour-reaching test.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {661-665}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-016-0952-y}, pmid = {26801495}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cognition ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Learning ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Problem Solving ; Spatial Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Inhibition (i.e. the ability to restrain ineffective responses to a given stimulus) is a good indicator of complex cognitive abilities in animals. Inhibition has been demonstrated in a broad range of mammals with foraging style and social group size identified as potential influences of this ability. Whether these ecological factors also apply to birds has not been well studied. Corvids, a family of birds well known for being able to accomplish difficult cognitive tasks often requiring inhibition, are a good model for studying inhibitory control. During this study, we measured the ability of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), a relatively non-social, food specialist corvid to exercise inhibitory control during a detour-reaching test. Individuals had to retrieve a pine nut inserted into a transparent tube through one of the side openings without pecking directly at the nut from the front of the tube. Overall, nutcrackers were able to inhibit pecking directly at the food (i.e. prepotent response), instead detouring to the side to retrieve the reward. However, the nutcrackers first required a learning period before showing inhibitory control. The nutcrackers' ability to inhibit was lower than other corvids studied to date, and we discuss the implications of this result for the role of sociality and dietary breadth for the evolution of inhibitory control.}, }
@article {pmid26793670, year = {2015}, author = {Habibzadeh, A and Pourabdol, S and Saravani, S}, title = {The effect of emotion regulation training in decreasing emotion failures and self-injurious behaviors among students suffering from specific learning disorder (SLD).}, journal = {Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {279}, pmid = {26793670}, issn = {1016-1430}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A great deal of attention has been given to the study of learning disorders. Hence, the aim of this research was to study the effect of emotion regulation training in decreasing emotion failures and self-injurious behaviors among students suffering from specific learning disorder.<br><br>METHODS: This was an experimental study with the pre-test, post-test and a control group. Research population included all 5th grade male students suffering from specific learning disorder (case study: 5th grade students in Ardabil in 2015). Research sample included 40 male students suffering from specific learning disorder (SLD) who were selected through multi-step cluster sampling and classified into two groups: Experimental group (n= 20) and control group (n= 20). The following tools were used for data collection: Kay Math mathematic Test, Raven Intelligence Test, Reading Test of Shafiei et al, Falahchay Writing Expression, Emotion Failures Scale, Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire and Diagnostic Interview based on DSM-5. Data were analyzed by multivariate of variance analysis (MANOVA) model in the SPSS software version 22.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of MANOVA revealed that emotion regulation training was effective in decreasing emotion failures in all parameters (difficulty in describing feelings, difficulty in identifying feelings, and externally oriented thinking style) and self-injurious behaviors in students suffering from specific learning disorder (p< 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that since emotion regulation training can have a remarkable effect on reducing negative emotions and increasing the positive ones; this treatment can play an eminent role in decreasing emotion failures and self-injurious behaviors in such students.}, }
@article {pmid26779962, year = {2016}, author = {Mahat, NA and Zainol-Abidin, NL and Nordin, NH and Abdul-Wahab, R and Jayaprakash, PT}, title = {Patterns of oviposition and development of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on burned rabbit carcasses.}, journal = {Forensic science international}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {9-13}, doi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.047}, pmid = {26779962}, issn = {1872-6283}, mesh = {Animals ; *Body Remains ; *Burns ; Diptera/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fires ; Forensic Pathology ; Models, Animal ; *Oviposition ; Postmortem Changes ; Rabbits ; }, abstract = {Considering that crimes against animals such as illegal killing and cruelty have been alarmingly increasing and since burning is one of the common ways for disposing cadavers, ability to estimate minimum postmortem interval (PMI) using entomological data merits consideration. Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies are common necrophagous species recovered from cadavers in many countries including Malaysia. Specific studies focusing on the oviposition and developmental patterns of both species on cadavers manifesting different levels of burn as described by the Crow-Glassman Scale (CGS) remain scarce. In four replicates, rabbit carcasses were burned to CGS levels #1, #2 and #3 by varying the amount of petrol used and duration of burning. Oviposition by C. megacephala and C. rufifacies was delayed by one day in the case of carcasses burned to the CGS level #3 (p<0.05) when compared with that of controls. Such delay in oviposition was not observed in the CGS level #1 and #2 carcasses. No significant differences (p>0.05) in the duration of development were found between control and burned carcasses. These findings deserve consideration while estimating minimum PMI since burning as a mean for disposing animal and human cadavers is gaining popularity.}, }
@article {pmid26726808, year = {2016}, author = {Baker, SE and Sharp, TM and Macdonald, DW}, title = {Assessing Animal Welfare Impacts in the Management of European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), European Moles (Talpa europaea) and Carrion Crows (Corvus corone).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e0146298}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146298}, pmid = {26726808}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Culling/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; Animal Distribution ; *Animal Welfare/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Crows ; Euthanasia, Animal/ethics/methods ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; *Moles ; Pest Control/ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*methods ; *Rabbits ; Restraint, Physical/ethics/instrumentation/methods ; United Kingdom ; Wounds and Injuries/prevention &amp; control/veterinary ; Wounds, Gunshot/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Human-wildlife conflict is a global issue. Attempts to manage this conflict impact upon wild animal welfare, an issue receiving little attention until relatively recently. Where human activities harm animal welfare these effects should be minimised where possible. However, little is known about the welfare impacts of different wildlife management interventions, and opinions on impacts vary widely. Welfare impacts therefore need to be assessed objectively. Our objectives were to: 1) establish whether an existing welfare assessment model could differentiate and rank the impacts of different wildlife management interventions (for decision-making purposes); 2) identify and evaluate any additional benefits of making formal welfare assessments; and 3) illustrate issues raised by application of the model. We applied the welfare assessment model to interventions commonly used with rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), moles (Talpa europaea) and crows (Corvus corone) in the UK. The model ranked interventions for rabbits (least impact first: fencing, head shot, chest shot) and crows (shooting, scaring, live trapping with cervical dislocation). For moles, managing molehills and tunnels scored least impact. Both spring trapping, and live trapping followed by translocation, scored greater impacts, but these could not be compared directly as they scored on different axes of the model. Some rankings appeared counter-intuitive, highlighting the need for objective formal welfare assessments. As well as ranking the humaneness of interventions, the model highlighted future research needs and how Standard Operating Procedures might be improved. The model is a milestone in assessing wildlife management welfare impacts, but our research revealed some limitations of the model and we discuss likely challenges in resolving these. In future, the model might be developed to improve its utility, e.g. by refining the time-scales. It might also be used to reach consensus among stakeholders about relative welfare impacts or to identify ways of improving wildlife management practice in the field.}, }
@article {pmid26701755, year = {2015}, author = {Troscianko, J and Rutz, C}, title = {Activity profiles and hook-tool use of New Caledonian crows recorded by bird-borne video cameras.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {20150777}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2015.0777}, pmid = {26701755}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/2//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Acacia ; Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Melaleuca ; New Caledonia ; *Tool Use Behavior ; Video Recording ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows are renowned for their unusually sophisticated tool behaviour. Despite decades of fieldwork, however, very little is known about how they make and use their foraging tools in the wild, which is largely owing to the difficulties in observing these shy forest birds. To obtain first estimates of activity budgets, as well as close-up observations of tool-assisted foraging, we equipped 19 wild crows with self-developed miniature video cameras, yielding more than 10 h of analysable video footage for 10 subjects. While only four crows used tools during recording sessions, they did so extensively: across all 10 birds, we conservatively estimate that tool-related behaviour occurred in 3% of total observation time, and accounted for 19% of all foraging behaviour. Our video-loggers provided first footage of crows manufacturing, and using, one of their most complex tool types--hooked stick tools--under completely natural foraging conditions. We recorded manufacture from live branches of paperbark (Melaleuca sp.) and another tree species (thought to be Acacia spirorbis), and deployment of tools in a range of contexts, including on the forest floor. Taken together, our video recordings reveal an 'expanded' foraging niche for hooked stick tools, and highlight more generally how crows routinely switch between tool- and bill-assisted foraging.}, }
@article {pmid26691117, year = {2016}, author = {Burt, RD and Thiede, H}, title = {Reduction in Needle Sharing Among Seattle-Area Injection Drug Users Across 4 Surveys, 1994-2013.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, pages = {301-307}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2015.302959}, pmid = {26691117}, issn = {1541-0048}, support = {U1B PS003250/PS/NCHHSTP CDC HHS/United States ; 5U1BPS003250//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Drug Users/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Needle Sharing/adverse effects/*trends ; Risk-Taking ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Washington/epidemiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We evaluated time trends in sharing needles and other injection equipment from 1994 to 2013 among injection drug users in the Seattle, Washington area.<br><br>METHODS: We combined data from 4 sources: the Risk Activity Variables, Epidemiology, and Network (RAVEN) study, recruited from institutional settings; the Kiwi study, recruited from jails; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system (NHBS) surveys, which used respondent-driven sampling; and surveys at needle-exchange sites.<br><br>RESULTS: Levels of needle sharing were higher in the earlier studies: RAVEN, 1994 to 1997 (43%) and Kiwi, 1998 to 2002 (61%). In the NHBS surveys, the initial level of 44% in 2005 declined to 31% in the period 2009 to 2012. Across needle-exchange surveys (2009-2013) the level was 21%. There was a parallel reduction in sharing other injection equipment. These trends persisted after control for sociodemographic and risk-associated variables. There was a contemporaneous increase in the number of needles distributed by local needle exchanges and a decline in the number of reported HIV cases among injection drug users.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The apparent long-term reduction in sharing injection equipment suggests substantial success in public health efforts to reduce the sharing of injection equipment.}, }
@article {pmid26656724, year = {2017}, author = {Veit, L and Hartmann, K and Nieder, A}, title = {Spatially Tuned Neurons in Corvid Nidopallium Caudolaterale Signal Target Position During Visual Search.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {1103-1112}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhv299}, pmid = {26656724}, issn = {1460-2199}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Executive Function ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Signal Detection, Psychological/*physiology ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Telencephalon/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The avian pallial endbrain area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) shows important similarities to mammalian prefrontal cortex in connectivity, dopamine neurochemistry, and function. Neuronal processing in NCL has been studied with respect to sensory, cognitive, and reward information, but little is known about its role in more direct control of motor behavior. We investigated NCL activity during the choice period of a delayed match-to-sample task, as 2 trained crows searched and selected a previously remembered visual target among an array of 4 pictures. The crows exhibited behavioral response patterns consistent with serial visual search. Many single NCL neurons were spatially tuned to specific target positions during visual search and directed motor behavior. Moreover, single NCL neurons dynamically changed their tuning properties to represent different behaviorally relevant task variables across the trial. In consecutive task periods, single neurons responded to visual stimuli, stored stimulus information in working memory, guided goal-directed behavior depending on the remembered target picture, and encoded trial outcomes. This flexible encoding of all task-relevant aspects in the executive control of goal-directed behavior represents a striking convergence to neuronal encoding in primate prefrontal cortex. These data highlight key properties of associative endbrain areas underlying flexible cognitive behavior in corvids and primates.}, }
@article {pmid26648878, year = {2015}, author = {Dimitriou, D and Le Cornu Knight, F and Milton, P}, title = {The Role of Environmental Factors on Sleep Patterns and School Performance in Adolescents.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1717}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01717}, pmid = {26648878}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Modern life, with its many distractions, is seeing sleep quantity and quality decline during adolescence. This is a concern as research persuasively demonstrates the negative impact of reduced sleep on academic achievement, both in terms of learning and behavior.<br><br>AIMS: This study examined the relationship between sleep and school functioning in adolescence, with a focus on environmental factors that might mediate this relationship.<br><br>SAMPLE AND METHOD: Forty-seven adolescents took part. Sleep was measured using the School Sleep Habits Survey (SSHS) and a sleep diary. School records of year grade point averages provided a measure of academic achievement. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices gave a measure of general cognitive processing. Environmental sleep factors falling into three groups, namely, stimulant consumption, media use and exercise, were measured using a self-report questionnaire.<br><br>RESULTS: An average of 7.08 h of sleep was reported. Correlations revealed that Total sleep time (TST) and bedtimes on weekdays were strongly associated with academic achievement. Morning/eveningness and sleep/wake behavior problems had a strong relationship with performance on the Ravens. Stimulant consumption and media use before bed revealed strong relationships with TST and bedtimes on weekdays. Crucially, mediation analyses confirmed that both caffeine consumption and electronic media use before bedtime were negatively associated with academic performance, via the mediating pathway by affecting sleep. Exercise was not associated with any of the sleep variables, but was associated with better academic performance.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The current findings highlight that, now more than ever, parents, schools and policy makers must be aware of the negative effects of caffeinated substances marketed to students, and electronic media use on their sleep habits. Our findings suggest that targeting caffeine consumption and electronic media use before bed may represent effective routes in alleviating modern teenage sleep debt, and in turn enhancing academic performance.}, }
@article {pmid26647979, year = {2015}, author = {Wójcik, A and Merecz-Kot, D and Andysz, A}, title = {Why do employees follow their superiors' instructions? Identification of the reasons to comply with superiors' will in a group of Polish employees.}, journal = {Medycyna pracy}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {605-614}, doi = {10.13075/mp.5893.00129}, pmid = {26647979}, issn = {0465-5893}, mesh = {*Administrative Personnel ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; *Motivation ; Poland ; *Power (Psychology) ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workplace/*organization &amp; administration/*psychology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Managers influence the way organization works as well as the functioning of subordinates - in the context of their work life but non-professional functioning as well e.g., attitude towards work-life balance or taking care of health. We focused on the superior-subordinate relation, referring to social power bases theory by Raven. We identified the reasons why subordinates decide to follow their superiors' orders and determined specific styles of compliance with superiors' will. Understanding why employees listen to their superiors may be valuable in the context of supporting healthy organizational climate and atmosphere of co-operation or communicating values - for example, as regards taking care of own health. We discussed the results referring to the issue of influencing employees in the context of their health behavior.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research involved 100 Polish employees, aged 28 years old on average, who filled in the Interpersonal Power Inventory by Raven et al. for subordinates in a Polish adaptation by Zaleski. The questionnaire includes 11 subscales referring to power bases.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on the cluster analysis results, we recognized people who complied because of: all kinds of power bases (typical for 46% of the respondents); the respect for superiors' professionalism (34%); and formal/objective reasons (20%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Employees differ in terms of their styles of compliance. Their motives to comply with superiors' instructions constitute compilations of power bases. The superiors' awareness of the reasons why their employees decide to follow orders is necessary for successful management. It may motivate employees to work but also to take care of their own health.}, }
@article {pmid26631484, year = {2016}, author = {Stocker, M and Munteanu, A and Stöwe, M and Schwab, C and Palme, R and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Loner or socializer? Ravens' adrenocortical response to individual separation depends on social integration.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {194-199}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.009}, pmid = {26631484}, issn = {1095-6867}, support = {P 26806//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; W 1234//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Corticosterone/*metabolism ; Crows/metabolism/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Social Distance ; *Social Isolation ; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {Non-breeding common ravens (Corvus corax) live in complex social groups with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. They form valuable relationships and alliances with some conspecifics, while taking coordinated action against others. In ravens, affiliates reconcile their conflicts, console each other after conflicts with a third party, and provide each other with social support - all behaviors that presumably reduce corticosterone levels and alleviate stress. However, how well an individual is socially integrated in a (sub)group might vary substantially. This raises the question whether the social integration of a raven affects its stress responses to fission-fusion dynamics. The present study aims to investigate this effect experimentally by separating single ravens (n=16) individually from their group for four days and subsequently reintroducing them. To determine stress response patterns in the separated individuals we measured the amounts of immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites (CM) in droppings. We compared two enzyme immunoassays, which we validated by conducting an ACTH challenge, and finally decided to apply an 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay. Additionally, we determined levels of social integration using focal observations. Our findings suggest that a strong social integration is related to low CM levels when the individuals are within the group and high levels during separations, implying that separation leads to stress in these birds. In contrast, poorly socially integrated ravens seem to exhibit the opposite pattern, indicating that to them group living is more stressful than being temporarily separated. We, therefore, conclude that the birds' adrenocortical activity is modulated by their social integration.}, }
@article {pmid26620957, year = {2016}, author = {Stevens, JR and Kennedy, BA and Morales, D and Burks, M}, title = {The domain specificity of intertemporal choice in pinyon jays.}, journal = {Psychonomic bulletin &amp; review}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {915-921}, doi = {10.3758/s13423-015-0973-6}, pmid = {26620957}, issn = {1531-5320}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Choice Behavior ; Conditioning, Operant ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food ; Food Storage ; Male ; Passeriformes ; *Self-Control ; }, abstract = {When choosing between a piece of cake now versus a slimmer waistline in the future, many of us have difficulty with self-control. Food-caching species, however, regularly hide food for later recovery, sometimes waiting months before retrieving their caches. It remains unclear whether these long-term choices generalize outside of the caching domain. We hypothesized that the ability to save for the future is a general tendency that cuts across different situations. To test this hypothesis, we measured and experimentally manipulated caching to evaluate its relationship with operant measures of self-control in pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus). We found no correlation between caching and self-control at the individual level, and experimentally increasing caching did not influence self-control. The self-control required for caching food, therefore, does not carry over to other foraging tasks, suggesting that it is domain specific in pinyon jays.}, }
@article {pmid26601258, year = {2015}, author = {Greeney, HF and Meneses, MR and Hamilton, CE and Lichter-Marck, E and Mannan, RW and Snyder, N and Snyder, H and Wethington, SM and Dyer, LA}, title = {Trait-mediated trophic cascade creates enemy-free space for nesting hummingbirds.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {1}, number = {8}, pages = {e1500310}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1500310}, pmid = {26601258}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {The indirect effects of predators on nonadjacent trophic levels, mediated through traits of intervening species, are collectively known as trait-mediated trophic cascades. Although birds are important predators in terrestrial ecosystems, clear examples of trait-mediated indirect effects involving bird predators have almost never been documented. Such indirect effects are important for structuring ecological communities and are likely to be negatively impacted by habitat fragmentation, climate change, and other factors that reduce abundance of top predators. We demonstrate that hummingbirds in Arizona realize increased breeding success when nesting in association with hawks. An enemy-free nesting space is created when jays, an important source of mortality for hummingbird nests, alter their foraging behavior in the presence of their hawk predators.}, }
@article {pmid26598669, year = {2015}, author = {Veit, L and Pidpruzhnykova, G and Nieder, A}, title = {Associative learning rapidly establishes neuronal representations of upcoming behavioral choices in crows.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {112}, number = {49}, pages = {15208-15213}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1509760112}, pmid = {26598669}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Crows/*physiology ; *Learning ; Neurons/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability to form associations between behaviorally relevant sensory stimuli is fundamental for goal-directed behaviors. We investigated neuronal activity in the telencephalic area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) while two crows (Corvus corone) performed a delayed association task. Whereas some paired associates were familiar to the crows, novel associations had to be learned and mapped to the same target stimuli within a single session. We found neurons that prospectively encoded the chosen test item during the delay for both familiar and newly learned associations. These neurons increased their selectivity during learning in parallel with the crows' increased behavioral performance. Thus, sustained activity in the NCL actively processes information for the upcoming behavioral choice. These data provide new insights into memory representations of behaviorally meaningful stimuli in birds, and how such representations are formed during learning. The findings suggest that the NCL plays a role in learning arbitrary associations, a cornerstone of corvids' remarkable behavioral flexibility and adaptability.}, }
@article {pmid26582537, year = {2015}, author = {Klump, BC and Sugasawa, S and St Clair, JJ and Rutz, C}, title = {Hook tool manufacture in New Caledonian crows: behavioural variation and the influence of raw materials.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {97}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-015-0204-7}, pmid = {26582537}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Crows/*physiology ; New Caledonia ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: New Caledonian crows use a range of foraging tools, and are the only non-human species known to craft hooks. Based on a small number of observations, their manufacture of hooked stick tools has previously been described as a complex, multi-stage process. Tool behaviour is shaped by genetic predispositions, individual and social learning, and/or ecological influences, but disentangling the relative contributions of these factors remains a major research challenge. The properties of raw materials are an obvious, but largely overlooked, source of variation in tool-manufacture behaviour. We conducted experiments with wild-caught New Caledonian crows, to assess variation in their hooked stick tool making, and to investigate how raw-material properties affect the manufacture process.<br><br>RESULTS: In Experiment 1, we showed that New Caledonian crows' manufacture of hooked stick tools can be much more variable than previously thought (85 tools by 18 subjects), and can involve two newly-discovered behaviours: 'pulling' for detaching stems and bending of the tool shaft. Crows' tool manufactures varied significantly: in the number of different action types employed; in the time spent processing the hook and bending the tool shaft; and in the structure of processing sequences. In Experiment 2, we examined the interaction of crows with raw materials of different properties, using a novel paradigm that enabled us to determine subjects' rank-ordered preferences (42 tools by 7 subjects). Plant properties influenced: the order in which crows selected stems; whether a hooked tool was manufactured; the time required to release a basic tool; and, possibly, the release technique, the number of behavioural actions, and aspects of processing behaviour. Results from Experiment 2 suggested that at least part of the natural behavioural variation observed in Experiment 1 is due to the effect of raw-material properties.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our discovery of novel manufacture behaviours indicates a plausible scenario for the evolutionary origins, and gradual refinement, of New Caledonian crows' hooked stick tool making. Furthermore, our experimental demonstration of a link between raw-material properties and aspects of tool manufacture provides an alternative hypothesis for explaining regional differences in tool behaviours observed in New Caledonian crows, and some primate species.}, }
@article {pmid26581321, year = {2016}, author = {Tornick, JK and Rushia, SN and Gibson, BM}, title = {Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) are sensitive to distance, but not lighting when caching in the presence of a conspecific.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {125-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.023}, pmid = {26581321}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Distance Perception/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Lighting ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {We examined the caching behavior of the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), a relatively asocial corvid bird, during social and non-social conditions with conspecifics. Past work by Dally et al., (2004, 2005a) has found that the related but more social scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) caches food in locations that are far away or that are more dimly illuminated when in the presence of an observer. Here, we used procedures comparable to those of Dally's group to examine if the less social nutcracker is also sensitive to these same factors when caching in the presence of a conspecific. We found that nutcrackers cached nuts farther away, but showed no preference for caching in a dimly compared to a brightly illuminated area when in the presence of a conspecific observer. When comparing the measures of cache protection used in the past work with scrub jays the results are consistent with the social organization of these birds; that is, the less social nutcracker engaged in fewer cache protection behaviors than the more social scrub jays, However, we explore other possible explanations for our findings given the wider body of literature on corvid cache protection suggesting that nutcrackers and scrub jays may be more comparable.}, }
@article {pmid26529116, year = {2015}, author = {St Clair, JJ and Burns, ZT and Bettaney, EM and Morrissey, MB and Otis, B and Ryder, TB and Fleischer, RC and James, R and Rutz, C}, title = {Experimental resource pulses influence social-network dynamics and the potential for information flow in tool-using crows.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {7197}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms8197}, pmid = {26529116}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/2//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; *Crows ; Environment ; *Information Dissemination ; *Social Behavior ; *Social Learning ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Social-network dynamics have profound consequences for biological processes such as information flow, but are notoriously difficult to measure in the wild. We used novel transceiver technology to chart association patterns across 19 days in a wild population of the New Caledonian crow--a tool-using species that may socially learn, and culturally accumulate, tool-related information. To examine the causes and consequences of changing network topology, we manipulated the environmental availability of the crows' preferred tool-extracted prey, and simulated, in silico, the diffusion of information across field-recorded time-ordered networks. Here we show that network structure responds quickly to environmental change and that novel information can potentially spread rapidly within multi-family communities, especially when tool-use opportunities are plentiful. At the same time, we report surprisingly limited social contact between neighbouring crow communities. Such scale dependence in information-flow dynamics is likely to influence the evolution and maintenance of material cultures.}, }
@article {pmid26521671, year = {2015}, author = {Kline, W}, title = {Communicating a New Consciousness: Countercultural Print and the Home Birth Movement in the 1970s.}, journal = {Bulletin of the history of medicine}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {527-556}, doi = {10.1353/bhm.2015.0065}, pmid = {26521671}, issn = {0007-5140}, mesh = {*Communication ; Culture ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; Home Childbirth/*history ; Humans ; Midwifery/*history ; Pregnancy ; *Reference Books, Medical ; United Kingdom ; United States ; }, abstract = {This essay analyzes the production of three influential home birth texts of the 1970s written by self-proclaimed lay midwives that helped to fuel and sustain a movement in alternative birth practices. As part of a countercultural lifestyle print culture, early &quot;how-to&quot; books (Raven Lang's The Birth Book, Ina May Gaskin's Spiritual Midwifery) provided readers with vivid images and accounts in stark contrast to those of the sterile hospital delivery room. By the end of the decade, Rahima Baldwin's more mainstream guidebook, Special Delivery, indicated an interest in translating home birth to a wider audience who did not necessarily identify as &quot;countercultural.&quot; Lay midwives who were authors of radical print texts in the 1970s played an important role in reshaping expectations about the birth experience, suggesting a need to rethink how we define the counterculture and its legacies.}, }
@article {pmid26480857, year = {2015}, author = {Šovčíková, E and Wimmerová, S and Strémy, M and Kotianová, J and Loffredo, CA and Murínová, ĽP and Chovancová, J and Čonka, K and Lancz, K and Trnovec, T}, title = {Simple reaction time in 8-9-year old children environmentally exposed to PCBs.}, journal = {Neurotoxicology}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {138-144}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.005}, pmid = {26480857}, issn = {1872-9711}, mesh = {Child ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/blood/*toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/blood/*toxicity ; Reaction Time/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Simple reaction time (SRT) has been studied in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with variable results. In the current work we examined SRT in 146 boys and 161 girls, aged 8.53 ± 0.65 years (mean ± SD), exposed to PCBs in the environment of eastern Slovakia. We divided the children into tertiles with regard to increasing PCB serum concentration. The mean ± SEM serum concentration of the sum of 15 PCB congeners was 191.15 ± 5.39, 419.23 ± 8.47, and 1315.12 ± 92.57 ng/g lipids in children of the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively. We created probability distribution plots for each child from their multiple trials of the SRT testing. We fitted response time distributions from all valid trials with the ex-Gaussian function, a convolution of a normal and an additional exponential function, providing estimates of three independent parameters μ, σ, and τ. μ is the mean of the normal component, σ is the standard deviation of the normal component, and τ is the mean of the exponential component. Group response time distributions were calculated using the Vincent averaging technique. A Q-Q plot comparing probability distribution of the first vs. third tertile indicated that deviation of the quantiles of the latter tertile from those of the former begins at the 40th percentile and does not show a positive acceleration. This was confirmed in comparison of the ex-Gaussian parameters of these two tertiles adjusted for sex, age, Raven IQ of the child, mother's and father's education, behavior at home and school, and BMI: the results showed that the parameters μ and τ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased with PCB exposure. Similar increases of the ex-Gaussian parameter τ in children suffering from ADHD have been previously reported and interpreted as intermittent attentional lapses, but were not seen in our cohort. Our study has confirmed that environmental exposure of children to PCBs is associated with prolongation of simple reaction time reflecting impairment of cognitive functions.}, }
@article {pmid26462404, year = {2015}, author = {Graff, G}, title = {Redesigning Racial Caste in America via Mass Incarceration.}, journal = {The Journal of psychohistory}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {120-133}, pmid = {26462404}, issn = {0145-3378}, mesh = {African Americans ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Prisoners/history ; Prisons/*history ; Racism/*history ; *Residence Characteristics ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States ; }, abstract = {This article argues that the era of mass incarceration can be understood as a new tactic in the history of American racism. Slavery was ended by the Civil War, but after Reconstruction, the gains of the former slaves were eroded by Jim Crow (a rigid pattern of racial segregation), lynching, disenfranchisement, sharecropping, tenantry, unequal educational resources, terrorism, and convict leasing. The Civil Rights Movement struck down legal barriers, but we have chosen to deal with the problems of poverty and race not so differently than we have in the past. The modern version of convict leasing, is mass incarceration. This article documents the dramatic change in American drug policy beginning with Reagan's October, 1982 announcement of the War on Drugs, the subsequent 274 percent growth in the prison and jail populations, and the devastating and disproportionate effect on inner city African Americans. Just as the Jim Crow laws were a reaction to the freeing of the slaves after the Civil War, mass incarceration can be understood as a reaction to the Civil Rights Movement.}, }
@article {pmid26460512, year = {2015}, author = {Griesser, M and Halvarsson, P and Drobniak, SM and Vilà, C}, title = {Fine-scale kin recognition in the absence of social familiarity in the Siberian jay, a monogamous bird species.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {24}, number = {22}, pages = {5726-5738}, doi = {10.1111/mec.13420}, pmid = {26460512}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Models, Biological ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Kin recognition is a critical element to kin cooperation, and in vertebrates, it is primarily based on associative learning. Recognition of socially unfamiliar kin occurs rarely, and it is reported only in vertebrate species where promiscuity prevents recognition of first-order relatives. However, it is unknown whether the recognition of socially unfamiliar kin can evolve in monogamous species. Here, we investigate whether genetic relatedness modulates aggression among group members in Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus). This bird species is genetically and socially monogamous and lives in groups that are formed through the retention of offspring beyond independence, and the immigration of socially unfamiliar nonbreeders. Observations on feeders showed that genetic relatedness modulated aggression of breeders towards immigrants in a graded manner, in that they chased most intensely the immigrant group members that were genetically the least related. However, cross-fostering experiments showed that breeders were equally tolerant towards their own and cross-fostered young swapped as nestlings. Thus, breeders seem to use different mechanisms to recognize socially unfamiliar individuals and own offspring. As Siberian jays show a high degree of nepotism during foraging and predator encounters, inclusive fitness benefits may play a role for the evolution of fine-scale kin recognition. More generally, our results suggest that fine-graded kin recognition can evolve independently of social familiarity, highlighting the evolutionary importance of kin recognition for social species.}, }
@article {pmid26442633, year = {2015}, author = {Massen, JJ and Ritter, C and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Tolerance and reward equity predict cooperation in ravens (Corvus corax).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {15021}, doi = {10.1038/srep15021}, pmid = {26442633}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows ; Female ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Problem Solving ; *Reward ; }, abstract = {Cooperative decision rules have so far been shown experimentally mainly in mammal species that have variable and complex social networks. However, these traits should not necessarily be restricted to mammals. Therefore, we tested cooperative problem solving in ravens. We showed that, without training, nine ravens spontaneously cooperated in a loose-string task. Corroborating findings in several species, ravens' cooperative success increased with increasing inter-individual tolerance levels. Importantly, we found this in both a forced dyadic setting, and in a group setting where individuals had an open choice to cooperate with whomever. The ravens, moreover, also paid attention to the resulting reward distribution and ceased cooperation when being cheated upon. Nevertheless, the ravens did not seem to pay attention to the behavior of their partners while cooperating, and future research should reveal whether this is task specific or a general pattern. Given their natural propensity to cooperate and the results we present here, we consider ravens as an interesting model species to study the evolution of, and the mechanisms underlying cooperation.}, }
@article {pmid26431173, year = {2015}, author = {Dunn, JC and Hamer, KC and Benton, TG}, title = {Anthropogenically-Mediated Density Dependence in a Declining Farmland Bird.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0139492}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0139492}, pmid = {26431173}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {BBSSK200512132//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Crows/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Edible Grain ; *Endangered Species ; England ; Food Supply ; *Human Activities ; Insecta ; Nesting Behavior ; Organic Agriculture ; Pesticides ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; *Songbirds ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Land management intrinsically influences the distribution of animals and can consequently alter the potential for density-dependent processes to act within populations. For declining species, high densities of breeding territories are typically considered to represent productive populations. However, as density-dependent effects of food limitation or predator pressure may occur (especially when species are dependent upon separate nesting and foraging habitats), high territory density may limit per-capita productivity. Here, we use a declining but widespread European farmland bird, the yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella L., as a model system to test whether higher territory densities result in lower fledging success, parental provisioning rates or nestling growth rates compared to lower densities. Organic landscapes held higher territory densities, but nests on organic farms fledged fewer nestlings, translating to a 5 times higher rate of population shrinkage on organic farms compared to conventional. In addition, when parental provisioning behaviour was not restricted by predation risk (i.e., at times of low corvid activity), nestling provisioning rates were higher at lower territory densities, resulting in a much greater increase in nestling mass in low density areas, suggesting that food limitation occurred at high densities. These findings in turn suggest an ecological trap, whereby preferred nesting habitat does not provide sufficient food for rearing nestlings at high population density, creating a population sink. Habitat management for farmland birds should focus not simply on creating a high nesting density, but also on ensuring heterogeneous habitats to provide food resources in close proximity to nesting birds, even if this occurs through potentially restricting overall nest density but increasing population-level breeding success.}, }
@article {pmid26405563, year = {2015}, author = {Hu, D and Gong, Y and Hannaford, B and Seibel, EJ}, title = {Semi-autonomous Simulated Brain Tumor Ablation with RavenII Surgical Robot using Behavior Tree.}, journal = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation : ICRA : [proceedings]. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, volume = {2015}, number = {}, pages = {3868-3875}, doi = {10.1109/ICRA.2015.7139738}, pmid = {26405563}, issn = {2152-4092}, support = {R01 EB016457/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Medical robots have been widely used to assist surgeons to carry out dexterous surgical tasks via various ways. Most of the tasks require surgeon's operation directly or indirectly. Certain level of autonomy in robotic surgery could not only free the surgeon from some tedious repetitive tasks, but also utilize the advantages of robot: high dexterity and accuracy. This paper presents a semi-autonomous neurosurgical procedure of brain tumor ablation using RAVEN Surgical Robot and stereo visual feedback. By integrating with the behavior tree framework, the whole surgical task is modeled flexibly and intelligently as nodes and leaves of a behavior tree. This paper provides three contributions mainly: (1) describing the brain tumor ablation as an ideal candidate for autonomous robotic surgery, (2) modeling and implementing the semi-autonomous surgical task using behavior tree framework, and (3) designing an experimental simulated ablation task for feasibility study and robot performance analysis.}, }
@article {pmid26340810, year = {2016}, author = {Fleming, AS and Lonstein, JS and Lévy, F}, title = {Introduction to this Special Issue on parental behavior in honor of Jay S. Rosenblatt.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.012}, pmid = {26340810}, issn = {1095-6867}, }
@article {pmid26335475, year = {2015}, author = {Hinton, MG and Reisen, WK and Wheeler, SS and Townsend, AK}, title = {West Nile Virus Activity in a Winter Roost of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos): Is Bird-To-Bird Transmission Important in Persistence and Amplification?.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, pages = {683-692}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv040}, pmid = {26335475}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R01 AI055607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI55607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; California ; Crows/*virology ; Culex/virology ; Feces/virology ; Linear Models ; Seasons ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/*transmission/veterinary/*virology ; West Nile virus/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Since its emergence in North America, West Nile virus (WNV) has had a large impact on equines, humans, and wild bird communities, yet gaps remain in our understanding of how the virus persists at temperate latitudes when winter temperatures preclude virus replication and host-seeking activity by mosquito vectors. Bird-to-bird transmission at large communal American Crow roosts could provide one mechanism for WNV persistence. Herein, we describe seasonal patterns of crow and Culex mosquito abundance, WNV infection rates, and the prevalence of WNV-positive fecal samples at a winter crow roost to test the hypothesis that bird-to-bird transmission allows WNV to persist at winter crow roosts. Samples were collected from large winter crow roosts in the Sacramento Valley of California from January 2013 until August 2014, encompassing two overwintering roost periods. West Nile virus RNA was detected in local crow carcasses in both summer [13/18 (72% WNV positive)] and winter [18/44 (41% WNV positive)] 2013-2014. Winter infections were unlikely to have arisen by recent bites from infected mosquitoes because Culex host-seeking activity was very low in winter and all Culex mosquitoes collected during winter months tested negative for WNV. Opportunities existed for fecal-oral transfer at the overwintering roost: most carcasses that tested positive for WNV had detectable viral RNA in both kidney and cloacal swabs, suggesting that infected crows were shedding virus in their feces, and >50% of crows at the roost were stained with feces by mid-winter. Moreover, 2.3% of fecal samples collected in late summer, when mosquitoes were active, tested positive for WNV RNA. Nevertheless, none of the 1,119 feces collected from three roosts over two winters contained detectable WNV RNA. This study provided evidence of WNV infection in overwintering American crows without mosquito vector activity, but did not elucidate a mechanism of WNV transmission during winter.}, }
@article {pmid26319224, year = {2016}, author = {Brummelte, S and Galea, LA}, title = {Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {153-166}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008}, pmid = {26319224}, issn = {1095-6867}, support = {MOP102568//Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Child Development ; Depression/psychology ; Depression, Postpartum/*etiology/psychology/*therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Maternal Behavior/*psychology ; *Mother-Child Relations ; Mothers/*psychology ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {This article is part of a Special Issue &quot;Parental Care&quot;. Pregnancy and postpartum are associated with dramatic alterations in steroid and peptide hormones which alter the mothers' hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes. Dysregulations in these endocrine axes are related to mood disorders and as such it should not come as a major surprise that pregnancy and the postpartum period can have profound effects on maternal mood. Indeed, pregnancy and postpartum are associated with an increased risk for developing depressive symptoms in women. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Maternal attachment, sensitivity and parenting style are essential for a healthy maturation of an infant's social, cognitive and behavioral skills and depressed mothers often display less attachment, sensitivity and more harsh or disrupted parenting behaviors, which may contribute to reports of adverse child outcomes in children of depressed mothers. Here we review, in honor of the &quot;father of motherhood&quot;, Jay Rosenblatt, the literature on postnatal depression in the mother and its effect on mother-infant interactions. We will cover clinical and pre-clinical findings highlighting putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying postpartum depression and how they relate to maternal behaviors and infant outcome. We also review animal models that investigate the neurobiology of maternal mood and disrupted maternal care. In particular, we discuss the implications of endogenous and exogenous manipulations of glucocorticoids on maternal care and mood. Lastly we discuss interventions during gestation and postpartum that may improve maternal symptoms and behavior and thus may alter developmental outcome of the offspring.}, }
@article {pmid26301340, year = {2015}, author = {Schmelz, M and Krüger, O and Call, J and Krause, ET}, title = {A comparison of spontaneous problem-solving abilities in three estrildid finch (Taeniopygia guttata, Lonchura striata var. domestica, Stagonopleura guttata) species.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {356-365}, doi = {10.1037/a0039646}, pmid = {26301340}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Female ; Finches/*physiology ; Male ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Cognition has been extensively studied in primates while other, more distantly related taxa have been neglected for a long time. More recently, there has been an increased interest in avian cognition, with the focus mostly on big-brained species like parrots and corvids. However, the majority of bird species has never systematically been studied in diverse cognitive tasks other than memory and learning tasks, so not much can yet be concluded about the relevant factors for the evolution of cognition. Here we examined 3 species of the estrildid finch family in problem-solving tasks. These granivorous, non-tool-using birds are distributed across 3 continents and are not known for high levels of innovation or spontaneous problem solving in the wild. In this study, our aim was to find such abilities in these species, assess what role domestication might play with a comparison of 4 genetically separated zebra finch strains, and to look for between-species differences between zebra finches, Bengalese finches, and diamond firetails. Furthermore, we established a 3-step spontaneous problem-solving procedure with increasing levels of complexity. Results showed that some estrildid finches were generally capable of spontaneously solving problems of variable complexity to obtain food. We found striking differences in these abilities between species, but not between strains within species, and offer a discussion of potential reasons. Our established methodology can now be applied to a larger number of bird species for phylogenetic comparisons on the behavioral level to get a deeper understanding of the evolution of cognitive abilities.}, }
@article {pmid26287671, year = {2015}, author = {Dorazio, RM and Connor, EF and Askins, RA}, title = {Estimating the Effects of Habitat and Biological Interactions in an Avian Community.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135987}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0135987}, pmid = {26287671}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Birds ; *Ecosystem ; *Residence Characteristics ; }, abstract = {We used repeated sightings of individual birds encountered in community-level surveys to investigate the relative roles of habitat and biological interactions in determining the distribution and abundance of each species. To analyze these data, we developed a multispecies N-mixture model that allowed estimation of both positive and negative correlations between abundances of different species while also estimating the effects of habitat and the effects of errors in detection of each species. Using a combination of single- and multispecies N-mixture modeling, we examined for each species whether our measures of habitat were sufficient to account for the variation in encounter histories of individual birds or whether other habitat variables or interactions with other species needed to be considered. In the community that we studied, habitat appeared to be more influential than biological interactions in determining the distribution and abundance of most avian species. Our results lend support to the hypothesis that abundances of forest specialists are negatively affected by forest fragmentation. Our results also suggest that many species were associated with particular types of vegetation as measured by structural attributes of the forests. The abundances of 6 of the 73 species observed in our study were strongly correlated. These species included large birds (American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)) that forage on the ground in open habitats and small birds (Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Hooded Warbler (Setophaga citrina), and Prairie Warbler (Setophaga discolor)) that are associated with dense shrub cover. Species abundances were positively correlated within each size group and negatively correlated between groups. Except for the American Crow, which preys on eggs and nestlings of small song birds, none of the other 5 species is known to display direct interactions, so we suspect that the correlations may have been associated with species-specific responses to habitat components not adequately measured by our covariates.}, }
@article {pmid26276368, year = {2016}, author = {Logan, CJ and Breen, AJ and Taylor, AH and Gray, RD and Hoppitt, WJ}, title = {How New Caledonian crows solve novel foraging problems and what it means for cumulative culture.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {18-28}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-015-0194-x}, pmid = {26276368}, issn = {1543-4508}, support = {BB/I007997/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Communication ; *Crows ; *Learning ; *Social Behavior ; Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows make and use tools, and tool types vary over geographic landscapes. Social learning may explain the variation in tool design, but it is unknown to what degree social learning accounts for the maintenance of these designs. Indeed, little is known about the mechanisms these crows use to obtain information from others, despite the question's importance in understanding whether tool behavior is transmitted via social, genetic, or environmental means. For social transmission to account for tool-type variation, copying must utilize a mechanism that is action specific (e.g., pushing left vs. right) as well as context specific (e.g., pushing a particular object vs. any object). To determine whether crows can copy a demonstrator's actions as well as the contexts in which they occur, we conducted a diffusion experiment using a novel foraging task. We used a nontool task to eliminate any confounds introduced by individual differences in their prior tool experience. Two groups had demonstrators (trained in isolation on different options of a four-option task, including a two-action option) and one group did not. We found that crows socially learn about context: After observers see a demonstrator interact with the task, they are more likely to interact with the same parts of the task. In contrast, observers did not copy the demonstrator's specific actions. Our results suggest it is unlikely that observing tool-making behavior transmits tool types. We suggest it is possible that tool types are transmitted when crows copy the physical form of the tools they encounter.}, }
@article {pmid26267805, year = {2016}, author = {Watanabe, A and Clayton, NS}, title = {Hint-seeking behaviour of western scrub-jays in a metacognition task.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {53-64}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-015-0912-y}, pmid = {26267805}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; *Metacognition ; *Passeriformes ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Metacognitive processes during memory retrieval can be tested by examining whether or not animals can assess their knowledge state when they are faced with a memory test. In a typical foraging task, food is hidden in one of the multiple tubes and the subjects are given an opportunity to check the contents of the tubes before choosing the one that they thought contained food. Following the findings from our previous study that western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) can make prospective metacognition judgements, this study tested the scrub-jays' concurrent metacognition judgements. In a series of experiments, uncertainty about the food location was induced in three ways: by making the baiting process visibly unavailable, by inserting a delay between the baiting and food retrieval, and by moving the location of the bait. The jays looked into the tubes more often during the conditions that were consistent with high uncertainty. In addition, their looking behaviour was associated not with the sight of food but with information about the location of the food. These findings suggest that the jays can differentiate the states of knowing and not knowing about certain information and take appropriate action to complement their missing knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid26266937, year = {2015}, author = {Jelbert, SA and Singh, PJ and Gray, RD and Taylor, AH}, title = {New Caledonian crows rapidly solve a collaborative problem without cooperative cognition.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0133253}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0133253}, pmid = {26266937}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cognition/physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is growing comparative evidence that the cognitive bases of cooperation are not unique to humans. However, the selective pressures that lead to the evolution of these mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that while tool-making New Caledonian crows can produce collaborative behavior, they do not understand the causality of cooperation nor show sensitivity to inequity. Instead, the collaborative behavior produced appears to have been underpinned by the transfer of prior experience. These results suggest that a number of possible selective pressures, including tool manufacture and mobbing behaviours, have not led to the evolution of cooperative cognition in this species. They show that causal cognition can evolve in a domain specific manner-understanding the properties and flexible uses of physical tools does not necessarily enable animals to grasp that a conspecific can be used as a social tool.}, }
@article {pmid26255848, year = {2015}, author = {Moll, FW and Nieder, A}, title = {Cross-Modal Associative Mnemonic Signals in Crow Endbrain Neurons.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {25}, number = {16}, pages = {2196-2201}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.013}, pmid = {26255848}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; *Memory, Long-Term ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Neurons/*physiology ; Telencephalon/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability to associate stimuli across time and sensory modalities endows animals and humans with many of the complex, learned behaviors. For successful performance, associations need to be retrieved from long-term memory and maintained active in working memory. We investigated how this is accomplished in the avian brain. We trained carrion crows (Corvus corone) to perform a bimodal delayed paired associate task in which the crows had to match auditory stimuli to delayed visual items. Single-unit recordings from the association area nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) revealed sustained memory signals that selectively correlated with the learned audio-visual associations across time and modality, and sustained activity prospectively encoded the crows' choices. NCL neurons carried an internal, stimulus-independent signal that was predictive of error and type of error. These results underscore the role of corvid NCL in synthesizing external multisensory information and internal mnemonic data needed for executive control of behavior.}, }
@article {pmid26250000, year = {2015}, author = {Donnellan, SC and Foster, R and Junge, C and Huveneers, C and Rogers, P and Kilian, A and Bertozzi, T}, title = {Fiddling with the proof: the Magpie Fiddler Ray is a colour pattern variant of the common Southern Fiddler Ray (Rhinobatidae: Trygonorrhina).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3981}, number = {3}, pages = {367-384}, pmid = {26250000}, issn = {1175-5326}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Coleoptera/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Color ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Organ Size ; Phylogeny ; Skates (Fish)/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The Magpie Fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina melaleuca Scott 1954, is presently South Australia's (SA) rarest fish, represented by only three museum specimens collected near Adelaide over the past 60 years and listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, there is some doubt as to whether the Magpie Fiddler Ray is a different species from the widespread and common Southern Fiddler Ray, Trygonorrhina dumerilii (Castelnau 1873), resulting in two very contrasting scenarios for marine conservation. If the Magpie Fiddler Ray is a black and white patterned variant of the Southern Fiddler Ray then it will be removed from the Red List and appear as a synonym of T. dumerilii. Conversely, if it proves to be a different species then it remains SA's rarest fish species and highly data deficient. We analysed mtDNA and the largest ever nuclear gene dataset (>4,000 loci) applied to chondrichthyan species level systematics from the most recently collected Magpie Fiddler Ray specimens and a geographically representative selection of Southern Fiddler Rays to determine the species status of this enigmatic ray. We found that the Magpie Fiddler Rays share a mitochondrial haplotype with 23 Southern Fiddler Rays and are not differentiated from 35 Southern Fiddler Rays at more than 4000 SNPs derived from DArTseq data. The morphological trait values that are putatively diagnostic for the Magpie Fiddler Ray fall within the range of variation observed among Southern Fiddler Rays. Our analyses are consistent with the notion that the Magpie Fiddler Ray is a rare colour and pattern variant of the widespread and abundant Southern Fiddler Ray. We also identified two hybrids between the Eastern and Southern Fiddler Rays, only the third time that hybrids have been identified in nature in chondrichthyans. Our results provide critical guidance in the assessment of its conservation status and an ending to a 60 year old conundrum for marine conservation.}, }
@article {pmid26249225, year = {2015}, author = {Raven, RJ}, title = {A revision of ant-mimicking spiders of the family Corinnidae (Araneae) in the Western Pacific.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3958}, number = {}, pages = {1-258}, pmid = {26249225}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Australia ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fiji ; Male ; Melanesia ; Organ Size ; Spiders/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The Corinnidae of the western Pacific are revised. The formerly sparassid genus Anchognatha Thorell, 1881, and the gnaphosid genus Battalus Karsch, 1878, are transferred to the Castianeirinae. The Corinninae include only the introduced Creugas gulosus Thorell, 1878 and Medmassa christae sp. nov. from the northern Torres Strait islands. Medmassa pallipes (L. Koch, 1873) and Medmassa pusilla Simon, 1896 are newly synonymised with Creugas gulosus. The Castianeirinae from the Western Pacific including Australia includes Battalus Karsch, 1878, Copa Simon, 1886, Leichhardteus Raven &amp; Baehr, 2013, Nyssus Walckenaer, 1805, Poecilipta Simon, 1897, and eight new genera: Disnyssus gen. nov., Iridonyssus gen. nov., Kolora gen. nov., Leptopicia gen. nov., Melanesotypus gen. nov., Nucastia gen. nov., Ozcopa gen. nov. and Ticopa gen. nov. Battalus includes B. adamparsonsi sp. nov., B. baehrae sp. nov., B. bidgemia sp. nov., B. byrneae sp. nov., B. diadens sp. nov., B. helenstarkae sp. nov., B. microspinosus sp. nov., B. rugosus sp. nov., B. spinipes Karsch, 1878, B. wallum sp. nov., B. zuytdorp sp. nov. and B. semiflavus (Simon, 1896), new combination (transferred from Medmassa). Copa, an otherwise African and Sri Lankan genus, includes C. kabana sp. nov. Disnyssus gen. nov. includes D. helenmirrenae sp. nov. and D. judidenchae sp. nov. Iridonyssus gen. nov. includes I. auripilosus sp. nov., I. formicans sp. nov., I. kohouti sp. nov. and I. leucostaurus sp. nov. Kolora gen. nov. includes K. cushingae sp. nov., K. cooloola sp. nov. and K. lynneae sp. nov., and K. sauverubens (Simon, 1896) new combination (transferred from Corinnomma Karsch, 1880). Leichhardteus includes Leichhardteus yagan sp. nov., Leichhardteus evschlingeri sp. nov., Leichhardteus strzelecki sp. nov., as well as eight recently described species. Leptopicia gen. nov. includes only Methesis bimaculata (Simon, 1896) new combination (transferred from Methesis Simon, 1896). Melanesotypus guadal gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Solomon Islands. Nucastia gen. nov., includes N. culburra sp. nov., N. eneabba sp. nov., N. muncoonie sp. nov., N. supunnoides sp. nov. and N. virewoods sp. nov.; Medmassa fusca Hogg, 1900 is transferred to Nucastia but is considered a nomen dubium. The genera Anchognatha and Supunna Simon, 1897 are junior synonyms of Nyssus, which includes Supunna albopunctatus (Hogg, 1896), Anchognatha avida Thorell, 1881, Nyssus coloripes Walckenaer, 1805, N. emu sp. nov., Agroeca insularis L. Koch, 1873 (from Fiji and the Solomon Islands), N. jaredwarden sp. nov., N. jonraveni sp. nov., N. loureedi sp. nov., N. luteofinis sp. nov., N. paradoxus sp. nov., N. pseudomaculatus sp. nov., N. robertsi sp. nov., N. semifuscus sp. nov., N. wendyae sp. nov. and N. yuggera sp. nov. Supunna funerea (Simon, 1896) and Supunna albomaculata (Rainbow, 1902) are junior synonyms of Nyssus albopunctatus; Supunna picta (L. Koch, 1873) and Storena auripes Rainbow, 1916 are junior synonyms of Nyssus coloripes Walckenaer, 1805. Ozcopa gen. nov. includes O. chiunei sp. nov., O. colloffi sp. nov., O. margotandersenae sp. nov., O. mcdonaldi sp. nov., O. monteithi sp. nov. and O. zborowskii sp. nov. Poecilipta includes P. carnarvon sp. nov., P. contorqua sp. nov., P. davidi sp. nov., P. elvis sp. nov., P. formiciforme (Rainbow, 1904) comb. nov. (transferred from Corinnomma), P. gloverae sp. nov., P. harveyi sp. nov., P. kgari sp. nov., P. samueli sp. nov., P. janthina Simon, 1896, P. kohouti sp. nov., P. lugubris sp. nov., P. marengo sp. nov., P. metallica sp. nov., P. micaelae sp. nov., P. qunats sp. nov., P. rawlinsonae sp. nov., P. ruthae Santana &amp; Raven, sp. nov., P. smaragdinea (Simon, 1909) new combination (transferred from Supunna), P. tinda sp. nov., P. venusta Rainbow, 1904, P. waldockae sp. nov., P. wallacei sp. nov., P. yambuna sp. nov., and P. zbigniewi sp. nov. Ticopa gen. nov. includes T. australis sp. nov., T. carnarvon sp. nov., T. chinchilla sp. nov., T. dingo sp. nov., T. hudsoni sp. nov., and T. longbottomi sp. nov. For comparative purposes, males of the South-east Asian Corinnomma severum (Thorell, 1881) (the type-species) and C. javanum Simon, 1905 are figured and supplementary notes provided. Liocranum australiensis L. Koch, 1873 is transferred from Medmassa to Miturga where it is a nomen dubium. One hundred and eight species are treated in this work, of which 77 are new, 21 existing species are recognised; five existing genera are recognised, two are placed in synonymy, eight new genera are added; and one species is transferred to Miturgidae and another is listed as a nomen dubium. The Australian corinnid fauna includes 14 genera and 97 species.}, }
@article {pmid26246543, year = {2015}, author = {Taylor, AH and Cheke, LG and Waismeyer, A and Meltzoff, A and Miller, R and Gopnik, A and Clayton, NS and Gray, RD}, title = {No conclusive evidence that corvids can create novel causal interventions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1813}, pages = {20150796}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.0796}, pmid = {26246543}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid26232613, year = {2015}, author = {Rensel, MA and Ellis, JM and Harvey, B and Schlinger, BA}, title = {Sex, estradiol, and spatial memory in a food-caching corvid.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {75}, number = {}, pages = {45-54}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.022}, pmid = {26232613}, issn = {1095-6867}, support = {R01 MH061994/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; NIMH061994//PHS HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Estradiol/*blood/pharmacology ; *Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Female ; Food ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Male ; Passeriformes/blood/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior/drug effects ; Sex Factors ; Songbirds/physiology ; *Spatial Memory/drug effects ; Testosterone/blood ; }, abstract = {Estrogens significantly impact spatial memory function in mammalian species. Songbirds express the estrogen synthetic enzyme aromatase at relatively high levels in the hippocampus and there is evidence from zebra finches that estrogens facilitate performance on spatial learning and/or memory tasks. It is unknown, however, whether estrogens influence hippocampal function in songbirds that naturally exhibit memory-intensive behaviors, such as cache recovery observed in many corvid species. To address this question, we examined the impact of estradiol on spatial memory in non-breeding Western scrub-jays, a species that routinely participates in food caching and retrieval in nature and in captivity. We also asked if there were sex differences in performance or responses to estradiol. Utilizing a combination of an aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole, with estradiol implants, we found that while overall cache recovery rates were unaffected by estradiol, several other indices of spatial memory, including searching efficiency and efficiency to retrieve the first item, were impaired in the presence of estradiol. In addition, males and females differed in some performance measures, although these differences appeared to be a consequence of the nature of the task as neither sex consistently out-performed the other. Overall, our data suggest that a sustained estradiol elevation in a food-caching bird impairs some, but not all, aspects of spatial memory on an innate behavioral task, at times in a sex-specific manner.}, }
@article {pmid26203594, year = {2015}, author = {Shimmura, T and Ohashi, S and Yoshimura, T}, title = {The highest-ranking rooster has priority to announce the break of dawn.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {11683}, doi = {10.1038/srep11683}, pmid = {26203594}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Chickens/*physiology ; Male ; *Social Dominance ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The &quot;cock-a-doodle-doo&quot; crowing of roosters, which symbolizes the break of dawn in many cultures, is controlled by the circadian clock. When one rooster announces the break of dawn, others in the vicinity immediately follow. Chickens are highly social animals, and they develop a linear and fixed hierarchy in small groups. We found that when chickens were housed in small groups, the top-ranking rooster determined the timing of predawn crowing. Specifically, the top-ranking rooster always started to crow first, followed by its subordinates, in descending order of social rank. When the top-ranking rooster was physically removed from a group, the second-ranking rooster initiated crowing. The presence of a dominant rooster significantly reduced the number of predawn crows in subordinates. However, the number of crows induced by external stimuli was independent of social rank, confirming that subordinates have the ability to crow. Although the timing of subordinates' predawn crowing was strongly dependent on that of the top-ranking rooster, free-running periods of body temperature rhythms differed among individuals, and crowing rhythm did not entrain to a crowing sound stimulus. These results indicate that in a group situation, the top-ranking rooster has priority to announce the break of dawn, and that subordinate roosters are patient enough to wait for the top-ranking rooster's first crow every morning and thus compromise their circadian clock for social reasons.}, }
@article {pmid26193673, year = {2015}, author = {Ode, M and Asaba, A and Miyazawa, E and Mogi, K and Kikusui, T and Izawa, E}, title = {Sex-reversed correlation between stress levels and dominance rank in a captive non-breeder flock of crows.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {131-134}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.012}, pmid = {26193673}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Aggression/physiology ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Corticosterone/analysis/metabolism ; Crows/metabolism/*physiology ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/analysis/metabolism ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Factors ; *Social Dominance ; *Stress, Psychological/physiopathology/psychology ; }, abstract = {Group living has both benefits and costs to individuals; benefits include efficient acquisition of resources, and costs include stress from social conflicts among group members. Such social challenges result in hierarchical dominance ranking among group members as a solution to avoid escalating conflict that causes different levels of basal stress between individuals at different ranks. Stress-associated glucocorticoid (corticosterone in rodents and birds; CORT) levels are known to correlate with dominance rank in diverse taxa and to covary with various social factors, such as sex and dominance maintenance styles. Although there is much evidence for sex differences in the basal levels of CORT in various species, the correlation of sex differences in basal CORT with dominance rank is poorly understood. We investigated the correlation between CORT metabolites (CM) in the droppings and social factors, including rank and sex, in a captive non-breeder group of crows. In this group, all the single males dominated all the single females, and dominance ranks were stable among single males but relatively unstable among single females. CM levels and rank were significantly correlated in a sex-reversed fashion: males at higher rank (i.e., more dominant) had higher CM, whereas females at higher rank exhibited lower CM. This is the first evidence of sex-reversed patterns of CM-rank correlation in birds. The results suggest that different mechanisms of stress-dominance relationships operate on the sexes in non-breeder crow aggregations; in males, stress is associated with the cost of aggressive displays, whereas females experience subordination stress due to males' overt aggression.}, }
@article {pmid26190856, year = {2015}, author = {Tranmer, M and Marcum, CS and Morton, FB and Croft, DP and de Kort, SR}, title = {Using the relational event model (REM) to investigate the temporal dynamics of animal social networks.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {101}, number = {}, pages = {99-105}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.12.005}, pmid = {26190856}, issn = {0003-3472}, support = {Z01 HG200335/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; Z99 HG999999/NULL/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Social dynamics are of fundamental importance in animal societies. Studies on nonhuman animal social systems often aggregate social interaction event data into a single network within a particular time frame. Analysis of the resulting network can provide a useful insight into the overall extent of interaction. However, through aggregation, information is lost about the order in which interactions occurred, and hence the sequences of actions over time. Many research hypotheses relate directly to the sequence of actions, such as the recency or rate of action, rather than to their overall volume or presence. Here, we demonstrate how the temporal structure of social interaction sequences can be quantified from disaggregated event data using the relational event model (REM). We first outline the REM, explaining why it is different from other models for longitudinal data, and how it can be used to model sequences of events unfolding in a network. We then discuss a case study on the European jackdaw, Corvus monedula, in which temporal patterns of persistence and reciprocity of action are of interest, and present and discuss the results of a REM analysis of these data. One of the strengths of a REM analysis is its ability to take into account different ways in which data are collected. Having explained how to take into account the way in which the data were collected for the jackdaw study, we briefly discuss the application of the model to other studies. We provide details of how the models may be fitted in the R statistical software environment and outline some recent extensions to the REM framework.}, }
@article {pmid26175703, year = {2015}, author = {Massen, JJ and Lambert, M and Schiestl, M and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Subadult ravens generally don't transfer valuable tokens to conspecifics when there is nothing to gain for themselves.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {885}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00885}, pmid = {26175703}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {The extent to which humans help each other is extraordinary in itself, and difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective. Therefore, there has been a recent surge in studies investigating the evolution of prosocial behavior using a comparative approach. Nevertheless, most of these studies have focused on primates only, and little is known about other animal orders. In a previous study, common ravens (Corvus corax) have been shown to be indifferent to the gains of conspecifics. However, this may have been due to the experimental set-up, as many studies that use different set-ups report conflicting results within the same species. We therefore tested ravens' prosocial tendencies in a different set-up; i.e., we tested whether sub-adult ravens would transfer a token to a partner and, thereby, provide the partner with the opportunity to exchange a token for a reward. To control and test for effects of partner identity, we tested eight individuals both in a dyadic and in a group setting. Our results show that in general the ravens in our experiment did not show other-regarding preferences. However, some acts of helping did occur spontaneously. We discuss what could be the causes for those sporadic instances, and why in general prosocial tendencies were found to be almost lacking among the ravens in this set-up.}, }
@article {pmid26115863, year = {2015}, author = {Hasan, B and Olsen, B and Alam, A and Akter, L and Melhus, Å}, title = {Dissemination of the multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli O25b-ST131 clone and the role of house crow (Corvus splendens) foraging on hospital waste in Bangladesh.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {1000.e1-4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.016}, pmid = {26115863}, issn = {1469-0691}, mesh = {Animals ; Bangladesh ; Crows/*physiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Enterobacter cloacae/classification/enzymology/isolation &amp; purification ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary ; Escherichia coli/*classification/enzymology/*isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/microbiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Genotype ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/classification/enzymology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Medical Waste Disposal ; beta-Lactamases/*secretion ; }, abstract = {Two hundred and thirty-eight faecal samples from crows foraging on hospital wastes were analysed for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. ESBL-producing crow isolates were characterized and compared with 31 patient isolates. Among the crows, 59% carried ESBL producers. These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Raoultella terrigena and Enterobacter cloacae harbouring the genes for CTX-M-1, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-79, and CTX-M-14. Human isolates carried only the CTX-M-15 gene. Two-thirds of crow E. coli isolates and all human E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant. Crows and patients shared E. coli sequence types, including the epidemic E. coli O25b-ST131 clone. The scavenging behaviour of crows at poorly managed hospital waste dumps made them potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, including ESBLs.}, }
@article {pmid26097282, year = {2015}, author = {Miller, R and Bugnyar, T and Pölzl, K and Schwab, C}, title = {Differences in exploration behaviour in common ravens and carrion crows during development and across social context.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, pages = {1209-1220}, doi = {10.1007/s00265-015-1935-8}, pmid = {26097282}, issn = {0340-5443}, abstract = {Exploration is particularly important for young animals, as it enables them to learn to exploit their surroundings. It is likely to be affected by species ecology and social context, though there are few comparative, longitudinal studies that control for effects of early experience. Here, we investigated group level exploration behaviour in two closely related and identically reared, generalist corvid species: common ravens (Corvus corax) and carrion crows (C. corone, C. cornix), during development and across social context. Subjects were repeatedly presented with a range of novel items, whilst alone and in a dyad/ subgroup, at the fledging (1-2 months old), juvenile (3-8 months old) and sub-adult (14-18 months old) stages. Whilst alone, they were also presented with a novel and familiar person, at the fledging and juvenile stages. We expected developmental differences and a facilitating influence of social context on exploration. Developmental differences were present, with both species interacting most frequently with novel items as juveniles, which may relate to major developmental steps, such as dispersal and a neophobia increase as sub-adults. When a conspecific(s) was present, subjects generally interacted more frequently, though took longer to interact, with novel items. Additionally, we found unexpected species differences, with the most striking difference being the crows' significantly lower rate of interaction with the novel person, though not the familiar person; a species difference that was present from fledging. We discuss these findings by relating to potential differences in the two species ecology and behaviour, such as habitat use and caching proficiency.}, }
@article {pmid26089436, year = {2015}, author = {Bergan, JF}, title = {Neural Computation and Neuromodulation Underlying Social Behavior.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {268-280}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icv061}, pmid = {26089436}, issn = {1557-7023}, mesh = {Animals ; Invertebrates/*physiology ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; *Social Behavior ; Vertebrates/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Social behaviors are as diverse as the animals that employ them, with some behaviors, like affiliation and aggression, expressed in nearly all social species. Whether discussing a &quot;family&quot; of beavers or a &quot;murder&quot; of crows, the elaborate language we use to describe social animals immediately hints at patterns of behavior typical of each species. Neuroscience has now revealed a core network of regions of the brain that are essential for the production of social behavior. Like the behaviors themselves, neuromodulation and hormonal changes regulate the underlying neural circuits on timescales ranging from momentary events to an animal's lifetime. Dynamic and heavily interconnected social circuits provide a distinct challenge for developing a mechanistic understanding of social behavior. However, advances in neuroscience continue to generate an explanation of social behavior based on the electrical activity and synaptic connections of neurons embedded in defined neural circuits.}, }
@article {pmid26087161, year = {2015}, author = {Clayton, NS and Emery, NJ}, title = {Avian Models for Human Cognitive Neuroscience: A Proposal.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, pages = {1330-1342}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.024}, pmid = {26087161}, issn = {1097-4199}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds ; Brain/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; *Neurosciences ; }, abstract = {Research on avian cognitive neuroscience over the past two decades has revealed the avian brain to be a better model for understanding human cognition than previously thought, despite differences in the neuroarchitecture of avian and mammalian brains. The brain, behavior, and cognition of songbirds have provided an excellent model of human cognition in one domain, namely learning human language and the production of speech. There are other important behavioral candidates of avian cognition, however, notably the capacity of corvids to remember the past and plan for the future, as well as their ability to think about another's perspective, and physical reasoning. We review this work and assess the evidence that the corvid brain can support such a cognitive architecture. We propose potential applications of these behavioral paradigms for cognitive neuroscience, including recent work on single-cell recordings and neuroimaging in corvids. Finally, we discuss their impact on understanding human developmental cognition.}, }
