@article {pmid14658726,
year = {2003},
author = {Bedenice, D and Heuwieser, W and Brawer, R and Solano, M and Rand, W and Paradis, MR},
title = {Clinical and prognostic significance of radiographic pattern, distribution, and severity of thoracic radiographic changes in neonatal foals.},
journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {876-886},
doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02528.x},
pmid = {14658726},
issn = {0891-6640},
mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cohort Studies ; Horse Diseases/*diagnostic imaging ; Horses ; Logistic Models ; Lung Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/*veterinary ; Observer Variation ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Radiography, Thoracic/methods/standards/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; },
abstract = {A total of 207 thoracic radiographs obtained from 128 foals were evaluated to assess the impact of pulmonary radiographic pattern, distribution, and severity of pulmonary changes on short-term survival of neonatal foals. The association between selected clinical variables and the radiographic manifestation of neonatal respiratory disease was also investigated. The evaluation of interstitial and alveolar-interstitial radiographic patterns within the caudodorsal, caudoventral, and cranioventral lung regions proved to be highly reliable between viewers in the study. A diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome was related to increased pulmonary infiltrates within the caudodorsal lung region. Dyspneic foals had more extensive pulmonary infiltrates within the cranioventral lung, advanced respiratory disease, and lower survival rates. A fibrinogen concentration >400 mg/dL was associated with increased cranioventral radiographic abnormalities. In addition, tachypnea most consistently related to diffuse (caudodorsal, caudoventral, and cranioventral) pulmonary changes. Neutropenia, milk reflux from the nares, upper airway pathology, abnormal respiratory sounds, failure of transfer of passive immunity (IgG concentration <400 mg/dL), immaturity, or fever, however, were not related to radiographic pattern, distribution, or severity of radiographic changes. Sixty-five percent of foals with radiographic pulmonary disease were discharged alive from our referral hospital. Concurrent caudodorsal and caudoventral radiographic disease was most frequently observed in this foal population. Increased caudodorsal radiographic scores retained statistical significance as a prognostic indicator for nonsurvival in a multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis.},
}

Animals
Animals, Newborn
Cohort Studies
Horse Diseases/*diagnostic imaging
Horses
Logistic Models
Lung Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/*veterinary
Observer Variation
Predictive Value of Tests
Radiography, Thoracic/methods/standards/*veterinary
Retrospective Studies

@article {pmid21810457,
year = {2011},
author = {Weegerink, NJ and Schraders, M and Leijendeckers, J and Slieker, K and Huygen, PL and Hoefsloot, L and Oostrik, J and Pennings, RJ and Simon, A and Snik, A and Kremer, H and Kunst, HP},
title = {Audiometric characteristics of a Dutch family with Muckle-Wells syndrome.},
journal = {Hearing research},
volume = {282},
number = {1-2},
pages = {243-251},
doi = {10.1016/j.heares.2011.07.006},
pmid = {21810457},
issn = {1878-5891},
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; *Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; *Audiometry, Speech ; Auditory Perception/*genetics ; Auditory Threshold ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes/complications/drug therapy/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hearing Loss/*diagnosis/genetics/physiopathology/psychology/therapy ; Heredity ; Humans ; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/therapeutic use ; Linear Models ; Loudness Perception ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Netherlands ; Noise/adverse effects ; Otoscopy ; Pedigree ; Perceptual Masking ; Phenotype ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Reflex, Acoustic/genetics ; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular/genetics ; Speech Perception/genetics ; Vestibular Function Tests ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Description of the audiometric and vestibular characteristics of a Dutch family with Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS). Examination of all family members consisted of pure tone audiometry, otoscopy and genetic analysis. In addition, a selected group underwent speech audiometry, vestibulo-ocular examination, acoustic reflex testing and tests assessing loudness scaling, gap detection, difference limen for frequency and speech perception in noise. Linear regression analyses were performed on the audiometric data. Six clinically affected family members participated in this study and all were carriers of a p.Tyr859His mutation in the NLPR3 gene. Most affected family members reported bilateral, slowly progressive hearing impairment since childhood. Hearing impairment started at the high frequencies and the low- and mid-frequency threshold values deteriorated with advancing age. Annual threshold deterioration (ATD) ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 dB/year with the highest values at the lower frequencies. Longitudinal linear regression analysis demonstrated significant progression for a number of frequencies in five individuals. Speech recognition scores were clearly affected. However, these individuals tended to have higher speech recognition scores than presbyacusis patients at similar PTA(1,2,4 kHz) levels. The loudness growth curves were steeper than those found in individuals with normal hearing, except for one family member (individual IV:6). Suprathreshold measurements, such as difference limen for frequency (DL(f)), gap detection and particularly speech perception in noise were within the normal range or at least close to data obtained in two groups of patients with a so-called conductive type of hearing loss, situated in the cochlea. Hearing impairment in MWS is variable and shows resemblance to previously described intra-cochlear conductive hearing impairment. This could be helpful in elucidating the pathogenesis of hearing impairment in MWS. Other associated symptoms of MWS were mild and nonspecific in the present family. Therefore, even without any obvious syndromic features, MWS can be the cause of sensorineural hearing impairment, especially when combined with (mild) skin rash and musculoskeletal symptoms. An early diagnosis of MWS is essential to prevent irreversible damage from amyloidosis. The effect of IL-1β inhibitors on hearing impairment is more controversial, but an early start of treatment seems to be essential. Therefore, our results are of importance in patient care and counselling.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation
Adolescent
Adult
*Audiometry, Pure-Tone
*Audiometry, Speech
Auditory Perception/*genetics
Auditory Threshold
Carrier Proteins/*genetics
Child
Child, Preschool
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes/complications/drug therapy/*genetics
DNA Mutational Analysis
Disease Progression
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Hearing Loss/*diagnosis/genetics/physiopathology/psychology/therapy
Heredity
Humans
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/therapeutic use
Linear Models
Loudness Perception
Male
Middle Aged
*Mutation
NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
Netherlands
Noise/adverse effects
Otoscopy
Pedigree
Perceptual Masking
Phenotype
Predictive Value of Tests
Reflex, Acoustic/genetics
Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular/genetics
Speech Perception/genetics
Vestibular Function Tests
Young Adult

@article {pmid23413133,
year = {2013},
author = {Alshaer, H and Levchenko, A and Bradley, TD and Pong, S and Tseng, WH and Fernie, GR},
title = {A system for portable sleep apnea diagnosis using an embedded data capturing module.},
journal = {Journal of clinical monitoring and computing},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {303-311},
pmid = {23413133},
issn = {1573-2614},
mesh = {Acoustics ; Algorithms ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation/statistics & numerical data ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Monitoring, Ambulatory/*instrumentation/statistics & numerical data ; Polysomnography/*instrumentation/statistics & numerical data ; Reproducibility of Results ; Respiratory Sounds ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/*diagnosis ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Sleep apnea (SA) is a very common disease with serious health consequences, yet is very under-diagnosed, partially because of the high cost and limited accessibility of in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG). The purpose of this work is to introduce a newly developed portable system for the diagnosis of SA at home that is both reliable and easy to use. The system includes personal devices for recording breath sounds and airflow during sleep and diagnostic algorithms to process the recorded data. The data capturing device consists of a wearable face frame with an embedded electronic module featuring a unidirectional microphone, a differential microphone preamplifier, a microcontroller with an onboard differential analogue to digital converter, and a microSD memory card. The device provides continuous data capturing for 8 h. Upon completion of the recording session, the memory card is returned to a location for acoustic analysis. We recruited 49 subjects who used the device independently at home, after which each subject answered a usability questionnaire. Random data samples were selected to measure the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a gauge of hardware functionality. A subset of 11 subjects used the device on 2 different nights and their results were compared to examine diagnostic reproducibility. Independent of those, system's performance was evaluated against PSG in the lab environment in 32 subject. The overall success rate of applying the device in un-attended settings was 94 % and the overall rating for ease-of-use was 'excellent'. Signal examination showed excellent capturing of breath sounds with an average SNR of 31.7 dB. Nine of the 11 (82 %) subjects had equivalent results on both nights, which is consistent with reported inter-night variability. The system showed 96 % correlation with simultaneously performed in-lab PSG.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest excellent usability and performance of this system and provide a strong rationale to further improve it and test its robustness in a larger study.},
}

Acoustics
Algorithms
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation/statistics & numerical data
Equipment Design
Humans
Monitoring, Ambulatory/*instrumentation/statistics & numerical data
Polysomnography/*instrumentation/statistics & numerical data
Reproducibility of Results
Respiratory Sounds
Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Sleep Apnea Syndromes/*diagnosis

@article {pmid25938503,
year = {2015},
author = {Phillips, SL and Richter, SJ and Teglas, SL and Bhatt, IS and Morehouse, RC and Hauser, ER and Henrich, VC},
title = {Feasibility of a bilateral 4000-6000 Hz notch as a phenotype for genetic association analysis.},
journal = {International journal of audiology},
volume = {54},
number = {10},
pages = {645-652},
pmid = {25938503},
issn = {1708-8186},
support = {R21 DC009296/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R21DC009296-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Audiometry/*methods ; Auditory Threshold ; Case-Control Studies ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hearing/*genetics ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/*diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Noise/*adverse effects ; Phenotype ; Pilot Projects ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a worldwide health problem and a growing concern among young people. Although some people appear to be more susceptible to NIHL, genetic association studies lack a specific phenotype. We tested the feasibility of a bilateral 4000-6000 Hz audiometric notch as a phenotype for identifying genetic contributions to hearing loss in young adults.

DESIGN: A case-control-control study was conducted to examine selected SNPs in 52 genes previously associated with hearing loss and/or expressed in the cochlea. A notch was defined as a minimum of a 15-dB drop at 4000-6000 Hz from the previous best threshold with a 5-dB 'recovery' at 8000 Hz.

STUDY SAMPLE: Participants were 252 individuals of European descent taken from a population of 640 young adults who are students of classical music. Participants were grouped as No-notch (NN), Unilateral Notch (UN), or Bilateral Notch (BN).

RESULTS: The strongest evidence of a genetic association with the 4000-6000 Hz notch was a nonsynonymous SNP variant in the ESRR- gene (rs61742642:C> T, P386S). Carriers of the minor allele accounted for 26% of all bilateral losses.

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the 4000-6000 Hz bilateral notch is a feasible phenotype for identifying genetic susceptibility to hearing loss.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation
Adolescent
Adult
Audiometry/*methods
Auditory Threshold
Case-Control Studies
Feasibility Studies
Female
Gene Frequency
Genetic Association Studies
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Hearing/*genetics
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/*diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology
Humans
Male
Noise/*adverse effects
Phenotype
Pilot Projects
*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Young Adult

@article {pmid27362403,
year = {2017},
author = {Li, Y and Wu, R and Tian, Y and Bao, T and Tian, Z},
title = {Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products are negatively correlated in children with recurrent wheezing.},
journal = {Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {33-37},
doi = {10.12932/AP0746},
pmid = {27362403},
issn = {0125-877X},
mesh = {Biomarkers/*analysis ; Child, Preschool ; Exhalation ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nitric Oxide/*analysis ; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/*analysis ; Respiratory Sounds/*diagnosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) have been suggested as biomarkers for asthma.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the correlation between FeNO and sRAGE serum levels in children <5 years old with recurrent wheezing.

METHOD: In total, 88 children with recurrent wheezing were divided into the high-risk group or low-risk group according to their clinical features. The high-risk group included 60 children, 42 male and 18 female, average age 36.7 months (range 32-48.7 months); the low-risk group included 28 children, 20 male and 8 female, average age 38.1 months (range 33-46.2 months).Asthma in high-risk children was treated with aerosol inhalation of Pulmicort respules 1 mg/d for four continuous weeks, while asthma in low-risk children was treated with symptomatic treatment. FeNO, serum sRAGE and eosinophils (EOS) were examined by ELISA and a regular blood cell analyzer.

RESULTS: The serum sRAGE level was 738±191 and 992.4±210 pg/ml and the mean FeNO level was 27.3 and 17.6 ppm, respectively, in the asthma high-risk and low-risk group, showing significant differences between the two groups. In addition, FeNO and sRAGE serum levels were negatively correlated.After the inhalation of Pulmicort respules, FeNO decreased and sRAGE increased, while EOS showed no significant change.

CONCLUSIONS: FeNO and sRAGE serum levels are negatively correlated in children with recurrent wheezing. Further larger scale studies are needed to test the use of FeNO and sRAGE as biomarkers for the prediction of asthma in children.},
}

Biomarkers/*analysis
Child, Preschool
Exhalation
Female
Humans
Infant
Male
Nitric Oxide/*analysis
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/*analysis
Respiratory Sounds/*diagnosis

@article {pmid29308941,
year = {2018},
author = {Pennetti, A},
title = {A multimodal physical therapy approach utilizing the Maitland concept in the management of a patient with cervical and lumbar radiculitis and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-hypermobility type: A case report.},
journal = {Physiotherapy theory and practice},
volume = {34},
number = {7},
pages = {559-568},
doi = {10.1080/09593985.2017.1422207},
pmid = {29308941},
issn = {1532-5040},
mesh = {Adult ; Back Pain/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*rehabilitation ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology/*rehabilitation ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology ; Pain Measurement ; *Physical Therapy Modalities ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Radiculopathy/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*rehabilitation ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Recovery of Function ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this case report is to present a multimodal approach for patient management using the Maitland concept framework for cervical and lumbar radiculitis with an underlying diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome-Hypermobility Type (EDS-HT). This case presents care guided by evidence, patient values, and rationale for the selected course of physical therapy treatment provided by therapist experience. A 35-year-old female with a 2-year history of worsening lumbar and cervical pain was referred to physical therapy to address these musculoskeletal issues concurrent with diagnostic testing for EDS. A multimodal approach including manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, postural and body mechanics education, and a home exercise program was used. The patient specific functional scale (PSFS) was used to gauge patient's perceived improvements which were demonstrated by increased scores at reevaluation and at discharge. Following the Maitland concept framework, the physical therapist was able to make sound clinical decisions by tracking the logical flow of constant patient assessment. A 10-month course of treatment designed to maximize recovery of function was successful with a chronic history of pain and the EDS-HT diagnosis. The role of education and empowering the patient is shown to be of utmost importance. Optimizing therapeutic outcomes long-term for this patient population requires maintaining a home exercise program, adaptation and modifications of work and lifestyle activities.},
}

Adult
Back Pain/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*rehabilitation
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology
Clinical Decision-Making
Combined Modality Therapy
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology/*rehabilitation
Female
Humans
Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology
Pain Measurement
*Physical Therapy Modalities
Predictive Value of Tests
Radiculopathy/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology/*rehabilitation
Range of Motion, Articular
Recovery of Function
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid32739788,
year = {2020},
author = {Araújo, BR and Furtado, DZS and de Moura Leite, FBV and de Assunção, NA and Carrilho, E},
title = {Metabolic profiling of organic acids in urine samples of Cri Du Chat syndrome individuals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.},
journal = {Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences},
volume = {1153},
number = {},
pages = {122267},
doi = {10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122267},
pmid = {32739788},
issn = {1873-376X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Carboxylic Acids/*urine ; Child ; Cluster Analysis ; *Cri-du-Chat Syndrome/diagnosis/metabolism/urine ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Male ; Metabolome/*physiology ; Metabolomics/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Cri Du Chat (CDC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by the deletion of genetic material on the small arm (the p arm) of chromosome 5. A high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat, dysmorphic characteristics, and cytogenetic methods are often used for diagnosing the syndrome. In this study, we applied GC-MS analysis for determining organic acids in urine from 17 control volunteers without CDC syndrome, and from 16 individuals with the CDC syndrome in order to determine the profile of organic acids and biochemical pathways alterations resulting from this genetic condition. First, performing multivariate data analysis selected the best method for extracting organic acids with greater signal intensities and good reproducibility. After selection, multivariate (PLS-DA) and univariate (Mann-Whitney test) data analysis discriminated the metabolites responsible for separation between groups. Nine organic acid metabolites had values of VIP ≥ 1.0 and p-values ≤ 0.05, with highest intensities in the samples from CDC individuals, indicating the strongest discriminative power (tricarballylic acid, indoleacetic acid, anthranilic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, pantothenic acid, homovanillic acid, and vanillylmandelic acid). These metabolites are involved in several biochemical pathways like in the tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism, as well as the tryptophan metabolism, which could be associated (i) to some neuropsychiatric alterations commonly observed in CDC individuals, (ii) to exogenous compounds related to transformation products by intestinal microbial, and (iii) to a possible deficiency in enzyme activity due to the syndrome.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Carboxylic Acids/*urine
Child
Cluster Analysis
*Cri-du-Chat Syndrome/diagnosis/metabolism/urine
Female
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods
Humans
Limit of Detection
Male
Metabolome/*physiology
Metabolomics/*methods
Reproducibility of Results
Young Adult

@article {pmid39289154,
year = {2025},
author = {Dascălu, AE and Furman, C and Lancel, S and Lipka, E and Liberelle, M and Boulanger, E and Ghinet, A},
title = {Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Antagonists of RAGE-Mediated Pathologies: Insights from SAR Studies and Biological Evaluations.},
journal = {ChemMedChem},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {e202400527},
pmid = {39289154},
issn = {1860-7187},
support = {ANR-23-CE14-0063//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; },
mesh = {Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Pyrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Humans ; *Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ultrasonic Waves ; },
abstract = {In the context of age-related disorders, the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these conditions by triggering downstream signaling pathways associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Targeting this inflammaging phenomenon with RAGE antagonists holds promise for interventions with broad implications in healthy aging and the management of age-related conditions. This study explores the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of pyrazoline-based RAGE antagonists synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted green one-pot two-steps methodology. Our investigation identifies phenylurenyl-pyrazoline 2 g as a promising candidate, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to the reference antagonist Azeliragon (IC50=13 μM). Compound 2 g exhibits potent inhibition of the AGE2-BSA/sRAGE interaction (IC50=22 μM) and favorable affinity in Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) assays (Kd=17.1 μM), along with a favorable safety profile, with no apparent cytotoxicity observed in vitro in the MTS assay. These findings underscore the potential of pyrazoline-derived RAGE antagonists as therapeutic agents for addressing age-related disorders.},
}

Structure-Activity Relationship
*Pyrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
Humans
*Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
Molecular Structure
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Ultrasonic Waves

@article {pmid39694338,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, J and Sai, N and Zhang, T and Tang, C and Fan, S and Wang, Q and Liu, D and Zeng, X and Li, J and Guo, W and Yang, S and Han, W},
title = {Repeated low-intensity noise exposure exacerbates age-related hearing loss via RAGE signaling pathway.},
journal = {Neurobiology of disease},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {106768},
doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106768},
pmid = {39694338},
issn = {1095-953X},
mesh = {Animals ; *Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; *Signal Transduction/physiology ; *Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism/physiopathology/pathology ; *Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology ; *Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism ; Noise/adverse effects ; Cochlea/metabolism/pathology ; Presbycusis/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Male ; Aging/metabolism/physiology ; Auditory Threshold/physiology ; },
abstract = {Repeated low-intensity noise exposure is prevalent in industrialized societies. It has long been considered risk-free until recent evidence suggests that the temporary threshold shift (TTS) induced by such exposure might be a high-risk factor for hearing loss. This study was conducted to further investigate the manner in which repeated low-intensity noise exposure contributed to hearing damage. Two-month-old C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to white noise at 96 dB SPL for 8 h per day over 7 days to induce TTS. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was monitored to assess changes in hearing thresholds, tracking the effects of noise exposure until the mice reached 12 months of age. Our results indicated that noise-exposed mice exhibited accelerated age-related hearing loss spanning from high to low frequencies. Proteomics analysis revealed an upregulation in the receptor for the advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling pathway, which was associated with an activated inflammatory response, vascular injury, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. Further analysis confirmed increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the cochlear lymph fluid and significant macrophages infiltration in the cochlear lateral wall, accompanied by hyperpermeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier. Additionally, degenerated mitochondria in the outer hair cells and decreased synaptic ribbons in the inner hair cells were also observed. These pathological changes indicated that noise exposure damages the cochlear cellular components, increasing the cochlear susceptibility to age-related stress. Our findings suggest that TTS caused by repeated low-intensity noise exposure correlates with a severe sensorineural hearing loss during aging; targeting the RAGE signaling pathway may be a promising strategy to mitigate damage from low-intensity noise and slow down the progression of age-related hearing loss.},
}

