@article {pmid41452092,
year = {2026},
author = {Kim, ES and Waltmann, A and Duncan, JA and Hood-Pishchany, I},
title = {Advances in treating bacterial vaginosis: recognizing sexual transmission and pipeline of therapies.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {67-74},
pmid = {41452092},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaginosis, Bacterial/therapy/drug therapy/microbiology/transmission ; Female ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Vagina/microbiology ; Male ; Sexual Partners ; Microbiota ; Dysbiosis ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal dysbiosis linked to increased risk of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and adverse obstetric outcomes. Standard antibiotic therapy often induces symptom remission, but recurrence rates exceed 50% within 6 months. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent clinical trials that demonstrate improved outcomes when compared to treatment according to current management guidelines and outline potential future therapies.

RECENT FINDINGS: Strong evidence supporting transmission of bacteria associated with the dysbiotic state of BV between sexual partners has accumulated over time. A recent clinical study (StepUp) demonstrated overwhelming evidence that treating male partners with combined oral and topical antibiotics significantly reduces BV recurrence in their female partners, highlighting the role of sexual transmission. Recent guideline updates reflect these advances: the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now advises partner therapy for recurrent BV, signaling a shift toward partner-inclusive management strategies. In parallel, live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) and vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT) show promise in restoring a stable, Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant microbiome. Novel approaches targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of BV-associated bacteria and L. iners, and nonantibiotic agents like metastable iron sulfides are in early development.

SUMMARY: Several advances in managing recurrent BV have shown promise in improving care of this condition. They represent a shift toward microbiome-informed, durable, and woman-controlled therapies. Strategies combining these along with continued development of promising novel approaches to treatment will be needed to optimize care of patients and reduce global BV burden.},
}

Humans
*Vaginosis, Bacterial/therapy/drug therapy/microbiology/transmission
Female
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Vagina/microbiology
Male
Sexual Partners
Microbiota
Dysbiosis

@article {pmid41451983,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, Y and Ju, T and Bhardwaj, T and Korver, DR and Willing, BP},
title = {Chicken cecal microbial functional gene content and resistome differ by age and barn disinfection practice.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0373725},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03737-25},
pmid = {41451983},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Chemical disinfectants and water-wash methods are widely employed in sanitizing broiler chicken barns. Studies showed that disinfectants affect environmental microbial composition and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, little is known regarding how barn disinfection treatments impact the chicken gut resistome and microbial functional gene content. The current study compared the effects of disinfection and water-wash method on the gut microbiome and resistome of commercial broilers using a crossover experimental design after two production cycles at seven barns. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing performed on cecal contents collected at days 7 and 30 also allowed the evaluation of age-associated characteristics of the microbiome. The age of the chickens had the largest effects on the resistome, with younger birds having higher relative abundance of total ARGs (P < 0.05) and differences in resistance mechanism; however, functional gene content and resistome differences were also identified by barn sanitation practice. At day 7, chickens in chemically disinfected barns had decreased gene content related to amino acid synthesis compared to the water-wash group. Additionally, genes related to stringent response were enriched in chickens raised under chemically disinfected conditions (FDR-P < 0.05), suggesting the selection for stress resistance. Lower abundance of genetic pathways encoding amino acid biosynthesis associated with cecal Helicobacter pullorum was observed in the disinfection group at day 30 compared to the water-wash group, with the same pattern in short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis (FDR-P < 0.05). Overall, while the use of disinfectants in barn sanitation slightly affected the relative abundance of some ARGs in the gut, age had a dominant effect on the microbial gene function and resistome.IMPORTANCEThis is the first study to evaluate the effect of sanitation practices on microbial functional gene content and resistome of chickens in a commercial setting. It is also amongst the biggest metagenomics studies on the gut microbiome of broiler chickens. It provides new insights into the changes in resistance profiles with age that agree with other studies examining maturation of the microbiome in other species. Finally, the current study provides valuable insights for informing industry sanitation practices and future studies on broiler gut microbiome and resistome.},
}

@article {pmid41451964,
year = {2025},
author = {Felippe, MFP and Fink, IA and Motta, LCN and de Macêdo Neto, MP and Lopes, JV and Petry, ACG and Sorato, GB and Gonçalves, DP and Maia, GG and Koehler, LB},
title = {Drug Development.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 5},
number = {},
pages = {e107684},
doi = {10.1002/alz70859_107684},
pmid = {41451964},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/methods ; *Alzheimer Disease/therapy ; *Drug Development ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/therapy ; Clostridium Infections/therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a potential therapy for AD by restoring microbial balance and reducing neuroinflammation. However, clinical evidence remains limited. This study reviews its potential effects on cognition in AD and other cognitive disorders.

METHOD: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched for human studies on FMT and cognition in AD. Eligible studies included clinical trials, case series, and case reports. Reviews, editorials, animal, and non-English studies were excluded. Two reviewers screened studies; four extracted data and assessed quality. Meta-analysis was not performed due to heterogeneity.

RESULT: Five studies were included, totaling 26 dementia patients, all of whom had recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). The studies included one randomized controlled trial (RCT, n = 20) and four observational studies (three case reports and one case series, n = 6). FMT was associated with cognitive improvements, particularly in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. The RCT demonstrated significant gains in MMSE (MD 6.0, p=0.01) and CDR-SOB (MD -3.1, p=0.048) scores at three months follow-up. One case series (n=5) reported cognitive improvements post-FMT, with MMSE increasing from 11 to 17, MoCA from 12 to 21, and CDR-SOB decreasing from 10 to 5.5. The three case reports described cases of AD exhibiting increased MMSE after FMT (15 to 29, 8 to 13, 5 to 12, respectively). They also noted improvements in mood, social interaction, and performance of daily activities. Beyond cognitive changes, FMT led to gut microbiota modulation, with increased Bacteroidaceae and reduced Enterococcaceae. These microbiome shifts correlated with reduced neuroinflammation and metabolic improvements. Adverse effects were minimal, such as transient nausea and mild abdominal discomfort, with no serious events.

CONCLUSION: Preliminary evidence suggests FMT may have cognitive benefits in AD patients and recurrent CDI. However, the limited number of studies and the presence of CDI as a common comorbidity highlight the need for larger, controlled trials to better define its role in AD management.},
}

Humans
*Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/methods
*Alzheimer Disease/therapy
*Drug Development
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Cognitive Dysfunction/therapy
Clostridium Infections/therapy

@article {pmid41451727,
year = {2025},
author = {Barmadisatrio, and Hakim, ZFE and Akbar, MI and Sofyan, IAA},
title = {Gut Microbiome profile on hirschsprung diseases with hirschsprung associated enterocolitis and non-hirschsprung associated enterocolitis: A systematic review.},
journal = {The Medical journal of Malaysia},
volume = {80},
number = {Suppl 7},
pages = {85-95},
pmid = {41451727},
issn = {0300-5283},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hirschsprung Disease/microbiology/complications ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Enterocolitis/microbiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), commonly known as aganglionic megacolon, is a rare congenital intestinal illness. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), an HSCR complication, is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients. Many research has highlighted specific microbiomes that promote HAEC, although there is still controversy on microbiome management. The aim of this study is to profile the gut microbiome of paediatric patients on HSCR with or without HAEC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an analytical descriptive systematic review of relevant case reports from inception research articles between January 2014 to October 2024 using 3 databases following PRISMA guidelines. We extracted data of gut microbiomes in humans with HSCR with or without HAEC. Data about microbiome's effects on gut physiology were also extracted.

RESULTS: This study identified 244 citations; 17 articles were included and analyzed. Proteobacteria were the most common bacteria in HSCR patients developing HAEC and Bacteroidetes were the most common bacteria found in HSCR patients without HAEC.

CONCLUSION: Proteobacteria were associated in HSCR patient developing HAEC. Therefore, gut microbiome dysbiosis may also be the key point to prevent HAEC.},
}

Humans
*Hirschsprung Disease/microbiology/complications
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Enterocolitis/microbiology

@article {pmid41451708,
year = {2025},
author = {Chamut, S and Chamut, D and Dadras, S and Alghamdi, SB and Dye, BA},
title = {Dementia Care Research and Psychosocial Factors.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 4},
number = {},
pages = {e103578},
doi = {10.1002/alz70858_103578},
pmid = {41451708},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oral Health ; *Dementia/psychology/therapy ; Aging ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poor oral health (OH), including periodontal disease and tooth loss, has been linked to systemic inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline, underscoring the critical yet underexplored connection between oral and brain health. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) disproportionately affect aging populations, and with cases projected to triple by 2050, there is an urgent need to integrate OH into dementia care practice-and-research (DCPaR).