@article {pmid26084679, year = {2015}, author = {Obozova, T and Smirnova, A and Zorina, Z and Wasserman, E}, title = {Analogical reasoning in amazons.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {1363-1371}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-015-0882-0}, pmid = {26084679}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Amazona/*physiology ; Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Concept Formation ; *Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Male ; *Thinking ; }, abstract = {Two juvenile orange-winged amazons (Amazona amazonica) were initially trained to match visual stimuli by color, shape, and number of items, but not by size. After learning these three identity matching-to-sample tasks, the parrots transferred discriminative responding to new stimuli from the same categories that had been used in training (other colors, shapes, and numbers of items) as well as to stimuli from a different category (stimuli varying in size). In the critical testing phase, both parrots exhibited reliable relational matching-to-sample (RMTS) behavior, suggesting that they perceived and compared the relationship between objects in the sample stimulus pair to the relationship between objects in the comparison stimulus pairs, even though no physical matches were possible between items in the sample and comparison pairs. The parrots spontaneously exhibited this higher-order relational responding without having ever before been trained on RMTS tasks, therefore joining apes and crows in displaying this abstract cognitive behavior.}, }
@article {pmid26067282, year = {2015}, author = {Wascher, CA and Hillemann, F and Canestrari, D and Baglione, V}, title = {Carrion crows learn to discriminate between calls of reliable and unreliable conspecifics.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {1181-1185}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-015-0879-8}, pmid = {26067282}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Attention ; Crows/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; *Discrimination Learning ; Female ; Male ; Social Behavior ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Partner choice on the basis of an individual's reliability is expected to stabilize social interactions. In this experiment, we tested whether carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) learn to differentiate between calls of reliable or unreliable individuals. Crows were kept in an aviary that comprised four visually but not acoustically isolated compartments, separated by a central room. In an association phase, a dead crow placed in the central compartment was visible only to one of the four crow groups, whilst alert calls of a conspecific were played back. Therefore, these calls were reliable for that group, but unreliable for the three other groups. The procedure was repeated, using a different reliable caller for each group. In two test sessions, 1 month apart, reliable and unreliable model individuals were played back, but no dead crow was presented. We quantified birds' attention behaviour and the number of vocalisations emitted. In the association phase, crows were more attentive towards the reliable compared with the unreliable stimuli and called more in response to reliable compared to unreliable individuals. In the test and repeat phase, attention behaviour did not differ between reliability conditions, but the pattern of vocal behaviour reversed, with crows calling less frequent when listening to reliable compared with unreliable calls. Vocal responses of crows suggest that they can discriminate between reliable and unreliable callers.}, }
@article {pmid26062431, year = {2016}, author = {González-Mariscal, G and Caba, M and Martínez-Gómez, M and Bautista, A and Hudson, R}, title = {Mothers and offspring: The rabbit as a model system in the study of mammalian maternal behavior and sibling interactions.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {77}, number = {}, pages = {30-41}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.011}, pmid = {26062431}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Suckling/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Female ; Maternal Behavior/*physiology ; Pregnancy ; Rabbits/*physiology ; *Siblings ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: This article is part of a Special Issue &quot;Parental Care&quot;. Jay Rosenblatt effectively promoted research on rabbit maternal behavior through his interaction with colleagues in Mexico. Here we review the activities of pregnant and lactating rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), their neuro-hormonal regulation, and the synchronization of behavior between mother and kits. Changing concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin throughout gestation regulate nest-building (digging, straw-carrying, fur-pulling) and prime the mother's brain to respond to the newborn. Nursing is the only mother-young contact throughout lactation. It happens once/day, inside the nest, with ca. 24h periodicity, and lasts around 3min. Periodicity and duration of nursing depend on a threshold of suckling as procedures reducing the amount of nipple stimulation interfere with the temporal aspects of nursing, though not with the doe's maternal motivation. Synchronization between mother and kits, critical for nursing, relies on: a) the production of pheromonal cues which guide the young to the mother's nipples for suckling; b) an endogenous circadian rhythm of anticipatory activity in the young, present since birth. Milk intake entrains the kits' locomotor behavior, corticosterone secretion, and the activity of several brain structures. Sibling interactions within the huddle, largely determined by body mass at birth, are important for: a) maintaining body temperature; b) ensuring normal neuromotor and social development. Suckling maintains nursing behavior past the period of abundant milk production but abrupt and efficient weaning occurs in concurrently pregnant-lactating does by unknown factors.<br><br>CONCLUSION: female rabbits have evolved a reproductive strategy largely dissociating maternal care from maternal presence, whose multifactorial regulation warrants future investigations.}, }
@article {pmid26030086, year = {2015}, author = {Haapala, EA and Lintu, N and Väistö, J and Robinson, LE and Viitasalo, A and Lindi, V and Lakka, TA}, title = {Associations of Physical Performance and Adiposity with Cognition in Children.}, journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise}, volume = {47}, number = {10}, pages = {2166-2174}, doi = {10.1249/MSS.0000000000000652}, pmid = {26030086}, issn = {1530-0315}, mesh = {Adiposity/*physiology ; *Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Child ; Cognition/*physiology ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Motor Skills/*physiology ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; *Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the independent and combined associations of cardiorespiratory performance (CP), neuromuscular performance (NP; including motor performance [MP]) and body fat percentage (BF%) with cognition in children.<br><br>METHODS: The participants were 202 boys and 201 girls age 6-8 yr. Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed using maximal cycle ergometer test and was expressed as maximal workload per lean body mass. Neuromuscular performance score included muscle strength, speed, agility, balance, manual dexterity, and flexibility; and MP included speed and agility, balance, and manual dexterity. Body fat percentage was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Cognition was assessed using Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). Linear regression and general linear models were used to analyze the independent and combined associations of CP, NP, MP, and BF% with Raven CPM score.<br><br>RESULTS: Neuromuscular performance and MP were directly associated with the Raven CPM score (β = 0.138-0.190; P < 0.01). Children in the lowest or the highest thirds of BF% and in the lowest third of MP had a lower Raven CPM score than other children (P < 0.05). Children in the lowest or highest third of BF% along with the poorest MP had a lower Raven CPM score than those in the middle third of BF% and higher MP (P < 0.05). These associations and differences were much stronger in boys than in girls. Cardiorespiratory performance was not related to the Raven CPM score.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Poorer NP and MP were associated with a worse cognition in children and particularly in boys. Cognition was poorer especially among children with the lowest or highest BF% accompanied with a poorer MP.}, }
@article {pmid27547298, year = {2015}, author = {Rutz, C and Morrissey, MB and Burns, ZT and Burt, J and Otis, B and St Clair, JJ and James, R}, title = {Calibrating animal-borne proximity loggers.}, journal = {Methods in ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {656-667}, doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12370}, pmid = {27547298}, issn = {2041-210X}, abstract = {Growing interest in the structure and dynamics of animal social networks has stimulated efforts to develop automated tracking technologies that can reliably record encounters in free-ranging subjects. A particularly promising approach is the use of animal-attached 'proximity loggers', which collect data on the incidence, duration and proximity of spatial associations through inter-logger radio communication. While proximity logging is based on a straightforward physical principle - the attenuation of propagating radio waves with distance - calibrating systems for field deployment is challenging, since most study species roam across complex, heterogeneous environments.In this study, we calibrated a recently developed digital proximity-logging system ('Encounternet') for deployment on a wild population of New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides. Our principal objective was to establish a quantitative model that enables robust post hoc estimation of logger-to-logger (and, hence, crow-to-crow) distances from logger-recorded signal-strength values. To achieve an accurate description of the radio communication between crow-borne loggers, we conducted a calibration exercise that combines theoretical analyses, field experiments, statistical modelling, behavioural observations, and computer simulations.We show that, using signal-strength information only, it is possible to assign crow encounters reliably to predefined distance classes, enabling powerful analyses of social dynamics. For example, raw data sets from field-deployed loggers can be filtered at the analysis stage to include predominantly encounters where crows would have come to within a few metres of each other, and could therefore have socially learned new behaviours through direct observation. One of the main challenges for improving data classification further is the fact that crows - like most other study species - associate across a wide variety of habitats and behavioural contexts, with different signal-attenuation properties.Our study demonstrates that well-calibrated proximity-logging systems can be used to chart social associations of free-ranging animals over a range of biologically meaningful distances. At the same time, however, it highlights that considerable efforts are required to conduct study-specific system calibrations that adequately account for the biological and technological complexities of field deployments. Although we report results from a particular case study, the basic rationale of our multi-step calibration exercise applies to many other tracking systems and study species.}, }
@article {pmid26010196, year = {2015}, author = {Jelbert, SA and Taylor, AH and Gray, RD}, title = {Reasoning by exclusion in New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) cannot be explained by avoidance of empty containers.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, pages = {283-290}, doi = {10.1037/a0039313}, pmid = {26010196}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/*psychology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Thinking/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Whether animals can reason or merely learn associatively is a long-standing debate. Researchers have approached this question by investigating whether dogs, birds, and primates can reason by exclusion (choosing by logically excluding all other alternatives). However, these studies have not resolved whether animals are capable of inferring which option is rewarded or are merely avoiding options known to be incorrect. Here, we used a forced-choice tubes task, where strategies of &quot;reasoning by exclusion&quot; and &quot;avoidance of empty containers&quot; predicted different responses. Two tubes (1 straight, 1 bent) were presented in 5 types of orientation, varying whether the rewarded location could be inferred. We compared predictions from both strategies with the observed performance of 8 wild-caught New Caledonian crows. Two of the 8 birds' choices were entirely consistent with reasoning by exclusion only. A further 4 birds followed a mixed strategy, where both reasoning and avoidance could have influenced their decisions. Thus, although avoidance plays a role, it cannot fully explain the crows' choices. Confirming how animals naturally solve problems is increasingly important in animal cognition; we demonstrate that NC crows can inferentially reason without explicit training, but, like humans, most do not rely solely on reasoning to make decisions.}, }
@article {pmid25994674, year = {2015}, author = {Klump, BC and van der Wal, JE and St Clair, JJ and Rutz, C}, title = {Context-dependent 'safekeeping' of foraging tools in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1808}, pages = {20150278}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2015.0278}, pmid = {25994674}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {BB/G023913/2//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Crows/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Several animal species use tools for foraging, such as sticks to extract embedded arthropods and honey, or stones to crack open nuts and eggs. While providing access to nutritious foods, these behaviours may incur significant costs, such as the time and energy spent searching for, manufacturing and transporting tools. These costs can be reduced by re-using tools, keeping them safe when not needed. We experimentally investigated what New Caledonian crows do with their tools between successive prey extractions, and whether they express tool 'safekeeping' behaviours more often when the costs (foraging at height), or likelihood (handling of demanding prey), of tool loss are high. Birds generally took care of their tools (84% of 176 prey extractions, nine subjects), either trapping them underfoot (74%) or storing them in holes (26%)--behaviours we also observed in the wild (19 cases, four subjects). Moreover, tool-handling behaviour was context-dependent, with subjects: keeping their tools safe significantly more often when foraging at height; and storing tools significantly more often in holes when extracting more demanding prey (under these conditions, foot-trapping proved challenging). In arboreal environments, safekeeping can prevent costly tool losses, removing a potentially important constraint on the evolution of habitual and complex tool behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid25985093, year = {2015}, author = {Suzuki, TN}, title = {Assessment of predation risk through referential communication in incubating birds.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {10239}, doi = {10.1038/srep10239}, pmid = {25985093}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Birds ; Female ; *Predatory Behavior ; }, abstract = {Parents of many bird species produce alarm calls when they approach and deter a nest predator in order to defend their offspring. Alarm calls have been shown to warn nestlings about predatory threats, but parents also face a similar risk of predation when incubating eggs in their nests. Here, I show that incubating female Japanese great tits, Parus minor, assess predation risk by conspecific alarm calls given outside the nest cavity. Tits produce acoustically discrete alarm calls for different nest predators: &quot;jar&quot; calls for snakes and &quot;chicka&quot; calls for other predators such as crows and martens. Playback experiments revealed that incubating females responded to &quot;jar&quot; calls by leaving their nest, whereas they responded to &quot;chicka&quot; calls by looking out of the nest entrance. Since snakes invade the nest cavity, escaping from the nest helps females avoid snake predation. In contrast, &quot;chicka&quot; calls are used for a variety of predator types, and therefore, looking out of the nest entrance helps females gather information about the type and location of approaching predators. These results show that incubating females derive information about predator type from different types of alarm calls, providing a novel example of functionally referential communication.}, }
@article {pmid25984564, year = {2014}, author = {Auersperg, AM and Oswald, N and Domanegg, M and Gajdon, GK and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Unrewarded Object Combinations in Captive Parrots.}, journal = {Animal behavior and cognition}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {470-488}, doi = {10.12966/abc.11.05.2014}, pmid = {25984564}, issn = {2372-5052}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {In primates, complex object combinations during play are often regarded as precursors of functional behavior. Here we investigate combinatory behaviors during unrewarded object manipulation in seven parrot species, including kea, African grey parrots and Goffin cockatoos, three species previously used as model species for technical problem solving. We further examine a habitually tool using species, the black palm cockatoo. Moreover, we incorporate three neotropical species, the yellow- and the black-billed Amazon and the burrowing parakeet. Paralleling previous studies on primates and corvids, free object-object combinations and complex object-substrate combinations such as inserting objects into tubes/holes or stacking rings onto poles prevailed in the species previously linked to advanced physical cognition and tool use. In addition, free object-object combinations were intrinsically structured in Goffin cockatoos and in kea.}, }
@article {pmid25981411, year = {2015}, author = {Kärnä, OM and Grönroos, M and Antikainen, H and Hjort, J and Ilmonen, J and Paasivirta, L and Heino, J}, title = {Inferring the effects of potential dispersal routes on the metacommunity structure of stream insects: as the crow flies, as the fish swims or as the fox runs?.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, pages = {1342-1353}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12397}, pmid = {25981411}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {*Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Energy Metabolism ; Finland ; Geography ; Insecta/*physiology ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {1. Metacommunity research relies largely on proxies for inferring the effect of dispersal on local community structure. Overland and watercourse distances have been typically used as such proxies. A good proxy for dispersal should, however, take into account more complex landscape features that can affect an organism's movement and dispersal. The cost distance approach does just that, allowing determining the path of least resistance across a landscape. 2. Here, we examined the distance decay of assemblage similarity within a subarctic stream insect metacommunity. We tested whether overland, watercourse and cumulative cost distances performed differently as correlates of dissimilarity in assemblage composition between sites. We also investigated the effect of body size and dispersal mode on metacommunity organization. 3. We found that dissimilarities in assemblage composition correlated more strongly with environmental than physical distances between sites. Overland and watercourse distances showed similar correlations to assemblage dissimilarity between sites, being sometimes significantly correlated with biological variation of entire insect communities. In metacommunities deconstructed by body size or dispersal mode, contrary to our expectation, passive dispersers showed a slightly stronger correlation than active dispersers to environmental differences between sites, although passive dispersers also showed a stronger correlation than active dispersers to physical distances between sites. The strength of correlation between environmental distance and biological dissimilarity also varied slightly among the body size classes. 4. After controlling for environmental differences between sites, cumulative cost distances were slightly better correlates of biological dissimilarities than overland or watercourse distances between sites. However, quantitative differences in correlation coefficients were small between different physical distances. 5. Although environmental differences typically override physical distances as determinants of the composition of stream insect assemblages, correlations between environmental distances and biological dissimilarities are typically rather weak. This undetermined variation may be attributable to dispersal processes, which may be captured using better proxies for the process. We suggest that further modifying the measurement of cost distances may be a fruitful avenue, especially if complemented by more direct natural history information on insect dispersal behaviour and distances travelled by them.}, }
@article {pmid25957953, year = {2015}, author = {Jayne, K and Lea, SE and Leaver, LA}, title = {Behavioural responses of Eastern grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, to cues of risk while foraging.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {116}, number = {}, pages = {53-61}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2015.05.002}, pmid = {25957953}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cues ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Risk-Taking ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that Eastern grey squirrels modify their behaviour while foraging to offset risks of social and predatory costs, but none have simultaneously compared whether such modifications are performed at a cost to foraging. The present study directly compares how grey squirrels respond to cues of these risks while foraging. We simulated social risk and predatory risk using acoustic playbacks of stimuli that grey squirrels might be exposed to at a foraging patch: calls of conspecifics, heterospecifics (competitor and non-competitor) and predators. We found that grey squirrels responded to predator, heterospecific competitor and conspecific playbacks by altering their foraging and vigilance behaviours. Foraging was most disrupted by increased vigilance when we played calls of predators. Squirrels' response to calls of heterospecific competitors did not differ from their response to conspecific calls, and they resumed foraging more quickly after both compared to predator calls: whereas they showed little response to calls of non-competitor heterospecifics and a white noise control. We conclude that squirrels respond differentially to calls made by conspecifics, heterospecific competitors and predators, with the most pronounced response being to calls of predators. We suggest that squirrels may view conspecific and corvid vocalisations as cues of potential conflict while foraging, necessitating increased vigilance.}, }
@article {pmid25937686, year = {2014}, author = {Miller, R and Schiestl, M and Whiten, A and Schwab, C and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Tolerance and Social Facilitation in the Foraging Behaviour of Free-Ranging Crows (Corvus corone corone; C. c. cornix).}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {120}, number = {12}, pages = {1248-1255}, doi = {10.1111/eth.12298}, pmid = {25937686}, issn = {0179-1613}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Social foraging provides animals with opportunities to gain knowledge about available food. Studies indicate that animals are influenced by social context during exploration and are able to learn socially. Carrion and hooded crows, which are opportunistic generalists with flexible social systems, have so far received little focus in this area. We combined observational and experimental approaches to investigate social interactions during foraging and social influences on crow behaviour within a free-ranging population at Vienna Zoo, which included 115 individually marked crows. We expected the crows to be tolerant of conspecifics during foraging due to high food abundance. We predicted that social context would enhance familiar object exploration, as well as a specific foraging strategy: predation by crows on other species. We found that crows were highly tolerant of one another, as reflected by their high rates of cofeeding - where they fed directly beside conspecific(s) - relative to affiliative or agonistic interactions. Evidence for social facilitation - when the observer's behaviour is affected by the mere presence of a model - was found in both object exploration and predation behaviour. Specifically, crows touched the objects more frequently when others were present (whilst only approaching the objects when alone), and conspecifics were present more frequently during predation events involving the high-risk target species. Evidence for enhancement during object exploration - where the observer's attention is drawn to a place or object by a model's actions - was not confirmed in this context. Our results highlight the role played by the presence of conspecifics across different contexts: natural foraging behaviour, familiar object exploration and a specific foraging strategy. To our knowledge, this is one of the first corvid studies aimed at teasing apart specific social influence and learning mechanisms in the field. These crows therefore make promising candidates for studying social learning and its consequences under naturalistic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25912895, year = {2015}, author = {Soler, JJ and Ruiz-Rodríguez, M and Martín-Vivaldi, M and Peralta-Sánchez, JM and Ruiz-Castellano, C and Tomás, G}, title = {Laying date, incubation and egg breakage as determinants of bacterial load on bird eggshells: experimental evidence.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {179}, number = {1}, pages = {63-74}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-015-3322-6}, pmid = {25912895}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Load ; Biological Evolution ; Coturnix/*growth &amp; development/microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Egg Shell/*microbiology ; Eggs/microbiology ; Female ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Exploring factors guiding interactions of bacterial communities with animals has become of primary importance for ecologists and evolutionary biologists during the last years because of their likely central role in the evolution of animal life history traits. We explored the association between laying date and eggshell bacterial load (mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Enterococci) in natural and artificial magpie (Pica pica) nests containing fresh commercial quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs. We manipulated hygiene conditions by spilling egg contents on magpie and artificial nests and explored experimental effects during the breeding season. Egg breakage is a common outcome of brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) on the nests of magpie, one of its main hosts. We found that the treatment increased eggshell bacterial load in artificial nests, but not in magpie nests with incubating females, which suggests that parental activity prevents the proliferation of bacteria on the eggshells in relation to egg breakage. Moreover, laying date was positively related to eggshell bacterial load in active magpie nests, but negatively in artificial nests. The results suggest that variation in parental characteristics of magpies rather than climatic variation during the breeding season explained the detected positive association. Because the eggshell bacterial load is a proxy of hatching success, the detected positive association between eggshell bacterial loads and laying date in natural, but not in artificial nests, suggests that the generalized negative association between laying date and avian breeding success can be, at least partially, explained by differential bacterial effects.}, }
@article {pmid25905887, year = {2015}, author = {O'Dell, M}, title = {Meeting Jim Crow.}, journal = {Family medicine}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, pages = {403-404}, pmid = {25905887}, issn = {1938-3800}, mesh = {*African Americans ; Humans ; Patient Care/*psychology ; *Prejudice/prevention &amp; control/psychology ; Race Relations ; *Racism/prevention &amp; control/psychology ; }, }
@article {pmid25895287, year = {2015}, author = {Trotter, MC}, title = {Lloyd Tevis Miller, MD. Professionalas in the Jim Crow South.}, journal = {Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {49-53}, pmid = {25895287}, issn = {0026-6396}, mesh = {African Americans/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mississippi ; Physicians/*history ; Racism/*history ; }, }
@article {pmid25892848, year = {2015}, author = {Kubitza, RJ and Bugnyar, T and Schwab, C}, title = {Pair bond characteristics and maintenance in free-flying jackdaws Corvus monedula: effects of social context and season.}, journal = {Journal of avian biology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, pages = {206-215}, doi = {10.1111/jav.00508}, pmid = {25892848}, issn = {0908-8857}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {Most birds rely on cooperation between pair partners for breeding. In long-term monogamous species, pair bonds are considered the basic units of social organization, albeit these birds often form foraging, roosting or breeding groups in which they repeatedly interact with numerous conspecifics. Focusing on jackdaws Corvus monedula, we here investigated 1) the interplay between pair bond and group dynamics in several social contexts and 2) how pair partners differ in individual effort of pair bond maintenance. Based on long-term data on free-flying birds, we quantified social interactions between group members within three positive contexts (spatial proximity, feeding and sociopositive interactions) for different periods of the year (non-breeding, pre-breeding, parental care). On the group level, we found that the number of interaction partners was highest in the spatial proximity context while in the feeding and sociopositive contexts the number of interaction partners was low and moderately low, respectively. Interactions were reciprocated within almost all contexts and periods. Investigating subgrouping within the flock, results showed that interactions were preferentially directed towards the respective pair partner compared to unmated adults. When determining pair partner effort, both sexes similarly invested most into mutual proximity during late winter, thereby refreshing their bond before the onset of breeding. Paired males fed their mates over the entire year at similar rates while paired females hardly fed their mates at all but engaged in sociopositive behaviors instead. We conclude that jackdaws actively seek out positive social ties to flock members (close proximity, sociopositive behavior), at certain times of the year. Thus, the group functions as a dynamic social unit, nested within are highly cooperative pair bonds. Both sexes invested into the bond with different social behaviors and different levels of effort, yet these are likely male and female proximate mechanisms aimed at maintaining and perpetuating the pair bond.}, }
@article {pmid25888754, year = {2015}, author = {Rizzoli, A and Bolzoni, L and Chadwick, EA and Capelli, G and Montarsi, F and Grisenti, M and de la Puente, JM and Muñoz, J and Figuerola, J and Soriguer, R and Anfora, G and Di Luca, M and Rosà, R}, title = {Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {213}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-0831-4}, pmid = {25888754}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/blood/genetics ; Culex/*physiology/virology ; DNA/genetics ; Disease Reservoirs ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Odorants ; Species Specificity ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/virology ; West Nile virus/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding wildlife disease ecology is becoming an urgent need due to the continuous emergence and spread of several wildlife zoonotic diseases. West Nile Virus (WNV) is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus in the world, and in recent decades there has been an increase both in geographic range, and in the frequency of symptomatic infections in humans and wildlife. The principal vector for WNV in Europe is the common house Culex pipiens mosquito, which feeds on a wide variety of vertebrate host species. Variation in mosquito feeding preference has been described as one of the most influential parameters driving intensity and timing of WNV infection in the United States, but feeding preferences for this species have been little studied in Europe.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we estimated feeding preference for wild Cx. pipiens in northern Italy, using molecular analysis to identify the origin of blood meals, and avian census to control host abundance variations. Additionally, we used host bird odour extracts to test experimentally mosquito preferences in the absence of environmental variations.<br><br>RESULTS: For the first time, we demonstrate a clear feeding preference for the common blackbird (Turdus merula), both for wild collected specimens and in the lab, suggesting a potential important role for this species in the WNV epidemiology in Europe. A seasonal decrease in abundance of blackbirds is associated with increased feeding on Eurasian magpies (Pica pica), and this may be linked to seasonal emergence of WNV in humans. Feeding preferences on blackbirds are more marked in rural areas, while preference for magpies is higher in peridomestic areas. Other species, such as the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) appear to be selected by mosquitoes opportunistically in relation to its abundance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new insights into the ecology of Cx. pipiens in Europe and may give useful indications in terms of implementing targeted WNV surveillance plans. However, a clearer understanding of spatio-temporal variations of Cx. pipiens feeding preferences, and targeted studies on reservoir competence for WNV for these species are therefore now urgently needed as this is essential to describe disease dynamics and quantify virus transmission risk.}, }
@article {pmid25876841, year = {2015}, author = {Jacobs, IF and von Bayern, A and Martin-Ordas, G and Rat-Fischer, L and Osvath, M}, title = {Corvids create novel causal interventions after all.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {282}, number = {1806}, pages = {20142504}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.2504}, pmid = {25876841}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, }
@article {pmid25720292, year = {2014}, author = {Solov'ev, AN}, title = {[Breeding dynamic of corvids in urbanized landscapes of the European east].}, journal = {Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia}, volume = {}, number = {5}, pages = {529-538}, pmid = {25720292}, issn = {1026-3470}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Cities ; Crows/*physiology ; Homing Behavior/*physiology ; *Population Dynamics ; Russia ; }, abstract = {On the basis of counting and mapping of nests of the rook, hooded crow, and magpie in Kirov in 1975-2012, it was found that, under the conditions of an industrial city, rook colonies are highly unstable. The elimination of the private sector and neglected tree and scrub thickets leads to a reduction in the number of magpies nesting in the city. The nesting abundance of crows is limited by the quarter layout and placement of containers for household waste.}, }
@article {pmid25697970, year = {2015}, author = {Petit, O and Dufour, V and Herrenschmidt, M and De Marco, A and Sterck, EH and Call, J}, title = {Inferences about food location in three cercopithecine species: an insight into the socioecological cognition of primates.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {821-830}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-015-0848-2}, pmid = {25697970}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; Cercopithecinae/*psychology ; *Cognition ; Problem Solving ; *Social Behavior ; *Thinking ; }, abstract = {Many animal species use a variety of cognitive strategies to locate food resources. One strategy is to make inferences by exclusion, i.e., perceiving the absence of reward as a cue that another location should be investigated. The use of such advanced cognitive strategies may be more prominent in species that are known to frequently solve social challenges, and inferential reasoning has mainly been investigated in social species such as corvids, dogs, dolphins and non-human primates. In this paper, we investigate how far social intricacy may explain the disparity of reasoning performances observed in three cercopithecine species that differ in the density of their social network and the diversity of their social partners. We used standard reasoning tasks, testing the volume concept and inference by exclusion using visual and auditory modalities. We showed that Old World monkeys can infer the location of invisible food by exclusion. In addition, Tonkean macaques and olive baboons had greater performances in most tasks compared to rhesus macaques. These responses are consistent with the social complexity displayed by these three species. We suggest that the cognitive strategies required to navigate through a demanding social world are involved in the understanding of the physical domain.}, }
@article {pmid25689114, year = {2015}, author = {Bobeva, A and Zehtindjiev, P and Ilieva, M and Dimitrov, D and Mathis, A and Bensch, S}, title = {Host preferences of ornithophilic biting midges of the genus Culicoides in the Eastern Balkans.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {290-296}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12108}, pmid = {25689114}, issn = {1365-2915}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/parasitology/*transmission ; Birds ; Bulgaria ; Ceratopogonidae/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Chain ; Haemosporida/physiology ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/parasitology/*transmission ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; }, abstract = {Many biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are competent vectors of a diverse number of pathogens. The identification of their feeding behaviour and of vector-host associations is essential for understanding their transmission capacity. By applying two different nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, of which one targeted the avian cyt b gene and the other targeted the COI gene of a wide range of vertebrates, we identified the blood hosts of six biting midge species including Culicoides circumscriptus, Culicoides festivipennis, Culicoides punctatus, Culicoides pictipennis, Culicoides alazanicus and Culicoides cf. griseidorsum, the latter two of which are reported in Bulgaria for the first time. Bird DNA was found in 50.6% of 95 investigated bloodmeals, whereas mammalian DNA was identified in 13.7%. Two Culicoides species were found to feed on both birds and mammals. There was remarkable diversity in the range of avian hosts: 23 species from four orders were identified in the abdomens of four Culicoides species. The most common bird species identified was the magpie, Pica pica (n = 7), which was registered in all four ornithophilic biting midge species. Six bloodmeals from the great tit, Parus major, were recorded only in C. alazanicus. None of the studied species of Culicoides appeared to be restricted to a single avian host.}, }
@article {pmid25688567, year = {2015}, author = {Campobello, D and Hare, JF and Sarà, M}, title = {Social phenotype extended to communities: expanded multilevel social selection analysis reveals fitness consequences of interspecific interactions.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, pages = {916-925}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12629}, pmid = {25688567}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Falconiformes/genetics/physiology ; *Genetic Fitness ; Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; *Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {In social species, fitness consequences are associated with both individual and social phenotypes. Social selection analysis has quantified the contribution of conspecific social traits to individual fitness. There has been no attempt, however, to apply a social selection approach to quantify the fitness implications of heterospecific social phenotypes. Here, we propose a novel social selection based approach integrating the role of all social interactions at the community level. We extended multilevel selection analysis by including a term accounting for the group phenotype of heterospecifics. We analyzed nest activity as a model social trait common to two species, the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) and jackdaw (Corvus monedula), nesting in either single- or mixed-species colonies. By recording reproductive outcome as a measure of relative fitness, our results reveal an asymmetric system wherein only jackdaw breeding performance was affected by the activity phenotypes of both conspecific and heterospecific neighbors. Our model incorporating heterospecific social phenotypes is applicable to animal communities where interacting species share a common social trait, thus allowing an assessment of the selection pressure imposed by interspecific interactions in nature. Finally, we discuss the potential role of ecological limitations accounting for random or preferential assortments among interspecific social phenotypes, and the implications of such processes to community evolution.}, }
@article {pmid25627601, year = {2014}, author = {Barros, RA and Costa, CA and Pascotto, MC}, title = {Diet and feeding behavior of the White-naped Jay, Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) (Aves, Passeriformes, Corvidae) in a disturbed environment in central Brazil.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, pages = {899-905}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.09313}, pmid = {25627601}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Diet ; *Environment ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Humans ; Passeriformes/classification/*physiology ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {The White-naped Jay Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) is an omnivorous and opportunistic species, with a multifarious diet. In view of the scarcity of available data in the literature, the aim was to investigate and describe the bird's diet, location of food items, foraging tactics, actual feeding behavior and intraspecific interactions, as a means of defining the items consumed. The study was carried out in a Cerrado area in the Araguaia Campus of the Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT, in Pontal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, from August to December, 2006, and from April to October, 2010. All the feeding events were recorded through 136 hours of animal focal sampling, whereby it was shown that these birds predominantly consume animal nutrients, replenished by vegetable items and human food-waste. Arthropods were predominant in the diet, with ants as the most abundant and frequent item. The fruits, flowers and seeds of eleven plant species were also consumed. Food-waste, representing about 1/10 of the total, was constantly consumed even when other food sources were available. Although active among the various strata, foraging is mainly on the ground. In the event of food-scarcity, the strategy employed is the hierarchical deployment of the members of various-sized groups, with the avoidance of direct competition. This versatility during all seasons, confirms total adaptation to the anthropic environment surrounded by native habitats that characterized the study site.}, }
@article {pmid25602306, year = {2015}, author = {Vonk, J}, title = {Corvid cognition: something to crow about?.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {R69-R71}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.001}, pmid = {25602306}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {New research indicates that crows are capable of matching stimuli on the basis of analogical relations: that is, similarity of size, color and shape. This may be the first evidence for spontaneous analogical reasoning outside of the primate order.}, }
@article {pmid25569827, year = {2014}, author = {Bozsik, C and Áspán, N and Gádoros, J and Inántsy-Pap, J and Halász, J}, title = {[Conduct symptoms and emotional decision making in non-clinical adolescents].}, journal = {Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {378-385}, pmid = {25569827}, issn = {0237-7896}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Behavioral Symptoms/*psychology ; Conduct Disorder/psychology ; *Decision Making ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Hungary ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In adults with antisocial personality disorder, literature data indicate alterations in emotional decision making and in the working of the prefrontal cortex. Similar alterations were described in adolescents with psychopathic traits, however, a dimensional link was not established between behavioral variables and variables associated with decision making. The aim of the present study was to describe the relationship between externalizing symptoms and emotional decision making in non-clinical adolescents.<br><br>METHODS: Originally 57, 7th-10th grade students between 13-16 years participated in the study after informed consent, but the data of 4 adolescents were not used because of incomplete data-set (N=53; 24 girls and 29 boys; age=14.7 ± 1.0 years, mean ± SD). The parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess behavioral problems. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance and Raven IQ measures were also assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: The number of summarized risky choices was positively correlated with Conduct Problems Scale of SDQ (r=0.31, p<0.05). While the number of risky choices was not correlated with conduct problems in the first 20 selections (r=0.11, p=n.s.), a marked positive correlation was present in the above measures in the last 20 selections (r=0.28, p<0.05). The number of risky choices did not depend on Raven IQ, age, and other behavioral scales of SDQ.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Even subthreshold conduct symptoms are associated with altered emotional decision making in adolescents, what might be important in the development of antisocial behavior.}, }
@article {pmid25532894, year = {2015}, author = {Smirnova, A and Zorina, Z and Obozova, T and Wasserman, E}, title = {Crows spontaneously exhibit analogical reasoning.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {256-260}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.063}, pmid = {25532894}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Cognition ; Concept Formation ; Crows/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {Analogical reasoning is vital to advanced cognition and behavioral adaptation. Many theorists deem analogical thinking to be uniquely human and to be foundational to categorization, creative problem solving, and scientific discovery. Comparative psychologists have long been interested in the species generality of analogical reasoning, but they initially found it difficult to obtain empirical support for such thinking in nonhuman animals (for pioneering efforts, see [2, 3]). Researchers have since mustered considerable evidence and argument that relational matching-to-sample (RMTS) effectively captures the essence of analogy, in which the relevant logical arguments are presented visually. In RMTS, choice of test pair BB would be correct if the sample pair were AA, whereas choice of test pair EF would be correct if the sample pair were CD. Critically, no items in the correct test pair physically match items in the sample pair, thus demanding that only relational sameness or differentness is available to support accurate choice responding. Initial evidence suggested that only humans and apes can successfully learn RMTS with pairs of sample and test items; however, monkeys have subsequently done so. Here, we report that crows too exhibit relational matching behavior. Even more importantly, crows spontaneously display relational responding without ever having been trained on RMTS; they had only been trained on identity matching-to-sample (IMTS). Such robust and uninstructed relational matching behavior represents the most convincing evidence yet of analogical reasoning in a nonprimate species, as apes alone have spontaneously exhibited RMTS behavior after only IMTS training.}, }
@article {pmid25522499, year = {2014}, author = {Kumbar, SM and Ghadage, AB}, title = {Preliminary study on avian fauna of the Krishna River basin Sangli District, Western Maharashtra, India.}, journal = {Journal of environmental biology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1005-1011}, pmid = {25522499}, issn = {0254-8704}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/*classification/*physiology ; Demography ; India ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The present study on avifaunal diversity carried out for three years at the Krishna River Basin, Sangli District revealed a total of 126 species of birds belonging to 30 families, of which 91 species were resident, 16 migratory, 12 resident and local migratory and 7 species were resident and migratory. Among the migrant birds, Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus was dominant in the study area. Commonly recorded resident bird species were, Red vented bulbul, Jungle crow, House sparrow, Common myna, Brahminy myna, Rock pigeon, Spotted dove, Rose ringed parakeet, Indian robin, White-browed fantail-flycatcher and Small sunbird. Most of the families had one or two species, whereas Muscicapidae family alone had 16 species. Forty one species of waterfowls were recorded in this small landscape. Out of 126 bird species, 38 were insectivorous, 28 piscivorous, 25 omnivorous, 19 carnivorous, 9 granivorous, 5 frugivorous and 2 species were nectar sucker and insectivorous. These results suggest that richness of avifauna in the Krishna River Basin, Western Maharashtra might be due to large aquatic ground, varied vegetations and favourable environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25502037, year = {2014}, author = {Hernández, MC and Cabrera Walsh, G}, title = {Insect herbivores associated with Ludwigia species, Oligospermum section, in their Argentine distribution.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/ieu063}, pmid = {25502037}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biological Control Agents ; Feeding Behavior ; Herbivory ; Insecta/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Onagraceae/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {The South American water primroses, Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter &amp; Burdet, L. grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Hook. &amp; Arn.) G.L. Nesom &amp; Kartesz, Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven, and L. p. subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H. Raven (Onagraceae, Section Oligospermum), have become invasive in several watersheds of the United States and Europe. Surveys were carried out in center-east of Argentina to find insect species that might serve as biological control agents for L. g. subsp. hexapetala in California and elsewhere. Stems (0.5-0.6 m) of Ludwigia species, Sect. Oligospermum, were collected in 41 sites and analyzed in the laboratory; immature insects were reared to adults. The plant species found in the area were L. grandiflora (2 sites), L. g. subsp. hexapetala (33 sites), and L. p. subsp. montevidensis (4 sites). There was a variety of insect guilds feeding on L. g. subsp. hexapetala, including six species with stem-borer larvae, one species with fruit-feeding larvae, four species with defoliating larvae, two species with defoliating larvae on young leaves and axil meristems, one species of cell content feeder, and three species of sap feeders. Nine of these species also have defoliating adults. Biological information on most of them is provided. Of these insect herbivores, only two species were also found on L. grandiflora, and one on L. peploides. Several of the species found on L. g. hexapetala, such as the cell-content feeder Liothrips ludwigi (Thysanoptera), the stem-borers Merocnemus binotatus (Boheman) and Tyloderma spp. (Coleoptera), are promising candidates for biocontrol agents.}, }
@article {pmid25488022, year = {2015}, author = {Silva, KM and Gross, TJ and Silva, FJ}, title = {Task-specific modulation of adult humans' tool preferences: number of choices and size of the problem.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {44-53}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-014-0160-z}, pmid = {25488022}, issn = {1543-4508}, mesh = {Adult ; Choice Behavior ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {In two experiments, we examined the effect of modifications to the features of a stick-and-tube problem on the stick lengths that adult humans used to solve the problem. In Experiment 1, we examined whether people's tool preferences for retrieving an out-of-reach object in a tube might more closely resemble those reported with laboratory crows if people could modify a single stick to an ideal length to solve the problem. Contrary to when adult humans have selected a tool from a set of ten sticks, asking people to modify a single stick to retrieve an object did not generally result in a stick whose length was related to the object's distance. Consistent with the prior research, though, the working length of the stick was related to the object's distance. In Experiment 2, we examined the effect of increasing the scale of the stick-and-tube problem on people's tool preferences. Increasing the scale of the task influenced people to select relatively shorter tools than had selected in previous studies. Although the causal structures of the tasks used in the two experiments were identical, their results were not. This underscores the necessity of studying physical cognition in relation to a particular causal structure by using a variety of tasks and methods.}, }
@article {pmid25484292, year = {2014}, author = {Martinho, A and Burns, ZT and von Bayern, AM and Kacelnik, A}, title = {Monocular tool control, eye dominance, and laterality in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {24}, number = {24}, pages = {2930-2934}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.035}, pmid = {25484292}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; *Dominance, Ocular ; Female ; *Functional Laterality ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Tool use, though rare, is taxonomically widespread, but morphological adaptations for tool use are virtually unknown. We focus on the New Caledonian crow (NCC, Corvus moneduloides), which displays some of the most innovative tool-related behavior among nonhumans. One of their major food sources is larvae extracted from burrows with sticks held diagonally in the bill, oriented with individual, but not species-wide, laterality. Among possible behavioral and anatomical adaptations for tool use, NCCs possess unusually wide binocular visual fields (up to 60°), suggesting that extreme binocular vision may facilitate tool use. Here, we establish that during natural extractions, tool tips can only be viewed by the contralateral eye. Thus, maintaining binocular view of tool tips is unlikely to have selected for wide binocular fields; the selective factor is more likely to have been to allow each eye to see far enough across the midsagittal line to view the tool's tip monocularly. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that tool side preference follows eye preference and found that eye dominance does predict tool laterality across individuals. This contrasts with humans' species-wide motor laterality and uncorrelated motor-visual laterality, possibly because bill-held tools are viewed monocularly and move in concert with eyes, whereas hand-held tools are visible to both eyes and allow independent combinations of eye preference and handedness. This difference may affect other models of coordination between vision and mechanical control, not necessarily involving tools.}, }
@article {pmid25455033, year = {2014}, author = {Massen, JJ and Szipl, G and Spreafico, M and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ravens intervene in others' bonding attempts.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {24}, number = {22}, pages = {2733-2736}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.073}, pmid = {25455033}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; *Object Attachment ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The competition for power in a complex social world is hypothesized to be a driving force in the evolution of intelligence. More specifically, power may be obtained not only by brute force but also by social strategies resembling human politics. Most empirical evidence comes from primate studies that report unprovoked aggression by dominants to maintain power by spreading fear and third-party interventions in conflicts. Coalitionary support has also been described in other animals and is often linked to social bonding. As coalitions can lead to a gain in power and fitness benefits, individuals may try to prevent coalitionary support or indirectly prevent others from forming social bonds that might lead to coalitions. Although there is some empirical evidence that coalitionary support can be manipulated, little is known about the indirect strategy. We show here that wild ravens (Corvus corax) regularly intervene in affiliative interactions of others even though such interventions are potentially risky and without immediate benefits. Moreover, the identities of both interveners and intervened pairs are not randomly distributed. Ravens with existing ties initiate most interventions, and ravens that are creating new ties are most likely to be the targets of interventions. These patterns are consistent with the idea that interventions function to prevent others from forming alliances and consequently becoming future competitors. We thus show previously undescribed social maneuvers in the struggle for power. These maneuvers are likely to be of importance in other social species as well.}, }
@article {pmid25447513, year = {2015}, author = {Wascher, CA and Heiss, RS and Baglione, V and Canestrari, D}, title = {Behavioural responses to olfactory cues in carrion crows.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {111}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2014.11.009}, pmid = {25447513}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; *Cues ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Individuality ; Male ; *Odorants ; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Smell/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Until recently, the use of olfactory signals in birds has been largely ignored, despite the fact that birds do possess a fully functioning olfactory system and have been shown to use odours in social and foraging tasks, predator detection and orientation. The present study investigates whether carrion crows (Corvus corone corone), a bird species living in complex social societies, respond behaviourally to olfactory cues of conspecifics. During our experiment, carrion crows were observed less often close to the conspecific scent compared to a control side. Because conspecific scent was extracted during handling, a stressful procedure for birds, we interpreted the general avoidance of the 'scent' side as disfavour against a stressed conspecific. However, males, unlike females, showed less avoidance towards the scent of a familiar individual compared to an unfamiliar one, which might reflect a stronger interest in the information conveyed and/or willingness to provide social support.}, }
@article {pmid25437492, year = {2015}, author = {Auersperg, AM and van Horik, JO and Bugnyar, T and Kacelnik, A and Emery, NJ and von Bayern, AM}, title = {Combinatory actions during object play in psittaciformes (Diopsittaca nobilis, Pionites melanocephala, Cacatua goffini) and corvids (Corvus corax, C. monedula, C. moneduloides).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {62-71}, doi = {10.1037/a0038314}, pmid = {25437492}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cockatoos ; Crows ; Parrots ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Psittaciformes/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The playful (i.e., not overtly functional) combination of objects is considered a potential ontogenetic and phylogenetic precursor of technical problem solving abilities, as it may lead to affordance learning and honing of mechanical skills. We compared such activities in 6 avian species: 3 psittaciforms (black-headed caiques, red-shouldered macaws, and Goffin cockatoos) and 3 corvids (New Caledonian crows, ravens, and jackdaws). Differences in the type and frequency of object combinations were consistent with species' ecology. Object caching was found predominately in common ravens, which frequently cache food. The most intrinsically structured object combinations were found in New Caledonian crows and Goffin cockatoos, which both stand out for their problem solving abilities in physical tasks. Object insertions prevailed in New Caledonian crows that naturally extract food using tools. Our results support the idea that playful manipulations of inedible objects are linked to physical cognition and problem-solving abilities.}, }
@article {pmid25424402, year = {2014}, author = {Frankel, KA and Croy, CD and Kubicek, LF and Emde, RN and Mitchell, CM and Spicer, P}, title = {Toddler socioemotional behavior in a northern plains Indian tribe: associations with maternal psychosocial well-being.}, journal = {Infant mental health journal}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {10-20}, doi = {10.1002/imhj.21422}, pmid = {25424402}, issn = {1097-0355}, support = {R01 HD042760/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; HD42760/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Child Behavior/*psychology ; Child, Preschool ; Depression/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*psychology ; Male ; Mother-Child Relations/*psychology ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {M.C. Sarche, C.D. Croy, C. Big Crow, C. Mitchell, and P. Spicer (2009) provided first-ever information relating the socioemotional development of American Indian toddlers to the immediate context of their mothers' lives. The current study sought to replicate and build on their earlier work by examining the impact of additional maternal risk factors, identified in previous research with non-American Indian populations, on the development of American Indian toddlers: maternal depression, negative social influences, and mother's feelings of isolation. At 27 months, American Indian mothers (N = 110) completed the Parent Demographic Questionnaire, which measured maternal psychosocial characteristics (e.g., depressed affect, social support, drug and alcohol use, isolation) and demographics. Mothers also completed the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (A.S. Carter &amp; M.J. Briggs-Gowan, 2006) and the Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscale of the Parenting Stress Index (R.R. Abidin, 1995, 1997). Some results replicated the original study, but others did not. Reports of a dysfunctional mother-child relationship related to externalizing and internalizing problems, replicating the earlier study. This study also found associations between a dysfunctional mother-child relationship and socioemotional competence as well as dysregulation. The previous finding of a relationship between American Indian identity and socioemotional competence was supported. Adding the effects of maternal depressed affect and isolation significantly increased prediction of toddler behavior problems.}, }
@article {pmid25307108, year = {2014}, author = {Uchino, E and Watanabe, S}, title = {Self-recognition in pigeons revisited.}, journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, pages = {327-334}, doi = {10.1002/jeab.112}, pmid = {25307108}, issn = {1938-3711}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Columbidae ; Conditioning, Operant ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Recognition of a self-image in a mirror is investigated using the mark test during which a mark is placed onto a point on the body that is not directly visible, and the presence or absence of self-directed behaviors is evaluated for the mirror-observing subjects. Great apes, dolphins, possibly elephants, and magpies have all passed the mark test, that is, displayed self-directed behaviors, whereas monkeys, crows, and other animals have failed the test even though they were able to use a mirror to find a not-directly-visible object. Self-directed behavior and mirror use are prerequisites of a successful mark test, and the absence of these behaviors may lead to false negative results. Epstein, Lanza, and Skinner (1981) reported self-directed behavior of pigeons in front of a mirror after explicit training of self-directed pecking and of pecking an object with the aid of a mirror, but certain other researchers could not confirm the results. The aim of the present study was to conduct the mark test with two pigeons that had received extensive training of the prerequisite behaviors. Crucial points of the training were identical topography (pecking) and the same reinforcement (food) in the prerequisite behaviors as well as sufficient training of these behaviors. After training for the prerequisite behaviors, both pigeons spontaneously integrated the learned self-directed and mirror-use behavior and displayed self-directed behavior in a mark test. This indicates that pigeons display mirror self-recognition after training of suitable ontogenetic contingency.}, }
@article {pmid25283209, year = {2014}, author = {Bochkov, AV and Klompen, H}, title = {New Harpirhynchinae Dubinin (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae)--intracutaneous and feather-base parasites of birds.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3860}, number = {4}, pages = {301-324}, pmid = {25283209}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*parasitology ; Body Size ; Feathers/*parasitology ; Female ; Male ; Mite Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Mites/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; Organ Size ; Passeriformes/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Seven new species of intracutaneous parasites of the subfamily Harpirhynchinae Dubinin (Acariformes: Cheyletoidea: Harpirhynchidae) are described: Anharpyrhynchus elizae sp. nov. from Cyanocitta cristata (type host), Cyanocitta stelleri (Passeriformes: Corvidae), and Colaptes auratus (Piciformes: Picidae) from the USA; Anharpyrhynchus apodus sp. nov. from Lichmera indistincta (type host) and Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (Passeriformes: Meliphagidae) from Australia; Anharpyrhynchus lukoschusi sp. nov. from Manorina flavigula (type host) and Certhionyx pectoralis (Passeriformes: Meliphagidae) from Australia; Fainharpirhynchus legatus sp. nov. from Legatus leucophaius (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) from Trinidad and Tobago; Fainharpirhynchus mossi sp. nov. from Myiarchus crinitus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) from an unknown locality in North America; Perharpyrhynchus caprimulgus sp. nov. from Caprimulgus fossii (Caprimulgidae: Caprimulgiformes) from Mozambique; Perharpyrhynchus elseyornis sp. nov. from Elseyornis melanops (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae) from Australia. Keys to females of the genera Anharpyrhynchus, Fainharpirhynchus, and Perharpyrhynchus are provided and data on hosts and distributions of all known intracutaneous harpirhynchines are summarized. In addition, a new non-subcutaneous harpirhynchine is described: Trichorhynchiella myiarchus sp. nov. from feather bases of Myiarchus crinitus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) from an unknown locality in North America.}, }
@article {pmid25272009, year = {2014}, author = {Soler, M and Pérez-Contreras, T and Ibáñez-Álamo, JD and Roncalli, G and Macías-Sánchez, E and de Neve, L}, title = {Great spotted cuckoo fledglings often receive feedings from other magpie adults than their foster parents: which magpies accept to feed foreign cuckoo fledglings?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {e107412}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107412}, pmid = {25272009}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Birds ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; }, abstract = {Natural selection penalizes individuals that provide costly parental care to non-relatives. However, feedings to brood-parasitic fledglings by individuals other than their foster parents, although anecdotic, have been commonly observed, also in the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius)--magpie (Pica pica) system, but this behaviour has never been studied in depth. In a first experiment, we here show that great spotted cuckoo fledglings that were translocated to a distant territory managed to survive. This implies that obtaining food from foreign magpies is a frequent and efficient strategy used by great spotted cuckoo fledglings. A second experiment, in which we presented a stuffed-cuckoo fledgling in magpie territories, showed that adult magpies caring for magpie fledglings responded aggressively in most of the trials and never tried to feed the stuffed cuckoo, whereas magpies that were caring for cuckoo fledglings reacted rarely with aggressive behavior and were sometimes disposed to feed the stuffed cuckoo. In a third experiment we observed feedings to post-fledgling cuckoos by marked adult magpies belonging to four different possibilities with respect to breeding status (i.e. composition of the brood: only cuckoos, only magpies, mixed, or failed breeding attempt). All non-parental feeding events to cuckoos were provided by magpies that were caring only for cuckoo fledglings. These results strongly support the conclusion that cuckoo fledglings that abandon their foster parents get fed by other adult magpies that are currently caring for other cuckoo fledglings. These findings are crucial to understand the co-evolutionary arms race between brood parasites and their hosts because they show that the presence of the host's own nestlings for comparison is likely a key clue to favour the evolution of fledgling discrimination and provide new insights on several relevant points such as learning mechanisms and multiparasitism.}, }
@article {pmid25225036, year = {2015}, author = {Thom, JM and Clayton, NS}, title = {Translational research into intertemporal choice: the Western scrub-jay as an animal model for future-thinking.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {112}, number = {}, pages = {43-48}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.006}, pmid = {25225036}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Decision Making ; Forecasting ; Humans ; *Models, Animal ; *Passeriformes ; *Thinking ; Time Factors ; *Translational Medical Research ; }, abstract = {Decisions often involve outcomes that will not materialise until later, and choices between immediate gratification and future consequences are thought to be important for human health and welfare. Combined human and animal research has identified impulsive intertemporal choice as an important factor in drug-taking and pathological gambling. In this paper, we give an overview of recent research into intertemporal choice in non-human animals, and argue that this work could offer insight into human behaviour through the development of animal models. As an example, we discuss the role of future-thinking in intertemporal choice, and review the case for the Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica) as an animal model of such prospective cognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tribute to Tom Zentall.}, }
@article {pmid25210590, year = {2014}, author = {Rahman, NA and Fadzly, N and Dzakwan, NM and Zulkifli, NH}, title = {The Numerical Competency of Two Bird Species (Corvus splendens and Acridotheres tristis).}, journal = {Tropical life sciences research}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {95-103}, pmid = {25210590}, issn = {1985-3718}, abstract = {We conducted a series of experiments to test the numerical competency of two species of birds, Corvus splendens (House Crow) and Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna). Both species were allowed to choose from seven different groups of mealworms with varying proportions. We considered the birds to have made a correct choice when it selected the food group with the highest number of mealworms. Our overall results indicated that the Common Myna is able to count numbers (161 successful choices out of 247 trials) better than House Crows (133 successful choices out of 241 trials). We suspect that House Crows do not rely on a numerical sense when selecting food. Although House Crows mostly chose the cup with more mealworms (from seven food item proportions), only one proportion was chosen at rate above random chance. The Common Myna, however, were slow performers at the beginning but became increasingly more capable of numerical sense during the remainder of the experiment (four out of seven food proportion groups were chosen at a rate above random chance).}, }
@article {pmid25207993, year = {2015}, author = {Clayton, NS}, title = {Ways of thinking: from crows to children and back again.}, journal = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {209-241}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2014.943673}, pmid = {25207993}, issn = {1747-0226}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Child ; *Child Development ; *Cognition ; Crows ; Humans ; Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; Theory of Mind/*physiology ; *Thinking ; }, abstract = {This article reviews some of the recent work on the remarkable cognitive capacities of food-caching corvids. The focus will be on their ability to think about other minds and other times, and tool-using tests of physical problem solving. Research on developmental cognition suggests that young children do not pass similar tests until they are at least four years of age in the case of the social cognition experiments, and eight years of age in the case of the tasks that tap into physical cognition. This developmental trajectory seems surprising. Intuitively, one might have thought that the social and planning tasks required more complex forms of cognitive process, namely Mental Time Travel and Theory of Mind. Perhaps the fact that children pass these tasks earlier than the physical problem-solving tasks is a reflection of cultural influences. Future research will hope to identify these cognitive milestones by starting to develop tasks that might go some way towards understanding the mechanisms underlying these abilities in both children and corvids, to explore similarities and differences in their ways of thinking.}, }
@article {pmid25151937, year = {2014}, author = {Moll, FW and Nieder, A}, title = {The long and the short of it: rule-based relative length discrimination in carrion crows, Corvus corone.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {142-149}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.009}, pmid = {25151937}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; Executive Function/*physiology ; Male ; Space Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Birds and other nonhuman animals can choose the larger of two discrete or continuous quantities. However, whether birds possess the conceptual grasp and cognitive control to flexibly switch between relative more-or-less-than judgments remains elusive. We therefore tested carrion crows in a rule-based line-length discrimination task to flexibly select lines presented on a touchscreen according to their relative length. In the first experiment, the crows needed to discriminate a shorter from a longer line, and vice versa. In the second experiment, the crows were required to choose a medium long line among three lines of different length (intermediate-size task). The crows switched effortlessly between &quot;longer than/shorter than&quot; rules, showing no signs of trial history affecting switching performance. They reliably chose the relatively longer and shorter line length, thus demonstrating a concept of greater than/less than with a continuous magnitude. However, both crows failed to discriminate a line of 'medium' length embedded in longer and shorter lines. These results indicate that relational discrimination exhibits different cognitive demands. While a greater than/less than concept requires only one relational comparison (with the respectively greater or smaller magnitude), the discrimination of a 'medium' magnitude demands to relate two or more comparisons, which might overburden crows and maybe animals in general.}, }
@article {pmid25150963, year = {2015}, author = {Tornick, JK and Callahan, ES and Gibson, BM}, title = {An investigation of quantity discrimination in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {129}, number = {1}, pages = {17-25}, doi = {10.1037/a0037863}, pmid = {25150963}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; *Mathematical Concepts ; Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {We examined quantity discrimination in the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), a corvid bird with a strong dependence upon caching and recovering nuts. We presented 2 sets of nuts simultaneously, in 21 different conditions, to see if the nutcrackers could choose the larger of the 2 quantities. The nutcrackers displayed a strong ability to discriminate quantities of nuts. Like other animals tested previously, the nutcrackers' performance decreased as the ratio of the 2 quantities approached 1. Interestingly, at constant distances, the nutcrackers did not have more difficulty with contrasts containing larger quantities. Thus, nutcrackers have a fine sensitivity for discriminating between 2 quantities. We review the relevant literature and explore the possibility that nutcrackers, like some other birds, may have developed a keen ability to discriminate quantities. This ability may have developed as an adaptive specialization to cope with their scatter-hoarding ecology, though the evidence for such a conclusion is mixed.}, }
@article {pmid25149562, year = {2014}, author = {Bratus, AS and Novozhilov, AS and Semenov, YS}, title = {Linear algebra of the permutation invariant Crow-Kimura model of prebiotic evolution.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {256}, number = {}, pages = {42-57}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2014.08.006}, pmid = {25149562}, issn = {1879-3134}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {A particular case of the famous quasispecies model - the Crow-Kimura model with a permutation invariant fitness landscape - is investigated. Using the fact that the mutation matrix in the case of a permutation invariant fitness landscape has a special tridiagonal form, a change of the basis is suggested such that in the new coordinates a number of analytical results can be obtained. In particular, using the eigenvectors of the mutation matrix as the new basis, we show that the quasispecies distribution approaches a binomial one and give simple estimates for the speed of convergence. Another consequence of the suggested approach is a parametric solution to the system of equations determining the quasispecies. Using this parametric solution we show that our approach leads to exact asymptotic results in some cases, which are not covered by the existing methods. In particular, we are able to present not only the limit behavior of the leading eigenvalue (mean population fitness), but also the exact formulas for the limit quasispecies eigenvector for special cases. For instance, this eigenvector has a geometric distribution in the case of the classical single peaked fitness landscape. On the biological side, we propose a mathematical definition, based on the closeness of the quasispecies to the binomial distribution, which can be used as an operational definition of the notorious error threshold. Using this definition, we suggest two approximate formulas to estimate the critical mutation rate after which the quasispecies delocalization occurs.}, }
@article {pmid25148039, year = {2014}, author = {Overeem, KR and Gabriel, PO and Zirpoli, JA and Black, JM}, title = {Steller sex: infidelity and sexual selection in a social Corvid (Cyanocitta stelleri).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e105257}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0105257}, pmid = {25148039}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Reproduction/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Genetic analysis of avian mating systems has revealed that more than 70% of monogamous species show incidence of offspring parentage that does not match the social partner. Extra-pair parentage (EPP) has been linked to a variety of factors, including size and symmetry of ornamental traits, coloration, resource availability, and local conspecific density. We examined how ornamental plumage traits of individual Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) and territory characteristics influence genetic fidelity of socially monogamous pairs. We used seven highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to assign paternity to 79 offspring, and identified 12 (15.2%) as extra-pair young (EPY). Steller's jays with extra-pair young had significantly lower values of feather brightness and hue, indicating more ultraviolet-blue shifted coloration, and nested in closer proximity to the forest edge than Steller's jays with no detected EPY. Body size, crest height, asymmetry of ornamental crest stripes, as well as vegetative composition of territories and their proximity to supplemental feeders appeared to have little relationship to EPP. These results indicate that extra-pair parentage plays a role in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes, and suggest local density and availability of resources may influence Steller's jay mating dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid25147048, year = {2014}, author = {Montaz, J and Jacquot, M and Coeurdassier, M}, title = {Scavenging of rodent carcasses following simulated mortality due to field applications of anticoagulant rodenticide.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {1671-1680}, doi = {10.1007/s10646-014-1306-7}, pmid = {25147048}, issn = {1573-3017}, mesh = {4-Hydroxycoumarins/analysis ; Animals ; Arvicolinae ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; France ; *Raptors ; Rodenticides/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Worldwide, agricultural uses of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) cause poisonings of non-target wildlife as observed in France where bromadiolone is used to control water vole outbreaks. Following bromadiolone field application, a part of the vole population may die aboveground of the treated plots and thus, can represent an important risk of secondary poisoning for scavengers. In this study, water voles were trapped in a non-treated area and their carcasses were placed aboveground in plots located in an area where a vole outbreak occurred. Then, the environmental persistence, the diurnal and nocturnal scavenging rates of water vole carcasses were assessed in autumn 2011 and in spring 2012. The diurnal scavenger species were also identified. The environmental persistence of the carcasses to reach at least a scavenging rate of 87.5 % was 0.5-1.5 day. The average rates of diurnal and nocturnal scavenging ranged from 67 to 100 % and 5 to 100 %, respectively. They depended on the composition of the scavenger community present near the monitored plots; diurnal scavenging rates being higher with corvids than with raptors. In autumn, the red kite and the common buzzard were the main scavengers in one of the plots, what suggests a high risk of poisoning for these raptors during post-nuptial migration. So, the collection of vole carcasses after treatments and the limitations of bromadiolone applications when high densities of predators/scavengers are observed could be implemented to mitigate the risks of secondary poisoning.}, }
@article {pmid25123853, year = {2015}, author = {Shephard, TV and Lea, SE and Hempel de Ibarra, N}, title = {'The thieving magpie'? No evidence for attraction to shiny objects.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {393-397}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0794-4}, pmid = {25123853}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Exploratory Behavior ; *Folklore ; Nesting Behavior ; Object Attachment ; *Passeriformes/physiology ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {It is widely accepted in European culture that magpies (Pica pica) are unconditionally attracted to shiny objects and routinely steal small trinkets such as jewellery, almost as a compulsion. Despite the long history of this folklore, published accounts of magpies collecting shiny objects are rare and empirical evidence for the behaviour is lacking. The latter is surprising considering that an attraction to bright objects is well documented in some bird species. The present study aims to clarify whether magpies show greater attraction to shiny objects than non-shiny objects when presented at the same time. We did not find evidence of an unconditional attraction to shiny objects in either captive or free-living birds. Instead, all objects elicited responses indicating neophobia in free-living birds. We suggest that humans notice when magpies occasionally pick up shiny objects because they believe the birds find them attractive, while it goes unnoticed when magpies interact with less eye-catching items. The folklore may therefore result from observation bias and cultural inflation of orally transmitted episodic events.}, }
@article {pmid25111085, year = {2014}, author = {Rokka, K and Pihlaja, M and Siitari, H and Soulsbury, CD}, title = {Sex-specific differences in offspring personalities across the laying order in magpies Pica pica.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {79-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2014.07.019}, pmid = {25111085}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Personality/*physiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Maternal effects provide an important mechanism for mothers to create variation in offspring personality, and to potentially influence offspring life history strategies e.g. creating more/less dispersive phenotypes. However, within-clutch maternal effects often vary and hence there is potential for within-clutch variation in personality. We studied the effects of hatching order on explorative and neophobic behaviour of the magpies Pica pica in relation to sex using novel environment and novel object experiments. Hatching order did affect explorative behaviour in magpie, but did so in opposite directions for either sex. First-hatched females were more explorative and had a tendency to be less neophobic, whereas in males, the reverse was true. Our results suggest that hormonal as well as post-natal environmental mechanisms could be underpinning this pattern. Future research is needed to fully understand the importance of both in creating different offspring personalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.}, }