Animals
*Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice
*Signal Transduction/physiology
*Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism/physiopathology/pathology
*Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology
*Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism
Noise/adverse effects
Cochlea/metabolism/pathology
Presbycusis/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology
Male
Aging/metabolism/physiology
Auditory Threshold/physiology

@article {pmid484028,
year = {1979},
author = {Lomarev, MP},
title = {[Conditioned reactions elaborated on the basis of reinforcement by hypothalamic stimulation].},
journal = {Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {715-721},
pmid = {484028},
issn = {0044-4677},
mesh = {Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; Electroshock ; Emotions/*physiology ; Fear/physiology ; Food ; Heart Rate ; Hypothalamus/*physiology ; Male ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Rage/physiology ; *Reinforcement, Psychology ; Respiration ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The possibility of elaboration of conditioned emotional reactions on the basis of the stimulation of the hypothalamus, was studied in cats. Reinforcement of a sound (500 c/s) by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus, which produced reactions of undirected rage, of fear with avoidance, of food search, led to the formation of a conditioned passive defensive reaction, analogous to that based on pain reinforcement. Elaboration of conditioned emotional reactions were blocked by switching off of the sensorimotor cortex by cold. A conclusion is made that during stimulation of the hypothalamus, the state of fear serves as the reinforcing factor and that the sensorimotor neocortical areas participate in the estimation of biological significance of the conditioned signal.},
}

Animals
Autonomic Nervous System/physiology
Brain Mapping
Conditioning, Classical/*physiology
Electroshock
Emotions/*physiology
Fear/physiology
Food
Heart Rate
Hypothalamus/*physiology
Male
Motor Cortex/*physiology
Rage/physiology
*Reinforcement, Psychology
Respiration
Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology

@article {pmid1951814,
year = {1991},
author = {Thomas, SB and Quinn, SC},
title = {The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: implications for HIV education and AIDS risk education programs in the black community.},
journal = {American journal of public health},
volume = {81},
number = {11},
pages = {1498-1505},
pmid = {1951814},
issn = {0090-0036},
mesh = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; *Black or African American ; Alabama ; Ethics, Medical/*history ; Federal Government ; Health Education ; History, 20th Century ; Human Experimentation/*history ; Humans ; Male ; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation ; Patient Selection ; Prejudice ; Prospective Studies ; Research Subjects ; Syphilis/*history/therapy ; Trust ; United States ; United States Public Health Service/*history ; *Withholding Treatment ; },
abstract = {The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the Negro male is the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history. The strategies used to recruit and retain participants were quite similar to those being advocated for HIV/AIDS prevention programs today. Almost 60 years after the study began, there remains a trail of distrust and suspicion that hampers HIV education efforts in Black communities. The AIDS epidemic has exposed the Tuskegee study as a historical marker for the legitimate discontent of Blacks with the public health system. The belief that AIDS is a form of genocide is rooted in a social context in which Black Americans, faced with persistent inequality, believe in conspiracy theories about Whites against Blacks. These theories range from the belief that the government promotes drug abuse in Black communities to the belief that HIV is a manmade weapon of racial warfare. An open and honest discussion of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can facilitate the process of rebuilding trust between the Black community and public health authorities. This dialogue can contribute to the development of HIV education programs that are scientifically sound, culturally sensitive, and ethnically acceptable.},
}

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control
*Black or African American
Alabama
Ethics, Medical/*history
Federal Government
Health Education
History, 20th Century
Human Experimentation/*history
Humans
Male
Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation
Patient Selection
Prejudice
Prospective Studies
Research Subjects
Syphilis/*history/therapy
Trust
United States
United States Public Health Service/*history
*Withholding Treatment

@article {pmid2261972,
year = {1990},
author = {Stoohs, R and Guilleminault, C},
title = {Investigations of an automatic screening device (MESAM) for obstructive sleep apnoea.},
journal = {The European respiratory journal},
volume = {3},
number = {7},
pages = {823-829},
pmid = {2261972},
issn = {0903-1936},
mesh = {Electronics, Medical/instrumentation ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic/*instrumentation ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/*diagnosis ; Snoring/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {A digital recording device developed to monitor heart rate (HR) and breathing sounds (snoring), and used to screen subjects for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), was investigated. This device is called the MESAM and is currently commercially available in some western European countries. The computer-based automatic scoring systems provided with the equipment and a hand-scoring technique developed at Stanford and requiring 10-15 min to perform, were used. Polysomnography and MESAM recordings were performed simultaneously on two groups of 25 sleep disorder patients (each with respiratory disturbance index greater than or less than 10). Patients were randomly monitored and records were analysed by two teams blind to the initial clinical impression, to the events which occurred during the recordings, and to each other's findings. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for each of the MESAM scoring techniques considered, with polysomnography being selected as the recording standard, With "automatic HR scoring" specificity was 12%, sensitivity 92%; with "automatic breathing sounds (snoring)" scoring, specificity was 8% and sensitivity 96%; with "hand-scoring" specificity was 72% and sensitivity 92%. If the three scoring techniques were combined, all patients with a respiratory disturbance index (RD) greater than 10 were recognized as having OSAS.},
}

Electronics, Medical/instrumentation
Heart Rate
Humans
Monitoring, Physiologic/*instrumentation
Sleep Apnea Syndromes/*diagnosis
Snoring/*physiopathology

@article {pmid3984502,
year = {1985},
author = {Oniani, TN and Nachkebiia, NG},
title = {[Effect of electrocoagulation of the septum on the behavior and memory of the cat].},
journal = {Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {17-24},
pmid = {3984502},
issn = {0044-4677},
mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cats ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Female ; Food ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Septum Pellucidum/*physiology ; Theta Rhythm ; },
abstract = {Lesion effects of various areas of the septum on general behaviour, learning and memory were studied in cats. It appeared that electrocoagulation of the medial septum alone leading to the disappearance of the hippocampal theta rhythm does not result in the development of the septal syndrome signs; does not disturb the normal structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle; does not delay the elaboration of instrumental alimentary reflexes (to approach two feeders) or their extinction, but does entirely disturb the delayed responses to conditioned stimuli. In cases when lesion involves also the lateral septum, it produces the development of all signs of the septal syndrome (hyperemotionality, hyperactivity, rage, hyperphagia, etc.), disturbance of the normal structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, delay of both the elaboration and extinction of instrumental alimentary reflexes, disturbance of pre-elaborated conditioned reactions with sound discrimination, entire disturbance of conditioned delayed responses. On the basis of these data, the specific significance of hippocampal theta-rhythm in the organization of learning and memory is rejected, and a more important role is attributed to the descending regulatory influence exerted by the hippocampus and other archipaleocortical structures on the activating and motivatiogenic structures of mesodiencephalon.},
}

Animals
Behavior, Animal/*physiology
Brain Mapping
Cats
Conditioning, Operant/physiology
Electroencephalography
Extinction, Psychological/physiology
Female
Food
Male
Memory/*physiology
Septum Pellucidum/*physiology
Theta Rhythm

@article {pmid4450816,
year = {1974},
author = {Schwarz, A},
title = {Sound production and associated behavior in a cichlid fish, Cichlasoma centrarchus. I. Male-male interactions.},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
pages = {147-156},
pmid = {4450816},
issn = {0044-3573},
mesh = {Animal Communication ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Fishes/*physiology ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; Rage ; Sex Factors ; *Vocalization, Animal ; },
}

Animal Communication
Animals
Behavior, Animal
Fishes/*physiology
Male
Nesting Behavior
Rage
Sex Factors
*Vocalization, Animal

@article {pmid6718262,
year = {1984},
author = {Watkins, JG and Watkins, HH},
title = {Hazards to the therapist in the treatment of multiple personalities.},
journal = {The Psychiatric clinics of North America},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {111-119},
pmid = {6718262},
issn = {0193-953X},
mesh = {*Dangerous Behavior ; Dependency, Psychological ; Dissociative Identity Disorder/psychology/*therapy ; Ego ; Ethics, Professional ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Professional-Patient Relations ; Psychotherapy/methods ; Rage ; Sexual Behavior ; *Violence ; },
abstract = {It is vitally important that the therapist be cognizant of the dangers inherent in treating some patients with multiple personality disorder. The authors offer sound, detailed advice on every facet of the clinician's interaction with the patient--from keeping on good terms with each ego state to guarding against physical violence and sexual seduction.},
}

*Dangerous Behavior
Dependency, Psychological
Dissociative Identity Disorder/psychology/*therapy
Ego
Ethics, Professional
Female
Humans
Male
*Professional-Patient Relations
Psychotherapy/methods
Rage
Sexual Behavior
*Violence

@article {pmid7180439,
year = {1982},
author = {Mjøen, S and Langslet, A and Tangsrud, SE and Sundby, A},
title = {Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in high-risk neonates.},
journal = {Acta paediatrica Scandinavica},
volume = {71},
number = {5},
pages = {711-715},
doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09508.x},
pmid = {7180439},
issn = {0001-656X},
mesh = {Age Factors ; *Audiometry ; *Audiometry, Evoked Response ; Brain Stem/*physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Gestational Age ; Hearing Loss, Central/diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases/*physiopathology ; *Infant, Premature ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Risk ; },
abstract = {In the present study, auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded in 60 high-risk neonates in the intensive care unit selected by the following criteria: Birth-weight less than 2000 g, hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy or exchange transfusion, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, artificial ventilation, asphyxia, sepsis or meningitis, intracranial haemorrhage, neurological symptoms and potential ototoxic medication (aminoglycoides, furosemide). The infants tested ranged in gestational age from 27-44 weeks. The ABR testing was performed in a sound-proof room using the Madsen (ERA-74) equipment. Four infants did not reveal responses to 70 dB HL ("nonresponders"), and the total of 10 neonates (16.6%) had abnormal ABR-tests, when the physiological changes related to gestational age and conceptional age (gestational age plus the age after birth) were taken into account. The 10 neonates with abnormal tests were reexamined after discharge, and in six there were no improvement of threshold sensitivity. three of the "nonresponders" were retested several times within the two years after birth (one died at age 18 months of pertussis), and none of them revealed ABR at stimulus intensity of 70 dB HL. They all attend an audiological training program started at age of six months as a consequence of the early diagnosis of impaired auditory function. It is our opinion that a routine ABR-evaluation should be performed on high risk neonates (criteria mentioned above) in the newborn intensive care unit. Retesting of infants with abnormal responses within three months, and several times within the next two years if abnormal responses persist, is important. Transient impairment of auditory functions is not uncommon in these infants. However, the children with persisting hearing impairment should be discovered early to attend an early audiological training program.},
}

Age Factors
*Audiometry
*Audiometry, Evoked Response
Brain Stem/*physiopathology
Evoked Potentials, Auditory
Gestational Age
Hearing Loss, Central/diagnosis
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Newborn, Diseases/*physiopathology
*Infant, Premature
Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
Risk

@article {pmid7299031,
year = {1981},
author = {Rudolph, J},
title = {Aggression in the service of the ego and the self.},
journal = {Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {559-579},
doi = {10.1177/000306518102900304},
pmid = {7299031},
issn = {0003-0651},
mesh = {Aggression/*psychology ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/*psychology ; *Ego ; Humans ; Male ; Narcissism ; Object Attachment ; Psychoanalytic Therapy ; },
abstract = {With Jay, as with other patients in psychoanalysis, the pathological has shed light on the normal. First, during symbiosis, physical illness markedly disrupted his sense of well-being. He did not develop sufficient reserves of narcissism and instead built up a superabundance of hostile aggression. In the differentiation subphase of separation-individuation, his aggression could not be used constructively in the service of differentiation. In the practicing subphase, still immobilized, he was unable to effect even physical separation, let alone psychic separation. These subphase inadequacies, of course, influenced the character of his rapprochement subphase. With functioning already impaired by earlier subphase experience, continuing emotional pain and frustration affected his ability to negotiate the rapprochement subphase. Missing for Jay were the contributions that an adequate rapprochement subphase furnishes the organizing function of the ego. Not only did the rapprochement subphase fail to correct the inadequacies of the earlier subphases, the failures of rapprochement represented the last and final blow to the development of even a semblance of self- and object constancy, so that borderline pathology was the result. We can follow the progress made by the analysand by his own statements: Early: "I don't have a reserve of self-love to carry me through." Later, "I'm at a stage when I feel I can organize things without great anxiety. Plan things. Going ahead and slipping back sometimes too, but feeling confident." It has been the aim of this paper to show how the most malignant narcissistic rage has been converted into constructive aggression. Despite the greatest intrinsic and environmental odds, this patient, because of his good endowment, and aided by psychoanalysis, succeeded in gradually converting destructive aggression into constructive aggression by amalgamating it with more and more libido. Along with this, he also developed a sound secondary narcissism, so that his prognosis at eighteen years of age is optimistic.},
}

Aggression/*psychology
Child
Child Behavior Disorders/*psychology
*Ego
Humans
Male
Narcissism
Object Attachment
Psychoanalytic Therapy

@article {pmid7877900,
year = {1994},
author = {Burland, JA},
title = {Splitting as a consequence of severe abuse in childhood.},
journal = {The Psychiatric clinics of North America},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {731-742},
pmid = {7877900},
issn = {0193-953X},
mesh = {Adult ; Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; Child ; Child Abuse/*psychology ; Concept Formation ; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior/diagnosis/psychology ; Object Attachment ; },
abstract = {Clinical data suggest that Kernberg's description of splitting as a defense mechanism is useful in conceptualizing the psychological consequences of abuse in childhood in certain patients. The splitting in these patients is similar to his description of splitting in borderline patients in that it compartmentalizes and sequesters certain overwhelming and painful ego states accompanying negative introjects of the betraying primary object and the betrayed self. These sequestered introjects, furthermore, act as automatons, generating behaviors that arbitrarily re-enact their content even though the patient remains consciously unaware of their historical meaning. Another consequence of the sequestration of these traumatic introjects is that their affects retain their initial power and primitive quality, unmodulated by the usual homogenizing process that is a part of the synthesis of part-object introjects into whole-object introjects; the sequestration, therefore, often painful in itself, must nevertheless be rigidly maintained lest traumatic anxiety in the face of overwhelming affects be re-experienced. Shengold calls the sequence of events that results in this brittle but stubborn painful constriction of the personality "soul murder." He borrowed the phrase from Freud who used it to refer to what Schreber had suffered at the hands of his sadistic father. That phrase--"soul murder"--may sound melodramatic, but it powerfully conveys what these patients communicate of their experience of themselves. As with Kernberg's patients, the defensive splitting serves to protect the positive introjects. These patients fear their negative introjects, even more than they feel uncomfortable about the split. They fear their desperate rage will destroy their love objects, and leave them feeling abandoned and hating themselves. As one of my patients put it: "I fear that my destructive anger will leave me all alone in a sea of rubble of my own making." In the transference, he feared destroying me and our positive bond. In these cases it would seem that the turning to splitting occurred at a later age than it does with Kernberg's borderline patients. His proposition is that the developmentally normal "splitting," related to the undifferentiation of the infantile ego, persists as a defensive splitting, perhaps as a consequence of a consistently derailed mother-child dialogue; whereas in my patients it would seem that the normal developmental splitting had waned as ego differentiation proceeded, but that in the face of overwhelming traumata at perhaps 3 or 4 years of age, the primitive defense was invoked regressively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
}

Adult
Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology
Child
Child Abuse/*psychology
Concept Formation
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology
Humans
Impulsive Behavior/diagnosis/psychology
Object Attachment

@article {pmid7916235,
year = {1994},
author = {Graeff, FG},
title = {Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {811-829},
pmid = {7916235},
issn = {0100-879X},
mesh = {Acetylcholine/physiology ; Animals ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Brain/drug effects/physiology ; Cats ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology ; *Defense Mechanisms ; Emotions/*drug effects/physiology ; Endorphins/physiology ; Escape Reaction/physiology ; Fear/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology ; Norepinephrine/physiology ; Panic/physiology ; Rage/physiology ; Rats ; Serotonin/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology ; },
abstract = {1. There is suggestive evidence that the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are involved in risk assessment behavior, a response to potential threat possibly related to anxiety. In addition, experimental results have been reported implicating the medial hypothalamus in coordinated escape, while the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and the median raphe nucleus serotonergic projection to the hippocampus seem to mediate freezing. The latter defensive behaviors are evoked by distal danger stimuli and may be viewed as manifestations of fear. Finally, there is a sound body of evidence indicating that the PAG commands primitive fight or flight reactions elicited by proximal threat, acute pain or asphyxia. These defense reactions may be related to rage and panic, respectively. In contrast, the lateral septal area and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis have been shown to exert tonic inhibitory influence on defense. 2. Experimental evidence indicates that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tonically inhibits defensive behavior in the amygdala, hypothalamus and the PAG, an effect opposed by excitatory amino acids. Among monoamines, serotonin (5-HT) has been suggested to facilitate anxiety in the amygdala while inhibiting panic in the PAG. The role of noradrenaline in defense is less clear, although hypotheses implicating the locus coeruleus in anxiety and panic have been suggested. Among peptides, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acting as a central neurotransmitter is thought to mediate behavioral and physiological effects of acute stress, while opioid peptides have been shown to inhibit defense in the amygdala and in the dorsal PAG. Finally, acetylcholine seems to facilitate defensive behavior in the hypothalamus and the PAG.},
}

Acetylcholine/physiology
Animals
Anxiety/physiopathology
Avoidance Learning/physiology
Brain/drug effects/physiology
Cats
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
*Defense Mechanisms
Emotions/*drug effects/physiology
Endorphins/physiology
Escape Reaction/physiology
Fear/physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology
Norepinephrine/physiology
Panic/physiology
Rage/physiology
Rats
Serotonin/physiology
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology

@article {pmid8468439,
year = {1993},
author = {Dingemanse, J},
title = {An update of recent moclobemide interaction data.},
journal = {International clinical psychopharmacology},
volume = {7},
number = {3-4},
pages = {167-180},
doi = {10.1097/00004850-199300730-00008},
pmid = {8468439},
issn = {0268-1315},
mesh = {Adult ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Benzamides/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Ephedrine/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Humans ; Moclobemide ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity ; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; },
abstract = {The classical monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are believed to have serious risks because of interactions with other drugs and foodstuffs, although not with a sound scientific basis in all cases. However, moclobemide, a selective reversible inhibitor of MAO-A, has a low propensity for producing drug interactions. Interaction studies have been carried out in healthy volunteers in an attempt to answer some relevant practical questions related to therapy with moclobemide. In combination with therapeutic doses of either fluvoxamine or fluoxetine, moclobemide did not provide any indication of a serotoninergic syndrome, so that no wash-out period is needed when switching from a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor to moclobemide or vice versa. Since concomitant treatment with moclobemide and selegiline had a supra-additive effect on the sensitivity to intravenously administered tyramine, that combination therapy should only be considered when accompanied by dietary restrictions. Concomitant treatment with moclobemide and levodopa/benserazide, however, was well tolerated. When oral ephedrine was added to steady-state moclobemide treatment, the cardiovascular effects of the former were increased to about the same extent as for oral tyramine, i.e. a potentiation of 2-4.},
}