PERSPECTIVE: Given that there is currently no cure for AD/ADRD, the importance of prevention and early intervention is heightened, yet oral health-despite its crucial role in systemic health and cognitive function-remains largely overlooked in DCPaR. Chronic oral infections and oral microbiome dysbiosis are significant contributors to systemic inflammation, potentially accelerating AD/ADRD progression. Conversely, cognitive decline impairs individuals' ability to maintain OH, perpetuating a cycle of worsening health. The Health and Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities (HABS-HD) is the most AD/ADRD comprehensive study among diverse communities within the US. While it provides critical insights into aging and cognitive health disparities, it currently lacks direct OH measures. This limitation presents an opportunity to explore OH's impact on cognitive decline and overall quality of life. The Health Equity Scholars Program (HESP) addresses this gap by fostering a diverse, culturally competent workforce to study and treat AD/ADRD. Through the project "Exploring Neurological and Indirect Biomarkers for Potential Correlations with Oral Health: An Interdisciplinary Approach," HESP and HABS-HD are advancing efforts to integrate OH into DCPaR, crucial for developing targeted interventions and preventive care for aging populations.

CALL TO ACTION: A multidisciplinary approach is essential to address the bidirectional relationship between oral and cognitive health, promote early detection of oral diseases, and implement preventive measures. Incorporating OH into DCPaR aligns with broader health equity goals, addressing disparities in access to care and bridging existing gaps.

CONCLUSION: As the global burden of AD/ADRD continues to grow, integrating OH into DCPaR will enhance understanding of its role in AD/ADRD progression, improve outcomes for those with cognitive decline, and foster equitable, holistic geriatric healthcare systems.},
}

Humans
*Oral Health
*Dementia/psychology/therapy
Aging

@article {pmid41451559,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, J and Ye, J and Yang, T and Hunter, DJ and Zhang, W and Doherty, M and Zhang, Y and Yang, Z and Li, H and Wang, Y and Xie, D and Wu, Z and Li, W and Wen, Z and Li, C and Zhao, K and Zeng, C and Lei, G and Wei, J},
title = {Bile acids metabolism in symptomatic hand osteoarthritis.},
journal = {Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/art.70048},
pmid = {41451559},
issn = {2326-5205},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Although gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with symptomatic hand OA (SHOA), the role of bile acids (BAs), key metabolites in host-microbiota interactions, in SHOA pathogenesis remains unexplored. We investigated the association between plasma BA metabolism and SHOA.

METHODS: The associations between plasma BAs and SHOA were examined in the Xiangya Osteoarthritis (XO) Study and validated in an independent cohort through logistic regression models. Gut microbiome data from a previous study conducted within the XO Study were integrated to explore associations between SHOA-related gut microbes and key BAs. As an exploratory analysis, gene-based meta-analyses evaluated associations between genes encoding key BA receptors and hand OA.

RESULTS: In the discovery cohort (n=1,359, mean age 63.1±9.0 years, 58.4% women, SHOA prevalence 5.2%, all participants being Asian), elevated levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA) species (odds ratio [OR]=1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.03-2.96) and DCA (OR=2.14, 95% CI:1.24-3.70) were positively associated with SHOA presence and severity. These associations were replicated in an independent cohort (n=142). Multi-omics analyses revealed significant correlations of DCA species, DCA, and the DCA species/total BAs ratio with SHOA-related gut microbes. DCA interacted with SHOA-related gut microbes and was associated with SHOA. Gene-based meta-analyses identified significant associations between genes encoding the Farnesoid X receptor and the pregnane X receptor and hand OA.

CONCLUSION: Dysregulated BA metabolism, particularly elevated DCA levels, is associated with SHOA. The observation that DCA interacts with SHOA-related gut microbes, together with genes encoding DCA receptors, may help guide future biologically and clinically relevant studies.},
}

@article {pmid41451362,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Zeng, L},
title = {Immune modulation in inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic promise of baicalein.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1723606},
pmid = {41451362},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a major global health burden, driven by a multifaceted pathogenesis that includes immune dysregulation, epithelial barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota imbalance. Addressing these interconnected processes requires multi-targeted therapeutic strategies that go beyond conventional single-pathway interventions. Baicalein, a key flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin), has emerged as a promising candidate due to its broad-spectrum pharmacological properties. This review synthesizes current advances in understanding how baicalein exerts therapeutic effects against IBD through an integrated network of mechanisms. These include potent suppression of inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress, restoration of epithelial integrity via modulation of tight junction proteins and the MLCK/p-MLC2 pathway, and reprogramming of dysregulated immune circuits by rebalancing T-cell subsets and macrophage polarization. In addition, baicalein mitigates pathological cell death pathways such as ferroptosis and pyroptosis and orchestrates beneficial shifts in the gut microbiota-metabolite axis. By bridging classical anti-inflammatory mechanisms with emerging immunoregulatory and microbiome-targeted insights, this review highlights baicalein as a potential multi-dimensional therapeutic strategy for IBD and outlines future directions for its clinical translation.},
}

@article {pmid41451295,
year = {2025},
author = {Barker, MJ and Esquivel, MK},
title = {Food for Thought: The Role of Nutrition in Behavioral Health.},
journal = {American journal of lifestyle medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15598276251408332},
pmid = {41451295},
issn = {1559-8284},
abstract = {Nutrition is a core pillar of Lifestyle Medicine with growing relevance to mental and behavioral health. While traditionally emphasized for cardiometabolic disease prevention, emerging evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns directly influence mood, cognition, stress resilience, and emotional regulation. This article synthesizes current research on biological pathways linking food and mental health-including the gut-brain axis, microbiome diversity, neurotransmitter synthesis, inflammation, and dietary pattern interventions. A diverse and balanced microbiome, adequate intake of omega-3s, B vitamins, and trace minerals, and diets low in inflammatory foods support healthier brain signaling and improved emotional stability. Clinical trials show that Mediterranean and plant-forward diets reduce depressive symptoms, while micronutrient supplementation enhances attention, emotional regulation, and stress response across the lifespan. Nutrition is also a critical but underutilized component of substance use recovery and child and adolescent behavioral health. Cultural food traditions further shape well-being by reinforcing identity, belonging, and resilience. Integrating nutrition screening, counseling, and food-as-medicine interventions into behavioral health care can strengthen treatment outcomes, especially when aligned with culturally informed practices and community needs. Systems-level approaches-including policies addressing food insecurity and produce prescription programs-demonstrate meaningful improvements in mental health. Overall, nutrition represents a powerful, accessible, and culturally resonant strategy to support emotional, cognitive, and behavioral well-being.},
}

@article {pmid41451293,
year = {2025},
author = {Hanus, A},
title = {Culinary Medicine: Feeding the Gut for Mental Health.},
journal = {American journal of lifestyle medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15598276251408334},
pmid = {41451293},
issn = {1559-8284},
}

@article {pmid41451263,
year = {2025},
author = {Haslam, DE and Abirami, K and Starr, JR and Unnikrishnan, R and Lasky-Su, J and Gayathri, R and Gokulakrishnan, K and Manasa, VS and Rimm, EB and Anjana, RM and Krishnaswamy, K and Hu, FB and Sudha, V and Mohan, V and Bhupathiraju, SN},
title = {Effect of Replacing Added Sugars with Sucralose on Gut Microbiome Composition Among Asian Indian Adults in Two 12-week Randomized Controlled Trials.},
journal = {Current developments in nutrition},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {107600},
pmid = {41451263},
issn = {2475-2991},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Replacing added sugars with nonnutritive sweeteners, such as sucralose, may help reduce weight gain in adults over time. Because sucralose is primarily excreted in the stool, its consumption could lead to changes in the gut microbiome.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore whether replacing sucrose used in beverages with small quantities of sucralose led to gut microbiome changes among Asian Indian adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or overweight/obesity (BMI ≥23 kg/m[2]) without T2D.

METHODS: In 2 analogous substudies nested within two 12-wk, open-label parallel-arm randomized controlled trials, adults with T2D (n = 49) or overweight/obesity and no T2D (n = 48) were instructed to replace sucrose in their daily coffee and tea with sucralose or to continue their use of sucrose. We examined changes in gut microbiome community structure and taxonomic composition profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing in stool samples collected before and after the 12-wk interventions. The false discovery rate was controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg method (q < 0.20).

RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the sucralose intervention decreased α diversity (Shannon index: P = 0.02; Simpson index: P = 0.03) and increased β diversity (P = 0.001) in gut microbiome communities of adults with T2D, but not among adults with overweight/obesity (all between-group P > 0.05). Among 185 genera tested in the T2D trial, compared with the control, relative abundances of 14 primarily sugar-fermenting or short-chain fatty-acid-producing Firmicutes bacteria in the Lachnospiracae family were reduced, whereas Enterococcus and Pediococcus increased during the intervention (q < 0.20). In contrast, adults with overweight/obesity and no T2D showed no similar changes.