@article {pmid25110694, year = {2014}, author = {Aspan, N and Bozsik, C and Gadoros, J and Nagy, P and Inantsy-Pap, J and Vida, P and Halasz, J}, title = {Emotion recognition pattern in adolescent boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2014}, number = {}, pages = {761340}, doi = {10.1155/2014/761340}, pmid = {25110694}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*psychology ; Behavior ; Emotions ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social and emotional deficits were recently considered as inherent features of individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but only sporadic literature data exist on emotion recognition in adolescents with ADHD. The aim of the present study was to establish emotion recognition profile in adolescent boys with ADHD in comparison with control adolescents.<br><br>METHODS: Forty-four adolescent boys (13-16 years) participated in the study after informed consent; 22 boys had a clinical diagnosis of ADHD, while data were also assessed from 22 adolescent control boys matched for age and Raven IQ. Parent- and self-reported behavioral characteristics were assessed by the means of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The recognition of six basic emotions was evaluated by the &quot;Facial Expressions of Emotion-Stimuli and Tests.&quot;<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to controls, adolescents with ADHD were more sensitive in the recognition of disgust and, worse in the recognition of fear and showed a tendency for impaired recognition of sadness. Hyperactivity measures showed an inverse correlation with fear recognition.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that adolescent boys with ADHD have alterations in the recognition of specific emotions.}, }
@article {pmid25107529, year = {2015}, author = {Němec, M and Syrová, M and Dokoupilová, L and Veselý, P and Šmilauer, P and Landová, E and Lišková, S and Fuchs, R}, title = {Surface texture and priming play important roles in predator recognition by the red-backed shrike in field experiments.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {259-268}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0796-2}, pmid = {25107529}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Repetition Priming ; *Songbirds ; }, abstract = {We compared the responses of the nesting red-backed shrikes (Lanius collurio) to three dummies of a common nest predator, the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius), each made from a different material (stuffed, plush, and silicone). The shrikes performed defensive behaviour including attacks on all three dummies. Nevertheless, the number of attacks significantly decreased from the stuffed dummy through the plush dummy and finally to the silicone dummy. Our results show that wild birds use not only colours but also other surface features as important cues for recognition and categorization of other bird species. Moreover, the silicone dummy was attacked only when presented after the stuffed or plush dummy. Thus, we concluded that the shrikes recognized the jay only the stuffed (with feathered surface) and plush (with hairy surface) dummies during the first encounter. Recognition of the silicon dummy (with glossy surface) was facilitated by previous encounters with the more accurate model. This process resembles the effect of perceptual priming, which is widely described in the literature on humans.}, }
@article {pmid25101235, year = {2014}, author = {Poulin-Lord, MP and Barbeau, EB and Soulières, I and Monchi, O and Doyon, J and Benali, H and Mottron, L}, title = {Increased topographical variability of task-related activation in perceptive and motor associative regions in adult autistics.}, journal = {NeuroImage. Clinical}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {444-453}, doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2014.02.008}, pmid = {25101235}, issn = {2213-1582}, support = {MOP-84243//Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Anoctamins ; Autistic Disorder/*pathology/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/*pathology ; Chloride Channels ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imagination ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Oxygen/blood ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: An enhanced plasticity is suspected to play a role in various microstructural alterations, as well as in regional cortical reallocations observed in autism. Combined with multiple indications of enhanced perceptual functioning in autism, and indications of atypical motor functioning, enhanced plasticity predicts a superior variability in functional cortical allocation, predominant in perceptual and motor regions.<br><br>METHOD: To test this prediction, we scanned 23 autistics and 22 typical participants matched on age, FSIQ, Raven percentile scores and handedness during a visuo-motor imitation task. For each participant, the coordinates of the strongest task-related activation peak were extracted in the primary (Brodmann area 4) and supplementary (BA 6) motor cortex, the visuomotor superior parietal cortex (BA 7), and the primary (BA 17) and associative (BAs 18 + 19) visual areas. Mean signal changes for each ROI in both hemispheres, and the number of voxels composing the strongest activation cluster were individually extracted to compare intensity and size of the signal between groups. For each ROI, in each hemisphere, and for every participant, the distance from their respective group average was used as a variable of interest to determine group differences in localization variability using repeated measures ANOVAs. Between-group comparison of whole-brain activation was also performed.<br><br>RESULTS: Both groups displayed a higher mean variability in the localization of activations in the associative areas compared to the primary visual or motor areas. However, despite this shared increased variability in associative cortices, a direct between-group comparison of the individual variability in localization of the activation revealed a significantly greater variability in the autistic group than in the typical group in the left visuo-motor superior parietal cortex (BA 7) and in the left associative visual areas (BAs 18 + 19).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Different and possibly unique strategies are used by each autistic individual. That enhanced variability in localization of activations in the autistic group is found in regions typically more variable in non-autistics raises the possibility that autism involves an enhancement and/or an alteration of typical plasticity mechanisms. The current study also highlights the necessity to verify, in fMRI studies involving autistic people, that hypoactivation at the group level does not result from each individual successfully completing a task using a unique brain allocation, even by comparison to his own group.}, }
@article {pmid25100696, year = {2014}, author = {Verhulst, S and Geerdink, M and Salomons, HM and Boonekamp, JJ}, title = {Social life histories: jackdaw dominance increases with age, terminally declines and shortens lifespan.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1791}, pages = {20141045}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.1045}, pmid = {25100696}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Aging ; Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Longevity ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; *Social Dominance ; }, abstract = {Behaviour may contribute to changes in fitness prospects with age, for example through effects of age-dependent social dominance on resource access. Older individuals often have higher dominance rank, which may reflect a longer lifespan of dominants and/or an increase in social dominance with age. In the latter case, increasing dominance could mitigate physiological senescence. We studied the social careers of free-living jackdaws over a 12 year period, and found that: (i) larger males attained higher ranks, (ii) social rank increased with age within individuals, and (iii) high-ranked individuals had shorter lifespan suggesting that maintaining or achieving high rank and associated benefits comes at a cost. Lastly, (iv) social rank declined substantially in the last year an individual was observed in the colony, and through its effect on resource access this may accelerate senescence. We suggest that behaviour affecting the ability to secure resources is integral to the senescence process via resource effects on somatic state, where behaviour may include not only social dominance, but also learning, memory, perception and (sexual) signalling. Studying behavioural effects on senescence via somatic state may be most effective in the wild, where there is competition for resources, which is usually avoided in laboratory conditions.}, }
@article {pmid25089821, year = {2014}, author = {Lee, WY and Kim, M and Jablonski, PG and Choe, JC and Lee, SI}, title = {Effect of incubation on bacterial communities of eggshells in a temperate bird, the Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {e103959}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0103959}, pmid = {25089821}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*growth &amp; development ; Egg Shell/*microbiology ; Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Inhibitory effect of incubation on microbial growth has extensively been studied in wild bird populations using culture-based methods and conflicting results exist on whether incubation selectively affects the growth of microbes on the egg surface. In this study, we employed culture-independent methods, quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, to elucidate the effect of incubation on the bacterial abundance and bacterial community composition on the eggshells of the Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica). We found that total bacterial abundance increased and diversity decreased on incubated eggs while there were no changes on non-incubated eggs. Interestingly, Gram-positive Bacillus, which include mostly harmless species, became dominant and genus Pseudomonas, which include opportunistic avian egg pathogens, were significantly reduced after incubation. These results suggest that avian incubation in temperate regions may promote the growth of harmless (or benevolent) bacteria and suppress the growth of pathogenic bacterial taxa and consequently reduce the diversity of microbes on the egg surface. We hypothesize that this may occur due to difference in sensitivity to dehydration on the egg surface among microbes, combined with the introduction of Bacillus from bird feathers and due to the presence of antibiotics that certain bacteria produce.}, }
@article {pmid25081449, year = {2014}, author = {Dronen, NO and Tkach, VV}, title = {Key to the species of Morishitium Wienberg, 1928 (Cyclocoelidae), with the description of a new species from the red-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Boddaert) (Corvidae) from Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3835}, number = {2}, pages = {273-282}, pmid = {25081449}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Body Size ; China ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Organ Size ; Ovum/cytology ; Trematoda/anatomy &amp; histology/*classification/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The 11 species currently assigned to Morishitium and the new species described herein are divided into the rauschi, straightum and vagum body types, and keys to species are provided. Morishitium urocissae n. sp. is described from the red-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Corvidae), from the Dashahe Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, southwestern Peoples Republic of China. Morishitium urocissae n. sp. is similar to M. bivesiculatum by having a similar ratio of the width of the pharynx to the width of the oral sucker (1:1.0-1:1.2 compared to 1:1.0) and a similar sized cirrus sac (470-565 long; 3-5% of body length compared to 400; 4%). Both species also have the anterior extent of the vitelline fields reaching the level of the pharynx, which distinguishes them from all other species in the genus that have an oral sucker present and lack a ventral. The new species differs from M. bivesiculatum by having a larger maximum egg size (135 by 70 compared to 127 by 65), uterine loops that overreach the ceca laterally rather than being intercecal, a shorter distance from the posterior testis to the posterior arch of the cyclocoel (70 [0-110] compared to 400), and by being from a magpie from the People's Republic of China rather than being from a barbet from Sri Lanka. The new species is most similar to M. dumetellae, but differs from this species by having wider eggs (65 compared to 60), a longer body (10,400- 13,350 compared to 8,500), a shorter cirrus sac (470-565; 3-5% of the body length compared to 595; 7%), a smaller ratio of the pharynx to the oral sucker (1:1.0-1:1.3 compared to 1:1.7), more laterally extensive uterine loops (overreaching the ceca compared to being interececal), the anterior extent of the vitelline fields reaching to the level of the pharynx as compared to terminating posterior to the cecal bifurcation, and by being from a magpie from the People's Republic of China rather than from a catbird from the United States.}, }
@article {pmid25055009, year = {2014}, author = {Logan, CJ and Jelbert, SA and Breen, AJ and Gray, RD and Taylor, AH}, title = {Modifications to the Aesop's Fable paradigm change New Caledonian crow performances.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, pages = {e103049}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0103049}, pmid = {25055009}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Reward ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {While humans are able to understand much about causality, it is unclear to what extent non-human animals can do the same. The Aesop's Fable paradigm requires an animal to drop stones into a water-filled tube to bring a floating food reward within reach. Rook, Eurasian jay, and New Caledonian crow performances are similar to those of children under seven years of age when solving this task. However, we know very little about the cognition underpinning these birds' performances. Here, we address several limitations of previous Aesop's Fable studies to gain insight into the causal cognition of New Caledonian crows. Our results provide the first evidence that any non-human animal can solve the U-tube task and can discriminate between water-filled tubes of different volumes. However, our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that these crows can infer the presence of a hidden causal mechanism. They also call into question previous object-discrimination performances. The methodologies outlined here should allow for more powerful comparisons between humans and other animal species and thus help us to determine which aspects of causal cognition are distinct to humans.}, }
@article {pmid25027746, year = {2015}, author = {Schiebener, J and García-Arias, M and García-Villamisar, D and Cabanyes-Truffino, J and Brand, M}, title = {Developmental changes in decision making under risk: The role of executive functions and reasoning abilities in 8- to 19-year-old decision makers.}, journal = {Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, pages = {759-778}, doi = {10.1080/09297049.2014.934216}, pmid = {25027746}, issn = {1744-4136}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Child ; Cognition/*physiology ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Executive Function/*physiology ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Risk-Taking ; Thinking ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that children and adolescents often tend toward risky decisions despite explicit knowledge about the potential negative consequences. This phenomenon has been suggested to be associated with the immaturity of brain areas involved in cognitive control functions. Particularly, &quot;frontal lobe functions,&quot; such as executive functions and reasoning, mature until young adulthood and are thought to be involved in age-related changes in decision making under explicit risk conditions. We investigated 112 participants, aged 8-19 years, with a frequently used task assessing decisions under risk, the Game of Dice Task (GDT). Additionally, we administered the Modified Card Sorting Test assessing executive functioning (categorization, cognitive flexibility, and strategy maintenance) as well as the Ravens Progressive Matrices assessing reasoning. The results showed that risk taking in the GDT decreased with increasing age and this effect was not moderated by reasoning but by executive functions: Particularly, young persons with weak executive functioning showed very risky decision making. Thus, the individual maturation of executive functions, associated with areas in the prefrontal cortex, seems to be an important factor in young peoples' behavior in risky decision-making situations.}, }
@article {pmid25004080, year = {2014}, author = {Kanai, M and Matsui, H and Watanabe, S and Izawa, E}, title = {Involvement of vision in tool use in crow.}, journal = {Neuroreport}, volume = {25}, number = {13}, pages = {1064-1068}, doi = {10.1097/WNR.0000000000000229}, pmid = {25004080}, issn = {1473-558X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crows ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Tool Use Behavior ; *Vision, Ocular ; }, abstract = {Birds are capable of dexterous sensory-motor activities such as tool use. Reaching is a crucial component of tool use and is a vision-guided behavior in primates, in which arm movement is monitored online in a stable visual frame. However, vision-guided reaching in primates is enabled by anatomical separation of the head and arm; neck reaching in birds accompanies head movement, which produces unstable vision because the eye necessarily moves with the bill. This anatomical difference raises the question whether tool use in birds involves visuomotor mechanisms that are distinct from those in primates. As the role of vision in avian tool use has been poorly understood, we investigated the role of vision in tool use in the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), a nontool user in the wild. Crows were trained to manipulate an L-shaped hook to retrieve food that was otherwise out of reach. After training, an opaque panel was placed on the front window of the platform to block their vision, and the effects on tool use were tested with respect to performance and movement trajectory. Vision blocking caused similar deviation of tool movement trajectories for both near and far targets, as well as far target-specific deviation. This suggests the involvement of vision in tool use by crows, specifically in the premanipulation process for conversion of vision-body coordinates for motor planning and in the process of tool manipulation. This is the first behavioral evidence for the involvement of vision in avian tool use.}, }
@article {pmid25001401, year = {2015}, author = {Kalinowski, RS and Gabriel, PO and Black, JM}, title = {Who's watching influences caching effort in wild Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {95-98}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0780-x}, pmid = {25001401}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; *Passeriformes ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) often store food and return to retrieve the stored items at a later time. Between caching and consumption, stored food has the potential to be pilfered by conspecific observers. We investigated whether individually marked Steller's jays in suburban neighborhoods of Arcata, California, USA, adjusted cache concealment effort when in the presence of conspecifics. Both male and female jays traveled the shortest distances to cache when alone, traveled further when a mate was present, and traveled furthest when neighbors from adjacent territories were present. These results suggest that Steller's jays recognize and respond to social contexts when concealing food items.}, }
@article {pmid24984324, year = {2014}, author = {Gavrilov, VM}, title = {Ecological and scaling analysis of the energy expenditure of rest, activity, flight, and evaporative water loss in Passeriformes and non-Passeriformes in relation to seasonal migrations and to the occupation of boreal stations in high and moderate latitudes.}, journal = {The Quarterly review of biology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {107-150}, pmid = {24984324}, issn = {0033-5770}, mesh = {Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecology ; Energy Metabolism/*physiology ; Metabolism ; Molting/physiology ; Passeriformes/*metabolism/physiology ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; Water Supply ; }, abstract = {A unified system of bioenergetic parameters that describe thermal regulation and energy metabolism in many passerine and non-passerine species has been developed. These parameters have been analyzed as functions of ambient temperature, and bioenergetic models for various species have been developed. The level of maximum food energy or maximal existence metabolism (MPE) is 1.3 times higher in passerines than in non-passerines, which is consistent with the ratio of their basal metabolic rates (BMR). The optimal ambient temperature for maximizing productive processes (e.g., reproduction, molting) is lower for passerines than for non passerines, which allows passerines to have higher production rates at moderate ambient temperatures. This difference in the optimal ambient temperature may explain the variation in bioenergetic parameters along latitudinal gradients, such as the well-known ecological rule of clutch size (or mass) increase in the more northerly passerine birds. The increased potential for productive energy output in the north may also allow birds to molt faster there. This phenomenon allows passerine birds to occupy a habitat that fluctuates widely in ambient temperature compared with non-passerine birds of similar size. Passerines have a more effective system for maintaining heat balance at both high and low temperatures. The high metabolism and small body sizes of passerines are consistent with omnivore development and with ecological plasticity. Among large passerines, the unfavorable ratio of MPE to BMR should decrease the energy that is available for productive processes. This consequence limits both the reproductive output and the development of long migration (particularly in Corvus corax). The hypothesis regarding BMR increase in passerines was suggested based on an aerodynamic analysis of the flight speed and the wing characteristics. This allometric analysis shows that the flight velocity is approximately 20% lower in Passeriformes than in non-Passeriformes, which is consistent with the inverted ratio of their BMR level. The regressions for the aerodynamic characteristics of wings show that passerines do not change the morphological characteristics of their wings to decrease velocity. Passerine birds prefer forest habitats. The size range of 5-150 g for birds in forest habitats is almost exclusively occupied by passerines because of their large energetic capability.}, }
@article {pmid24967077, year = {2014}, author = {DeGregorio, BA and Weatherhead, PJ and Sperry, JH}, title = {Power lines, roads, and avian nest survival: effects on predator identity and predation intensity.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {1589-1600}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.1049}, pmid = {24967077}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {1 Anthropogenic alteration of landscapes can affect avian nest success by influencing the abundance, distribution, and behavior of predators. Understanding avian nest predation risk necessitates understanding how landscapes affect predator distribution and behavior. 2 From a sample of 463 nests of 17 songbird species, we evaluated how landscape features (distance to forest edge, unpaved roads, and power lines) influenced daily nest survival. We also used video cameras to identify nest predators at 137 nest predation events and evaluated how landscape features influenced predator identity. Finally, we determined the abundance and distribution of several of the principal predators using surveys and radiotelemetry. 3 Distance to power lines was the best predictor of predator identity: predation by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), corvids (Corvus sp. and Cyanocitta cristata), racers (Coluber constrictor), and coachwhips (Masticophis flagellum) increased with proximity to power lines, whereas predation by rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) and raptors decreased. In some cases, predator density may reliably indicate nest predation risk because racers, corvids, and cowbirds frequently used power line right-of-ways. 4 Of five bird species with enough nests to analyze individually, daily nest survival of only indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) decreased with proximity to power lines, despite predation by most predators at our site being positively associated with power lines. For all nesting species combined, distance to unpaved road was the model that most influenced daily nest survival. This pattern is likely a consequence of rat snakes, the locally dominant nest predator (28% of predation events), rarely using power lines and associated areas. Instead, rat snakes were frequently associated with road edges, indicating that not all edges are functionally similar. 5 Our results suggest that interactions between predators and landscape features are likely to be specific to both the local predators and landscape. Thus, predicting how anthropogenic changes to landscapes affect nesting birds requires that we know more about how landscape changes affect the behavior of nest predators and which nest predators are locally important.}, }
@article {pmid24950485, year = {2014}, author = {deShazo, RD and Smith, R and Skipworth, LB}, title = {Black physicians and the struggle for civil rights: lessons from the Mississippi experience: part 2: their lives and experiences.}, journal = {The American journal of medicine}, volume = {127}, number = {11}, pages = {1033-1040}, doi = {10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.042}, pmid = {24950485}, issn = {1555-7162}, mesh = {African Americans/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Civil Rights/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Delivery of Health Care/*ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mississippi ; Physicians/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/supply &amp; distribution ; Racism/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Social Justice ; }, abstract = {Little information is available on the lives and experiences of black physicians who practiced in the South during the Jim Crow era of legalized segregation. In Mississippi and elsewhere, it is a story of disenfranchised professionals who risked life, limb, and personal success to improve the lot of those they served. In this second article on this topic, we present the stories of some of the physicians who were leaders in the civil rights movement in Mississippi as examples. Because the health disparities they sought to address have, not of their own making, been passed on to the next generation of physicians, the lessons learned from their experience are worthy of consideration.}, }
@article {pmid24941459, year = {2014}, author = {deShazo, RD and Smith, R and Skipworth, LB}, title = {Black physicians and the struggle for civil rights: lessons from the Mississippi experience: part 1: the forces for and against change.}, journal = {The American journal of medicine}, volume = {127}, number = {10}, pages = {920-925}, doi = {10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.038}, pmid = {24941459}, issn = {1555-7162}, mesh = {African Americans/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Civil Rights/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Delivery of Health Care/*ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mississippi ; Physicians/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/supply &amp; distribution ; Racism/*ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Social Justice ; }, abstract = {The roles of black physicians in the South in the period leading up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 have not been fully disclosed. In Mississippi and elsewhere in the South, it is a story of disenfranchised professionals who risked life, limb, and personal success to improve the lot of those they served. This first of 2 articles on the subject provides an overview of the forces for and against the struggle for civil rights and social justice in medicine in the South. We use newly available data from Mississippi as a prime example. An understanding of these forces is essential to an understanding of medical education and medical practice in this period and helps explain why the South remains in last place in most indicators of health today.}, }
@article {pmid24920476, year = {2014}, author = {Taylor, AH and Cheke, LG and Waismeyer, A and Meltzoff, AN and Miller, R and Gopnik, A and Clayton, NS and Gray, RD}, title = {Of babies and birds: complex tool behaviours are not sufficient for the evolution of the ability to create a novel causal intervention.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1787}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.0837}, pmid = {24920476}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Conditioning, Operant ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Learning ; Male ; New Caledonia ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Humans are capable of simply observing a correlation between cause and effect, and then producing a novel behavioural pattern in order to recreate the same outcome. However, it is unclear how the ability to create such causal interventions evolved. Here, we show that while 24-month-old children can produce an effective, novel action after observing a correlation, tool-making New Caledonian crows cannot. These results suggest that complex tool behaviours are not sufficient for the evolution of this ability, and that causal interventions can be cognitively and evolutionarily disassociated from other types of causal understanding.}, }
@article {pmid24918951, year = {2014}, author = {Margiotta, G and Gabbrielli, M and Carnevali, E and Alberti, T and Carlini, L and Lancia, M and Bacci, M}, title = {Genetic identification by using short tandem repeats analysis in a case of suicide by self-incineration: a case report.}, journal = {The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {172-175}, doi = {10.1097/PAF.0000000000000101}, pmid = {24918951}, issn = {1533-404X}, mesh = {Burns/*pathology ; *DNA Fingerprinting ; Fires ; Humans ; Male ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Suicide ; }, abstract = {Suicide by self-incineration is an uncommon method of suicide in the western world in contrast with Asian countries, where this type of suicide is more common. If there is a lack of witnesses, genetic analysis for identification is mandatory, especially when anthropologic or dental identification is barely significant.The authors report a case of self-incineration of a 55-year-old white man, which occurred near Siena, Tuscany, Italy.The recovered bones were classified according to the Crow-Glassman scale and assigned to category 5 (the highest extent of combustion according to this scale). Therefore, because of the extent of the bone damage, analyzing the residual soft tissue around the pelvic bones was the only way to reach a genetic identification.The authors report this case to emphasize that even if the highest level of burn injury to human body is reached, an accurate analysis of the findings may lead to a genetic identification. In these cases, an efficient cooperation among police, fire experts, and forensics is necessary, especially because it is the only way to determine if the modality of death was accidental, suicidal, or homicidal.}, }
@article {pmid24916150, year = {2014}, author = {Molina-Morales, M and Martínez, JG and Martín-Gálvez, D and Dawson, DA and Burke, T and Avilés, JM}, title = {Cuckoo hosts shift from accepting to rejecting parasitic eggs across their lifetime.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, pages = {3020-3029}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12471}, pmid = {24916150}, issn = {1558-5646}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Ovum ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {One of the best-known outcomes of coevolution between species is the rejection of mimetic parasite eggs by avian hosts, which has evolved to reduce costly cuckoo parasitism. How this behavioral adaptation varies along the life of individual hosts remains poorly understood. Here, we identify for the first time, lifetime patterns of egg rejection in a parasitized long-lived bird, the magpie Pica pica and show that, during the years they were studied, some females accept, others reject, and some others modify their response to model eggs, in all cases switching from acceptance to rejection. Females tested in their first breeding attempt always accepted the model egg, even those individuals whose mothers were egg rejecters. A longitudinal analysis showed that the probability of egg rejection increased with the relative age of the female, but was not related to the risk of parasitism in the population. We conclude that ontogeny plays a fundamental role in the process leading to egg rejection in magpies.}, }
@article {pmid24899702, year = {2014}, author = {Veit, L and Hartmann, K and Nieder, A}, title = {Neuronal correlates of visual working memory in the corvid endbrain.}, journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience}, volume = {34}, number = {23}, pages = {7778-7786}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0612-14.2014}, pmid = {24899702}, issn = {1529-2401}, mesh = {Action Potentials/*physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Crows ; Female ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; ROC Curve ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Telencephalon/*cytology/physiology ; }, abstract = {The concept of working memory is key to cognitive functioning. Working memory encompasses the capacity to retain immediately past information, to process this information, and to use it to guide goal-directed behavior. Corvid songbirds are renowned for their high-level cognitive capabilities, but where and how visual information is temporarily retained by neurons in the avian brain in a behaviorally relevant way remains poorly understood. We trained four carrion crows (Corvus corone) on versions of a delayed match-to-sample task that required the crows to remember a visual stimulus for later comparison. While the crows performed the task, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a pallial association area of the avian endbrain. We show that many NCL neurons encode information about visual stimuli and temporarily maintain this information after the stimulus disappeared by sustained delay activity. Selective delay activity allows the birds to hold relevant information in memory and correlates with discrimination behavior. This suggests that sustained activity of NCL neurons is a neuronal correlate of visual working memory in the corvid brain and serves to bridge temporal gaps, thereby offering a workspace for processing immediately past visual information.}, }
@article {pmid24889656, year = {2014}, author = {Shaw, RC and Clayton, NS}, title = {Pilfering Eurasian jays use visual and acoustic information to locate caches.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {1281-1288}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0763-y}, pmid = {24889656}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Auditory Perception ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Male ; *Passeriformes/physiology ; *Spatial Memory ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Pilfering corvids use observational spatial memory to accurately locate caches that they have seen another individual make. Accordingly, many corvid cache-protection strategies limit the transfer of visual information to potential thieves. Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) employ strategies that reduce the amount of visual and auditory information that is available to competitors. Here, we test whether or not the jays recall and use both visual and auditory information when pilfering other birds' caches. When jays had no visual or acoustic information about cache locations, the proportion of available caches that they found did not differ from the proportion expected if jays were searching at random. By contrast, after observing and listening to a conspecific caching in gravel or sand, jays located a greater proportion of caches, searched more frequently in the correct substrate type and searched in fewer empty locations to find the first cache than expected. After only listening to caching in gravel and sand, jays also found a larger proportion of caches and searched in the substrate type where they had heard caching take place more frequently than expected. These experiments demonstrate that Eurasian jays possess observational spatial memory and indicate that pilfering jays may gain information about cache location merely by listening to caching. This is the first evidence that a corvid may use recalled acoustic information to locate and pilfer caches.}, }
@article {pmid24859099, year = {2014}, author = {Douglas, V and Chan, HM and Wesche, S and Dickson, C and Kassi, N and Netro, L and Williams, M}, title = {Reconciling traditional knowledge, food security, and climate change: experience from Old Crow, YT, Canada.}, journal = {Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {21-27}, doi = {10.1353/cpr.2014.0007}, pmid = {24859099}, issn = {1557-0541}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Community-Based Participatory Research/methods/organization &amp; administration ; Culture ; Feeding Behavior/*ethnology ; Focus Groups ; Food Preservation/economics/methods ; Food Storage/economics/methods ; Food Supply/economics/*methods ; Gardening/*education/methods ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*education ; Nutritional Sciences/*education ; Transportation/economics/methods ; Yukon Territory ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Because of a lack of transportation infrastructure, Old Crow has the highest food costs and greatest reliance on traditional food species for sustenance of any community in Canada's Yukon Territory. Environmental, cultural, and economic change are driving increased perception of food insecurity in Old Crow.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To address community concerns regarding food security and supply in Old Crow and develop adaptation strategies to ameliorate their impact on the community.<br><br>METHODS: A community adaptation workshop was held on October 13, 2009, in which representatives of different stakeholders in the community discussed a variety of food security issues facing Old Crow and how they could be dealt with. Workshop data were analyzed using keyword, subject, and narrative analysis techniques to determine community priorities in food security and adaptation.<br><br>RESULTS: Community concern is high and favored adaptation options include agriculture, improved food storage, and conservation through increased traditional education. These results were presented to the community for review and revision, after which the Vuntut Gwitchin Government will integrate them into its ongoing adaptation planning measures.}, }
@article {pmid24843936, year = {2013}, author = {Campbell, R and Thiemann, TC and Lemenager, D and Reisen, WK}, title = {Host-selection patterns of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) determine the spatial heterogeneity of West Nile virus enzootic activity in northern California.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {1303-1309}, pmid = {24843936}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R01-AI65507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; California ; Culex/*physiology/*virology ; Feeding Behavior ; Insect Vectors/*physiology/*virology ; Mammals/physiology ; West Nile Fever/*transmission ; West Nile virus/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {The spatial heterogeneity of West Nile virus (WNV) activity in Sutter County, CA, as measured by mosquito infection rates, was associated with spatial variation in the prevalence of Culex blood feeding on competent passeriform hosts. Overall, 42 vertebrate host species (31 avian, 11 mammal) were identified from 601 blood-fed Culex tarsalis Coquillett and 151 blood-fed Culex pipiens L. complex females using sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene and the Barcode of Life Data Systems database. WNV infection rates were low at sites where the primary vector, Cx. tarsalis, fed frequently on domestic cattle or incompetent galliform birds and high when females fed frequently on American Robins, American Crows, and Yellow-billed Magpies. Opportunistic host selection by Cx. tarsalis in combination with spatial variation in the presence of highly competent corvid hosts appeared to determine the distribution of WNV activity in rural Sutter County, CA.}, }
@article {pmid24825344, year = {2014}, author = {Krieger, N and Chen, JT and Coull, BA and Beckfield, J and Kiang, MV and Waterman, PD}, title = {Jim Crow and premature mortality among the US Black and White population, 1960-2009: an age-period-cohort analysis.}, journal = {Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {494-504}, doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000104}, pmid = {24825344}, issn = {1531-5487}, support = {R21 CA168470/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 1R21CA168470/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {African Americans/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Mortality, Premature/history ; *Racism/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; United States/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Scant research has analyzed the health impact of abolition of Jim Crow (ie, legal racial discrimination overturned by the US 1964 Civil Rights Act).<br><br>METHODS: We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models to analyze US national black and white premature mortality rates (death before 65 years of age) in 1960-2009.<br><br>RESULTS: Within a context of declining US black and white premature mortality rates and a persistent 2-fold excess black risk of premature mortality in both the Jim Crow and non-Jim Crow states, analyses including random period, cohort, state, and county effects and fixed county income effects found that, within the black population, the largest Jim Crow-by-period interaction occurred in 1960-1964 (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 1.15 [95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.22), yielding the largest overall period-specific Jim Crow effect MRR of 1.27, with no such interactions subsequently observed. Furthermore, the most elevated Jim Crow-by-cohort effects occurred for birth cohorts from 1901 through 1945 (MRR range = 1.05-1.11), translating to the largest overall cohort-specific Jim Crow effect MRRs for the 1921-1945 birth cohorts (MRR ~ 1.2), with no such interactions subsequently observed. No such interactions between Jim Crow and either period or cohort occurred among the white population.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Together, the study results offer compelling evidence of the enduring impact of both Jim Crow and its abolition on premature mortality among the US black population, although insufficient to eliminate the persistent 2-fold black excess risk evident in both the Jim Crow and non-Jim Crow states from 1960 to 2009.}, }
@article {pmid24770885, year = {2014}, author = {Garland, A and Low, J and Armstrong, N and Burns, KC}, title = {Wild robins (Petroica longipes) respond to human gaze.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {1149-1156}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0747-y}, pmid = {24770885}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Attention ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition ; Cues ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; *Songbirds ; }, abstract = {Gaze following and awareness of attentional cues are hallmarks of human and non-human social intelligence. Here, we show that the North Island robin (Petroica longipes), a food-hoarding songbird endemic to New Zealand, responds to human eyes. Robins were presented with six different conditions, in which two human experimenters altered the orientation or visibility of their body, head or eyes in relation to mealworm prey. One experimenter had visual access to the prey, and the second experimenter did not. Robins were then given the opportunity to 'steal' one of two mealworms presented by each experimenter. Robins responded by preferentially choosing the mealworm in front of the experimenter who could not see, in all conditions but one. Robins failed to discriminate between experimenters who were facing the mealworm and those who had their head turned 90° to the side. This may suggest that robins do not make decisions using the same eye visibility cues that primates and corvids evince, whether for ecological, experiential or evolutionary reasons.}, }
@article {pmid24761929, year = {2014}, author = {Weisberg, M}, title = {Remeasuring man.}, journal = {Evolution &amp; development}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {166-178}, doi = {10.1111/ede.12077}, pmid = {24761929}, issn = {1525-142X}, mesh = {Anthropology/history ; Cephalometry/history ; *Continental Population Groups ; History, 19th Century ; Humans ; Racism ; Skull/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) was the most highly regarded American scientist of the early and middle 19th century. Thanks largely to Stephen Jay Gould's book The Mismeasure of Man, Morton's cranial capacity measurements of different races is now held up as a prime example of and cautionary tale against scientific racism. A team of anthropologists recently reevaluated Morton's work and argued that it was Gould, not Morton, who was biased in his analysis. This article is a reexamination of the Morton and Gould controversy. It argues that most of Gould's arguments against Morton are sound. Although Gould made some errors and overstated his case in a number of places, he provided prima facia evidence, as yet unrefuted, that Morton did indeed mismeasure his skulls in ways that conformed to 19th century racial biases. Gould's critique of Morton ought to remain as an illustration of implicit bias in science.}, }
@article {pmid24760177, year = {2014}, author = {Röder, G and Canestrari, D and Bolopo, D and Marcos, JM and Villard, N and Baglione, V and Turlings, TC}, title = {Chicks of the great spotted cuckoo may turn brood parasitism into mutualism by producing a foul-smelling secretion that repels predators.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {320-324}, doi = {10.1007/s10886-014-0426-0}, pmid = {24760177}, issn = {1573-1561}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Cats ; Crows/*parasitology/physiology ; Falconiformes/physiology ; *Food Chain ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Insect Repellents ; Solid Phase Microextraction ; Spain ; *Symbiosis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {The great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) is an important brood parasite of carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) in northern Spain. We recently found that, unlike what is commonly known for cuckoo-host interactions, the great spotted cuckoo has no negative impact on average crow fitness in this region. The explanation for this surprising effect is a repulsive secretion that the cuckoo chicks produce when they are harassed and that may protect the brood against predation. Here, we provide details on the chemical composition of the cuckoo secretion, as well as conclusive evidence that the dominating volatile chemicals in the secretion are highly repellent to model species representative of common predators of the crows. These results support the notion that, in this particular system, the production of a repulsive secretion by the cuckoo chicks has turned a normally parasitic interaction into a mutualistic one.}, }
@article {pmid24755739, year = {2014}, author = {Massen, JJ and Pašukonis, A and Schmidt, J and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ravens notice dominance reversals among conspecifics within and outside their social group.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {3679}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms4679}, pmid = {24755739}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {M 1351//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; W 1234//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Emotional Intelligence/*physiology ; Female ; Linear Models ; Male ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; *Social Dominance ; }, abstract = {A core feature of social intelligence is the understanding of third-party relations, which has been experimentally demonstrated in primates. Whether other social animals also have this capacity, and whether they can use this capacity flexibly to, for example, also assess the relations of neighbouring conspecifics, remains unknown. Here we show that ravens react differently to playbacks of dominance interactions that either confirm or violate the current rank hierarchy of members in their own social group and of ravens in a neighbouring group. Therefore, ravens understand third-party relations and may deduce those not only via physical interactions but also by observation.}, }
@article {pmid24725170, year = {2014}, author = {Soler, JJ and Pérez-Contreras, T and De Neve, L and Macías-Sánchez, E and Møller, AP and Soler, M}, title = {Recognizing odd smells and ejection of brood parasitic eggs. An experimental test in magpies of a novel defensive trait against brood parasitism.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {1265-1270}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.12377}, pmid = {24725170}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Odorants ; *Olfactory Perception ; Passeriformes/parasitology/*physiology ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {One of the most important defensive host traits against brood parasitism is the detection and ejection of parasitic eggs from their nests. Here, we explore the possible role of olfaction in this defensive behaviour. We performed egg-recognition tests in magpie Pica pica nests with model eggs resembling those of parasitic great spotted cuckoos Clamator glandarius. In one of the experiment, experimental model eggs were exposed to strong or moderate smell of tobacco smoke, whereas those of a third group (control) were cleaned with disinfecting wipes and kept in boxes containing odourless cotton. Results showed that model eggs with strong tobacco scent were more frequently ejected compared with control ones. In another experiment, models were smeared with scents from cloacal wash from magpies (control), cloacal wash or uropygial secretions from cuckoos, or human scents. This experiment resulted in a statistically significant effect of treatment in unparasitized magpie nests in which control model eggs handled by humans were more often rejected. These results provide the first evidence that hosts of brood parasites use their olfactory ability to detect and eject foreign eggs from their nests. These findings may have important consequences for handling procedures of experimental eggs used in egg-recognition tests, in addition to our understanding of interactions between brood parasites and their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid24706029, year = {2014}, author = {Komisaruk, BR and Siegel, HI and Del Cerro, MC and Gonzalez-Mariscal, G and Fleming, AS and Silver, R}, title = {Jay S. Rosenblatt, Ph.D., 1924-2014.}, journal = {Developmental psychobiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {1164-1165}, doi = {10.1002/dev.21216}, pmid = {24706029}, issn = {1098-2302}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Psychology/*history ; }, }
@article {pmid24688856, year = {2014}, author = {Plotnik, JM and de Waal, FB}, title = {Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) reassure others in distress.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {e278}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.278}, pmid = {24688856}, issn = {2167-8359}, support = {P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Contact directed by uninvolved bystanders toward others in distress, often termed consolation, is uncommon in the animal kingdom, thus far only demonstrated in the great apes, canines, and corvids. Whereas the typical agonistic context of such contact is relatively rare within natural elephant families, other causes of distress may trigger similar, other-regarding responses. In a study carried out at an elephant camp in Thailand, we found that elephants affiliated significantly more with other individuals through directed, physical contact and vocal communication following a distress event than in control periods. In addition, bystanders affiliated with each other, and matched the behavior and emotional state of the first distressed individual, suggesting emotional contagion. The initial distress responses were overwhelmingly directed toward ambiguous stimuli, thus making it difficult to determine if bystanders reacted to the distressed individual or showed a delayed response to the same stimulus. Nonetheless, the directionality of the contacts and their nature strongly suggest attention toward the emotional states of conspecifics. The elephants' behavior is therefore best classified with similar consolation responses by apes, possibly based on convergent evolution of empathic capacities.}, }
@article {pmid24671829, year = {2014}, author = {Ostojić, L and Legg, EW and Shaw, RC and Cheke, LG and Mendl, M and Clayton, NS}, title = {Can male Eurasian jays disengage from their own current desire to feed the female what she wants?.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {20140042}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2014.0042}, pmid = {24671829}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; //Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; *Food ; Male ; *Motivation ; *Social Behavior ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Humans' predictions of another person's behaviour are regularly influenced by what they themselves might know or want. In a previous study, we found that male Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) could cater for their female partner's current desire when sharing food with her. Here, we tested the extent to which the males' decisions are influenced by their own current desire. When the males' and female's desires matched, males correctly shared the food that was desired by both. When the female's desire differed from their own, the males' decisions were not entirely driven by their own desires, suggesting that males also took the female's desire into account. Thus, the male jays' decisions about their mates' desires are partially biased by their own desire and might be based upon similar processes as those found in humans.}, }
@article {pmid24653032, year = {2014}, author = {Canestrari, D and Bolopo, D and Turlings, TC and Röder, G and Marcos, JM and Baglione, V}, title = {From parasitism to mutualism: unexpected interactions between a cuckoo and its host.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {343}, number = {6177}, pages = {1350-1352}, doi = {10.1126/science.1249008}, pmid = {24653032}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Acids/analysis/metabolism ; Animals ; Birds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Bodily Secretions/chemistry ; Crows/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Female ; Indoles/analysis/metabolism ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Phenols/analysis/metabolism ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Sulfur Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Volatilization ; }, abstract = {Avian brood parasites lay eggs in the nests of other birds, which raise the unrelated chicks and typically suffer partial or complete loss of their own brood. However, carrion crows Corvus corone corone can benefit from parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius. Parasitized nests have lower rates of predation-induced failure due to production of a repellent secretion by cuckoo chicks, but among nests that are successful, those with cuckoo chicks fledge fewer crows. The outcome of these counterbalancing effects fluctuates between parasitism and mutualism each season, depending on the intensity of predation pressure.}, }
@article {pmid24638877, year = {2014}, author = {Legg, EW and Clayton, NS}, title = {Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) conceal caches from onlookers.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {1223-1226}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-014-0743-2}, pmid = {24638877}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; *Social Behavior ; *Songbirds ; }, abstract = {Animals that cache food risk having their stored food pilfered by conspecifics. Previous research has shown that a number of food-caching species of corvid use strategies that decrease the probability of conspecifics pilfering their caches. In this experiment, we investigated whether Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) would choose between caching behind an opaque and caching behind a transparent barrier whilst being observed by a conspecific. If caching in out-of-sight locations is a strategy to prevent conspecifics from pilfering these caches, then the jays should place a greater proportion of caches behind the opaque barrier when being observed than when caching in private. In accordance with this prediction, jays cached a greater proportion of food behind the opaque barrier when they were observed than when they cached in private. These results suggest that Eurasian jays may opt to cache in out-of-view locations to reduce the likelihood of conspecifics pilfering their caches.}, }
@article {pmid24611615, year = {2014}, author = {Young, A and Stillman, R and Smith, MJ and Korstjens, AH}, title = {An experimental study of vertebrate scavenging behavior in a Northwest European woodland context.}, journal = {Journal of forensic sciences}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, pages = {1333-1342}, doi = {10.1111/1556-4029.12468}, pmid = {24611615}, issn = {1556-4029}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Birds ; Deer ; Europe ; *Feeding Behavior ; Forests ; Mice ; *Postmortem Changes ; Sciuridae ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Vertebrate scavengers can modify surface deposited human remains which can hinder forensic investigations. The effects of such scavenging vary between species and regions. Published research into the effects of the scavenging of human remains is dominated by work from North America with few studies covering Northwestern Europe. Forensic scientists, investigators, and police search officers in Northwestern Europe are often left questioning on a basic level as to which scavengers are active and how they might affect human remains. This paper presents the results of a field study utilizing deer (Cervus nippon; Capreolus capreolus) as surface deposits observed by motion detection cameras in a British woodland. The most common avian and rodent scavenger species recorded included the buzzard (Buteo buteo), carrion crow (Corvus corone), wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), and gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). The scavenging behaviors observed were affected by seasonality, rates of decomposition, and insect activity. Scavenging by buzzards, unlike carrion crows, was most frequent during fall to winter and prior to insect activity. Overall, avian scavengers modified and scavenged soft tissue. Rodents scavenged both fresh and skeletonized remains with gray squirrels only scavenging skeletal remains. Wood mice were most active in winter and scavenged both soft tissue and bone.}, }
@article {pmid24601771, year = {2014}, author = {Kojima, W and Sugiura, S and Makihara, H and Ishikawa, Y and Takanashi, T}, title = {Rhinoceros beetles suffer male-biased predation by mammalian and avian predators.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {109-115}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.31.109}, pmid = {24601771}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Coleoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Predatory Behavior ; Raccoon Dogs/*physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Factors ; }, abstract = {Male sexually-selected traits often impose an increased risk of predation on their bearers, causing male-biased predation. We investigated whether males of the sap-feeding Japanese rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus were more susceptible to predation than females by comparing the morphology of beetles caught in bait traps with the remains of beetles found on the ground. The males of this species are larger than the females and have a horn on the head. We found that predation pressure was greater for males than for females, and that larger individuals of both sexes were more vulnerable to predation. We identified two predators, the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides and jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos, by monitoring sap-site trees with infrared video cameras. Raccoon dogs visited sap-site trees at night, while crows came after daybreak. The highest frequency of visits by both predators was observed in the first half of August, which matches the peak season of T. dichotomus. Raccoon dogs often left bite marks on the remains of prey, whereas crows did not. Bite marks were found on most of the remains collected at two distant localities, which suggested that predation by raccoon dogs is common. Size- and sex-dependent differences in the conspicuousness and active period of T. dichotomus probably explain these biased predation patterns. Our results suggest that having a large horn/body is costly in terms of the increased risk of predation. Predation cost may act as a stabilizing selection pressure against the further exaggeration of male sexual traits.}, }
@article {pmid24599216, year = {2014}, author = {Selva, N and Berezowska-Cnota, T and Elguero-Claramunt, I}, title = {Unforeseen effects of supplementary feeding: ungulate baiting sites as hotspots for ground-nest predation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e90740}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0090740}, pmid = {24599216}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Geography ; Mammals/*physiology ; Mice ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Poland ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Probability ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Despite the ubiquity and magnitude of food provision to wildlife, our understanding of its ecological effects and conservation implications is very limited. Supplementary feeding of ungulates, still one of the main paradigms of game management in Europe, occurs in natural areas on an enormous scale. We investigated the indirect effects of this practice on nest predation risk in the Polish Eastern Carpathians (Bieszczady Mountains). We hypothesized that the predators attracted to ungulate baiting sites would also forage for alternative prey nearby, increasing the nest predation risk for ground-nesting birds in the vicinity. We conducted a paired experiment by placing artificial nests (N=120) in feeding and control sites (N=12) at different distances from the ungulate feeding site. We also documented the use of three ungulate feeding sites by potential nest predators with automatic cameras. The proportion of depredated nests was 30% higher in the vicinity of feeding sites than at control sites (65%± 31.5 vs 35%± 32.1). The probability of a nest being depredated significantly increased with time and at shorter distances from the feeding site. We predicted that the area within 1-km distance from the feeding site would have a high risk (>0.5) of nest predation. We recorded 13 species of potential ground-nest predators at ungulate baiting sites. Most frequent were Eurasian jays Garrulus glandarius, mice and voles Muroidea, ravens Corvus corax, brown bears Ursus arctos, and wild boar Sus scrofa. Nest predators made most use of supplementary feeding sites (82% pictures with predators vs 8% with ungulates, the target group). Our study alerts of the impacts of ungulate feeding on alternative prey; this is of special concern when affecting protected species. We urge for a sensible management of ungulate feeding, which considers potential indirect effects on other species and the spatial and temporal components of food provision.}, }
@article {pmid24597991, year = {2015}, author = {Rindermann, H and Stiegmaier, EM and Meisenberg, G}, title = {Cognitive ability of preschool, primary and secondary school children in Costa Rica.}, journal = {Journal of biosocial science}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {281-310}, doi = {10.1017/S0021932014000066}, pmid = {24597991}, issn = {1469-7599}, mesh = {Austria ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Costa Rica ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Literacy/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Male ; Parents/psychology ; Schools/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Students/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {Cognitive abilities of children in Costa Rica and Austria were compared using three age groups (N = 385/366). Cognitive ability tests (mental speed, culture reduced/fluid intelligence, literacy/crystallized intelligence) were applied that differed in the extent to which they refer to school-related knowledge. Preschool children (kindergarten, 5-6 years old, N(CR) = 80, N(Au) = 51) were assessed with the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), primary school children (4th grade, 9-11 years old, N(CR) = 71, N(Au) = 71) with ZVT (a trail-making test), Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and items from PIRLS-Reading and TIMSS-Mathematics, and secondary school students (15-16 years old, N(CR) = 48, N(Au) = 48) with ZVT, Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) and items from PISA-Reading and PISA-Mathematics. Additionally, parents and pupils were given questionnaires covering family characteristics and instruction. Average cognitive abilities were higher in Austria (Greenwich-IQ M(CR) = 87 and M(Au) = 99, d(IQ) = 12 points) and differences were smaller in preschool than in secondary school (d(IQ) = 7 vs 20 points). Differences in crystallized intelligence were larger than in fluid intelligence (mental speed: d(IQ) = 12, Raven: d(IQ) = 10, student achievement tests: d(IQ) = 17 IQ points). Differences were larger in comparisons at the level of g-factors. Austrian children were also taller (6.80 cm, d = 1.07 SD), but had lower body mass index (BMI(CR) = 19.35 vs BMI(Au) = 17.59, d = -0.89 SD). Different causal hypotheses explaining these differences are compared.}, }
@article {pmid24560277, year = {2014}, author = {Jahidin, AH and Megat Ali, MS and Taib, MN and Tahir, NM and Yassin, IM and Lias, S}, title = {Classification of intelligence quotient via brainwave sub-band power ratio features and artificial neural network.}, journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, pages = {50-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.01.016}, pmid = {24560277}, issn = {1872-7565}, mesh = {Brain/*physiology ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Neural Networks (Computer) ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; }, abstract = {This paper elaborates on the novel intelligence assessment method using the brainwave sub-band power ratio features. The study focuses only on the left hemisphere brainwave in its relaxed state. Distinct intelligence quotient groups have been established earlier from the score of the Raven Progressive Matrices. Sub-band power ratios are calculated from energy spectral density of theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Synthetic data have been generated to increase dataset from 50 to 120. The features are used as input to the artificial neural network. Subsequently, the brain behaviour model has been developed using an artificial neural network that is trained with optimized learning rate, momentum constant and hidden nodes. Findings indicate that the distinct intelligence quotient groups can be classified from the brainwave sub-band power ratios with 100% training and 88.89% testing accuracies.}, }
@article {pmid24556949, year = {2014}, author = {Soler, JJ and Avilés, JM and Martín-Gálvez, D and de Neve, L and Soler, M}, title = {Eavesdropping cuckoos: further insights on great spotted cuckoo preference by magpie nests and egg colour.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {105-115}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-014-2901-2}, pmid = {24556949}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Color ; Female ; Linear Models ; *Nesting Behavior ; Ovum/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; }, abstract = {Reproductive success of brood parasites largely depends on appropriate host selection and, although the use of inadvertent social information emitted by hosts may be of selective advantage for cuckoos, this possibility has rarely been experimentally tested. Here, we manipulated nest size and clutch colouration of magpies (Pica pica), the main host of great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius). These phenotypic traits may potentially reveal information about magpie territory and/or parental quality and could hence influence the cuckoo's choice of host nests. Experimentally reduced magpie nests suffered higher predation rate, and prevalence of cuckoo parasitism was higher in magpie nests with the densest roofs, which suggests a direct advantage for great spotted cuckoos choosing this type of magpie nest. Colouration of magpie clutches was manipulated by adding one artificial egg (blue or cream colouration) at the beginning of the egg-laying period. We found that host nests holding an experimental cream egg experienced a higher prevalence of cuckoo parasitism than those holding a blue-coloured egg. Results from these two experiments suggest that great spotted cuckoos cue on magpie nest characteristics and the appearance of eggs to decide parasitism, and confirm, for the first time, the ability of cuckoos to distinguish between eggs of different colours within the nest of their hosts. Several hypothetical scenarios explaining these results are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid24501271, year = {2014}, author = {Davidson, GL and Clayton, NS and Thornton, A}, title = {Salient eyes deter conspecific nest intruders in wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula).}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {20131077}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.1077}, pmid = {24501271}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {BB/H021817/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; England ; *Nesting Behavior ; Videotape Recording ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Animals often respond fearfully when encountering eyes or eye-like shapes. Although gaze aversion has been documented in mammals when avoiding group-member conflict, the importance of eye coloration during interactions between conspecifics has yet to be examined in non-primate species. Jackdaws (Corvus monedula) have near-white irides, which are conspicuous against their dark feathers and visible when seen from outside the cavities where they nest. Because jackdaws compete for nest sites, their conspicuous eyes may act as a warning signal to indicate that a nest is occupied and deter intrusions by conspecifics. We tested whether jackdaws' pale irides serve as a deterrent to prospecting conspecifics by comparing prospectors' behaviour towards nest-boxes displaying images with bright eyes (BEs) only, a jackdaw face with natural BEs, or a jackdaw face with dark eyes. The jackdaw face with BEs was most effective in deterring birds from making contact with nest-boxes, whereas both BE conditions reduced the amount of time jackdaws spent in proximity to the image. We suggest BEs in jackdaws may function to prevent conspecific competitors from approaching occupied nest sites.}, }
@article {pmid24498311, year = {2014}, author = {Huang, ZP and Qi, XG and Garber, PA and Jin, T and Guo, ST and Li, S and Li, BG}, title = {The use of camera traps to identify the set of scavengers preying on the carcass of a golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e87318}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0087318}, pmid = {24498311}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Carnivora/classification/*physiology ; Carnivory/*physiology ; Colobinae/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Murinae/physiology ; Photography/instrumentation/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/physiology ; Video Recording/instrumentation/*methods ; }, abstract = {There exists very limited information on the set of scavengers that feed on the carcasses of wild primates. Here, we describe, based on information collected using a remote camera trap, carnivores consuming/scavenging the carcass of a wild golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Laohegou Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. During a 3 month behavioral and ecology study of a band of golden snub-nosed monkeys (March through May 2013), we encountered the carcass of an adult male (male golden snub-nosed monkeys weigh approximately 12-16 kg). After examining the dead monkey, we returned it to the death site and set out a camera trap to record the behavior and identity of scavengers. Over the course of 25 days, we collected 4145 photographs taken by the camera trap. Scavengers identified from these photographs include a masked civet (Paguma larvata), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and the chestnut rat (Rattus fulvescens). No member of the golden snub-nosed monkey's social group, which was composed of approximately 120 individuals, was found to return to the general area of the death site. The masked civet fed principally on the face and intestines of the corpse at night, while the black bear consumed most of the body of the dead monkey during both the daytime and nighttime. These two taxa consumed virtually the entire carcass in one week. We suggest that the use of camera traps offers a powerful research tool to identify the scavenger community of a given ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid24498238, year = {2014}, author = {Townsend, AK and Barker, CM}, title = {Plastic and the nest entanglement of urban and agricultural crows.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e88006}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088006}, pmid = {24498238}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crows ; Humans ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Social Planning ; *Urban Renewal ; }, abstract = {Much attention has been paid to the impacts of plastics and other debris on marine organisms, but the effects of plastic on terrestrial organisms have been largely ignored. Detrimental effects of terrestrial plastic could be most pronounced in intensively human-modified landscapes (e.g., urban and agricultural areas), which are a source of much anthropogenic debris. Here, we examine the occurrence, types, landscape associations, and consequences of anthropogenic nest material in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), a North American species that breeds in both urban and agricultural landscapes. We monitored 195 nestlings in 106 nests across an urban and agricultural gradient in the Sacramento Valley, California, USA. We found that 85.2% of crow nests contained anthropogenic material, and 11 of 195 nestlings (5.6%) were entangled in their nests. The length of the material was greater in nests in agricultural territories than in urban territories, and the odds of entanglement increased 7.55 times for each meter of anthropogenic material in the nest. Fledging success was significantly lower for entangled than for unentangled nestlings. In all environments, particularly urban, agricultural, and marine, careful disposal of potential hazards (string, packing and hay bale twine, balloon ribbon, wire, fishing line) could reduce the occurrence of entanglement of nestling birds.}, }
@article {pmid24484482, year = {2014}, author = {Yoshimura, A and Koketsu, M and Bando, H and Saiki, E and Suzuki, M and Watanabe, Y and Kanuka, H and Fukumoto, S}, title = {Phylogenetic comparison of avian haemosporidian parasites from resident and migratory birds in northern Japan.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, pages = {235-242}, doi = {10.7589/2013-03-071}, pmid = {24484482}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Birds ; Haemosporida/*isolation &amp; purification ; Japan/epidemiology ; Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {We analyzed blood samples of resident and migratory Japanese birds to evaluate the prevalence and genetic background of avian blood parasites in northern Japan. We used PCR targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to examine infections of Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Plasmodium parasites in blood samples from 243 birds of 14 species in three orders (Passeriformes, Columbiformes, and Anseriformes). Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The infection rate was 21% in pigeons (Columbiformes) and 17% in Anseriformes. A high infection rate of 93.8% was found in crow species (Passeriformes). Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites were detected in only two species. Infected blood samples obtained from seven bird species involved two major clades of Leucocytozoon, which were divided between resident and migratory birds. The parasites, which are genetically distinct from parasites in Japanese resident birds, may have been introduced to Japan by migratory bird species.}, }
@article {pmid24475085, year = {2014}, author = {Soler, M and Pérez-Contreras, T and Peralta-Sánchez, JM}, title = {Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e86193}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0086193}, pmid = {24475085}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Concept Formation ; Crows/*physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; Research Design ; Self Concept ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Some animals are capable of recognizing themselves in a mirror, which is considered to be demonstrated by passing the mark test. Mirror self-recognition capacity has been found in just a few mammals having very large brains and only in one bird, the magpie (Pica pica). The results obtained in magpies have enormous biological and cognitive implications because the fact that magpies were able to pass the mark test meant that this species is at the same cognitive level with great apes, that mirror self-recognition has evolved independently in the magpie and great apes (which diverged 300 million years ago), and that the neocortex (which is not present in the bird's brains) is not a prerequisite for mirror self-recognition as previously believed. Here, we have replicated the experimental design used on magpies to determine whether jackdaws (Corvus monedula) are also capable of mirror self-recognition by passing the mark test. We found that our nine jackdaws showed a very high interest towards the mirror and exhibited self-contingent behavior as soon as mirrors were introduced. However, jackdaws were not able to pass the mark test: both sticker-directed actions and sticker removal were performed with a similar frequency in both the cardboard (control) and the mirror conditions. We conclude that our jackdaws' behaviour raises non-trivial questions about the methodology used in the avian mark test. Our study suggests that the use of self-adhesive stickers on sensitive throat feathers may open the way to artefactual results because birds might perceive the stickers tactilely.}, }
@article {pmid24439574, year = {2014}, author = {Kandel, JJ}, title = {Serendipity: translational research, high quality care, and the children's hospital. Jay and Margie Grosfeld Lecture.}, journal = {Journal of pediatric surgery}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.023}, pmid = {24439574}, issn = {1531-5037}, mesh = {Child ; Cooperative Behavior ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hospitals, Pediatric/*history/standards ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Lymphatic Abnormalities/drug therapy/history ; Pediatrics/*history ; Propranolol/history/therapeutic use ; *Quality of Health Care ; Specialties, Surgical/*history ; Translational Medical Research/*history ; United States ; }, abstract = {The word &quot;serendipity&quot; was coined by Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, in a letter he wrote in January 1754. He defined serendipity as the making of &quot;….discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which [you] were not in quest of….you must observe that no discovery of a thing you are looking for comes under this description.&quot; I would like to make the case that a children's hospital can be a superb setting in which to attempt this feat-to generate Serendipity. I would also like to convince you that this attribute is absolutely essential to providing the very best care for children.}, }
@article {pmid24395967, year = {2014}, author = {Martin, GR}, title = {The subtlety of simple eyes: the tuning of visual fields to perceptual challenges in birds.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {369}, number = {1636}, pages = {20130040}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0040}, pmid = {24395967}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Eye/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Feeding Behavior ; Flight, Animal ; Visual Fields/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Birds show interspecific variation both in the size of the fields of individual eyes and in the ways that these fields are brought together to produce the total visual field. Variation is found in the dimensions of all main parameters: binocular region, cyclopean field and blind areas. There is a phylogenetic signal with respect to maximum width of the binocular field in that passerine species have significantly broader field widths than non-passerines; broadest fields are found among crows (Corvidae). Among non-passerines, visual fields show considerable variation within families and even within some genera. It is argued that (i) the main drivers of differences in visual fields are associated with perceptual challenges that arise through different modes of foraging, and (ii) the primary function of binocularity in birds lies in the control of bill position rather than in the control of locomotion. The informational function of binocular vision does not lie in binocularity per se (two eyes receiving slightly different information simultaneously about the same objects from which higher-order depth information is extracted), but in the contralateral projection of the visual field of each eye. Contralateral projection ensures that each eye receives information from a symmetrically expanding optic flow-field from which direction of travel and time to contact targets can be extracted, particularly with respect to the control of bill position.}, }
@article {pmid24391878, year = {2013}, author = {Loncaric, I and Stalder, GL and Mehinagic, K and Rosengarten, R and Hoelzl, F and Knauer, F and Walzer, C}, title = {Comparison of ESBL--and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from migratory and resident population of rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {e84048}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0084048}, pmid = {24391878}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Ampicillin/*metabolism ; Animal Diseases/*microbiology ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Austria ; Crows ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/veterinary ; Escherichia coli/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/*veterinary ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/veterinary ; beta-Lactamases/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In order to test whether rooks (Corvus frugilegus) represent good indicators for the potential circulation of antibiotics in their native habitat, two populations with different migratory behavior were tested for the presence of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In all, 54 and 102 samples of fresh feces of a migratory and a resident population were investigated. A total of 24 and 3 cefotaxime-resistant enterobacterial isolates were obtained from the migratory and resident population, respectively. In these isolates CTX-M-1 (n = 15), CTX-M-3 (n = 3), and CTX-M-15 (n = 3) genes were detected. TEM-1 and OXA-1 were associated with CTX-M in 3 and 2 isolates, respectively. In two E. coli isolates CMY-2 could be detected, where from one isolate displayed an overexpression of chromosomal AmpC as well. Among E. coli isolates the most common phylogenetic group was A (n = 11) and ST1683 (n = 5). In one E. coli of B2-ST131 the rfbO25b locus was detected. Three Enterobacter isolates were stably derepressed AmpC-producers. In five samples of the migratory population, PVL positive MRSA could be isolated. Two isolates were typed SCCmec IVa, spa type t127, and ST1. Three isolates carried a SCCmec type IVc, with spa type t852 and ST22. The highly significant difference of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between the migratory population from eastern Europe compared to resident population in our study indicates that rooks may be good indicator species for the evaluation of environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially due to their ecology, foraging behavior and differing migratory behavior.}, }
@article {pmid24378212, year = {2014}, author = {Thom, JM and Clayton, NS}, title = {No evidence of temporal preferences in caching by Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica).}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {173-179}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.12.010}, pmid = {24378212}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; //Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Diet ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Housing, Animal ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Reward ; Time Perception/physiology ; }, abstract = {Humans and other animals often favour immediate gratification over long-term gain. Primates, including humans, appear more willing to wait for rewards than other animals, such as rats or pigeons. Another group displaying impressive patience are the corvids, which possess large brains and show sophisticated cognitive abilities. Here, we assess intertemporal choice in one corvid species, the Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica). These birds cache food for future consumption and respond flexibly to future needs. Cache-theft and cache-degradation are time-dependent processes in scrub-jay ecology that might necessitate sensitivity to delays between caching and retrieval. We adopt a caching paradigm with delays of up to 49 h. Across two experiments we find no evidence of a preference for earlier recovery. We highlight the possibility that, although scrub-jays can discriminate between the present and the future, they may not understand how far into the future an event will occur.}, }
@article {pmid24333834, year = {2014}, author = {Jacobs, IF and Osvath, M and Osvath, H and Mioduszewska, B and von Bayern, AM and Kacelnik, A}, title = {Object caching in corvids: incidence and significance.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {25-32}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.12.003}, pmid = {24333834}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; }, abstract = {Food caching is a paramount model for studying relations between cognition, brain organisation and ecology in corvids. In contrast, behaviour towards inedible objects is poorly examined and understood. We review the literature on object caching in corvids and other birds, and describe an exploratory study on object caching in ravens, New Caledonian crows and jackdaws. The captive adult birds were presented with an identical set of novel objects adjacent to food. All three species cached objects, which shows the behaviour not to be restricted to juveniles, food cachers, tool-users or individuals deprived of cacheable food. The pattern of object interaction and caching did not mirror the incidence of food caching: the intensely food caching ravens indeed showed highest object caching incidence, but the rarely food caching jackdaws cached objects to similar extent as the moderate food caching New Caledonian crows. Ravens and jackdaws preferred objects with greater sphericity, but New Caledonian crows preferred stick-like objects (similar to tools). We suggest that the observed object caching might have been expressions of exploration or play, and deserves being studied in its own right because of its potential significance for tool-related behaviour and learning, rather than as an over-spill from food-caching research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CO3 2013.}, }