Adult
Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
Benzamides/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drug Therapy, Combination
Ephedrine/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
Humans
Moclobemide
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/toxicity

@article {pmid8748784,
year = {1995},
author = {Alesch, F and Armbruster, C and Budka, H},
title = {Diagnostic value of stereotactic biopsy of cerebral lesions in patients with AIDS.},
journal = {Acta neurochirurgica},
volume = {134},
number = {3-4},
pages = {214-219},
pmid = {8748784},
issn = {0001-6268},
mesh = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications/*pathology ; Adult ; Biopsy ; Brain Diseases/complications/*pathology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; },
abstract = {A neurological complication occurs in 40-60% of HIV infected patients during the course of the disease. In 10-20% the neurological complication is the first manifestation of the HIV infection. A reliable neuropathological diagnosis is a prerequisite for a specifically selected treatment. While modern computer-assisted imaging techniques, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, do possess a high sensitivity, they do not as a rule permit an unambiguous diagnosis. Between October 1989 and July 1994 we biopsied 38 HIV infected patients stereotactically. The indication for the biopsy was determined by having radiologically detectable lesions with no regression tendency in patients under antitoxoplasmosis therapy. In 89% an unambiguous diagnosis was made based on the biopsy; 11% of the biopsies were not diagnostic. For the most part, toxoplasmosis (31%) and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (29%) were involved. 18% of the patients suffered from a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The foci were primarily frontal (47%), parietal (21%) or localised in the basal ganglia area (11%). The result of the biopsy led to a change in treatment for 52% of the patients. Morbidity and mortality of the operation were 0%. The results or our research series are similar to other groups. It was shown that stereotactic brain biopsy is a safe and effective method for establishing a sound basis for treating the frequently life-threatening cerebral complications of AIDS.},
}

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications/*pathology
Adult
Biopsy
Brain Diseases/complications/*pathology
Female
Frontal Lobe/pathology
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Middle Aged
Tomography, X-Ray Computed

@article {pmid8792266,
year = {1996},
author = {Bettison, S},
title = {The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism.},
journal = {Journal of autism and developmental disorders},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {361-374},
pmid = {8792266},
issn = {0162-3257},
mesh = {*Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Arousal ; Attention ; Auditory Perceptual Disorders/psychology/*therapy ; Autistic Disorder/psychology/*therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; *Music ; Personality Assessment ; },
abstract = {Eighty children, 3-17 years of age, with autism or Asperger syndrome and mild to severe distress in the presence of some sounds, were randomly allocated to two groups. The experimental group received auditory training and the control group listened to the same unmodified music under the same conditions. Significant improvements in behavior and severity of autism were maintained for 12 months by both groups. Informal data suggested that a range of abnormal responses to sound and other sensory abnormalities may also have improved. Verbal and performance IQ increased significantly 3 to 12 months after interventions. Findings suggest that some aspect of both auditory training and listening to selected unmodified music may have a beneficial effect on children with autism and sound sensitivity, and indicate a need for further research into the effects that led to these changes and the mechanisms involved in the sensory abnormalities commonly associated with autism.},
}

*Acoustic Stimulation
Adolescent
Arousal
Attention
Auditory Perceptual Disorders/psychology/*therapy
Autistic Disorder/psychology/*therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intelligence
Male
*Music
Personality Assessment

@article {pmid8872218,
year = {1996},
author = {Holmlund, AB and Axelsson, S},
title = {Temporomandibular arthropathy: correlation between clinical signs and symptoms and arthroscopic findings.},
journal = {International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {178-181},
doi = {10.1016/s0901-5027(96)80024-5},
pmid = {8872218},
issn = {0901-5027},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Arthritis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; *Arthroscopy/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sound ; Synovitis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; Temporomandibular Joint/pathology/physiopathology ; Temporomandibular Joint Disc/pathology/physiopathology ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/*diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; Tissue Adhesions/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {The clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular arthropathy were correlated with arthroscopic features of temporomandibular joint disease in 200 consecutive patients. The diagnostic accuracy of the selected clinical signs and symptoms was also tested with arthroscopy as the standard, and sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Pronounced osteoarthrosis was more frequently associated with joint crepitus (P < 0.001). Adhesions were more frequently associated with reduced maximum protrusion (P < 0.001). Crepitation was the only clinical sign that showed acceptable values for SE, SP, PPV, and NPV, and only in diagnosing advanced osteoarthrosis. The values for mild osteoarthrosis were low.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Arthritis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology
*Arthroscopy/statistics & numerical data
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Osteoarthritis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology
Predictive Value of Tests
Range of Motion, Articular
Sensitivity and Specificity
Sound
Synovitis/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology
Temporomandibular Joint/pathology/physiopathology
Temporomandibular Joint Disc/pathology/physiopathology
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/*diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology
Tissue Adhesions/diagnosis/pathology/physiopathology

@article {pmid9026741,
year = {1996},
author = {Stam, J},
title = {[Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of the lumbosacral radicular syndrome. Dutch Society for Neurology].},
journal = {Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde},
volume = {140},
number = {52},
pages = {2621-2627},
pmid = {9026741},
issn = {0028-2162},
mesh = {Diagnostic Imaging ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Lumbosacral Region ; Nerve Compression Syndromes/diagnosis/therapy ; Patient Care Planning ; *Spinal Nerve Roots ; Spinal Stenosis/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Syndrome ; },
abstract = {A consensus development meeting concerning the treatment of lumbosacral radicular syndrome (LRS) by entrapment by a herniated disc or spinal stenosis was held on June 9th, 1995. It was observed that there is a lack of good evidence on many aspects of diagnosis and treatment of LRS. Agreement was reached on the thesis that the natural course of LRS is often benign. Diagnosis and treatment can usually be left to the primary care physician. Specialist consultation and ancillary investigations are only needed if an operation is indicated or in case of persistent diagnostic uncertainty. If imaging is needed MRI is preferred to CT or myelography. MRI is highly sensitive, but less specific, and may thus give false-positive results. Neurophysiologic testing may be informative in selected cases. Plain spinal X-rays are not useful in most cases. The traditional non-invasive treatments (such as bedrest, traction, physiotherapy, spinal manipulation) are not based upon convincing scientific evidence. Diagnostic imaging and invasive treatment should be considered in patients with a severe LRS that does not improve within a 4 to 8 week period. Both discectomy and chemonucleolysis are effective treatments. The principal indication is incapacitating radicular pain. There is no sound evidence that the prognosis of paresis is improved by operation. A cauda equina syndrome urgently needs surgical treatment. The efficacy of percutaneous interventions (nucleotomy, laser therapy) has not been proven. There are no strategies for the primary or secondary prevention of LRS that have demonstrated their efficacy. Psychological, social and financial factors probably contribute significantly to the occurrence of persisting symptoms after a LRS. Advice not to work after treatment for LRS may impede rehabilitation.},
}

Diagnostic Imaging
Humans
Intervertebral Disc Displacement/*diagnosis/*therapy
Lumbosacral Region
Nerve Compression Syndromes/diagnosis/therapy
Patient Care Planning
*Spinal Nerve Roots
Spinal Stenosis/*diagnosis/*therapy
Syndrome

@article {pmid9170052,
year = {1997},
author = {Counter, SA and Olofsson, A and Grahn, HF and Borg, E},
title = {MRI acoustic noise: sound pressure and frequency analysis.},
journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {606-611},
doi = {10.1002/jmri.1880070327},
pmid = {9170052},
issn = {1053-1807},
mesh = {Calibration ; Child ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fourier Analysis ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/*etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*adverse effects/instrumentation ; Models, Theoretical ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Pressure ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {The large gradient coils used in MRI generate, simultaneously with the pulsed radiofrequency (RF) wave, acoustic noise of high intensity that has raised concern regarding hearing safety. The sound pressure levels (SPLs) and power spectra of MRI acoustic noise were measured at the position of the human head in the isocenter of five MRI systems and with 10 different pulse sequences used in clinical MR scanning. Each protocol, including magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE; 113 dB SPL linear), fast gradient echo turbo (114 dB SPL linear), and spin echo T1/2 mm (117 dB SPL linear), was found to have the high SPLs, rapid pulse rates, amplitude-modulated pulse envelopes, and multipeaked spectra. Since thickness and SPL were inversely related, the T1-weighted images generated more intense acoustic noise than the proton-dense T2-weighted measures. The unfiltered linear peak values provided more accurate measurements of the SPL and spectral content of the MRI acoustic noise than the commonly used dB A-weighted scale, which filters out the predominant low frequency components. Fourier analysis revealed predominantly low frequency energy peaks ranging from .05 to approximately 1 kHz, with a steep high frequency cutoff for each pulse sequence. Ear protectors of known attenuation ratings are recommended for all patients during MRI testing.},
}

Calibration
Child
Environmental Monitoring
Fourier Analysis
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/*etiology
Humans
Infant
Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*adverse effects/instrumentation
Models, Theoretical
Phantoms, Imaging
Pressure
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid9627167,
year = {1998},
author = {Wittmann, DH and Wittmann-Tylor, A},
title = {Scope and limitations of antimicrobial therapy of sepsis in surgery.},
journal = {Langenbeck's archives of surgery},
volume = {383},
number = {1},
pages = {15-25},
doi = {10.1007/s004230050087},
pmid = {9627167},
issn = {1435-2443},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use ; Biological Availability ; Cephalosporins/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/drug therapy/microbiology ; Peritonitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Shock, Septic/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality ; Surgical Wound Infection/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality ; Survival Rate ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The goal of antibiotic therapy for surgical sepsis is to kill bacteria that intermittently or continuously reach the bloodstream from the residue of an operatively treated focus. While sepsis and conditions leading to sepsis compromise the immune system, antibiotics may become a fundamental determinant of the host's defense. No data from sound prospective randomized clinical antibiotic trials dealing with sepsis are available. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that treatment recommendations can be based on pharmacodynamics comparing in vitro activity of commonly used antimicrobials with concentrations sustained in vivo to provide for full coverage for bacteria of concern.

RESULTS: The application of strict criteria for antibiotic choice to avoid selection of primary resistant strains reveals that most commonly used antibiotics render insufficient activity to eliminate pathogens that commonly cause surgical sepsis. Antibiotics that sustain in vivo concentration exceeding fourfold the MIC100 (highest minimal inhibitory concentration for all (100%) species tested) of Escherichia coli, for example, are 400 mg ciprofloxacin IV (MIC100 of 1224 strains=0.06 mg/dl, in vivo concentration=1 mg/dl for 12 h), and 1000 mg imipenem/cilastatin (MIC100 of 3142 strains=0.14 mg/dl, in vivo concentration=2 mg/dl for 6 h). The third choice is one of the fourth- or, less convincingly, third-generation cephalosporins. Similar data for most pathogens causing sepsis are provided. First- and second-generation cephalosporins and penicillin beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations generally do not achieve sufficient concentrations to cover the most important pathogens of sepsis.

CONCLUSION: Sepsis is defined as a whole body's inflammatory response that is characterized by systemic signs and symptoms secondary to a focal infection. While many antibiotic trials have dealt with a focal infection, no prospective randomized antibiotic trial has dealt with sepsis per se. Antibiotic trials on focal infections generally exclude patients when their focal infection has progressed to sepsis. To circumvent the lack of controlled clinical trials we show that pharmacodynamics may provide sound foundation for antibiotic choice for sepsis.},
}

Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics/*therapeutic use
Biological Availability
Cephalosporins/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Clinical Trials as Topic
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Humans
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/drug therapy/microbiology
Peritonitis/drug therapy/microbiology
Shock, Septic/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality
Surgical Wound Infection/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality
Survival Rate
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality

@article {pmid9670216,
year = {1998},
author = {Faingold, CL and N'Gouemo, P and Riaz, A},
title = {Ethanol and neurotransmitter interactions--from molecular to integrative effects.},
journal = {Progress in neurobiology},
volume = {55},
number = {5},
pages = {509-535},
doi = {10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00027-6},
pmid = {9670216},
issn = {0301-0082},
support = {NIAA 11628/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; NS 21281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism ; Ethanol/adverse effects/*metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acids/metabolism ; Humans ; Neural Inhibition/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Seizures/chemically induced ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology ; },
abstract = {There is extensive evidence that ethanol interacts with a variety of neurotransmitters. Considerable research indicates that the major actions of ethanol involve enhancement of the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors and blockade of the NMDA subtype of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor. Ethanol increases GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, but this does not occur in all brain regions, all cell types in the same region, nor at all GABAA receptor sites on the same neuron, nor across species in the same brain region. The molecular basis for the selectivity of the action of ethanol on GaBAA receptors has been proposed to involve a combination of benzodiazepine subtype, beta 2 subunit, and a splice variant of the gamma 2 subunit, but substantial controversy on this issue currently remains. Chronic ethanol administration results in tolerance, dependence, and an ethanol withdrawal (ETX) syndrome, which are mediated, in part, by desensitization and/or down-regulation of GABAA receptors. This decrease in ethanol action may involve changes in subunit expression in selected brain areas, but these data are complex and somewhat contradictory at present. The sensitivity of NMDA receptors to ethanol block is proposed to involve the NMDAR2B subunit in certain brain regions, but this subunit does not appear to be the sole determinant of this interaction. Tolerance to ethanol results in enhanced EAA neurotransmission and NMDA receptor upregulation, which appears to involve selective increases in NMDAR2B subunit levels and other molecular changes in specific brain loci. During ETX a variety of symptoms are seen, including susceptibility to seizures. In rodents these seizures are readily triggered by sound (audiogenic seizures). The neuronal network required for these seizures is contained primarily in certain brain stem structures. Specific nuclei appear to play a hierarchical role in generating each stereotypical behavioral phases of the convulsion. Thus, the inferior colliculus acts to initiate these seizures, and a decrease in effectiveness of GABA-mediated inhibition in these neurons is a major initiation mechanism. The deep layers of superior colliculus are implicated in generation of the wild running behavior. The pontine reticular formation, substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray are implicated in generation of the tonic-clonic seizure behavior. The mechanisms involved in the recruitment of neurons within each network nucleus into the seizure circuit have been proposed to require activation of a critical mass of neurons. Achievement of critical mass may involve excess EAA-mediated synaptic neurotransmission due, in part, to upregulation as well as other phenomena, including volume (non-synaptic diffusion) neurotransmission. Effects of ETX on receptors observed in vitro may undergo amplification in vivo to allow the excess EAA action to be magnified sufficiently to produce synchronization of neuronal firing, allowing participation of the nucleus in seizure generation. GABA-mediated inhibition, which normally acts to limit excitation, is diminished in effectiveness during ETX, and further intensifies this excitation.},
}

Animals
Brain/drug effects/metabolism
Ethanol/adverse effects/*metabolism
Excitatory Amino Acids/metabolism
Humans
Neural Inhibition/physiology
Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism
Seizures/chemically induced
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology

@article {pmid10604951,
year = {2000},
author = {Snell, LD and Claffey, DJ and Ruth, JA and Valenzuela, CF and Cardoso, R and Wang, Z and Levinson, SR and Sather, WA and Williamson, AV and Ingersoll, NC and Ovchinnikova, L and Bhave, SV and Hoffman, PL and Tabakoff, B},
title = {Novel structure having antagonist actions at both the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channels: biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral characterization.},
journal = {The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics},
volume = {292},
number = {1},
pages = {215-227},
pmid = {10604951},
issn = {0022-3565},
support = {AA09930/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology ; Ataxia/etiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Binding Sites ; Binding, Competitive ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ethanol/toxicity ; Glycine/metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Neurons/drug effects ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Protein Binding ; Quinolines/*chemical synthesis/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects ; Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; Seizures/etiology ; *Sodium Channel Blockers ; Sodium Channels/chemistry ; Sound/adverse effects ; Strychnine/pharmacology ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/etiology ; Xenopus/genetics ; },
abstract = {A novel series of N-substituted 4-ureido-5,7-dichloro-quinolines were synthesized to contain pharmacophores directed at voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSNaCs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. These compounds were shown to act in a use-dependent manner as antagonists of VSNaCs and to act as selective competitive antagonists at the strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition site of NMDA receptors. These agents had little or no effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors, other glutamate receptors, or sites other than the glycine site on the NMDA receptor, and did not block voltage-sensitive calcium channels in vitro. In vivo, the compounds were active in preventing or reducing the signs and symptoms of neurohyperexcitability and had anxiolytic properties. Unlike benzodiazepines, N-substituted 4-ureido-5, 7-dichloro-quinolines showed little interaction with the sedative effects of ethanol, but were effective in controlling ethanol withdrawal seizures. The combined actions of these compounds on VSNaCs and NMDA receptors also impart properties to these compounds that are important for preventing and reducing excitotoxic neurodegeneration, but these compounds lack the undesirable side effects of other agents used for these purposes.},
}

Animals
Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
Ataxia/etiology
Behavior, Animal/drug effects
Binding Sites
Binding, Competitive
Cells, Cultured
Cerebellum/cytology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Ethanol/toxicity
Glycine/metabolism
Humans
In Vitro Techniques
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Inbred DBA
Neurons/drug effects
Oocytes/metabolism
Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis/*chemistry
Protein Binding
Quinolines/*chemical synthesis/*chemistry/*pharmacology
Rats
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects
Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry
Seizures/etiology
*Sodium Channel Blockers
Sodium Channels/chemistry
Sound/adverse effects
Strychnine/pharmacology
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/etiology
Xenopus/genetics

@article {pmid10849247,
year = {2000},
author = {Lindberg, E and Elmasry, A and Janson, C and Gislason, T},
title = {Reported snoring--does validity differ by age?.},
journal = {Journal of sleep research},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {197-200},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00199.x},
pmid = {10849247},
issn = {0962-1105},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Aged ; Aging/*physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Snoring/complications/*diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {Snoring is a major sign of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Despite the frequent number of studies based on subjective reports of snoring, self-reported snoring has hardly been validated at all. In some previous epidemiological studies, a significant association between snoring and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was found only below the age of 50-60 y. This study was performed to investigate whether this is due to a decrease in the validity of reported snoring with increasing age. In a population-based study, 2668 men aged 40-79 y answered a questionnaire including questions on snoring. Those who reported loud and disturbing snoring often or very often were regarded as habitual snorers. Without taking account of reported snoring, an age-stratified sample of these men was selected and their snoring was measured using a microphone for 1 night. Significant snoring was defined as recorded snoring sounds for >/= 10% of the night. The participants were divided into younger (age 40-59, mean +/- SD: 51.8 +/- 4.6 y, n=132) and older (age 60-79, 67.7 +/- 5.4 y, n=99) age groups. When analysing the validity of reported snoring, no significant differences were found between the younger and older age groups in terms of specificity [younger: 82% (95% CI 74-90%), older: 88% (81-95%)] or sensitivity [younger: 40% (26-54%), older: 35% (17-53%)]. These data indicate that, in men aged 40-79 y, the validity of reported snoring is similar in different age groups. The lack of an association between reported snoring and cardiovascular disease at higher ages can, therefore, not be explained by a decrease in the validity of reported snoring.},
}