CONCLUSIONS: Replacing daily sucrose added to coffee and tea with sucralose resulted in changes in gut microbiome community structure and taxonomic composition among Asian Indian adults with T2D, but not those with overweight/obesity and no T2D. Further studies are needed to understand potential health implications and the underlying drivers of these gut microbiome changes.Clinical Trial Register No. (India Trial Register): CTRI/2021/04/032686, CTRI/2021/04/032809.},
}

@article {pmid41451009,
year = {2025},
author = {Ocal, IH and Basol, O and Oguz, A and Bilge, H},
title = {Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms: An Observational Analysis.},
journal = {Pakistan journal of medical sciences},
volume = {41},
number = {12},
pages = {3411-3421},
pmid = {41451009},
issn = {1682-024X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This observational analysis aimed to explore the association between gut microbiota and brain axis in pancreatic cysts and assess the impact of this association on clinical outcomes.

METHODOLOGY: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey. Forty-seven patients (serous cystadenoma n=16, mucinous neoplasm n=31) treated at a single center between 2015 to 2023 were included in the study. Microbiota analysis (16S rRNA sequencing) of stool samples, biochemical and hormonal parameters from blood samples were evaluated. Depression-anxiety scales and cognitive tests were also performed.

RESULTS: Microbiota diversity in the mucinous neoplasm group (Shannon index: 2.9±0.6) was significantly lower than in the serous cystadenoma group (3.8±0.5) (p=0.012). Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (2.89±0.5), inflammatory markers (CRP: 4.2±4.8 mg/dL) and depression scores (Beck: 18.6±6.4) were significantly higher in mucinous neoplasm patients (p<0.05). Two-year overall survival rates were 100% in the serous cystadenoma group and 80% in the mucinous neoplasm group (p=0.015).

CONCLUSION: The microbiota-brain axis has an important role in pancreatic cysts. Microbiota imbalance, increased inflammation and high depression-anxiety levels observed especially in mucinous neoplasms suggest potential targets for future therapeutic interventions in this patient group.},
}

@article {pmid41450949,
year = {2025},
author = {Perzon, O and Ilan, Y},
title = {Understanding gut microbial diversity using systems based on the Constrained-Disorder Principle provides a novel approach to targeting gut microbiome therapies.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1713775},
pmid = {41450949},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diverse composition of the gut microbiome is vital for human health, influencing digestion, immune regulation, and disease resistance. While higher diversity is generally associated with resilience, reduced and excessive diversity can lead to health issues.

METHODS: This paper introduces the Constrained Disorder Principle (CDP) as a new framework for understanding microbial diversity.

RESULTS: The CDP emphasizes the significance of maintaining variability within certain boundaries to sustain ecosystem stability and promote health. It considers intra- and inter-individual variability, illustrating how microbial ecosystems adapt throughout different life stages, genetic backgrounds, and environmental exposures. Integrating CDP-based artificial intelligence systems may enable the establishment of personalized diversity thresholds, predict dysbiosis, and refine interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and customized dietary strategies. CDP-driven platforms enhance therapeutic precision by utilizing variability induction, feedback loops, and microbial signature analysis to optimize diversity goals and identify actionable biomarkers.

CONCLUSION: This platform can pave the way for adaptive, individualized disease prevention and treatment strategies, bridging the gap between microbial ecology and precision medicine. It provides a powerful tool for harnessing the therapeutic potential of gut microbial diversity to enhance human health.},
}

@article {pmid41450947,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, B and Zhao, A and Chen, W and Zhou, Y and Zhang, W and Zhang, Y and Hou, Q and Yao, N and Zhang, S and Duan, J and Li, N and Cao, J},
title = {Microbiota-mediated modulation of radiosensitivity: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of oral and gut microbiota, metabolites, and probiotics.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1689735},
pmid = {41450947},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of comprehensive cancer treatment, yet its efficacy and toxicity exhibit considerable interindividual variation. Recent evidence highlights the microbiome-the collective genomes and metabolic products of symbiotic microorganisms in a specific environment-as a key bidirectional regulator of radiosensitivity. Radiotherapy can disrupt microbial community structure, while the microbiome and its metabolites profoundly influence tumor cell radiosensitivity and normal tissue radiotolerance by modulating DNA damage repair, immune responses, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. This review systematically examines the mechanisms and recent advances in understanding how oral and gut microbiota, their key metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs), and probiotics modulate radiosensitivity. By establishing a framework centered on "mechanism axis-evidence stratification-clinical translation," this paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation and identify potential targets for microbiome-based strategies to enhance radiosensitivity and protect normal tissues during radiotherapy.},
}

@article {pmid41450946,
year = {2025},
author = {Scott, B and Garcia-Pichel, F},
title = {Soil phototroph community resilience comes from down under.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1689042},
pmid = {41450946},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Seed banks are widely recognized as means of recovery following disturbance across diverse ecosystems, including soil. Phototrophic microbes, while common in surface soils, have not been considered within this context.

METHODS: We subjected a variety of topsoil photosynthetically-driven communities (biocrusts) to severe disturbance by scalping off the surface layer, thereby exposing the undercrust. We collected samples from the biocrust layer, the undercrust layer, and again the recovering biocrust layer after a 4-month period. Samples were analyzed for biopigments (chlorophyll a and scytonemin) and 16S rRNA gene copies and its sequence diversity.

RESULTS: Ribosomal gene counts and pigment analyses revealed consistently rapid recovery, as much as 52% content in 4 months. Recovery could be traced to dormant cyanobacterial "seeds" in the undercrusts. Alternative pathways for recovery, including natural or interventional inoculation and lateral spread, did not constitute a comparable force.

DISCUSSION: Our findings bring soil phototrophs within the ecological framework linking seed banks to resilience following disturbance. The overlooked role of undercrusts in prior research invites a reinterpretation of past studies and may inform new restoration strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41450934,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, A and Luo, Z and Zhang, J},
title = {Gut microbiota during pregnancy: a bibliometric analysis of global research trends and collaborative networks.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1708359},
pmid = {41450934},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Investigating gut microbiota during pregnancy is vital for understanding maternal-infant health, pregnancy-related disease mechanisms, and offspring development. While research in this field has grown rapidly, systematic analyses of global trends, collaborative networks, and thematic evolution remain limited. This bibliometric study maps the developmental landscape of "gut microbiota during pregnancy," identifying research priorities and future directions.

METHODS: A bibliometric analysis of pregnancy and gut microbiota studies (1991-2025) was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases. Publications were analyzed using bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to evaluate publication trends, research contributions, collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence patterns, and thematic evolution.

RESULTS: The analysis encompassed 5,432 (Web of Science Core Collection) and 5,542 (Scopus) publications, with an annual growth rate exceeding 15%. Research output has grown exponentially since 2014. The China and United States were the most productive countries, with the United States demonstrating the highest total citations and a central role in global collaborative networks. Key influential institutions included the University of Turku, University College Cork, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Leading authors were Collado, Maria Carmen; Tain, You-Lin; and Cryan, John F. The research was highly interdisciplinary, spanning microbiology, nutrition, immunology, and medicine. Core journals disseminating knowledge were Nutrients, Frontiers in Microbiology, and Gut Microbes. High-impact and co-cited references established the knowledge foundation, focusing on maternal microbiome remodeling, delivery mode's impact, and the gut-brain axis. Keyword analysis revealed a thematic evolution from initial descriptive studies of microbial composition to recent investigations into mechanisms linking microbiota to gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes via the gut-brain axis.