@article {pmid24333226, year = {2014}, author = {Cibulski, L and Wascher, CA and Weiss, BM and Kotrschal, K}, title = {Familiarity with the experimenter influences the performance of Common ravens (Corvus corax) and Carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) in cognitive tasks.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {129-137}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.11.013}, pmid = {24333226}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Anxiety/psychology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation/physiology ; Psychology, Experimental/*methods ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {When humans and animals interact with one another over an extended time span they familiarise and may develop a relationship, which can exert an influence on both partners. For example, the behaviour of an animal in experiments may be affected by its relationship to the human experimenter. However, few studies have systematically examined the impact of human-animal relationships on experimental results. In the present study we investigated if familiarity with a human experimenter influences the performance of Common ravens (Corvus corax) and Carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) in interactive tasks. Birds were tested in two interactive cognitive tasks (exchange, object choice) by several experimenters representing different levels of familiarity (long and short-term). Our findings show that the birds participated more often in both tasks and were more successful in the exchange task when working with long-term experimenters than when working with short-term experimenters. Behavioural observations indicate that anxiety did not inhibit experimental performance but that the birds' motivation to work differed between the two kinds of experimenters, familiar and less familiar. We conclude that human-animal relationships (i.e. familiarity) may affect the experimental performance of corvids in interactive cognitive tasks.}, }
@article {pmid24333225, year = {2014}, author = {Bednekoff, PA and Balda, RP}, title = {Clark's nutcracker spatial memory: the importance of large, structural cues.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {102}, number = {}, pages = {12-17}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.12.004}, pmid = {24333225}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Cues ; Memory/*physiology ; Passeriformes ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Spatial Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana, cache and recover stored seeds in high alpine areas including areas where snowfall, wind, and rockslides may frequently obscure or alter cues near the cache site. Previous work in the laboratory has established that Clark's nutcrackers use spatial memory to relocate cached food. Following from aspects of this work, we performed experiments to test the importance of large, structural cues for Clark's nutcracker spatial memory. Birds were no more accurate in recovering caches when more objects were on the floor of a large experimental room nor when this room was subdivided with a set of panels. However, nutcrackers were consistently less accurate in this large room than in a small experimental room. Clark's nutcrackers probably use structural features of experimental rooms as important landmarks during recovery of cached food. This use of large, extremely stable cues may reflect the imperfect reliability of smaller, closer cues in the natural habitat of Clark's nutcrackers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CO3 2013.}, }
@article {pmid24322875, year = {2014}, author = {Watanabe, A and Grodzinski, U and Clayton, NS}, title = {Western scrub-jays allocate longer observation time to more valuable information.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {859-867}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-013-0719-7}, pmid = {24322875}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Learning ; *Passeriformes/physiology ; Social Behavior ; Spatial Memory ; }, abstract = {When humans mentally reconstruct past events and imagine future scenarios, their subjective experience of mentally time travelling is accompanied by the awareness of doing so. Despite recent popularity of studying episodic memory in animals, such phenomenological consciousness has been extremely difficult to demonstrate without agreed behavioural markers of consciousness in non-linguistic subjects. We presented western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) with a task requiring them to allocate observing time between two peepholes to see food being hidden in either of two compartments, one where observing the hiding location was necessary to later relocate the food, and another where food could easily be found without watching. Jays first separately experienced these consequences of possessing information in each compartment and subsequently, once given a choice, made more looks and spent more time looking into the compartment where information was necessary than into the compartment where it was unnecessary. Thus, the jays can collect information to solve a future problem. Moreover, they can differentiate sources of information according to their potential value and modify behaviour to efficiently collect important, usable information. This is the first evidence of metacognition in a species that passes the behavioural criteria for both retrospective and prospective mental time travel.}, }
@article {pmid24309275, year = {2013}, author = {Jozet-Alves, C and Bertin, M and Clayton, NS}, title = {Evidence of episodic-like memory in cuttlefish.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {23}, number = {23}, pages = {R1033-5}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.021}, pmid = {24309275}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Learning ; *Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall ; Sepia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what happened during a particular event, and where and when it occurred [1]. Since the first study on episodic-like memory in scrub-jays [2], there has been widespread acceptance of the idea that tests in animals should integrate the 'what', 'where' and 'when' components of a unique event that occurred in the past [3,4]. This is referred to as episodic-like memory rather than episodic memory per se, in acknowledgement of the lack of evidence for, or against, the phenomenological aspects that accompany episodic recollection in humans. So far, evidence for episodic-like memory has only been found in some birds and mammals. We show here that cuttlefish, cephalopod mollusks, keep track of what they have eaten, and where and how long ago they ate, in order to match their foraging behavior with the time of replenishing of different foods. Foraging in cuttlefish fulfils the criteria of 'what', 'where' and 'when' of unique events and thus provides behavioral evidence of episodic-like memory in an invertebrate.}, }
@article {pmid24285080, year = {2013}, author = {Veit, L and Nieder, A}, title = {Abstract rule neurons in the endbrain support intelligent behaviour in corvid songbirds.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {2878}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms3878}, pmid = {24285080}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy &amp; histology/*cytology/physiology ; Cognition ; *Intelligence ; Neurons/*physiology ; Songbirds/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Despite the lack of a layered neocortex and fundamental differences in endbrain organization in birds compared with mammals, intelligent species evolved from both vertebrate classes. Among birds, corvids show exceptional cognitive flexibility. Here we explore the neuronal foundation of corvid cognition by recording single-unit activity from an association area known as the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) while carrion crows make flexible rule-guided decisions, a hallmark of executive control functions. The most prevalent activity in NCL represents the behavioural rules, while abstracting over sample images and sensory modalities of the rule cues. Rule coding is weaker in error trials, thus predicting the crows' behavioural decisions. This suggests that the abstraction of general principles may be an important function of the NCL, mirroring the function of primate prefrontal cortex. These findings emphasize that intelligence in vertebrates does not necessarily rely on a neocortex but can be realized in endbrain circuitries that developed independently via convergent evolution.}, }
@article {pmid24268321, year = {2014}, author = {Stolk, A and Noordzij, ML and Volman, I and Verhagen, L and Overeem, S and van Elswijk, G and Bloem, B and Hagoort, P and Toni, I}, title = {Understanding communicative actions: a repetitive TMS study.}, journal = {Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {25-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2013.10.005}, pmid = {24268321}, issn = {1973-8102}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Communication ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; *Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Despite the ambiguity inherent in human communication, people are remarkably efficient in establishing mutual understanding. Studying how people communicate in novel settings provides a window into the mechanisms supporting the human competence to rapidly generate and understand novel shared symbols, a fundamental property of human communication. Previous work indicates that the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is involved when people understand the intended meaning of novel communicative actions. Here, we set out to test whether normal functioning of this cerebral structure is required for understanding novel communicative actions using inhibitory low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). A factorial experimental design contrasted two tightly matched stimulation sites (right pSTS vs left MT+, i.e., a contiguous homotopic task-relevant region) and tasks (a communicative task vs a visual tracking task that used the same sequences of stimuli). Overall task performance was not affected by rTMS, whereas changes in task performance over time were disrupted according to TMS site and task combinations. Namely, rTMS over pSTS led to a diminished ability to improve action understanding on the basis of recent communicative history, while rTMS over MT+ perturbed improvement in visual tracking over trials. These findings qualify the contributions of the right pSTS to human communicative abilities, showing that this region might be necessary for incorporating previous knowledge, accumulated during interactions with a communicative partner, to constrain the inferential process that leads to action understanding.}, }
@article {pmid24239503, year = {2014}, author = {Pfuhl, G and Gattermayr, M and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Will food-handling time influence agonistic behaviour in sub-adult common ravens (Corvus corax)?.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {67-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.11.003}, pmid = {24239503}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Agonistic Behavior/*physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Handling ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Motivation ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Discovering a food source may invoke either competition or cooperation, depending on many factors such as divisibility and accessibility. We experimentally investigated the influence of effort to procure food on the tolerance towards others during feeding. Nine sub-adult captive ravens were tested in different foraging contexts that differed in foraging effort, namely three string-pulling conditions and two without pulling requirement. We expected that the effort to gain access to food would positively affect the tolerance towards others at feeding. As predicted, we found fewer agonistic interactions, fewer displacements of subordinates from food and prolonged feeding bouts in the three string-pulling conditions compared to the two conditions when no pulling was involved. Further, in the string pulling tasks interactions occurred mostly on the perch before pulling and only rarely was pulling interrupted by agonistic interactions. The rate of interactions did not change over trials. Our data suggests that perceived effort influences social behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid24230988, year = {2014}, author = {López-Meraz, ML and Medel-Matus, JS and Morgado-Valle, C and Beltrán-Parrazal, L and Pérez-Estudillo, C and Manzo, J}, title = {Effect of lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus on ultrasonic vocalizations in the infant rat pup.}, journal = {Epilepsy &amp; behavior : E&amp;B}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {263-266}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.006}, pmid = {24230988}, issn = {1525-5069}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Convulsants/*toxicity ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Lithium/*toxicity ; Male ; Maternal Deprivation ; Pilocarpine/*toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Status Epilepticus/*chemically induced/*physiopathology ; Vocalization, Animal/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Evidence shows that febrile convulsions induced in rat pups increase ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs); however, the effect of status epilepticus (SE) induced in developing rats on USVs has not been fully investigated. The goal of this study was to analyze USVs following lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE in fourteen-day-old (P14) rat pups. The rat pups were given 3-mEq/kg lithium chloride i.p. on the day before the induction of SE, which was carried out at P14 by subcutaneous injection of 100-mg/kg pilocarpine hydrochloride; control animals were given an equal volume of lithium chloride and saline on P13 and P14, respectively. Ultrasonic vocalizations were monitored at P15, P16, and P21 with a Mini 3 Bat Detector Ultra Sound Advice (15kHz-160kHz) set at 40±4kHz and digitally recorded in WAV format using the Audacity 1.3 beta software. A clear box (60×40×30cm) split down the middle with a holed wall was used; each pup was placed alone in one compartment, whereas its dam was placed on the other cage side at room temperature. Vocalizations were recorded over a 5-minute period, converted to sonograms and spectrograms, and analyzed using the Raven software. Parameters evaluated were as follows: USV frequency, latency to the first USV, and mean USV duration. There was a significant decrease in the latency (35.5±6.9s) and duration (50.8±8.6s) of USVs after SE compared with the control group (81.9±10.8s and 78.1±9.9s, respectively). Status epilepticus affected male and female rats differentially.}, }
@article {pmid24225460, year = {2014}, author = {Polnaszek, TJ and Stephens, DW}, title = {Why not lie? Costs enforce honesty in an experimental signalling game.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1774}, pages = {20132457}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2457}, pmid = {24225460}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Deception ; *Game Theory ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Reward ; }, abstract = {Communication depends on reliability. Yet, the existence of stable honest signalling presents an evolutionary puzzle. Why should animals signal honestly in the face of a conflict of interest? While students of animal signalling have offered several theoretical answers to this puzzle, the most widely studied model, commonly called the 'handicap principle', postulates that the costs of signals stabilize honesty. This model is the motivating force behind an enormous research enterprise that explores signal costs--whether they are physiological, immunological, neural, developmental or caloric. While there can be no question that many signals are costly, we lack definitive experimental evidence demonstrating that costs stabilize honesty. This study presents a laboratory signalling game using blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) that provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence showing honesty persists when costs are high and disappears when costs are low.}, }
@article {pmid24204765, year = {2013}, author = {Krieger, N and Waterman, PD and Kosheleva, A and Chen, JT and Smith, KW and Carney, DR and Bennett, GG and Williams, DR and Thornhill, G and Freeman, ER}, title = {Racial discrimination &amp; cardiovascular disease risk: my body my story study of 1005 US-born black and white community health center participants (US).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {e77174}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0077174}, pmid = {24204765}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {1 R01 AG027122-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG27122-3S1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Boston/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/ethnology/*psychology ; *Community Health Centers ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prejudice ; Racism/*psychology ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To date, limited and inconsistent evidence exists regarding racial discrimination and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<br><br>METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of 1005 US-born non-Hispanic black (n = 504) and white (n = 501) participants age 35-64 randomly selected from community health centers in Boston, MA (2008-2010; 82.4% response rate), using 3 racial discrimination measures: explicit self-report; implicit association test (IAT, a time reaction test for self and group as target vs. perpetrator of discrimination); and structural (Jim Crow status of state of birth, i.e. legal racial discrimination prior 1964).<br><br>RESULTS: Black and white participants both had adverse cardiovascular and socioeconomic profiles, with black participants most highly exposed to racial discrimination. Positive crude associations among black participants occurred for Jim Crow birthplace and hypertension (odds ratio (OR) 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28, 2.89) and for explicit self-report and the Framingham 10 year CVD risk score (beta = 0.04; 95% CI 0.01, 0.07); among white participants, only negative crude associations existed (for IAT for self, for lower systolic blood pressure (SBP; beta = -4.86; 95% CI -9.08, -0.64) and lower Framingham CVD score (beta = -0.36, 95% CI -0.63, -0.08)). All of these associations were attenuated and all but the white IAT-Framingham risk score association were rendered null in analyses that controlled for lifetime socioeconomic position and additional covariates. Controlling for racial discrimination, socioeconomic position, and other covariates did not attenuate the crude black excess risk for SBP and hypertension and left unaffected the null excess risk for the Framingham CVD score.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite worse exposures among the black participants, racial discrimination and socioeconomic position were not associated, in multivariable analyses, with risk of CVD. We interpret results in relation to constrained variability of exposures and outcomes and discuss implications for valid research on social determinants of health.}, }
@article {pmid24188622, year = {2014}, author = {Wei, CA and Kamil, AC and Bond, AB}, title = {Direct and relational representation during transitive list linking in pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {128}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1037/a0034627}, pmid = {24188622}, issn = {1939-2087}, support = {R01-MH069893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Random Allocation ; }, abstract = {The authors used the list-linking procedure (Treichler &amp; Van Tilburg, 1996) to explore the processes by which animals assemble cognitive structures from fragmentary and often contradictory data. Pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) were trained to a high level of accuracy on 2 implicit transitive lists, A > B > C > D > E and 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5. They were then given linkage training on E > 1, the single pair that linked the 2 lists into a composite, 10-item hierarchy. Following linkage training, the birds were tested on nonadjacent probe pairs drawn both from within (B-D and 2-4) and between (D-1, E-2, B-2, C-3) each original list. Linkage training resulted in a significant transitory disruption in performance, and the adjustment to the resulting implicit hierarchy was far from instantaneous. Detailed analysis of the course of the disruption and its subsequent recovery provided important insights into the roles of direct and relational encoding in implicit hierarchies.}, }
@article {pmid24173526, year = {2013}, author = {Ims, RA and Henden, JA and Thingnes, AV and Killengreen, ST}, title = {Indirect food web interactions mediated by predator-rodent dynamics: relative roles of lemmings and voles.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {20130802}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2013.0802}, pmid = {24173526}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Eggs ; *Food Chain ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Norway ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Regression Analysis ; Risk ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Production cycles in birds are proposed as prime cases of indirect interactions in food webs. They are thought to be driven by predators switching from rodents to bird nests in the crash phase of rodent population cycles. Although rodent cycles are geographically widespread and found in different rodent taxa, bird production cycles appear to be most profound in the high Arctic where lemmings dominate. We hypothesized that this may be due to arctic lemmings inducing stronger predator responses than boreal voles. We tested this hypothesis by estimating predation rates in dummy bird nests during a rodent cycle in low-Arctic tundra. Here, the rodent community consists of a spatially variable mix of one lemming (Lemmus lemmus) and two vole species (Myodes rufocanus and Microtus oeconomus) with similar abundances. In consistence with our hypothesis, lemming peak abundances predicted well crash-phase nest predation rates, whereas the vole abundances had no predictive ability. Corvids were found to be the most important nest predators. Lemmings appear to be accessible to the whole predator community which makes them particularly powerful drivers of food web dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid24134378, year = {2013}, author = {Krieger, N and Chen, JT and Coull, B and Waterman, PD and Beckfield, J}, title = {The unique impact of abolition of Jim Crow laws on reducing inequities in infant death rates and implications for choice of comparison groups in analyzing societal determinants of health.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {103}, number = {12}, pages = {2234-2244}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2013.301350}, pmid = {24134378}, issn = {1541-0048}, support = {R21 CA168470/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; 1R21CA168470-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*African Americans ; Censuses ; Civil Rights/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Infant Mortality/*trends ; Infant, Newborn ; Racism/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Supreme Court Decisions ; United States ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We explored associations between the abolition of Jim Crow laws (i.e., state laws legalizing racial discrimination overturned by the 1964 US Civil Rights Act) and birth cohort trends in infant death rates.<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed 1959 to 2006 US Black and White infant death rates within and across sets of states (polities) with and without Jim Crow laws.<br><br>RESULTS: Between 1965 and 1969, a unique convergence of Black infant death rates occurred across polities; in 1960 to 1964, the Black infant death rate was 1.19 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 1.20) in the Jim Crow polity than in the non-Jim Crow polity, whereas in 1970 to 1974 the rate ratio shrank to and remained at approximately 1 (with the 95% CI including 1) until 2000, when it rose to 1.10 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.12). No such convergence occurred for Black-White differences in infant death rates or for White infants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that abolition of Jim Crow laws affected US Black infant death rates and that valid analysis of societal determinants of health requires appropriate comparison groups.}, }
@article {pmid24101633, year = {2013}, author = {Gowlett, JA}, title = {Elongation as a factor in artefacts of humans and other animals: an Acheulean example in comparative context.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1630}, pages = {20130114}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0114}, pmid = {24101633}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Elongation is a commonly found feature in artefacts made and used by humans and other animals and can be analysed in comparative study. Whether made for use in hand or beak, the artefacts have some common properties of length, breadth, thickness and balance point, and elongation can be studied as a factor relating to construction or use of a long axis. In human artefacts, elongation can be traced through the archaeological record, for example in stone blades of the Upper Palaeolithic (traditionally regarded as more sophisticated than earlier artefacts), and in earlier blades of the Middle Palaeolithic. It is now recognized that elongation extends to earlier Palaeolithic artefacts, being found in the repertoire of both Neanderthals and more archaic humans. Artefacts used by non-human animals, including chimpanzees, capuchin monkeys and New Caledonian crows show selection for diameter and length, and consistent interventions of modification. Both chimpanzees and capuchins trim side branches from stems, and appropriate lengths of stave are selected or cut. In human artefacts, occasional organic finds show elongation back to about 0.5 million years. A record of elongation achieved in stone tools survives to at least 1.75 Ma (million years ago) in the Acheulean tradition. Throughout this tradition, some Acheulean handaxes are highly elongated, usually found with others that are less elongated. Finds from the million-year-old site of Kilombe and Kenya are given as an example. These findings argue that the elongation need not be integral to a design, but that artefacts may be the outcome of adjustments to individual variables. Such individual adjustments are seen in animal artefacts. In the case of a handaxe, the maker must balance the adjustments to achieve a satisfactory outcome in the artefact as a whole. It is argued that the need to make decisions about individual variables within multivariate objects provides an essential continuity across artefacts made by different species.}, }
@article {pmid24101630, year = {2013}, author = {McGrew, WC}, title = {Is primate tool use special? Chimpanzee and New Caledonian crow compared.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1630}, pages = {20120422}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0422}, pmid = {24101630}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/*psychology ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is well-known in both nature and captivity as an impressive maker and user of tools, but recently the New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides) has been championed as being equivalent or superior to the ape in elementary technology. I systematically compare the two taxa, going beyond simple presence/absence scoring of tool-using and -making types, on four more precise aspects of material culture: (i) types of associative technology (tools used in combination); (ii) modes of tool making; (iii) modes of tool use; and (iv) functions of tool use. I emphasize tool use in nature, when performance is habitual or customary, rather than in anecdotal or idiosyncratic. On all four measures, the ape shows more variety than does the corvid, especially in modes and functions that go beyond extractive foraging. However, more sustained field research is required on the crows before this contrast is conclusive.}, }
@article {pmid24101628, year = {2013}, author = {Teschke, I and Wascher, CA and Scriba, MF and von Bayern, AM and Huml, V and Siemers, B and Tebbich, S}, title = {Did tool-use evolve with enhanced physical cognitive abilities?.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1630}, pages = {20120418}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0418}, pmid = {24101628}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; Ecuador ; Finches/*physiology ; Logistic Models ; New Caledonia ; Random Allocation ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The use and manufacture of tools have been considered to be cognitively demanding and thus a possible driving factor in the evolution of intelligence. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced physical cognitive abilities evolved in conjunction with the use of tools, by comparing the performance of naturally tool-using and non-tool-using species in a suite of physical and general learning tasks. We predicted that the habitually tool-using species, New Caledonian crows and Galápagos woodpecker finches, should outperform their non-tool-using relatives, the small tree finches and the carrion crows in a physical problem but not in general learning tasks. We only found a divergence in the predicted direction for corvids. That only one of our comparisons supports the predictions under this hypothesis might be attributable to different complexities of tool-use in the two tool-using species. A critical evaluation is offered of the conceptual and methodological problems inherent in comparative studies on tool-related cognitive abilities.}, }
@article {pmid24101625, year = {2013}, author = {St Clair, JJ and Rutz, C}, title = {New Caledonian crows attend to multiple functional properties of complex tools.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {368}, number = {1630}, pages = {20120415}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0415}, pmid = {24101625}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/2//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Binomial Distribution ; *Crows ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; New Caledonia ; *Tool Use Behavior ; Video Recording ; }, abstract = {The ability to attend to the functional properties of foraging tools should affect energy-intake rates, fitness components and ultimately the evolutionary dynamics of tool-related behaviour. New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides use three distinct tool types for extractive foraging: non-hooked stick tools, hooked stick tools and tools cut from the barbed edges of Pandanus spp. leaves. The latter two types exhibit clear functional polarity, because of (respectively) a single terminal, crow-manufactured hook and natural barbs running along one edge of the leaf strip; in each case, the 'hooks' can only aid prey capture if the tool is oriented correctly by the crow during deployment. A previous experimental study of New Caledonian crows found that subjects paid little attention to the barbs of supplied (wide) pandanus tools, resulting in non-functional tool orientation during foraging. This result is puzzling, given the presumed fitness benefits of consistently orienting tools functionally in the wild. We investigated whether the lack of discrimination with respect to (wide) pandanus tool orientation also applies to hooked stick tools. We experimentally provided subjects with naturalistic replica tools in a range of orientations and found that all subjects used these tools correctly, regardless of how they had been presented. In a companion experiment, we explored the extent to which normally co-occurring tool features (terminal hook, curvature of the tool shaft and stripped bark at the hooked end) inform tool-orientation decisions, by forcing birds to deploy 'unnatural' tools, which exhibited these traits at opposite ends. Our subjects attended to at least two of the three tool features, although, as expected, the location of the hook was of paramount importance. We discuss these results in the context of earlier research and propose avenues for future work.}, }
@article {pmid24082312, year = {2013}, author = {Terzaghi, M and Zucchella, C and Rustioni, V and Sinforiani, E and Manni, R}, title = {Cognitive performances and mild cognitive impairment in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: results of a longitudinal follow-up study.}, journal = {Sleep}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, pages = {1527-1532}, doi = {10.5665/sleep.3050}, pmid = {24082312}, issn = {1550-9109}, mesh = {Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction/*etiology ; Dementia/etiology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinsonian Disorders/etiology ; Prospective Studies ; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/*complications ; }, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the capacity of neuropsychological deficits in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) to predict the development of dementia and/or parkinsonism.<br><br>DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal follow-up study.<br><br>SETTING: Tertiary sleep center.<br><br>PATIENTS: Twenty patients with initial iRBD (19 males, mean age 66.1 ± 7.1) underwent a clinical and neuropsychological follow-up within a mean of 43 ± 19 months. Neuropsychological performances at baseline were compared with those of healthy controls matched for sex, age, and education.<br><br>INTERVENTIONS: Discontinuation of clonazepam at least 7 days before the follow-up evaluation.<br><br>RESULTS: At follow-up, the Wilcoxon test showed a significant worsening of scores on Raven Colored Matrices 47 (P = 0.01), Attentive matrices (P = 0.002), phonemic (P = 0.04) and sematic (P = 0.04) fluency. Thirteen patients (65%) showed cognitive deterioration involving multiple domains. Of these, four patients (20%) maintained a stable cognitive dysfunction and nine (45%) showed a progression of cognitive dysfunction: six (30%) in constructional abilities (P = 0.03), four (20%) in short-term memory (P = NS), three (15%) in executive functions and non-verbal logic (P = NS), one (5%) in verbal fluency (P = NS), and one (5%) in long-term memory (P = NS) (McNemar test). Seven patients (35%) retained a normal cognitive profile. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was diagnosed at baseline in seven patients (35%). At follow-up, three of these patients showed overt dementia that was accompanied by parkinsonism in all cases; one had worsened from non-amnesic single-domain to nonamnesic multiple-domain MCI, two were stable, and one patient no longer met the criteria for MCI. Four patients (20%) without MCI at baseline had MCI at follow-up. Patients who developed MCI/dementia had an older age at disease onset (65.8 ± 5.4 versus 56.8 ± 9.3; P = 0.01) compared with those who did not.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings corroborate evidence that visuospatial abilities constitute the area most affected in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (learning as a stable deficit and copying as an evolving deficit). Cognitive deterioration, involving mainly nonverbal logic, attention, and executive functions, can be observed in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder follow-up, suggesting an underlying evolving degenerative process. Our data confirm that mild cognitive impairment is frequent in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. The presence of mild cognitive impairment predicts the eventual risk of developing dementia, which seemed to be associated with parkinsonism.}, }
@article {pmid24060246, year = {2014}, author = {Ujfalussy, DJ and Miklósi, Á and Bugnyar, T and Kotrschal, K}, title = {Role of mental representations in quantity judgments by jackdaws (Corvus monedula).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {128}, number = {1}, pages = {11-20}, doi = {10.1037/a0034063}, pmid = {24060246}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; Judgment/*physiology ; *Mathematical Concepts ; }, abstract = {The representation of quantity by the preverbal or nonverbal mind is a question of considerable interest in the study of cognition, as it should be generally adaptive to most animals to be able to distinguish quantity. We already know that some primate species and human infants represent and enumerate objects in similar ways. Considerable data also exist concerning such abilities in birds. Our aim in this study has been to find out whether jackdaws (Corvus monedula) are capable of performing relative quantity judgments based on mental representations, and if so, what are the limiting factors to their abilities. In our setting the birds were required to make a choice between two visibly and sequentially placed set of food items which, at the moment of choice were not visible to the subjects. We investigated all the number combinations between 1 and 5. Our results show that jackdaws are able to perform relative quantity judgments successfully, even when temporal cues are controlled for, whereas their performance declines in the direction of larger set size (numerical size effect), and when the difference between the two arrays decreases (numerical distance and ratio effect). These signatures are usually interpreted as evidence for the &quot;accumulator&quot; model of mental representation of quantity. Our control results suggest that jackdaws do not use temporal cues, but may well use total volume as basis for discrimination, perhaps among other attributes (choice may be based on multiple cues).}, }
@article {pmid24033987, year = {2014}, author = {Dean, LG and Vale, GL and Laland, KN and Flynn, E and Kendal, RL}, title = {Human cumulative culture: a comparative perspective.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {284-301}, doi = {10.1111/brv.12053}, pmid = {24033987}, issn = {1469-185X}, mesh = {*Cultural Characteristics ; *Cultural Diversity ; *Cultural Evolution ; Humans ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Many animals exhibit social learning and behavioural traditions, but human culture exhibits unparalleled complexity and diversity, and is unambiguously cumulative in character. These similarities and differences have spawned a debate over whether animal traditions and human culture are reliant on homologous or analogous psychological processes. Human cumulative culture combines high-fidelity transmission of cultural knowledge with beneficial modifications to generate a 'ratcheting' in technological complexity, leading to the development of traits far more complex than one individual could invent alone. Claims have been made for cumulative culture in several species of animals, including chimpanzees, orangutans and New Caledonian crows, but these remain contentious. Whilst initial work on the topic of cumulative culture was largely theoretical, employing mathematical methods developed by population biologists, in recent years researchers from a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, biology, economics, biological anthropology, linguistics and archaeology, have turned their attention to the experimental investigation of cumulative culture. We review this literature, highlighting advances made in understanding the underlying processes of cumulative culture and emphasising areas of agreement and disagreement amongst investigators in separate fields.}, }
@article {pmid23979456, year = {2013}, author = {Striedter, GF}, title = {Bird brains and tool use: beyond instrumental conditioning.}, journal = {Brain, behavior and evolution}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {55-67}, doi = {10.1159/000352003}, pmid = {23979456}, issn = {1421-9743}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical ; *Nerve Net ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Few displays of complex cognition are as intriguing as nonhuman tool use. Long thought to be unique to humans, evidence for tool use and manufacture has now been gathered in chimpanzees, dolphins, and elephants. Outside of mammals, tool use is most common in birds, especially in corvids and parrots. The present paper reviews the evidence for avian tool use, both in the wild and in laboratory settings. It also places this behavioral evidence in the context of longstanding debates about the kinds of mental processes nonhumans can perform. Descartes argued that animals are unable to think because they are soulless machines, incapable of flexible behavior. Later, as human machines became more sophisticated and psychologists discovered classical and instrumental conditioning, skepticism about animal thinking decreased. However, behaviors that involve more than simple conditioning continued to elicit skepticism, especially among behaviorists. Nonetheless, as reviewed here, strong behavioral data now indicate that tool use in some birds cannot be explained as resulting entirely from instrumental conditioning. The neural substrates of tool use in birds remain unclear, but the available data point mainly to the caudolateral nidopallium, which shares both functional and structural features with the mammalian prefrontal cortex. As more data on the neural mechanisms of complex cognition in birds accrue, skepticism about those mental capacities should continue to wane.}, }
@article {pmid23971222, year = {2013}, author = {Swenson, J and Bradley, GA}, title = {Suspected cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicosis in avian species at a zoological institution.}, journal = {Journal of avian medicine and surgery}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {136-147}, doi = {10.1647/2011-062}, pmid = {23971222}, issn = {1082-6742}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Bird Diseases/*chemically induced/pathology ; Birds ; Cholecalciferol/*toxicity ; Female ; Male ; Rodenticides/*poisoning/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Over a 2-month period, individual birds belonging to species in multiple avian families, including Bucerotidae, Sturnidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, and Anatidae, were presented to the Animal Care Center at the Phoenix Zoo for emergency medical care. Common clinical findings were subdued behavior, weight loss, and an inability to fly. Biochemical abnormalities commonly included high calcium and uric acid concentrations and high to high-normal phosphorus concentrations. In cases in which necropsies were done, mineralization of organs often was present, frequently of the kidneys and cardiovascular system. Because of the high calcium and phosphorus concentrations, mineralization of tissues, cases representing multiple avian species, and the recent addition of rodent bait boxes containing cholecalciferol to the zoo's pest control program, a presumptive diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis was made. Treatment most commonly consisted of daily fluid diuresis. These cases demonstrate that, although cholecalciferol is considered unlikely to cause relay toxicosis, primary toxicosis still should be considered in cases with sudden onset of nonspecific signs when exposure to cholecalciferol was possible.}, }
@article {pmid23937948, year = {2013}, author = {Wogan, ME and Webster-Hoffmeyer, KS and Grgicak, CM}, title = {Corrosion behaviour of four handguns in aqueous environments: corrosion product characterization and effects on estimating the time since deposition.}, journal = {Science &amp; justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {363-370}, doi = {10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.010}, pmid = {23937948}, issn = {1355-0306}, abstract = {When a firearm has been disposed of in a body of water and becomes corroded, its appearance is altered and determining a time-since-immersion may be of import to the investigation. Therefore, in this study, the corrosion and mass loss of four handgun slides over a period of 180days were examined. Solid-state characterization of the metals and their corrosion products via SEM/EDX and powder X-ray Diffraction (pXRD) was performed. The pXRDs were analyzed against the NIST Powder Diffraction Database to determine the crystalline phases. Filings from the SS416 standard, Llama and Ruger handgun slide predominantly consisted of iron alloys. After 180-days in solution, pXRD indicated that the adherent corrosion products consisted of 1) γ-FeOOH and 2) iron oxide (Fe3O4 or Fe2O3). Additionally, pXRD analysis indicated that the adherent corrosion products of the SS416 standard also consisted of CrO3. Metal filings from the Raven and Jennings handgun slides were a mixture of iron-nickel-zinc and EDX and pXRD analyses of the corrosion products, when submersed in deionized water, indicated that the products consisted of: 1) γ-FeOOH, 2) iron oxide (Fe3O4 or Fe2O3), and 3) ZnFe2O4 or ZnO; where the Jennings adherent rust contained ZnFe2O4 and the Raven adherent rust contained ZnO. Further, pXRD of the corrosion products from these alloys, when submersed in 25 PSU (Practical Salinity Unit) solution, indicated that the products consisted of: 1) ZnO, 2) Zn(OH)2, 3) α-Ni(OH)2, and 4) NaCl. The data thus indicated that both metal composition and the presence of chloride ions had significant impacts on rates and products of corrosion and suggest that the presence of Cl(-) changes not only the rate of corrosion, but also the corroding species itself. While mechanisms and rates of the chloride driven corrosion processes offer explanations as to the different oxides and hydroxides observed between immersion conditions, they do not offer an explanation for the differences observed between handguns. Therefore, utilizing a general approach where surface area coverage of corrosion products is the sole consideration is not sufficient to determine time-since-immersion. Attempts to determine a time-since-immersion would require a priori knowledge of the mechanism of corrosion for a given metal mixture within a specified environment. The results described herein give indications as to the possible corrosion mechanism driving the process in high and low Cl(-) environments and show the necessity of including the metal composition, rust composition and ion concentration in any models that attempt to elucidate the time-since-immersion of handguns for forensic applications.}, }
@article {pmid23923497, year = {2013}, author = {Soler, JJ and Martín-Gálvez, D and de Neve, L and Soler, M}, title = {Brood parasitism correlates with the strength of spatial autocorrelation of life history and defensive traits in Magpies.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {1338-1346}, pmid = {23923497}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Clutch Size ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; *Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Environmental characteristics of neighboring locations are generally more similar than those of distant locations. Selection pressures due to parasitism and other environmental conditions shape life history traits of hosts; thus, the probability of parasitism should be associated with the strength of spatial autocorrelation in life history and defensive traits of their hosts. Here we test this hypothesis in three different subpopulations of Magpie (Pica pica) parasitized by the Great Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) during three breeding seasons. In some of the years and study plots, we found evidence of positive spatial autocorrelations for clutch size and parasitism rate, but not for laying date. As predicted, brood parasitism was associated with the strength of these spatial autocorrelations. Magpies that bred close to each other in areas of high risk of parasitism responded similarly to experimental parasitic eggs. Moreover, an elevated risk of parasitism eliminated the spatial autocorrelation for clutch size, which became randomly distributed. We discuss possible mechanisms explaining these associations, which may have important consequences for estimating evolutionary responses of hosts to parasitic infections and, therefore, for epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary studies of host-parasite relationships.}, }
@article {pmid23904991, year = {2013}, author = {Kaplan, G and Rogers, LJ}, title = {Stability of referential signalling across time and locations: testing alarm calls of Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) in urban and rural Australia and in Fiji.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {e112}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.112}, pmid = {23904991}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {In many avian species, vocal repertoire expands and changes throughout life as new syllables are added and sounds adapted to neighbours and circumstances. Referential signals, on the other hand, demand stability and lack of variation so that their meaning can be understood by conspecifics at all times. It is not known how stable such signals may be when the context is changed entirely but the point of reference remains unchanged. We investigated these questions in a rare case of forced translocation of an avian species, the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), from Australia to the remote Fijian island of Taveuni decades ago. By using playbacks of vocalisations to 45 magpie groups in Australia, we first established that magpies use functionally referential signals in their alarm call repertoire signalling aerial danger (measured as looking up in response to a specific alarm call even though the speakers were on the ground). With these results in hand, we then used the same playbacks to magpie groups on the island of Taveuni. Our results showed that the meaning of one specific call (eagle alarm call) is stable and maintained even in populations that have been isolated from Australian conspecifics over many (at least 10) generations. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a stability of a referential signal has been shown in the natural habitat.}, }
@article {pmid23880509, year = {2013}, author = {Halász, J and Áspán, N and Bozsik, C and Gádoros, J and Inántsy-Pap, J}, title = {The relationship between conduct symptoms and the recognition of emotions in non-clinical adolescents.}, journal = {Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {104-110}, pmid = {23880509}, issn = {0237-7896}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; Conduct Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; *Emotions ; *Facial Expression ; Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Sex Factors ; *Social Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In adult individuals with antisocial personality disorder, impairment in the recognition of fear seems established. In adolescents with conduct disorder (antecedent of antisocial personality disorder), only sporadic data were assessed, but literature data indicate alterations in the recognition of emotions. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between emotion recognition and conduct symptoms in non-clinical adolescents.<br><br>METHODS: 53 adolescents participated in the study (13-16 years, boys, n=29, age 14.7±0.2 years; girls, n=24, age=14.7±0.2 years) after informed consent. The parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess behavioral problems. The recognition of six basic emotions was established by the &quot;Facial expressions of emotion-stimuli and tests&quot;, while Raven IQ measures were also performed.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to boys, girls showed significantly better performance in the recognition of disgust (p<0.035), while no significant difference occurred in the recognition of other emotions. In boys, Conduct Problems score was inversely correlated with the recognition of fear (Spearman R=-0.40, p<0.031) and overall emotion recognition (Spearman R=-0.44, p<0.015), while similar correlation was not present in girls.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the recognition of emotions and conduct problems might indicate an important mechanism in the development of antisocial behavior.}, }
@article {pmid23866206, year = {2013}, author = {Flores-Mendoza, C and Widaman, K and Mansur-Alves, M and Bacelar, TD and Saldanha, R}, title = {Psychoticism and disruptive behavior can be also good predictors of school achievement.}, journal = {The Spanish journal of psychology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {E13}, doi = {10.1017/sjp.2013.3}, pmid = {23866206}, issn = {1988-2904}, mesh = {*Achievement ; Adolescent ; Child ; Educational Measurement ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; *Personality ; Students/*psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The relations of Gf (Standard Progressive Matrices Raven), Gc (verbal scale of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Version), personality dimensions (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Junior Version), and disruptive behavior (TDAH scale) with school achievement (measured by TDE test and PISA test) were investigated. Two samples of students (total N = 534) representing a broad range of socioeconomic status (SES) participated in this study. Path models were conducted. The results demonstrated that (1) in both samples no sex differences related to school achievement were found; (2) in the first sample, after controlling for age and SES differences, Gf and psychoticism predicted (.38 and -.13, respectively) school achievement (measured by TDE test); (3) in the second sample, after controlling for SES differences to which additional measures were administered, Gf and Gc positively predicted (.22 and .40, respectively) school achievement (measured by PISA test). In addition, psychoticism and disruptive behavior also predicted school performance (-.14 and -.28, respectively). Some theoretical and practical implications are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid23864297, year = {2013}, author = {Clary, D and Kelly, DM}, title = {Are Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) able to discriminate knowledge states of human experimenters during an object-choice task?.}, journal = {Evolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {628-646}, pmid = {23864297}, issn = {1474-7049}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Choice Behavior ; Cues ; Humans ; Knowledge ; *Learning ; *Passeriformes ; *Theory of Mind ; }, abstract = {Corvids and primates have been shown to possess similar cognitive adaptations, yet these animals are seldom tested using similar procedures. Object-choice tasks, which have commonly been used to test whether an animal is able to infer the mental state of a human experimenter based on a gestural cue, provide one potential means of testing these animals using a similar paradigm. The current study used an object-choice task to examine whether the corvid, Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), is able to use a cognitive strategy to discriminate between the knowledge states of two human experimenters. One experimenter was informed, and the other uninformed, as to the location of a food reward hidden inside one of two opaque containers. During the Uninformed Gesture condition, the nutcrackers were given probe tests during which only the person performing as the uninformed experimenter provided a gesture. Thus, the nutcrackers could not use the experimenter's gesture to reliably find the food. During the Gesture Conflict condition, the nutcrackers were presented with a cue conflict. During probe tests, both the informed and the uninformed experimenter gestured to separate containers. Thus, to find the food the nutcrackers had to use the gesture from the informed experimenter and refrain from using the gesture of the uninformed experimenter. Our results showed that when the uninformed experimenter's gesture was presented alone, the birds continued to follow the gesture even though it was not consistently predictive of the food's location. However, when provided with two conflicting gestures, as a group the nutcrackers responded to the gesture of the informed experimenter at above chance levels. These results suggest that the birds had learned that the gesture was informative, perhaps by associative learning, yet when this mechanism was not reliable the nutcrackers were able to use either the human experimenters' presence/absence during the baiting process, or possibly their knowledge states, to determine which gesture to rely upon.}, }
@article {pmid23826379, year = {2013}, author = {Schlacher, TA and Strydom, S and Connolly, RM and Schoeman, D}, title = {Donor-Control of Scavenging Food Webs at the Land-Ocean Interface.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e68221}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0068221}, pmid = {23826379}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds ; Brachyura ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; *Oceans and Seas ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Food webs near the interface of adjacent ecosystems are potentially subsidised by the flux of organic matter across system boundaries. Such subsidies, including carrion of marine provenance, are predicted to be instrumental on open-coast sandy shores where in situ productivity is low and boundaries are long and highly permeable to imports from the sea. We tested the effect of carrion supply on the structure of consumer dynamics in a beach-dune system using broad-scale, repeated additions of carcasses at the strandline of an exposed beach in eastern Australia. Carrion inputs increased the abundance of large invertebrate scavengers (ghost crabs, Ocypode spp.), a numerical response most strongly expressed by the largest size-class in the population, and likely due to aggregative behaviour in the short term. Consumption of carrion at the beach-dune interface was rapid and efficient, driven overwhelmingly by facultative avian scavengers. This guild of vertebrate scavengers comprises several species of birds of prey (sea eagles, kites), crows and gulls, which reacted strongly to concentrations of fish carrion, creating hotspots of intense scavenging activity along the shoreline. Detection of carrion effects at several trophic levels suggests that feeding links arising from carcasses shape the architecture and dynamics of food webs at the land-ocean interface.}, }
@article {pmid23825658, year = {2013}, author = {Seiler, M and Schwitzer, C and Gamba, M and Holderied, MW}, title = {Interspecific semantic alarm call recognition in the solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e67397}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0067397}, pmid = {23825658}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Lemuridae/*psychology ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Semantics ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {As alarm calls indicate the presence of predators, the correct interpretation of alarm calls, including those of other species, is essential for predator avoidance. Conversely, communication calls of other species might indicate the perceived absence of a predator and hence allow a reduction in vigilance. This &quot;eavesdropping&quot; was demonstrated in birds and mammals, including lemur species. Interspecific communication between taxonomic groups has so far been reported in some reptiles and mammals, including three primate species. So far, neither semantic nor interspecific communication has been tested in a solitary and nocturnal lemur species. The aim of this study was to investigate if the nocturnal and solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, is able to access semantic information of sympatric species. During the day, this species faces the risk of falling prey to aerial and terrestrial predators and therefore shows high levels of vigilance. We presented alarm calls of the crested coua, the Madagascar magpie-robin and aerial, terrestrial and agitation alarm calls of the blue-eyed black lemur to 19 individual Sahamalaza sportive lemurs resting in tree holes. Songs of both bird species' and contact calls of the blue-eyed black lemur were used as a control. After alarm calls of crested coua, Madagascar magpie-robin and aerial alarm of the blue-eyed black lemur, the lemurs scanned up and their vigilance increased significantly. After presentation of terrestrial alarm and agitation calls of the blue-eyed black lemur, the animals did not show significant changes in scanning direction or in the duration of vigilance. Sportive lemur vigilance decreased after playbacks of songs of the bird species and contact calls of blue-eyed black lemurs. Our results indicate that the Sahamalaza sportive lemur is capable of using information on predator presence as well as predator type of different sympatric species, using their referential signals to detect predators early, and that the lemurs' reactions are based on experience and learning.}, }
@article {pmid23825209, year = {2013}, author = {Cross, DJ and Marzluff, JM and Palmquist, I and Minoshima, S and Shimizu, T and Miyaoka, R}, title = {Distinct neural circuits underlie assessment of a diversity of natural dangers by American crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1765}, pages = {20131046}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.1046}, pmid = {23825209}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Crows/*physiology ; *Dangerous Behavior ; *Discrimination (Psychology) ; Fear ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Social animals encountering natural dangers face decisions such as whether to freeze, flee or harass the threat. The American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, conspicuously mobs dangers. We used positron emission tomography to test the hypothesis that distinct neuronal substrates underlie the crow's consistent behavioural response to different dangers. We found that crows activated brain regions associated with attention and arousal (nucleus isthmo-opticus/locus coeruleus), and with motor response (arcopallium), as they fixed their gaze on a threat. However, despite this consistent behavioural and neural response, the sight of a person who previously captured the crow, a person holding a dead crow and a taxidermy-mounted hawk activated distinct forebrain regions (amygdala, hippocampus and portion of the caudal nidopallium, respectively). We suggest that aspects of mobbing behaviour are guided by unique neural circuits that respond to differences in mental processing-learning, memory formation and multisensory discrimination-required to appropriately nuance a risky behaviour to specific dangers.}, }
@article {pmid23755164, year = {2013}, author = {Lee, SI and Hwang, S and Joe, YE and Cha, HK and Joo, GH and Lee, HJ and Kim, JW and Jablonski, PG}, title = {Direct look from a predator shortens the risk-assessment time by prey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e64977}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0064977}, pmid = {23755164}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Escape Reaction ; Humans ; Intention ; Models, Biological ; *Predatory Behavior ; Reaction Time ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Decision making process is an important component of information use by animals and has already been studied in natural situations. Decision making takes time, which is expressed as a cost in evolutionary explanations of decision making abilities of animals. However, the duration of information assessment and decision making process has not been measured in a natural situation. Here, we use responses of wild magpies (Pica pica) to predictably approaching humans to demonstrate that, regardless of whether the bird perceived high (decided to fly away) or low (resumed foraging) threat level, the bird assessed the situation faster when approaching humans looked directly at it than when the humans were not directly looking at it. This indicates that prey is able to extract more information about the predator's intentions and to respond sooner when the predator is continuously (&quot;intently&quot;) looking at the prey. The results generally illustrate how an increase of information available to an individual leads to a shorter assessment and decision making process, confirming one of central tenets of psychology of information use in a wild bird species in its natural habitat.}, }
@article {pmid23728584, year = {2014}, author = {Bogale, BA and Sugita, S}, title = {Shape discrimination and concept formation in the jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {105-111}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-013-0642-y}, pmid = {23728584}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Concept Formation ; Conditioning, Operant ; *Crows/physiology ; Cues ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; *Form Perception ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; }, abstract = {We investigated whether jungle crows can learn concepts by using printouts of shapes in a simultaneous two-alternative task. Jungle crows were first trained with a red triangle and red square until they reached the discrimination criterion (80% of correct choices in two blocks of 10 trials each). Then, we tested crows with successive transfer tests to investigate both the discrimination cues being used and concept formation ability, by using novel triangular and non-triangular stimuli. All of the jungle crows learnt to discriminate between the triangle and square during training. The discrimination performance was generally not affected either by changes in the colour of the stimuli or when both shape and colour cues conflicted, with the previously non-rewarded shape but matching colour (red square) versus rewarded shape but non-matching colour (green triangle). The use of only outlines of the familiar stimuli also did not affect discrimination behaviour of crows. In addition, crows significantly discriminated novel triangular shapes during the limited trials given, suggesting their ability to form the concept of triangularity. However, failure to discriminate when the novel stimuli size deviated from the original suggests that there is a limit to shape concept formation in a familiar-novel context in the jungle crow.}, }
@article {pmid23695905, year = {2013}, author = {Peach, RK}, title = {The cognitive basis for sentence planning difficulties in discourse after traumatic brain injury.}, journal = {American journal of speech-language pathology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {S285-97}, doi = {10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0081)}, pmid = {23695905}, issn = {1558-9110}, mesh = {Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Brain Injuries/complications/*physiopathology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Cognition Disorders/etiology/physiopathology ; Executive Function/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Language Disorders/etiology/*physiopathology ; Language Tests ; *Linguistics ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Speech Production Measurement ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Analyses of language production of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) place increasing emphasis on microlinguistic (i.e., within-sentence) patterns. It is unknown whether the observed problems involve implementation of well-formed sentence frames or represent a fundamental linguistic disturbance in computing sentence structure. This study investigated the cognitive basis for microlinguistic deficits in individuals with TBI.<br><br>METHOD: Fifteen nonaphasic individuals with severe TBI and 6 age- and education-matched non brain-injured adults participated in this study. Monologic discourse samples were analyzed for pausing patterns, mazes, errors, and abandoned utterances. Measures of cognitive abilities were correlated with the sentence measures.<br><br>RESULTS: The speakers with TBI produced more pauses between clauses (but not within clauses) as well as more mazes than did the non brain-injured speakers. Significant regression models were built. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1965), a measure associated with working memory, predicted pause behavior, and Likenesses-Differences (Baker &amp; Leland, 1967), a measure of executive function, predicted maze behavior.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Sentence planning impairments following TBI are associated with deficient organization and monitoring of language representations in working memory. These findings suggest that the deficits are due to problems in the recruitment and control of attention for sentence planning. These findings bear on sentence processing models that emphasize the activation, organization, and maintenance of language representations for accurate sentence production.}, }
@article {pmid23681287, year = {2013}, author = {Norris, DR and Flockhart, DT and Strickland, D}, title = {Contrasting patterns of survival and dispersal in multiple habitats reveal an ecological trap in a food-caching bird.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {173}, number = {3}, pages = {827-835}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-013-2680-1}, pmid = {23681287}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animals ; Coniferophyta ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Longitudinal Studies ; *Models, Biological ; Ontario ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seasons ; Survival Analysis ; }, abstract = {A comprehensive understanding of how natural and anthropogenic variation in habitat influences populations requires long-term information on how such variation affects survival and dispersal throughout the annual cycle. Gray jays Perisoreus canadensis are widespread boreal resident passerines that use cached food to survive over the winter and to begin breeding during the late winter. Using multistate capture-recapture analysis, we examined apparent survival and dispersal in relation to habitat quality in a gray jay population over 34 years (1977-2010). Prior evidence suggests that natural variation in habitat quality is driven by the proportion of conifers on territories because of their superior ability to preserve cached food. Although neither adults (>1 year) nor juveniles (<1 year) had higher survival rates on high-conifer territories, both age classes were less likely to leave high-conifer territories and, when they did move, were more likely to disperse to high-conifer territories. In contrast, survival rates were lower on territories that were adjacent to a major highway compared to territories that did not border the highway but there was no evidence for directional dispersal towards or away from highway territories. Our results support the notion that natural variation in habitat quality is driven by the proportion of coniferous trees on territories and provide the first evidence that high-mortality highway habitats can act as an equal-preference ecological trap for birds. Reproductive success, as shown in a previous study, but not survival, is sensitive to natural variation in habitat quality, suggesting that gray jays, despite living in harsh winter conditions, likely favor the allocation of limited resources towards self-maintenance over reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid23668696, year = {2013}, author = {Shaw, RC and Plotnik, JM and Clayton, NS}, title = {Exclusion in corvids: the performance of food-caching Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {127}, number = {4}, pages = {428-435}, doi = {10.1037/a0032010}, pmid = {23668696}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Auditory Perception/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Choice Behavior/*physiology ; Cues ; Food/utilization ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Random Allocation ; *Reward ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Choice by exclusion involves selecting a rewarded stimulus by rejecting alternatives that are unlikely to be rewarded. It has been proposed that in corvids, exclusion is an adaptive specialization for caching that, together with object permanence and observational spatial memory, enhances a bird's ability to keep track of the contents of caches. Thus, caching species are predicted to perform well in tasks requiring exclusion. We tested this prediction by assessing the performance of Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius), a highly specialized cacher, in a two-way object choice task in which food was hidden in 1 of 2 cups. Consistent with the corvids' capacity for observational spatial memory, jays were highly accurate when shown the location of the food reward. However, the jays failed to exclude the empty cup when shown its contents. This failure to select the baited cup when shown the empty cup was possibly due to jays attending to the experimenter's movements and erroneously selecting the empty cup by responding to these local enhancement cues. To date, no corvids have been tested in an auditory two-way object choice task. Testing exclusion in the auditory domain requires that a bird use the noise produced when the baited cup is shaken to locate the reward. Although jays chose the baited cup more frequently than predicted by chance, their performance did not differ from trials controlling for the use of conflicting cues provided by the experimenter. Overall, our results provide little support for the hypothesis that caching has shaped exclusion abilities in corvids.}, }
@article {pmid23659111, year = {2013}, author = {Bagotskaia, MS and Smirnova, AA and Zorina, ZA}, title = {[Solution of trap tube test by hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.)].}, journal = {Zhurnal obshchei biologii}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, pages = {23-33}, pmid = {23659111}, issn = {0044-4596}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Eight hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.) were tested for their ability to use a piston (a stick with two attached clear plates between which the food is enclosed such that moving the stick would move the food) to get the reward out of a transparent tube avoiding a trap. Six out of eight crows learned to use a piston to extract a food reward from a transparent non-trap tube. One out of these six birds successfully performed the task in which it had to avoid a trap to retrieve a reward, in the first trial showing spontaneous comprehending of the task structure. Four crows learned to perform this task using the trial-and-error method. To find out a mechanism these crows used to perform the task, birds were presented with two transfer tasks (tests) in which we changed the relative positions of components in the apparatus. We found out that crows performed transfer tasks using rather concrete rules than immediate estimation of the relative positions of the components in the apparatus.}, }
@article {pmid23638394, year = {2013}, author = {Koboroff, A and Kaplan, G and Rogers, Lj}, title = {Clever strategists: Australian Magpies vary mobbing strategies, not intensity, relative to different species of predator.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {e56}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.56}, pmid = {23638394}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Anti-predator behaviour of magpies was investigated, using five species of model predators, at times of raising offspring. We predicted differences in mobbing strategies for each predator presented and also that raising juveniles would affect intensity of the mobbing event. Fourteen permanent resident family groups were tested using 5 different types of predator (avian and reptilian) known to be of varying degrees of risk to magpies and common in their habitat. In all, 210 trials were conducted (across three different stages of juvenile development). We found that the stage of juvenile development did not alter mobbing behaviour significantly, but predator type did. Aerial strategies (such as swooping) were elicited by taxidermic models of raptors, whereas a taxidermic model of a monitor lizard was approached on the ground and a model snake was rarely approached. Swooping patterns also changed according to which of the three raptors was presented. Our results show that, in contrast to findings in other species, magpies vary mobbing strategy depending on the predator rather than varying mobbing intensity.}, }
@article {pmid23612306, year = {2013}, author = {Vail, AL and Manica, A and Bshary, R}, title = {Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1765}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms2781}, pmid = {23612306}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Gestures ; Octopodiformes/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Trout/physiology ; }, abstract = {In humans, referential gestures intentionally draw the attention of a partner to an object of mutual interest, and are considered a key element in language development. Outside humans, referential gestures have only been attributed to great apes and, most recently, ravens. This was interpreted as further evidence for the comparable cognitive abilities of primates and corvids. Here we describe a signal that coral reef fishes, the grouper Plectropomus pessuliferus marisrubri and coral trout Plectropomus leopardus, use to indicate hidden prey to cooperative hunting partners, including giant moray eels Gymnothorax javanicus, Napoleon wrasses Chelinus undulatus and octopuses Octopus cyanea. We provide evidence that the signal possesses the five attributes proposed to infer a referential gesture: it is directed towards an object, mechanically ineffective, directed towards a potential recipient, receives a voluntary response and demonstrates hallmarks of intentionality. Thus, referential gesture use is not restricted to large-brained vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid22958253, year = {2012}, author = {Ziegler, U and Seidowski, D and Angenvoort, J and Eiden, M and Müller, K and Nowotny, N and Groschup, MH}, title = {Monitoring of West Nile virus infections in Germany.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, volume = {59 Suppl 2}, number = {}, pages = {95-101}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12015}, pmid = {22958253}, issn = {1863-2378}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bird Diseases/blood/*epidemiology/virology ; Birds ; Germany/epidemiology ; Horse Diseases/blood/*epidemiology/virology ; Horses ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; West Nile Fever/blood/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; West Nile virus/immunology ; }, abstract = {West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes, mainly of the Culex genus, and certain wild bird species. Other bird species like ravens, jays and raptors are highly susceptible to the infection and may develop deadly encephalitis, while further species of birds are only going through subclinical infection. The objective of this study was to continue in years 2009-2011 the serological and molecular surveillance in wild birds in Germany (see Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10, 639) and to expand these investigations for the first time also to sera from domestic poultry and horses collected between 2005 and 2009. All three cohorts function as indicators for the endemic circulation of WNV. The presence of WNV-specific antibodies was detected in all samples by virus neutralization test (VNT), indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The presence of WNV genomes was monitored in relevant sera using two qRT-PCRs that amplify lineage 1 and 2 strains. A total of 364 migratory and resident wild bird serum samples (with emphasis on Passeriformes and Falconiformes) as well as 1119 serum samples from domestic poultry and 1282 sera from horses were analysed. With the exception of one hooded crow, antibody carriers were exclusively found in migratory birds, but not in resident birds/domestic poultry or in local horses. Crows are facultative, short-distance winter migrants in Germany. WNV-specific nucleic acids could not be demonstrated in any of the samples. According to these data, there is no convincing evidence for indigenous WNV infections in equines and in wild/domestic birds in Germany. However, since a few years, WNV infections are endemic in other European countries such as Austria, Hungary, Greece and Italy, a state-of-the-art surveillance system for the detection of incursions of WNV into Germany deems mandatory.}, }
@article {pmid23485873, year = {2013}, author = {Auersperg, AM and Laumer, IB and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Goffin cockatoos wait for qualitative and quantitative gains but prefer 'better' to 'more'.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {20121092}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2012.1092}, pmid = {23485873}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cockatoos/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; }, abstract = {Evidence for flexible impulse control over food consumption is rare in non-human animals. So far, only primates and corvids have been shown to be able to fully inhibit the consumption of a desirable food item in anticipation for a gain in quality or quantity longer than a minute. We tested Goffin cockatoos (Cacatua goffini) in an exchange task. Subjects were able to bridge delays of up to 80 s for a preferred food quality and up to 20 s for a higher quantity, providing the first evidence for temporal discounting in birds that do not cache food.}, }
@article {pmid23437262, year = {2013}, author = {Wascher, CA and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Behavioral responses to inequity in reward distribution and working effort in crows and ravens.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e56885}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0056885}, pmid = {23437262}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; *Crows ; Female ; Male ; *Reward ; }, abstract = {Sensitivity to inequity is considered to be a crucial cognitive tool in the evolution of human cooperation. The ability has recently been shown also in primates and dogs, raising the question of an evolutionary basis of inequity aversion. We present first evidence that two bird species are sensitive to other individuals' efforts and payoffs. In a token exchange task we tested both behavioral responses to inequity in the quality of reward (preferred versus non-preferred food) and to the absence of reward in the presence of a rewarded partner, in 5 pairs of corvids (6 crows, 4 ravens). Birds decreased their exchange performance when the experimental partner received the reward as a gift, which indicates that they are sensitive to other individuals' working effort. They also decreased their exchange performance in the inequity compared with the equity condition. Notably, corvids refused to take the reward after a successful exchange more often in the inequity compared with the other conditions. Our findings indicate that awareness to other individuals' efforts and payoffs may evolve independently of phylogeny in systems with a given degree of social complexity.}, }
@article {pmid23436138, year = {2014}, author = {Halonen, JI and Kivimäki, M and Kouvonen, A and Pentti, J and Kawachi, I and Subramanian, SV and Vahtera, J}, title = {Proximity to a tobacco store and smoking cessation: a cohort study.}, journal = {Tobacco control}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {146-151}, doi = {10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050726}, pmid = {23436138}, issn = {1468-3318}, support = {MR/K013351/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Cohort Studies ; *Commerce ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; *Smoking ; *Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Industry ; *Tobacco Products ; *Tobacco Use Disorder ; Walking ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether the availability of tobacco affects the likelihood of smoking cessation. We examined whether the proximity to a tobacco store and the number of stores were associated with smoking cessation, and compared results for proximity variables based on walking and straight-line (as the crow flies) distance.<br><br>METHODS: The study population consisted of 8751 baseline smokers from the Finnish Public Sector study in 1997-2005. Smoking intensity (cigarettes/day) was determined at baseline and smoking cessation was determined from a follow-up survey in 2008-2009. Proximity was measured using straight-line and walking distance from home to the nearest tobacco store, and another exposure variable was the number of stores within 0.50 km from home. We calculated associations with log-binomial regression models, adjusting for individual-level and area-level confounders.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the participants, 3482 (39.8%) quit smoking during the follow-up (mean follow-up 5.5 years, SD 2.3 years). Among men who were moderate/heavy smokers at baseline and lived <0.50 km walking distance from the nearest tobacco store, the likelihood of smoking cessation was 27% (95% CI 12% to 40%) lower compared with those living ≥0.50 km from a store. Having even one store within 0.50 km walking distance from home decreased cessation in men who were moderate/heavy smokers by 37% (95% CI 19% to 51%). No decrease was found for men who were light smokers at baseline or for women.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Living within walking distance of a tobacco store reduced the likelihood of smoking cessation among men who were moderate/heavy smokers.}, }
@article {pmid23401972, year = {2012}, author = {Pleskacheva, MG and Zorina, ZA}, title = {[Solving of Revesh-Krushinsky test by animals of different taxonomic groups].}, journal = {Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {597-612}, pmid = {23401972}, issn = {0044-4529}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Primates/*physiology ; Rats ; }, abstract = {There has been compared behavior of rats, corvid birds, and primates of different species at their performance of the Revesh-Krushinsky test (RKT) developed by L. V. Krushinsky to extimate the human capability for revealing rule of discrete translocation of hidden target object. RKT was introduced as an addition to the test for extrapolation of the movement direction of the bait seen only at the initial pathway fragment; this test is close to Piaget's tests (stage 6) evaluating the capability for mental representation and determination of location of the moving hidden object. During RKT, the bait, hidden from the animals, was placed, near where it was previous time: at the first test presentation--under the 1st cylinder, at the 2nd one--under the 2nd cylinder, etc. The animals were tested once. It was shown that they did not catch the necessary for successful solution rule of the bait translocation, direction and step of its translocation in each presentation. Only some of the animals solved RKT, found the bait 3 and more times in succession with no errors or with one error. Nevertheless, in all groups the number of errors was lower than that in the model situation of random search. Such optimization was a consequence of universal for all groups strategy of search in the places where the bait was found recently. With the similar number of errors, rats, birds, and monkeys performed the search differently. Rats were looking for bait mainly among the cylinders where they had found it previously, whereas monkeys and birds chosen the first the new cylinders located near the target one, which implies the existence, to the weak extent, of elements of prognosis. For all groups of animals, RKT turned out to be more difficult both of the test for extrapolation and the Piaget's test.}, }
@article {pmid23401948, year = {2012}, author = {Savage, HM and Kothera, L}, title = {The Culex pipiens complex in the Mississippi River basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {28}, number = {4 Suppl}, pages = {93-99}, doi = {10.2987/8756-971X-28.4.93}, pmid = {23401948}, issn = {8756-971X}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; Culex/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Mammals/*parasitology ; United States ; }, abstract = {Members of the Culex pipiens complex are the primary vectors of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in the Mississippi River basin (MRB). The Cx. pipiens complex in the MRB is composed of 4 taxa: Cx. p. pipiens form pipiens, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, hybrids between Cx. p. pipiens f. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. p. pipiens form molestus. Three studies on bloodmeal hosts with large sample sizes have been conducted on members of the Cx. pipiens complex in the MRB including 1 each on Cx. p. quinquefasciatus from Louisiana, Cx. p. pipiens-quinquefasciatus hybrids from Tennessee, and Cx. p. pipiens from Illinois. The top 8 bloodmeal hosts from each of the 3 sites accounted for 68-92% of bloodmeals. Only 14 species accounted for the top 8 bloodmeal hosts at each of the 3 sites. The most often utilized bloodmeal hosts for members of the Culex pipiens complex within the MRB are the American robin, Northern cardinal, human, raccoon, common grackle, house sparrow, mourning dove, dog, Northern mockingbird, blue jay, opossum, domestic horse, house finch and European starling. Human feeding varied widely among sites from 1% to 15.7% of bloodmeals. The proportion of bloodmeals taken on humans is an important epidemiological variable and future studies are needed to define the primary genetic and environmental factors that influence host utilization by members of the Cx. pipiens complex.}, }