Age Factors
Aged
Aging/*physiology
Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Population Surveillance
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Snoring/complications/*diagnosis
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid11557246,
year = {2001},
author = {Plebani, M},
title = {Biochemical markers of cardiac damage: from efficiency to effectiveness.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {311},
number = {1},
pages = {3-7},
doi = {10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00551-4},
pmid = {11557246},
issn = {0009-8981},
mesh = {*Biomarkers ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Diseases/*blood/diagnosis ; Humans ; Troponin/blood ; },
abstract = {Testing for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and other diseases included in the spectrum of the so-called "acute coronary syndrome" is rapidly changing from the traditional enzymatic assays to mass measurement of more specific and sensitive markers (cardiac troponins, CK-MB and myoglobin). Several questions have arisen since the introduction of these new markers into the clinical setting: the choice of strategies for optimizing the utilization of biochemical assays combining different (early and specific) markers, the rationale for sampling specimens and the identification of clinically useful turnaround times. The impressive clinical specificity and sensitivity assured by the measurement of cardiac troponins should be used for improving the effectiveness of patients' diagnosis and treatment. Troponins could be the paradigm of how a new diagnostic test and a therapeutic advance can be combined to the benefit of patients with acute coronary syndromes. In fact, in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients as well as in patients suffering from stable and unstable angina, the measurement of troponins alone, or combined to that of other biochemical markers, should be of practical value for the diagnosis, for the prognosis and for selecting the most effective therapeutic treatment. Limitations in cardiac markers should be classified into two groups: temporary and intrinsic limitations. Temporary limitations are: (a) current assays are not specific as to the analyte, (b) the limited standardization precludes a comparison between results obtained with different techniques. Intrinsic limitations are the elevation of troponins in the so-called "minor myocardial damage", which often cannot be confirmed by other techniques, the evidence that other heart diseases, such as congestive heart failure and myocarditis, can lead to an increase in troponin concentrations, and finally that troponin is not an early marker. A sound cooperation between cardiologists, physicians and laboratory specialists in explaining and understanding the advantages and limitations of current biochemical markers should allow us to move from efficiency to clinical effectiveness.},
}

*Biomarkers
Electrocardiography
Heart Diseases/*blood/diagnosis
Humans
Troponin/blood

@article {pmid14527306,
year = {2003},
author = {Friedman, TB and Griffith, AJ},
title = {Human nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness.},
journal = {Annual review of genomics and human genetics},
volume = {4},
number = {},
pages = {341-402},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110347},
pmid = {14527306},
issn = {1527-8204},
mesh = {*Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Given the unique biological requirements of sound transduction and the selective advantage conferred upon a species capable of sensitive sound detection, it is not surprising that up to 1% of the approximately 30,000 or more human genes are necessary for hearing. There are hundreds of monogenic disorders for which hearing loss is one manifestation of a syndrome or the only disorder and therefore is nonsyndromic. Herein we review the supporting evidence for identifying over 30 genes for dominantly and recessively inherited, nonsyndromic, sensorineural deafness. The state of knowledge concerning their biological roles is discussed in the context of the controversies within an evolving understanding of the intricate molecular machinery of the inner ear.},
}

*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology
Humans

@article {pmid16340272,
year = {2005},
author = {Kobs, G and Bernhardt, O and Kocher, T and Meyer, G},
title = {Oral parafunctions and positive clinical examination findings.},
journal = {Stomatologija},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {81-83},
pmid = {16340272},
issn = {1392-8589},
mesh = {Adult ; Bruxism/*complications ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Facial Pain/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Masticatory Muscles/physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fatigue ; Palpation ; Physical Examination ; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/*diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Oral parafunctional activity can be fatigued and painful masticatory muscles and/or pain in the temporomandibular joints. There is controversial discussion in the literature as to what role parafunctional activity plays in the multi-causal pathologic process.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine any association between the level of parafunctional habits versus the level of mandibular dysfunction and to test the hypothesis that TMD/bruxer patients have significantly increased muscle tension and joint pain.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 307 subjects (140 males und 167 females) selected for this investigation. 299 subjects were examined regarding any relationships between clenching and the incidence of muscle sensitivity. The age of subjects ranged from 20 to 54 years old, with a mean age of 35.4. 114 subjects had at least one sign of temporomandibular disorders (tenderness/pain on palpation of the joints or muscles, TMJ sounds, pain or deviation during maximum mouth opening (active/passive).

RESULTS: 81 subjects admitted to clenching, while 218 said they did not. Among the "non-clenchers", 68.8% had no sensitive muscles, 31.2% indicated sensitive masticatory muscles. Those who clenched their teeth were distributed as follows: 53.1% were diagnosed with bilateral masticatory muscle sensitivity, 46.9% showed no such indications. The two groups were not homogeneously divided, with regard to pain/discomfort (p = 0.001; Fisher's precision test).

CONCLUSION: This study found a statistically solid relationship between the incidence of "clenching" and muscle palpation findings, as well as between sensitivity in the mandibular joints from lateral and to cranial and dorsal with positive muscle palpation findings. The agreement between sensitivity of the masticatory musculature and the mandibular joint demonstrates that intensive clenching can predominantly lead to pathologic phenomena in the muscles or joints.},
}

Adult
Bruxism/*complications
Cross-Sectional Studies
Facial Pain/etiology
Female
Humans
Male
Masticatory Muscles/physiopathology
Middle Aged
Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fatigue
Palpation
Physical Examination
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/*diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology

@article {pmid16514259,
year = {2006},
author = {Jastreboff, PJ and Jastreboff, MM},
title = {Tinnitus retraining therapy: a different view on tinnitus.},
journal = {ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties},
volume = {68},
number = {1},
pages = {23-9; discussion 29-30},
doi = {10.1159/000090487},
pmid = {16514259},
issn = {0301-1569},
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Hearing Loss/complications ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/complications ; Tinnitus/complications/*psychology/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) is a method for treating tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance, based on the neurophysiological model of tinnitus. This model postulates involvement of the limbic and autonomic nervous systems in all cases of clinically significant tinnitus and points out the importance of both conscious and subconscious connections, which are governed by principles of conditioned reflexes. The treatments for tinnitus and misophonia are based on the concept of extinction of these reflexes, labeled as habituation. TRT aims at inducing changes in the mechanisms responsible for transferring signal (i.e., tinnitus, or external sound in the case of misophonia) from the auditory system to the limbic and autonomic nervous systems, and through this, remove signal-induced reactions without attempting to directly attenuate the tinnitus source or tinnitus/misophonia-evoked reactions. As such, TRT is effective for any type of tinnitus regardless of its etiology. TRT consists of: (1) counseling based on the neurophysiological model of tinnitus, and (2) sound therapy (with or without instrumentation). The main role of counseling is to reclassify tinnitus into the category of neutral stimuli. The role of sound therapy is to decrease the strength of the tinnitus signal. It is crucial to assess and treat tinnitus, decreased sound tolerance, and hearing loss simultaneously. Results from various groups have shown that TRT can be an effective method of treatment.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation
Conditioning, Classical/physiology
*Habituation, Psychophysiologic
Hearing Loss/complications
Humans
Hyperacusis/complications
Tinnitus/complications/*psychology/*therapy
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid16552774,
year = {2006},
author = {Carey, J and Amin, N},
title = {Evolutionary changes in the cochlea and labyrinth: Solving the problem of sound transmission to the balance organs of the inner ear.},
journal = {The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology},
volume = {288},
number = {4},
pages = {482-489},
doi = {10.1002/ar.a.20306},
pmid = {16552774},
issn = {1552-4884},
mesh = {Animals ; Atmospheric Pressure ; *Biological Evolution ; Ear, Inner/abnormalities/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Hearing/*physiology ; Humans ; Postural Balance/*physiology ; },
abstract = {This review article examines the evolutionary adaptations in the vertebrate inner ear that allow selective activation of auditory or vestibular hair cells, although both are housed in the same bony capsule. The problem of separating acoustic stimuli from the vestibular end organs in the inner ear has recently reemerged with the recognition of clinical conditions such as superior canal dehiscence syndrome and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome. In these syndromes, anatomical defects in the otic capsule alter the functional separation of auditory and vestibular stimuli and lead to pathological activation of vestibular reflexes in response to sound. This review demonstrates that while the pars superior of the labyrinth (utricle and semicircular canals) has remained fairly constant throughout evolution, the pars inferior (saccule and other otolith, macular, and auditory end organs) has seen considerable change as many adaptations were made for the development of auditory function. Among these were a relatively rigid membranous labyrinth wall, a variably rigid otic capsule, immersion of the membranous labyrinth in perilymph, a perilymphatic duct to channel acoustic pressure changes away from the vestibular organs, and different operating frequencies for vestibular versus auditory epithelia. Even in normal human ears, acoustic sensitivity of the labyrinth to loud clicks or tones is retained enough to be measured in a standard clinical test, the vestibular-evoked myogenic potential test.},
}

Animals
Atmospheric Pressure
*Biological Evolution
Ear, Inner/abnormalities/anatomy & histology/*physiology
Hearing/*physiology
Humans
Postural Balance/*physiology

@article {pmid16699064,
year = {2006},
author = {Veale, D},
title = {A compelling desire for deafness.},
journal = {Journal of deaf studies and deaf education},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {369-372},
doi = {10.1093/deafed/enj043},
pmid = {16699064},
issn = {1081-4159},
mesh = {Adult ; Depression ; Female ; Hearing Loss/*psychology ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/*psychology ; Mental Disorders/*psychology ; Sign Language ; *Social Identification ; Social Isolation/psychology ; },
abstract = {A case is described of a patient who has a compelling and persistent desire to become deaf. She often kept cotton wool moistened with oil in her ears and was learning sign language. Living without sound appeared to be a severe form of avoidance behavior from hyperacusis and misophonia. She had a borderline personality disorder that was associated with a poor sense of self. Her desire to be deaf may be one aspect of gaining an identity for herself and to compensate for feeling like an alien and gaining acceptance in the Deaf community. Will a compelling desire for deafness ever become a recognized mental disorder one day for which hearing patients may be offered elective deafness after a period of assessment and living like a deaf person? Those working in the field of deafness should be aware that individuals may occasionally be seeking elective deafness or self-inflicting deafness to obtain a hearing aid.},
}

Adult
Depression
Female
Hearing Loss/*psychology
Humans
Hyperacusis/*psychology
Mental Disorders/*psychology
Sign Language
*Social Identification
Social Isolation/psychology

@article {pmid17263252,
year = {2006},
author = {Sztuka, A and Pośpiech, L and Gawron, W and Dudek, K},
title = {[DPOAE in tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss considering hyperacusis and misophonia].},
journal = {Otolaryngologia polska = The Polish otolaryngology},
volume = {60},
number = {5},
pages = {765-772},
pmid = {17263252},
issn = {0030-6657},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Auditory Threshold ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology/physiopathology ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/*physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; *Pitch Perception ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Tinnitus/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The most probable place generating tinnitus in auditory pathway are outer hair cells (OHC) inside cochlea. To asses their activity otoacoustic emission is used. The goal of the investigation was estimation the features of otoemission DPOAE in groups with tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss, estimation of diagnostic value of DPOAE parameters for analysis of function of the cochlea in investigated patients emphasizing DPOAE parameters most useful in localizing tinnitus generators and estimation of hypothetic influence of hyperacusis and misophony on parameters of DPOAE in tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss. The material of the study were 42 tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss. In the control group there were 21 patients without tinnitus with the same type of hearing loss. Then tinnitus patients were divided into three subgroups--with hyperacusis, misophony and without both of them, based on audiologic findings.

METHOD: after taking view on tinnitus and physical examination in all the patients pure tone and impedance audiometry, supratreshold tests, ABR and audiometric average and discomfort level were evaluated. Then otoemission DPOAE was measured in three procedures. First the amplitudes of two points per octave were assessed, in second--"fine structure" method-- 16-20 points per octave (f2/f1 = 1.2, L1 = L2 = 70 dB). Third procedure included recording of growth rate function in three series for input tones of value f2 = 2002, 4004, 6006 Hz (f2/f1= 1.22) and levels L1=L2, growing by degrees of 5dB in each series.

RESULTS: DPOAE amplitudes in recording of 2 points per octave and fine structure method are very valuable parameters for estimation of cochlear function in tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss. Decreasing of DPOAE amplitudes in patients with cochlear hearing loss and tinnitus suggests significant role of OHC pathology, unbalanced by IHC injury in generation of tinnitus in patients with hearing loss of cochlear localization. DPOAE fine structure provides us the additional information about DPOAE amplitude recorded in two points per octave, spreading the amount of frequencies f2, where differences are noticed in comparison of two groups--tinnitus patients and control. Function growth rate cannot be the only parameter in estimation of DPOAE in tinnitus patients with cochlear hearing loss, also including subjects with hyperacusis and misophony. Hyperacusis has important influence on DPOAE amplitude, increases essentially amplitude of DPOAE in the examined group of tinnitus patients.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Audiometry, Pure-Tone
Auditory Threshold
Female
Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology/physiopathology
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/*physiopathology
Humans
Hyperacusis/*physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
*Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous
*Pitch Perception
Predictive Value of Tests
Tinnitus/*physiopathology

@article {pmid18652730,
year = {2008},
author = {Hess, EP and Thiruganasambandamoorthy, V and Wells, GA and Erwin, P and Jaffe, AS and Hollander, JE and Montori, VM and Stiell, IG},
title = {Diagnostic accuracy of clinical prediction rules to exclude acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department setting: a systematic review.},
journal = {CJEM},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {373-382},
doi = {10.1017/s148180350001040x},
pmid = {18652730},
issn = {1481-8035},
mesh = {Acute Coronary Syndrome/*diagnosis ; Angina, Unstable/diagnosis ; Chest Pain/*diagnosis ; *Decision Support Techniques ; Emergency Medical Services ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis ; Research Design ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of clinical prediction rules to exclude acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED) setting.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We contacted content experts to identify additional articles for review. Reference lists of included studies were hand searched. We selected articles for review based on the following criteria: 1) enrolled consecutive ED patients; 2) incorporated variables from the history or physical examination, electrocardiogram and cardiac biomarkers; 3) did not incorporate cardiac stress testing or coronary angiography into prediction rule; 4) based on original research; 5) prospectively derived or validated; 6) did not require use of a computer; and 7) reported sufficient data to construct a 2 x 2 contingency table. We assessed study quality and extracted data independently and in duplicate using a standardized data extraction form.

RESULTS: Eight studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 7937 patients. None of the studies verified the prediction rule with a reference standard on all or a random sample of patients. Six studies did not report blinding prediction rule assessors to reference standard results, and vice versa. Three prediction rules were prospectively validated. Sensitivities and specificities ranged from 94% to 100% and 13% to 57%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios from 1.1 to 2.2 and 0.01 to 0.17, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Current prediction rules for ACS have substantial methodological limitations and have not been successfully implemented in the clinical setting. Future methodologically sound studies are needed to guide clinical practice.},
}

Acute Coronary Syndrome/*diagnosis
Angina, Unstable/diagnosis
Chest Pain/*diagnosis
*Decision Support Techniques
Emergency Medical Services
Humans
Likelihood Functions
Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis
Research Design
Sensitivity and Specificity

@article {pmid19380172,
year = {2009},
author = {Wang, Y and Ma, L and Liu, P},
title = {Feature selection and syndrome prediction for liver cirrhosis in traditional Chinese medicine.},
journal = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine},
volume = {95},
number = {3},
pages = {249-257},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2009.03.004},
pmid = {19380172},
issn = {1872-7565},
mesh = {*Algorithms ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*diagnosis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/*methods ; Pattern Recognition, Automated/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Software ; Syndrome ; },
abstract = {Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment is one of the safe and effective methods for liver cirrhosis. In the process of its treatment, a very important step, syndrome prediction is generally performed by physicians at present, which actually hinders the application prospects of TCM. Based on the data mining algorithm, a novel method called TCMSP (traditional Chinese medicine syndrome prediction) is proposed, which consists of two phases. In the first phase, based on an improved information gain method in multi-view, the critical features are filtered from the original features. In the second phase, the class label of a new case is predicted automatically based on accuracy-weighted majority voting. The proposed method is evaluated by the liver cirrhosis dataset, 20 critical features are selected from original 105 features and the corresponding syndromes of 138 new cases are identified respectively. The critical features are in sound agreement with those used by the physicians in making their clinical decisions. Finally, this new method is also demonstrated on three standard datasets (SPECT Heart, Lung Cancer and Iris) and the results are compared with some other methods. The experimental results show that TCMSP method performs well in the field of TCM diagnosis.},
}

*Algorithms
*Artificial Intelligence
*Decision Support Systems, Clinical
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods
Humans
Liver Cirrhosis/*diagnosis
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/*methods
Pattern Recognition, Automated/*methods
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Software
Syndrome

@article {pmid19560298,
year = {2010},
author = {Sztuka, A and Pospiech, L and Gawron, W and Dudek, K},
title = {DPOAE in estimation of the function of the cochlea in tinnitus patients with normal hearing.},
journal = {Auris, nasus, larynx},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {55-60},
doi = {10.1016/j.anl.2009.05.001},
pmid = {19560298},
issn = {1879-1476},
mesh = {Adult ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Cochlea/*physiopathology ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology ; Hearing/*physiology ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Male ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/*physiology ; Tinnitus/pathology/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The most probable place generating tinnitus in the auditory pathway is the outer hair cells (OHCs) inside the cochlea. Otoacoustic emissions are used to assess their activity. The objective of the investigation was to measure the features of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) in a group of tinnitus patients without hearing loss, estimate the diagnostic value of the parameters for the analysis of cochlear function in the patients, emphasizing those most useful in localizing tinnitus generators, and determine the hypothetical influence of hyperacusis and misophony on DPOAE parameters in tinnitus patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The material consisted of 44 patients with tinnitus and without hearing loss. In the control group were 33 patients without tinnitus with the same state of hearing. The tinnitus patients were divided into three subgroups: those with hyperacusis, those with misophonia, and those with neither. After collecting medical history and performing clinical examination of all the patients, tonal and impedance audiometry, ABR, and discomfort level were evaluated. Then DPOAE were measured using three procedures. First the amplitudes of two points per octave were assessed, second the "fine structure" method with 16-20 points per octave (f2/f1=1.22, L1=L2=70 dB), and the third procedure included recording the growth function in three series for input tones of f2=2002, 4004, and 6006Hz (f2/f1=1.22) and L1=L2 levels increasing by increments of 5 dB in each series.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Hyperacusis was found in 63% and misophonia in 10% of the tinnitus patients with no hearing loss. DPOAE amplitudes in recordings with two points per octave and the fine structure method are very valuable parameters for estimating cochlear function in tinnitus patients with normal hearing. Function growth rate cannot be the only parameter in measuring DPOAE in tinnitus patients, including subjects with hyperacusis and misophonia. The markedly higher DPOAE amplitudes in the group of tinnitus patients without hearing loss suggest that tinnitus may be caused by increased motility of the OHCs induced by decreasing efferent fiber activity, and not by OHC failure. Hyperacusis significantly increases the amplitude of DPOAE in tinnitus patients with no hearing loss.},
}

Adult
Audiometry, Pure-Tone
Cochlea/*physiopathology
Female
Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology
Hearing/*physiology
Humans
Hyperacusis/diagnosis/physiopathology
Male
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/*physiology
Tinnitus/pathology/*physiopathology

@article {pmid20136543,
year = {2010},
author = {Collins, N},
title = {Fear of the yawning mother: a case of misophonia.},
journal = {Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {71-72},
doi = {10.3109/10398560903180133},
pmid = {20136543},
issn = {1440-1665},
mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Mother-Child Relations ; Phobic Disorders/*diagnosis ; *Yawning ; },
}

Adult
Humans
Male
Mother-Child Relations
Phobic Disorders/*diagnosis
*Yawning

@article {pmid20732329,
year = {2010},
author = {Kupniewska-Kozak, A and Gospodarska, E and Dadlez, M},
title = {Intertwined structured and unstructured regions of exRAGE identified by monitoring hydrogen-deuterium exchange.},
journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
volume = {403},
number = {1},
pages = {52-65},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2010.08.027},
pmid = {20732329},
issn = {1089-8638},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Deuterium/analysis ; Humans ; Hydrogen/analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor that is engaged in many pathological processes. Potentially beneficial modification of its activity requires sound knowledge of its structural properties. However, up to now, only the structures of its separated domains have been published or deposited in databases. In this work, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry to gain insight into the structural properties of exRAGE (extracellular region of RAGE)--the full extracellular part of the protein. The present work indicates the common and disparate features of full exRAGE as compared to the structural models of its separate domains. The highlight of the present study is the contrasting behavior of the different regions of the protein, with the protected regions neighboring fully exposed parts especially in the N-terminal V domain.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Deuterium/analysis
Humans
Hydrogen/analysis
Mass Spectrometry
Models, Molecular
Molecular Sequence Data
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/*chemistry

@article {pmid21303290,
year = {2011},
author = {},
title = {Fear of the yawning mother: a case study of misophonia.},
journal = {Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {88},
doi = {10.3109/10398562.2011.551934},
pmid = {21303290},
issn = {1440-1665},
}

@article {pmid21769998,
year = {2011},
author = {Lebowitz, ER and Omer, H and Leckman, JF},
title = {Coercive and disruptive behaviors in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.},
journal = {Depression and anxiety},
volume = {28},
number = {10},
pages = {899-905},
pmid = {21769998},
issn = {1520-6394},
support = {T32 MH018268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis ; *Coercion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*diagnosis ; Parents ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychometrics ; Severity of Illness Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study explored the nature of disruptive and coercive behaviors in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

METHOD: Thirty children with OCD and a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) were compared to 30 children with DBD alone using the Child Behavior Checklist and a novel 18-item questionnaire focused on distinctive coercive and disruptive behaviors seen in pediatric OCD (CD-POC).