CONCLUSION: This study presents an integrative bibliometric analysis of global research on gut microbiota during pregnancy, delineating its rapid evolution and current intellectual structure. The field has matured from descriptive ecology to mechanistic and translational research, with strong international collaboration and interdisciplinary integration. The identified research fronts, including the interplay between microbial dysbiosis and specific pregnancy complications, as well as the influence of the maternal gut microbiome on offspring neurodevelopment, represent promising avenues for future investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41450770,
year = {2025},
author = {Hoffmann, DE and Langel, FD and von Rosenvinge, EC and Palumbo, FB and Roghmann, MC and Ravel, J},
title = {Is the current regulatory framework for direct-to-consumer microbiome-based tests sufficient to protect consumers from medical, economic, and dignitary harms?.},
journal = {Journal of law and the biosciences},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {lsaf024},
doi = {10.1093/jlb/lsaf024},
pmid = {41450770},
issn = {2053-9711},
abstract = {This article offers a thorough analysis of an important public health issue-the lack of regulation of companies selling direct-to-consumer (DTC) microbiome-based tests. These companies invite curious consumers and desperate patients to submit stool and/or vaginal secretion samples to them for analysis. Purchasers receive a report about the composition of their gut and/or vaginal microbiomes with recommendations to change their diet or take certain dietary supplements. The piece is grounded in a study the authors conducted of DTC microbiome testing company websites and their practices, which are often misleading to consumers. Moreover, the tests lack analytical and clinical validity. This means they may have many "false positive" or "false negatives" and can harm consumers who rely on them as a basis for determining their health status The current regulatory framework for these tests has significant gaps. These include the lack of proficiency testing under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and the lack of regulation by FDA as a medical device. Although FDA has distinguished DTC tests from other Laboratory Developed Tests and asserted that they may pose unique risks because they are ordered outside of a physician-patient relationship, they have largely ignored this group of tests, likely because they view them as low risk, general wellness tests and exempted from regulation as medical devices under the software exemptions in the 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act). The authors conclude, however, that many of these tests are not low risk general wellness tests, nor do they meet the exemptions under the Cures Act and as a result should be more stringently regulated.},
}

@article {pmid41450568,
year = {2025},
author = {Carrouel, F and Miranda, DG and Arumugam, G and Usmari Moraes, M and de Paula Ramos, L},
title = {Editorial: Skin microbiome: microbiological, immunological and cellular aspects for therapies to control antimicrobial resistance and skin repair.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1736430},
pmid = {41450568},
issn = {2235-2988},
}

@article {pmid41450167,
year = {2026},
author = {Dovey, Z and Bort, ET and Mechanick, JI},
title = {Network and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of Adipokine Drivers of Prostate Cancer; Unravelling the Mechanistic Link Between Excess Adiposity and Prostate Cancer Risk.},
journal = {Cancer medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {e71468},
doi = {10.1002/cam4.71468},
pmid = {41450167},
issn = {2045-7634},
mesh = {Male ; Humans ; *Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/etiology/pathology ; *Adipokines/metabolism/genetics ; *Adiposity/genetics ; *Obesity/complications/metabolism/genetics ; *Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Inflammation ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease (ABCD), a novel model housing obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokine-related inflammation, increases the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), posttreatment PCa recurrence, and PCa mortality. This paper provides a new network analysis of relevant metabolic drivers to provide insight into the ABCD-PCa relationship.

METHODS: A literature search was performed using the terms "prostate cancer" AND "obesity" AND "inflammation", with 629 references found, from which 17 reviews were chosen. Biomarkers identified from these reviews were characterized by cellular origin, signaling pathway, and oncogenic effect. The Webgestalt gene analysis toolkit was then used to generate modular-based network analyses and gene ontology (GO) categories of these biomarkers for interpretation.

RESULTS: 14 prominent biomarkers were identified influencing PCa risk through cellular proliferation, resisting cell death, metabolic reprogramming, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, angiogenesis, and activating invasion. Network analyses of biomarker interactions highlighted prominent roles of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1. Top GO categories for the wider ABCD-PCa network found key roles of ABCD-gut microbiome dysbiosis and exposure of periprostatic white adipose tissue to the prostate microbiome (involving bacterial and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation).

CONCLUSION: Top hypotheses to guide molecular targeted therapies and lifestyle biomarker panels for PCa in ABCD relate to MCP-1, IL-1β, and CXCL1 signaling, as well as gut microbiome dysbiosis and the exposure of the periprostatic adipose tissue to the prostate microbiome. Further research and possible clinical trials allowing histological examination of pre- and post-lifestyle intervention PCa tissue may provide further insights.},
}

Male
Humans
*Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/etiology/pathology
*Adipokines/metabolism/genetics
*Adiposity/genetics
*Obesity/complications/metabolism/genetics
*Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/metabolism
*Gene Regulatory Networks
Inflammation
Risk Factors

@article {pmid41449894,
year = {2025},
author = {Hong, L and Zheng, Y and Yang, W and Jiang, M and Zheng, K and Chen, S and Han, H and Xia, S and Yang, Z and Li, C},
title = {Effects of probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota in patients with diabetes/prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {The British journal of nutrition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-34},
doi = {10.1017/S0007114525105709},
pmid = {41449894},
issn = {1475-2662},
abstract = {This study systematically evaluates the effects of probiotic interventions on gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients to determine the optimal target population and conditions for effective use, with an emphasis on precision treatment. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wanfang databases until April 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotics as adjunctive therapy for diabetes were included. The control group received standard care, and the intervention group received probiotics alongside standard care. Data were managed with Endnote and Excel, and analyses were conducted using Revman 5.3 and Stata 16. Twelve RCTs involving 1,113 participants were included. Probiotics significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.42, P < 0.0001, I[2] = 95%) and Bifidobacterium levels (SMD 1.27, P < 0.0001, I[2] = 90%) and reduced fasting plasma glucose (SMD -0.35, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed that shorter intervention durations (≤3 months) improved FPG, HbA1c, and Bifidobacterium levels, while younger patients (≤60 years) experienced the most significant improvements in Bifidobacterium levels. In conclusion, probiotics improve gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients, with intervention duration and patient age as key factors influencing treatment effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid41449683,
year = {2025},
author = {M'Bra, PEH and Hamilton, LK and Aumont, A and Prévost, K and Massé, E and Fernandes, KJ},
title = {Drug Development.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 5},
number = {},
pages = {e103337},
doi = {10.1002/alz70859_103337},
pmid = {41449683},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Animals ; *Diet, Ketogenic ; *Alzheimer Disease/diet therapy/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Triglycerides/administration & dosage ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Diet, High-Fat ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lifestyle-based interventions can reduce 45% of dementia risk. Dietary supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) is a type of ketogenic diet that shows promise against Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans, presumably through hepatic conversion to circulating ketones. However, the physiological impacts and cellular mechanisms underlying MCT effects remain understudied, particularly in the context of AD.

OBJECTIVE: Here, we used two transgenic mouse model of AD to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms occurring in peripheral system upon an MCT-enriched diet versus a classic ketogenic diet.

METHOD: 3xTg-AD, 5xFAD mice and their respective control strain mice (WT) were administered at different age and duration, a standard carbohydrate-rich diet (Control diet, 70% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 10% protein), a similar Control diet that was supplemented with ketogenic medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, a ketogenic substrate), or an extreme carbohydrate-free, high fat diet (CFHF). Mice were subjected to learning/memory tests, and longitudinal monitoring of body composition, glycemia, ketonemia and fecal microbiome composition.

RESULTS: Both ketogenic interventions improved cognition in AD mice after 1 month of treatment. Interestingly, unlike CFHF diet, MCT diet did not induce a sustained ketosis suggesting different mechanisms. Only the MCT diet improved peripheral glucose tolerance, insulin response and reduced adiposity, while CFHF dietary challenge exacerbated AD mice metabolic defects. AD mice exhibited several microbial alterations preceding cognitive symptoms, notably increased levels of Bifidobacterium and decreased levels of Bacteroidetes. Ketogenic interventions restored the fecal microbiome composition by 50% inducing a strong depletion of Bifidobacterium.

CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings reveal metabolism-improving benefits of MCT in the context of Alzheimer's disease that do not require elevated blood ketone levels and reveal potential therapeutic targets for treating AD, in the gut-brain axis.},
}

Animals
*Diet, Ketogenic
*Alzheimer Disease/diet therapy/metabolism
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
Disease Models, Animal
*Triglycerides/administration & dosage
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Diet, High-Fat
Male

@article {pmid41449665,
year = {2025},
author = {Tran, M and Adam, T and Jackson, R and Cave, R and Webb, A and Kelwick, R and Crone, M and Horrocks, S and Harrison, M and Jensen, K and Freemont, P},
title = {Dementia Care Research and Psychosocial Factors.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 4},
number = {},
pages = {e103245},
doi = {10.1002/alz70858_103245},
pmid = {41449665},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dementia/psychology/urine/complications ; *Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/urine ; Biomarkers/urine ; Female ; Extracellular Vesicles ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of hospital beds in the UK are occupied by people living with dementia (PLWD), with up to 20% of these admissions due to preventable acute conditions like infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) disproportionately affect PLWD, who often struggle to communicate their symptoms or present atypically. This delays diagnosis, increasing the risk of hospitalisation, sepsis, cognitive decline, and mortality. There is, therefore, a pressing need for improved diagnostic methods to detect UTIs early in PLWD.