@article {pmid23398325, year = {2013}, author = {Cahill, M and O'Donnell, M and Warren, A and Taylor, A and Gowan, O}, title = {Enhancing interprofessional student practice through a case-based model.}, journal = {Journal of interprofessional care}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {333-335}, doi = {10.3109/13561820.2013.764514}, pmid = {23398325}, issn = {1469-9567}, mesh = {*Cooperative Behavior ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; *Interprofessional Relations ; *Models, Educational ; *Preceptorship ; Qualitative Research ; Queensland ; *Students, Health Occupations ; }, abstract = {Healthcare workers are increasingly being called upon to work collaboratively in practice to improve patient care and it seems imperative that interprofessional working should be mirrored in student education, especially during placements. This short report describes a qualitative evaluation of a client-centered, case-based model of interprofessional education (IPE) which aimed to improve interprofessional communication and team working skills for the students and therapists involved in practice placements. The IPE project implemented the meet, assess, goal set, plan, implement, evaluate (MAGPIE) framework for interprofessional case-based teaching (Queensland-Health (2008)) alongside the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001). Three separate focus groups explored the experiences of the students, therapists and placement facilitators from the disciplines of occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech and language therapy. Three themes emerged: IPE as a motivating experience, IPE enhancing the depth of learning and clarity of expectations. This report concluded that IPE in the clinical setting, using the client-centered MAGPIE model, provided a strong foundation for enhanced learning in practice education contexts.}, }
@article {pmid23382187, year = {2013}, author = {Ostojić, L and Shaw, RC and Cheke, LG and Clayton, NS}, title = {Evidence suggesting that desire-state attribution may govern food sharing in Eurasian jays.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {10}, pages = {4123-4128}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1209926110}, pmid = {23382187}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Food ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {State-attribution is the ability to ascribe to others an internal life like one's own and to understand that internal, psychological states such as desire, hope, belief, and knowledge underlie others' actions. Despite extensive research, comparative studies struggle to adequately integrate key factors of state-attribution that have been identified by evolutionary and developmental psychology as well as research on empathy. Here, we develop a behavioral paradigm to address these issues and investigate whether male Eurasian jays respond to the changing desire-state of their female partners when sharing food. We demonstrate that males feed their mates flexibly according to the female's current food preference. Critically, we show that the males need to see what the female has previously eaten to know what food she will currently want. Consequently, the males' sharing pattern was not simply a response to their mate's behavior indicating her preference as to what he should share, nor was it a response to the males' own desire-state. Our results raise the possibility that these birds may be capable of ascribing desire to their mates.}, }
@article {pmid23345454, year = {2013}, author = {Dymond, S and Haselgrove, M and McGregor, A}, title = {Clever crows or unbalanced birds?.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, pages = {E336}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1218931110}, pmid = {23345454}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23338970, year = {2013}, author = {Tornick, JK and Gibson, BM}, title = {Tests of inferential reasoning by exclusion in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {583-597}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-013-0595-1}, pmid = {23338970}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Cues ; *Passeriformes ; *Problem Solving ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {We examined inferential reasoning by exclusion in the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) using two-way object-choice procedures. While other social scatter-hoarding corvids appear capable of engaging in inferential reasoning, it remains unclear if the relatively less social nutcracker is able to do so. In an initial experiment, food was hidden in one of two opaque containers. All of the birds immediately selected the baited container when shown only the empty container during testing. We subsequently examined the nutcrackers in two follow-up experiments using a task that may have been less likely to be solved by associative processes. The birds were trained that two distinctive objects were always found hidden in opaque containers that were always positioned at the same two locations. During testing, one of the two objects was found in a transparent &quot;trash bin&quot; and was unavailable. The birds were required to infer that if one of the objects was in the &quot;trash,&quot; then the other object should still be available in its hidden location. Five out of six birds were unable to make this inference, suggesting that associative mechanisms likely accounted for our earlier results. However, one bird consistently chose the object that was not seen in the &quot;trash,&quot; demonstrating that nutcrackers may have the ability to use inferential reasoning by exclusion to solve inference tasks. The role of scatter hoarding and social organization is discussed as factors in the ability of corvid birds to reason.}, }
@article {pmid23336028, year = {2012}, author = {Pika, S}, title = {The case of referential gestural signaling: Where next?.}, journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, pages = {578-582}, doi = {10.4161/cib.22012}, pmid = {23336028}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Referential acts play a crucial part in our every day communication since human language is, in its essence, a referential system. Reference can be made via icons, indices and signs but also via ostensive/inferential gestural communication, in which the behavior of the actor directs the attention of the recipient to particular aspects of the environment. The earliest uses of ostensive/inferential communication can be observed in human children around the age of nine to 12 mo. However, what about comparable gestures in our closest living relatives, the nonhuman primates or other animal taxa? The present paper aims to provide a brief overview of the state of the art to encourage future research into the evolutionary origins and uses of referential gestural signaling.}, }
@article {pmid23326366, year = {2013}, author = {Thom, JM and Clayton, NS}, title = {Re-caching by Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) cannot be attributed to stress.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e52936}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0052936}, pmid = {23326366}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; *Food ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Motivation/physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Stress, Psychological/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) live double lives, storing food for the future while raiding the stores of other birds. One tactic scrub-jays employ to protect stores is &quot;re-caching&quot;-relocating caches out of sight of would-be thieves. Recent computational modelling work suggests that re-caching might be mediated not by complex cognition, but by a combination of memory failure and stress. The &quot;Stress Model&quot; asserts that re-caching is a manifestation of a general drive to cache, rather than a desire to protect existing stores. Here, we present evidence strongly contradicting the central assumption of these models: that stress drives caching, irrespective of social context. In Experiment (i), we replicate the finding that scrub-jays preferentially relocate food they were watched hiding. In Experiment (ii) we find no evidence that stress increases caching. In light of our results, we argue that the Stress Model cannot account for scrub-jay re-caching.}, }
@article {pmid23315084, year = {2013}, author = {Boogert, NJ and Arbilly, M and Muth, F and Seed, AM}, title = {Do crows reason about causes or agents? The devil is in the controls.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {E273}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1219664110}, pmid = {23315084}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid23307635, year = {2014}, author = {Savadjiev, P and Whitford, TJ and Hough, ME and Clemm von Hohenberg, C and Bouix, S and Westin, CF and Shenton, ME and Crow, TJ and James, AC and Kubicki, M}, title = {Sexually dimorphic white matter geometry abnormalities in adolescent onset schizophrenia.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {1389-1396}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs422}, pmid = {23307635}, issn = {1460-2199}, support = {P41EB015902/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH074794/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH092862/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH050740/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P41RR013218/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; U54EB005149/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH082918/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; U54 EB005149/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; P50 MH080272/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH082918/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P41 RR013218/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH074794/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH050740/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; G0500092//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; P50MH080272/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH092862/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P41 EB015902/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adolescent ; Depression/etiology ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Linear Models ; Male ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Schizophrenia/complications/*pathology ; *Sex Characteristics ; White Matter/growth &amp; development/*pathology ; }, abstract = {The normal human brain is characterized by a pattern of gross anatomical asymmetry. This pattern, known as the &quot;torque&quot;, is associated with a sexual dimorphism: The male brain tends to be more asymmetric than that of the female. This fact, along with well-known sex differences in brain development (faster in females) and onset of psychosis (earlier with worse outcome in males), has led to the theory that schizophrenia is a disorder in which sex-dependent abnormalities in the development of brain torque, the correlate of the capacity for language, cause alterations in interhemispheric connectivity, which are causally related to psychosis (Crow TJ, Paez P, Chance SE. 2007. Callosal misconnectivity and the sex difference in psychosis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 19(4):449-457.). To provide evidence toward this theory, we analyze the geometry of interhemispheric white matter connections in adolescent-onset schizophrenia, with a particular focus on sex, using a recently introduced framework for white matter geometry computation in diffusion tensor imaging data (Savadjiev P, Kindlmann GL, Bouix S, Shenton ME, Westin CF. 2010. Local white geometry from diffusion tensor gradients. Neuroimage. 49(4):3175-3186.). Our results reveal a pattern of sex-dependent white matter geometry abnormalities that conform to the predictions of Crow's torque theory and correlate with the severity of patients' symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to associate geometrical differences in white matter connectivity with torque in schizophrenia.}, }
@article {pmid23300592, year = {2012}, author = {Martin-Ordas, G and Schumacher, L and Call, J}, title = {Sequential tool use in great apes.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e52074}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0052074}, pmid = {23300592}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Food ; Hominidae ; Male ; *Problem Solving ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Sequential tool use is defined as using a tool to obtain another non-food object which subsequently itself will serve as a tool to act upon a further (sub)goal. Previous studies have shown that birds and great apes succeed in such tasks. However, the inclusion of a training phase for each of the sequential steps and the low cost associated with retrieving the longest tools limits the scope of the conclusions. The goal of the experiments presented here was, first to replicate a previous study on sequential tool use conducted on New Caledonian crows and, second, extend this work by increasing the cost of retrieving a tool in order to test tool selectivity of apes. In Experiment 1, we presented chimpanzees, orangutans and bonobos with an out-of-reach reward, two tools that were available but too short to reach the food and four out-of-reach tools differing in functionality. Similar to crows, apes spontaneously used up to 3 tools in sequence to get the reward and also showed a strong preference for the longest out-of reach tool independently of the distance of the food. In Experiment 2, we increased the cost of reaching for the longest out-of reach tool. Now apes used up to 5 tools in sequence to get the reward and became more selective in their choice of the longest tool as the costs of its retrieval increased. The findings of the studies presented here contribute to the growing body of comparative research on tool use.}, }
@article {pmid23242676, year = {2012}, author = {Konrad, SK and Miller, SN}, title = {Application of a degree-day model of West Nile virus transmission risk to the East Coast of the United States of America.}, journal = {Geospatial health}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {15-20}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2012.100}, pmid = {23242676}, issn = {1970-7096}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*transmission/virology ; Connecticut/epidemiology ; Crows/virology ; Culicidae/*virology ; Feeding Behavior ; Geographic Information Systems ; Insect Vectors/*virology ; Models, Biological ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Seasons ; South Carolina/epidemiology ; Temperature ; United States/epidemiology ; West Nile Fever/*transmission/veterinary/virology ; West Nile virus/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {A geographical information systems model that identifies regions of the United States of America (USA) susceptible to West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk is presented. This system has previously been calibrated and tested in the western USA; in this paper we use datasets of WNV-killed birds from South Carolina and Connecticut to test the model in the eastern USA. Because their response to WNV infection is highly predictable, American crows were chosen as the primary source for model calibration and testing. Where crow data are absent, other birds are shown to be an effective substitute. Model results show that the same calibrated model demonstrated to work in the western USA has the same predictive ability in the eastern USA, allowing for a continental-scale evaluation of the transmission risk of WNV at a daily time step. The calibrated model is independent of mosquito species and requires inputs of only local maximum and minimum temperatures. Of benefit to the general public and vector control districts, the model predicts the onset of seasonal transmission risk, although it is less effective at identifying the end of the transmission risk season.}, }
@article {pmid23237197, year = {2013}, author = {Molina-Morales, M and Gabriel Martínez, J and Martín-Gálvez, D and A Dawson, D and Rodríguez-Ruiz, J and Burke, T and Avilés, JM}, title = {Evidence of long-term structured cuckoo parasitism on individual magpie hosts.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {389-398}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12022}, pmid = {23237197}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Nesting Behavior ; Oviposition ; Passeriformes ; }, abstract = {Brood parasites usually reduce their host's breeding success, resulting in strong selection for the evolution of host defences. Intriguingly, some host individuals/populations show no defence against parasitism, which has been explained within the frame of three different evolutionary hypotheses. One of these hypotheses posits that intermediate levels of defence at the population level may result from nonrandom distribution of parasitism among host individuals (i.e. structured parasitism). Empirical evidence for structured brood parasitism is, however, lacking for hosts of European cuckoos due to the absence of long-term studies. Here, we seek to identify the patterns of structured parasitism by studying great spotted cuckoo parasitism on individual magpie hosts over five breeding seasons. We also aim to identify whether individual characteristics of female magpies and/or their territories were related to the status of repeated parasitism. We found that 28·3% of the females in our population consistently escaped from cuckoo parasitism. Only 11·3% of females were always parasitized, and the remaining 60·4% changed their parasitism status. The percentage of females that maintained their status of parasitism (i.e. either parasitized or nonparasitized) between consecutive years varied over the study. Females that never suffered cuckoo parasitism built bigger nests than parasitized females at the beginning of the breeding season and smaller nests than those of parasitized females later in the season. Nonparasitized females also moved little from year to year and preferred areas with different characteristics over the course of the breeding season than parasitized females. Overall, females escaping from cuckoo parasitism reared twice as many chicks per year than those that were parasitized. In conclusion, our study reveals for first time the existence of a structured pattern of cuckoo parasitism based on phenotypic characteristics of individual hosts and of their territories.}, }
@article {pmid23226454, year = {2012}, author = {Martin, LA and Horriat, NL}, title = {The effects of birth order and birth interval on the phenotypic expression of autism spectrum disorder.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e51049}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0051049}, pmid = {23226454}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {1U24MH081810/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Birth Intervals ; *Birth Order ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/*pathology ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Phenotype ; Siblings ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {A rise in the prevalence of diagnosed cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported in several studies in recent years. While this rise in ASD prevalence is at least partially related to increased awareness and broadened diagnostic criteria, the role of environmental factors cannot be ruled out, especially considering that the cause of most cases of ASD remains unknown. The study of families with multiple affected children can provide clues about ASD etiology. While the majority of research on ASD multiplex families has focused on identifying genetic anomalies that may underlie the disorder, the study of symptom severity across ASD birth order may provide evidence for environmental factors in ASD. We compared social and cognitive measures of behavior between over 300 first and second affected siblings within multiplex autism families obtained from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange dataset. Measures included nonverbal IQ assessed with the Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, verbal IQ assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and autism severity assessed with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), an instrument established as a quantitative measure of autism. The results indicated that females were more severely impacted by ASD than males, especially first affected siblings. When first and second affected siblings were compared, significant declines in nonverbal and verbal IQ scores were observed. In addition, SRS results demonstrated a significant increase in autism severity between first and second affected siblings consistent with an overall decline in function as indicated by the IQ data. These results remained significant after controlling for the age and sex of the siblings. Surprisingly, the SRS scores were found to only be significant when the age difference between siblings was less than 2 years. These results suggest that some cases of ASD are influenced by a dosage effect involving unknown epigenetic, environmental, and/or immunological factors.}, }
@article {pmid23222444, year = {2013}, author = {Shaw, RC and Clayton, NS}, title = {Careful cachers and prying pilferers: Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) limit auditory information available to competitors.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {280}, number = {1752}, pages = {20122238}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.2238}, pmid = {23222444}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {*Acoustic Stimulation ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Competitive Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Food-storing corvids use many cache-protection and pilfering strategies. We tested whether Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) reduce the transfer of auditory information to a competitor when caching and pilfering. We gave jays a noisy and a quiet substrate to cache in. Compared with when alone, birds cached less in the noisy substrate when with a conspecific that could hear but could not see them caching. By contrast, jays did not change the amount cached in the noisy substrate when they were with a competitor that could see and hear them caching compared with when they were alone. Together, these results suggest that jays reduce auditory information during caching as a cache-protection strategy. By contrast, as pilferers, jays did not attempt to conceal their presence from a cacher and did not prefer a silent viewing perch over a noisy one when observing caching. However, birds vocalized less when watching caching compared with when they were alone, when they were watching a non-caching conspecific or when they were watching their own caches being pilfered. Pilfering jays may therefore attempt to suppress some types of auditory information. Our results raise the possibility that jays both understand and can attribute auditory perception to another individual.}, }
@article {pmid23219707, year = {2013}, author = {Kearns, AM and Joseph, L and Cook, LG}, title = {A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and their allies.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {941-952}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020}, pmid = {23219707}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Papua New Guinea ; Passeriformes/classification/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Changes in geology, sea-level and climate are hypothesised to have been major driving processes of evolutionary diversification (speciation and extinction) in the Australo-Papuan region. Here we use complete species-level sampling and multilocus (one mitochondrial gene, five nuclear loci) coalescent analyses to estimate evolutionary relationships and test hypotheses about the role of changes in climate and landscape in the diversification of the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and allies (Cracticinae: Cracticus, Strepera, Peltops). Multilocus species trees supported the current classification of the morphologically, ecologically and behaviourally divergent Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen (previously Gymnorhina tibicen)) as a member of an expanded genus Cracticus, which includes seven other species with 'butcherbird' morphology and behaviour. Non-monophyly of currently recognised species within Peltops and the white-throated butcherbird species-group (C.argenteus, C.mentalis, C. torquatus) at both mtDNA and nuclear loci suggest that a comprehensive taxonomic revision is warranted for both of these groups. The time-calibrated multilocus species tree revealed an early divergence between the New Guinean rainforest-restricted Peltops lineage and the largely open-habitat inhabiting Cracticus (butcherbirds and magpies) plus Strepera (currawongs) lineage around 17-28Ma, as well as a relatively recent radiation of lineages within Cracticus over the past 8Ma. Overall, patterns and timings of speciation were consistent with the hypothesis that both the expansion of open sclerophyllous woodlands 25-30Ma and the formation of extensive grassland-dominated woodlands 6-8Ma allowed the radiation of lineages adapted to open woodland habitats.}, }
@article {pmid23161215, year = {2013}, author = {Ujfalussy, DJ and Miklósi, Á and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ontogeny of object permanence in a non-storing corvid species, the jackdaw (Corvus monedula).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {405-416}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-012-0581-z}, pmid = {23161215}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Cognition ; *Crows/growth &amp; development ; *Feeding Behavior ; Memory ; }, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to investigate the ontogeny of object permanence in a non-caching corvid species, the jackdaw (Corvus monedula). Jackdaws are often presented as typical examples of non-storing corvids, as they cache either very little or not at all. We used Uzgiris and Hunt's Scale 1 tasks to determine the age at which the certain stages set in and the final stage of this capacity that is reached. Our results show that the lack of food-storing behaviour is not associated with inferior object permanence abilities in the jackdaw, as our subjects (N = 19) have reached stage 5 competence (to follow successive visible displacements) at the average age of 61 days post-hatch and showed some evidence of stage 6 competence (to follow advanced invisible displacements) at 81 days post-hatch and thereafter. As we appreciate that object permanence abilities have a very wide ecological significance, our positive results are probably the consequence of other, more fundamental ecological pressures, such as nest-hole reproduction or prey-predator interactions.}, }
@article {pmid23156897, year = {2012}, author = {Obozova, TA and Smirnova, AA and Zorina, ZA}, title = {Relational learning in glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens).}, journal = {The Spanish journal of psychology}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {873-880}, pmid = {23156897}, issn = {1138-7416}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; Concept Formation/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; Generalization (Psychology)/*physiology ; Male ; }, abstract = {An experimental approach was created for the comparative investigation of the cognitive abilities of the glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) in their natural habitat. The territoriality of gulls during the breeding period and the fact that the gulls inhabiting the territory of the Komandorsky Reserve are practically not in fear of humans allowed us to work with individually recognized birds directly at their nest sites inside the colony. The possibility of using this approach to investigate their cognitive abilities was demonstrated on 24 gulls, in particular, to investigate their abilities for relative size generalization. The first experiment illustrated that the gulls are able to learn to discriminate two pairs of stimuli according to the feature: 'larger' or 'smaller'. They were then given a test to transfer the discriminative rule in which novel combinations of the same stimuli were used. The gulls successfully coped with only a few of these tests. In the next experiment the birds were taught to discriminate four pairs of similar stimuli. The majority of the birds coped with the tests to transfer the discriminative rule both to the novel combinations of familiar stimuli, and also to the novel stimuli of the familiar category (items of different colour and shape). However, none of the birds transferred the discriminative rule to stimuli of a novel category (sets differing by number of components). Thus, in their ability to generalize at a preconceptual level gulls are more comparable with pigeons, whereas large-brained birds (crows and parrots), are capable of concept formation.}, }
@article {pmid23147227, year = {2013}, author = {Mikolasch, S and Kotrschal, K and Schloegl, C}, title = {Transitive inference in jackdaws (Corvus monedula).}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {92}, number = {}, pages = {113-117}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.017}, pmid = {23147227}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Learning/*physiology ; Transfer (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {Transitive inference (TI) refers to the cognitive ability to derive relationships between items that have never been presented together before. TI could be a useful tool for individuals living in large social groups, as these are confronted with an increasing number of possible dyadic relationships between group members. Through TI, one could potentially identify rank relationships between group members and thereby avoid costly direct agonistic interactions. Jackdaws seem ideal candidates to test for the ability of TI as they live in relatively complex groups, in which such skills could be useful. We presently report the results of jackdaws in a touch screen experiment. Three individuals were trained to memorise an ordered sequence of five differently coloured squares (A-E), which were presented in four pairs consisting of two adjacent colours each (A/B, B/C, C/D, D/E). After reaching the pre-defined criteria in each single colour pair in a time comparable to other species, they were confronted with an unknown pair of two non-adjacent colours (B/D). The birds were able to identify the relationship according to the previously learned sequence by preferring B over D.}, }
@article {pmid23123143, year = {2013}, author = {Schweitzer, C and Goldstein, MH and Place, NJ and Adkins-Regan, E}, title = {Long-lasting and sex-specific consequences of elevated egg yolk testosterone for social behavior in Japanese quail.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {80-87}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.011}, pmid = {23123143}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior/drug effects/physiology ; Coturnix/*metabolism ; Egg Yolk/*drug effects/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects/physiology ; *Social Behavior ; Testosterone/metabolism/*pharmacology ; }, abstract = {In birds, early exposure to steroid hormones deposited in egg yolks is hypothesized to result in long-lasting effects on brain and behavior. However, the long-term effects of maternal androgens on the development of social behavior, and whether these could interfere with the effects of the endogenous gonadal hormones that mediate sexual differentiation, remain poorly known. To answer these questions, we enhanced yolk testosterone by injecting testosterone (T) in oil into Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs prior to incubation. Vehicle-injected (V) eggs served as controls. From age 3 weeks to 8 weeks, sexual development was measured using morphological and physiological traits, and social behavior was measured, including male-typical sexual behavior. In females, treatment with testosterone boosted growth. Males from T-injected eggs developed an affiliative preference for familiar females and differed from V-injected males in the acoustic features of their crows, whereas sexual interest (looking behavior) and copulatory behavior were not affected. These long-lasting and sex-specific yolk testosterone effects on the development of dimorphic traits, but without disrupting sexual differentiation of reproductive behavior suggest potential organizational effects of maternal testosterone, but acting through separate processes than the endocrine mechanisms previously shown to control sexual differentiation. Separate processes could reflect the action of androgens at different times or on multiple targets that are differentially sensitive to steroids or develop at different rates.}, }
@article {pmid23106562, year = {2012}, author = {Lee, WY and Lee, SI and Jablonski, PG and Choe, JC}, title = {Genetic composition of communal roosts of the Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica) inferred from non-invasive samples.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, pages = {766-769}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.29.766}, pmid = {23106562}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Feces ; *Genetic Variation ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Social Behavior ; Songbirds/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Many animal species form communal roosts in which they aggregate and sleep together. Several benefits of communal roost have been suggested, but due to lack of data on relatedness among group members, it is unknown whether these benefits can be amplified by the formation of kin-based communal roosts. We investigate the genetic composition of two winter roosts of Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica), using microsatellite markers on non-invasive samples. Using permutation tests by reshuffling the alleles presented in the roosts, we determined that individuals in the communal roosts of magpies were not more related than expected by chance, suggesting that kinship may not be a driving force for the formation of communal roosts in magpies. However, the pairwise relatedness and estimated relationship based on a maximum likelihood approach revealed that the roosts involve both kin and non-kin. Relatedness coefficients varied widely within a roost, indicating that family subgroups form a small proportion of the total number of birds in a roost. Our results suggest that ecological benefits of communal roost in animals are sufficient for the evolution of communal roosts without any involvement of kinship.}, }
@article {pmid23097511, year = {2012}, author = {Taylor, AH and Knaebe, B and Gray, RD}, title = {An end to insight? New Caledonian crows can spontaneously solve problems without planning their actions.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1749}, pages = {4977-4981}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.1998}, pmid = {23097511}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cognition ; Conditioning, Operant ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; New Caledonia ; New Zealand ; *Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Tool Use Behavior ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Animals rarely solve problems spontaneously. Some bird species, however, can immediately find a solution to the string-pulling problem. They are able to rapidly gain access to food hung on the end of a long string by repeatedly pulling and then stepping on the string. It is currently unclear whether these spontaneous solutions are produced by insight or by a perceptual-motor feedback loop. Here, we presented New Caledonian crows and humans with a novel horizontal string-pulling task. While the humans succeeded, no individual crow showed a significant preference for the connected string, and all but one failed to gain the food even once. These results clearly show that string pulling in New Caledonian crows is generated not by insight, but by perceptual feedback. Animals can spontaneously solve problems without planning their actions.}, }
@article {pmid23092010, year = {2012}, author = {Culliney, S and Pejchar, L and Switzer, R and Ruiz-Gutierrez, V}, title = {Seed dispersal by a captive corvid: the role of the 'Alalā (Corvus hawaiiensis) in shaping Hawai'i's plant communities.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {1718-1732}, pmid = {23092010}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crows/*physiology ; Demography ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit ; Hawaii ; Plants/*classification ; Seeds/*physiology ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Species loss can lead to cascading effects on communities, including the disruption of ecological processes such as seed dispersal. The endangered 'Alalā (Corvus hawaiiensis), the largest remaining species of native Hawaiian forest bird, was once common in mesic and dry forests on the Big Island of Hawai'i, but today it exists solely in captivity. Prior to its extinction in the wild, the 'Alalā may have helped to establish and maintain native Hawaiian forest communities by dispersing seeds of a wide variety of native plants. In the absence of 'Alalā, the structure and composition of Hawai'i's forests may be changing, and some large-fruited plants may be dispersal limited, persisting primarily as ecological anachronisms. We fed captive 'Alalā a variety of native fruits, documented behaviors relating to seed dispersal, and measured the germination success of seeds that passed through the gut of 'Alalā relative to the germination success of seeds in control groups. 'Alalā ate and carried 14 native fruits and provided germination benefits to several species by ingesting their seeds. Our results suggest that some plants rely heavily on 'Alalā for these services. In captivity, juvenile birds displayed seed dispersal behaviors more often than adult birds for most fruiting plants in our study. We introduced captive 'Alalā to two large-fruited, dry-forest plants, not previously recorded as 'Alalā food resources, but which may once have been part of their natural diet. The seed dispersal behavior that 'Alalā displayed toward these species supports the inclusion of dry and mesic forests in 'Alalā habitat restoration plans and adds weight to the idea that plant dispersal limitation may contribute to the rarity of these plants. Our study provides evidence that 'Alalā have the capacity to play a vital role in maintaining the diversity of fruiting plants in native Hawaiian forests through seed dispersal and enhanced seed germination, thus adding greater urgency to efforts to restore 'Alalā to their former range.}, }
@article {pmid23059587, year = {2012}, author = {Aparna, PV and Austin, RD and Mathew, P}, title = {PICA.}, journal = {Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {426-427}, doi = {10.4103/0970-9290.102246}, pmid = {23059587}, issn = {1998-3603}, mesh = {Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Pica/*diagnosis ; Tongue Diseases/diagnosis ; Tooth Attrition/diagnosis ; }, abstract = {&quot;PICA&quot; means perverted appetite for substances not fit as food or of no nutritional value such as, bricks, clay, soil, ice, laundry starch, etc. The word ''PICA'' is derived from Latin word for Magpie, a species of bird that feeds on whatever it encounters. ''PICA'' has been observed in ethnic groups worldwide in primitive and modern cultures, in both sexes and in all age groups. The case presented here reports a 30 year old female patient who had craving for ingestion of gravel and brick fragments since the age of 13 years. Iron deficiency anemia was found after complete blood count and iron studies. The diagnosis of &quot;PICA&quot; requires that the patient is persistently eating non-food substances for at least 1 month and such behavior is appropriate for the child's stage of development.}, }
@article {pmid23049210, year = {2012}, author = {Huerta-Franco, MR and Vargas-Luna, M and Montes-Frausto, JB and Morales-Mata, I and Ramirez-Padilla, L}, title = {Effect of psychological stress on gastric motility assessed by electrical bio-impedance.}, journal = {World journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {18}, number = {36}, pages = {5027-5033}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.5027}, pmid = {23049210}, issn = {2219-2840}, mesh = {Adult ; Electric Impedance ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Motility ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Stress, Psychological/*physiopathology ; }, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate gastric motility using electrical bio-impedance (EBI) and gastric changes as a result of stress induced by psychological tests.<br><br>METHODS: A group of 57 healthy women, aged 40-60 years, was recruited, and a clinical history and physical examination were performed. The women were free from severe anxiety, chronic or acute stress, severe depression, mental diseases and conditions that affect gastric activity. The women were evaluated under fasting conditions, and using a four-electrode configuration, the gastric signals were obtained through a BIOPAC MP-150 system. The volunteers were evaluated using the following paradigm: basal state, recording during the Stroop Test, intermediate resting period, recording during the Raven Test, and a final resting period. We analyzed the relative areas of the frequency spectrum: A1 (1-2 cpm), A2 (2-4 cpm), A3 (4-8 cpm), and A4 (8-12 cpm), as well as the median of area A2 + A3. The data were analyzed by an autoregressive method using a Butterworth filter with MatLab and Origin. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Friedman ANOVA (for nonparametric variables) were performed; in addition, pairs of groups were compared using the T dependent and Wilcoxon T tests.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of the main values of area A2 were not significantly different comparing the five steps of the experimental paradigm. Nevertheless, there was a tendency of this A2 region to decrease during the stress tests, with recuperation at the final resting step. When an extended gastric region was considered (1-4 cpm), significant differences with the psychological stress tests were present (F = 3.85, P = 0.005). The A3 region also showed significant changes when the stress psychological tests were administered (F = 7.25, P < 0.001). These differences were influenced by the changes in the adjacent gastric region of A2. The parameter that we proposed in previous studies for the evaluation of gastric motility by electrical bio-impedance (EBI) was the median of the area under the region from 2 to 8 cpm (A2 + A3). The mean values of these frequencies (median of the A2 + A3 area) with the stress test showed significant changes (F = 5.5, P < 0.001). The results of the Wilcoxon T test for the A4 area parameter, which is influenced by the breathing response, changed significantly during the Raven stress test (P < 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: We confirm that the gastric response to acute psychological stress can be evaluated by short-term EBI.}, }
@article {pmid23047668, year = {2012}, author = {Troscianko, J and von Bayern, AM and Chappell, J and Rutz, C and Martin, GR}, title = {Extreme binocular vision and a straight bill facilitate tool use in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1110}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms2111}, pmid = {23047668}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Humans are expert tool users, who manipulate objects with dextrous hands and precise visual control. Surprisingly, morphological predispositions, or adaptations, for tool use have rarely been examined in non-human animals. New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides use their bills to craft complex tools from sticks, leaves and other materials, before inserting them into deadwood or vegetation to extract prey. Here we show that tool use in these birds is facilitated by an unusual visual-field topography and bill shape. Their visual field has substantially greater binocular overlap than that of any other bird species investigated to date, including six non-tool-using corvids. Furthermore, their unusually straight bill enables a stable grip on tools, and raises the tool tip into their visual field's binocular sector. These features enable a degree of tool control that would be impossible in other corvids, despite their comparable cognitive abilities. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for tool-use-related morphological features outside the hominin lineage.}, }
@article {pmid23029321, year = {2012}, author = {Finlayson, C and Brown, K and Blasco, R and Rosell, J and Negro, JJ and Bortolotti, GR and Finlayson, G and Sánchez Marco, A and Giles Pacheco, F and Rodríguez Vidal, J and Carrión, JS and Fa, DA and Rodríguez Llanes, JM}, title = {Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {e45927}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0045927}, pmid = {23029321}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cognition ; Feathers/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Fossils ; Neanderthals/*psychology ; Paleontology ; Passeriformes/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Raptors/*anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The hypothesis that Neanderthals exploited birds for the use of their feathers or claws as personal ornaments in symbolic behaviour is revolutionary as it assigns unprecedented cognitive abilities to these hominins. This inference, however, is based on modest faunal samples and thus may not represent a regular or systematic behaviour. Here we address this issue by looking for evidence of such behaviour across a large temporal and geographical framework. Our analyses try to answer four main questions: 1) does a Neanderthal to raptor-corvid connection exist at a large scale, thus avoiding associations that might be regarded as local in space or time?; 2) did Middle (associated with Neanderthals) and Upper Palaeolithic (associated with modern humans) sites contain a greater range of these species than Late Pleistocene paleontological sites?; 3) is there a taphonomic association between Neanderthals and corvids-raptors at Middle Palaeolithic sites on Gibraltar, specifically Gorham's, Vanguard and Ibex Caves? and; 4) was the extraction of wing feathers a local phenomenon exclusive to the Neanderthals at these sites or was it a geographically wider phenomenon?. We compiled a database of 1699 Pleistocene Palearctic sites based on fossil bird sites. We also compiled a taphonomical database from the Middle Palaeolithic assemblages of Gibraltar. We establish a clear, previously unknown and widespread, association between Neanderthals, raptors and corvids. We show that the association involved the direct intervention of Neanderthals on the bones of these birds, which we interpret as evidence of extraction of large flight feathers. The large number of bones, the variety of species processed and the different temporal periods when the behaviour is observed, indicate that this was a systematic, geographically and temporally broad, activity that the Neanderthals undertook. Our results, providing clear evidence that Neanderthal cognitive capacities were comparable to those of Modern Humans, constitute a major advance in the study of human evolution.}, }
@article {pmid22988112, year = {2012}, author = {Taylor, AH and Miller, R and Gray, RD}, title = {New Caledonian crows reason about hidden causal agents.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {40}, pages = {16389-16391}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1208724109}, pmid = {22988112}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; New Caledonia ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms underpins scientific and religious thought. It also facilitates the understanding of social interactions and the production of sophisticated tool-using behaviors. However, although animals can reason about the outcomes of accidental interventions, only humans have been shown to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms. Here, we show that tool-making New Caledonian crows react differently to an observable event when it is caused by a hidden causal agent. Eight crows watched two series of events in which a stick moved. In the first set of events, the crows observed a human enter a hide, a stick move, and the human then leave the hide. In the second, the stick moved without a human entering or exiting the hide. The crows inspected the hide and abandoned probing with a tool for food more often after the second, unexplained series of events. This difference shows that the crows can reason about a hidden causal agent. Comparative studies with the methodology outlined here could aid in elucidating the selective pressures that led to the evolution of this cognitive ability.}, }
@article {pmid22984177, year = {2012}, author = {Marzluff, JM and Miyaoka, R and Minoshima, S and Cross, DJ}, title = {Brain imaging reveals neuronal circuitry underlying the crow's perception of human faces.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, number = {39}, pages = {15912-15917}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1206109109}, pmid = {22984177}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Escape Reaction/physiology ; Face ; Humans ; *Positron-Emission Tomography ; Radiography ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Crows pay close attention to people and can remember specific faces for several years after a single encounter. In mammals, including humans, faces are evaluated by an integrated neural system involving the sensory cortex, limbic system, and striatum. Here we test the hypothesis that birds use a similar system by providing an imaging analysis of an awake, wild animal's brain as it performs an adaptive, complex cognitive task. We show that in vivo imaging of crow brain activity during exposure to familiar human faces previously associated with either capture (threatening) or caretaking (caring) activated several brain regions that allow birds to discriminate, associate, and remember visual stimuli, including the rostral hyperpallium, nidopallium, mesopallium, and lateral striatum. Perception of threatening faces activated circuitry including amygdalar, thalamic, and brainstem regions, known in humans and other vertebrates to be related to emotion, motivation, and conditioned fear learning. In contrast, perception of caring faces activated motivation and striatal regions. In our experiments and in nature, when perceiving a threatening face, crows froze and fixed their gaze (decreased blink rate), which was associated with activation of brain regions known in birds to regulate perception, attention, fear, and escape behavior. These findings indicate that, similar to humans, crows use sophisticated visual sensory systems to recognize faces and modulate behavioral responses by integrating visual information with expectation and emotion. Our approach has wide applicability and potential to improve our understanding of the neural basis for animal behavior.}, }
@article {pmid22973188, year = {2012}, author = {Bourgeois-Gironde, S}, title = {Optimal short-sighted rules.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {129}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2012.00129}, pmid = {22973188}, issn = {1662-453X}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to assess the relevance of methodological transfers from behavioral ecology to experimental economics with respect to the elicitation of intertemporal preferences. More precisely our discussion will stem from the analysis of Stephens and Anderson's (2001) seminal article. In their study with blue jays they document that foraging behavior typically implements short-sighted choice rules which are beneficial in the long run. Such long-term profitability of short-sighted behavior cannot be evidenced when using a self-control paradigm (one which contrasts in a binary way sooner smaller and later larger payoffs) but becomes apparent when ecological patch-paradigms (replicating economic situations in which the main trade-off consists in staying on a food patch or leaving for another patch) are implemented. We transfer this methodology in view of contrasting foraging strategies and self-control in human intertemporal choices.}, }
@article {pmid22903920, year = {2012}, author = {Balfour, A and Lanman, M}, title = {An evaluation of time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy for couples: a pilot study.}, journal = {Psychology and psychotherapy}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {292-309}, doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02030.x}, pmid = {22903920}, issn = {2044-8341}, mesh = {Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Child ; Depression/psychology/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Marital Therapy/*methods ; Middle Aged ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/methods/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Patient Satisfaction ; Personal Satisfaction ; Pilot Projects ; Psychotherapy, Brief/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Report ; Sex Factors ; Spouses/*psychology ; Stress, Psychological/psychology/therapy ; Time Factors ; *Videotape Recording ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Psychodynamic Couple Psychotherapy has developed as a modality in only a few organizations in the public and voluntary sectors in this country. Varieties of couple therapy have evolved due to economic or other constraints, some more open-ended, others involving differing time limits or behavioural techniques. In this study, a time limit of 40 sessions was imposed on the Psychodynamic therapy to improve comparability with other therapeutic approaches. We examined work with 18 couples, employing various measures which, while not in the context of a full controlled trial, produced some interesting and indicative results. We aimed to investigate (1) the effects of time-limited psychodynamic couple psychotherapy, and (2) whether the measures used produce interesting results after 40 weeks.<br><br>DESIGN: Within a normal clinical setting, measurements of individual and couple functioning would be taken at fixed points in the course of 40-week couple therapies, and analysed for evidence of significant change. Due to funding and clinical limitations within the setting, a baseline period before therapy started was used instead of a control group.<br><br>METHOD: Couples were invited to opt in to the study when applying to the agency for therapy. They were provided with 40 weekly sessions of couple therapy. Videotapes of sessions at beginning, middle, and end of the therapies were rated by independent observer, using the Personal Relatedness Profile (PRP) (Hobson, Patrick, &amp; Valentine, 1998) adapted for couples (Lanman, Grier, &amp; Evans, 2003), alongside two individual self-report measures, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) (Evans et al., 2000), and the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital Satisfaction (GRIMS) (Rust, Bennun, Crow, &amp; Golumbok, 1990).<br><br>RESULTS: The couples showed improvement as rated both by therapists and observers (rating the videotaped sessions) on the PRP after 40 sessions. On the CORE measure, participants showed improvement at both 20 and 40 sessions. On the GRIMS measure of marital satisfaction, results were non-significant.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results provide indicative evidence for the effectiveness of 40-session couple psychotherapy and provide some convergent validation for the utility of the PRP (as adapted for couples) as a measure of change.}, }
@article {pmid22897051, year = {2012}, author = {Thiemann, TC and Lemenager, DA and Kluh, S and Carroll, BD and Lothrop, HD and Reisen, WK}, title = {Spatial variation in host feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis and the Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in California.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {903-916}, pmid = {22897051}, issn = {0022-2585}, support = {R01 AI055607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; California ; Cats ; Cattle ; Culex/*physiology ; Dogs ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*physiology ; Mice ; Rats ; West Nile Fever/transmission ; }, abstract = {West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) is now endemic in California across a variety of ecological regions that support a wide diversity of potential avian and mammalian host species. Because different avian hosts have varying competence for WNV, determining the blood-feeding patterns of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors is a key component in understanding the maintenance and amplification of the virus as well as tangential transmission to humans and horses. We investigated the blood-feeding patterns of Culex tarsalis Coquillett and members of the Culex pipiens L. complex from southern to northern California. Nearly 100 different host species were identified from 1,487 bloodmeals, by using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Cx. tarsalis fed on a higher diversity of hosts and more frequently on nonhuman mammals than did the Cx. pipiens complex. Several WNV-competent host species, including house finch and house sparrow, were common bloodmeal sources for both vector species across several biomes and could account for WNV maintenance and amplification in these areas. Highly competent American crow, western scrub-jay and yellow-billed magpie also were fed upon often when available and are likely important as amplifying hosts for WNV in some areas. Neither species fed frequently on humans (Cx. pipiens complex [0.4%], Cx. tarsalis [0.2%]), but with high abundance, both species could serve as both enzootic and bridge vectors for WNV.}, }
@article {pmid22890834, year = {2013}, author = {Di Lascio, F and Nyffeler, F and Bshary, R and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ravens (Corvus corax) are indifferent to the gains of conspecific recipients or human partners in experimental tasks.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {35-43}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-012-0548-0}, pmid = {22890834}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Crows ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; }, abstract = {Although cooperative behaviours are common in animals, the cognitive processes underpinning such behaviours are very likely to differ between species. In humans, other-regarding preferences have been proposed to sustain long-term cooperation between individuals. The extent to which such psychological capacities exist in other animals is still under investigation. Five hand-reared ravens were first tested in an experiment where they could provide food to a conspecific at no cost to themselves. We offered them two behavioural options that provided identical amounts of food to the actor and where one of the two options additionally delivered a reward to a recipient. Subsequently, we made the ravens play a no-cost cooperation game with an experimenter. The experimenter had the same options as the animals and matched the ravens' choices, making the prosocial choice the more profitable option. In both conditions, ravens were indifferent to the effects of their choices and hence failed to help conspecifics and to cooperate with the experimenter. While our negative results should be interpreted with care, overall, our findings suggest that the ravens had no understanding of the consequences of their actions for a potential recipient. This study adds to several others that have used a similar set-up and have reported negative results on other-regarding preferences in animals.}, }
@article {pmid22866773, year = {2012}, author = {Mikolasch, S and Kotrschal, K and Schloegl, C}, title = {The influence of local enhancement on choice performances in African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and jackdaws (Corvus monedula).}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {126}, number = {4}, pages = {399-406}, doi = {10.1037/a0028209}, pmid = {22866773}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; *Crows ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Learning ; Male ; *Parrots ; Reward ; }, abstract = {Being attentive to the behavior of others may be advantageous to gain important information, for example, on the location of food. Often, this is achieved through simple local enhancement. However, this is not always beneficial, as it may override cognitive abilities, with negative consequences. Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and ravens have already succeeded in exclusion tasks, but carrion crows do so only when controlling for local enhancement, and jackdaws (Corvus monedula) fail entirely. Presently, we tested whether jackdaws would still be influenced by local enhancement in a simple choice-task. We compared their performance with those of Grey parrots. Since these birds did not respond to enhancement in the exclusion task, we expected them also to be less susceptible to enhancement here. In our tasks, two pieces of food were visibly hidden under two cups. Then one cup was lifted, the reward was shown to the bird and was either laid back underneath the cup or was removed. Alternatively, both manipulations were combined with the first reward being shown to the bird and the second one being removed or vice versa. Surprisingly, both species had a preference for the last handled cup, irrespective of whether it contained food or not. However, if the birds had to wait for 10 seconds after the presentation, the jackdaws performed better than the Grey parrots. Additionally, the delay improved the performance of both species in conditions in which the reward was removed last and deteriorated their performance in conditions in which the item was shown last.}, }
@article {pmid25892747, year = {2012}, author = {Braun, A and Walsdorff, T and Fraser, ON and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Socialized sub-groups in a temporary stable Raven flock?.}, journal = {Journal of ornithology}, volume = {153}, number = {1 Suppl}, pages = {97-104}, doi = {10.1007/s10336-011-0810-2}, pmid = {25892747}, issn = {2193-7192}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {A complex social life serves as one of the main driving forces behind the evolution of higher cognitive abilities in vertebrates. In birds, however, data are primarily derived from captive animals, which strongly contrast with free-flying birds in terms of the number of interaction partners as well as available space. In captivity, Common Raven Corvus corax, nonbreeder groups show strong social bonds and complex tactical manoeuvring, whereas wild non-breeders are thought to resemble anonymous aggregations. Over 2 years, we observed a free-flying population of Ravens that visits a game park in the northern Alps. We here focus on the daily fission-fusion dynamics, individual spacing, and the influence of spacing on the birds' agonistic and affiliative behaviour. The composition of marked Ravens in the local population changed slowly but constantly, although often remaining stable for several weeks. Birds only flocked for feeding, mobbing and roosting, and spent the rest of the day in loose aggregations, characterised by temporary small subgroups of 2-5 individuals. Aggression was high during crowd foraging but low outside of a feeding context. Affiliative behaviours, such as sitting within reaching distance, allo-preening and social play, were observed particularly in the small subgroups. These findings suggest that Raven aggregations are not as unstructured as previously thought. Birds may spend time and/or interact affilliatively with multiple individuals during the day. This, along with temporary stability in group composition, provides the opportunity for social relationships to develop, and enables the existence of socialised subgroups within free-flying Raven aggregations.}, }
@article {pmid22842292, year = {2012}, author = {Zhang, R and Song, G and Qu, Y and Alström, P and Ramos, R and Xing, X and Ericson, PG and Fjeldså, J and Wang, H and Yang, X and Kristin, A and Shestopalov, AM and Choe, JC and Lei, F}, title = {Comparative phylogeography of two widespread magpies: importance of habitat preference and breeding behavior on genetic structure in China.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, pages = {562-572}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.011}, pmid = {22842292}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Introns ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Genetic ; Passeriformes/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {Historical geological events and climatic changes are believed to have played important roles in shaping the current distribution of species. However, sympatric species may have responded in different ways to such climatic fluctuations. Here we compared genetic structures of two corvid species, the Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus and the Eurasian Magpie Pica pica, both widespread but with different habitat dependence and some aspects of breeding behavior. Three mitochondrial genes and two nuclear introns were used to examine their co-distributed populations in East China and the Iberian Peninsula. Both species showed deep divergences between these two regions that were dated to the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene. In the East Chinese clade of C. cyanus, populations were subdivided between Northeast China and Central China, probably since the early to mid-Pleistocene, and the Central subclade showed a significant pattern of isolation by distance. In contrast, no genetic structure was found in the East China populations of P. pica. We suggest that the different patterns in the two species are at least partly explained by ecological differences between them, especially in habitat preference and perhaps also breeding behavior. These dissimilarities in life history traits might have affected the dispersal and survival abilities of these two species differently during environmental fluctuations.}, }
@article {pmid22808210, year = {2012}, author = {Grarock, K and Tidemann, CR and Wood, J and Lindenmayer, DB}, title = {Is it benign or is it a Pariah? Empirical evidence for the impact of the common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) on Australian birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40622}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0040622}, pmid = {22808210}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Birds/*physiology ; *Empirical Research ; Geography ; *Introduced Species ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Starlings/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is widespread concern over the impact of introduced species on biodiversity, but the magnitude of these impacts can be variable. Understanding the impact of an introduced species is essential for effective management. However, empirical evidence of the impact of an introduced species can be difficult to obtain, especially when the impact is through competition. Change in species abundance is often slow and gradual, coinciding with environmental change. As a result, negative impacts on native species through competition are poorly documented. An example of the difficulties associated with obtaining empirical evidence of impact due to competition comes from work on the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis). The species is listed in the World's top 100 worst invaders, despite a lack of empirical evidence of its negative impacts on native species. We assessed the impact of the Common Myna on native bird abundance, using long-term data both pre and post its invasion. At the outset of our investigation, we postulated that Common Myna establishment would negatively affect the abundance of other cavity-nesting species and bird species that are smaller than it. We found a negative relationship between the establishment of the Common Myna and the long-term abundance of three cavity-nesting species (Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Crimson Rosella, Laughing Kookaburra) and eight small bird species (Striated Paradoxes, Rufous Whistler, Willie Wagtail, Grey Fantail, Magpie-lark, House Sparrow, Silvereye, Common Blackbird). To the best of our knowledge, this finding has never previously been demonstrated at the population level. We discuss the key elements of our success in finding empirical evidence of a species impact and the implications for prioritisation of introduced species for management. Specifically, prioritization of the Common Myna for management over other species still remains a contentious issue.}, }
@article {pmid22808144, year = {2012}, author = {Moreno-Rueda, G and Redondo, T and Trenzado, CE and Sanz, A and Zúñiga, JM}, title = {Oxidative stress mediates physiological costs of begging in magpie (Pica pica) nestlings.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e40367}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0040367}, pmid = {22808144}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Linear Models ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Theoretical models predict that a cost is necessary to guarantee honesty in begging displays given by offspring to solicit food from their parents. There is evidence for begging costs in the form of a reduced growth rate and immunocompetence. Moreover, begging implies vigorous physical activity and attentiveness, which should increase metabolism and thus the releasing of pro-oxidant substances. Consequently, we predict that soliciting offspring incur a cost in terms of oxidative stress, and growth rate and immune response (processes that generate pro-oxidants substances) are reduced in order to maintain oxidative balance.<br><br>We test whether magpie (Pica pica) nestlings incur a cost in terms of oxidative stress when experimentally forced to beg intensively, and whether oxidative balance is maintained by reducing growth rate and immune response. Our results show that begging provokes oxidative stress, and that nestlings begging for longer bouts reduce growth and immune response, thereby maintaining their oxidative status.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings help explaining the physiological link between begging and its associated growth and immunocompetence costs, which seems to be mediated by oxidative stress. Our study is a unique example of the complex relationships between the intensity of a communicative display (begging), oxidative stress, and life-history traits directly linked to viability.}, }
@article {pmid22705121, year = {2012}, author = {Kadum Yakob, H and Manaf Uyub, A and Fariza Sulaiman, S}, title = {Toxicological evaluation of 80% methanol extract of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven leaves (Onagraceae) in BALB/c mice.}, journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology}, volume = {142}, number = {3}, pages = {663-668}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.035}, pmid = {22705121}, issn = {1872-7573}, mesh = {Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Cholesterol/blood ; Female ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Methanol/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; *Onagraceae ; Plant Extracts/*toxicity ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Solvents/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Family: Onagraceae), as a traditional Malay herbal medicine,has been used to treat gastrointestinal complaints such as diarrhea and dysentery.<br><br>AIM OF THE STUDY: To date there is no safety information about long term use of Ludwigia octovalvis, a traditionally used medicinal plant in Malaysia. Current study is thus aimed to determine the toxicity profile of the 80% methanolic extract of L. octovalvis by evaluating its acute and subacute toxicity in BALB/c mice.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of the extract was administered orally to six mice (3 males and 3 females). General behaviour, mortality and toxic symptoms were determined daily for 14 days. For the subacute toxicity, four groups of 12 mice of either sex received distilled water (control), 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract daily for 28 consecutive days by oral gavage. The animals were observed daily for abnormal clinical signs and death. Body weight, relative organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters of blood as well as heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen tissues histology were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: In acute and subacute toxicity, the extract did not produce mortality or morbidity. A significant increase (p<0.05) in WBC count and significant decrease in ALT, AST and ALP levels were only observed in males and females that received 400 mg/kg of the extract, while a significant decrease in the cholesterol level was observed at the highest dose (800 mg/kg). Gross examination of liver, kidney, spleen, lung and heart showed normal histological feature.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Repeated administration of L. octovalvis extract at dose levels of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days to male and female mice did not cause any lethality nor produce any toxicological effects. The results suggest that the extract contains biologically active principles which may have immunostimulatory, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular protective properties.}, }
@article {pmid22642364, year = {2012}, author = {Jønsson, KA and Fabre, PH and Irestedt, M}, title = {Brains, tools, innovation and biogeography in crows and ravens.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {72}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2148-12-72}, pmid = {22642364}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brain/*physiology ; Crows/*genetics/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Islands ; Likelihood Functions ; Organ Size ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crows and ravens (Passeriformes: Corvus) are large-brained birds with enhanced cognitive abilities relative to other birds. They are among the few non-hominid organisms on Earth to be considered intelligent and well-known examples exist of several crow species having evolved innovative strategies and even use of tools in their search for food. The 40 Corvus species have also been successful dispersers and are distributed on most continents and in remote archipelagos.<br><br>RESULTS: This study presents the first molecular phylogeny including all species and a number of subspecies within the genus Corvus. We date the phylogeny and determine ancestral areas to investigate historical biogeographical patterns of the crows. Additionally, we use data on brain size and a large database on innovative behaviour and tool use to test whether brain size (i) explains innovative behaviour and success in applying tools when foraging and (ii) has some correlative role in the success of colonization of islands. Our results demonstrate that crows originated in the Palaearctic in the Miocene from where they dispersed to North America and the Caribbean, Africa and Australasia. We find that relative brain size alone does not explain tool use, innovative feeding strategies and dispersal success within crows.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports monophyly of the genus Corvus and further demonstrates the direction and timing of colonization from the area of origin in the Palaearctic to other continents and archipelagos. The Caribbean was probably colonized from North America, although some North American ancestor may have gone extinct, and the Pacific was colonized multiple times from Asia and Australia. We did not find a correlation between relative brain size, tool use, innovative feeding strategies and dispersal success. Hence, we propose that all crows and ravens have relatively large brains compared to other birds and thus the potential to be innovative if conditions and circumstances are right.}, }
@article {pmid22611586, year = {2012}, author = {Rose, CN}, title = {Tourism and the Hispanicization of race in Jim Crow Miami, 1945-1965.}, journal = {Journal of social history}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {735-756}, pmid = {22611586}, issn = {0022-4529}, mesh = {*Cultural Diversity ; Florida/ethnology ; Government/history ; Hispanic Americans/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Population Groups/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Race Relations/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; Social Behavior/history ; Social Class/history ; *Social Control, Formal ; Social Identification ; Social Perception ; *Travel/economics/history/psychology ; }, abstract = {This article examines how Miami's significant presence of Anglo Caribbean blacks and Spanish-speaking tourists critically influenced the evolution of race relations before and after the watershed 1959 Cuban Revolution. The convergence of people from the American South and North, the Caribbean, and Latin America created a border culture in a city where the influx of Bahamian blacks and Spanish-speakers, especially tourists, had begun to alter the racial landscape. To be sure, Miami had many parallels with other parts of the South in regard to how blackness was understood and enforced by whites during the first half of the twentieth century. However, I argue that the city's post-WWII meteoric tourist growth, along with its emergence as a burgeoning Pan-American metropolis, complicated the traditional southern black-white dichotomy. The purchasing power of Spanish-speaking visitors during the postwar era transformed a tourist economy that had traditionally catered to primarily wealthy white transplanted Northerners. This significant change to the city's tourist industry significantly influenced white civic leaders' decision to occasionally modify Jim Crow practices for Latin American vacationers. In effect, Miami's early Latinization had a profound impact on the established racial order as speaking Spanish became a form of currency that benefited Spanish-speaking tourists—even those of African descent. Paradoxically, this ostensibly peculiar racial climate aided the local struggle by highlighting the idiosyncrasies of Jim Crow while perpetuating the second-class status of native-born blacks.}, }
@article {pmid22545765, year = {2012}, author = {Albiach-Serrano, A and Bugnyar, T and Call, J}, title = {Apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes, Pongo abelii) versus corvids (Corvus corax, C. corone) in a support task: the effect of pattern and functionality.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {126}, number = {4}, pages = {355-367}, doi = {10.1037/a0028050}, pmid = {22545765}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Crows ; Cues ; Female ; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology ; Male ; Pan paniscus/*psychology ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Pongo abelii/*psychology ; Problem Solving ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes, Pong abelii) and corvids (Corvus corax, C. corone) are among the most proficient and flexible tool users in the animal kingdom. Although it has been proposed that this is the result of convergent evolution, little is known about whether this is limited to behavior or also includes the underlying cognitive mechanisms. We compared several species of apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) and corvids (carrion crows and common ravens) using exactly the same paradigm: a support task with elements from the classical patterned-string tasks. Corvids proved able to solve at least an easy pattern, whereas apes outperformed corvids with respect to the complexity of the patterns solved, the relative number of subjects solving each problem, and the speed to reach criterion. We addressed the question of whether subjects based their choices purely on perceptual cues or on a more abstract understanding of the problem. This was done by using a perceptually very similar but causally different condition where instead of paper strips there were strip shapes painted on a platform. Corvids' performance did not differ between conditions, whereas apes were able to solve the real but not the painted task. This shows that apes were not basing their choices just on spatial or arbitrary perceptual cues. Instead, and unlike corvids, they must have had some causal knowledge of the task.}, }
@article {pmid22538713, year = {2012}, author = {Wascher, CA and Szipl, G and Boeckle, M and Wilkinson, A}, title = {You sound familiar: carrion crows can differentiate between the calls of known and unknown heterospecifics.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {1015-1019}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-012-0508-8}, pmid = {22538713}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Auditory Perception ; *Crows ; *Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Recognition (Psychology) ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {In group-living animals, it is adaptive to recognize conspecifics on the basis of familiarity or group membership as it allows association with preferred social partners and avoidance of competitors. However, animals do not only associate with conspecifics but also with heterospecifics, for example in mixed-species flocks. Consequently, between-species recognition, based either on familiarity or even individual recognition, is likely to be beneficial. The extent to which animals can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar heterospecifics is currently unclear. In the present study, we investigated the ability of eight carrion crows to differentiate between the voices and calls of familiar and unfamiliar humans and jackdaws. The crows responded significantly more often to unfamiliar than familiar human playbacks and, conversely, responded more to familiar than unfamiliar jackdaw calls. Our results provide the first evidence that birds can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar heterospecific individuals using auditory stimuli.}, }
@article {pmid22538454, year = {2012}, author = {Chotichayapong, C and Wiengsamut, K and Chanthai, S and Sattayasai, N and Tamiya, T and Kanzawa, N and Tsuchiya, T}, title = {Isolation of heat-tolerant myoglobin from Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus.}, journal = {Fish physiology and biochemistry}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, pages = {1533-1543}, doi = {10.1007/s10695-012-9644-y}, pmid = {22538454}, issn = {1573-5168}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chemical Fractionation ; Chromatography/methods ; Eels/*metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Myoglobin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Stability ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {Myoglobin from Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus was purified from fish muscle using salt fractionation followed by column chromatography and molecular filtration. The purified Mb of 0.68 mg/g wet weight of muscle was determined for its molecular mass by MALDI-TOF-MS to be 15,525.18 Da. Using isoelectric focusing technique, the purified Mb showed two derivatives with pI of 6.40 and 7.12. Six peptide fragments of this protein identified by LC-MS/MS were homologous to Mbs of sea raven Hemitripterus americanus, yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacores, blue marlin Makaira nigicans, common carp Cyprinus carpio, and goldfish Carassius auratus. According to the Mb denaturation, the swamp eel Mb had thermal stability higher than walking catfish Clarias batrachus Mb and striped catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus Mb, between 30 and 60 (°)C. For the thermal stability of Mb, the swamp eel Mb showed a biphasic behavior due to the O(2) dissociation and the heme orientation disorder, with the lowest increase in both Kd(f) and Kd(s). The thermal sensitivity of swamp eel Mb was lower than those of the other Mbs for both of fast and slow reaction stages. These results suggest that the swamp eel Mb globin structure is thermally stable, which is consistent with heat-tolerant behavior of the swamp eel particularly in drought habitat.}, }
@article {pmid22511972, year = {2012}, author = {Schwab, C and Swoboda, R and Kotrschal, K and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Recipients affect prosocial and altruistic choices in jackdaws, Corvus monedula.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {e34922}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034922}, pmid = {22511972}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Altruism ; Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Other-regarding preferences are a critical feature of human cooperation but to what extent non-human animals exhibit these preferences is a matter of intense discussion. We tested whether jackdaws show prosocial behaviour (providing benefits to others at no cost to themselves) and altruism (providing benefits to others while incurring costs) with both sibling and non-sibling recipients. In the prosocial condition, a box was baited on both the actor's and the recipient's side (1/1 option), whereas another box provided food only for the actor (1/0 option). In the altruistic condition, the boxes contained food for either the actor (1/0 option) or the recipient (0/1 option). The proportion of selfish (1/0 option) and cooperative (1/1 and 0/1 option, respectively) actors' choices was significantly affected by the recipients' behaviour. If recipients approached the boxes first and positioned themselves next to the box baited on their side, trying to access the food reward (recipient-first trials), actors were significantly more cooperative than when the actors approached the boxes first and made their choice prior to the recipients' arrival (actor-first trials). Further, in recipient-first trials actors were more cooperative towards recipients of the opposite sex, an effect that was even more pronounced in the altruistic condition. Hence, at no cost to the actors, all recipients could significantly influence the actors' behaviour, whereas at high costs this could be achieved even more so by recipients of different sex. Local/stimulus enhancement is discussed as the most likely cognitive mechanism to account for these effects.}, }
@article {pmid22506964, year = {2012}, author = {Derégnaucourt, S and Saar, S and Gahr, M}, title = {Melatonin affects the temporal pattern of vocal signatures in birds.}, journal = {Journal of pineal research}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {245-258}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-079X.2012.00993.x}, pmid = {22506964}, issn = {1600-079X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Coturnix ; Female ; *Finches ; Learning ; Male ; Melatonin/*pharmacology ; *Photoperiod ; Pineal Gland/*physiology ; Social Isolation ; Time Factors ; Vocalization, Animal/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {In humans and other animals, melatonin is involved in the control of circadian biological rhythms. Here, we show that melatonin affects the temporal pattern of behavioral sequences in a noncircadian manner. The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) song and the crow of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) are courtship vocalizations composed of a stereotyped sequence of syllables. The zebra finch song is learned from conspecifics during infancy, whereas the Japanese quail crow develops normally without auditory input. We recorded and analyzed the complete vocal activity of adult birds of both species kept in social isolation for several weeks. In both species, we observed a shortening of signal duration following the transfer from a light-dark (LD) cycle to constant light (LL), a condition known to abolish melatonin production and to disrupt circadian rhythmicity. This effect was reversible because signal duration increased when the photoperiod was returned to the previous LD schedule. We then tested whether this effect was directly related to melatonin by removal of the pineal gland, which is the main production site of circulating melatonin. A shortening of the song duration was observed following pinealectomy in LD. Likewise, melatonin treatment induced changes in the temporal structure of the song. In a song learning experiment, young pinealectomized finches and young finches raised in LL failed to copy the temporal pattern of their tutor's song. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin is involved in the control of motor timing of noncircadian behavioral sequences through an evolutionary conserved neuroendocrine pathway.}, }