RESULTS: Although youth with DBD alone had higher ratings of Externalizing Behaviors on the CBCL compared to the youth with OCD + DBD, their ratings on the CB-POC scale were lower. For example, 83% of OCD + DBD parents reported that their child "Imposes rules or behaviors on others due to tactile or other sensitivity and reacts to disobedience with rage or violence (e.g. forbids certain sounds, demands specific temperature settings)" compared to 23% of the parents of youth with DBD alone. Other highly discriminating behaviors included: "Demands special 'cuddling' or ritualized contact without regard for the will of others" and "Forbids the use of objects in his/her vicinity because of feelings of fear or disgust (e.g. knives, scissors, creams)." Total scores on the CD-POC were also correlated with OCD severity (P<.01).

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the nature of DBD in pediatric OCD may be distinctive and worthy of further study.},
}

Adult
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis
Child
Child Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis
*Coercion
Female
Humans
Male
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*diagnosis
Parents
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychometrics
Severity of Illness Index
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid21864520,
year = {2011},
author = {León-Justel, A and Mangas, MA and Infante Fontán, R and Castro Luque, J and Venegas Moreno, E and Madrazo Atutxa, A and Herrera del Rey, T and Martin-Rodriguez, JF and Soto-Moreno, A and Leal-Cerro, A},
title = {Budget impact of using midnight salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {412},
number = {23-24},
pages = {2248-2253},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2011.08.013},
pmid = {21864520},
issn = {1873-3492},
mesh = {*Budgets ; Cushing Syndrome/*diagnosis ; Female ; Hospital Costs ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/*analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Saliva/*chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: A single midnight serum cortisol (MSC) test has been reported to possess the best sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing Cushing's syndrome (CS). However, this test requires patient hospitalization, making it costly. This paper aims to compare the hospital budget impact and accuracy of using midnight salivary cortisol (MSVC), as opposed to MSC, in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism.

METHODS: 77 patients with at least two high urinary free cortisol (UFC) values (>360 nmol/24 h) were selected from 611 patients with clinical symptoms of CS. The costs of the method to confirm the diagnosis of hypercortisolism was calculated comparing Option A using MSC (UFCx2, low-dose dexamethasone suppression test [LDDST]) that requires patient hospitalization versus Option B using MSVC (UFCx2, LDDST) in which the evaluation is done outside the Hospital. A budget impact analysis for one year was developed, and a sensitivity analysis in different scenarios was performed. Reproducibility and diagnostic performance of MSVC and MSC were also measured.

RESULTS: Salivary cortisol is a sound analytical method for evaluating free serum cortisol due to its classification accuracy, good imprecision, linearity, and stability. AUC(ROC) comparison between MSVC and MSC shows no significant differences. The substitution of the MSC for MSVC in our hospital could save between €16,762 and €132,804 in one year.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of MSVC in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism can result in a substantial decrease in the budget impact, without losing diagnosis accuracy and reliability, a significant advantage considering the current emphasis on reducing the financial burden of health care.},
}

*Budgets
Cushing Syndrome/*diagnosis
Female
Hospital Costs
Humans
Hydrocortisone/*analysis
Male
Middle Aged
Reproducibility of Results
Saliva/*chemistry
Sensitivity and Specificity

@article {pmid22179572,
year = {2012},
author = {Erickson, MA and Niehoff, ML and Farr, SA and Morley, JE and Dillman, LA and Lynch, KM and Banks, WA},
title = {Peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the amyloid-β protein precursor reverses AβPP and LRP-1 overexpression in the aged SAMP8 mouse brain.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {951-960},
doi = {10.3233/JAD-2011-111517},
pmid = {22179572},
issn = {1875-8908},
support = {AG029839/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aging/*metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*administration & dosage ; Receptors, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {The senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease has a natural mutation leading to age-related increases in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, memory impairment, and deficits in Aβ removal from the brain. Previous studies show that centrally administered antisense oligonucleotide directed against AβPP can decrease AβPP expression and Aβ production in the brains of aged SAMP8 mice, and improve memory. The same antisense crosses the blood-brain barrier and reverses memory deficits when injected intravenously. Here, we give 6 μg of AβPP or control antisense 3 times over 2 week intervals to 12 month old SAMP8 mice. Object recognition test was done 48 hours later, followed by removal of whole brains for immunoblot analysis of AβPP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (LRP-1), p-glycoprotein (Pgp), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), or ELISA of soluble Aβ(40). Our results show that AβPP antisense completely reverses a 30% age-associated increase in AβPP signal (p < 0.05 versus untreated 4 month old SAMP8). Soluble Aβ(40) increased with age, but was not reversed by antisense. LRP-1 large and small subunits increased significantly with age (147.7%, p < 0.01 and 123.7%, p < 0.05 respectively), and AβPP antisense completely reversed these increases (p < 0.05). Pgp and RAGE were not significantly altered with age or antisense. Antisense also caused improvements in memory (p < 0.001). Together, these data support the therapeutic potential of AβPP antisense and show a unique association between AβPP and LRP-1 expression in the SAMP8 mouse.},
}

Aging/*metabolism/pathology
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
Animals
Brain/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology
Drug Delivery Systems
*Gene Expression Regulation
Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1
Male
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*administration & dosage
Receptors, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism

@article {pmid22413649,
year = {2011},
author = {Schwartz, P and Leyendecker, J and Conlon, M},
title = {Hyperacusis and misophonia: the lesser-known siblings of tinnitus.},
journal = {Minnesota medicine},
volume = {94},
number = {11},
pages = {42-43},
pmid = {22413649},
issn = {0026-556X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Tinnitus/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; },
abstract = {Hyperacusis (decreased sound tolerance) and misophonia (fear of sound) are two conditions about which little is known. Consequently, physicians often struggle when they encounter patients who are affected by them. This article attempts to educate the medical community about hyperacusis and misophonia, both of which can have devastating effects on the lives of patients, and ways to manage them.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Cooperative Behavior
Female
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Humans
Hyperacusis/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy
Interdisciplinary Communication
Tinnitus/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy

@article {pmid23270666,
year = {2012},
author = {Wu, T and Mohan, C},
title = {Lupus nephritis - alarmins may sound the alarm?.},
journal = {Arthritis research & therapy},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {129},
pmid = {23270666},
issn = {1478-6362},
mesh = {Female ; HMGB1 Protein/*urine ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/*urine ; Lupus Nephritis/*diagnosis/*urine ; Male ; },
abstract = {A growing body of literature has documented the elevated levels of the alarmin HMGB1 in lupus skin and serum. Two recent reports highlight the increased expression of HMGB1 in lupus nephritis, within the diseased kidneys or in the urine. Taken together with previous reports, these findings suggest that the interaction of HMGB1 with a variety of receptors, including receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors, might play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. These studies introduce urinary HMGB1 as a novel biomarker candidate in lupus nephritis. Whether alarmins would be effective in sounding the alarm at the incipience of renal damage remains to be ascertained.},
}

Female
HMGB1 Protein/*urine
Humans
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/*urine
Lupus Nephritis/*diagnosis/*urine
Male

@article {pmid23285963,
year = {2012},
author = {Zhu, X and Zhang, J and Li, M},
title = {[Decreased sound tolerance and tinnitus].},
journal = {Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery},
volume = {26},
number = {19},
pages = {909-912},
pmid = {23285963},
issn = {2096-7993},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hyperacusis ; *Tinnitus ; },
abstract = {Decreased sound tolerance includes hyperacusis and/or misphobia (phonophobia). As a commonly subjective symptom, tinnitus is defined to be a sound perceived in the ear or head without corresponding sound or electrical stimulus in the surrounding environment. It is usually occurred with or without hearing loss or harmful psychic reaction, which includes dyssomnia, annoy, rage, anxiety, depress, hard to concentrate, etc. Frequently, tinnitus is accompanied by decreased sound tolerance, while this text is aimed to review the correlated concepts of decreased sound tolerance,and focus on the hyperacusis which is a more common symptom.},
}

Humans
*Hyperacusis
*Tinnitus

@article {pmid23372758,
year = {2013},
author = {Schröder, A and Vulink, N and Denys, D},
title = {Misophonia: diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {e54706},
pmid = {23372758},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*diagnosis ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Some patients report a preoccupation with a specific aversive human sound that triggers impulsive aggression. This condition is relatively unknown and has hitherto never been described, although the phenomenon has anecdotally been named misophonia.

42 patients who reported misophonia were recruited by our hospital website. All patients were interviewed by an experienced psychiatrist and were screened with an adapted version of the Y-BOCS, HAM-D, HAM-A, SCL-90 and SCID II. The misophonia patients shared a similar pattern of symptoms in which an auditory or visual stimulus provoked an immediate aversive physical reaction with anger, disgust and impulsive aggression. The intensity of these emotions caused subsequent obsessions with the cue, avoidance and social dysfunctioning with intense suffering. The symptoms cannot be classified in the current nosological DSM-IV TR or ICD-10 systems.

CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that misophonia should be classified as a discrete psychiatric disorder. Diagnostic criteria could help to officially recognize the patients and the disorder, improve its identification by professional health carers, and encourage scientific research.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Male
Mental Disorders/*diagnosis
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Young Adult

@article {pmid23427903,
year = {2013},
author = {Willems, P},
title = {Decision making in surgical treatment of chronic low back pain: the performance of prognostic tests to select patients for lumbar spinal fusion.},
journal = {Acta orthopaedica. Supplementum},
volume = {84},
number = {349},
pages = {1-35},
doi = {10.3109/17453674.2012.753565},
pmid = {23427903},
issn = {1745-3704},
mesh = {Adult ; Chronic Disease ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Humans ; Low Back Pain/*surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthotic Devices ; Pain Measurement ; *Patient Selection ; Prognosis ; Restraint, Physical ; Spinal Fusion/*methods ; },
abstract = {Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the main causes of disability in the western world with a huge economic burden to society. As yet, no specific underlying anatomic cause has been identified for CLBP. Imaging often reveals degenerative findings of the disc or facet joints of one or more lumbar motion segments. These findings, however, can also be observed in asymptomatic people. It has been suggested that pain in degenerated discs may be caused by the ingrowth of nerve fibers into tears or clefts of the annulus fibrosus or nucleus pulposus, and by reported high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. As this so-called discogenic pain is often exacerbated by mechanical loading, the concept of relieving pain by spinal fusion to stabilise a painful spinal segment, has been developed. For some patients lumbar spinal fusion indeed is beneficial, but its results are highly variable and hard to predict for the individual patient. To identify those CLBP patients who will benefit from fusion, many surgeons rely on tests that are assumed to predict the outcome of spinal fusion. The three most commonly used prognostic tests in daily practice are immobilization in a lumbosacral orthosis, provocative discography and trial immobilization by temporary external transpedicular fixation. Aiming for consensus on the indications for lumbar fusion and in order to improve its results by better patient selection, it is essential to know the role and value of these prognostic tests for CLBP patients in clinical practice. The overall aims of the present thesis were: 1) to evaluate whether there is consensus among spine surgeons regarding the use and appreciation of prognostic tests for lumbar spinal fusion; 2) to verify whether a thoracolumbosacral orthosisis (TLSO) truly minimises lumbosacral motion; 3) to verify whether a TLSO can predict the clinical outcome of fusion for CLBP; 4) to assess whether provocative discography of adjacent segments actually predicts the long-term clinical outcome fusion; 5) to determine the incidence of postdiscography discitis, and whether there is a need for routine antibiotic prophylaxis; 6) to assess whether temporary external transpedicular fixation (TETF) can help to predict the outcome of spinal fusion; 7) to determine the prognostic accuracy of the most commonly used tests in clinical practice to predict the outcome of fusion for CLBP. The results of a national survey among spine surgeons in the Netherlands were presented in Study I. The surgeons were questioned about their opinion on prognostic factors and about the use of predictive tests for lumbar fusion in CLBP patients. The comments were compared with findings from the prevailing literature. The survey revealed a considerable lack of uniformity in the use and appreciation of predictive tests. Prognostic factors known from the literature were not consistently incorporated in the surgeons' decision making process either. This heterogeneity in strategy is most probably caused by the lack of sound scientific evidence for current predictive tests and it was concluded that currently there is not enough consensus among spine surgeons in the Netherlands to create national guidelines for surgical decision making in CLBP. In Study II, the hypothesized working mechanism of a pantaloon cast (i.e., minimisation of lumbosacral joint mobility) was studied. In patients who were admitted for a temporary external transpedicular fixation test (TETF), infrared light markers were rigidly attached to the protruding ends of Steinman pins that were fixed in two spinal levels. In this way three-dimensional motion between these levels could be analysed opto-electronically. During dynamic test conditions such as walking, a plaster cast, either with or without unilateral hip fixation, did not significantly decrease lumbosacral joint motion. Although not substantiated by sound scientific support, lumbosacral orthoses or pantaloon casts are often used in everyday practice as a predictor for the outcome of fusion. A systematic review of the literature supplemented with a prospective cohort study was performed (Study III) in order to assess the value of a pantaloon cast in surgical decision-making. It appeared that only in CLBP patients with no prior spine surgery, a pantaloon cast test with substantial pain relief suggests a favorable outcome of lumbar fusion compared to conservative treatment. In patients with prior spine surgery the test is of no value. It is believed by many spine surgeons that provocative discography, unlike plain radiographs or magnetic resonance imaging, is a physiologic test that can truly determine whether a disc is painful and relevant in a patient's pain syndrome, irrespective of the morphology of the disc. It has been suggested that in order to achieve a successful clinical outcome of lumbar fusion, suspect discs should be painful and adjacent control discs should elicit no pain on provocative discography. For this reason, a cohort of patients in whom the decision to perform lumbar fusion was based on an external fixation (TETF) trial, was analysed retrospectively in Study IV. The results of preoperative discography of solely the levels adjacent to the fusion were compared with the clinical results after spinal fusion. It appeared that in this select group of patients the discographic status of discs adjacent to a lumbar fusion did not have any effect on the clinical outcome. The most feared complication of lumbar discography is discitis. Although low in incidence, this is a serious complication for a diagnostic procedure and prevention by the use of prophylactic antibiotics has been advocated. In search for clinical guidelines, the risk of postdiscography discitis was assessed in Study V by means of a systematic literature review and a cohort of 200 consecutive patients. Without the use of prophylactic antibiotics, an overall incidence of postdiscography discitis of 0.25% was found. To prove that antibiotics would actually prevent discitis, a randomised trial of 9,000 patients would be needed to reach significance. Given the possible adverse effects of antibiotics, it was concluded that the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in lumbar discography is not indicated. In Study VI, the middle- and long-term results of external fixation (TETF) as a test to predict the clinical outcome of lumbar fusion were studied in a group of back pain patients for whom there was doubt about the indication for surgery. The test included a placebo trial, in which the patients were unaware whether the lumbar segmental levels were fixed or dynamised. Using strict and objective criteria of pain reduction on a visual analogue scale, the TETF test failed to predict clinical outcome of fusion in this select group of patients. Pin track infection and nerve root irritation were registered as complications of this invasive test. It was concluded that in chronic low back pain patients with a doubtful indication for fusion, TETF is not recommended as a supplemental tool for surgical decision-making. In Study VII, a systematic literature review was performed regarding the prognostic accuracy of tests that are currently used in clinical practice and that are presumed to predict the outcome of lumbar spinal fusion for CLBP. The tests of interest were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), TLSO immobilisation, TETF, provocative discography and facet joint infiltration. Only 10 studies reporting on three different index tests (discography, TLSO immobilisation and TETF) that truly reported on test qualifiers, such as sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios, could be selected. It appeared that the accuracy of all prognostic tests was low, which confirmed that in many clinical practices patients are scheduled for fusion on the basis of tests, of which the accuracy is insufficient or at best unknown. As the overall methodological quality of included studies was poor, higher quality trials that include negatively tested as well as positively tested patients for fusion, will be needed. It was concluded that at present, best evidence does not support the use of any prognostic test in clinical practice. No subset of patients with low back pain could be identified, for whom spinal fusion is a reliable and effective treatment. In literature, several studies have reported that cognitive behavioural therapy or intensive exercise programs have treatment results similar to those of spinal fusion, but with considerably less complications, morbidity and costs. As the findings of the present thesis show that the currently used tests do not improve the results of fusion by better patient selection, these tests should not be recommended for surgical decision making in standard care. Moreover, spinal fusion should not be proposed as a standard treatment for chronic low back pain. Causality of nonspecific spinal pain is complex and CLBP should not be regarded as a diagnosis, but rather as a symptom in patients with different stages of impairment and disability. Patients should be evaluated in a multidisciplinary setting or Spine Centre according to the so-called biopsychosocial model, which aims to identify underlying psychosocial factors as well as biological factors. Treatment should occur in a stepwise fashion starting with the least invasive treatment. The current approach of CLBP, in which emphasis is laid on self-management and empowerment of patients to take an active course of treatment in order to prevent long-term disability and chronicity, is recommended.},
}

Adult
Chronic Disease
*Decision Making
Female
Humans
Low Back Pain/*surgery
Lumbar Vertebrae/*surgery
Male
Middle Aged
Orthotic Devices
Pain Measurement
*Patient Selection
Prognosis
Restraint, Physical
Spinal Fusion/*methods

@article {pmid23487200,
year = {2013},
author = {Neal, M and Cavanna, AE},
title = {Selective sound sensitivity syndrome (misophonia) in a patient with Tourette syndrome.},
journal = {The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {E01},
doi = {10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11100235},
pmid = {23487200},
issn = {1545-7222},
mesh = {Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tourette Syndrome/*complications ; },
}

Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*etiology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Tourette Syndrome/*complications

@article {pmid23805089,
year = {2013},
author = {Edelstein, M and Brang, D and Rouw, R and Ramachandran, VS},
title = {Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {296},
pmid = {23805089},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {Misophonia is a relatively unexplored chronic condition in which a person experiences autonomic arousal (analogous to an involuntary "fight-or-flight" response) to certain innocuous or repetitive sounds such as chewing, pen clicking, and lip smacking. Misophonics report anxiety, panic, and rage when exposed to trigger sounds, compromising their ability to complete everyday tasks and engage in healthy and normal social interactions. Across two experiments, we measured behavioral and physiological characteristics of the condition. Interviews (Experiment 1) with misophonics showed that the most problematic sounds are generally related to other people's behavior (pen clicking, chewing sounds). Misophonics are however not bothered when they produce these "trigger" sounds themselves, and some report mimicry as a coping strategy. Next, (Experiment 2) we tested the hypothesis that misophonics' subjective experiences evoke an anomalous physiological response to certain auditory stimuli. Misophonic individuals showed heightened ratings and skin conductance responses (SCRs) to auditory, but not visual stimuli, relative to a group of typically developed controls, supporting this general viewpoint and indicating that misophonia is a disorder that produces distinct autonomic effects not seen in typically developed individuals.},
}

@article {pmid23886569,
year = {2014},
author = {Kerkhof, M and Boezen, HM and Granell, R and Wijga, AH and Brunekreef, B and Smit, HA and de Jongste, JC and Thijs, C and Mommers, M and Penders, J and Henderson, J and Koppelman, GH and Postma, DS},
title = {Transient early wheeze and lung function in early childhood associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genes.},
journal = {The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology},
volume = {133},
number = {1},
pages = {68-76.e1-4},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.004},
pmid = {23886569},
issn = {1097-6825},
support = {092731/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; G0401540/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; G9815508/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; MC_PC_15018/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Age of Onset ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung/growth & development/*physiopathology ; Male ; Netherlands ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Respiration/genetics ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Respiratory Sounds/*genetics/physiopathology ; Serpin E2/genetics/metabolism ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that a disturbed early lung development underlies the susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about whether subjects genetically predisposed to COPD show their first symptoms or reduced lung function in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether replicated genes for COPD associate with transient early wheeze (TEW) and lung function levels in 6- to 8-year-old children and whether cigarette smoke exposure in utero and after birth (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS]) modifies these effects.