METHODS: A multi-omics approach was employed to investigate urinary biomarkers for early UTI detection in PLWD. Longitudinal urine samples were collected from PLWD and analysed for inflammatory markers using OLINK inflammatory panels, focusing on cytokine profiles. Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are promising UTI biomarkers, were also characterised using nanoflow cytometry. Furthermore, we are sequencing the urinary microbiome to examine microbial dynamics over time whilst also focussing on sequencing Escherichia coli genomes isolated from urine samples, to understand their contributions to UTIs. To support future research, urine samples and bacterial isolates were stocked and stored. Alongside these efforts, we have developed a point-of-care (PoC) device that incorporates isothermal amplification for rapid UTI detection. The device uses a heating element for bacterial DNA amplification in urine and an optical detection element to measure fluorescence from DNA dyes.

RESULTS: Our biomarker studies highlight potential inflammatory mediators (figure 1) and elevated EV-associated markers for early UTI detection (figure 2). Genomic DNA was used to validate the PoC device's accuracy in predicting the presence of E. coli. Preliminary experiments observed an earlier fluorescent response from positive DNA extractions compared to negative ones. Whilst clinical sample contaminants reduced assay sensitivity and specificity, heat-treating samples beneficially increased the levels of detectable cell-free DNA thereby improving assay performance (figure 3).

CONCLUSIONS: The identification of urinary biomarkers and the development of a PoC device offer promising avenues for improving UTI diagnosis in PLWD. Reliable early detection could reduce hospital admissions, prevent severe complications and improve overall outcomes for this vulnerable population. Future work will focus on refining biomarker analyses and optimising the PoC design to enhance its diagnostic accuracy and usability.},
}

Humans
*Dementia/psychology/urine/complications
*Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/urine
Biomarkers/urine
Female
Extracellular Vesicles
Male

@article {pmid41449435,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, H and Lu, R and Lv, Y and Ding, Y},
title = {Alterations in gut microbiome and fecal metabolome in functional dyspepsia patients: insights into pathophysiological mechanisms.},
journal = {European journal of medical research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s40001-025-03743-5},
pmid = {41449435},
issn = {2047-783X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal microbiota dysregulation is recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). Previous investigations have focused predominantly on the microbiota associated with the oral, gastric, and duodenal mucosa. However, the intestinal microbiome and fecal metabolome in FD patients remain poorly characterized. This study aims to evaluate their alterations, thereby providing novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of FD.

METHODS: Fecal samples from 30 FD patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics to characterize microbial-metabolic profiles, followed by Spearman correlation analysis to explore the associations between differentially abundant taxa and metabolites.

RESULTS: Compared with the HCs, the FD group presented greater microbial richness but comparable diversity, along with increased abundances of Akkermansia and Ruminococcus_gnavus_group and decreased levels of Dorea, Collinsella, and Agathobacter (p < 0.05). AUC analysis revealed Akkermansia as a potential biomarker for FD (AUC = 0.848, 95% CI: 0.708-0.988). Furthermore, the levels of the fecal metabolites phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were significantly reduced in the FD group (p < 0.05). KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these metabolites were involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Spearman correlation analysis revealed negative associations between Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Fusobacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, and PG/PC (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The FD group presented concurrent alterations in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites. Specifically, gut microbiota-derived metabolites, such as PG and PC, may disrupt host glycerophospholipid metabolism, contributing to FD pathogenesis. Given that this is an exploratory study with a small sample size and cross-sectional design, these results require validation in larger, longitudinal cohorts and should be interpreted with caution.},
}

@article {pmid41449247,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, X and Cheng, D and Wang, F},
title = {Postbiotic-mediated gut microbiome modulation enhances R-CHOP efficacy in high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report.},
journal = {Discover oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s12672-025-04322-0},
pmid = {41449247},
issn = {2730-6011},
abstract = {This case report describes an adult with high-risk DLBCL (IPI score 4) treated with R-CHOP combined with JK5G and JK21 postbiotics for gut microbiome modulation. The patient achieved significant tumor regression while maintaining stable hematological parameters. Microbial analysis demonstrated enrichment of beneficial genera (Veillonella, Bacteroides, Roseburia), potentially linked to postbiotic intervention. Notably, the regimen exhibited excellent tolerability without leukopenia or severe toxicities, suggesting postbiotics may enhance chemotherapy efficacy through microbiome-immune interactions while mitigating adverse effects. These findings warrant further investigation into postbiotics as adjuvant therapy for optimizing DLBCL treatment outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41449088,
year = {2025},
author = {Addassi, Y and Taylor, H and McDermott, A and Roberts, M and Bennett, B and Jumbo-Lucioni, P},
title = {Drug Development.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 5},
number = {},
pages = {e102447},
doi = {10.1002/alz70859_102447},
pmid = {41449088},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Animals ; Male ; Female ; *Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Drug Development ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics/metabolism ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Drosophila ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Memory/drug effects ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota disruptions have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Lactobacillus probiotics have demonstrated therapeutic potential in AD by modulating the gut microbiome, while Lactobacillus postbiotics, soluble factors secreted by live bacteria, confer similar effects with advantages like longer shelf life, lower cost, and reduced infection risk. Evidence of the benefits of postbiotics in AD is limited. This study compares the effectiveness of Lactobacillus probiotics and postbiotics in mitigating behavioral deficits in a Drosophila model of AD.

METHOD: Flies overexpressing human amyloid β precursor protein and β-site APP cleaving enzyme in neurons served as AD model. Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) was prepared at 1.0 x 10⁹ CFU/µL in MRS Lactobacilli broth, with the upper 80% of culture supernatant filtered as postbiotic fraction (Lp-PBx). Lp and Lp-PBx were diluted 1:2 in 5% sucrose and administered via capillaries in four 24-hour doses over two weeks. Food intake was recorded. Locomotion and memory were assessed at 14 days. Locomotion was evaluated using a negative geotaxis assay testing flies' ability to cross 8-cm in 10 seconds. Memory was tested through an aversive phototaxic suppression assay, where flies were trained to associate light with an aversive odor. After ten training cycles, flies were tested for dark preference. Data was stratified by sex and analyzed through a two-way ANOVA to test the main effects of genotype, treatment, and their interaction.

RESULT: Untreated AD males (0.48±0.03 vs 0.80±0.03, p<0.0001) and females (0.39±0.04 vs 0.70±0.04, p<0.0001) exhibited significant mobility impairments compared to controls. However, AD flies fed Lp or Lp-PBx showed restored mobility, climbing at speeds comparable to controls. Specifically, AD males fed Lp (0.73±0.03) or Lp-PBx (0.75±0.03) and females fed Lp (0.61±0.04) or Lp-PBx (0.59±0.04) climbed significantly faster than untreated counterparts (males: 0.48±0.03, p<0.0001; females: 0.39±0.04, p<0.05). While food intake in females was unaffected, males fed Lp ate significantly less than those given Lp-PBx (p=0.0216), regardless of genotype. Memory assays are ongoing.

CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings suggest Lp-PBx as a viable alternative to Lp for managing mobility deficits in a Drosophila model of AD. Its palatability facilitates administration, making it a practical therapeutic option.},
}

Animals
Male
Female
*Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
Disease Models, Animal
*Probiotics/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
Animals, Genetically Modified
*Drug Development
Lactobacillus plantarum
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics/metabolism
Locomotion/drug effects
Drosophila
Drosophila melanogaster
Memory/drug effects

@article {pmid41448985,
year = {2025},
author = {Pavlíčková, Z and Jirků, K and Zimmelová, E and Hurtado, LH and Gentekaki, E and Tsaousis, AD},
title = {Blastocystis in domestic mammals and poultry: from prevalence patterns to gut physiology.},
journal = {Trends in parasitology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2025.12.001},
pmid = {41448985},
issn = {1471-5007},
abstract = {Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist in humans and animals, yet its ecological role and clinical significance remain debated. Companion animals and livestock are of particular interest due to their close contact with humans and potential reservoir roles. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Blastocystis occurrence and diversity in these animal groups, reframing the discussion through the lens of host digestive physiology and microbiome ecology. Rather than a taxonomic inventory, we group animals as carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores to highlight how gastrointestinal physiology and diet might shape colonization. Carnivores show low prevalence, herbivores exhibit high subtype richness, and omnivores display intermediate patterns. Growing evidence links Blastocystis to gut eubiosis, highlighting the need for broader, integrative research across hosts and environments.},
}