@article {pmid22459870, year = {2012}, author = {Walker, BM and Valdez, GR and McLaughlin, JP and Bakalkin, G}, title = {Targeting dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor systems to treat alcohol abuse and dependence.}, journal = {Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {359-370}, doi = {10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.10.006}, pmid = {22459870}, issn = {1873-6823}, support = {R15AA018213/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AA020394-02/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R13 AA017581/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01AA020394/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AA020394-01/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R13AA017581/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R28 AA012725/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DA023924/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; R15 AA018213/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AA020394-03/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AA020394/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alcoholism/drug therapy/*physiopathology/psychology ; Amygdala/*drug effects/physiopathology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dynorphins/pharmacology/physiology/therapeutic use ; Ethanol/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Neurotransmitter Agents/pharmacology/physiology/therapeutic use ; Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists/*physiology ; Stress, Psychological/*complications ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {This review represents the focus of a symposium that was presented at the &quot;Alcoholism and Stress: A Framework for Future Treatment Strategies&quot; conference in Volterra, Italy on May 3-6, 2011 and organized/chaired by Dr. Brendan M. Walker. The primary goal of the symposium was to evaluate and disseminate contemporary findings regarding the emerging role of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and their endogenous ligands dynorphins (DYNs) in the regulation of escalated alcohol consumption, negative affect and cognitive dysfunction associated with alcohol dependence, as well as DYN/KOR mediation of the effects of chronic stress on alcohol reward and seeking behaviors. Dr. Glenn Valdez described a role for KORs in the anxiogenic effects of alcohol withdrawal. Dr. Jay McLaughlin focused on the role of KORs in repeated stress-induced potentiation of alcohol reward and increased alcohol consumption. Dr. Brendan Walker presented data characterizing the effects of KOR antagonism within the extended amygdala on withdrawal-induced escalation of alcohol self-administration in dependent animals. Dr. Georgy Bakalkin concluded with data indicative of altered DYNs and KORs in the prefrontal cortex of alcohol dependent humans that could underlie diminished cognitive performance. Collectively, the data presented within this symposium identified the multifaceted contribution of KORs to the characteristics of acute and chronic alcohol-induced behavioral dysregulation and provided a foundation for the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat certain aspects of alcohol use disorders.}, }
@article {pmid22437450, year = {2012}, author = {Pfuhl, G}, title = {Two strings to choose from: do ravens pull the easier one?.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {549-557}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-012-0483-0}, pmid = {22437450}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Concept Formation ; *Crows ; Cues ; Female ; Judgment ; Male ; }, abstract = {There are simple co-occurrences as well as functional relationships between events. One may assume that animals detect and use causation rather than mere co-variation. However, understanding causation often requires concepts of hidden forces. In string pulling, obstacles may hamper the access to food. Here, I studied whether ravens have an abstract concept of effort. First, in a competitive situation, ravens (Corvus corax) could choose one out of two strings. The strings differed in whether they were baited with meat and in how far away the meat was. Ravens pulled mainly the string containing meat and where the meat was nearer to the perch, respectively. Second, ravens could choose between two strings that had either a functional obstacle or a non-functional obstacle. Optimal performance required the integration of at least two cues: object and height. In 5 ravens, the model that best matched behaviour took into account only that meat was on a string, ignoring the obstacle. However, 2 ravens' performance was best explained by a model that took into account both an object's identity (meat or wood) and its height on the string. Third, one string out of two was loaded with a heavy meat piece. In this overloaded string condition, 5 out of 7 ravens did not try to pull the heavy meat piece but went straight for pulling the smaller piece. The pattern of results indicated that ravens can judge the effort required to pull a string.}, }
@article {pmid22418860, year = {2012}, author = {Rutz, C and Ryder, TB and Fleischer, RC}, title = {Restricted gene flow and fine-scale population structuring in tool using New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, pages = {313-320}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-012-0904-6}, pmid = {22418860}, issn = {1432-1904}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Crows/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; *Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; New Caledonia ; Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides are the most prolific avian tool users. It has been suggested that some aspects of their complex tool use behaviour are under the influence of cultural processes, involving the social transmission-and perhaps even progressive refinement-of tool designs. Using microsatellite and mt-haplotype profiling of crows from three distinct habitats (dry forest, farmland and beachside habitat), we show that New Caledonian crow populations can exhibit significant fine-scale genetic structuring. Our finding that some sites of <10 km apart were highly differentiated demonstrates considerable potential for genetic and/or cultural isolation of crow groups. Restricted movement of birds between local populations at such small spatial scales, especially across habitat boundaries, illustrates how specific tool designs could be preserved over time, and how tool technologies of different crow groups could diverge due to drift and local selection pressures. Young New Caledonian crows have an unusually long juvenile dependency period, during which they acquire complex tool-related foraging skills. We suggest that the resulting delayed natal dispersal drives population-divergence patterns in this species. Our work provides essential context for future studies that examine the genetic makeup of crow populations across larger geographic areas, including localities with suspected cultural differences in crow tool technologies.}, }
@article {pmid22401959, year = {2012}, author = {Kapogiannis, D and Kisser, J and Davatzikos, C and Ferrucci, L and Metter, J and Resnick, SM}, title = {Alcohol consumption and premotor corpus callosum in older adults.}, journal = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, pages = {704-710}, doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.02.003}, pmid = {22401959}, issn = {1873-7862}, support = {ZIA AG000975-03/NULL/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; N01-AG-3-2124/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; ZIA AG000191-15/NULL/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; ZIA AG000966-04/NULL/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; Z99 AG999999/NULL/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aged ; *Aging ; Alcohol Drinking/*adverse effects/*pathology ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/*pathology/physiopathology ; Baltimore ; Cohort Studies ; Corpus Callosum/*pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuroimaging ; Organ Size ; Organ Specificity ; Self Report ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Characteristics ; }, abstract = {Heavy alcohol consumption is toxic to the brain, especially to the frontal white matter (WM), but whether lesser amounts of alcohol negatively impact the brain WM is unclear. In this study, we examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol consumption and regional WM and grey matter (GM) volume in fifty-six men and thirty-seven women (70+- 7years) cognitively intact participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) with no history of alcohol abuse. We used regional analysis of volumes examined in normalized space (RAVENS) maps methodology for WM and GM segmentation and normalization followed by voxel based morphometry (VBM) implemented in SPM8 to examine the cross-sectional association between alcohol consumption and regional WM (and, separately, GM) volume controlling for age, sex, smoking, blood pressure and dietary thiamine intake. WM VBM revealed that in men, but not in women, higher alcohol consumption was associated with lower volume in premotor frontal corpus callosum. This finding suggests that even moderate amounts of alcohol may be detrimental to corpus callosum and white matter integrity.}, }
@article {pmid22396799, year = {2012}, author = {van der Vaart, E and Verbrugge, R and Hemelrijk, CK}, title = {Corvid re-caching without 'theory of mind': a model.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e32904}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032904}, pmid = {22396799}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Birds/*physiology ; Cognition ; Computer Simulation ; Computers ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food ; Learning ; Memory ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Motivation ; Social Behavior ; Theory of Mind ; }, abstract = {Scrub jays are thought to use many tactics to protect their caches. For instance, they predominantly bury food far away from conspecifics, and if they must cache while being watched, they often re-cache their worms later, once they are in private. Two explanations have been offered for such observations, and they are intensely debated. First, the birds may reason about their competitors' mental states, with a 'theory of mind'; alternatively, they may apply behavioral rules learned in daily life. Although this second hypothesis is cognitively simpler, it does seem to require a different, ad-hoc behavioral rule for every caching and re-caching pattern exhibited by the birds. Our new theory avoids this drawback by explaining a large variety of patterns as side-effects of stress and the resulting memory errors. Inspired by experimental data, we assume that re-caching is not motivated by a deliberate effort to safeguard specific caches from theft, but by a general desire to cache more. This desire is brought on by stress, which is determined by the presence and dominance of onlookers, and by unsuccessful recovery attempts. We study this theory in two experiments similar to those done with real birds with a kind of 'virtual bird', whose behavior depends on a set of basic assumptions about corvid cognition, and a well-established model of human memory. Our results show that the 'virtual bird' acts as the real birds did; its re-caching reflects whether it has been watched, how dominant its onlooker was, and how close to that onlooker it has cached. This happens even though it cannot attribute mental states, and it has only a single behavioral rule assumed to be previously learned. Thus, our simulations indicate that corvid re-caching can be explained without sophisticated social cognition. Given our specific predictions, our theory can easily be tested empirically.}, }
@article {pmid22371120, year = {2012}, author = {Silva, FJ and Silva, KM}, title = {More but not less uncertainty makes adult humans' tool selections more similar to those reported with crows.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {494-506}, doi = {10.3758/s13420-012-0069-3}, pmid = {22371120}, issn = {1543-4508}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Choice Behavior/*physiology ; Crows ; Humans ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; Uncertainty ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {In this study, we examined whether adult humans' tool selections in a stick-and-tube problem might resemble previously published results of crows' selections if people had more experience solving the problem or were presented with a more ambiguous problem. In Experiments 1a and 1b, when given multiple opportunities to select a stick from a set of 10 to retrieve a candy located either 8 or 16 cm from the opening of a tube, the participants always selected a stick that was long enough to retrieve the candy; however, they did not generally select either the stick whose length matched the object's distance or the longest stick in the set-two outcomes reported in studies with crows. In Experiment 2, participants who were allowed only a brief period of time to study the problem selected a longer stick than did participants allowed unlimited time to do the same. However, only when the candy's distance was 16 cm did these people reliably select the longest stick in the set. It seems that increasing, but not decreasing, people's uncertainty about a problem can make humans' tool selections more similar to those reported with crows.}, }
@article {pmid22366505, year = {2012}, author = {Ibáñez-Álamo, JD and De Neve, L and Roldán, M and Rodríguez, J and Trouvé, C and Chastel, O and Soler, M}, title = {Corticosterone levels in host and parasite nestlings: is brood parasitism a hormonal stressor?.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, pages = {590-597}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.008}, pmid = {22366505}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Radioimmunoassay ; Temperature ; Wind ; }, abstract = {Parasite chicks from non-evictor species usually try to monopolize host parental care, thereby increasing considerably the level of food competition in the nest. Here, we propose that brood parasitism is an important stressor for host and parasite nestlings and explore this hypothesis in the non-evictor great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and its main hosts, the same-sized black-billed magpie (Pica pica) and the larger carrion crow (Corvus corone). We experimentally created 3-nestling broods of different brood compositions (only cuckoo chicks, only host chicks, or cuckoo and host chicks together) and measured baseline corticosterone levels of nestlings along their developmental period (early, middle and late). We found that brood parasitism increased corticosterone levels in magpie nestlings in the mid and late nestling period compared to those raised in unparasitized nests. Interestingly, carrion crow nestlings from parasitized nests only increased their corticosterone levels in the mid nestling period, when the competition for food with the cuckoo nestling was highest. Our results suggest that brood parasitism could be a potential physiological stressor for host nestlings, especially during the developmental stages where food requirements are highest. Conversely, cuckoo nestlings could be physiologically adapted to high competition levels since they did not show significant differences in corticosterone levels in relation to brood composition.}, }
@article {pmid22357936, year = {2012}, author = {Coulon, A and Fitzpatrick, JW and Bowman, R and Lovette, IJ}, title = {Mind the gap: genetic distance increases with habitat gap size in Florida scrub jays.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {582-585}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2011.1244}, pmid = {22357936}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; DNA/blood ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; Florida ; Gene Flow ; *Genetics, Population ; Genotyping Techniques ; Geography ; Linear Models ; Movement/physiology ; Reproductive Isolation ; Songbirds/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Habitat gap size has been negatively linked to movement probability in several species occupying fragmented landscapes. How these effects on movement behaviour in turn affect the genetic structure of fragmented populations at local scales is less well known. We tested, and confirmed, the hypothesis that genetic differentiation among adjacent populations of Florida scrub jays--an endangered bird species with poor dispersal abilities and a high degree of habitat specialization--increases with the width of habitat gaps separating them. This relationship was not an artefact of simple isolation-by-distance, as genetic distance was not correlated with the Euclidean distance between geographical centroids of the adjacent populations. Our results suggest that gap size affects movement behaviour even at remarkably local spatial scales, producing direct consequences on the genetic structure of fragmented populations. This finding shows that conserving genetic continuity for specialist species within fragmented habitat requires maintenance or restoration of preserve networks in which habitat gaps do not exceed a species-specific threshold distance.}, }
@article {pmid22324495, year = {2012}, author = {Whitehouse, AJ and Robinson, M and Newnham, JP and Pennell, CE}, title = {Do hypertensive diseases of pregnancy disrupt neurocognitive development in offspring?.}, journal = {Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {101-108}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01257.x}, pmid = {22324495}, issn = {1365-3016}, mesh = {Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology ; Child Development/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/*etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; *Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Language Development ; Language Development Disorders/*etiology ; Language Tests/standards ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests/standards ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; Western Australia ; }, abstract = {The current study sought to determine whether hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) are associated with neurocognitive outcomes in middle childhood. Participants were members of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Data were available for 1389 children (675 females; mean age = 10.59 years; SD = 0.19). Twenty-five per cent of these participants were offspring of pregnancies complicated by either gestational hypertension (n = 279), or pre-eclampsia (n = 34). Verbal ability at age 10 years was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R), and non-verbal ability with Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Separate multivariable regression analyses, incorporating sociodemographic, antenatal, obstetric and postnatal covariates, investigated the effect of a two- (normotensive pregnancy vs. hypertensive pregnancy) and three-level (normotensive pregnancy vs. gestational hypertension vs. pre-eclampsia) predictor variable on PPVT-R and RCPM scores. Offspring of pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertension (gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia) had a mean PPVT-R score that was 1.83 ([95% confidence interval (CI) -3.48, -0.17], P = 0.03) points lower than children from normotensive pregnancies. Multivariable regression analysis also identified a significant inverse association between the three-level predictor variable and offspring PPVT-R scores (P = 0.02). Gestational hypertension (without pre-eclampsia) reduced offspring PPVT-R scores by 1.71 points [95% CI -3.39, -0.03] and pre-eclampsia led to a reduction of 3.53 points [95% CI -8.41, 1.35], although this latter association did not achieve statistical significance. There was no effect of the two- (P = 0.99) or three-level (P = 0.92) predictor variable on RCPM scores. Maternal hypertensive diseases of pregnancy are a risk factor for a small reduction in offspring verbal ability.}, }
@article {pmid22298910, year = {2012}, author = {Fraser, ON and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Reciprocity of agonistic support in ravens.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {171-177}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.023}, pmid = {22298910}, issn = {0003-3472}, abstract = {Cooperative behaviour through reciprocation or interchange of valuable services in primates has received considerable attention, especially regarding the timeframe of reciprocation and its ensuing cognitive implications. Much less, however, is known about reciprocity in other animals, particularly birds. We investigated patterns of agonistic support (defined as a third party intervening in an ongoing conflict to attack one of the conflict participants, thus supporting the other) in a group of 13 captive ravens, Corvus corax. We found support for long-term, but not short-term, reciprocation of agonistic support. Ravens were more likely to support individuals who preened them, kin and dominant group members. These results suggest that ravens do not reciprocate on a calculated tit-for-tat basis, but aid individuals from whom reciprocated support would be most useful and those with whom they share a good relationship. Additionally, dyadic levels of agonistic support and consolation (postconflict affiliation from a bystander to the victim) correlated strongly with each other, but we found no evidence to suggest that receiving agonistic support influences the victim's likelihood of receiving support (consolation) after the conflict ends. Our findings are consistent with an emotionally mediated form of reciprocity in ravens and provide additional support for convergent cognitive evolution in birds and mammals.}, }
@article {pmid22242144, year = {2011}, author = {Brañas-Garza, P and Rustichini, A}, title = {Organizing effects of testosterone and economic behavior: not just risk taking.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e29842}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0029842}, pmid = {22242144}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adult ; Attitude ; *Economics ; Female ; Fingers/anatomy &amp; histology ; Humans ; Male ; Negotiating ; Regression Analysis ; *Risk-Taking ; Sex Characteristics ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Testosterone/*metabolism ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Recent literature emphasizes the role that testosterone, as well as markers indicating early exposure to T and its organizing effect on the brain (such as the ratio of second to fourth finger, [Formula: see text]), have on performance in financial markets. These results may suggest that the main effect of T, either circulating or in fetal exposure, on economic behavior occurs through the increased willingness to take risks. However, these findings indicate that traders with a low digit ratio are not only more profitable, but more able to survive in the long run, thus the effect might consist of more than just lower risk aversion. In addition, recent literature suggests a positive correlation between abstract reasoning ability and higher willingness to take risks. To test the two hypotheses of testosterone on performance in financial activities (effect on risk attitude versus a complex effect involving risk attitude and reasoning ability), we gather data on the three variables in a sample of 188 ethnically homogeneous college students (Caucasians). We measure a [Formula: see text] digit ratio, abstract reasoning ability with the Raven Progressive Matrices task, and risk attitude with choice among lotteries. Low digit ratio in men is associated with higher risk taking and higher scores in abstract reasoning ability when a combined measure of risk aversion over different tasks is used. This explains both the higher performance and higher survival rate observed in traders, as well as the observed correlation between abstract reasoning ability and risk taking. We also analyze how much of the total effect of digit ratio on risk attitude is direct, and how much is mediated. Mediation analysis shows that a substantial part of the effect of T on attitude to risk is mediated by abstract reasoning ability.}, }
@article {pmid22217722, year = {2012}, author = {Kondo, N and Izawa, E and Watanabe, S}, title = {Crows cross-modally recognize group members but not non-group members.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1735}, pages = {1937-1942}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.2419}, pmid = {22217722}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Hierarchy, Social ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Recognizing other individuals by integrating different sensory modalities is a crucial ability of social animals, including humans. Although cross-modal individual recognition has been demonstrated in mammals, the extent of its use by birds remains unknown. Herein, we report the first evidence of cross-modal recognition of group members by a highly social bird, the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). A cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm was used to test whether crows were sensitive to identity congruence between visual presentation of a group member and the subsequent playback of a contact call. Crows looked more rapidly and for a longer duration when the visual and auditory stimuli were incongruent than when congruent. Moreover, these responses were not observed with non-group member stimuli. These results indicate that crows spontaneously associate visual and auditory information of group members but not of non-group members, which is a demonstration of cross-modal audiovisual recognition of group members in birds.}, }
@article {pmid22209954, year = {2012}, author = {Rutz, C and St Clair, JJ}, title = {The evolutionary origins and ecological context of tool use in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {153-165}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2011.11.005}, pmid = {22209954}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; *Biological Evolution ; *Crows ; *Environment ; New Caledonia ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian (NC) crows Corvus moneduloides are the most prolific avian tool users. In the wild, they use at least three distinct tool types to extract invertebrate prey from deadwood and vegetation, with some of their tools requiring complex manufacture, modification and/or deployment. Experiments with captive-bred, hand-raised NC crows have demonstrated that the species has a strong genetic predisposition for basic tool use and manufacture, suggesting that this behaviour is an evolved adaptation. This view is supported by recent stable-isotope analyses of the diets of wild crows, which revealed that tool use provides access to highly profitable hidden prey, with preliminary data indicating that parents preferentially feed their offspring with tool-derived food. Building on this work, our review examines the possible evolutionary origins of these birds' remarkable tool-use behaviour. Whilst robust comparative analyses are impossible, given the phylogenetic rarity of animal tool use, our examination of a wide range of circumstantial evidence enables a first attempt at reconstructing a plausible evolutionary scenario. We suggest that a common ancestor of NC crows, originating from a (probably) non-tool-using South-East Asian or Australasian crow population, colonised New Caledonia after its last emersion several million years ago. The presence of profitable but out-of-reach food, in combination with a lack of direct competition for these resources, resulted in a vacant woodpecker-like niche. Crows may have possessed certain behavioural and/or morphological features upon their arrival that predisposed them to express tool-use rather than specialised prey-excavation behaviour, although it is possible that woodpecker-like foraging preceded tool use. Low levels of predation risk may have further facilitated tool-use behaviour, by allowing greater expenditure of time and energy on object interaction and exploration, as well as the evolution of a 'slow' life-history, in which prolonged juvenile development enables acquisition of complex behaviours. Intriguingly, humans may well have influenced the evolution of at least some of the species' tool-oriented behaviours, via their possible introduction of candlenut trees together with the beetle larvae that infest them. Research on NC crows' tool-use behaviour in its full ecological context is still in its infancy, and we expect that, as more evidence accumulates, some of our assumptions and predictions will be proved wrong. However, it is clear from our analysis of existing work, and the development of some original ideas, that the unusual evolutionary trajectory of NC crows is probably the consequence of an intricate constellation of interplaying factors.}, }
@article {pmid25892846, year = {2012}, author = {Loretto, MC and Fraser, ON and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ontogeny of Social Relations and Coalition Formation in Common Ravens (Corvus corax).}, journal = {International journal of comparative psychology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {180-194}, pmid = {25892846}, issn = {0889-3667}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {The social intelligence hypothesis, originally developed for primates to explain their high intelligence and large relative brain size, assumes that challenges posed by social life in complex societies with many group members lead to the evolution of advanced cognitive abilities. In birds, pair-bonded species have larger brains than non-pair bonded species, indicating that the quality of social relationships better predicts social complexity than group size. Ravens are a long-term monogamous and territorial species, renowned for their sophisticated socio-cognitive skills and complex social relationships. Notably, during their early years they live in fission-fusion-like non-breeder societies in which social relationships could be of particular importance. Here we observed the development of dominance and affiliative relationships in 12 hand-raised captive ravens, examining the influence of age, sex and kinship on social interactions. Furthermore, we investigated at which developmental step a stable hierarchy emerged, whether third-party interventions played a role and how selectively birds intervened in others' conflicts. At 4-5 months post-fledging, we found an increase in socio-positive behaviour and a decrease in aggression, along with the establishment of a linear dominance rank hierarchy. In line with kin selection theory, siblings exhibited a greater degree of tolerance and engaged in more socio-positive behaviour. In their first few months, ravens frequently intervened in others' conflicts but supported mainly the aggressor; later on, their support became more selective towards kin and close social partners. These findings indicate that ravens engage in sophisticated social behaviours and form stable relationships already in their first year of life.}, }
@article {pmid23502563, year = {2012}, author = {Morange, M}, title = {Synthetic biology: a challenge to mechanical explanations in biology?.}, journal = {Perspectives in biology and medicine}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {543-553}, doi = {10.1353/pbm.2012.0048}, pmid = {23502563}, issn = {1529-8795}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bioengineering ; Biological Evolution ; *Biomedical Research ; Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Models, Biological ; *Synthetic Biology ; Systems Biology ; }, abstract = {In their plans to modify organisms, synthetic biologists have contrasted engineering and tinkering. By drawing this contrast between their endeavors and what has happened during the evolution of organisms by natural selection, they underline the novelty of their projects and justify their ambitions. Synthetic biologists are at odds with a long tradition that has considered organisms as &quot;perfect machines.&quot; This tradition had already been questioned by Stephen Jay Gould in the 1970s and received a major blow with the comparison made by François Jacob between organisms and the results of &quot;bricolage&quot; (tinkering). These contrasts between engineering and tinkering, synthetic biology and evolution, have no raison d'être. Machines built by humans are increasingly inspired by observations made on organisms. This is not a simple reversal of the previous trend-the mechanical conception of organisms-in which the characteristics of the latter were explained by comparison with human-built machines. Relations between organisms and machines have always been complex and ambiguous.}, }
@article {pmid22206038, year = {2011}, author = {Thiemann, TC and Wheeler, SS and Barker, CM and Reisen, WK}, title = {Mosquito host selection varies seasonally with host availability and mosquito density.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, pages = {e1452}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001452}, pmid = {22206038}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 AI055607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01-AI55607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/parasitology ; Blood Cells ; California ; Culex/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Mammals/parasitology ; Population Density ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Host selection by vector mosquitoes is a critical component of virus proliferation, particularly for viruses such as West Nile (WNV) that are transmitted enzootically to a variety of avian hosts, and tangentially to dead-end hosts such as humans. Culex tarsalis is a principal vector of WNV in rural areas of western North America. Based on previous work, Cx. tarsalis utilizes a variety of avian and mammalian hosts and tends to feed more frequently on mammals in the late summer than during the rest of the year. To further explore this and other temporal changes in host selection, bloodfed females were collected at a rural farmstead and heron nesting site in Northern California from May 2008 through May 2009, and bloodmeal hosts identified using either a microsphere-based array or by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Host composition during summer was dominated by four species of nesting Ardeidae. In addition, the site was populated with various passerine species as well as domestic farm animals and humans. When present, Cx. tarsalis fed predominantly (>80%) upon the ardeids, with Black-crowned Night-Herons, a highly competent WNV host, the most prevalent summer host. As the ardeids fledged and left the area and mosquito abundance increased in late summer, Cx. tarsalis feeding shifted to include more mammals, primarily cattle, and a high diversity of avian species. In the winter, Yellow-billed Magpies and House Sparrows were the predominant hosts, and Yellow-billed Magpies and American Robins were fed upon more frequently than expected given their relative abundance. These data demonstrated that host selection was likely based both on host availability and differences in utilization, that the shift of bloodfeeding to include more mammalian hosts was likely the result of both host availability and increased mosquito abundance, and that WNV-competent hosts were fed upon by Cx. tarsalis throughout the year.}, }
@article {pmid22194779, year = {2011}, author = {Taylor, AH and Elliffe, DM and Hunt, GR and Emery, NJ and Clayton, NS and Gray, RD}, title = {New Caledonian crows learn the functional properties of novel tool types.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {e26887}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026887}, pmid = {22194779}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Air ; Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Discrimination Learning ; Female ; Learning/*physiology ; Learning Curve ; Male ; New Caledonia ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; Water ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows were presented with Bird and Emery's (2009a) Aesop's fable paradigm, which requires stones to be dropped into a water-filled tube to bring floating food within reach. The crows did not spontaneously use stones as tools, but quickly learned to do so, and to choose objects and materials with functional properties. Some crows discarded both inefficient and non-functional objects before observing their effects on the water level. Interestingly, the crows did not learn to discriminate between functional and non-functional objects and materials when there was an arbitrary, rather than causal, link between object and reward. This finding suggests that the crows' performances were not based on associative learning alone. That is, learning was not guided solely by the covariation rate between stimuli and outcomes or the conditioned reinforcement properties acquired by functional objects. Our results, therefore, show that New Caledonian crows can process causal information not only when it is linked to sticks and stick-like tools but also when it concerns the functional properties of novel types of tool.}, }
@article {pmid22185481, year = {2011}, author = {Haugstvedt, A and Wentzel-Larsen, T and Rokne, B and Graue, M}, title = {Psychosocial family factors and glycemic control among children aged 1-15 years with type 1 diabetes: a population-based survey.}, journal = {BMC pediatrics}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {118}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2431-11-118}, pmid = {22185481}, issn = {1471-2431}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood/*psychology ; Family/psychology ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/*analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parenting ; Parents/*psychology ; Regression Analysis ; Social Support ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Being the parents of children with diabetes is demanding. Jay Belsky's determinants of parenting model emphasizes both the personal psychological resources, the characteristics of the child and contextual sources such as parents' work, marital relations and social network support as important determinants for parenting. To better understand the factors influencing parental functioning among parents of children with type 1 diabetes, we aimed to investigate associations between the children's glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and 1) variables related to the parents' psychological and contextual resources, and 2) frequency of blood glucose measurement as a marker for diabetes-related parenting behavior.<br><br>METHODS: Mothers (n = 103) and fathers (n = 97) of 115 children younger than 16 years old participated in a population-based survey. The questionnaire comprised the Life Orientation Test, the Oslo 3-item Social Support Scale, a single question regarding perceived social limitation because of the child's diabetes, the Relationship Satisfaction Scale and demographic and clinical variables. We investigated associations by using regression analysis. Related to the second aim hypoglycemic events, child age, diabetes duration, insulin regimen and comorbid diseases were included as covariates.<br><br>RESULTS: The mean HbA1c was 8.1%, and 29% had HbA1c ≤ 7.5%. In multiple regression analysis, lower HbA1c was associated with higher education and stronger perceptions of social limitation among the mothers. A higher frequency of blood glucose measurement was significantly associated with lower HbA1c in bivariate analysis. Higher child age was significantly associated with higher HbA1c both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. A scatterplot indicated this association to be linear.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Most families do not reach recommended treatment goals for their child with type 1 diabetes. Concerning contextual sources of stress and support, the families who successfully reached the treatment goals had mothers with higher education and experienced a higher degree of social limitations because of the child's diabetes. The continuous increasing HbA1c by age, also during the years before puberty, may indicate a need for further exploring the associations between child characteristics, context-related variables and parenting behavior such as factors facilitating the transfer of parents' responsibility and motivation for continued frequent treatment tasks to their growing children.}, }
@article {pmid22173734, year = {2013}, author = {Shelomi, M}, title = {Mad scientist: the unique case of a published delusion.}, journal = {Science and engineering ethics}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {381-388}, doi = {10.1007/s11948-011-9339-2}, pmid = {22173734}, issn = {1471-5546}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomedical Research/*ethics ; Deception ; *Delusions ; Editorial Policies ; Entomology ; Ethics, Research ; Humans ; Mites ; *Psychotic Disorders ; Publishing/*ethics ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; *Scientific Misconduct ; Social Discrimination/*ethics ; Unconscious (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {In 1951, entomologist Jay Traver published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington her personal experiences with a mite infestation of her scalp that resisted all treatment and was undetectable to anyone other than herself. Traver is recognized as having suffered from Delusory Parasitosis: her paper shows her to be a textbook case of the condition. The Traver paper is unique in the scientific literature in that its conclusions may be based on data that was unconsciously fabricated by the author's mind. The paper may merit retraction on the grounds of error or even scientific misconduct &quot;by reason of insanity,&quot; but such a retraction raises the issue of discrimination against the mentally ill. This article asks what responsibilities journals have when faced with delusions disguised as science, what right editors have to question the sanity of an author, and what should be done about the Traver paper itself. By placing higher emphasis on article content than author identity, scientific integrity is maintained and a balance is struck between avoiding discrimination against the mentally ill and not preventing patients from seeking needed treatment.}, }
@article {pmid22127056, year = {2011}, author = {Pika, S and Bugnyar, T}, title = {The use of referential gestures in ravens (Corvus corax) in the wild.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {560}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms1567}, pmid = {22127056}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Around the age of one year, human children start to use gestures to coordinate attention towards a social partner and an object of mutual interest. These referential gestures have been suggested as the foundation to engage in language, and have so far only been observed in great apes. Virtually nothing is known about comparable skills in non-primate species. Here we record thirty-eight social interactions between seven raven (Corvus corax) dyads in the Northern Alps, Austria during three consecutive field seasons. All observed behaviours included the showing and/or offering of non-edible items (for example, moss, twigs) to recipients, leading to frequent orientation of receivers to the object and the signallers and subsequent affiliative interactions. We report evidence that the use of declarative gestures is not restricted to the primate lineage and that these gestures may function as 'testing-signals' to evaluate the interest of a potential partner or to strengthen an already existing bond.}, }
@article {pmid22073444, year = {2011}, author = {Puckett, DJ}, title = {Reporting on the Holocaust: the view from Jim Crow Alabama.}, journal = {Holocaust and genocide studies}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {219-251}, pmid = {22073444}, issn = {8756-6583}, mesh = {Alabama/ethnology ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Germany/ethnology ; Hierarchy, Social/history ; History, 20th Century ; Holocaust/economics/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; Humans ; *Mass Media/economics/history ; *Population Groups/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Prejudice ; *Race Relations/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; Social Problems/economics/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Violence/economics/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; World War II ; }, abstract = {The press in Alabama covered major events taking place in Germany from the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in 1933 through the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Journalists in the state provided extensive coverage, and editors did not hesitate to opine on the persecution of the Jews in Europe. Yet, Alabama’s white-run press failed in the end to explain the events as a singularly Jewish tragedy. The state’s black-run press, for its part, used the news of the mass killings of the Jews to warn against the dangers of conceptions of racial superiority—a primary concern for black southerners living in the Jim Crow South.}, }
@article {pmid22072603, year = {2012}, author = {Lenda, M and Skórka, P and Knops, JM and Morón, D and Tworek, S and Woyciechowski, M}, title = {Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1733}, pages = {1491-1497}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.2153}, pmid = {22072603}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Crows/*physiology ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; Juglans/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Successful invasive species often are established for a long time period before increasing exponentially in abundance. This lag phase is one of the least understood phenomena of biological invasions. Plant invasions depend on three factors: a seed source, suitable habitat and a seed disperser. The non-native walnut, Juglans regia, has been planted for centuries in Central Europe but, until recently, has not spread beyond planted areas. However, in the past 20 years, we have observed a rapid increase in walnut abundance, specifically in abandoned agricultural fields. The dominant walnut disperser is the rook, Corvus frugilegus. During the past 50 years, rooks have increased in abundance and now commonly inhabit human settlements, where walnut trees are planted. Central Europe has, in the past few decades, experienced large-scale land abandonment. Walnut seeds dispersed into ploughed fields do not survive, but when cached into ploughed and then abandoned fields, they successfully establish. Rooks preferentially cache seeds in ploughed fields. Thus, land-use change combined with disperser changes can cause rapid increase of a non-native species, allowing it to become invasive. This may have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem. Thus, species that are non-native and not invasive can become invasive as habitats and dispersers change.}, }
@article {pmid22048890, year = {2012}, author = {Cheke, LG and Clayton, NS}, title = {Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) overcome their current desires to anticipate two distinct future needs and plan for them appropriately.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {171-175}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2011.0909}, pmid = {22048890}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; //Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Appetite ; Cognition ; Cues ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food ; Male ; *Motivation ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Time Perception ; }, abstract = {Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) have been shown to overcome present satiety to cache food they will desire in the future. Here, we show that another corvid, the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius), can distinguish between two distinct future desires and plan for each appropriately, despite experiencing a conflicting current motivation. We argue that these data address the criticisms of previous work, and suggest a way in which associative learning processes and future-oriented cognition may combine to allow prospective behaviour.}, }
@article {pmid22046115, year = {2011}, author = {Gustafson, NJ and Daw, ND}, title = {Grid cells, place cells, and geodesic generalization for spatial reinforcement learning.}, journal = {PLoS computational biology}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e1002235}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002235}, pmid = {22046115}, issn = {1553-7358}, support = {R01 MH087882/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH087882-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; MH087882/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Entorhinal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Maze Learning/*physiology ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Spatial Behavior ; }, abstract = {Reinforcement learning (RL) provides an influential characterization of the brain's mechanisms for learning to make advantageous choices. An important problem, though, is how complex tasks can be represented in a way that enables efficient learning. We consider this problem through the lens of spatial navigation, examining how two of the brain's location representations--hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells--are adapted to serve as basis functions for approximating value over space for RL. Although much previous work has focused on these systems' roles in combining upstream sensory cues to track location, revisiting these representations with a focus on how they support this downstream decision function offers complementary insights into their characteristics. Rather than localization, the key problem in learning is generalization between past and present situations, which may not match perfectly. Accordingly, although neural populations collectively offer a precise representation of position, our simulations of navigational tasks verify the suggestion that RL gains efficiency from the more diffuse tuning of individual neurons, which allows learning about rewards to generalize over longer distances given fewer training experiences. However, work on generalization in RL suggests the underlying representation should respect the environment's layout. In particular, although it is often assumed that neurons track location in Euclidean coordinates (that a place cell's activity declines &quot;as the crow flies&quot; away from its peak), the relevant metric for value is geodesic: the distance along a path, around any obstacles. We formalize this intuition and present simulations showing how Euclidean, but not geodesic, representations can interfere with RL by generalizing inappropriately across barriers. Our proposal that place and grid responses should be modulated by geodesic distances suggests novel predictions about how obstacles should affect spatial firing fields, which provides a new viewpoint on data concerning both spatial codes.}, }
@article {pmid22039986, year = {2012}, author = {Møller, AP and Peralta-Sánchez, JM and Nielsen, JT and López-Hernández, E and Soler, JJ}, title = {Goshawk prey have more bacteria than non-prey.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {403-410}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01923.x}, pmid = {22039986}, issn = {1365-2656}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Load ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Columbidae/microbiology ; Denmark ; Feathers/*microbiology ; *Food Chain ; Fungi/*isolation &amp; purification ; Hawks/*physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; Songbirds/microbiology ; }, abstract = {1. Predators often prey on individuals that are sick or otherwise weakened. Although previous studies have shown higher abundance of parasites in prey, whether prey have elevated loads of micro-organisms remains to be determined. 2. We quantified the abundance of bacteria and fungi on feathers of woodpigeons Columba palumbus L., jays Garrulus glandarius L. and blackbirds Turdus merula L. that either fell prey to goshawks Accipiter gentilis L. or were not depredated. 3. We found an almost three-fold increase in bacterial load of prey compared with non-prey, while there was no significant difference between prey and non-prey in level of fungal infection of the plumage. 4. The results were not confounded by differences in size or mass of feathers, date of collection of feathers, or date of analysis of feathers for micro-organisms. 5. These findings suggest a previously unknown contribution of bacteria to risk of predation, with important implications for behaviour, population ecology and community ecology.}, }
@article {pmid22024660, year = {2012}, author = {Dunlap, AS and Stephens, DW}, title = {Tracking a changing environment: optimal sampling, adaptive memory and overnight effects.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, pages = {86-94}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2011.10.005}, pmid = {22024660}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {K12 GM000708/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HD007151/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; *Choice Behavior ; *Environment ; *Learning ; *Memory ; Models, Psychological ; Passeriformes ; Retention (Psychology) ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Foraging in a variable environment presents a classic problem of decision making with incomplete information. Animals must track the changing environment, remember the best options and make choices accordingly. While several experimental studies have explored the idea that sampling behavior reflects the amount of environmental change, we take the next logical step in asking how change influences memory. We explore the hypothesis that memory length should be tied to the ecological relevance and the value of the information learned, and that environmental change is a key determinant of the value of memory. We use a dynamic programming model to confirm our predictions and then test memory length in a factorial experiment. In our experimental situation we manipulate rates of change in a simple foraging task for blue jays over a 36 h period. After jays experienced an experimentally determined change regime, we tested them at a range of retention intervals, from 1 to 72 h. Manipulated rates of change influenced learning and sampling rates: subjects sampled more and learned more quickly in the high change condition. Tests of retention revealed significant interactions between retention interval and the experienced rate of change. We observed a striking and surprising difference between the high and low change treatments at the 24h retention interval. In agreement with earlier work we find that a circadian retention interval is special, but we find that the extent of this 'specialness' depends on the subject's prior experience of environmental change. Specifically, experienced rates of change seem to influence how subjects balance recent information against past experience in a way that interacts with the passage of time.}, }
@article {pmid21944570, year = {2012}, author = {Smyth, RM and Jacoby, A and Elbourne, D}, title = {Deciding to join a perinatal randomised controlled trial: experiences and views of pregnant women enroled in the Magpie Trial.}, journal = {Midwifery}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {E478-85}, doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2011.08.006}, pmid = {21944570}, issn = {1532-3099}, mesh = {Adult ; Altruism ; Anticonvulsants/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Choice Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Multicenter Studies as Topic/psychology ; Nursing Methodology Research ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*psychology ; Patient Selection ; Pre-Eclampsia/drug therapy/prevention &amp; control/*psychology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women/*psychology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*psychology ; Research Subjects/*psychology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: to provide insight into pregnant women's experiences of participating in a large multi-centre randomised trial.<br><br>DESIGN: qualitative semi-structured interviews.<br><br>SETTING: six UK maternity units.<br><br>PARTICIPANTS: women recruited to the Magpie Trial. The Magpie Trial was a trial of prophylactic anticonvulsants for women with severe pre-eclampsia. MEASUREMENTS FINDINGS: a number of major but related themes emerged regarding influences on the women's decision-making: unpredictability of pre-eclampsia; quality of information received; role of others in the decision-making process; perceived personal benefit from trial participation; and perception of voluntariness of joining.<br><br>KEY CONCLUSIONS: the data presented give valuable insights into the women's views and experiences of decision-making. Research into many of the other elements of care given during pregnancy and childbirth is still needed, and with this need comes the ethical responsibility of researchers to ensure trials are performed in the most scientifically robust ways, which are also acceptable to women. To examine the experiences of those involved in trial participation and their views about doing so is a crucial way of advancing this. The QUOTE Study increases understanding of the experiences of women participating in a randomised controlled trial.<br><br>IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: the general implication for practice is that procedures are needed that can improve the design and conduct of randomised trials and therefore ultimately enhance the experience for future women. Recommendations include informed consent should be tailored, recognising individual differences in the desire for information. For instance the time individuals need to make consent decisions varies, as do their desires to consult with family before agreeing.}, }
@article {pmid21939742, year = {2011}, author = {Nishizawa, K and Izawa, EI and Watanabe, S}, title = {Neural-activity mapping of memory-based dominance in the crow: neural networks integrating individual discrimination and social behaviour control.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, volume = {197}, number = {}, pages = {307-319}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.001}, pmid = {21939742}, issn = {1873-7544}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Crows ; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos), highly social birds, form stable dominance relationships based on the memory of win/loss outcomes of first encounters and on individual discrimination. This socio-cognitive behaviour predicts the existence of neural mechanisms for integration of social behaviour control and individual discrimination. This study aimed to elucidate the neural substrates of memory-based dominance in crows. First, the formation of dominance relationships was confirmed between males in a dyadic encounter paradigm. Next, we examined whether neural activities in 22 focal nuclei of pallium and subpallium were correlated with social behaviour and stimulus familiarity after exposure to dominant/subordinate familiar individuals and unfamiliar conspecifics. Neural activity was determined by measuring expression level of the immediate-early-gene (IEG) protein Zenk. Crows displayed aggressive and/or submissive behaviour to opponents less frequently but more discriminatively in subsequent encounters, suggesting stable dominance based on memory, including win/loss outcomes of the first encounters and individual discrimination. Neural correlates of aggressive and submissive behaviour were found in limbic subpallium including septum, bed nucleus of the striae terminalis (BST), and nucleus taeniae of amygdala (TnA), but also those to familiarity factor in BST and TnA. Contrastingly, correlates of social behaviour were little in pallium and those of familiarity with exposed individuals were identified in hippocampus, medial meso-/nidopallium, and ventro-caudal nidopallium. Given the anatomical connection and neural response patterns of the focal nuclei, neural networks connecting pallium and limbic subpallium via hippocampus could be involved in the integration of individual discrimination and social behaviour control in memory-based dominance in the crow.}, }
@article {pmid21923798, year = {2012}, author = {Gruenthal, A and Moffatt, C and Simmons, T}, title = {Differential decomposition patterns in charred versus un-charred remains.}, journal = {Journal of forensic sciences}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {12-18}, doi = {10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01909.x}, pmid = {21923798}, issn = {1556-4029}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Burns/*pathology ; Diptera ; Feeding Behavior ; Forensic Anthropology ; Forensic Pathology ; Models, Animal ; *Postmortem Changes ; Rodentia ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Although researchers have examined many aspects of fire modification, the rate and pattern of decomposition in charred remains have not been studied previously. This study utilized 48 domestic pigs, divided into 24 charred (head, neck, and limbs burned to Crow-Glassman level 1 and torso to level 2) and 24 un-charred pig carcasses. Decomposition of control carcasses was scored at 50 accumulated degree days (ADD) intervals, and charred carcasses were also observed and photographed at this time. A Charred Body Scale was subsequently created, and charred carcasses were scored retrospectively for the same ADD intervals. Analysis using a mixed-effect repeated measures model indicated that, while decomposition rate was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.2692), the charred remains initially displayed an ostensibly more advanced pattern. Body regions displaying significant charring decomposed at a faster rate (p < 0.001), while areas with very light levels of charring decomposed at a significantly slower rate (p < 0.001).}, }
@article {pmid21922257, year = {2012}, author = {Wilson, AG and Crystal, JD}, title = {Prospective memory in the rat.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {349-358}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0459-5}, pmid = {21922257}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {R01 MH080052/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH080052-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH080052/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anticipation, Psychological ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Male ; *Memory, Episodic ; Rats/*psychology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley/psychology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The content of prospective memory is comprised of representations of an action to perform in the future. When people form prospective memories, they temporarily put the memory representation in an inactive state while engaging in other activities, and then activate the representation in the future. Ultimately, successful activation of the memory representation yields an action at an appropriate, but temporally distant, time. A hallmark of prospective memory is that activation of the memory representation has a deleterious effect on current ongoing activity. Recent evidence suggests that scrub jays and non-human primates, but not other species, are capable of future planning. We hypothesized that prospective memory produces a selective deficit in performance at the time when rats access a memory representation but not when the memory representation is inactive. Rats were trained in a temporal bisection task (90 min/day). Immediately after the bisection task, half of the rats received an 8-g meal (meal group) and the other rats received no additional food (no-meal group). Sensitivity to time in the bisection task was reduced as the 90-min interval elapsed for the meal group but not for the no-meal group. This time-based prospective-memory effect was not based on response competition, an attentional limit, anticipatory contrast, or fatigue. Our results suggest that rats form prospective memories, which produces a negative side effect on ongoing activity.}, }
@article {pmid21920957, year = {2012}, author = {Dufour, V and Wascher, CA and Braun, A and Miller, R and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Corvids can decide if a future exchange is worth waiting for.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {201-204}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2011.0726}, pmid = {21920957}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Motivation ; *Reward ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Evidence for time-dependent calculations about future rewards is scarce in non-human animals. In non-human primates, only great apes are comparable with humans. Still, some species wait for several minutes to obtain a better reward in delayed exchange tasks. Corvids have been shown to match with non-human primates in some time-related tasks. Here, we investigate a delay of gratification in two corvid species, the carrion crow (Corvus corone) and the common raven (Corvus corax), in an exchange task. Results show that corvids success decreases quickly as delay increases, with a maximal delay of up to 320 s (more than 5 min). The decision to wait rests both on the quality of the prospective reward and the time required to obtain it. Corvids also apply tactics (placing the reward on the ground or caching it) that probably alleviate costs of waiting and distract their attention during waiting. These findings contrast previous results on delayed gratification in birds and indicate that some species may perform comparably to primates.}, }
@article {pmid21910843, year = {2011}, author = {Bartlow, AW and Kachmar, M and Lichti, N and Swihart, RK and Stratford, JA and Steele, MA}, title = {Does multiple seed loading in Blue Jays result in selective dispersal of smaller acorns?.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {235-243}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00254.x}, pmid = {21910843}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {//Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Food Chain ; Pennsylvania ; Quercus/*physiology ; *Seed Dispersal ; Seeds/*anatomy &amp; histology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies from both tropical and temperate systems show that scatter-hoarding rodents selectively disperse larger seeds farther from their source than smaller seeds, potentially increasing seedling establishment in larger-seeded plants. Size-biased dispersal is evident in many oaks (Quercus) and is true both across and within species. Here, we predict that intraspecifc variation in seed size also influences acorn dispersal by the Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus), but in an opposite manner. Blue Jays are gape-limited and selectively disperse smaller acorn species (e.g. pin oaks [Quercus palustris Münchh]), but often carry several acorns in their crop during a single dispersal event. We predict that jays foraging on smaller acorns will load more seeds per trip and disperse seeds to greater distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill. To test this, we presented free-ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2-year period. In each of 16 experimental trials, we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of acorns removed and the distance acorns were dispersed when cached. Jays were significantly more likely to engage in multiple seed loading with smaller seeds in both years of the study. During the second year, these smaller acorns were dispersed farther than larger acorns, and during the first year, larger acorns were dispersed farther, revealing an inconsistent response to seed size during our study. We suggest that in some circumstances, multiple seed loading by Blue Jays may favor dispersal in some plant species.}, }
@article {pmid21900316, year = {2012}, author = {Taylor, AH and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD}, title = {Context-dependent tool use in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {205-207}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2011.0782}, pmid = {21900316}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Fear ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Humans and chimpanzees both exhibit context-dependent tool use. That is, both species choose to use tools when food is within reach, but the context is potentially hazardous. Here, we show that New Caledonian crows used tools more frequently when food was positioned next to a novel model snake than when food was positioned next to a novel teddy bear or a familiar food bowl. However, the crows showed no significant difference in their neophobic reactions towards the teddy bear and the model snake. Therefore, the crows used tools more in response to a risky object resembling a natural predator than to a less-threatening object that provoked a comparable level of neophobia. These results show that New Caledonian crows, like humans and chimpanzees, are capable of context-dependent tool use.}, }
@article {pmid21887286, year = {2011}, author = {Li, C and Yang, X and Ding, Y and Zhang, L and Fang, H and Tang, S and Jiang, Z}, title = {Do Père David's deer lose memories of their ancestral predators?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e23623}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0023623}, pmid = {21887286}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Deer/*physiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; Tape Recording ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology ; }, abstract = {Whether prey retains antipredator behavior after a long period of predator relaxation is an important question in predator-prey evolution. Père David's deer have been raised in enclosures for more than 1200 years and this isolation provides an opportunity to study whether Père David's deer still respond to the cues of their ancestral predators or to novel predators. We played back the sounds of crows (familiar sound) and domestic dogs (familiar non-predators), of tigers and wolves (ancestral predators), and of lions (potential naïve predator) to Père David's deer in paddocks, and blank sounds to the control group, and videoed the behavior of the deer during the experiment. We also showed life-size photo models of dog, leopard, bear, tiger, wolf, and lion to the deer and video taped their responses after seeing these models. Père David's deer stared at and approached the hidden loudspeaker when they heard the roars of tiger or lion. The deer listened to tiger roars longer, approached to tiger roars more and spent more time staring at the tiger model. The stags were also found to forage less in the trials of tiger roars than that of other sound playbacks. Additionally, it took longer for the deer to restore their normal behavior after they heard tiger roars, which was longer than that after the trial of other sound playbacks. Moreover, the deer were only found to walk away after hearing the sounds of tiger and wolf. Therefore, the tiger was probably the main predator for Père David's deer in ancient time. Our study implies that Père David's deer still retain the memories of the acoustic and visual cues of their ancestral predators in spite of the long term isolation from natural habitat.}, }
@article {pmid21855614, year = {2011}, author = {Schmidt, J and Scheid, C and Kotrschal, K and Bugnyar, T and Schloegl, C}, title = {Gaze direction - a cue for hidden food in rooks (Corvus frugilegus)?.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, pages = {88-93}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2011.08.002}, pmid = {21855614}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; *Cues ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology ; Head Movements/*physiology ; Male ; Motivation/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Reward ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Other individual's head- and eye-directions can be used as social cues indicating the presence of important events. Among birds, ravens and rooks have been shown to co-orient with conspecifics and with humans by following their gaze direction into distant space and behind visual screens. Both species use screens to cache food in private; also, it had been suggested that they may rely on gaze cues to detect hidden food. However, in an object-choice task, ravens failed to do so, and their competitive lifestyle may have prevented them from relying on these cues. Here we tested closely related and cooperative rooks. Food was hidden in one of two cups and the experimenter gazed at the baited cup. In a second experiment, we aimed to increase the birds' motivation to choose correctly by increasing the investment needed to obtain the reward. To do so, the birds had to pull on a string to obtain the cup. Here, the birds as a group tended to rely on gaze cues. In addition, individual birds quickly learned to use the cue in both experiments. Although rooks may not use gaze cues to find hidden food spontaneously, they may quickly learn to do so.}, }
@article {pmid21827761, year = {2011}, author = {Wilcoxen, TE and Boughton, RK and Bridge, ES and Rensel, MA and Schoech, SJ}, title = {Age-related differences in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone in Florida scrub-jays.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {173}, number = {3}, pages = {461-466}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.07.007}, pmid = {21827761}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/metabolism/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {In physiological studies of free-living species, it is essential to consider the context of the life history stage at which an individual was observed in order to link measures of physiology with ecological parameters. One such measure that is important to consider is the age of an individual. We tested whether baseline or stress-induced corticosterone levels vary with age in free-living Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) during the pre-breeding period. Corticosterone (CORT), the primary avian stress hormone, is released in response to stressful stimuli, and stimulates gluconeogenesis; however, it also serves as a chemical messenger that can influence other physiological processes, reproduction, and behavior. We monitored both baseline CORT levels longitudinally throughout a five-year period and stress-induced CORT responses over a shorter two-year period. We predicted that older jays would have lower baseline CORT levels and a dampened stress response compared to younger birds, as has been shown in other avian species. We found no significant differences in baseline CORT levels with age. We found a decrease in total corticosterone responses to a stressor with age, however, the oldest birds in the population showed greater total corticosterone responses to a stressor. These results may be a product of age-related changes in physiological processes related to the stress response or a result of selection acting on the population, resulting in only the most responsive individuals surviving to old age.}, }
@article {pmid21826441, year = {2011}, author = {Holm, L and Ullén, F and Madison, G}, title = {Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour: unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing.}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, volume = {214}, number = {2}, pages = {175-183}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-011-2817-6}, pmid = {21826441}, issn = {1432-1106}, mesh = {Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/*physiology ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Reaction Time/*physiology ; Time Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Intelligence is associated with accuracy in a wide range of timing tasks. One source of such associations is likely to be individual differences in top-down control, e.g., sustained attention, that influence performance in both temporal tasks and other cognitively controlled behaviours. In addition, we have studied relations between intelligence and a simple rhythmic motor task, isochronous serial interval production (ISIP), and found a substantial component of that relation, which is independent of fluctuations in top-down control. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether such bottom-up mechanisms are involved also in the relation between intelligence and reaction time (RT) tasks. We thus investigated whether common variance between the ISIP and RT tasks underlies their respective associations with intelligence. Two hundred and twelve participants performed a simple RT task, a choice RT task and the ISIP task. Intelligence was assessed with the Raven SPM Plus. The analysed timing variables included mean and variability in the RT tasks and two variance components in the ISIP task. As predicted, RT and ISIP variables were associated with intelligence. The timing variables were positively intercorrelated, and a principal component analysis revealed a substantial first principal component that was strongly related to all timing variables, and positively correlated with intelligence. Furthermore, a commonality analysis demonstrated that the relations between intelligence and the timing variables involved a commonality between the timing variables as well as unique contributions from choice RT and ISIP. We discuss possible implications of these findings and argue that they support our main hypothesis, i.e., that relations between intelligence and RT tasks have a bottom-up component.}, }
@article {pmid21773746, year = {2012}, author = {Roth, TC and LaDage, LD and Pravosudov, VV}, title = {Evidence for long-term spatial memory in a parid.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {149-154}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0440-3}, pmid = {21773746}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {MH076797/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; MH079892/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; *Memory, Long-Term/physiology ; *Songbirds/physiology ; *Space Perception/physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Many animals use spatial memory. Although much work has examined the accuracy of spatial memory, few studies have explicitly focused on its longevity. The importance of long-term spatial memory for foraging has been demonstrated in several cases. However, the importance of such long-term memory for all animals is unclear. In this study, we present the first evidence that a parid species (the black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus) can remember the location of a single food item for at least 6 months under an associative-learning spatial memory paradigm with multiple reinforcements. We did not detect a significant difference in memory longevity between two populations of chickadees shown previously to differ in short-term spatial memory and hippocampal morphology, an area of the brain involved in spatial memory. Our study showed that small birds such as parids can maintain spatial memories for long periods, a feat shown previously only in corvids. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate this longevity within the context of only 16 repeated trials. We speculate that this ability may potentially be useful in relocating caches if reinforced by repeated visits. Future studies are necessary to test whether our results were specifically due to multiple reinforcements of the food-containing location and whether parids may have similar memory longevity during food-caching experiences in the wild.}, }
@article {pmid21756417, year = {2012}, author = {Vazquez, V and Alonso, V and Luna, F}, title = {Biological fitness and action opportunity of natural selection in an urban population of Cuba: Plaza de la Revolución, Havana.}, journal = {Journal of biosocial science}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {155-163}, doi = {10.1017/S0021932011000393}, pmid = {21756417}, issn = {1469-7599}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Birth Rate ; Cuba ; Female ; *Fertility ; Humans ; Maternal Mortality/*trends ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Residence Characteristics ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics/physiology ; Urban Population/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {This paper describes the biological fitness of an urban population of Havana city, Plaza de la Revolución, which has the lowest fertility and the highest demographic ageing in Cuba. The aim is to assess the biological fitness of this community through the indexes of action opportunity of natural selection, to determine its evolutionary pattern and the influence of its socio-cultural peculiarity. Demographic data were obtained from the reproductive histories of 1200 women between the ages of 55 and 64. Data concerning mortality and surviving offspring from the first embryonic stages until age of reproduction were also collected. In order to measure the level of biological fitness two indexes were used: the Crow index of action opportunity of natural selection and the corrected index proposed by Johnston and Kensinger, which takes into account prenatal mortality. This corrected index was calculated including and excluding induced abortions in order to evaluate the contribution of these to biological fitness. When only postnatal mortality was considered, the results showed an evolutionary pattern similar to that of developed countries, based on low mortality and fertility. However, when prenatal mortality was taken into account, biological fitness decreased and the corrected index of natural selection was 4.5 times higher than when miscarriages and fetal deaths were not considered. Moreover, this corrected index was 2.65 times higher when induced miscarriages were considered, indicating the large decrease in biological fitness as a result of the current reproductive behaviour of frequent induced abortion.}, }
@article {pmid21751005, year = {2012}, author = {Mikolasch, S and Kotrschal, K and Schloegl, C}, title = {Is caching the key to exclusion in corvids? The case of carrion crows (Corvus corone corone).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {73-82}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0434-1}, pmid = {21751005}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; *Crows ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; *Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {Recently, two corvid species, food-caching ravens and non-caching jackdaws, have been tested in an exclusion performance (EP) task. While the ravens chose by exclusion, the jackdaws did not. Thus, foraging behaviour may affect EP abilities. To investigate this possibility, another food-caching corvid species, the carrion crow (Corvus corone corone), was tested in the same exclusion task. We hid food under one of two cups and subsequently lifted either both cups, or the baited or the un-baited cup. The crows were significantly above chance when both cups were lifted or when only the baited cup was lifted. When the empty cup was lifted, we found considerable inter-individual variation, with some birds having a significant preference for the un-baited but manipulated cup. In a follow-up task, we always provided the birds with the full information about the food location, but manipulated in which order they saw the hiding or the removal of food. Interestingly, they strongly preferred the cup which was manipulated last, even if it did not contain any food. Therefore, we repeated the first experiment but controlled for the movement of the cups. In this case, more crows found the food reliably in the un-baited condition. We conclude that carrion crows are able to choose by exclusion, but local enhancement has a strong influence on their performance and may overshadow potential inferential abilities. However, these findings support the hypothesis that caching might be a key to exclusion in corvids.}, }
@article {pmid21715408, year = {2012}, author = {Cornell, HN and Marzluff, JM and Pecoraro, S}, title = {Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {279}, number = {1728}, pages = {499-508}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.0957}, pmid = {21715408}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Face ; Humans ; *Learning ; Seasons ; *Social Behavior ; Visual Perception ; Washington ; }, abstract = {Individuals face evolutionary trade-offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information. American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person. We exposed wild crows to a novel 'dangerous face' by wearing a unique mask as we trapped, banded and released 7-15 birds at five study sites near Seattle, WA, USA. An immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning, while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture. Later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning. Independent scolding by young crows, whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask, demonstrates vertical social learning. Crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means. Learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1.2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site.}, }
@article {pmid21687666, year = {2011}, author = {Auersperg, AM and von Bayern, AM and Gajdon, GK and Huber, L and Kacelnik, A}, title = {Flexibility in problem solving and tool use of kea and New Caledonian crows in a multi access box paradigm.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e20231}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020231}, pmid = {21687666}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; Food ; Male ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Psittaciformes/*physiology ; Reward ; Time Factors ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parrots and corvids show outstanding innovative and flexible behaviour. In particular, kea and New Caledonian crows are often singled out as being exceptionally sophisticated in physical cognition, so that comparing them in this respect is particularly interesting. However, comparing cognitive mechanisms among species requires consideration of non-cognitive behavioural propensities and morphological characteristics evolved from different ancestry and adapted to fit different ecological niches. We used a novel experimental approach based on a Multi-Access-Box (MAB). Food could be extracted by four different techniques, two of them involving tools. Initially all four options were available to the subjects. Once they reached criterion for mastering one option, this task was blocked, until the subjects became proficient in another solution. The exploratory behaviour differed considerably. Only one (of six) kea and one (of five) NCC mastered all four options, including a first report of innovative stick tool use in kea. The crows were more efficient in using the stick tool, the kea the ball tool. The kea were haptically more explorative than the NCC, discovered two or three solutions within the first ten trials (against a mean of 0.75 discoveries by the crows) and switched more quickly to new solutions when the previous one was blocked. Differences in exploration technique, neophobia and object manipulation are likely to explain differential performance across the set of tasks. Our study further underlines the need to use a diversity of tasks when comparing cognitive traits between members of different species. Extension of a similar method to other taxa could help developing a comparative cognition research program.}, }
@article {pmid21681486, year = {2011}, author = {Strickland, D and Kielstra, B and Ryan Norris, D}, title = {Experimental evidence for a novel mechanism driving variation in habitat quality in a food-caching bird.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {167}, number = {4}, pages = {943-950}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-011-2040-y}, pmid = {21681486}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Ontario ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Variation in habitat quality can have important consequences for fitness and population dynamics. For food-caching species, a critical determinant of habitat quality is normally the density of storable food, but it is also possible that quality is driven by the ability of habitats to preserve food items. The food-caching gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis) occupies year-round territories in the coniferous boreal and subalpine forests of North America, but does not use conifer seed crops as a source of food. Over the last 33 years, we found that the occupancy rate of territories in Algonquin Park (ON, Canada) has declined at a higher rate in territories with a lower proportion of conifers compared to those with a higher proportion. Individuals occupying territories with a low proportion of conifers were also less likely to successfully fledge young. Using chambers to simulate food caches, we conducted an experiment to examine the hypothesis that coniferous trees are better able to preserve the perishable food items stored in summer and fall than deciduous trees due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Over a 1-4 month exposure period, we found that mealworms, blueberries, and raisins all lost less weight when stored on spruce and pine trees compared to deciduous and other coniferous trees. Our results indicate a novel mechanism to explain how habitat quality may influence the fitness and population dynamics of food-caching animals, and has important implications for understanding range limits for boreal breeding animals.}, }