METHODS: The association of COPD-related genotypes of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 15 genes with TEW, FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio was studied in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort (n = 1996) and replicated in the Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution (KOALA) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohorts.

RESULTS: AGER showed replicated association with FEV1/FVC ratio. TNS1 associated with more TEW in PIAMA and lower FEV1 in ALSPAC. TNS1 interacted with ETS in PIAMA, showing lower FEV1 in exposed children. HHIP rs1828591 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA and with ETS in ALSPAC, with lower lung function in nonexposed children. SERPINE2, FAM13A, and MMP12 associated with higher FEV1 and FVC, and SERPINE2, HHIP, and TGFB1 interacted with cigarette smoke exposure in utero in PIAMA only, showing adverse effects of exposure on FEV1 being limited to children with genotypes conferring the lowest risk of COPD.

CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate relevant involvement of at least 3 COPD genes in lung development and lung growth by demonstrating associations pointing toward reduced airway caliber in early childhood. Furthermore, our results suggest that COPD genes are involved in the infant's lung response to smoke exposure in utero and in early life.},
}

Age of Onset
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Infant
Lung/growth & development/*physiopathology
Male
Netherlands
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*epidemiology/*genetics
Respiration/genetics
Respiratory Function Tests
Respiratory Sounds/*genetics/physiopathology
Serpin E2/genetics/metabolism
Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects

@article {pmid24029726,
year = {2014},
author = {Palmquist, E and Claeson, AS and Neely, G and Stenberg, B and Nordin, S},
title = {Overlap in prevalence between various types of environmental intolerance.},
journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health},
volume = {217},
number = {4-5},
pages = {427-434},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.005},
pmid = {24029726},
issn = {1618-131X},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/*epidemiology ; Noise/adverse effects ; Prevalence ; Sick Building Syndrome/epidemiology ; Sweden/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Environmental intolerance (EI) is characterized by attribution of several, multisystem symptoms to specific environmental exposures, such as exposure to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and everyday sounds. The symptoms are medically unexplained, non-specific and the symptoms overlap between different types of EI. To approach the issue of underlying mechanisms the matter of overlap in prevalence between intolerances can provide valuable information. The aim of the study was to examine if the overlap between intolerance to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, EMFs and sounds is larger than the expected overlap if no association would exist between them. The study was using cross-sectional data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden; a large questionnaire-based survey. 8520 adults (18-79 years) were randomly selected after stratification for age and sex, of whom 3406 (40%) participated. Individuals with the four types of intolerance were identified either through self-report, or by having been physician-diagnosed with a specific EI. The overlaps between the four EIs were greater than predictions based on coincidence for both self-reported and diagnosed cases (except for the overlap between diagnosed intolerance to sounds and EMFs). The results raise the question whether different types of EI share similar underlying mechanisms, or at least that the sufferers of EI share some predisposition to acquire the conditions.},
}

Adult
Aged
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Environmental Exposure
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/*epidemiology
Noise/adverse effects
Prevalence
Sick Building Syndrome/epidemiology
Sweden/epidemiology

@article {pmid24199217,
year = {2013},
author = {Ferreira, GM and Harrison, BJ and Fontenelle, LF},
title = {Hatred of sounds: misophonic disorder or just an underreported psychiatric symptom?.},
journal = {Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {271-274},
pmid = {24199217},
issn = {1547-3325},
mesh = {Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/*classification ; Female ; Hearing Disorders/*classification ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/classification ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*classification ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/*classification ; Tinnitus/classification ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Misophonia, or selective sound sensitivity syndrome, is a preoccupation with or aversion to certain types of sounds that evokes feelings of irritability, disgust, or anger. Recently, it has been suggested that misophonia is a discrete clinical entity deserving of its own place in psychiatric diagnostic manuals. In this paper, we describe 3 patients whose misophonia could be attributed to different underlying primary psychiatric disorders.

METHODS: Case series report.

RESULTS: In these patients, we argue that misophonia is better described as a symptom of a) obsessive-compulsive disorder, b) generalized anxiety disorder, and c) schizotypal personality disorder.

CONCLUSIONS: The nosological status of misophonia remains a matter of debate. Patients who exhibit misophonia as a major complaint should be assessed for other conditions. Further studies on the prevalence, natural history, and additional features of misophonia are needed.},
}

Adult
Anxiety Disorders/*classification
Female
Hearing Disorders/*classification
Humans
Hyperacusis/classification
Male
Middle Aged
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*classification
Schizotypal Personality Disorder/*classification
Tinnitus/classification

@article {pmid24222051,
year = {1990},
author = {McKenna, JJ},
title = {Evolution and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) : Part II: Why human infants?.},
journal = {Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {179-206},
pmid = {24222051},
issn = {1045-6767},
abstract = {Postnatal parent-infant physiological regulatory effects described in the previous paper (Part I) are viewed here as being biologically contiguous with events that occur prenatally, preparing and sensitizing the fetus to the average microenvironment into which the infant is expected, based on its evolutionary past, to be born. Following McKenna (1986), evidence (some of which is circumstantial) is presented concerning fetal hearing and fetal amniotic liquid breathing as they are affected both by maternal cardiovascular blood flow sounds in the uterus and by fluctuating maternal blood sugar levels. These data are linked in turn to the infant's postulated postnatal responsivity to parental sensory cues, including auditory and vestibular respiratory cues that may assist infants as they "learn" to breathe and, for some, to resist a SIDS event.Data on the respiratory and vocalizing behavior of normal and hearing-impaired persons are used to show that not all forms of human breathing are innate; some forms develop with experience. These data reveal how human infants learn, for example, to coordinate higher and lower brain respiratory nuclei in the context of learning initially to cry with intent and purpose and later to speak. Voluntary, cortex-based breathing emerges at the same time that infants are most likely to die from SIDS, between 2 and 4 months of age. This switch between voluntary and involuntary breathing during both sleep (while dreaming) and wake cycles, which depends on the integration of higher cortical and lower brain stem nuclei, is complex and is possibly the basis of the human species' unique susceptibility to SIDS-a syndrome as yet unrecognized in other species. These human infant vulnerabilities, including delayed maturity, can explain in part why natural selection ought to favor increased infant sensitivity to parental sensory cues provided by a caregiver-stimuli available in the evolving parental care environment that included parent-infant co-sleeping for more than 4-5 million years of human evolution.},
}

@article {pmid24333158,
year = {2014},
author = {Webber, TA and Johnson, PL and Storch, EA},
title = {Pediatric misophonia with comorbid obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.},
journal = {General hospital psychiatry},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {231.e1-2},
doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.018},
pmid = {24333158},
issn = {1873-7714},
mesh = {Child ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/psychology ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology ; *Sound ; Tourette Syndrome/*psychology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Misophonia is a potentially debilitating condition characterized by increased sensitivity to specific sounds, which cause subsequent behavioral and emotional responses. The nature, clinical phenomenology and etiology of misophonia remain unclear, and misophonic clinical presentations are not currently accounted for by existing psychiatric or audiological disorders.

METHOD: We present a case of pediatric misophonia in the context of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome.

RESULTS: Given the interrelationships among obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and misophonia, these disorders may share underlying pathophysiology, particularly within the dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems. Clinical (i.e., treatment) and theoretical implications are discussed.},
}

Child
Female
Humans
Mental Disorders/psychology
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology
*Sound
Tourette Syndrome/*psychology

@article {pmid24398366,
year = {2014},
author = {Prado-Barreto, VM and Salvatori, R and Santos Júnior, RC and Brandão-Martins, MB and Correa, EA and Garcez, FB and Valença, EH and Souza, AH and Pereira, RM and Nunes, MA and D'Avila, JS and Aguiar-Oliveira, MH},
title = {Hearing status in adult individuals with lifetime, untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency.},
journal = {Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery},
volume = {150},
number = {3},
pages = {464-471},
doi = {10.1177/0194599813517987},
pmid = {24398366},
issn = {1097-6817},
mesh = {Adult ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dwarfism, Pituitary/complications/*physiopathology ; Female ; Hearing/*physiology ; Hearing Loss/epidemiology/etiology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hearing status of growth hormone (GH)-naive adults with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) belonging to an extended Brazilian kindred with a homozygous mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor gene.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional.

SETTING: Divisions of Endocrinology and Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal University of Sergipe.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six individuals with IGHD (age, 47.6 ± 15.1 years; 13 women) and 25 controls (age, 46.3 ± 14.3 years; 15 women) were administered a questionnaire on hearing complaints and hearing health history. We performed pure-tone audiometry, logoaudiometry, electroacoustic immittance, and stapedial reflex. To assess outer hair cell function in the cochlea, we completed transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). To assess the auditory nerve and auditory brainstem, we obtained auditory brainstem responses (ABRs).

RESULTS: Misophonia and dizziness complaints were more frequent in those with IGHD than in controls (P = .011). Patients with IGHD had higher thresholds at 250 Hz (P = .005), 500 Hz (P = .006), 3 KHz (P = .008), 4 KHz (P = .038), 6 KHz (P = .008), and 8 KHz (P = .048) and mild high-tones hearing loss (P = .029). Stapedial reflex (P < .001) and TEOAEs (P = .025) were more frequent in controls. There were no differences in ABR latencies. Hearing loss in patients with IGHD occurred earlier than in controls (P < .001).

CONCLUSION: Compared with controls of the same area, subjects with untreated, congenital lifetime IGHD report more misophonia and dizziness, have predominance of mild high-tones sensorineural hearing loss, and have an absence of stapedial reflex and TEOAEs.},
}

Adult
Audiometry, Pure-Tone
Brazil/epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dwarfism, Pituitary/complications/*physiopathology
Female
Hearing/*physiology
Hearing Loss/epidemiology/etiology/*physiopathology
Humans
Incidence
Male
Middle Aged
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid24431300,
year = {2014},
author = {Kluckow, H and Telfer, J and Abraham, S},
title = {Should we screen for misophonia in patients with eating disorders? A report of three cases.},
journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
volume = {47},
number = {5},
pages = {558-561},
doi = {10.1002/eat.22245},
pmid = {24431300},
issn = {1098-108X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/diagnosis/*psychology ; Bulimia Nervosa/diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/*complications ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {In this case report, the authors describe three cases of misophonia in people with eating disorders. Misophonia is a condition where a specific trigger sound provokes an intense emotional reaction in an individual. Case 1 is a 29-year-old with childhood eating issues, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa whose trigger was a high-pitched female voice. Case 2 is a 15-year-old diagnosed with anorexia nervosa after misophonia onset. Her trigger was people chewing and eating noisily. Case 3 is a 24-year-old woman who presented with anorexia nervosa prior to misophonia onset. Her trigger was the clinking and chewing of her mother and aunt eating cereal. All three cases identified an eating-related trigger sound with a violent aversive reaction and coping mechanisms involving eating avoidance or having a full mouth. Misophonia may be associated with presentations of eating disorders. This case report adds to the literature about the presentation of misophonia.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Anorexia Nervosa/diagnosis/*psychology
Bulimia Nervosa/diagnosis/*psychology
Female
Humans
Hyperacusis/*complications
Young Adult

@article {pmid24552574,
year = {2014},
author = {Cavanna, AE},
title = {What is misophonia and how can we treat it?.},
journal = {Expert review of neurotherapeutics},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {357-359},
doi = {10.1586/14737175.2014.892418},
pmid = {24552574},
issn = {1744-8360},
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation/*adverse effects ; Affective Symptoms/*complications/*diagnosis ; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/*complications/*diagnosis ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Selective sound sensitivity syndrome or misophonia is a chronic condition characterized by unpleasant emotional experiences and autonomic arousal in response to specific sounds. Over the last few years there have been a few reports detailing the clinical features associated with this condition. These focused reports raise interesting questions about the nosological status of this potentially disabling clinical entity.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation/*adverse effects
Affective Symptoms/*complications/*diagnosis
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/*complications/*diagnosis
Humans

@article {pmid24752915,
year = {2014},
author = {Wu, MS and Lewin, AB and Murphy, TK and Storch, EA},
title = {Misophonia: incidence, phenomenology, and clinical correlates in an undergraduate student sample.},
journal = {Journal of clinical psychology},
volume = {70},
number = {10},
pages = {994-1007},
doi = {10.1002/jclp.22098},
pmid = {24752915},
issn = {1097-4679},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Anger/physiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Auditory Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Comorbidity ; Depression/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology ; Self Report ; Sensation Disorders/*epidemiology ; Students/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Individuals with misophonia display extreme sensitivities to selective sounds, often resulting in negative emotions and subsequent maladaptive behaviors, such as avoidance and anger outbursts. While there has been increasing interest in misophonia, few data have been published to date.

METHOD: This study investigated the incidence, phenomenology, correlates, and impairment associated with misophonia symptoms in 483 undergraduate students through self-report measures.

RESULTS: Misophonia was a relatively common phenomenon, with nearly 20% of the sample reporting clinically significant misophonia symptoms. Furthermore, misophonia symptoms demonstrated strong associations with measures of impairment and general sensory sensitivities, and moderate associations with obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Anxiety mediated the relationship between misophonia and anger outbursts.

CONCLUSION: This investigation contributes to a better understanding of misophonia and indicates potential factors that may co-occur and influence the clinical presentation of a person with misophonia symptoms.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Anger/physiology
Anxiety/epidemiology
Auditory Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*physiopathology
Comorbidity
Depression/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Incidence
Male
Middle Aged
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology
Self Report
Sensation Disorders/*epidemiology
Students/statistics & numerical data
Young Adult

@article {pmid24782731,
year = {2014},
author = {Schröder, A and van Diepen, R and Mazaheri, A and Petropoulos-Petalas, D and Soto de Amesti, V and Vulink, N and Denys, D},
title = {Diminished n1 auditory evoked potentials to oddball stimuli in misophonia patients.},
journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {123},
pmid = {24782731},
issn = {1662-5153},
abstract = {Misophonia (hatred of sound) is a newly defined psychiatric condition in which ordinary human sounds, such as breathing and eating, trigger impulsive aggression. In the current study, we investigated if a dysfunction in the brain's early auditory processing system could be present in misophonia. We screened 20 patients with misophonia with the diagnostic criteria for misophonia, and 14 matched healthy controls without misophonia, and investigated any potential deficits in auditory processing of misophonia patients using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) during an oddball task. Subjects watched a neutral silent movie while being presented a regular frequency of beep sounds in which oddball tones of 250 and 4000 Hz were randomly embedded in a stream of repeated 1000 Hz standard tones. We examined the P1, N1, and P2 components locked to the onset of the tones. For misophonia patients, the N1 peak evoked by the oddball tones had smaller mean peak amplitude than the control group. However, no significant differences were found in P1 and P2 components evoked by the oddball tones. There were no significant differences between the misophonia patients and their controls in any of the ERP components to the standard tones. The diminished N1 component to oddball tones in misophonia patients suggests an underlying neurobiological deficit in misophonia patients. This reduction might reflect a basic impairment in auditory processing in misophonia patients.},
}

@article {pmid24804717,
year = {2014},
author = {Aazh, H and McFerran, D and Salvi, R and Prasher, D and Jastreboff, M and Jastreboff, P},
title = {Insights from the First International Conference on Hyperacusis: causes, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment.},
journal = {Noise & health},
volume = {16},
number = {69},
pages = {123-126},
doi = {10.4103/1463-1741.132100},
pmid = {24804717},
issn = {1463-1741},
support = {DRF-2011-04-001/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Anxiety/*psychology/therapy ; Auditory Cortex/*physiopathology ; Auditory Perception ; Child ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods ; Humans ; *Hyperacusis/diagnosis/psychology/therapy ; *Noise ; Sound ; },
abstract = {The First International Conference on Hyperacusis gathered over 100 scientists and health care professionals in London, UK. Key conclusions from the conference included: (1) Hyperacusis is characterized by reduced tolerance of sound that has perceptual, psychological and social dimensions; (2) there is a growing awareness that children as well as adults experience symptoms of hyperacusis or misophonia; (3) the exact mechanisms that give rise to hyperacusis are not clear, but the available evidence suggests that functional changes within the central nervous system are important and in particular, hyperacusis may be related to increased gain in the central auditory pathways and to increased anxiety or emotional response to sound; (4) various counseling and sound therapy approaches seem beneficial in the management of hyperacusis, but the evidence base for these remains poor.},
}

Adult
Anxiety/*psychology/therapy
Auditory Cortex/*physiopathology
Auditory Perception
Child
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods
Humans
*Hyperacusis/diagnosis/psychology/therapy
*Noise
Sound

@article {pmid25726280,
year = {2015},
author = {Jastreboff, PJ and Jastreboff, MM},
title = {Decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis, misophonia, diplacousis, and polyacousis.},
journal = {Handbook of clinical neurology},
volume = {129},
number = {},
pages = {375-387},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00021-4},
pmid = {25726280},
issn = {0072-9752},
mesh = {Auditory Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Definitions, potential mechanisms, and treatments for decreased sound tolerance, hyperacusis, misophonia, and diplacousis are presented with an emphasis on the associated physiologic and neurophysiological processes and principles. A distinction is made between subjects who experience these conditions versus patients who suffer from them. The role of the limbic and autonomic nervous systems and other brain systems involved in cases of bothersome decreased sound tolerance is stressed. The neurophysiological model of tinnitus is outlined with respect to how it may contribute to our understanding of these phenomena and their treatment.},
}

Auditory Perceptual Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Humans
Hyperacusis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology

@article {pmid25834771,
year = {2015},
author = {Barratt, EL and Davis, NJ},
title = {Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): a flow-like mental state.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {e851},
pmid = {25834771},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a previously unstudied sensory phenomenon, in which individuals experience a tingling, static-like sensation across the scalp, back of the neck and at times further areas in response to specific triggering audio and visual stimuli. This sensation is widely reported to be accompanied by feelings of relaxation and well-being. The current study identifies several common triggers used to achieve ASMR, including whispering, personal attention, crisp sounds and slow movements. Data obtained also illustrates temporary improvements in symptoms of depression and chronic pain in those who engage in ASMR. A high prevalence of synaesthesia (5.9%) within the sample suggests a possible link between ASMR and synaesthesia, similar to that of misophonia. Links between number of effective triggers and heightened flow state suggest that flow may be necessary to achieve sensations associated with ASMR.},
}

@article {pmid25862626,
year = {2015},
author = {Jastreboff, PJ},
title = {25 years of tinnitus retraining therapy.},
journal = {HNO},
volume = {63},
number = {4},
pages = {307-311},
pmid = {25862626},
issn = {1433-0458},
mesh = {Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods ; Desensitization, Psychologic/*methods ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Hearing Loss/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy ; Humans ; Tinnitus/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {This year marks 25 years of tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT), the approach that aims to eliminate tinnitus as a problem by extinguishing functional connections between the auditory and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems to achieve habituation of tinnitus-evoked reactions and subsequently habituation of perception. TRT addresses directly decreased sound tolerance (DST) as well as tinnitus. TRT consists of counseling and sound therapy, both based on the neurophysiological model of tinnitus. The main goal of retraining counseling is to reclassify tinnitus into the category of a neutral stimulus, while the main goal of sound therapy is to decrease the strength of tinnitus-related neuronal activity. A unique aspect of TRT is that because treatment is aimed to work above the tinnitus source, and at connections linking the auditory and other systems in the brain, the etiology of tinnitus is irrelevant. Any type of tinnitus, as well as somatosounds, can be successfully treated by TRT. Over 100 publications can be found on Medline when using "tinnitus retraining therapy" as a search term. The majority of these publications indicate TRT offers significant help for about 80 % of patients. A randomized clinical trial showing the effectiveness of TRT has been published and another large study is in progress. The principles of the neurophysiological model of tinnitus, and consequently TRT, have not changed in over 25 years of use, but a number of changes have been introduced in TRT implementation. These changes include the recognition of the importance of conditioned reflexes and the dominant role of the subconscious pathways; the introduction of the concept of misophonia (i.e., negative reactions to specific patterns of sound) and the implementation of specific protocols for its treatment; greater emphasis on the concurrent treatment of tinnitus, hyperacusis, misophonia, and hearing loss; extensive modification of counseling; and refinements in sound therapy. The effectiveness of TRT has increased significantly during the past 25 years, presumably due to changes incorporated in its implementation. The main improvement has been to shorten the average time until seeing clear improvement from 1 year to 1 month, with a statistically significant improvement seen at, and after, 3 months. Furthermore, there is a higher effectiveness and a shorter treatment time for DST and an increased extent of help for hearing loss.},
}

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods
Desensitization, Psychologic/*methods
Evidence-Based Medicine
Habituation, Psychophysiologic
Hearing Loss/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy
Humans
Tinnitus/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid25886953,
year = {2015},
author = {Schneider, RL and Arch, JJ},
title = {Letter to the editor: potential treatment targets for misophonia.},
journal = {General hospital psychiatry},
volume = {37},
number = {4},
pages = {370-371},
doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.020},
pmid = {25886953},
issn = {1873-7714},
mesh = {Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*psychology ; Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology ; },
}

Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*psychology
Humans
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology

@article {pmid25886954,
year = {2015},
author = {Webber, TA and Storch, EA},
title = {Toward a theoretical model of misophonia.},
journal = {General hospital psychiatry},
volume = {37},
number = {4},
pages = {369-370},
doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.019},
pmid = {25886954},
issn = {1873-7714},
mesh = {Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*psychology ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Models, Theoretical ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology ; },
}

Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*psychology
Humans
Models, Psychological
Models, Theoretical
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology

@article {pmid25915989,
year = {2015},
author = {Jacot, CR and Eric, T and Sentissi, O},
title = {[Misophonia or aversion to human sound: a clinical illustration].},
journal = {Revue medicale suisse},
volume = {11},
number = {462},
pages = {466-469},
pmid = {25915989},
issn = {1660-9379},
mesh = {*Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Sound ; },
abstract = {Misophonia, meaning hatred of sound, is a cluster of symptoms which is not completely included in anxiety disorders category as obsessive compulsive or as an impulsivity disorder. It is described as a chronic condition characterized by reactions, aversion to specific sounds that result in subsequent emotional. Indeed, this condition is relatively unknown and few psychiatrists have already faced this disorder causing in some individuals severe impairment. The investigation of a patient suffering of misophonia with severe impairment that we took into care in an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Geneva contributes to a better understanding of this condition and indicates potential factors that may co-occur and influence the clinical presentation. The good response in psychotherapy, has led us to carry out a brief review of the literature in order to better define and identify this disorder.},
}

*Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/therapy
Female
Humans
Middle Aged
*Sound

@article {pmid26035184,
year = {2015},
author = {McGuire, JF and Wu, MS and Storch, EA},
title = {Cognitive-behavioral therapy for 2 youths with misophonia.},
journal = {The Journal of clinical psychiatry},
volume = {76},
number = {5},
pages = {573-574},
doi = {10.4088/JCP.14cr09343},
pmid = {26035184},
issn = {1555-2101},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Auditory Perceptual Disorders/physiopathology/*therapy ; Child ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/physiopathology/therapy ; Implosive Therapy/methods ; *Sound ; },
}

Adolescent
Auditory Perceptual Disorders/physiopathology/*therapy
Child
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods
Female
Humans
Hyperacusis/physiopathology/therapy
Implosive Therapy/methods
*Sound

@article {pmid26118234,
year = {2015},
author = {Stiefel, F and Michael, S},
title = {[Misophonia and contemporary psychiatry].},
journal = {Revue medicale suisse},
volume = {11},
number = {474},
pages = {1088},
pmid = {26118234},
issn = {1660-9379},
mesh = {*Anxiety Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; *Sound ; },
}

*Anxiety Disorders
Female
Humans
*Sound

@article {pmid26316758,
year = {2015},
author = {Cavanna, AE and Seri, S},
title = {Misophonia: current perspectives.},
journal = {Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {2117-2123},
pmid = {26316758},
issn = {1176-6328},
abstract = {Misophonia is characterized by a negative reaction to a sound with a specific pattern and meaning to a given individual. In this paper, we review the clinical features of this relatively common yet underinvestigated condition, with focus on co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders. Currently available data on the putative pathophysiology of the condition can inform our understanding and guide the diagnostic process and treatment approach. Tinnitus retraining therapy and cognitive behavior therapy have been proposed as the most effective treatment strategies for reducing symptoms; however, current treatment algorithms should be validated in large population studies. At the present stage, competing paradigms see misophonia as a physiological state potentially inducible in any subject, an idiopathic condition (which can present with comorbid psychiatric disorders), or a symptomatic manifestation of an underlying psychiatric disorder. Agreement on the use of standardized diagnostic criteria would be an important step forward in terms of both clinical practice and scientific inquiry. Areas for future research include phenomenology, epidemiology, modulating factors, neurophysiological underpinnings, and treatment trials.},
}

@article {pmid26422327,
year = {2016},
author = {Parial, LL and Torres, GC and Macindo, JR},
title = {Family Presence During Resuscitation Benefits-Risks Scale (FPDR-BRS): Instrument Development and Psychometric Validation.},
journal = {Journal of emergency nursing},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {213-223},
doi = {10.1016/j.jen.2015.08.018},
pmid = {26422327},
issn = {1527-2966},
mesh = {Adult ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Emergency Nursing ; Family/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Personnel, Hospital/*psychology ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Resuscitation/*psychology ; Risk Assessment ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) is a growing health care practice; nevertheless, countless controversies surround this medical principle. Several studies have investigated the perceptions of health care professionals toward FPDR, yet psychometrically sound instruments assessing family members' perceptions of FPDR are scarce. Hence we aimed to develop and psychometrically validate the Family Presence During Resuscitation Benefits-Risks Scale (FPDR-BRS).

METHODS: Using a methodological design, an initial 27-item questionnaire was developed after extensive literature and theoretical review. Psychometric validation assessed content validity through a 2-step process involving expert nurses and doctors, basic item analysis, internal consistency using Cronbach's α, and construct validity via exploratory factor analysis. After acquiring Ethics Review Board approval, the FPDR-BRS was tested on 130 randomly selected eligible family members from a tertiary government hospital in the Philippines.

RESULTS: The initial 27-item questionnaire was reduced to 23 items after content validation, yielding an item content validity index and scale content validity index/Ave rage of 1.00. Basic item analysis revealed acceptable inter-item and item-scale correlations. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 4 factors, namely, personnel risks, personal risks, insight-building benefits, and connection-forming benefits. Cronbach's α for the entire scale was 0.90, with high subscale reliability coefficients.

DISCUSSION: The 23-item FPDR-BRS exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and may be used to quantitatively measure a family member's perception towards witnessing the resuscitation of his or her significant other. Further comprehensive psychometric evaluations are warranted to ensure robust cross-cultural comparisons.},
}

Adult
*Attitude of Health Personnel
Emergency Nursing
Family/*psychology
Female
Humans
Male
Personnel, Hospital/*psychology
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Resuscitation/*psychology
Risk Assessment
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid26449104,
year = {2015},
author = {Gédance, D},
title = {[Misophonia and contemporary psychiatry].},
journal = {Revue medicale suisse},
volume = {11},
number = {482},
pages = {1504-1505},
pmid = {26449104},
issn = {1660-9379},
mesh = {*Anxiety Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; *Sound ; },
}

*Anxiety Disorders
Female
Humans
*Sound

@article {pmid26508801,
year = {2016},
author = {Bruxner, G},
title = {'Mastication rage': a review of misophonia - an under-recognised symptom of psychiatric relevance?.},
journal = {Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {195-197},
doi = {10.1177/1039856215613010},
pmid = {26508801},
issn = {1440-1665},
mesh = {Anxiety Disorders/*psychology ; Depression/*psychology ; Hearing Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Humans ; *Mastication ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology ; *Rage ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the condition of misophonia, its definition, possible neurological correlates, its associated morbidity, its possible psychiatric relevance and potential treatment.

METHOD: Provision of an illustrative case vignette and a review of the limited literature.

RESULTS: Misophonia is a symptom associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders and may be a syndrome in itself associated with significant distress and avoidance. Treatments are not well validated.

CONCLUSION: Misophonia may be an under-recognised condition of psychiatric relevance.},
}

Anxiety Disorders/*psychology
Depression/*psychology
Hearing Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology
Humans
*Mastication
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*psychology
*Rage

@article {pmid26617171,
year = {2015},
author = {Blegvad-Nissen, C and Thomsen, PH},
title = {[Misophonia is a neglected disorder].},
journal = {Ugeskrift for laeger},
volume = {177},
number = {48},
pages = {V04150309},
pmid = {26617171},
issn = {1603-6824},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis ; Sound/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {A 14-year-old girl, who was diagnosed with OCD when she was 11-year-old, experienced emotional reactions and autonomic arousal in response to specific human-made sounds. At first she thought that these symptoms were part of her OCD, but it became clear to her that she suffered from misophonia - a disorder not yet classified.},
}

Adolescent
Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis
Female
Humans
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis
Sound/adverse effects

@article {pmid27369067,
year = {2016},
author = {Schelinski, S and Borowiak, K and von Kriegstein, K},
title = {Temporal voice areas exist in autism spectrum disorder but are dysfunctional for voice identity recognition.},
journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
volume = {11},
number = {11},
pages = {1812-1822},
pmid = {27369067},
issn = {1749-5024},
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Adult ; Asperger Syndrome/physiopathology/psychology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/*physiopathology/psychology ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Communication ; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology ; Facial Recognition/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/physiology ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recognition, Psychology/*physiology ; Speech Perception/*physiology ; Statistics as Topic ; Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology ; *Voice/physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The ability to recognise the identity of others is a key requirement for successful communication. Brain regions that respond selectively to voices exist in humans from early infancy on. Currently, it is unclear whether dysfunction of these voice-sensitive regions can explain voice identity recognition impairments. Here, we used two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to investigate voice processing in a population that has been reported to have no voice-sensitive regions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our results refute the earlier report that individuals with ASD have no responses in voice-sensitive regions: Passive listening to vocal, compared to non-vocal, sounds elicited typical responses in voice-sensitive regions in the high-functioning ASD group and controls. In contrast, the ASD group had a dysfunction in voice-sensitive regions during voice identity but not speech recognition in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (STS/STG)-a region implicated in processing complex spectrotemporal voice features and unfamiliar voices. The right anterior STS/STG correlated with voice identity recognition performance in controls but not in the ASD group. The findings suggest that right STS/STG dysfunction is critical for explaining voice recognition impairments in high-functioning ASD and show that ASD is not characterised by a general lack of voice-sensitive responses.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation
Adult
Asperger Syndrome/physiopathology/psychology
Autism Spectrum Disorder/*physiopathology/psychology
Brain Mapping/*methods
Communication
Dominance, Cerebral/physiology
Facial Recognition/physiology
Female
Humans
Intelligence/physiology
*Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Middle Aged
Recognition, Psychology/*physiology
Speech Perception/*physiology
Statistics as Topic
Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology
*Voice/physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid27509398,
year = {2016},
author = {Jesus, NO and Angrisani, RG and Maruta, EC and Azevedo, MF},
title = {Suppression effect of otoacoustic emissions in term and preterm infants.},
journal = {CoDAS},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {331-337},
doi = {10.1590/2317-1782/20162015153},
pmid = {27509398},
issn = {2317-1782},
mesh = {Acoustic Stimulation ; Auditory Threshold/physiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/*physiology ; Female ; Functional Laterality/*physiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/*physiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: This research aims at verifying the occurrence and magnitude of suppression effect of otoacoustic emissions evoked by transient stimulus in term and preterm infants, setting a benchmark for clinical use.

METHODS: The study sample consisted of 40 infants, with a rage of age from five days to four months, without any risk indicators for hearing loss and otoacoustic emissions present at birth: the 20 term and 20 preterm infants spent more than five days in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Linear click was presented at 65 dB Sound Pressure Level, in blocks of 15 seconds without noise, and with contralateral noise at 60 dB Sound Pressure Level. The reduced response in the presence of noise indicates positive suppression effect. Mean values of suppression were established and the comparison between the groups was analyzed statistically.

RESULTS: Suppression occurred in 100% of the children and did not vary as a function of ear side and between the groups.

CONCLUSION: All children presented suppression regardless of the group. The average suppression obtained on the total population was 0.85 dB. The minimum recommended criterion for clinical use was a reduction of 0.20 dB in the overall response.},
}

Acoustic Stimulation
Auditory Threshold/physiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Evoked Potentials, Auditory/*physiology
Female
Functional Laterality/*physiology
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Male
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/*physiology

@article {pmid27719856,
year = {2016},
author = {Baguley, DM and Cope, TE and McFerran, DJ},
title = {Functional auditory disorders.},
journal = {Handbook of clinical neurology},
volume = {139},
number = {},
pages = {367-378},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00032-1},
pmid = {27719856},
issn = {0072-9752},
mesh = {Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Humans ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/*diagnosis ; Somatoform Disorders/*diagnosis ; },
abstract = {There are a number of auditory symptom syndromes that can develop without an organic basis. Some of these, such as nonorganic hearing loss, affect populations similar to those presenting with functional somatosensory and motor symptoms, while others, such as musical hallucination, affect populations with a significantly different demographic and require different treatment strategies. Many of these conditions owe their origin to measurably abnormal peripheral sensory pathology or brain network activity, but their pathological impact is often due, at least in part, to overamplification of the salience of these phenomena. For each syndrome, this chapter briefly outlines a definition, demographics, investigations, putative mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Consideration is given to what extent they can be considered to have a functional basis. Treatments are in many cases pragmatic and rudimentary, needing more work to be done in integrating insights from behavioral and cognitive psychology to auditory neuroscience. The audiology literature has historically equated the term functional with malingering, although this perception is, thankfully, slowly changing. These disorders transcend the disciplines of audiology, otorhinolaryngology, neurology and psychiatry, and a multidisciplinary approach is often rewarding.},
}

Auditory Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology
Humans
Psychophysiologic Disorders/*diagnosis
Somatoform Disorders/*diagnosis

@article {pmid27838888,
year = {2017},
author = {Viziano, A and Micarelli, A and Alessandrini, M},
title = {Noise sensitivity and hyperacusis in patients affected by multiple chemical sensitivity.},
journal = {International archives of occupational and environmental health},
volume = {90},
number = {2},
pages = {189-196},
pmid = {27838888},
issn = {1432-1246},
mesh = {Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/*epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Multiple Chemical Sensitivity ; Noise/*adverse effects ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of noise sensitivity and hyperacusis in patients suffering from multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), a chronic condition characterized by several symptoms following low-level chemical exposure. Moreover, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) were performed to further study cochlear function.

METHODS: A questionnaire-based survey was performed. Eighteen MCS patients, selected with strict diagnostic criteria, and 20 healthy age- and gender-matched subjects filled Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Questionnaire (WNS) and Khalfa's Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ). Results were compared with scores from the quick Environmental Exposure Sensitivity Index (qEESI), a routinarily used questionnaire to screen MCS symptoms, and with DPOAE values. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between MCS and control subjects scores; moreover, Spearman's rank correlation test was performed between questionnaire results.

RESULTS: ANOVA testing on DPOAE values showed any significant difference between groups, while WNS, HQ and qEESI scores were significantly higher in MCS group compared to controls. Correlation analysis showed strong positive correlation between WNS, HQ and qEESI in MCS subjects.

CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, auditory-related perceptual disorders were studied in MCS. A strong association between WNS, HQ results and MCS symptoms severity has been highlighted. These findings suggest that decreased sound tolerance and noise sensitivity could be considered as possible new aspects of this syndrome, contributing to its peculiar phenotype. Furthermore, as DPOAE values did not differ from healthy subjects, present findings might suggest a 'central' source for such disorders in this group of patients.},
}

Adult
Female
Humans
Hyperacusis/*epidemiology
Male
Middle Aged
*Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Noise/*adverse effects
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid28162895,
year = {2017},
author = {Kumar, S and Tansley-Hancock, O and Sedley, W and Winston, JS and Callaghan, MF and Allen, M and Cope, TE and Gander, PE and Bamiou, DE and Griffiths, TD},
title = {The Brain Basis for Misophonia.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {527-533},
pmid = {28162895},
issn = {1879-0445},
support = {091593/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; MR/J011207/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Anger/*physiology ; Anxiety Disorders/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology ; Brain/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology ; Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging/*physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sound/*adverse effects ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Misophonia is an affective sound-processing disorder characterized by the experience of strong negative emotions (anger and anxiety) in response to everyday sounds, such as those generated by other people eating, drinking, chewing, and breathing [1-8]. The commonplace nature of these sounds (often referred to as "trigger sounds") makes misophonia a devastating disorder for sufferers and their families, and yet nothing is known about the underlying mechanism. Using functional and structural MRI coupled with physiological measurements, we demonstrate that misophonic subjects show specific trigger-sound-related responses in brain and body. Specifically, fMRI showed that in misophonic subjects, trigger sounds elicit greatly exaggerated blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the anterior insular cortex (AIC), a core hub of the "salience network" that is critical for perception of interoceptive signals and emotion processing. Trigger sounds in misophonics were associated with abnormal functional connectivity between AIC and a network of regions responsible for the processing and regulation of emotions, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), posteromedial cortex (PMC), hippocampus, and amygdala. Trigger sounds elicited heightened heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) in misophonic subjects, which were mediated by AIC activity. Questionnaire analysis showed that misophonic subjects perceived their bodies differently: they scored higher on interoceptive sensibility than controls, consistent with abnormal functioning of AIC. Finally, brain structural measurements implied greater myelination within vmPFC in misophonic individuals. Overall, our results show that misophonia is a disorder in which abnormal salience is attributed to particular sounds based on the abnormal activation and functional connectivity of AIC.},
}

Adult
Anger/*physiology
Anxiety Disorders/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology
Brain/diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology
Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging/*physiology
Emotions/physiology
Female
Galvanic Skin Response
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Middle Aged
Sound/*adverse effects
Young Adult

@article {pmid28441620,
year = {2017},
author = {Schröder, AE and Vulink, NC and van Loon, AJ and Denys, DA},
title = {Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in misophonia: An open trial.},
journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
volume = {217},
number = {},
pages = {289-294},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.017},
pmid = {28441620},
issn = {1573-2517},
mesh = {Adult ; *Anger ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Research Design ; Sensation Disorders/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Misophonia is a psychiatric disorder in which ordinary human sounds like smacking or chewing provoke intense anger and disgust. Despite the high burden of this condition, to date there is no evidence-based treatment available. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and investigated whether clinical or demographic characteristics predicted treatment response.