@article {pmid41448977,
year = {2025},
author = {Purcell, E and Dowling, P and O'Gorman, P and Bazou, D},
title = {Metabolic alterations in multiple myeloma and extramedullary disease- a novel niche of therapeutic targets.},
journal = {Blood reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101360},
doi = {10.1016/j.blre.2025.101360},
pmid = {41448977},
issn = {1532-1681},
abstract = {Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, actively contributing to tumour growth and therapeutic resistance. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common haematological malignancy that exhibits distinct metabolic features, while Extramedullary Myeloma Disease (EMD) is a rare but highly aggressive manifestation of MM with increasing incidence, and an elusive metabolic landscape. Shifts in the population dietary habits have reshaped the gut microbiome, potentially altering the host metabolism and driving cancer progression, including MM and EMD. In this review, we examine the three major metabolic pathways in MM and explore emerging evidence linking gut microbiome dynamics to MM and EMD disease progression. Furthermore, we consider recent studies identifying obesity as a MM risk factor and we explore emerging metabolic targets of MM and EMD. By integrating perspectives from metabolic reprogramming, microbiome dynamics, and obesity-related risk, we aim to provide novel perspectives on MM progression from its asymptomatic precursor stage to high-risk EMD.},
}

@article {pmid41448913,
year = {2025},
author = {Baby, BM and Subramaniyan, Y and Rekha, PD},
title = {Concurrent bacterial infections in oral cancer: risk and mitigation strategies.},
journal = {Future microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-15},
doi = {10.1080/17460913.2025.2606754},
pmid = {41448913},
issn = {1746-0921},
abstract = {The oral microbiome plays a major role in health, while its dysbiosis can contribute to oral and systemic disorders. The oral cavity hosts a complex community of commensal and pathogenic microbes, and disruptions in this balance, through bacterial infections, can contribute to cancer development and progression through chronic inflammation, inhibition of cell-death, and the release of carcinogenic substances. Microbial shifts driven by prolonged inflammation resulting from chronic oral diseases can escalate dysbiosis and promote neoplastic changes. Despite growing interest, oral microbiome-cancer-axis remains an emerging field. Current research focuses on a small number of microorganisms and associated virulence factors within the tumor-microenvironment, underscoring the need for more comprehensive, systems-level analyses. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar (2019-2025), to identify and screen studies examining the association between bacterial infections and oral cancer. This review aims to examine and summarize the existing literature to elucidate risks and potential mitigation strategies associated with concurrent bacterial infections in oral cancer. In conclusion, more comprehensive, large-scale, and interdisciplinary studies are needed to understand the microbial influence on cancer, its impact on therapeutic responses, use of probiotics to enhance chemosensitivity and targeted-antibiotic therapy to reduce pathogenic load.},
}

@article {pmid41448605,
year = {2025},
author = {Goh, CE and Bohn, B and Genkinger, JM and Molinsky, R and Roy, S and Paster, BJ and Chen, CY and Johnson, S and Yuzefpolskaya, M and Colombo, PC and Rosenbaum, M and Knight, R and Desvarieux, M and Papapanou, PN and Jacobs, DR and Demmer, RT},
title = {Dietary Nitrate Intake and 16S rRNA-Inferred Nitrite-Generating Capacity of the Subgingival Microbiome May Influence Glucose Metabolism: Results From the Oral Infections Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS).},
journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70084},
pmid = {41448605},
issn = {1600-051X},
support = {R00 DE018739/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21 DE022422/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK 102932/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32HL007779/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; DK-63608//Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University/ ; UL1TR001873/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {AIMS: To investigate whether the association between the nitrite-generating capacity of the subgingival microbiome and early cardiometabolic risk biomarkers varies by dietary nitrate intake.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 668 participants (mean age 31 ± 9 years, 73% women) were analysed. Dietary nitrate intake was calculated from food frequency questionnaires. Subgingival 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina, MiSeq) and PICRUSt2 estimated microbial genes. The Microbiome-Induced Nitric Oxide Enrichment Score (MINES) was calculated as a ratio of microbial gene abundances representing enhanced net capacity for NO generation. Adjusted multivariable linear models regressed cardiometabolic risk biomarkers (HbA1c, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood pressure) on nitrate intake and MINES together with a MINES × nitrate intake interaction term.

RESULTS: Mean nitrate intake was 190 ± 171 mg/day. Significant interactions of MINES and nitrate intake were observed for insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Among participants with a low MINES, higher nitrate intake was associated with lower HOMA-IR (1.2 [1.1-1.4] vs. 1.5 [1.3-1.6]; p = 0.002), but levels were similar in those with high MINES (p = 0.84).

CONCLUSIONS: A biomarker of higher microbial NO-generating capacity in subgingival plaque is associated with lower insulin and insulin resistance among individuals with lower dietary nitrate intake. Future trials evaluating the cardiometabolic benefits of nitrate-rich diets should incorporate measures of the entire oral microbiome.},
}

@article {pmid41448591,
year = {2025},
author = {Jensen, FCA and Birch, JS and Gram, A and Hansen, CHF and Nielsen, DS},
title = {Gastrointestinal Intraluminal pH of Non-Fasted Mice (Mus musculus) of Various Strains and Vendors Including Germ-Free and Streptomycin-Treated Mice.},
journal = {Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-093},
pmid = {41448591},
issn = {2769-6677},
abstract = {Mice are a valuable tool for preclinical research, enabling the investigation of fundamental questions about disease mechanisms, drug delivery, and pharmacokinetics. Intestinal pH influences drug delivery and pharmacokinetics of orally administered compounds. However, little is known about variations in pH along different sections of the mouse gastrointestinal tract. We therefore compared pH in 7 gastrointestinal tract sections of 48 male and female BALB/c, C57BL/6, and NMRI mice from 2 different vendors, as well as 8 streptomycin-treated and 8 germ-free BALB/c male and female mice from one vendor. The pH in the duodenum and cecum varied between strains and vendors. Relative to untreated barrier-bred mice, streptomycin-treated mice had significantly higher pH in the jejunum, and germ-free mice had significantly higher pH in the jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon, underlining the role of gut microbes in regulating pH levels throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, we show that mouse strain, vendor, and microbial presence, but not sex, influence gastrointestinal pH in mice. Given the importance of gastrointestinal pH for pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, and gastrointestinal microbial behavior, these data will provide an important foundation for the choice of mouse models for research involving the gastrointestinal tract.},
}

@article {pmid41448339,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghosh, S and Ganguly, A and Dong, TS and Lagishetty, V and Jacobs, JP and Devaskar, SU},
title = {Intestinal Microbiome in Response to Air Pollutant Exposure in Pregestational and Gestational Murine Females and their Male and Female Offspring.},
journal = {Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {109150},
doi = {10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109150},
pmid = {41448339},
issn = {1873-1708},
abstract = {We investigated the impact of chronic air pollutant (AP) exposure upon intestinal microbial diversity, composition, and metagenomic inferred functional pathways in murine pregestational and late gestational adult females, and male and female postnatal offspring (P21), compared to age- and sex- matched controls (CON). Intestinal microbiome analysis was undertaken with certain phenotypic characteristics in adult non-pregnant and pregnant females and the male and female offspring. In response to AP, pooled male and female offspring displayed no difference in E19 fetal and P1 postnatal body weights. At P21, females exposed in-utero to AP were heavier with increased fat and muscle mass at one month versus CON. Males were no different at P21 and 1 month revealing decreased fat mass and hyperglycemia. In pregestational/gestational females, AP did not change microbial α- or β-diversity from the respective CON. Gestational females showed AP induced changes in taxonomic composition such as reduced Bacteroides and increased Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia, among others. In response to intra-uterine AP exposure, the offspring intestinal microbiome revealed more compelling differences in α- and β- diversity than adult females. While certain microbial changes were common in both sexes, sex-specific differences also emerged with reduced α-diversity, decreased Bacteroides and increased Akkermansia in males only. The metagenomic inferred pathways revealed perturbations in multiple pathways. We conclude that the offspring exposed in-utero to AP revealed sex-specific changes in microbial diversity, composition and function, displaying certain similarities with distinct differences from mothers. These early life changes were associated with the subsequent emergence of pre-diabetes and adiposity.},
}

@article {pmid41448080,
year = {2025},
author = {D'Alessandro, A and Coletta, M and Ricci, M and Petrini, A and Sagratini, G and La Terza, A},
title = {From full-scale composting of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) with compostable plastic packaging to field application: Effects on wheat growth and rhizosphere microbiome structure.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {501},
number = {},
pages = {140895},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140895},
pmid = {41448080},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Global efforts toward a circular bioeconomy have promoted compostable plastics (CPs) as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based materials. CPs can be co-composted with the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) to produce compost for agricultural use, potentially reducing reliance on mineral fertilizers. Yet, their impacts on soil microbial dynamics and crop performance remain poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated the impact of compost (BioP) derived from industrial-scale co-composting of OFMSW and 2.6 % (w/w) CP food packaging (Mater-Bi) on wheat (Triticum aestivum) performance and rhizosphere microbial communities, compared to standard OFMSW compost (Comp). A single field trial (November 2021-July 2022) tested three treatments: no fertilization (Ctrl), Comp, and BioP amendments. Wheat traits were not significantly affected by compost treatments. Compost application, however, influenced the structure and composition of rhizosphere microbial communities, promoting beneficial taxa linked to nutrient cycling and plant health. Both composts promoted carbon-linked metabolisms (e.g., fermentation, > 20 % increase), and metabolisms linked to aromatic compounds degradation (up to a + 193 %). BioP, in particular, enriched several plastic-degrading microorganisms, shaped a distinct microbial network, and harboured unique bacterial (84 genera) l and fungal (35 genera) taxa, including genera known for their role in bioplastic degradation, like Alcanivorax, Cupriavidus, Saccharomonospora, Themomonospora, Amycolatopsis, Emericellopsis, Knufia, and Rhodotorula. Within the limits of a single-season field trial, our results indicate that compostable plastic packaging can be co-composted with OFMSW without adverse short-term effects on compost quality, wheat growth, or rhizosphere microbial communities, supporting its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.},
}