@article {pmid21681477, year = {2012}, author = {Goto, K and Watanabe, S}, title = {Large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) have retrospective but not prospective metamemory.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {27-35}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0428-z}, pmid = {21681477}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crows ; Judgment ; Male ; *Memory ; Mental Recall ; Reward ; }, abstract = {Evidence of metamemory, the ability to monitor one's own memory, has been obtained in some primates, but it appears to be weaker in other species. In this study, we examined whether crows flexibly modulate their behavior by monitoring the strength of memory trace in a delayed matching-to-sample task using two paradigms. First, crows performing a memory test were given an escape option to decline taking the test (prospective metamemory). Second, crows were given the escape option as a &quot;not confident&quot; report after completing the test (retrospective metamemory). Accurate memory performance yielded a reward with a higher probability, whereas inaccurate memory performance resulted in no such recompense. The escape option yielded a reward with a lower probability. In the prospective metamemory test, crows escaped the memory test more frequently with longer delay intervals than they did with shorter delay intervals but no more frequently in the sample-omission than the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows decided to take the test or decline it by using the delay interval as a cue. In contrast, in the retrospective metamemory test, the crows escaped the memory test more frequently when their memory-test response was incorrect than correct and more frequently in the sample-omission than the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows recognized confidence regarding their choice in the memory test and utilized the escape option to maximize reward probability. Although these results suggest that crows retrospectively monitor the strength of memory trace, their prospective metamemory ability has not yet been confirmed in the present paradigm.}, }
@article {pmid21676193, year = {2011}, author = {Oehm, J and Juen, A and Nagiller, K and Neuhauser, S and Traugott, M}, title = {Molecular scatology: how to improve prey DNA detection success in avian faeces?.}, journal = {Molecular ecology resources}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {620-628}, doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03001.x}, pmid = {21676193}, issn = {1755-0998}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; DNA/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Feces/*chemistry ; *Feeding Behavior ; Insecta/*genetics ; Molecular Biology/methods ; Specimen Handling/methods ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {The analysis of prey DNA in faeces is a non-invasive approach to examine the diet of birds. However, it is poorly known how gut transition time, environmental factors and laboratory treatments such as storage conditions or DNA extraction procedures affect the detection success of prey DNA. Here, we examined several of these factors using faeces from carrion crows fed with insect larvae. Faeces produced between 30 min and 4 h post-feeding tested positive for insect DNA, representing the gut transition time. Prey detection was not only possible in fresh but also in 5-day-old faeces. The type of surface the faeces were placed on for these 5 days, however, affected prey DNA detection success: samples placed on soil provided the lowest rate of positives compared to faeces left on leaves, on branches and within plastic tubes. Exposing faeces to sunlight and rain significantly lowered prey DNA detection rates (17% and 68% positives in exposed and protected samples, respectively). Storing faeces in ethanol or in the freezer did not affect molecular prey detection. Extracting DNA directly from larger pieces of faecal pellets resulted in significantly higher prey detection rates than when using small amounts of homogenized faeces. A cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-based DNA extraction protocol yielded significantly higher DNA detection rates (60%) than three commercial kits, however, for small amounts of homogenized faeces only. Our results suggest that collecting faeces from smooth, clean and non-absorbing surfaces, protected from sunlight and rain, improves DNA detection success in avian faeces.}, }
@article {pmid21645913, year = {2012}, author = {Molina-López, R and Cabezón, O and Pabón, M and Darwich, L and Obón, E and Lopez-Gatius, F and Dubey, JP and Almería, S}, title = {High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the Common raven (Corvus corax) in the Northeast of Spain.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {300-302}, doi = {10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.011}, pmid = {21645913}, issn = {1532-2661}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/parasitology ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Coccidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Crows/*parasitology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary ; *Neospora ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Spain/epidemiology ; *Toxoplasma ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; }, abstract = {In recent years, multiple cases of aggressive behavior of Common ravens (Corvus corax) have been reported by farmers in Catalonia (NE Spain), including attacking of newborn animals and consumption of dead foetuses. In the present study, seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum was determined from 113 legally trapped and released Common ravens. T. gondii antibodies were found in 91 (80.5%; CI 95%:72-87) of 113 sera tested by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 24 (35.8%; IC 95%: 24.5-48.5) of 67 Common ravens tested by an indirect fluorescence antibody test with titers ranging from 1:50 (n=18) to ≥1:100 (n=6). To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies in C. corax. The seroprevalence detected is one of the highest reported worldwide in wild birds, suggesting an important role for this species in the epidemiology of both parasites.}, }
@article {pmid21639668, year = {2011}, author = {van der Vaart, E and Verbrugge, R and Hemelrijk, CK}, title = {Corvid caching: Insights from a cognitive model.}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {330-340}, doi = {10.1037/a0022988}, pmid = {21639668}, issn = {1939-2184}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; *Crows ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; *Models, Psychological ; }, abstract = {Caching and recovery of food by corvids is well-studied, but some ambiguous results remain. To help clarify these, we built a computational cognitive model. It is inspired by similar models built for humans, and it assumes that memory strength depends on frequency and recency of use. We compared our model's behavior to that of real birds in previously published experiments. Our model successfully replicated the outcomes of two experiments on recovery behavior and two experiments on cache site choice. Our &quot;virtual birds&quot; reproduced declines in recovery accuracy across sessions, revisits to previously emptied cache sites, a lack of correlation between caching and recovery order, and a preference for caching in safe locations. The model also produced two new explanations. First, that Clark's nutcrackers may become less accurate as recovery progresses not because of differential memory for different cache sites, as was once assumed, but because of chance effects. And second, that Western scrub jays may choose their cache sites not on the basis of negative recovery experiences only, as was previously thought, but on the basis of positive recovery experiences instead. Alternatively, both &quot;punishment&quot; and &quot;reward&quot; may be playing a role. We conclude with a set of new insights, a testable prediction, and directions for future work.}, }
@article {pmid21614521, year = {2011}, author = {Lee, WY and Lee, SI and Choe, JC and Jablonski, PG}, title = {Wild birds recognize individual humans: experiments on magpies, Pica pica.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {817-825}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0415-4}, pmid = {21614521}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/psychology ; Cognition ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; *Passeriformes ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {The ability to distinguish among heterospecific individuals has been reported in only a few animal species. Humans can be viewed as a special type of heterospecifics because individuals differ widely in behavior, ranging from non-threatening to very threatening toward animals. In this study, we asked whether wild magpies can recognize individual humans who had accessed their nests. We compared the behavior of breeding pairs toward individual humans before and after the humans climbed up to the birds' nests, and also toward climbers and non-climbers. We have evidence for (i) aggressive responses of the magpie pairs toward humans who had repeatedly accessed their nests (climbers) and a lack of response to humans who had not accessed the nest (non-climbers); (ii) a total lack of scolding responses toward climbers by magpie pairs whose nests had not been accessed; (iii) a selective aggressive response to the climber when a climber and a non-climber were presented simultaneously. Taken together, these results suggest that wild magpies can distinguish individual humans that pose a threat to their nests from humans that have not behaved in a threatening way. The magpie is only the third avian species, along with crows and mockingbirds, in which recognition of individual humans has been documented in the wild. Here, we propose a new hypothesis (adopted from psychology) that frequent previous exposure to humans in urban habitats contributes to the ability of birds to discriminate among human individuals. This mechanism, along with high cognitive abilities, may predispose some species to learn to discriminate among human individuals. Experimental tests of these two mechanisms are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid21605220, year = {2011}, author = {Canestrari, D and Marcos, JM and Baglione, V}, title = {Helpers at the nest compensate for reduced maternal investment in egg size in carrion crows.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, pages = {1870-1878}, doi = {10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02313.x}, pmid = {21605220}, issn = {1420-9101}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Weight ; *Clutch Size ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Ovum/*growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Life history theory predicts that mothers should trade off current and future reproductive attempts to maximize lifetime fitness. When breeding conditions are favourable, mothers may either increase investment in the eggs to improve the quality of the offspring or save resources for future reproduction as the good raising environment is likely to compensate for a 'bad start'. In cooperatively breeding birds, the presence of helpers improves breeding conditions so that mothers may vary the number, size and quality of the eggs in response to the composition of the group. Here, we show that in cooperatively breeding carrion crows Corvus corone corone, where nonbreeding males are more philopatric and more helpful at the nest than females, breeding females decreased egg size as the number of subordinate males in the group increased. However, despite the smaller investment in egg size, fledglings' weight increased in groups with more male subordinates, improving post-fledging survival and indicating that helpers fully compensated for the initial 'bad start'. These results highlight a 'hidden effect' of helpers that bears profound implications for understanding the ultimate function of helping.}, }
@article {pmid21604851, year = {2011}, author = {Schloegl, C}, title = {What you see is what you get--reloaded: can jackdaws (Corvus monedula) find hidden food through exclusion?.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {162-174}, doi = {10.1037/a0023045}, pmid = {21604851}, issn = {1939-2087}, mesh = {Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; *Choice Behavior ; *Crows ; Female ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; *Orientation ; *Problem Solving ; Species Specificity ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Choice by exclusion, that is, the ability to base the choice of a target on the rejection of potential alternatives, is becoming increasingly interesting for comparative cognition research. Recently, ravens have been shown to solve an exclusion task and it had been suggested that this ability might benefit ravens in a food-caching context. To investigate this possibility, the raven study was replicated with a closely related, but noncaching, species, the jackdaw (Corvus monedula). In the first test, the birds had to find food hidden in one of two differently shaped tubes. The results suggest that the jackdaws found the food through intensive search behavior, with little evidence for exclusion abilities. In a follow-up experiment, the tubes were replaced by cups, and before the birds made a choice, one of the cups was lifted to inform them about its content. In a final task, this procedure was modified to control for the influence of local enhancement. In both experiments, the jackdaws were successful only if they had seen the food before. These findings are in contrast to the previous results on ravens and support the idea that exclusion abilities may have evolved as specific adaptations to food caching.}, }
@article {pmid21560509, year = {2010}, author = {Gullickson, A}, title = {Racial boundary formation at the dawn of Jim Crow: the determinants and effects of black/mulatto occupational differences in the United States, 1880.}, journal = {AJS; American journal of sociology}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {187-231}, pmid = {21560509}, issn = {0002-9602}, mesh = {*African Americans ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; History, 19th Century ; Humans ; Occupations/*history ; *Prejudice ; Race Relations/*history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; United States ; }, abstract = {This article examines variation in the social position of mixed-race populations by exploiting county-level variation in the degree of occupational differentiation between blacks and mulattoes in the 1880 U.S. census. The role of the mixed-race category as either a &quot;buffer class&quot; or a status threat depended on the class composition of whites. Black/mulatto occupational differentiation was greatest where whites had high occupational prestige and thus little to fear from a mulatto group. Furthermore, differentiation increased the risk of lynching where whites had relatively low status and decreased the risk of lynching where whites had relatively high status.}, }
@article {pmid21538135, year = {2011}, author = {Clary, D and Kelly, DM}, title = {Cache protection strategies of a non-social food-caching corvid, Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {735-744}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0408-3}, pmid = {21538135}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food ; Male ; *Passeriformes ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), a non-social corvid, cache much of their food in order to survive periods of resource uncertainty. These caches are at risk as they are subject to pilferage from other animals including conspecifics. Potentially, nutcrackers can ensure the safety of these caches by keeping track of whether they have been observed making a cache and subsequently engage in cache protection strategies-strategies that have been shown by other members of the corvid family (e.g., scrub-jays and ravens). Behaviors including creating more caches, eating a higher proportion of seeds, and re-caching existing compromised sites have been shown in laboratory settings with social corvids and have provided preliminary evidence of the complex cognitive abilities of corvids. In the present study, Clark's nutcrackers are shown to engage in similar cache protection behaviors when observed by a conspecific. Furthermore, we show that these behaviors are a result of social, rather than associative, cues.}, }
@article {pmid21530162, year = {2011}, author = {Csorba, J and Radvanyi, K and Regenyi, E and Dinya, E}, title = {A study of behaviour profiles among intellectually disabled people in residential care in Hungary.}, journal = {Research in developmental disabilities}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {1757-1763}, doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.003}, pmid = {21530162}, issn = {1873-3379}, mesh = {Adult ; Disabled Persons/*psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Hungary/epidemiology ; Inpatients/psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Intellectual Disability/epidemiology/*psychology ; Intelligence ; Male ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Personality Inventory ; *Residential Facilities/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology/psychology ; Severity of Illness Index ; *Social Behavior ; *Stereotyped Behavior ; }, abstract = {The authors investigated the behavioural dimensions of 269 intellectually disabled (ID) people in residential care in specialized institutions in Tolna county (South-West Hungary) with the aim of screening the frequency and severity of the relevant behavioural symptoms associated with intellectual disability and depending on the level of intellectual impairment. Only 120 residents had an International Classification of Disease (ICD) diagnosis of &quot;mental retardation (MR)&quot; and a valid IQ grading either by means of the Hungarian standard version of the HAWIK or by the coloured Raven test. 4 IQ groups were created: borderline (B), mild (MID), moderate (MOD) and profound (PID) intellectual disability subgroups. The Hungarian pilot version of the Behaviour Problem Inventory (BPI) was used. seventy-two percent of the residents displayed behavioural problems. All scale score means exhibited an enhancing tendency with IQ loss, as both frequency and Seventy increased linearly towards the more severe groups, but significantly only in the category of stereotyped behaviour. The authors focussed on problems of patient recruitment and discussed the measurement of behavioural and other psychiatric symptoms when researchers reported on the increased occurrence of behaviour and psychiatric symptoms in ID populations.}, }
@article {pmid21490255, year = {2011}, author = {Martín-Gálvez, D and Pérez-Contreras, T and Soler, M and Soler, JJ}, title = {Benefits associated with escalated begging behaviour of black-billed magpie nestlings overcompensate the associated energetic costs.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {214}, number = {Pt 9}, pages = {1463-1472}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.050153}, pmid = {21490255}, issn = {1477-9145}, mesh = {Animals ; Cyproheptadine/pharmacology ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior/drug effects/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Video Recording ; }, abstract = {Several experimental results support the existence of costs associated with exaggerated begging behaviour, which are assumed by some theoretical models of honest signalling in parent-offspring communication. However, to understand how honest begging behaviour is evolutionarily maintained in nature, the long-term cost-benefit output associated with exaggerated signals should also be estimated. As far as we know, the net cost-benefit balance of begging display has not previously been explored. Here, we used an appetite stimulant, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, to increase the feeling of hunger in some magpie nestlings. Supporting the use of cyproheptadine to manipulate hunger level and thereby begging behaviour, we found that experimental nestlings increased the frequency of begging and received more food than their control nestmates. Contrary to the expectation that physiological costs per se counteract the associated benefits of escalated begging signals, we found that near-fledging experimental magpies showed a better physical condition than control nestlings. These findings stress the interesting question of why magpie nestlings do not show to adults an escalated level of hunger if it implies an advantage. We discuss the responsibility of inclusive fitness costs and indirect genetic effects for the maintenance of honesty in parent-offspring communication.}, }
@article {pmid21473166, year = {2011}, author = {Hsu, H}, title = {Seeing Jay-Z in Taipei.}, journal = {Daedalus}, volume = {140}, number = {1}, pages = {163-173}, pmid = {21473166}, issn = {0011-5266}, mesh = {*African Americans/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Asian Americans/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Emigrants and Immigrants/education/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Population Groups/education/ethnology/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; Race Relations/history/legislation &amp; jurisprudence/psychology ; *Social Behavior/history ; Social Change/history ; *Social Identification ; Taiwan/ethnology ; *Technology/economics/education/history ; United States/ethnology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {How does the newly arrived immigrant respond to the news that an identity already awaits him? How does an African American hip-hop artist translate his struggles and triumphs across oceanic divides? What significance do American demographic shifts have in a global context? Hsu's essay examines what happens once individuals or identities migrate beyond the contexts that first produced them. He explores a variety of circuits: the satellite communities of Asian immigrant students who arrived on American university campuses in the late 1960s; enduring debates about a &quot;post-city&quot; identity, spurred by advances in cheap, efficient, world-shrinking communication technologies; and the new affinities and categories of self-identification made possible by a present-day culture that prizes interactivity and participation.}, }
@article {pmid21466341, year = {2011}, author = {Yang, C and Zhang, Y and Cai, Y and Stokke, BG and Liang, W}, title = {Female crowing and differential responses to simulated conspecific intrusion in male and female Hainan partridge (Arborophila ardens).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {249-253}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.28.249}, pmid = {21466341}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; China ; Female ; Galliformes/*physiology ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vocalizations of Hainan partridges (Arborophila ardens) during the breeding season were studied, by making use of playback experiments, in Yinggeling Nature Reserve, Hainan Island, China. Both males and females were found to crow and to produce duet calls during the breeding season, and there was a sex difference in crowing as shown by spectrogram analyses. Both sexes responded strongly to simulated intrusion from pairs of conspecifics. However, it was found that males responded to intrasexual intrusion to a greater extent than to intersexual intrusion. Moreover, females responded strongly to both intra- and intersexual intrusion. Female-female response is proposed as a behavioral mechanism that favors monogamy in the Hainan partridge, and a generally high response to any kind of vocal stimuli indicates that females may play an important role in territory defense in this species. To our knowledge, this is the first report for female crowing in the genus Arborophila, and the second case for female crowing in the family Phasianidae.}, }
@article {pmid21464962, year = {2011}, author = {Fraser, ON and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Ravens reconcile after aggressive conflicts with valuable partners.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {e18118}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018118}, pmid = {21464962}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {*Aggression ; Animals ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; }, abstract = {Reconciliation, a post-conflict affiliative interaction between former opponents, is an important mechanism for reducing the costs of aggressive conflict in primates and some other mammals as it may repair the opponents' relationship and reduce post-conflict distress. Opponents who share a valuable relationship are expected to be more likely to reconcile as for such partners the benefits of relationship repair should outweigh the risk of renewed aggression. In birds, however, post-conflict behavior has thus far been marked by an apparent absence of reconciliation, suggested to result either from differing avian and mammalian strategies or because birds may not share valuable relationships with partners with whom they engage in aggressive conflict. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of reconciliation in a group of captive subadult ravens (Corvus corax) and show that it is more likely to occur after conflicts between partners who share a valuable relationship. Furthermore, former opponents were less likely to engage in renewed aggression following reconciliation, suggesting that reconciliation repairs damage caused to their relationship by the preceding conflict. Our findings suggest not only that primate-like valuable relationships exist outside the pair bond in birds, but that such partners may employ the same mechanisms in birds as in primates to ensure that the benefits afforded by their relationships are maintained even when conflicts of interest escalate into aggression. These results provide further support for a convergent evolution of social strategies in avian and mammalian species.}, }
@article {pmid25892825, year = {2011}, author = {Kenward, B and Schloegl, C and Rutz, C and Weir, AA and Bugnyar, T and Kacelnik, A}, title = {On the evolutionary and ontogenetic origins of tool-oriented behaviour in New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides).}, journal = {Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {870-877}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01613.x}, pmid = {25892825}, issn = {0024-4066}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are prolific tool users in captivity and in the wild, and have an inherited predisposition to express tool-oriented behaviours. To further understand the evolution and development of tool use, we compared the development of object manipulation in New Caledonian crows and common ravens (Corvus corax), which do not routinely use tools. We found striking qualitative similarities in the ontogeny of tool-oriented behaviour in New Caledonian crows and food-caching behaviour in ravens. Given that the common ancestor of New Caledonian crows and ravens was almost certainly a caching species, we therefore propose that the basic action patterns for tool use in New Caledonian crows may have their evolutionary origins in caching behaviour. Noncombinatorial object manipulations had similar frequencies in the two species. However, frequencies of object combinations that are precursors to functional behaviour increased in New Caledonian crows and decreased in ravens throughout the study period, ending 6 weeks post-fledging. These quantitative observations are consistent with the hypothesis that New Caledonian crows develop tool-oriented behaviour because of an increased motivation to perform object combinations that facilitate the necessary learning.}, }
@article {pmid21428525, year = {2011}, author = {Collins, MD}, title = {Putative audio recordings of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis).}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, pages = {1626-1630}, doi = {10.1121/1.3544370}, pmid = {21428525}, issn = {1520-8524}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Endangered Species ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Sound Spectrography ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors ; Video Recording ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Putative audio recordings of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) are presented along with discussions of the videos from which they were extracted and the observations that were made when these data were obtained. On two occasions, high-pitched calls were heard coming from the direction of a bird that was identified in the field as an Ivory-billed Woodpecker. These calls seem to match the description of an alarm call that was reported in the 1930s. One of the videos captured a series of the high-pitched calls, which sound similar to the Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) bell call but do not match published sonograms of that call. A putative double knock, which is characteristic of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, was captured in another video a little over a minute before a large bird with characteristics consistent with an Ivory-billed Woodpecker flew into view. Since it is extremely difficult to observe this critically endangered species, information on audio clues could have an impact on its conservation.}, }
@article {pmid21409436, year = {2011}, author = {Yosef, R and Kabesa, S and Yosef, N}, title = {Set a thief to catch a thief: brown-necked raven (Corvus ruficollis) cooperatively kleptoparasitize Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus).}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, pages = {443-446}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-011-0777-0}, pmid = {21409436}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Egypt ; Falconiformes/*parasitology/*physiology ; Female ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Our study describes how brown-necked ravens (Corvus ruficollis) are able to take advantage of an ordinarily inaccessible, high-quality food source by relying upon their innovative and manipulative thinking capabilities to exploit methods used by Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) to overcome the problem. In five observed interactions, the ravens were first seen in the vicinity of an abandoned clutch of ostrich eggs (Struthio camelus). The area was frequented by a pair of Egyptian vultures that bred on the cliffs across the road from the nature reserve. The Egyptian vulture exhibits tool use in birds, and is able to crack the hard shells of ostrich eggs by lifting a rock in the beak and pounding at the egg till it breaks open or cracks. If the egg is only cracked, the vulture inserts its narrow bill into the fissure and widens it by opening the mandibles. Pieces of eggshell are removed from around the crack in order to further open the egg. This is the point at which the pair of ravens attacked the vulture and harassed it till it abandoned the egg and left the area. The ravens then jointly enjoyed the contents of the egg which was otherwise inaccessible to them because of the strong egg shell.}, }
@article {pmid21384141, year = {2011}, author = {Péron, F and Rat-Fischer, L and Lalot, M and Nagle, L and Bovet, D}, title = {Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {545-553}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0389-2}, pmid = {21384141}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Parrots ; *Problem Solving ; }, abstract = {One of the main characteristics of human societies is the extensive degree of cooperation among individuals. Cooperation is an elaborate phenomenon, also found in non-human primates during laboratory studies and field observations of animal hunting behaviour, among other things. Some authors suggest that the pressures assumed to have favoured the emergence of social intelligence in primates are similar to those that may have permitted the emergence of complex cognitive abilities in some bird species such as corvids and psittacids. In the wild, parrots show cooperative behaviours such as bi-parental care and mobbing. In this study, we tested cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Our birds were tested using several experimental setups to explore the different levels of behavioural organisation between participants, differing in temporal and spatial complexity. In our experiments, African grey parrots were able to act simultaneously but mostly failed during the delay task, maybe because of a lack of inhibitory motor response. Confronted with the possibility to adapt their behaviour to the presence or absence of a partner, they showed that they were able to coordinate their actions. They also collaborated, acting complementarily in order to solve tasks, but they were not able to place themselves in the partner's role.}, }
@article {pmid21373192, year = {2011}, author = {Range, F and Virányi, Z}, title = {Development of gaze following abilities in wolves (Canis lupus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e16888}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0016888}, pmid = {21373192}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {P 21244//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Attention/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Cues ; Dogs ; Fixation, Ocular/*physiology ; Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Wolves/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability to coordinate with others' head and eye orientation to look in the same direction is considered a key step towards an understanding of others mental states like attention and intention. Here, we investigated the ontogeny and habituation patterns of gaze following into distant space and behind barriers in nine hand-raised wolves. We found that these wolves could use conspecific as well as human gaze cues even in the barrier task, which is thought to be more cognitively advanced than gazing into distant space. Moreover, while gaze following into distant space was already present at the age of 14 weeks and subjects did not habituate to repeated cues, gazing around a barrier developed considerably later and animals quickly habituated, supporting the hypothesis that different cognitive mechanisms may underlie the two gaze following modalities. More importantly, this study demonstrated that following another individuals' gaze around a barrier is not restricted to primates and corvids but is also present in canines, with remarkable between-group similarities in the ontogeny of this behaviour. This sheds new light on the evolutionary origins of and selective pressures on gaze following abilities as well as on the sensitivity of domestic dogs towards human communicative cues.}, }
@article {pmid21359204, year = {2011}, author = {Dekleva, M and Dufour, V and de Vries, H and Spruijt, BM and Sterck, EH}, title = {Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fail a what-where-when task but find rewards by using a location-based association strategy.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {e16593}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0016593}, pmid = {21359204}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology/psychology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Gestures ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/psychology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; }, abstract = {Recollecting the what-where-when of an episode, or episodic-like memory, has been established in corvids and rodents. In humans, a linkage between remembering the past and imagining the future has been recognised. While chimpanzees can plan for the future, their episodic-like memory has hardly been investigated. We tested chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with an adapted food-catching paradigm. They observed the baiting of two locations amongst four and chose one after a given delay (15 min, 1 h or 5 h). We used two combinations of food types, a preferred and a less preferred food that disappeared at different rates. The subjects had to base their choices on the time elapsed since baiting, and on their memory of which food was where. They could recover either their preferred food or the one that remained present. All animals failed to obtain the preferred or present foods above chance levels. They were like-wise unsuccessful at choosing baited cups above chance levels. The subjects, thus, failed to use any feature of the baiting events to guide their choices. Nonetheless, their choices were not random, but the result of a developed location-based association strategy. Choices in the second half of the study correlated with the rewards obtained at each location in the first half of the study, independent from the choices made for each location in the first half of the study. This simple location-based strategy yielded a fair amount of food. The animals' failure to remember the what-where-when in the presented set-up may be due to the complexity of the task, rather than an inability to form episodic-like memories, as they even failed to remember what was where after 15 minutes.}, }
@article {pmid21324651, year = {2011}, author = {Giovagnoli, AR and Bell, B}, title = {Drawing from memory in focal epilepsy: a cognitive and neural perspective.}, journal = {Epilepsy research}, volume = {94}, number = {1-2}, pages = {69-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.01.004}, pmid = {21324651}, issn = {1872-6844}, mesh = {Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Cognition Disorders/*etiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*complications/*pathology ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Memory Disorders/classification/*etiology ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {This study provides evidence of non-verbal cognitive functioning in temporal (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) patients by exploring the mechanisms and neural correlates of drawing abilities. Sixty-six patients with left (n=32) or right TLE (n=34), 30 patients with left (n=18) or right FLE (n=12), and 30 healthy subjects were compared. The Drawing from Memory (DfM) test required participants to design 16 living or non-living items; the total score was the sum of all scores blindly provided by three judges who had to identify the drawings. The verbal and visual Pyramid and Palm Trees Test (PPTT), Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (Raven CPM), Cube Analysis, Token Test, Word Fluency, Card Classification, and Rey Complex Figure Test Copy trial (Rey CFC) assessed different verbal and non-verbal functions. Non-parametric statistics indicated that, with respect to controls, both TLE groups and the left FLE patients had significantly lower DfM scores. In the TLE group, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the DfM score was predicted by the Raven CPM and PPTT scores, while, in the FLE group, it was predicted by the Rey CFC. Thus, drawing abilities may be impaired by TLE or FLE owing to different mechanisms that involve semantic or executive abilities. Implying cooperation between temporal and frontal areas that support these functions, DfM may be a sensitive index of integrity of cortical areas or neural pathways damaged by focal epilepsy.}, }
@article {pmid21308474, year = {2011}, author = {Kehmeier, S and Schloegl, C and Scheiber, IB and Weiss, BM}, title = {Early development of gaze following into distant space in juvenile Greylag geese (Anser anser).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {477-485}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0381-x}, pmid = {21308474}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; *Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; *Geese/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Male ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; }, abstract = {Visual co-orientation with another's gaze direction (gaze following) may provide important information about the location of food, social interactions or predators. Gaze following has been shown in a variety of mammals, but only in few bird species, and has not been tested in precocial birds at all. It has been suggested that gaze following is an anti-predator behaviour, and in Common ravens (Corvus corax) and rooks (C. frugilegus), it emerges shortly after fledging, at a time when young birds leave the predator-safe nest. However, if gaze following is adaptive, the developmental pattern should differ between altricial and precocial birds. Greylag geese (Anser anser) are highly social birds with a precocial development. Goslings move and feed independently within 24 h post-hatching, and they are highly vulnerable to aerial predators. We therefore predicted that greylag geese are capable of gaze following and that they develop this skill already pre-fledging. We experimentally tested 19 hand-raised greylag goslings for their ability to follow a conspecific's gaze when they were between 10 days and 6 weeks old. In line with our predictions, first responses were already detectable in 10-day-old goslings. Our results therefore not only demonstrate that greylag geese follow the gaze of conspecifics into distant space, but that they also develop this ability much earlier than altricial birds.}, }
@article {pmid21307048, year = {2011}, author = {Selva, N and Cortés-Avizanda, A and Lemus, JA and Blanco, G and Mueller, T and Heinrich, B and Donázar, JA}, title = {Stress associated with group living in a long-lived bird.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {608-610}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.1204}, pmid = {21307048}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Corticosterone/analysis ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Social Environment ; Stress, Psychological/*etiology ; *Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Many long-lived avian species adopt life strategies that involve a gregarious way of life at juvenile and sub-adult stages and territoriality during adulthood. However, the potential associated costs of these life styles, such as stress, are poorly understood. We examined the effects of group living, sex and parasite load on the baseline concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites in a wild population of common ravens (Corvus corax). Corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher in non-breeding gregarious ravens than in territorial adults. Among territorial birds, males showed higher stress levels than their mates. Parasite burdens did not affect hormone levels. Our results suggest a key role of the social context in the stress profiles of the two population fractions, and that group living may be more energetically demanding than maintaining a territory. These findings have implications for understanding hormonal mechanisms under different life styles and may inspire further research on the link between hormone levels and selective pressures modulating gregarious and territorial strategies in long-lived birds.}, }
@article {pmid21291887, year = {2011}, author = {Rensel, MA and Wilcoxen, TE and Schoech, SJ}, title = {Corticosterone, brood size, and hatch order in free-living Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) nestlings.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {197-202}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.011}, pmid = {21291887}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Animals ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Female ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/*blood ; Radioimmunoassay ; }, abstract = {It is well known that variation in developmental conditions can have profound effects upon lifetime fitness. In altricial avian species, nestlings undergo a substantial portion of development in the nest after hatching, often in the presence of nest-mates. This can result in the formation of brood hierarchies based on age, size, and competitive ability. Measurement of baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels in developing birds may provide a means to assess whether individuals within a brood experience stress due to sibling competition or nutritional state. However, few studies have attempted to correlate corticosterone concentrations with brood hierarchies in free-living, developing birds. We investigated the degree to which corticosterone levels in nestling Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) were predicted by brood size, hatching order, and body mass. Nestling corticosterone levels were inversely correlated with body mass but did not differ among brood sizes. Within broods of two, second-hatched nestlings had lower CORT than first-hatched nestlings, although there was no effect of hatch order in broods of three or four nestlings. The results of this study suggest that conditions within the nest, particularly those associated with within-brood hierarchies, are manifested through differential body condition and nestling corticosterone secretion. The consequences of this variation in nestling corticosterone are unknown, but development of the adult phenotype, as well as life-long survival, may be impacted.}, }
@article {pmid21260978, year = {2010}, author = {Bagotskaia, MS and Smirnova, AA and Zorina, ZA}, title = {[Corvidae are able to understand the logical structure in string-pulling tasks].}, journal = {Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova}, volume = {60}, number = {5}, pages = {543-551}, pmid = {21260978}, issn = {0044-4677}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance ; Species Specificity ; Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The ability of the Corvidae to understand the logical structure in string-pulling tasks was studied in a set of experiments with varied position of strings. It was demonstrated that some hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.) and common ravens (Corvus corax L.) successfully completed the tasks where the strings were not intersected but placed so that the bait was positioned opposite the forepart of the empty string. Hooded crows also solved the task where the baits were attached to both strings, but one of the strings was disrupted. The task with two intersected strings where the bait was positioned opposite the forepart of the empty string was not solved by the crows. The results suggest the ability of both examined species to grasp the logical structure of such kind of tasks.}, }
@article {pmid21249510, year = {2011}, author = {Cheke, LG and Bird, CD and Clayton, NS}, title = {Tool-use and instrumental learning in the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius).}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {441-455}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-011-0379-4}, pmid = {21249510}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; //Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Cues ; Reward ; *Songbirds/physiology ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Recent research with Rooks has demonstrated impressive tool-using abilities in captivity despite this species' classification as a non-tool-user in the wild. Here, we explored whether another non-tool-using corvid, the Eurasian Jay, would be capable of similar feats and investigated the relative contributions of causal knowledge and instrumental conditioning to the birds' performance on the tasks. Five jays were tested on a variety of tasks involving water displacement. Two birds reliably interacted with the apparatuses. In these tasks, both birds showed a preference for inserting stones into a tube containing liquid over a tube containing a solid or a baited 'empty' tube and also for inserting sinkable items over non-sinkable items into a tube of water. To investigate the contribution of instrumental conditioning, subjects were then tested on a series of tasks in which different cues were made available. It was found that, in the absence of any apparent causal cues, these birds showed a clear preference for the rewarded tube when the food incrementally approached with every stone insertion, but not when it simply &quot;appeared&quot; after the correct number of stone insertions. However, it was found that subjects did not prefer to insert stones into a tube rewarded by the incremental approach of food if the available causal cues violated the expectations created by existing causal knowledge (i.e. were counter-intuitive). An analysis of the proportion of correct and incorrect stone insertions made in each trial across tasks offering different types of information revealed that subjects were substantially more successful in experiments in which causal cues were available, but that rate of learning was comparable in all experiments. We suggest that these results indicate that Eurasian jays use the incremental approach of the food reward as a conditioned reinforcer allowing them to solve tasks involving raising the water level and that this learning is facilitated by the presence of causal cues.}, }
@article {pmid21195645, year = {2011}, author = {Endenburg, N and van Lith, HA}, title = {The influence of animals on the development of children.}, journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, pages = {208-214}, doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.020}, pmid = {21195645}, issn = {1532-2971}, mesh = {*Animal Assisted Therapy ; Animals ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/psychology/therapy ; *Bonding, Human-Pet ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/psychology/*therapy ; *Child Development ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/psychology/*therapy ; Humans ; }, abstract = {There is a widespread belief that interaction with an animal is beneficial for the development of children, and several studies (most with methodological shortcomings) have investigated the influence of (companion) animals on the social-emotional and cognitive development of children. In this article, the 1984 model of Professor Jay Belsky has been used to describe which variables influence the development of children and how the companion animal-child interaction influences these variables. The value of the AAA/AAT (Animal Assisted Activities/Animal Assisted Therapy) programmes in children with a wide variety of clinical and social problems, such as behaviour problems and autistic spectrum symptoms, is discussed. The findings suggest that (companion) animals positively influence children's development and have a valuable role in therapy.}, }
@article {pmid21184124, year = {2011}, author = {Wimpenny, JH and Weir, AA and Kacelnik, A}, title = {New Caledonian crows use tools for non-foraging activities.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {459-464}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-010-0366-1}, pmid = {21184124}, issn = {1435-9456}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Crows/physiology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Tool Use Behavior/physiology ; }, abstract = {Tool use is of great interest for cognitive research, largely because it can be particularly revealing about the underlying information processing mechanisms. Tool use that is inflexible or requires extensive experience to change, and that is only addressed towards specific targets such as food, is not likely to reflect unusual or particularly complex cognition. On the contrary, if tools are employed flexibly and for a variety of innovative purposes, then conventional combinations of inherited predispositions and associative learning are challenged and interesting questions emerge. Since New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are especially adept at using and making tools for food extraction, we decided to examine their ability to generalise this to other contexts. We recorded how five pairs of New Caledonian crows interacted with novel objects that were not associated with food. We observed eight occasions in which the first contact with the novel object was mediated by a tool, suggesting that the function of the tool was for exploration. This is the first report of non-foraging tool use in New Caledonian crows, and it implies that the cognitive operations controlling tool-oriented behaviour in this species are more general than previously thought.}, }
@article {pmid21153442, year = {2011}, author = {Gabel, S}, title = {The medical director and the use of power: limits, challenges and opportunities.}, journal = {The Psychiatric quarterly}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, pages = {221-228}, doi = {10.1007/s11126-010-9164-9}, pmid = {21153442}, issn = {1573-6709}, mesh = {Cooperative Behavior ; Health Facility Administrators/*psychology ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Leadership ; Mental Health Services/organization &amp; administration ; Models, Psychological ; Physician Executives/*psychology ; *Power (Psychology) ; }, abstract = {The organizational leadership in mental health agencies frequently resides in executives who are not psychiatrists and who may or may not have clinical backgrounds. Psychiatrists who are medical directors (MDs) of organizations with this structure are responsible for the success of the clinical programs, but are subordinate to the executive director (ED). The MD/ED relationship therefore is an example of the complexities and challenges of a relationship in which supervisor and supervisee have different types of power, but are mutually dependent on each other for the organization's success. Clarity and differentiation of the types of power of the MD and ED can be helpful in determining appropriate boundaries and facilitating a cooperative relationship that allows the organizational mission to be well served. Raven's model of the bases of social power (French and Raven, Studies in Social Power, 1959; Raven, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8(1):1-22, 2008) provides a useful framework to explore this relationship and the challenges and opportunities inherent in it.}, }
@article {pmid21135641, year = {2010}, author = {Onor, M and Trevisiol, M and Spano, M and Aguglia, E and Paradiso, S}, title = {Alexithymia and aging: a neuropsychological perspective.}, journal = {The Journal of nervous and mental disease}, volume = {198}, number = {12}, pages = {891-895}, doi = {10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181fe743e}, pmid = {21135641}, issn = {1539-736X}, support = {K23 AG027837/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; 5K23AG027837/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Affective Symptoms/*etiology/physiopathology ; Aged ; Aging/physiology/*psychology ; Attention/physiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Executive Function/physiology ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Language Tests ; Memory/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; }, abstract = {Consistent with the emotional changes associated with later life, higher alexithymia scores are widely reported in older adults, but their significance has not been fully examined. We posited that association between alexithymia and poorer neurocognition would support the deficit nature of alexithymia in later life. Widely used neurocognitive tests assessing the relative integrity of the left and right hemisphere functions were used to examine the extent to which alexithymia of older age is associated with poor left or right hemisphere functioning. Healthy community-dwelling volunteers (20 young and 20 elderly subjects) were studied with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Neurocognitive competence was assessed using a neuropsychological battery measuring attention, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, and executive functions. Neurocognitive abilities were strongly age-related and indirectly correlated with alexithymia. Alexithymia total score appeared to be uniquely predicted by Raven Matrices and Rey's Figure Recall. These results support the deficit hypothesis alexithymia of older age.}, }
@article {pmid21132448, year = {2011}, author = {Feenders, G and Smulders, TV}, title = {Magpies can use local cues to retrieve their food caches.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {235-243}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-010-0357-2}, pmid = {21132448}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Crows ; *Cues ; Feeding Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; }, abstract = {Much importance has been placed on the use of spatial cues by food-hoarding birds in the retrieval of their caches. In this study, we investigate whether food-hoarding birds can be trained to use local cues (&quot;beacons&quot;) in their cache retrieval. We test magpies (Pica pica) in an active hoarding-retrieval paradigm, where local cues are always reliable, while spatial cues are not. Our results show that the birds use the local cues to retrieve their caches, even when occasionally contradicting spatial information is available. The design of our study does not allow us to test rigorously whether the birds prefer using local over spatial cues, nor to investigate the process through which they learn to use local cues. We furthermore provide evidence that magpies develop landmark preferences, which improve their retrieval accuracy. Our findings support the hypothesis that birds are flexible in their use of memory information, using a combination of the most reliable or salient information to retrieve their caches.}, }
@article {pmid21123258, year = {2011}, author = {Soler, JJ and Martín-Gálvez, D and Martínez, JG and Soler, M and Canestrari, D and Abad-Gómez, JM and Møller, AP}, title = {Evolution of tolerance by magpies to brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1714}, pages = {2047-2052}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.2218}, pmid = {21123258}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Nesting Behavior ; Songbirds/genetics/*parasitology/physiology ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Hosts may use two different strategies to ameliorate negative effects of a given parasite burden: resistance or tolerance. Although both resistance and tolerance of parasitism should evolve as a consequence of selection pressures owing to parasitism, the study of evolutionary patterns of tolerance has traditionally been neglected by animal biologists. Here, we explore geographical covariation between tolerance of magpies (Pica pica) and brood parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) in nine different sympatric populations. We estimated tolerance as the slope of the regression of number of magpie fledglings (i.e. host fitness) on number of cuckoo eggs laid in non-depredated nests (which broadly equals parasite burden). We also estimated prevalence of parasitism and level of host resistance (i.e. rejection rates of mimetic model eggs) in these nine populations. In accordance with the hypothetical role of tolerance in the coevolutionary process between magpies and cuckoos we found geographical variation in tolerance estimates that positively covaried with prevalence of parasitism. Levels of resistance and tolerance were not associated, possibly suggesting the lack of a trade-off between the two kinds of defences against great spotted cuckoo parasitism for magpies. We discuss the results in the framework of a mosaic of coevolutionary interactions along the geographical distribution of magpies and great spotted cuckoos for which we found evidence that tolerance plays a major role.}, }
@article {pmid21117771, year = {2010}, author = {Hernandez, EN and Solangi, M and Kuczaj, SA}, title = {Time and frequency parameters of bottlenose dolphin whistles as predictors of surface behavior in the Mississippi Sound.}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {127}, number = {5}, pages = {3232-3238}, doi = {10.1121/1.3365254}, pmid = {21117771}, issn = {1520-8524}, mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin/*physiology ; Discriminant Analysis ; Feeding Behavior ; Mississippi ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Social Behavior ; Sound Spectrography ; Swimming ; Time Factors ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Acoustic characteristics related to contour of the whistle (such as highest and lowest frequency, beginning and ending frequency, whistle duration, and number of turns) of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) whistles were measured to test whether any of the measurements were related to the behavioral state of the dolphins when the whistle was recorded (coded as mill, travel, mill/travel, feed, or social). Objective measures of time and frequency were obtained using Raven, while number of turns in a whistle was determined by human raters. In all a series of discriminant function analyses using the acoustic characteristics to predict the behavioral state, the highest standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients were: lowest frequency, number of turns, and duration. The models that incorporated these variables performed significantly better than chance at correctly assigning the whistles into the surface behavior category in which they were recorded. The rate of whistling was related to group size, surface behavior and season via a series of two-way ANOVAs (analysis of variance).}, }
@article {pmid21109010, year = {2011}, author = {Koester, D and Schiller, NO}, title = {The functional neuroanatomy of morphology in language production.}, journal = {NeuroImage}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {732-741}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.044}, pmid = {21109010}, issn = {1095-9572}, mesh = {Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Speech/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The present study investigated the neural correlates of morphological priming in overt Dutch language production using a long-lag priming paradigm. Compound words were read out loud as primes that were morphologically related to picture names (e.g. the word jaszak, 'coat pocket' was used for a picture of a coat; Dutch jas), or primes were form-related, but not morphologically related monomorphemic words (e.g. jasmijn, 'jasmine'). The morphologically related compounds could be semantically transparent (e.g. eksternest, 'magpie nest') or opaque (e.g. eksteroog, lit. 'magpie eye,' 'corn,' for a picture of a magpie, Dutch ekster). These four priming conditions were complemented by two matched, unrelated conditions. The production of morphologically related, complex words but not the production of form-related words facilitated subsequent picture naming. Also, morphologically related but not form-related words led to a neural priming effect in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). The effects did not differ for transparent and opaque relations. The results point to a functional role of LIFG in morphological information processing during language production contrary to previous meta-analytic findings. Specifically, morphological priming effects in language production seem to be independent from semantic overlap. However, further research should confirm the independence of morphological and phonological factors. It is suggested that LIFG subserves word form encoding in language production.}, }
@article {pmid21044196, year = {2010}, author = {Kim, KS and Tsuda, Y}, title = {Seasonal changes in the feeding pattern of Culex pipiens pallens govern the transmission dynamics of multiple lineages of avian malaria parasites in Japanese wild bird community.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {24}, pages = {5545-5554}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04897.x}, pmid = {21044196}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*parasitology ; Culex/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Insect Vectors/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Malaria, Avian/*transmission ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Heterogeneity in the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens is determined largely by distribution patterns of mosquito bites among wild animal populations. Although mosquitoes are crucial for transmission of avian malaria parasites, little is known about the ecology of natural vectors. We examined bloodmeal and parasite incidence in Culex pipiens pallens by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure to determine how the feeding pattern of mosquitoes govern transmission dynamics of avian malaria parasites in Japanese wild birds. We collected 881 unfed and 486 blood-fed Cx. pipiens pallens resting on vegetation in a park in Tokyo. The mosquitoes were separated into abdomen and thorax prior to PCR screening. Abdomens of unfed mosquitoes were combined into 95 pools. From these, we amplified Plasmodium DNA in 32 (33.7%) pools. Among blood-fed mosquitoes, 371 individuals were screened for blood-sources and Plasmodium parasites. Plasmodium DNA was amplified from mosquitoes fed on 6 of 13 avian species identified as blood-sources. Ten Plasmodium lineages were identified on the basis of 478 bp of the cytochrome b gene, with 0.2-10% sequence divergence. The three commonest Plasmodium lineages (CXPIP09, SGS1 and PADOM02) were detected in both the abdomens and thoraxes of mosquitoes, strongly suggesting transmission of these lineages. Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) served as a natural host for the three commonest Plasmodium lineages and made up 63.8% of blood-sources. As a significant increase in feeding of vector mosquitoes on jungle crows coincided with their breeding season, jungle crows were considered to be the primary reservoir of Plasmodium transmission in this study.}, }
@article {pmid20971169, year = {2011}, author = {Bogale, BA and Aoyama, M and Sugita, S}, title = {Categorical learning between 'male' and 'female' photographic human faces in jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos).}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {109-118}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2010.10.002}, pmid = {20971169}, issn = {1872-8308}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Color ; Crows/*physiology ; Cues ; *Face ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Photography ; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {We trained jungle crows to discriminate among photographs of human face according to their sex in a simultaneous two-alternative task to study their categorical learning ability. Once the crows reached a discrimination criterion (greater than or equal to 80% correct choices in two consecutive sessions; binomial probability test, p<.05), they next received generalization and transfer tests (i.e., greyscale, contour, and 'full' occlusion) in Experiment 1 followed by a 'partial' occlusion test in Experiment 2 and random stimuli pair test in Experiment 3. Jungle crows learned the discrimination task in a few trials and successfully generalized to novel stimuli sets. However, all crows failed the greyscale test and half of them the contour test. Neither occlusion of internal features of the face, nor randomly pairing of exemplars affected discrimination performance of most, if not all crows. We suggest that jungle crows categorize human face photographs based on perceptual similarities as other non-human animals do, and colour appears to be the most salient feature controlling discriminative behaviour. However, the variability in the use of facial contours among individuals suggests an exploitation of multiple features and individual differences in visual information processing among jungle crows.}, }
@article {pmid20957962, year = {2010}, author = {Loayza, AP and Knight, T}, title = {Seed dispersal by pulp consumers, not &quot;legitimate&quot; seed dispersers, increases Guettarda viburnoides population growth.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, pages = {2684-2695}, pmid = {20957962}, issn = {0012-9658}, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Demography ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Rubiaceae/*physiology ; Seeds/*physiology ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {We examined the effect of seed dispersal by Purplish Jays (Cyanocorax cyanomelas; pulp consumers) and the Chestnut-eared Araçari (Pteroglossus castanotis; &quot;legitimate&quot; seed dispersers) on population growth of the small tree Guettarda viburnoides (Rubiaceae) in northeastern Bolivian savannas. Because each bird species differs with respect to feeding and post-feeding behavior, we hypothesized that seed dispersal by each species will contribute differently to the rate of increase of G. viburnoides, but that seed dispersal by either species will increase population growth when compared to a scenario with no seed dispersal. To examine the effects of individual dispersers on the future population size of G. viburnoides, we projected population growth rate using demographic models for G. viburnoides that explicitly incorporate data on quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed dispersal by each frugivore species. Our model suggests that seed dispersal by C. cyanomelas leads to positive population growth of G. viburnoides, whereas seed dispersal by P. castanotis has a detrimental effect on the population growth of this species. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report negative effects of a &quot;legitimate&quot; seed disperser on the population dynamics of the plant it consumes. Our results stress the importance of incorporating frugivore effects into population projection matrices, to allow a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of different dispersers for plant population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid20942587, year = {2010}, author = {Katsarou, Z and Bostantjopoulou, S and Zikouli, A and Kazazi, E and Kafantari, A and Tsipropoulou, V and Kourtesi, G and Peitsidou, E}, title = {Performance of Greek demented and nondemented subjects on the Greek version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. A validation study.}, journal = {The International journal of neuroscience}, volume = {120}, number = {11}, pages = {724-730}, doi = {10.3109/00207454.2010.518779}, pmid = {20942587}, issn = {1563-5279}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/*psychology ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Female ; Greece ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease/*psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, abstract = {A translated version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) into Greek ((DRS-GR) was applied to a sample of Greek population (N = 356) comprising normal middle-aged and elderly subjects (controls), as well as patients suffering from Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) to test its reliability and validity. A well-known dementia screening instrument, the Mini Mental State Examination test (MMSE), and a nonverbal measure of abstract reasoning, the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, were employed as measures of DRS-GR concurrent validity. Reliability analysis was satisfactory with Cronbach's alpha reaching 0.82 and item to total correlations yielding high coefficients for most items. DRS-GR scores were influenced by age and education, but not by gender. Correlation between MMSE and the total DRS-GR score was significant in patients and normal controls, but correlation between DRS-GR and RCPM was significant in AD and nondemented PD only. Specificity and sensitivity for dementia screening, calculated on a Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, with a cut-off score the mean value minus two standard deviations, corrected for age and education, was 96% and 80%, respectively. Our preliminary findings show that DRS-GR is a reliable and well-adapted instrument for clinical application in the Greek population.}, }
@article {pmid20852867, year = {2011}, author = {Suthers, RA and Wild, JM and Kaplan, G}, title = {Mechanisms of song production in the Australian magpie.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {197}, number = {1}, pages = {45-59}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-010-0585-6}, pmid = {20852867}, issn = {1432-1351}, support = {R01 NS029467/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Acoustics ; Animals ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Male ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Phonation/*physiology ; Respiratory Mechanics/*physiology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Sound Spectrography ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) are notable for their vocal prowess. We investigated the syringeal and respiratory dynamics of vocalization by two 6-month-old males, whose songs had a number of adult features. There was no strong lateral syringeal dominance and unilateral phonation was most often achieved by closing the syringeal valve on the contralateral side of the syrinx. Unlike other songbirds studied, magpies sometimes used an alternative syringeal motor pattern during unilateral phonation in which both sides of the syrinx are partially adducted and open to airflow. Also, in contrast to most other songbirds, the higher fundamental frequency during two-voice syllables was usually generated on the left side of the syrinx. Amplitude modulation, a prominent feature of magpie song, was produced by linear or nonlinear interactions between different frequencies which may originate either on opposite sides of the syrinx or on the same side. Pulse tones, similar to vocal fry in human speech, were present in some calls. Unlike small songbirds, the fundamental of the modal frequency can be as low as that of the pulse tone, suggesting that large birds may have evolved pulse tones to increase acoustic diversity, rather than decrease the fundamental frequency.}, }
@article {pmid20847272, year = {2010}, author = {Rutz, C and Bluff, LA and Reed, N and Troscianko, J and Newton, J and Inger, R and Kacelnik, A and Bearhop, S}, title = {The ecological significance of tool use in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {329}, number = {5998}, pages = {1523-1526}, doi = {10.1126/science.1192053}, pmid = {20847272}, issn = {1095-9203}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aleurites ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis/blood ; Coleoptera ; Crows/*physiology ; Diet ; Feathers/chemistry ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Larva ; Male ; New Caledonia ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis/blood ; Nuts ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Tool use is so rare in the animal kingdom that its evolutionary origins cannot be traced with comparative analyses. Valuable insights can be gained from investigating the ecological context and adaptive significance of tool use under contemporary conditions, but obtaining robust observational data is challenging. We assayed individual-level tool-use dependence in wild New Caledonian crows by analyzing stable isotope profiles of the birds' feathers, blood, and putative food sources. Bayesian diet-mixing models revealed that a substantial amount of the crows' protein and lipid intake comes from prey obtained with stick tools--wood-boring beetle larvae. Our calculations provide estimates of larva-intake rates and show that just a few larvae can satisfy a crow's daily energy requirements, highlighting the substantial rewards available to competent tool users.}, }
@article {pmid20838837, year = {2011}, author = {Tornick, JK and Gibson, BM and Kispert, D and Wilkinson, M}, title = {Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) use gestures to identify the location of hidden food.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {117-125}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-010-0349-2}, pmid = {20838837}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cognition ; Feeding Behavior ; *Passeriformes ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {Heterospecific cues, such as gaze direction and body position, may be an important source of information that an animal can use to infer the location of resources like food. The use of heterospecific cues has been largely investigated using primates, dogs, and other mammals; less is known about whether birds can also use heterospecific gestures. We tested six Clark's nutcrackers in a two-way object-choice task using touch, point, and gaze cues to investigate whether these birds can use human gestures to find food. Most of the birds were able to use a touch gesture during the first trial of testing and were able to learn to use point and gaze (eyes and head alternation) cues after a limited number of trials. This study is the first to test a non-social corvid on the object-choice task. The performance of non-social nutcrackers is similar to that of more social and related corvids, suggesting that species with different evolutionary histories can utilize gestural information.}, }
@article {pmid20832314, year = {2010}, author = {Endler, JA and Endler, LC and Doerr, NR}, title = {Great bowerbirds create theaters with forced perspective when seen by their audience.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, pages = {1679-1684}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.033}, pmid = {20832314}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Passeriformes ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception ; }, abstract = {Birds in the infraorder Corvida [1] (ravens, jays, bowerbirds) are renowned for their cognitive abilities [2-4], which include advanced problem solving with spatial inference [4-8], tool use and complex constructions [7-10], and bowerbird cognitive ability is associated with mating success [11]. Great bowerbird males construct bowers with a long avenue from within which females view the male displaying over his bower court [10]. This predictable audience viewpoint is a prerequisite for forced (altered) visual perspective [12-14]. Males make courts with gray and white objects that increase in size with distance from the avenue entrance. This gradient creates forced visual perspective for the audience; court object visual angles subtended on the female viewer's eye are more uniform than if the objects were placed at random. Forced perspective can yield false perception of size and distance [12, 15]. After experimental reversal of their size-distance gradient, males recovered their gradients within 3 days, and there was little difference from the original after 2 wks. Variation among males in their forced-perspective quality as seen by their female audience indicates that visual perspective is available for use in mate choice, perhaps as an indicator of cognitive ability. Regardless of function, the creation and maintenance of forced visual perspective is clearly important to great bowerbirds and suggests the possibility of a previously unknown dimension of bird cognition.}, }
@article {pmid20826480, year = {2011}, author = {Bugnyar, T}, title = {Knower-guesser differentiation in ravens: others' viewpoints matter.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {278}, number = {1705}, pages = {634-640}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1514}, pmid = {20826480}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Association Learning ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Discrimination Learning/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Observation ; }, abstract = {Differentiating between individuals with different knowledge states is an important step in child development and has been considered as a hallmark in human evolution. Recently, primates and corvids have been reported to pass knower-guesser tasks, raising the possibility of mental attribution skills in non-human animals. Yet, it has been difficult to distinguish 'mind-reading' from behaviour-reading alternatives, specifically the use of behavioural cues and/or the application of associatively learned rules. Here, I show that ravens (Corvus corax) observing an experimenter hiding food are capable of predicting the behaviour of bystanders that had been visible at both, none or just one of two caching events. Manipulating the competitors' visual field independently of the view of the test-subject resulted in an instant drop in performance, whereas controls for behavioural cues had no such effect. These findings indicate that ravens not only remember whom they have seen at caching but also take into account that the other's view was blocked. Notably, it does not suffice for the birds to associate specific competitors with specific caches. These results support the idea that certain socio-ecological conditions may select for similar cognitive abilities in distantly related species and that some birds have evolved analogous precursors to a human theory-of-mind.}, }
@article {pmid20814805, year = {2011}, author = {Liedtke, J and Werdenich, D and Gajdon, GK and Huber, L and Wanker, R}, title = {Big brains are not enough: performance of three parrot species in the trap-tube paradigm.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {143-149}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-010-0347-4}, pmid = {20814805}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Cognition ; Inhibition (Psychology) ; Intelligence ; *Parrots ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The trap-tube task has become a benchmark test for investigating physical causality in vertebrates. In this task, subjects have to retrieve food out of a horizontal tube using a tool and avoiding a trap hole in the tube. Great apes and corvids succeeded in this task. Parrots with relative brain volumes comparable to those of corvids and primates also demonstrate high cognitive abilities. We therefore tested macaws, a cockatoo, and keas on the trap-tube paradigm. All nine parrots failed to solve the task. In a simplified task, trap tubes with a slot inserted along the top were offered. The slot allowed the birds to move the reward directly with their bills. All but one individual solved this task by lifting the food over the trap. However, the parrots failed again when they were prevented from lifting the reward, although they anticipated that food will be lost when moved into the trap. We do not think that the demanding use of an external object is the main reason for the parrots' failure. Moreover, we suppose these parrots fail to consider the trap's position in the beginning of a trial and were not able to stop their behaviour and move the reward in the trap's opposite direction.}, }
@article {pmid20803204, year = {2010}, author = {Fernández-Juricic, E and O'Rourke, C and Pitlik, T}, title = {Visual coverage and scanning behavior in two corvid species: American crow and Western scrub jay.}, journal = {Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology}, volume = {196}, number = {12}, pages = {879-888}, doi = {10.1007/s00359-010-0570-0}, pmid = {20803204}, issn = {1432-1351}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Crows/physiology ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; Head Movements/*physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Visual Fields/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Inter-specific differences in the configuration of avian visual fields and degree of eye/head movements have been associated with foraging and anti-predator behaviors. Our goal was to study visual fields, eye movements, and head movements in two species of corvids: American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica). American crows had wider binocular overlap, longer vertical binocular fields, narrower blind areas, and higher amplitude of eye movement than Western scrub jays. American crows can converge their eyes and see their own bill tip, which may facilitate using different foraging techniques (e.g., pecking, probing) and manufacturing and handing rudimentary tools. Western scrub jays had a higher head movement rate than American crows while on the ground, and the opposite between-species difference was found when individuals were perching. Faster head movements may enhance the ability to scan the environment, which may be related to a higher perceived risk of predation of Western scrub jays when on the ground, and American crows when perching. The visual field configuration of these species appears influenced mostly by foraging techniques while their scaning behavior, by predation risk.}, }
@article {pmid20737894, year = {2010}, author = {Bagotskaia, MS and Smirnova, AA and Zorina, ZA}, title = {[Comparative study of the ability to solve a string-pulling task in Corvidae].}, journal = {Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, pages = {321-329}, pmid = {20737894}, issn = {0044-4677}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance ; Species Specificity ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {The ability of hooded crows (Corvus cornix L.) and common ravens (Corvus corax L.) to pull up a bait suspended from a horizontal perch by a string was tested. It was shown that some birds of both species successfully solved the string-pulling task. Considerable inter-individual and inter-species differences in task performance are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid20734247, year = {2010}, author = {Abbey, E}, title = {Themes and variation of N. S. Thompson--song.}, journal = {Integrative psychological &amp; behavioral science}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {348-350}, doi = {10.1007/s12124-010-9143-6}, pmid = {20734247}, issn = {1936-3567}, mesh = {Animals ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Poetry as Topic/history ; Songbirds/physiology ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Nick Thompson studied many animals over the course of his career, including non-human primates, dogs, crows, human babies, and mockingbirds. Amidst such variation, Nick maintained a common focus. He sought to provide more accurate and truthful representations of the particular phenomenon of interest. His writings on mentalism, design, anthropomorphism and use of metaphor have provided fellow scientists with insight and helped advance his field of study.}, }
@article {pmid20711255, year = {2010}, author = {Gienapp, P and Merilä, J}, title = {High fidelity--no evidence for extra-pair paternity in Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, pages = {e12006}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0012006}, pmid = {20711255}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding ; Female ; Genotype ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; *Passeriformes/genetics ; Paternity ; Pedigree ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Extra-pair paternity (EPP) in birds is related to a number of ecological and social factors. For example, it has been found to be positively related with breeding density, negatively with the amount of paternal care and especially high rates have been observed in group-living species. Siberian jays (Perisoreous infaustus) breed at low densities and have extended parental care, which leads to the expectation of low rates of EPP. On the other hand, Siberian jays live in groups which can include also unrelated individuals, and provide opportunities for extra-pair matings. To assess the potential occurrence of EPP in Siberian jays, we analysed a large data pool (n=1029 offspring) covering ca. 30 years of samples from a Finnish Siberian jay population. Paternities were assigned based on up to 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers with the additional information from field observations. We were unable to find any evidence for occurrence of EPP in this species. Our findings are in line with earlier studies and confirm the generally low rates of EPP in related Corvid species. These results suggest that ecological factors may be more important than social factors (group living) in determining costs and benefits of extra-pair paternity.}, }
@article {pmid20708664, year = {2010}, author = {Bond, AB and Wei, CA and Kamil, AC}, title = {Cognitive representation in transitive inference: a comparison of four corvid species.}, journal = {Behavioural processes}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, pages = {283-292}, doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2010.08.003}, pmid = {20708664}, issn = {1872-8308}, support = {R01 MH069893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01-MH069893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Association Learning ; *Birds ; *Choice Behavior ; *Cognition ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Memory ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {During operant transitive inference experiments, subjects are trained on adjacent stimulus pairs in an implicit linear hierarchy in which responses to higher ranked stimuli are rewarded. Two contrasting forms of cognitive representation are often used to explain resulting choice behavior. Associative representation is based on memory for the reward history of each stimulus. Relational representation depends on memory for the context in which stimuli have been presented. Natural history characteristics that require accurate configural memory, such as social complexity or reliance on cached food, should tend to promote greater use of relational representation. To test this hypothesis, four corvid species with contrasting natural histories were trained on the transitive inference task: pinyon jays, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus; Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana; azure-winged magpies, Cyanopica cyanus; and western scrub jays, Aphelocoma californica. A simplified computer model of associative representation displayed a characteristic pattern of accuracy as a function of position in the hierarchy. Analysis of the deviation of each subject's performance from this predicted pattern yielded an index of reliance on relational representation. Regression of index scores against rankings of social complexity and caching reliance indicated that both traits were significantly and independently associated with greater use of relational representation.}, }