METHODS: Ninety patients with misophonia received eight bi-weekly group CBT sessions. Treatment response was defined as a Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale (CGI-I) score at endpoint of 1 or 2 (very much or much improved) and a 30% or greater reduction on the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S), a measure of the severity of misophonia symptoms.

RESULTS: Following treatment 48% (N=42) of the patients showed a significant reduction of misophonia symptoms. Severity of misophonia and the presence of disgust were positive predictors of treatment response.

LIMITATIONS: The A-MISO-S is not a validated scale. Furthermore, this was an open-label study with a waiting list control condition.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first treatment study for misophonia. Our results suggest that CBT is effective in half of the patients.},
}

Adult
*Anger
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychotherapy, Group
Research Design
Sensation Disorders/*therapy
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid28555110,
year = {2017},
author = {Tan, H and Bungert-Plümke, S and Fahlke, C and Stölting, G},
title = {Reduced Membrane Insertion of CLC-K by V33L Barttin Results in Loss of Hearing, but Leaves Kidney Function Intact.},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {269},
pmid = {28555110},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {In the mammalian ear, transduction of sound stimuli is initiated by K[+] entry through mechano-sensitive channels into inner hair cells. K[+] entry is driven by a positive endocochlear potential that is maintained by the marginal cell layer of the stria vascularis. This process requires basolateral K[+] import by NKCC1 Na[+]-2Cl[-]-K[+] co-transporters as well as Cl[-] efflux through ClC-Ka/barttin or ClC-Kb/barttin channels. Multiple mutations in the gene encoding the obligatory CLC-K subunit barttin, BSND, have been identified in patients with Bartter syndrome type IV. These mutations reduce the endocochlear potential and cause deafness. As CLC-K/barttin channels are also expressed in the kidney, patients with Bartter syndrome IV typically also suffer from salt-wasting hyperuria and electrolyte imbalances. However, there was a single report on a BSND mutation that resulted only in deafness, but not kidney disease. We herein studied the functional consequences of another recently discovered BSND mutation that predicts exchange of valine at position 33 by leucine. We combined whole-cell patch clamp, confocal microscopy and protein biochemistry to analyze how V33L affects distinct functions of barttin. We found that V33L reduced membrane insertion of CLC-K/barttin complexes without altering unitary CLC-K channel function. Our findings support the hypothesis of a common pathophysiology for the selective loss of hearing due to an attenuation of the total chloride conductance in the stria vascularis while providing enough residual function to maintain normal kidney function.},
}

@article {pmid28561277,
year = {2018},
author = {Rouw, R and Erfanian, M},
title = {A Large-Scale Study of Misophonia.},
journal = {Journal of clinical psychology},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {453-479},
doi = {10.1002/jclp.22500},
pmid = {28561277},
issn = {1097-4679},
mesh = {Adult ; Affective Symptoms/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Hearing Disorders/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Perceptual Disorders/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; *Quality of Life ; Severity of Illness Index ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; Synesthesia ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aim to elucidate misophonia, a condition in which particular sounds elicit disproportionally strong aversive reactions.

METHOD: A large online study extensively surveyed personal, developmental, and clinical characteristics of over 300 misophonics.

RESULTS: Most participants indicated that their symptoms started in childhood or early teenage years. Severity of misophonic responses increases over time. One third of participants reported having family members with similar symptoms. Half of our participants reported no comorbid clinical conditions, and the other half reported a variety of conditions. Only posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was related to the severity of the misophonic symptoms. Remarkably, half of the participants reported experiencing euphoric, relaxing, and tingling sensations with particular sounds or sights, a relatively unfamiliar phenomenon called autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR).

CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that another "real" underlying clinical, psychiatric, or psychological disorder can explain away the misophonia. The possible relationship with PTSD and ASMR warrants further investigation.},
}

Adult
Affective Symptoms/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Comorbidity
Female
Hearing Disorders/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Pain/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Perceptual Disorders/epidemiology/*physiopathology
*Quality of Life
Severity of Illness Index
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*physiopathology
Synesthesia

@article {pmid28571795,
year = {2017},
author = {Taylor, S},
title = {Misophonia: A new mental disorder?.},
journal = {Medical hypotheses},
volume = {103},
number = {},
pages = {109-117},
doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.003},
pmid = {28571795},
issn = {1532-2777},
mesh = {Affective Symptoms/*diagnosis ; Anger ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Behavior ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; *Emotions ; Hearing Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Humans ; Hyperacusis/complications ; Mental Disorders/complications ; Models, Theoretical ; *Sound ; Tinnitus/complications ; },
abstract = {Misophonia, a phenomenon first described in the audiology literature, is characterized by intense emotional reactions (e.g., anger, rage, anxiety, disgust) in response to highly specific sounds, particularly sounds of human origin such as oral or nasal noises made by other people (e.g., chewing, sniffing, slurping, lip smacking). Misophonia is not listed in any of the contemporary psychiatric classification systems. Some investigators have argued that misophonia should be regarded as a new mental disorder, falling within the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive related disorders. Other researchers have disputed this claim. The purpose of this article is to critically examine the proposition that misophonia should be classified as a new mental disorder. The clinical and research literature on misophonia was examined and considered in the context of the broader literature on what constitutes a mental disorder. There have been growing concerns that diagnostic systems such as DSM-5 tend to over-pathologize ordinary quirks and eccentricities. Accordingly, solid evidence is required for proposing a new psychiatric disorder. The available evidence suggests that (a) misophonia meets many of the general criteria for a mental disorder and has some evidence of clinical utility as a diagnostic construct, but (b) the nature and boundaries of the syndrome are unclear; for example, in some cases misophonia might be simply one feature of a broader pattern of sensory intolerance, and (c) considerably more research is required, particularly work concerning diagnostic validity, before misophonia, defined as either as a disorder or as a key feature of some broader syndrome of sensory intolerance, should be considered as a diagnostic construct in the psychiatric nomenclature. A research roadmap is proposed for the systematic evaluation as to whether misophonia should be considered for future editions of DSM or ICD.},
}

Affective Symptoms/*diagnosis
Anger
Anxiety
Anxiety Disorders/psychology
Behavior
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
*Emotions
Hearing Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology
Humans
Hyperacusis/complications
Mental Disorders/complications
Models, Theoretical
*Sound
Tinnitus/complications

@article {pmid28579480,
year = {2018},
author = {Tavassoli, T and Miller, LJ and Schoen, SA and Jo Brout, J and Sullivan, J and Baron-Cohen, S},
title = {Sensory reactivity, empathizing and systemizing in autism spectrum conditions and sensory processing disorder.},
journal = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {72-77},
pmid = {28579480},
issn = {1878-9307},
support = {G0600977/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; *Empathy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Sensation ; },
abstract = {Although the DSM-5 added sensory symptoms as a criterion for ASC, there is a group of children who display sensory symptoms but do not have ASC; children with sensory processing disorder (SPD). To be able to differentiate these two disorders, our aim was to evaluate whether children with ASC show more sensory symptomatology and/or different cognitive styles in empathy and systemizing compared to children with SPD and typically developing (TD) children. The study included 210 participants: 68 children with ASC, 79 with SPD and 63 TD children. The Sensory Processing Scale Inventory was used to measure sensory symptoms, the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) to measure autistic traits, and the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) to measure cognitive styles. Across groups, a greater sensory symptomatology was associated with lower empathy. Further, both the ASC and SPD groups showed more sensory symptoms than TD children. Children with ASC and SPD only differed on sensory under-reactivity. The ASD group did, however, show lower empathy and higher systemizing scores than the SPD group. Together, this suggest that sensory symptoms alone may not be adequate to differentiate children with ASC and SPD but that cognitive style measures could be used for differential diagnosis.},
}

Adolescent
Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/*physiopathology/*psychology
Child
Child Development
Child, Preschool
*Cognition
*Empathy
Female
Humans
Male
*Sensation

@article {pmid28626391,
year = {2017},
author = {Schröder, A and van Wingen, G and Vulink, NC and Denys, D},
title = {Commentary: The Brain Basis for Misophonia.},
journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {111},
pmid = {28626391},
issn = {1662-5153},
}

@article {pmid28706477,
year = {2017},
author = {Kumar, S and Griffiths, TD},
title = {Response: Commentary: The Brain Basis for Misophonia.},
journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {127},
pmid = {28706477},
issn = {1662-5153},
support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
}

@article {pmid28823694,
year = {2018},
author = {Sanchez, TG and Silva, FED},
title = {Familial misophonia or selective sound sensitivity syndrome : evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance?.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology},
volume = {84},
number = {5},
pages = {553-559},
pmid = {28823694},
issn = {1808-8686},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Anger ; Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology ; Child ; Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/genetics/psychology ; *Emotions ; Family ; Female ; Hearing Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology ; Quality of Life ; Sound ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Syndrome ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Misophonia is a recently described, poorly understood and neglected condition. It is characterized by strong negative reactions of hatred, anger or fear when subjects have to face some selective and low level repetitive sounds. The most common ones that trigger such aversive reactions are those elicited by the mouth (chewing gum or food, popping lips) or the nose (breathing, sniffing, and blowing) or by the fingers (typing, kneading paper, clicking pen, drumming on the table). Previous articles have cited that such individuals usually know at least one close relative with similar symptoms, suggesting a possible hereditary component.

OBJECTIVE: We found and described a family with 15 members having misophonia, detailing their common characteristics and the pattern of sounds that trigger such strong discomfort.

METHODS: All 15 members agreed to give us their epidemiological data, and 12 agreed to answer a specific questionnaire which investigated the symptoms, specific trigger sounds, main feelings evoked and attitudes adopted by each participant.

RESULTS: The 15 members belong to three generations of the family. Their age ranged from 9 to 73 years (mean 38.3 years; median 41 years) and 10 were females. Analysis of the 12 questionnaires showed that 10 subjects (83.3%) developed the first symptoms during childhood or adolescence. The mean annoyance score on the Visual Analog Scale from 0 to 10 was 7.3 (median 7.5). Individuals reported hatred/anger, irritability and anxiety in response to sounds, and faced the situation asking to stop the sound, leaving/avoiding the place and even fighting. The self-reported associated symptoms were anxiety (91.3%), tinnitus (50%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (41.6%), depression (33.3%), and hypersensitivity to sounds (25%).

CONCLUSION: The high incidence of misophonia in this particular familial distribution suggests that it might be more common than expected and raises the possibility of having a hereditary etiology.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
*Anger
Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology
Child
Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/genetics/psychology
*Emotions
Family
Female
Hearing Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics/*psychology
Quality of Life
Sound
Surveys and Questionnaires
Syndrome
Young Adult

@article {pmid28859824,
year = {2017},
author = {Erfanian, M and Jo Brout, J and Edelstein, M and Kumar, S and Mannino, M and Miller, LJ and Rouw, R and Rosenthal, MZ},
title = {REMOVED: Investigating misophonia: A review of the literature, clinical implications and research agenda reflecting current neuroscience and emotion research perspectives.},
journal = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
volume = {41S},
number = {},
pages = {S681},
doi = {10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1180},
pmid = {28859824},
issn = {1778-3585},
abstract = {This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been removed at the request of the authors due to errors in the author list.},
}

@article {pmid28922587,
year = {2017},
author = {Kamody, RC and Del Conte, GS},
title = {Using Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Treat Misophonia in Adolescence.},
journal = {The primary care companion for CNS disorders},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4088/PCC.17l02105},
pmid = {28922587},
issn = {2155-7780},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Auditory Perception ; *Behavior Therapy/methods ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/*therapy ; },
}

Adolescent
Auditory Perception
*Behavior Therapy/methods
Comorbidity
Female
Humans
Mental Disorders/*therapy

@article {pmid29018601,
year = {2017},
author = {Barratt, EL and Spence, C and Davis, NJ},
title = {Sensory determinants of the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR): understanding the triggers.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {e3846},
pmid = {29018601},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {The autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is an atypical sensory phenomenon involving electrostatic-like tingling sensations in response to certain sensory, primarily audio-visual, stimuli. The current study used an online questionnaire, completed by 130 people who self-reported experiencing ASMR. We aimed to extend preliminary investigations into the experience, and establish key multisensory factors contributing to the successful induction of ASMR through online media. Aspects such as timing and trigger load, atmosphere, and characteristics of ASMR content, ideal spatial distance from various types of stimuli, visual characteristics, context and use of ASMR triggers, and audio preferences are explored. Lower-pitched, complex sounds were found to be especially effective triggers, as were slow-paced, detail-focused videos. Conversely, background music inhibited the sensation for many respondents. These results will help in designing media for ASMR induction.},
}

@article {pmid29184520,
year = {2017},
author = {Dozier, TH and Lopez, M and Pearson, C},
title = {Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Misophonia: A Multisensory Conditioned Aversive Reflex Disorder.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {1975},
pmid = {29184520},
issn = {1664-1078},
}

@article {pmid29252938,
year = {2018},
author = {Renier, W and Winckelmann, KH and Verbakel, JY and Aertgeerts, B and Buntinx, F},
title = {Signs and symptoms in adult patients with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {3-11},
doi = {10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000429},
pmid = {29252938},
issn = {1473-5695},
mesh = {Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis ; Adult ; Asthma/diagnosis ; Dyspnea/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Heart Failure/diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Examination/*statistics & numerical data ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rapid and accurate diagnosis of patients with a new episode of acute dyspnea is a common challenge for Primary Care or Emergency Physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of signs and symptoms in adult patients with a new episode of acute dyspnea presenting to a GP or an Emergency Physician (EP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a diagnostic systematic review. Using MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, tracing references, and by contacting experts, studies were identified on the diagnostic accuracy of additional signs and symptoms in adult patients with acute or suddenly worsening dyspnea, presenting to a GP or an EP. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS and results were pooled using a random-effects model. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and positive and negative predictive values for a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) were calculated for the combination of acute dyspnea and each additional sign or symptom in the selected studies.

RESULTS: Eight of the 24 identified studies were carried out in the ED and provided us with all the required data, including 4737 patients. All publications reported HF; two studies additionally investigated pulmonary embolism, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, acute pulmonary infectious diseases, or acute coronary syndrome. The prevalence of HF in patients with acute dyspnea ranged from 25 to 59%. Heterogeneity was present in all analyses.Comparing signs and symptoms, sensitivity was very poor for the presence of fever (0.05) and sputum production (0.06), and poor for fatigue (0.36-0.76), orthopnea (0.2-0.76), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (0.23-0.70), elevated jugular venous pressure (0.19-0.70), rales (0.32-0.88), and peripheral edema (0.29-0.77). Specificity was poor for fatigue (0.28-0.69), moderate for the presence of fever (0.76-0.88), sputum production (0.73-0.89), orthopnea (0.49-0.92), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (0.52-0.93), and rales (0.31-0.98), and good for elevated jugular venous pressure (0.75-0.97) and peripheral edema (0.67-0.89).For all other signs and symptoms, sensitivities varied between 0.20 and 0.43; specificities for symptoms varied widely between 0.37 and 0.91 and those of signs between 0.20 and 1.0.The pooled sensitivities, however, remained poor: below 0.55. Pooled specificity of most signs ranged between 0.69 and 0.88. The positive likelihood ratio was between 0.64 and 4.11 and the NLR was between 0.59 and 1.29 with one outlier: rales (pooled NLR=0.35).

CONCLUSION: This systematic review, which only included patients from ED settings, did not identify any single sign or symptom that had acceptable sensitivity to be useful in ruling out a diagnosis of HF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, or pulmonary embolism. Elevated jugular venous pressure (0.88, pooled odds ratio: 7), added third heart sound (0.97), and lung crepitations (0.77, pooled odds ratio: 11) are useful in ruling in HF.},
}

Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis
Adult
Asthma/diagnosis
Dyspnea/*diagnosis/epidemiology
Emergency Service, Hospital
Heart Failure/diagnosis
Humans
Male
Physical Examination/*statistics & numerical data
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis

@article {pmid29467604,
year = {2018},
author = {Brout, JJ and Edelstein, M and Erfanian, M and Mannino, M and Miller, LJ and Rouw, R and Kumar, S and Rosenthal, MZ},
title = {Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {36},
pmid = {29467604},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Misophonia is a neurobehavioral syndrome phenotypically characterized by heightened autonomic nervous system arousal and negative emotional reactivity (e. g., irritation, anger, anxiety) in response to a decreased tolerance for specific sounds. The aims of this review are to (a) characterize the current state of the field of research on misophonia, (b) highlight what can be inferred from the small research literature to inform treatment of individuals with misophonia, and (c) outline an agenda for research on this topic. We extend previous reviews on this topic by critically reviewing the research investigating mechanisms of misophonia and differences between misophonia and other conditions. In addition, we integrate this small but growing literature with basic and applied research from other literatures in a cross-disciplinary manner.},
}

@article {pmid29530266,
year = {2018},
author = {McKay, D and Kim, SK and Mancusi, L and Storch, EA and Spankovich, C},
title = {Profile Analysis of Psychological Symptoms Associated With Misophonia: A Community Sample.},
journal = {Behavior therapy},
volume = {49},
number = {2},
pages = {286-294},
doi = {10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.002},
pmid = {29530266},
issn = {1878-1888},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Hearing Disorders/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sound ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Misophonia is characterized by extreme aversive reactions to certain classes of sounds. It has recently been recognized as a condition associated with significant disability. Research has begun to evaluate psychopathological correlates of misophonia. This study sought to identify profiles of psychopathology that characterize misophonia in a large community sample. A total of N = 628 adult participants completed a battery of measures assessing anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, depression, stress responses, anger, dissociative experiences, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and beliefs, distress tolerance, bodily perceptions, as well as misophonia severity. Profile Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling (PAMS) was employed to evaluate profiles associated with elevated misophonia and those without symptoms. Three profiles were extracted. The first two accounted for 70% total variance and did not show distinctions between groups. The third profile accounted for 11% total variance, and showed that misophonia is associated with lower obsessive-compulsive symptoms for neutralizing, obsessions generally, and washing compared to those not endorsing misophonia, and higher levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms associated with ordering and harm avoidance. This third profile extracted also showed significant differences between those with and without misophonia on the scale assessing physical concerns (that is, sensitivity to interoceptive sensations) as assessed with the ASI-3. Further research is called for involving diagnostic interviewing and experimental methods to clarify these putative mechanisms associated with misophonia.},
}