@article {pmid41447958,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, Y and Liu, Q and Sun, Y and Maszczyk, P and Wang, M and Yang, Z and Lee, JS},
title = {Hypoxia and the microbiome: Significance and application for ecotoxicological studies.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {119171},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119171},
pmid = {41447958},
issn = {1879-3363},
abstract = {Hypoxia, or low oxygen availability, is a growing environmental concern that significantly impacts microbial communities. Recent studies highlight the effects of hypoxia on microbial composition and function, favoring anaerobic taxa involved in nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon cycling. These shifts influence ecotoxicological processes by modulating pollutant degradation, metal bioavailability, and greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, oxygen depletion enhances the activity of anaerobic dechlorinators but may reduce heavy metal detoxification. Advances in metagenomics and multi-omics have offered new perspectives on microbial adaptation under hypoxic stress, revealing key metabolic pathways linked to pollutant transformation. However, knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the long-term ecological consequences of hypoxia-induced microbiome shifts. This review synthesizes recent findings on hypoxia-microbiome interactions, focusing on both environmental (e.g., sediment and water column) and host-associated (e.g., gut) microbiomes, and emphasizes their application in ecotoxicology. In addition, we discuss how hypoxia-induced microbial shifts in hypoxic environments and highlight potential applications of microbiome-based approaches for environmental risk assessment. Future research integrating experimental and modeling approaches is crucial to better predict the ecological impacts of hypoxia-driven microbial changes in contaminated environments.},
}

@article {pmid41447849,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, X and Zhang, Y and Wu, J and Chen, D and Xiu, M and Chang, L and Wang, Y and Li, J and He, J and Liu, Y},
title = {Astragalus licorice prescription and its active components alleviate chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis by apoptosis and fatty acid β-oxidation: Integrative multi-omics approaches.},
journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology},
volume = {150},
number = {},
pages = {157734},
doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157734},
pmid = {41447849},
issn = {1618-095X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM) is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy agents. Astragalus licorice prescription (ALP), a traditional Chinese formula, commonly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, has an unclear mechanism and potential active components in alleviating CIM.

PURPOSE: This study aims to comprehensively explore the mechanism and bioactive components of ALP in alleviating CIM.

METHODS: ALP's efficacy on CIM was evaluated in Drosophila melanogaster (flies) and C57BL/6 mice using phenotype assays, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and immunohistochemistry. ALP's synergistic effect with 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) on tumors was assessed in 615 tumor-bearing mice by measuring tumor volume/weight and performing HE/immunohistochemical staining. Ki67 staining assessed tumor proliferation. Multi-omics integration (transcriptomics, lipidomics, microbiome analysis, network pharmacology) analyzed ALP's mechanism against CIM. Functional pathways were validated via RT-qPCR, biochemical kits, and immunofluorescence, as well as transgenetic flies targeted with GFP. ALP's functional components were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and validated in CIM flies.

RESULTS: ALP significantly mitigated chemotherapy-induced systemic and intestinal damage in flies, evidenced by improved survival rate, elongated intestinal length, reduced acid-base imbalance, and enhanced epithelial and stem cell proliferation. Similarly, ALP alleviated intestinal mucositis symptoms and pathological damage in 5-FU-treated mice, such as reducing diarrhea levels, increasing intestinal length and villus height. Mechanistically, ALP inhibited the expressions of the JAK/STAT pathway related genes (upd3, stat92E, hop, dome, and Dronc) and proteins (UPD3, STAT92E, cleaved caspase-3), and reduced intstinal cells apoptosis. Concurrently, ALP elevated lipid metabolism levels by activating the fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) pathway related genes expressions (Wdh, Mtp-α, Mtp-β, and Scully) and decreased intestinal free fatty acids. Integrated microbiome, lipidomic, and transcriptomic analyses revealed that ALP corrected multiple gut microbial and lipid metabolic disorders associated with the JAK/STAT apoptotic pathway and FAO lipid metabolism pathway. Furthermore, ALP combined with 5-FU enhanced the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU, as shown by reduced tumor volume and weight, and decreased the proliferation of tumor cells. Finally, four bioactive compounds in ALP, including berberine, dihydrotanshinone I, licochalcone A, and resveratrol, were identified as alleviating CIM.

CONCLUSION: ALP mitigated CIM by inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway to reduce cellular apoptosis and activating the FAO pathway to improve lipid metabolism, thereby positioning it as a promising novel therapeutic option. Meanwhile, four bioactive compounds of ALP demonstrated protective effects against CIM.},
}

@article {pmid41447757,
year = {2025},
author = {Mandala, A and Undi, RB and Janssen, RC and Sugino, KY and Zhao, W and Nelson, BN and Teague, AM and Patil, NY and Zemsky Berry, K and Varshney, R and Bergman, BC and Rudolph, MC and Joshi, AD and Rajala, RVS and Jonscher, KR and Friedman, JE},
title = {Reprogramming offspring liver health: maternal indole supplementation as a preventive strategy against MASLD.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {123},
number = {},
pages = {106098},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106098},
pmid = {41447757},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disruptions in early-life gut microbiota and metabolites associated with maternal Western-style diet (WD) during critical windows of development are linked to metabolic and inflammatory diseases in offspring, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in later life. These disturbances can alter microbial metabolite production, such as tryptophan derivatives, which are crucial for immune and metabolic regulation. However, the specific effects of maternal supplementation with tryptophan metabolites on offspring gut microbiome maturation and MASLD risk remain unexplored.

METHODS: WD-fed mouse dams were supplemented with microbial metabolites indole (Ind) or indole-3-acetic acid (I3A) during gestation and lactation; male offspring were weaned to chow diet for 9 weeks, followed by a 4-week WD challenge. Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) was performed from offspring to naïve recipients, followed by a 4-week WD challenge. Human LX-2 stellate cells were used to study mechanisms for indole and very long-chain (VLC) ceramide effects on TGF-β-induced fibrosis.

FINDINGS: Maternal supplementation with Ind or I3A had long-term protective effects in adult WD-challenged offspring against excess weight gain, steatosis, stellate cell activation, and fibrosis. Perinatal exposure to Ind or I3A activated offspring aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling in gut and liver, which trans-repressed known and new target genes, including ceramidases Asah2 and Acer3, leading to increased VLC ceramides. FMT from offspring with perinatal exposure to Ind protected recipients from WD-induced fibrogenesis and increased beneficial VLC ceramides in recipient livers. In vitro, LX-2 stellate cells cultured with Ind or VLC ceramides demonstrated an anti-fibrotic effect, which was abolished by AHR inhibition.

INTERPRETATION: Maternal indole supplementation, through sustained activation of AHR in offspring gut and liver and an increase in hepatic VLC ceramides, prevents diet-induced MASLD and fibrosis in offspring, offering a novel therapeutic pathway for prevention of paediatric MASLD.

FUNDING: See Acknowledgements.},
}

@article {pmid41447511,
year = {2025},
author = {Bisschops, BG},
title = {Drug Development.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 5},
number = {Suppl 5},
pages = {e099006},
doi = {10.1002/alz70859_099006},
pmid = {41447511},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/metabolism ; *Drug Development/methods ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Biofilms ; Metabolomics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is influenced by an intricate interplay of genetic, metabolic, and microbial factors. Recent studies highlight the critical roles of the gut-brain axis, lipid metabolism, bile acids, and systemic inflammation in AD progression. The 3DNasal project integrates spatial intelligence, biofilm technology, and multi-omics insights to develop a scalable, precision-based therapeutic platform targeting AD's multifactorial pathology.

METHOD: Objective: To design a biofilm-based nasal spray incorporating findings from metabolomics, microbiome research, and genomics (e.g., Dilmore et al., 2024; Mohanty et al., 2024) to restore microbiome homeostasis, reduce neuroinflammation, and enhance systemic resilience against AD progression.