@article {pmid20628160, year = {2010}, author = {Holzhaider, JC and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD}, title = {Social learning in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, pages = {206-219}, doi = {10.3758/LB.38.3.206}, pmid = {20628160}, issn = {1543-4494}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Crows/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Hierarchy, Social ; Imitative Behavior ; *Learning ; Male ; Pandanaceae ; Seasons ; *Social Environment ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian (NC) crows are the most sophisticated tool manufacturers other than humans. The diversification and geographical distribution of their three Pandanus tool designs that differ in complexity, as well as the lack of ecological correlates, suggest that cumulative technological change has taken place. To investigate the possibility that high-fidelity social transmission mediated this putative ratchet-like process, we studied the ontogeny of Pandanus tool manufacture and social organization in free-living NC crows. We found that juvenile crows took more than 1 year to reach adult proficiency in their Pandanus tool skills. Although trial-and-error learning is clearly important, juveniles have ample opportunity to learn about Pandanus tool manufacture by both observing their parents and interacting with artifactual material. The crows' social system seems likely to promote the faithful social transmission of local tool designs by both favoring the vertical transmission of tool information and minimizing horizontal transmission. We suggest that NC crows develop their Pandanus tool skills in a highly scaffolded learning environment that facilitates the cumulative technological evolution of tool designs.}, }
@article {pmid20592692, year = {2010}, author = {Anker, CJ and Wang, B and Tobler, M and Chapek, J and Shrieve, DC and Hitchcock, YJ and Salter, BJ}, title = {Evaluation of fluence-smoothing feature for three IMRT planning systems.}, journal = {Journal of applied clinical medical physics}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {3035}, pmid = {20592692}, issn = {1526-9914}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Glioblastoma/*radiotherapy ; Humans ; Male ; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; *Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; *Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated ; Tongue Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; }, abstract = {Commercially available intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) inverse treatment planning systems (ITPS) typically include a smoothing function which allows the user to vary the complexity of delivered beam fluence patterns. This study evaluated the behavior of three ITPSs when varying smoothing parameters. We evaluated four cases treated with IMRT in our clinic: sinonasal carcinoma (SNC), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), base of tongue carcinoma (BOT), and prostate carcinoma (PST). Varian Eclipse v6.5, BrainLAB BrainScan v5.31, and Nomos Corvus v6.2 ITPSs were studied for the SNC, GBM, and PST sites. Only Eclipse and Corvus were studied for BOT due to field size constraints of the BrainLAB MM3 collimator. For each ITPS, plans were first optimized using vendor- recommended default &quot;smoothing&quot; values. Treatment plans were then reoptimized, exploring various smoothing values. Key metrics recorded included a delivery complexity (DC) metric and the Ian Paddick Conformality Index (IPCI). Results varied widely by vendor with regard to the impact of smoothing on complexity and conformality. Plans run on the Corvus ITPS showed the logically anticipated increase in DC as smoothing was decreased, along with associated improved organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing. Both Eclipse and BrainScan experienced an expected trend for increased DC as smoothing was decreased. However, this increase did not typically result in appreciably improved OAR sparing. For Eclipse and Corvus, and to a much lesser extent BrainScan, increases in smoothing decreased DC but eventually caused unacceptable losses in plan quality. Depending on the ITPS, potential benefits from optimizing fluence smoothing levels can be significant, allowing for increases in either efficiency or conformality. Because of variability in smoothing function behavior by ITPS, it is important that users familiarize themselves with the effects of varying smoothing parameters for their respective ITPS. Based on experience gained here, we provide recommended workflows for each ITPS to best exploit the fluence-smoothing features of the system.}, }
@article {pmid20534612, year = {2010}, author = {López-Sepulcre, A and Kokko, H and Norris, K}, title = {Evolutionary conservation advice for despotic populations: habitat heterogeneity favours conflict and reduces productivity in Seychelles magpie robins.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1699}, pages = {3477-3482}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.0819}, pmid = {20534612}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Seychelles ; Social Dominance ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Individual preferences for good habitat are often thought to have a beneficial stabilizing effect for populations. However, if individuals preferentially compete for better-quality territories, these may become hotspots of conflict. We show that, in an endangered species, this process decreases the productivity of favoured territories to the extent that differences in productivity between territories disappear. Unlike predictions from current demographic theory on site-dependent population regulation (ideal despotic distribution), we show that population productivity is reduced if resources are distributed unevenly in space. Competition for high-quality habitat can thus have detrimental consequences for populations even though it benefits individuals. Manipulating conflict (e.g. by reducing variation in habitat quality) can therefore prove an effective conservation measure in species with strong social or territorial conflict.}, }
@article {pmid20528140, year = {2010}, author = {Laub, D}, title = {Commentary on &quot;Fragmented testament: letters written by World War II resisters before their execution&quot; by Anne Griffin and Jay Lefer.}, journal = {The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {285-290}, doi = {10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.285}, pmid = {20528140}, issn = {1943-2852}, mesh = {*Altruism ; Belgium ; *Capital Punishment ; *Correspondence as Topic ; *Ego ; Female ; *Freudian Theory ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel/*psychology ; Morals ; *Politics ; Prisoners/*psychology ; *Social Conformity ; World War II ; }, }
@article {pmid20519217, year = {2010}, author = {Baglione, V and Canestrari, D and Chiarati, E and Vera, R and Marcos, JM}, title = {Lazy group members are substitute helpers in carrion crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1698}, pages = {3275-3282}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.0745}, pmid = {20519217}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*growth &amp; development ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Linear Models ; Male ; Spain ; Videotape Recording ; }, abstract = {In many cooperatively breeding societies, helping effort varies greatly among group members, raising the question of why dominant individuals tolerate lazy subordinates. In groups of carrion crows Corvus corone corone, helpers at the nest increase breeders' reproductive success, but chick provisioning is unevenly distributed among non-breeders, with a gradient that ranges from individuals that work as much as the breeders to others that completely refrain from visiting the nest. Here we show that lazy non-breeders represent an insurance workforce that fully compensates for a reduction in the provisioning effort of another group member, avoiding a decrease in reproductive success. When we temporarily impaired a carer, decreasing its nest attendance, the laziest non-breeders increased their provisioning rate and individuals that initially refrained from visiting the nest started helping. Breeders, in contrast, did not increase chick provisioning. This shows that lazy non-breeders can buffer a sudden unfavourable circumstance and suggests that group stability relies on the potential contribution of group members in addition to their current effort.}, }
@article {pmid20513850, year = {2010}, author = {Isacsson, G and Rich, CL and Jureidini, J and Raven, M}, title = {The increased use of antidepressants has contributed to the worldwide reduction in suicide rates.}, journal = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science}, volume = {196}, number = {6}, pages = {429-433}, doi = {10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076166}, pmid = {20513850}, issn = {1472-1465}, mesh = {Antidepressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Depressive Disorder/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Internationality ; Risk Factors ; Suicide/*prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Numerous ecological studies have shown an inverse association between antidepressant use and suicide rates and a smaller number of individual-based studies have shown an association between current antidepressant use and reduced suicide risk. Such evidence is often cited in support of the notion that antidepressants prevent suicide. However, more recently, the premises underlying this proposition, namely that suicide is caused by depression and that antidepressants relieve depression, have been challenged and the potential harm caused by antidepressants has been highlighted. In this article, Goran Isacsson and Charles Rich debate with Jon Jureidini and Melissa Raven the motion that the increased use of antidepressants has contributed to the worldwide reduction in suicide rates.}, }
@article {pmid20485685, year = {2010}, author = {Fraser, ON and Bugnyar, T}, title = {Do ravens show consolation? Responses to distressed others.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {e10605}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0010605}, pmid = {20485685}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Aggression/psychology ; Animals ; Conflict (Psychology) ; *Crows ; *Empathy ; Female ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; *Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bystander affiliation (post-conflict affiliation from an uninvolved bystander to the conflict victim) may represent an expression of empathy in which the bystander consoles the victim to alleviate the victim's distress (&quot;consolation&quot;). However, alternative hypotheses for the function of bystander affiliation also exist. Determining whether ravens spontaneously offer consolation to distressed partners may not only help us to understand how animals deal with the costs of aggressive conflict, but may also play an important role in the empathy debate.<br><br>This study investigates the post-conflict behavior of ravens, applying the predictive framework for the function of bystander affiliation for the first time in a non-ape species. We found weak evidence for reconciliation (post-conflict affiliation between former opponents), but strong evidence for both bystander affiliation and solicited bystander affiliation (post-conflict affiliation from the victim to a bystander). Bystanders involved in both interactions were likely to share a valuable relationship with the victim. Bystander affiliation offered to the victim was more likely to occur after intense conflicts. Renewed aggression was less likely to occur after the victim solicited affiliation from a bystander.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that in ravens, bystanders may console victims with whom they share a valuable relationship, thus alleviating the victims' post-conflict distress. Conversely victims may affiliate with bystanders after a conflict in order to reduce the likelihood of renewed aggression. These results stress the importance of relationship quality in determining the occurrence and function of post-conflict interactions, and show that ravens may be sensitive to the emotions of others.}, }
@article {pmid20444716, year = {2010}, author = {Townsend, AK and Clark, AB and McGowan, KJ and Miller, AD and Buckles, EL}, title = {Condition, innate immunity and disease mortality of inbred crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1695}, pages = {2875-2883}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.0480}, pmid = {20444716}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*immunology/microbiology/*mortality ; Crows/genetics/microbiology/*physiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/microbiology/mortality/*veterinary ; Female ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunocompetence ; *Inbreeding ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Nesting Behavior ; Population Dynamics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; }, abstract = {Cooperatively breeding American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) suffer a severe disease-mediated survival cost from inbreeding, but the proximate mechanisms linking inbreeding to disease are unknown. Here, we examine indices of nestling body condition and innate immunocompetence in relationship to inbreeding and disease mortality. Using an estimate of microsatellite heterozygosity that predicts inbreeding in this population, we show that inbred crows were in relatively poor condition as nestlings, and that body condition index measured in the first 2-33 days after hatching, in addition to inbreeding index, predicted disease probability in the first 34 months of life. Inbred nestlings also mounted a weaker response along one axis of innate immunity: the proportion of bacteria killed in a microbiocidal assay increased as heterozygosity index increased. Relatively poor body condition and low innate immunocompetence are two mechanisms that might predispose inbred crows to ultimate disease mortality. A better understanding of condition-mediated inbreeding depression can guide efforts to minimize disease costs of inbreeding in small populations.}, }
@article {pmid20437062, year = {2010}, author = {Ziegler, U and Seidowski, D and Globig, A and Fereidouni, SR and Ulrich, RG and Groschup, MH}, title = {Sentinel birds in wild-bird resting sites as potential indicators for West Nile virus infections in Germany.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {155}, number = {6}, pages = {965-969}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-010-0618-z}, pmid = {20437062}, issn = {1432-8798}, mesh = {*Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/*virology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bird Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Birds/*virology ; Ducks/*virology ; Germany ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; West Nile Fever/*veterinary/virology ; *West Nile virus/genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus with wild birds as its natural hosts. Ravens, falcons and jays are highly susceptible for WNV and develop deadly encephalitis, while other bird species undergo only subclinical infections. Migratory birds are efficient vectors for geographic spreading of WNV. Until now, WNV infections have not been diagnosed in Germany, but infections in humans and horses have occurred recently in Austria, Hungary and Italy. To investigate potential WNV introduction by infected wild birds, we have monitored the serological status of ducks in three national sentinel stations. No WNV-positive reactions were found, whereas sera from coots from northern Iran were positive.}, }
@article {pmid20410040, year = {2010}, author = {Taylor, AH and Elliffe, D and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD}, title = {Complex cognition and behavioural innovation in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1694}, pages = {2637-2643}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.0285}, pmid = {20410040}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {Apes, corvids and parrots all show high rates of behavioural innovation in the wild. However, it is unclear whether this innovative behaviour is underpinned by cognition more complex than simple learning mechanisms. To investigate this question we presented New Caledonian crows with a novel three-stage metatool problem. The task involved three distinct stages: (i) obtaining a short stick by pulling up a string, (ii) using the short stick as a metatool to extract a long stick from a toolbox, and finally (iii) using the long stick to extract food from a hole. Crows with previous experience of the behaviours in stages 1-3 linked them into a novel sequence to solve the problem on the first trial. Crows with experience of only using string and tools to access food also successfully solved the problem. This innovative use of established behaviours in novel contexts was not based on resurgence, chaining and conditional reinforcement. Instead, the performance was consistent with the transfer of an abstract, causal rule: 'out-of-reach objects can be accessed using a tool'. This suggests that high innovation rates in the wild may reflect complex cognitive abilities that supplement basic learning mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid20408013, year = {2010}, author = {Klein, J}, title = {The Lesbian Art Project.}, journal = {Journal of lesbian studies}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {238-259}, doi = {10.1080/10894160903196541}, pmid = {20408013}, issn = {1540-3548}, mesh = {Art/*history ; Female ; Feminism/history ; History, 20th Century ; Homosexuality, Female/*history ; Humans ; Los Angeles ; Social Identification ; Social Perception ; Stereotyping ; Universities/*history ; }, abstract = {Critics and artists influenced by the tenets of queer theory have dismissed much of the artwork made in the 1970s from a lesbian feminist perspective. The result has been very little being known or written about this pioneering work. This article is concerned with exploring an often overlooked aspect of lesbian art history: the activities and events associated with the Lesbian Art Project (LAP) founded by Terry Wolverton and Arlene Raven at the Woman's Building in Los Angeles. I argue that what is most significant about the LAP is the way in which the participants articulated lesbian identity and lesbian community through performance, art making, and writing.}, }
@article {pmid20379471, year = {2010}, author = {Bakar, EE and Bakar, B}, title = {Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with shunted hydrocephalus.}, journal = {Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {191-198}, doi = {10.3340/jkns.2010.47.3.191}, pmid = {20379471}, issn = {1598-7876}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study is planned to determine the neurocognitive difficulties of hydrocephalic adults.<br><br>METHODS: THE RESEARCH GROUP CONTAINED HEALTHY ADULTS (CONTROL GROUP, N : 15), and hydrocephalic adults (n : 15). Hydrocephalic group consisted of patients with idiopathic aquaduct stenosis and post-meningitis hydrocephalus. All patients were followed with shunted hydrocephalus and not gone to shunt revision during last two years. They were chosen from either asymptomatic or had only minor symptoms without motor and sensorineural deficit. A neuropsychological test battery (Raven Standart Progressive Matrices, Bender-Gestalt Test, Cancellation Test, Clock Drawing Test, Facial Recognition Test, Line Orientation Test, Serial Digit Learning Test, Stroop Color Word Interference Test-TBAG Form, Verbal Fluency Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Visual-Aural Digit Span Test-B) was applied to all groups.<br><br>RESULTS: Neuropsychological assessment of hydrocephalic patients demonstrated that they had poor performance on visual, semantic and working memory, visuoconstructive and frontal functions, reading, attention, motor coordination and executive function of parietal lobe which related with complex and perseverative behaviour. Eventually, these patients had significant impairment on the neurocognitive functions of their frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. On the other hand, the statistical analyses performed on demographic data showed that the aetiology of the hydrocephalus, age, sex and localization of the shunt (frontal or posterior parietal) did not affect the test results.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This prospective study showed that adult patients with hydrocephalus have serious neuropsychological problems which might be directly caused by the hydrocephalus; and these problems may cause serious adaptive difficulties in their social, cultural, behavioral and academic life.}, }
@article {pmid20333438, year = {2010}, author = {Fashing, PJ and Nguyen, N and Fashing, NJ}, title = {Behavior of geladas and other endemic wildlife during a desert locust outbreak at Guassa, Ethiopia: ecological and conservation implications.}, journal = {Primates; journal of primatology}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, pages = {193-197}, doi = {10.1007/s10329-010-0194-6}, pmid = {20333438}, issn = {1610-7365}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Grasshoppers/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Theropithecus/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) outbreaks have occurred repeatedly throughout recorded history in the Horn of Africa region, devastating crops and contributing to famines. In June 2009, a desert locust swarm invaded the Guassa Plateau, Ethiopia, a large and unusually intact Afroalpine tall-grass ecosystem, home to important populations of geladas (Theropithecus gelada), Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis), thick-billed ravens (Corvus crassirostris), and other Ethiopian or Horn of Africa endemics. During the outbreak and its aftermath, we observed many animals, including geladas, ravens, and a wolf, feeding on locusts in large quantities. These observations suggest surprising flexibility in the normally highly specialized diets of geladas and wolves, including the potential for temporary but intensive insectivory during locust outbreaks. To our knowledge, Guassa is the highest elevation site (3,200-3,600 m) at which desert locusts, which require temperatures >20 degrees C for sustained flight, have been reported. Continued monitoring will be necessary to determine whether the June 2009 outbreak was an isolated incident or part of an emerging pattern in the Ethiopian Highlands linked to global warming. The intensive consumption of desert locusts by geladas, wolves, and ravens during the outbreak at Guassa raises concerns about pesticide-based locust control strategies and potential unintended adverse effects on endemic and endangered wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid20215728, year = {2010}, author = {Mehlhorn, J and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD and Rehkämper, G and Güntürkün, O}, title = {Tool-making New Caledonian crows have large associative brain areas.}, journal = {Brain, behavior and evolution}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {63-70}, doi = {10.1159/000295151}, pmid = {20215728}, issn = {1421-9743}, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology ; Animals ; Association Learning/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Crows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Intelligence/physiology ; Neural Pathways/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Telencephalon/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Animals with a high rate of innovative and associative-based behavior usually have large brains. New Caledonian (NC) crows stand out due to their tool manufacture, their generalized problem-solving abilities and an extremely high degree of encephalization. It is generally assumed that this increased brain size is due to the ability to process, associate and memorize diverse stimuli, thereby enhancing the propensity to invent new and complex behaviors in adaptive ways. However, this premise lacks firm empirical support since encephalization could also result from an increase of only perceptual and/or motor areas. Here, we compared the brain structures of NC crows with those of carrion crows, jays and sparrows. The brains of NC crows were characterized by a relatively large mesopallium, striatopallidal complex, septum and tegmentum. These structures mostly deal with association and motor-learning. This supports the hypothesis that the evolution of innovative or complex behavior requires a brain composition that increases the ability to associate and memorize diverse stimuli in order to execute complex motor output. Since apes show a similar correlation of cerebral growth and cognitive abilities, the evolution of advanced cognitive skills appears to have evolved independently in birds and mammals but with a similar neural orchestration.}, }
@article {pmid20195481, year = {2010}, author = {Derégnaucourt, S}, title = {Interspecific hybridization as a tool to understand vocal divergence: the example of crowing in quail (Genus Coturnix).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e9451}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009451}, pmid = {20195481}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Breeding/*methods ; Coturnix/genetics ; Crows/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Male ; Seasons ; Sound Spectrography ; Species Specificity ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that lead organisms to be separated into distinct species remains a challenge in evolutionary biology. Interspecific hybridization, which results from incomplete reproductive isolation, is a useful tool to investigate such mechanisms. In birds, interspecific hybridization is relatively frequent, despite the fact that closed species exhibit morphological and behavioural differences. Evolution of behaviour is difficult to investigate on a large timescale since it does not 'fossilize'. Here I propose that calls of hybrid non-songbirds that develop without the influence of learning may help in understanding the gradual process that leads to vocal divergence during speciation. I recorded crows produced by the European quail (Coturnix c. coturnix), the domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and their hybrids (F1, F2 and backcrosses). Most crowing patterns were intermediate to those of the parental species; some were similar to one or the other parental species, or not present in either parental species. I also observed vocal changes in hybrid crows during the breeding season and from one year to the other. This vocal variability resembles those observed during the ontogeny of the crow in quails. It is likely that similar mechanisms involved in vocal changes during ontogeny might have driven vocal divergence in the species of Palearctic quails. I suggest that hybrid crows might have resembled those produced by intermediary forms of quails during speciation.}, }
@article {pmid20187352, year = {2009}, author = {Jemeleddine, E and Bouden, A and Halayem, S and Othman, S and Tabbane, K and Halayem, M}, title = {[Memory impairments during child and adolescent depression].}, journal = {La Tunisie medicale}, volume = {87}, number = {10}, pages = {656-659}, pmid = {20187352}, issn = {0041-4131}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Depression/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Memory Disorders/*physiopathology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, abstract = {AIM: This study aimed to evaluate basic performances on verbal memory in treatment-naïve children and adolescents with depression and in healthy control subjects.<br><br>METHODS: 34 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, suffering from a first major depressive disorder (DSM IV) and 34 controls matched on sex, age and cognitive ability were evaluated. Psychiatric diagnosis was assessed with the K-SADS-PL. The Child Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) was used to assess the severity of depression. Progressive matrices of Raven were used to evaluate intelligence. Two different cognitive tasks were administered to assess semantic and working memory: digit span test, and semantic and phonemic verbal fluency.<br><br>RESULTS: A significant effect of diagnosis was found for digit span: patients showed lower performance on forward (p=0,015) and backward (p=0,002) digits. No difference was found between patients and controls on verbal fluency. The young age of the sample and the first depressive episode criteria may explain the absence of severe impairment of this type of semantic and working memory.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that memory deficits in depressive disorders are partly the result of poor encoding caused by a deficit in attention.}, }
@article {pmid20179759, year = {2010}, author = {Taylor, AH and Medina, FS and Holzhaider, JC and Hearne, LJ and Hunt, GR and Gray, RD}, title = {An investigation into the cognition behind spontaneous string pulling in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e9345}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0009345}, pmid = {20179759}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; New Caledonia ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The ability of some bird species to pull up meat hung on a string is a famous example of spontaneous animal problem solving. The &quot;insight&quot; hypothesis claims that this complex behaviour is based on cognitive abilities such as mental scenario building and imagination. An operant conditioning account, in contrast, would claim that this spontaneity is due to each action in string pulling being reinforced by the meat moving closer and remaining closer to the bird on the perch. We presented experienced and naïve New Caledonian crows with a novel, visually restricted string-pulling problem that reduced the quality of visual feedback during string pulling. Experienced crows solved this problem with reduced efficiency and increased errors compared to their performance in standard string pulling. Naïve crows either failed or solved the problem by trial and error learning. However, when visual feedback was available via a mirror mounted next to the apparatus, two naïve crows were able to perform at the same level as the experienced group. Our results raise the possibility that spontaneous string pulling in New Caledonian crows may not be based on insight but on operant conditioning mediated by a perceptual-motor feedback cycle.}, }
@article {pmid20156820, year = {2010}, author = {Grodzinski, U and Clayton, NS}, title = {Problems faced by food-caching corvids and the evolution of cognitive solutions.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {365}, number = {1542}, pages = {977-987}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2009.0210}, pmid = {20156820}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Cognition/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology/*psychology ; Food ; Memory/physiology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The scatter hoarding of food, or caching, is a widespread and well-studied behaviour. Recent experiments with caching corvids have provided evidence for episodic-like memory, future planning and possibly mental attribution, all cognitive abilities that were thought to be unique to humans. In addition to the complexity of making flexible, informed decisions about caching and recovering, this behaviour is underpinned by a motivationally controlled compulsion to cache. In this review, we shall first discuss the compulsive side of caching both during ontogeny and in the caching behaviour of adult corvids. We then consider some of the problems that these birds face and review the evidence for the cognitive abilities they use to solve them. Thus, the emergence of episodic-like memory is viewed as a solution for coping with food perishability, while the various cache-protection and pilfering strategies may be sophisticated tools to deprive competitors of information, either by reducing the quality of information they can gather, or invalidating the information they already have. Finally, we shall examine whether such future-oriented behaviour involves future planning and ask why this and other cognitive abilities might have evolved in corvids.}, }
@article {pmid20156817, year = {2010}, author = {Sherry, DF and Hoshooley, JS}, title = {Seasonal hippocampal plasticity in food-storing birds.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {365}, number = {1542}, pages = {933-943}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2009.0220}, pmid = {20156817}, issn = {1471-2970}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Birds/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Hippocampus/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Neurogenesis/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Organ Size ; Photoperiod ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Both food-storing behaviour and the hippocampus change annually in food-storing birds. Food storing increases substantially in autumn and winter in chickadees and tits, jays and nutcrackers and nuthatches. The total size of the chickadee hippocampus increases in autumn and winter as does the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. The hippocampus is necessary for accurate cache retrieval in food-storing birds and is much larger in food-storing birds than in non-storing passerines. It therefore seems probable that seasonal change in caching and seasonal change in the hippocampus are causally related. The peak in recruitment of new neurons into the hippocampus occurs before birds have completed food storing and cache retrieval for the year and may therefore be associated with spacing caches, encoding the spatial locations of caches, or creating a neuronal architecture involved in the recollection of cache sites. The factors controlling hippocampal plasticity in food-storing birds are not well understood. Photoperiodic manipulations that produce change in food-storing behaviour have no effect on either hippocampal size or neuronal recruitment. Available evidence suggests that changes in hippocampal size and neurogenesis may be a consequence of the behavioural and cognitive involvement of the hippocampus in storing and retrieving food.}, }
@article {pmid20151985, year = {2010}, author = {Coulon, A and Fitzpatrick, JW and Bowman, R and Lovette, IJ}, title = {Effects of habitat fragmentation on effective dispersal of Florida scrub-jays.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {1080-1088}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01438.x}, pmid = {20151985}, issn = {1523-1739}, mesh = {Animals ; *Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Florida ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Linear Models ; Songbirds/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies comparing dispersal in fragmented versus unfragmented landscapes show that habitat fragmentation alters the dispersal behavior of many species. We used two complementary approaches to explore Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) dispersal in relation to landscape fragmentation. First, we compared dispersal distances of color-marked individuals in intensively monitored continuous and fragmented landscapes. Second, we estimated effective dispersal relative to the degree of fragmentation (as inferred from two landscape indexes: proportion of study site covered with Florida Scrub-Jay habitat and mean distance to nearest habitat patch within each study site) by comparing genetic isolation-by-distance regressions among 13 study sites having a range of landscape structures. Among color-banded individuals, dispersal distances were greater in fragmented versus continuous landscapes, a result consistent with other studies. Nevertheless, genetic analyses revealed that effective dispersal decreases as the proportion of habitat in the landscape decreases. These results suggest that although individual Florida Scrub-Jays may disperse farther as fragmentation increases, those that do so are less successful as breeders than those that disperse short distances. Our study highlights the importance of combining observational data with genetic inferences when evaluating the complex biological and life-history implications of dispersal.}, }
@article {pmid20090033, year = {2010}, author = {Ludwig, A and Bigras-Poulin, M and Michel, P and Bélanger, D}, title = {Risk factors associated with West Nile virus mortality in American Crow populations in Southern Quebec.}, journal = {Journal of wildlife diseases}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {195-208}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.195}, pmid = {20090033}, issn = {1943-3700}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality/transmission ; Crows/*virology ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Quebec/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary ; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/mortality/transmission/*veterinary ; West Nile virus/isolation &amp; purification ; Zoonoses ; }, abstract = {Soon after the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, a number of public health authorities designated the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) a sentinel for WNV detection. Although preliminary studies have suggested a positive association between American Crow mortality and increased risk of WNV infection in humans, we still know little about dynamic variation in American Crow mortality, both baseline levels and mortality associated with WNV. We hypothesized that the complex social behavior of American Crows, which is shaped by age and seasonal factors, influences both baseline mortality and WNV mortality in American Crow populations. We examined American Crow mortality data from Quebec for the 2005 WNV surveillance year, which lasted from 5 June to 17 September 2005. The variables of interest were age, gender, body condition index, time of year, and land cover. We used a log-linear model to examine baseline mortality. Logistic regression and general linear regression models were constructed to examine variables associated with mortality due to WNV. We found that both age and time of year were key variables in explaining baseline mortality. These two variables were also risk factors for WNV mortality. The probability that a carcass tested positive for WNV increased with the age of the dead bird and as summer progressed. WNV-positive carcasses also had a lower body condition index than WNV-negative carcasses. We believe that the first major wave of American Crow mortality observed in the early summer of 2005 was the result of natural mortality among young American Crows. Because this mortality was not linked to WNV, it appears that American Crow may not be a good species for early detection of WNV activity. Our data also suggest that second-year American Crows play a major role in propagating WNV during their movements to urban land covers during midsummer.}, }
@article {pmid20065352, year = {2010}, author = {Silva, FJ and Silva, KM}, title = {How do adult humans compare with New Caledonian crows in tool selectivity?.}, journal = {Learning &amp; behavior}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {87-95}, doi = {10.3758/LB.38.1.87}, pmid = {20065352}, issn = {1543-4494}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Choice Behavior/*physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Humans ; Motor Skills/physiology ; New Caledonia ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We examined humans' tool selections on stick-and-tube tasks similar to those used to study crows' and other avian species' physical cognition. In Experiment 1, the participants selected a stick from a set of 10 to retrieve a candy placed in a horizontal tube. Although the stick that was selected depended on the distance to the candy, the participants generally did not select a stick whose length was the same as the candy's distance from the open end of the tube nor did they select the longest stick in the set-two strategies that have been reported in crows. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used variations of the stick-and-tube task to determine what factors in addition to the candy's distance influenced the participants' selections. The results showed that tool selection depended on the stimulus context (i.e., the number and lengths of the alternative tools).}, }
@article {pmid20053646, year = {2010}, author = {Bluff, LA and Troscianko, J and Weir, AA and Kacelnik, A and Rutz, C}, title = {Tool use by wild New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides at natural foraging sites.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1686}, pages = {1377-1385}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.1953}, pmid = {20053646}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Aleurites/parasitology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Larva ; New Caledonia ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Stems ; Tool Use Behavior/*physiology ; Videotape Recording ; }, abstract = {New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides use tools made from sticks or leaf stems to 'fish' woodboring beetle larvae from their burrows in decaying wood. Previous research on this behaviour has been confined to baited sites, leaving its ecological context and significance virtually unexplored. To obtain detailed observations of natural, undisturbed tool use, we deployed motion-triggered video cameras at seven larva-fishing sites. From 1797 camera hours of surveillance over 111 days, we recorded 317 site visits by at least 14 individual crows. Tool use was observed during 150 site visits. Our video footage revealed notable variation in foraging success among identifiable crows. Two nutritionally independent, immature crows spent considerable time using tools, but were much less successful than local adults, highlighting the potential role of individual and social learning in the acquisition of tool-use proficiency. During systematic surveys of larva-fishing sites, we collected 193 tools that crows had left inserted in larva burrows. Comparing these tools with the holes in which they were found, and with raw materials available around logs, provides evidence for tool selectivity by New Caledonian crows under natural conditions. Taken together, these two complementary lines of investigation provide, to our knowledge, the first quantitative description of larva fishing by wild crows in its full ecological context.}, }
@article {pmid20027786, year = {2009}, author = {Patterson, A}, title = {Germs and Jim Crow: the impact of microbiology on public health policies in progressive era American South.}, journal = {Journal of the history of biology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {529-559}, pmid = {20027786}, issn = {0022-5010}, mesh = {African Americans/*history ; Communicable Disease Control/history ; Health Policy/*history ; Healthcare Disparities/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Microbiology/*history ; *Prejudice ; Public Health Practice/*history ; United States ; }, abstract = {Race proved not merely a disadvantage in securing access to prompt and appropriate medical care, but often became a life and death issue for blacks in the American South during the early decades of the twentieth century. This article investigates the impact some of the new academic disciplines such as anthropology, evolutionary biology, racially based pathology and genetics had in promoting scientific racism. The disproportionately high morbidity and mortality rates among blacks were seen as a consequence of inherent racial deficiencies that rendered any attempt to ameliorate their situation as futile. While the belief in a different pathology in blacks initially deterred most health officials from taking any action, advances in medicine and microbiology, in particular the germ theory, stirred a variety of responses out of sheer self preservation, as fears among whites at the first sign of an epidemic initiated sporadic and limited actions. Ironically, in an era of deepening scientific racism, public health initiatives based on a better understanding of disease causing microorganisms, gradually improved black health. However, some public health measures were hijacked by eugenicists and racists and, rather than addressing the ill health of blacks, public health policy complied with the new laws of heredity by promoting drastic measures such as involuntary sterilization or even abortion. This further complicated the strained relationship between southern blacks and health care professionals and effected ongoing distrust towards public healthcare services.}, }
@article {pmid20020166, year = {2010}, author = {Scheid, C and Noë, R}, title = {The performance of rooks in a cooperative task depends on their temperament.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {545-553}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-009-0305-1}, pmid = {20020166}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology ; Temperament/physiology ; }, abstract = {In recent years, an increasing number of studies demonstrated the existence of consistent individual differences in behaviour, often referred to as differences in temperament or personality, in a wide range of animal species. There notably is a growing body of evidence showing that individuals differ in their propensity for risk taking or reacting to stressful situations. This variation has been related to differences in learning abilities or performance in cognitive tasks. In the present study, we examined the consequences of inter-individual variation in boldness on performance in a cooperative task in rooks (Corvus frugilegus). Birds were tested individually to measure a number of behavioural parameters related to boldness. The level of a stress-related hormone, corticosterone, in the faeces of each bird was measured under control conditions and after a stress-provoking event. In parallel, we conducted a cooperative string pulling task in which birds were tested in dyads. Successful cooperation depended to a large extent on the temperament of the two partners involved. Temperament, in turn, correlated well with corticosterone levels under stress. Bolder individuals appeared to be more willing to participate in the task, whereas shyer individuals were more influenced by the behaviour of their partner. These findings suggest that a rook's temperament can limit its options of forming successfully cooperating partnerships under stressful conditions.}, }
@article {pmid19937310, year = {2010}, author = {Ratnayake, CP and Goodale, E and Kotagama, SW}, title = {Two sympatric species of passerine birds imitate the same raptor calls in alarm contexts.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {103-108}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-009-0617-7}, pmid = {19937310}, issn = {1432-1904}, mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fear/physiology ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; *Predatory Behavior ; Raptors/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; Sri Lanka ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {While some avian mimics appear to select sounds randomly, other species preferentially imitate sounds such as predator calls that are associated with danger. Previous work has shown that the Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus) incorporates predator calls and heterospecific alarm calls into its own species-typical alarm vocalizations. Here, we show that another passerine species, the Sri Lanka Magpie (Urocissa ornata), which inhabits the same Sri Lankan rainforest, imitates three of the same predator calls that drongos do. For two of these call types, there is evidence that magpies also use them in alarm contexts. Our results support the hypothesis that imitated predator calls can serve as signals of alarm to multiple species.}, }
@article {pmid19931623, year = {2010}, author = {Bonaccorso, E and Peterson, AT and Navarro-Sigüenza, AG and Fleischer, RC}, title = {Molecular systematics and evolution of the Cyanocorax jays.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {897-909}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.014}, pmid = {19931623}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Likelihood Functions ; *Models, Genetic ; Passeriformes/*classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Phylogenetic relationships were studied in the genus Cyanocorax (Aves: Corvidae) and related genera, Psilorhinus and Calocitta, a diverse group of New World jays distributed from the southern United States south to Argentina. Although the ecology and behavior of some species in the group have been studied extensively, lack of a molecular phylogeny has precluded rigorous interpretations in an evolutionary framework. Given the diverse combinations of plumage coloration, size, and morphology, the taxonomy of the group has been inconsistent and understanding of biogeographic patterns problematic. Moreover, plumage similarity between two geographically disjuct species, the Tufted jay (Cyanocorax dickeyi) from western Mexico and the White-tailed jay (C. mystacalis) from western Ecuador and Peru, has puzzled ornithologists for decades. Here, a phylogeny of all species in the three genera is presented, based on study of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. Phylogenetic trees revealed the non-monophyly of Cyanocorax, and the division of the whole assemblage in two groups: &quot;Clade A&quot; containing Psilorhinus morio, both species in Calocitta,Cyanocorax violaceus, C. caeruleus, C. cristatellus, and C. cyanomelas, and &quot;Clade B&quot; consisting of the remaining species in Cyanocorax. Relationships among species in Clade A were ambiguous and, in general, not well resolved. Within Clade B, analyses revealed the monophyly of the &quot;Cissilopha&quot; jays and showed no evidence for a sister relationship between C. mystacalis and C. dickeyi. The phylogenetic complexity of lineages in the group suggests several complications for the understanding biogeographic patterns, as well as for proposing a taxonomy that is consistent with morphological variation. Although multiple taxonomic arrangements are possible, recommendations are for recognizing only one genus, Cyanocorax, with Psilorhinus and Calocitta as synonyms.}, }
@article {pmid19929635, year = {2010}, author = {Townsend, AK and Clark, AB and McGowan, KJ}, title = {Direct benefits and genetic costs of extrapair paternity for female American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos).}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {175}, number = {1}, pages = {E1-9}, doi = {10.1086/648553}, pmid = {19929635}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {Animals ; Crows/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The idea that extrapair paternity (EPP) in birds is part of a mixed reproductive strategy driven primarily by females is controversial. In cooperatively breeding American crows, we compared predictions of four female benefits hypotheses-the genetic diversity, good genes, genetic compatibility, and direct benefits hypotheses-to our predictions if EPP was primarily male driven. We found that genetically diverse broods were not more successful, extrapair young were not in better condition and did not have a higher survival probability, and, contrary to prediction, offspring sired by within-group extrapair males were more inbred than within-pair offspring. There was evidence of direct benefits, however: provisioning rate and number of surviving offspring were higher in groups containing within-group extrapair sires. Females therefore derived no apparent benefits from extragroup extrapair males but both direct benefits and genetic costs from within-group extrapair males. We suggest that males and females both influence the distribution of EPP in this system.}, }
@article {pmid19913421, year = {2009}, author = {von Bayern, AM and Heathcote, RJ and Rutz, C and Kacelnik, A}, title = {The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in crows.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {19}, number = {22}, pages = {1965-1968}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.037}, pmid = {19913421}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/G023913/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Crows/*physiology ; *Problem Solving ; Task Performance and Analysis ; }, abstract = {Creative problem solving and innovative tool use in animals are often seen as indicators of advanced intelligence because they seem to imply causal reasoning abilities [1]. However, complex behavior can also arise from relatively simple mechanisms [2, 3], and the cognitive operations underlying seemingly &quot;insightful&quot; behavior are rarely examined [4]. By controlling and varying prior experience, it is possible to determine the minimum information animals require to solve a given problem [5]. We investigated how pretesting experience affects the performance of New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) when facing a novel problem. The task (developed by Bird and Emery [6]) required dropping stones into a vertical tube to collapse an out-of-reach platform in a transparent box and release a food reward. After establishing that the birds had no preexisting tendency to drop stones into holes, subjects were assigned to two experimental groups that were given different kinds of experience with the affordances of the apparatus. Crows that had learned about the mechanism (collapsibility) of the platform without the use of stones passed the task, just like the subjects that had previously been trained to drop stones. This demonstrates that successful innovation was also possible after acquaintance with just the functional properties of the task.}, }
@article {pmid19879277, year = {2010}, author = {Rensel, MA and Wilcoxen, TE and Schoech, SJ}, title = {The influence of nest attendance and provisioning on nestling stress physiology in the Florida scrub-jay.}, journal = {Hormones and behavior}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {162-168}, doi = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.009}, pmid = {19879277}, issn = {1095-6867}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Corticosterone/*blood ; Female ; Linear Models ; Maternal Behavior/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Passeriformes/*blood/*physiology ; Radioimmunoassay ; Stress, Psychological/*blood ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {Stressful conditions during development may have lasting consequences for an animal's lifetime fitness. We investigated the degree to which parental provisioning and nest attendance influenced baseline levels of the stress hormone corticosterone in nestling Florida scrub-jays. Provisioning rates of male and female breeders and nest attendance of female breeders were recorded during focal watches conducted between days 3 and 5 post-hatch. A small blood sample was taken from each nestling on day 11 post-hatch and used to quantify levels of baseline corticosterone. The proportion of time spent by female breeders at a considerable distance from the nest was positively related to nestling corticosterone levels. Nestling corticosterone was also negatively related to parental provisioning rate, although this effect seemed to be secondary to the effect of the female's time away from the nest. These results indicate that parental behavior contributes to nestling stress physiology, which may in turn direct the formation of the adult phenotype and influence an individual's chances of survival.}, }
@article {pmid19877837, year = {2009}, author = {Wang, R and Sun, Y and Zhang, X and Zeng, S and Xie, W and Yu, Y and Zhang, X and Zuo, M}, title = {Song control nuclei in male and female large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos).}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {771-777}, doi = {10.2108/zsj.26.771}, pmid = {19877837}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Brain/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Crows/*anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Vocalization, Animal ; }, abstract = {We show that the learned vocalizations of male and female large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) are similar and that their functions and physical features show significant differences from those of other oscine species. We investigate whether the song control nuclei of crows show any sexual differences in size, reflecting differences in their singing behavior, and whether these nuclei are different from those of other songbirds in terms of neural connectivity size and relative to the forebrain. Our Nissl staining results reveal that 1) of the four song nuclei examined (HVC; the robust nucleus of the arcopallium [RA]; Area X; and the dorsolateral medial nucleus [DLM]), HVC, RA, and Area X volumes are significantly larger in males than in females, but DLM volume and body and brain weights show no significant gender differences; and 2) the sizes of song nuclei relative to the forebrain are within the range of other oscines. By injecting a neural tract tracer (DiI) into various song nuclei in brain slices, we found that, as in other songbirds, HVC projects to RA and Area X, while Area X projects to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (IMAN) and DLM, DLM to IMAN, and IMAN to RA. Our results Indicate that, although the crow has songs very different from those of other oscine species, Its song nuclei and the connections between them are not obviously different.}, }
@article {pmid19812083, year = {2010}, author = {Bird, CD and Emery, NJ}, title = {Rooks perceive support relations similar to six-month-old babies.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {277}, number = {1678}, pages = {147-151}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2009.1456}, pmid = {19812083}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cognition/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Photic Stimulation ; Random Allocation ; Videotape Recording ; }, abstract = {Some corvids have demonstrated cognitive abilities that rival or exceed those of the great apes; for example, tool use in New Caledonian crows, and social cognition, episodic-like memory and future planning in Western scrub-jays. Rooks appear to be able to solve novel tasks through causal reasoning rather than simple trial-and-error learning. Animals with certain expectations about how objects interact would be able to narrow the field of candidate causes substantially, because some causes are simply 'impossible'. Here we present evidence that rooks hold such expectations and appear to possess perceptual understanding of support relations similar to that demonstrated by human babies, which is more comprehensive than that of chimpanzees.}, }
@article {pmid19811623, year = {2009}, author = {Ludwig, A and Bigras-Poulin, M and Michel, P}, title = {The analysis of crow population dynamics as a surveillance tool.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {56}, number = {9-10}, pages = {337-345}, doi = {10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01090.x}, pmid = {19811623}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Bird Diseases/*epidemiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Population Dynamics ; Population Surveillance ; Quebec/epidemiology ; Rural Population ; Time Factors ; Urban Population ; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {West Nile virus (WNV) infection, a zoonotic disease for which birds act as a reservoir, first appeared in North America in August 1999. It was first reported in Quebec in 2002. The Quebec surveillance system for WNV has several components, including the surveillance of mortality in corvid populations, which includes the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The main objectives of this study are to better understand the population dynamics of this species in Quebec and to evaluate the impact of WNV on these dynamics. We obtained observation data for living crows in this province for the period of 1990-2005 and then conducted a spectral analysis of these data. To study changes in crow population dynamics, the analysis was carried out before and after the appearance of WNV and space was divided in two different areas (urban and non-urban). Our results show the importance of cycles with periods of less than 1 year in non-urban areas and cycles with periods of greater than 1 year in urban areas in the normal population dynamics of the species. We obtained expected fluctuations in bird densities using an algorithm derived from spectral decomposition. When we compared these predictions with data observed after 2002, we found marked perturbations in population dynamics beginning in 2003 and lasting up to 2005. In the discussion, we present various hypotheses based on the behaviour of the American crow to explain the normal population dynamics observed in this species and the effect of type of area (urban versus non-urban). We also discuss how the predictive algorithm could be used as a disease surveillance tool and as a measure of the impact of a disease on wild fauna.}, }
@article {pmid19796368, year = {2009}, author = {Yamazaki, K}, title = {Crows break off live camphor twigs: an avian disturbance effect on plants.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, pages = {907-910}, doi = {10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00218.x}, pmid = {19796368}, issn = {1435-8603}, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Cinnamomum camphora/*physiology ; Crows/*physiology ; Japan ; }, abstract = {Birds are usually considered beneficial partners for plants, acting as predators on herbivorous insects, pollinators and seed dispersal agents. However, in an urban area of central Japan, birds break off large quantities of live camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) twigs in winter. This loss of vegetative parts was examined quantitatively to estimate the impact on the trees. I also observed bird foraging behaviour to determine the species involved and the possible reasons underlying this destructive activity. Broken twigs on the forest floor were found to have numerous leaves and spring buds. The densities of leaves and buds in the litter were 288.5 and 54.4 m(-2), respectively. The jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) may have broken off the twigs either to peck the fruits while perching on stable branches, or possibly to remove twigs obstructing access to fruit. In contrast, brown-eared bulbuls (Hypsipetes amaurotis), oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis) and rove doves (Columba livia) ate fruits without breaking twigs. The interaction between C. camphora and C. macrorhynchos only extends back for about 20 years in urban Japan, indicating that this is unlikely to be a stable, co-evolved relationship.}, }
@article {pmid19784852, year = {2010}, author = {Martin-Ordas, G and Haun, D and Colmenares, F and Call, J}, title = {Keeping track of time: evidence for episodic-like memory in great apes.}, journal = {Animal cognition}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {331-340}, doi = {10.1007/s10071-009-0282-4}, pmid = {19784852}, issn = {1435-9456}, mesh = {Animals ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Female ; Food Preferences/psychology ; Hominidae/*psychology ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Pan paniscus/psychology ; Pan troglodytes/psychology ; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology ; Time Factors ; *Time Perception ; }, abstract = {Episodic memory, as defined by Tulving, can be described in terms of behavioural elements (what, where and when information) but it is also accompanied by an awareness of one's past (chronesthesia) and a subjective conscious experience (autonoetic awareness). Recent experiments have shown that corvids and rodents recall the where, what and when of an event. This capability has been called episodic-like memory because it only fulfils the behavioural criteria for episodic memory. We tested seven chimpanzees, three orangutans and two bonobos of various ages by adapting two paradigms, originally developed by Clayton and colleagues to test scrub jays. In Experiment 1, subjects were fed preferred but perishable food (frozen juice) and less preferred but non-perishable food (grape). After the food items were hidden, subjects could choose one of them either after 5 min or 1 h. The frozen juice was still available after 5 min but melted after 1 h and became unobtainable. Apes chose the frozen juice significantly more after 5 min and the grape after 1 h. In Experiment 2, subjects faced two baiting events happening at different times, yet they formed an integrated memory for the location and time of the baiting event for particular food items. We also included a memory task that required no temporal encoding. Our results showed that apes remember in an integrated fashion what, where and when (i.e., how long ago) an event happened; that is, apes distinguished between different events in which the same food items were hidden in different places at different times. The temporal control of their choices was not dependent on the familiarity of the platforms where the food was hidden. Chimpanzees' and bonobos' performance in the temporal encoding task was age-dependent, following an inverted U-shaped distribution. The age had no effect on the performance of the subjects in the task that required no temporal encoding.}, }
@article {pmid19779825, year = {2009}, author = {Pleskacheva, MG}, title = {Behavior and spatial learning in radial mazes in birds.}, journal = {Neuroscience and behavioral physiology}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, pages = {725-739}, doi = {10.1007/s11055-009-9199-2}, pmid = {19779825}, issn = {1573-899X}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Birds/*physiology ; Maze Learning/*physiology ; Space Perception/*physiology ; }, abstract = {This review addresses studies of spatial memory and learning in birds performed using the radial maze method. Descriptions of different versions of this test (standard and &quot;giant&quot; tunnel-type mazes, as well as unstructured &quot;analogs&quot;) are described and the methodological problems of testing birds are discussed. Behavioral measures from birds and laboratory rats, as the &quot;standard&quot; system for radial maze studies, are compared. The characteristics of spatial learning in birds of different systematic groups (pigeons, tits, corvids, chickens, etc.) are compared. Particular attention is paid to studies addressing spatial memory in closely related bird species with different ecological features, in terms of the ability to hoard food and finding their hoards after prolonged time periods, as well as to the few reports of results from experiments with migrant birds and homing pigeons.}, }
@article {pmid19757224, year = {2009}, author = {Hisli Sahin, N and Güler, M and Basim, HN}, title = {[The relationship between cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, coping and stress symptoms in the context of type A personality pattern].}, journal = {Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {243-254}, pmid = {19757224}, issn = {1300-2163}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Adult ; *Cognition ; *Emotional Intelligence ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Personality Tests ; Psychological Tests ; Stress, Psychological/prevention &amp; control/*psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Type A Personality ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the relationships between cognitive and emotional intelligence, coping and stress symptoms in the context of Type A personality pattern.<br><br>METHOD: The Raven Progressive Matrices, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Ways of Coping Inventory, Stress Symptoms Scale, and Type A Personality Scale were administered to 271 university students. Two groups, Type As and Type Bs were created according to the Type A Personality Scale scores and were compared in terms of their scores on the other scales that were administered.<br><br>RESULTS: Our analyses showed that stress symptoms were negatively correlated with effective coping, stress management, and general mood dimensions of the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. They were also positively correlated with ineffective coping and Type A behaviors. Being female also significantly predicted stress symptoms. When the participants were grouped according to Type A Personality Scale scores as Type As and Type Bs, the regression analysis showed that the stress symptoms of Type As were significantly predicted by the insufficient use of effective coping styles and deficiencies in the general mood component of emotional intelligence, whereas the stress symptoms of Type Bs were predicted by the insufficient use of effective coping styles, overuse of ineffective coping styles, and increase in the intrapersonal abilities component of emotional intelligence.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Stress symptoms can be related to the variables associated with personality styles. It is suggested that stress management programs for Type As should include exercises that increase emotional intelligence, especially the components of drawing pleasure from their life situation, being more positive, hopeful and optimistic.}, }
@article {pmid19747269, year = {2009}, author = {Smyth, RM and Duley, L and Jacoby, A and Elbourne, D}, title = {Women's experiences of participating in the Magpie Trial: a postal survey in the United Kingdom.}, journal = {Birth (Berkeley, Calif.)}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {220-229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-536X.2009.00326.x}, pmid = {19747269}, issn = {1523-536X}, support = {G0800792//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; G116/98//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Altruism ; Anticonvulsants/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Choice Behavior ; Drug Monitoring/adverse effects/psychology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnesium Sulfate/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Multicenter Studies as Topic/psychology ; Nursing Methodology Research ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*psychology ; Patient Selection ; *Pre-Eclampsia/prevention &amp; control/psychology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women/psychology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*psychology ; Research Subjects/*psychology ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Magpie Trial compared magnesium sulfate with placebo for women with preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to explore women's views and experiences of participating in the Magpie Trial in the United Kingdom.<br><br>METHODS: Postal questionnaires were sent to 771 women participants in the Magpie Trial to assess long-term health of UK women and children. The questionnaire included three questions exploring women's experience of participating in the trial: (a) If time suddenly went backward, and you had to do it all over again, would you agree to participate in the Magpie Trial? (b) Please tell us if there was anything about the Magpie Trial that you think could have been done better; and (c) Please tell us if there was anything about the Magpie Trial, or your experience of joining the trial, that you think was particularly good.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 619 of the 771 women who were sent questionnaires returned them. In response to the three questions: (a) 58 percent (356) of women responded &quot;definitely yes,&quot; 27 percent (169) &quot;probably yes,&quot; 4 percent (23) &quot;probably no,&quot; 5 percent (33) &quot;definitely no,&quot; and 5 percent (34) &quot;not sure.&quot; No clear evidence was shown of a relationship with allocated treatment, although women who responded &quot;probably or definitely no&quot; were more likely to have had side effects from trial treatment. (b) Although 44 percent of women stated that nothing could have been done better, free text suggestions related to content of recruitment information, and its timing, and wanting to know treatment allocation and trial results. c) Women were generally extremely positive about being followed up and receiving trial results.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Women were largely positive about participation in the trial and its follow-up, but still reported ways they believed the study could have been improved, such as more information, given earlier, which also has implications for clinical care.}, }
@article {pmid23293376, year = {2009}, author = {Ellis, JM and Langen, TA and Berg, EC}, title = {Signaling for food and sex? Begging by reproductive female white-throated magpie-jays.}, journal = {Animal behaviour}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {615-623}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.05.024}, pmid = {23293376}, issn = {0003-3472}, support = {R01 MH060461/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Food begging is common in nutritionally dependent young of many animals, but structurally homologous calls recur in adult signal repertoires of many species. We propose eight functional hypotheses for begging in adults; these stem from observations in birds but apply broadly to other taxa in which begging occurs. Adult cooperatively-breeding white-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa) use loud begging vocalizations, particularly near the nest site during reproduction. We analysed the social context and behavioural phenology of loud calling and allofeeding in this species and compared these with predictions from each functional hypothesis. We found that reproductive females are the primary producers of beg calls, and their begging peaks during the fertile period when reproductive conflict among males and females was highest. Loud begging rates correlated positively with provisioning rates, but females called more in the pre-incubation fertile period than after they initiated incubation. Based on the context, phenology and active space of the signal, we conclude that female loud begging vocalizations function to signal nutritional need to group members, but also have been evolutionarily co-opted to advertise fertility to potential extra-pair partners. The location of calling is likely a consequence of nest guarding by breeding females to prevent intraspecific brood parasitism.}, }
@article {pmid19688934, year = {2009}, author = {Malt, JM and Lank, DB}, title = {Marbled murrelet nest predation risk in managed forest landscapes: dynamic fragmentation effects at multiple scales.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {1274-1287}, pmid = {19688934}, issn = {1051-0761}, mesh = {Animals ; British Columbia ; Charadriiformes/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Nesting Behavior ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Risk Assessment ; *Trees ; }, abstract = {The effects of forest fragmentation on bird populations have been studied primarily as static phenomena. Yet when forests are allowed to regenerate, local edge contrast and landscape matrix composition change with time, and we would expect fragmentation effects to change accordingly. Describing this process is critical for the conservation of avian species sensitive to forest fragmentation, including the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a seabird threatened by ongoing harvest of old-growth forest nesting habitat. We experimentally assessed potential murrelet nest predation probability in four regions of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We compared the fates of 448 simulated murrelet nests at paired edge and interior treatments, at sites with &quot;hard&quot; edges (recent clearcuts), &quot;soft&quot; edges (regenerating forest), and natural edges (i.e., riparian areas). Motion-sensitive digital nest cameras enabled us to focus on known predators of real nests, and patterns of nest fates did not differ between real and simulated nests. Using information-theoretic model selection (AIC) with the combined data set (116 sites), we assessed effects at patch (approximately 13 ha), landscape (approximately 1700 ha), and regional (approximately 96000 ha) scales. Nest disturbance probability at hard edges was 2.5 times that of interior sites, but soft edges had less than half the disturbance probability of interiors. There was no edge effect at natural edges. At the landscape scale, overall avian disturbance risk declined by as much as 50% with increasing amounts of regenerating forest in the surrounding matrix. These results indicate that initially negative fragmentation effects decrease as forests regenerate, at both patch and landscape scales. There was no evidence that these patterns differed between regions. Predator surveys suggested that Steller's Jays drive patterns of nest predation risk at the regional scale. Assuming that corvids are the most important predators, larger reserves of habitat will lessen negative hard-edge effects. Smaller reserves should be embedded in a protective matrix of regenerating forest to reduce predation risk at both patch and landscape scales. Our results suggest that dynamic fragmentation effects are generalizable across widespread regions and can be broadly applied to both murrelet management and the conservation of old-growth forest-breeding birds in general.}, }
@article {pmid19685971, year = {2009}, author = {Salwiczek, LH and Emery, NJ and Schlinger, B and Clayton, NS}, title = {The development of caching and object permanence in Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica): which emerges first?.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, pages = {295-303}, pmid = {19685971}, issn = {0735-7036}, support = {BB/D000335/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; R01 MH061994/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MH061994-07/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; //Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; *Appetitive Behavior ; *Attention ; Concept Formation ; Cooperative Behavior ; *Crows ; Exploratory Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Memory, Short-Term ; *Mental Recall ; Motion Perception ; Motivation ; *Orientation ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Perceptual Masking ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Social Environment ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Recent studies on the food-caching behavior of corvids have revealed complex physical and social skills, yet little is known about the ontogeny of food caching in relation to the development of cognitive capacities. Piagetian object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. Here, the authors focus on Piagetian Stages 3 and 4, because they are hallmarks in the cognitive development of both young children and animals. Our aim is to determine in a food-caching corvid, the Western scrub-jay, whether (1) Piagetian Stage 4 competence and tentative caching (i.e., hiding an item invisibly and retrieving it without delay), emerge concomitantly or consecutively; (2) whether experiencing the reappearance of hidden objects enhances the timing of the appearance of object permanence; and (3) discuss how the development of object permanence is related to behavioral development and sensorimotor intelligence. Our findings suggest that object permanence Stage 4 emerges before tentative caching, and independent of environmental influences, but that once the birds have developed simple object-permanence, then social learning might advance the interval after which tentative caching commences.}, }
@article {pmid19664926, year = {2009}, author = {Bird, CD and Emery, NJ}, title = {Rooks use stones to raise the water level to reach a floating worm.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {19}, number = {16}, pages = {1410-1414}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.033}, pmid = {19664926}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Crows/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; *Problem Solving ; Research Design ; *Tool Use Behavior ; }, abstract = {In Aesop's fable &quot;The Crow and the Pitcher,&quot; a thirsty crow uses stones to raise the level of water in a pitcher and quench its thirst. A number of corvids have been found to use tools in the wild, and New Caledonian crows appear to understand the functional properties of tools and solve complex physical problems via causal and analogical reasoning. The rook, another member of the corvid family that does not appear to use tools in the wild, also appears able to solve non-tool-related problems via similar reasoning. Here, we present evidence that captive rooks are also able to solve a complex problem by using tools. We presented four captive rooks with a problem analogous to Aesop's fable: raising the level of water so that a floating worm moved into reach. All four subjects solved the problem with an appreciation of precisely how many stones were needed. Three subjects also rapidly learned to use large stones over small ones, and that sawdust cannot be manipulated in the same manner as water. This behavior demonstrates a flexible ability to use tools, a finding with implications for the evolution of tool use and cognition in animals.}, }
@article {pmid19654864, year = {2009}, author = {Schloegl, C and Dierks, A and Gajdon, GK and Huber, L and Kotrschal, K and Bugnyar, T}, title = {What you see is what you get? Exclusion performances in ravens and keas.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {e6368}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0006368}, pmid = {19654864}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {Y 366//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Crows/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Parrots/*physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Among birds, corvids and parrots are prime candidates for advanced cognitive abilities. Still, hardly anything is known about cognitive similarities and dissimilarities between them. Recently, exclusion has gained increasing interest in comparative cognition. To select the correct option in an exclusion task, one option has to be rejected (or excluded) and the correct option may be inferred, which raises the possibility that causal understanding is involved. However, little is yet known about its evolutionary history, as only few species, and mainly mammals, have been studied.<br><br>We tested ravens and keas in a choice task requiring the search for food in two differently shaped tubes. We provided the birds with partial information about the content of one of the two tubes and asked whether they could use this information to infer the location of the hidden food and adjust their searching behaviour accordingly. Additionally, this setup allowed us to investigate whether the birds would appreciate the impact of the shape of the tubes on the visibility of food. The keas chose the baited tube more often than the ravens. However, the ravens applied the more efficient strategy, choosing by exclusion more frequently than the keas. An additional experiment confirmed this, indicating that ravens and keas either differ in their cognitive skills or that they apply them differently.<br><br>CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that corvids and parrots may perform differently in cognitive tasks, highlighting the potential impact of different selection pressures on the cognitive evolution of these large-brained birds.}, }
@article {pmid19654861, year = {2009}, author = {Wimpenny, JH and Weir, AA and Clayton, L and Rutz, C and Kacelnik, A}, title = {Cognitive processes associated with sequential tool use in New Caledonian crows.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {e6471}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0006471}, pmid = {19654861}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {BB/C517392/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; Crows/*physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Using tools to act on non-food objects--for example, to make other tools--is considered to be a hallmark of human intelligence, and may have been a crucial step in our evolution. One form of this behaviour, 'sequential tool use', has been observed in a number of non-human primates and even in one bird, the New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides). While sequential tool use has often been interpreted as evidence for advanced cognitive abilities, such as planning and analogical reasoning, the behaviour itself can be underpinned by a range of different cognitive mechanisms, which have never been explicitly examined. Here, we present experiments that not only demonstrate new tool-using capabilities in New Caledonian crows, but allow examination of the extent to which crows understand the physical interactions involved.<br><br>In two experiments, we tested seven captive New Caledonian crows in six tasks requiring the use of up to three different tools in a sequence to retrieve food. Our study incorporated several novel features: (i) we tested crows on a three-tool problem (subjects were required to use a tool to retrieve a second tool, then use the second tool to retrieve a third one, and finally use the third one to reach for food); (ii) we presented tasks of different complexity in random rather than progressive order; (iii) we included a number of control conditions to test whether tool retrieval was goal-directed; and (iv) we manipulated the subjects' pre-testing experience. Five subjects successfully used tools in a sequence (four from their first trial), and four subjects repeatedly solved the three-tool condition. Sequential tool use did not require, but was enhanced by, pre-training on each element in the sequence ('chaining'), an explanation that could not be ruled out in earlier studies. By analyzing tool choice, tool swapping and improvement over time, we show that successful subjects did not use a random probing strategy. However, we find no firm evidence to support previous claims that sequential tool use demonstrates analogical reasoning or human-like planning.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While the ability of subjects to use three tools in sequence reveals a competence beyond that observed in any other species, our study also emphasises the importance of parsimony in comparative cognitive science: seemingly intelligent behaviour can be achieved without the involvement of high-level mental faculties, and detailed analyses are necessary before accepting claims for complex cognitive abilities.}, }
@article {pmid19627491, year = {2009}, author = {Berg, EC and Eadie, JM and Langen, TA and Russell, AF}, title = {Reverse sex-biased philopatry in a cooperative bird: genetic consequences and a social cause.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {18}, number = {16}, pages = {3486-3499}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04284.x}, pmid = {19627491}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior ; }, abstract = {The genetic structure of a group or population of organisms can profoundly influence the potential for inbreeding and, through this, can affect both dispersal strategies and mating systems. We used estimates of genetic relatedness as well as likelihood-based methods to reconstruct social group composition and examine sex biases in dispersal in a Costa Rican population of white-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa, Swainson 1827), one of the few birds suggested to have female-biased natal philopatry. We found that females within groups were more closely related than males, which is consistent with observational data indicating that males disperse upon maturity, whereas females tend to remain in their natal territories and act as helpers. In addition, males were generally unrelated to one another within groups, suggesting that males do not disperse with or towards relatives. Finally, within social groups, female helpers were less related to male than female breeders, suggesting greater male turnover within groups. This last result indicates that within the natal group, female offspring have more opportunities than males to mate with nonrelatives, which might help to explain the unusual pattern of female-biased philopatry and male-biased dispersal in this system. We suggest that the novel approach adopted here is likely to be particularly useful for short-term studies or those conducted on rare or difficult-to-observe species, as it allows one to establish general patterns of philopatry and genetic structure without the need for long-term monitoring of identifiable individuals.}, }
@article {pmid19624325, year = {2009}, author = {Alati, R and Van Dooren, K and Najman, JM and Williams, GM and Clavarino, A}, title = {Early weaning and alcohol disorders in offspring: biological effect, mediating factors or residual confounding?.}, journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)}, volume = {104}, number = {8}, pages = {1324-1332}, doi = {10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02643.x}, pmid = {19624325}, issn = {1360-0443}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Australia/epidemiology ; Breast Feeding/epidemiology ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/chemically induced/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Child, Preschool ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Pregnancy ; *Weaning ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {AIMS: This study explores associations between early weaning and alcohol use disorders in youth and mechanisms by which these associations may operate.<br><br>DESIGN: We used data from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes, an Australian birth cohort study based in Brisbane.<br><br>SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This study is based on a subsample of 2370