RESULT: Preclinical findings demonstrate improved biofilm adhesion, enhanced delivery to the olfactory bulb, and significant modulation of the gut-brain axis. Data reveal that the Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet mitigates AD risk factors through serum and CSF metabolomics (Schweickart et al., 2024). Multi-omics analyses further identify novel microbial and metabolic signatures associated with AD pathology (Dilmore et al., 2024) and systemic inflammation (Liang et al., 2024) CONCLUSION: The 3DNasal project represents a novel therapeutic paradigm by integrating spatial intelligence, multi-omics, and bioengineering. This precision-based approach targets localized and systemic drivers of AD, paving the way for scalable and adaptive interventions. Future research will focus on clinical validation, adaptive personalization, and exploration of lifestyle-microbiome interactions to optimize therapeutic outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/metabolism
*Drug Development/methods
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Biofilms
Metabolomics
Animals

@article {pmid41447442,
year = {2025},
author = {Mishra, SP and Jain, S and Yadav, D and Buddendorff, L and Hoover, JP and Shukla, R and Kumar, V and Holland, P and Masternak, MM and Labyak, C and Williams, C and Golden, A and Agronin, M and , and Yadav, H},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {e104153},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_104153},
pmid = {41447442},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; Biomarkers/blood ; Male ; Female ; *Interleukin-6/blood ; Aged ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/blood/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Inflammation/blood ; Cohort Studies ; Feces/microbiology ; Aged, 80 and over ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia poses a significant public health challenge for older adults, and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies remain elusive. This is largely due to an incomplete understanding of the precise etiology and contributing factors underlying these conditions. Increased systemic inflammation is suspected to elevate the risk of dementia and cognitive decline, yet the causes of chronic inflammation remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiome abnormalities are linked to increased inflammation and a higher risk of dementia. However, it remains unclear whether the rate of cognitive impairment differs with higher systemic inflammation and whether unique microbiome signatures are associated with inflamed cognitive decline and dementia.

METHOD: Using 165 samples from the Microbiome in Aging Gut and Brain (MiaGB) consortium cohort, systemic inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured in human plasma via ELISA. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire, and fecal microbiomes were analyzed through shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Subjects were grouped based on IL-6 levels (high and low) and cognitive status (normal cognition and cognitive impairment), and their corresponding microbiome signatures were analyzed.

RESULT: Interestingly, individuals with high IL-6 levels (IL-6[High]) exhibited over twice the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to those with low IL-6 levels (IL-6[Low]) (n = 41 IL-6[High] vs. 18 IL-6[Low]). Older adults with low IL-6 and MCI displayed higher abundances of Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alistipes, Fusicatenibacter, and Parabacteroides, but lower levels of Lachnospira, Akkermansia, and Subdoligranulum compared to sex- and age-matched cognitively healthy controls with low IL-6. Conversely, those with high IL-6 and MCI exhibited higher abundances of Blautia, Prevotella, and Fusicatenibacter and lower abundances of Lachnospira, Akkermansia, and Subdoligranulum compared to IL-6[High] controls with normal cognition.

CONCLUSION: These findings reveal that butyrate-producing genera such as Lachnospira, Akkermansia, and Subdoligranulum are significantly reduced, while potentially pathogenic Fusicatenibacter and commensal Prevotella are elevated in individuals with MCI and high IL-6 levels. These distinct microbial profiles may serve as biomarkers for the early detection of cognitive decline in older adults, highlighting potential targets for therapeutic strategies to preserve brain health during aging.},
}

Humans
Biomarkers/blood
Male
Female
*Interleukin-6/blood
Aged
*Cognitive Dysfunction/blood/microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Inflammation/blood
Cohort Studies
Feces/microbiology
Aged, 80 and over

@article {pmid41447357,
year = {2025},
author = {Worachotsueptrakun, K},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {e100663},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_100663},
pmid = {41447357},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biomarkers/blood ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Alzheimer Disease/blood ; Aged ; tau Proteins/blood ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The imbalance of microbial composition in the gut of elderly individuals can contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease due to the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut. Certain groups of gut bacteria can produce metabolites that are toxic to neurons, leading to inflammation and neuronal death in the central nervous system through various pathways. Diet plays a crucial role in influencing the composition of gut bacteria. Consuming prebiotic foods or dietary fibers from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains can stimulate the growth of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids or probiotic microorganisms.

METHOD: Patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study. Clinical conditions were assessed, and blood samples were collected to analyze the accumulation of abnormal beta-amyloid (as the ratio between 42/40), p-Tau 181, brain damage markers (neurofilament light chain [NFL] and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), and APOE. Additionally, gut microbiome analysis was performed using amplicon-based metagenomic methods. The data analysis was conducted in correlation with clinical symptoms.

RESULT: To confirm the results from the discovery sample, participants were recruited for the study. Gut microbiome compositional analysis was performed on fresh stool samples collected from both the study group (n = 40) and age- and sex-matched control participants (n = 40). Microbiome features correlated with plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) and plasma neurofilament light chain (NFL), but not with APOE ε3 or neurodegeneration biomarkers, suggesting that changes in the gut microbial community occur early in the disease process. Specific taxa and microbial pathways associated with preclinical Alzheimer's disease were identified.

CONCLUSION: These beneficial bacteria can produce anti-inflammatory metabolites and reduce the entry of neurotoxic metabolites into the system. Therefore, understanding the relationship between gut bacteria, prebiotics, and Alzheimer's disease could provide a preventative approach to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease caused by microbial imbalance in the elderly.},
}

Humans
*Biomarkers/blood
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Female
Male
*Alzheimer Disease/blood
Aged
tau Proteins/blood
Amyloid beta-Peptides/blood

@article {pmid41447216,
year = {2025},
author = {Bedzhanyan, AL and Kovalskaya, YV and Petrenko, KN and Frolova, YV},
title = {[Role of gut microbiota in aging processes].},
journal = {Khirurgiia},
volume = {},
number = {11. Vyp. 2},
pages = {67-73},
doi = {10.17116/hirurgia202511267},
pmid = {41447216},
issn = {0023-1207},
mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Aging/physiology/immunology ; *Dysbiosis/microbiology/physiopathology/complications ; Sarcopenia/microbiology ; },
abstract = {This review examines the fundamental role of intestinal microbiota in modulating aging processes. According to current data, age-related microbiome changes are not a consequence, but an active mechanism of aging, determining individual developmental trajectory along the path of «successful» or pathological aging. Primary focus is on analysis of cause-and-effect relationship between dysbiosis and systemic aging. Age-related disruption of microbiota (decreased diversity, reduced amount of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila, butyrate deficiency) leads to disruption of intestinal barrier, lipopolysaccharide translocation, and chronic systemic inflammation through TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. This cascade of pathological processes causes immune senescence and underlies major geriatric syndromes and age-associated diseases. This review provides a detailed analysis of dysbiosis influences on various body systems: neurodegenerative diseases via the gut-brain axis, sarcopenia via suppressed muscle protein synthesis, type 2 diabetes via impairment of insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease via TMAO production, and osteoporosis via impaired bone metabolism. Particular attention is paid to unique microbiota profile in centenarians, where combination of dysbiosis and preservation of specific symbionts (Christensenellaceae, Akkermansia muciniphila) is thought to promote healthy longevity. The article concludes by substantiating potential for therapeutic modification of microbiota as a strategy for correcting the manifestations of aging.},
}

Humans
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Aging/physiology/immunology
*Dysbiosis/microbiology/physiopathology/complications
Sarcopenia/microbiology

@article {pmid41447103,
year = {2025},
author = {Shukla, R and Kumar, V and Yadav, D and Holland, P and Masternak, MM and Labyak, CA and Dangiolo, MB and Agronin, ME and , and Yadav, H and Jain, S},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {},
pages = {e101631},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_101631},
pmid = {41447103},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; Biomarkers ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology ; Alzheimer Disease/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; *Dementia/microbiology ; Cohort Studies ; Metagenomics ; Aged, 80 and over ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Mouth/microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over recent decades, growing evidence has highlighted the pivotal role of the microbiome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Studies suggests the disruptions in the gut microbiome may contribute to cognitive impairment, but the association between the oral microbiome and cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study aims to characterize the oral microbiome and investigate its role in cognitive decline among elderly participants of MiaGB cohort.

METHOD: Whole-genome metagenomics sequencing was performed on 368 samples (Controls: 236, MCI: 107, and Dementia: 25) collected from the MiaGB (Microbiome in Aging Gut and Brain) consortium, a multi-site, clinical research study. The data was processed and analyzed using KneadData, MetaPhlAn, and HUMAnNnn tools.

RESULT: Taxonomic analysis revealed an increasing abundance of the genus Porphyromonas, and species Neisseria subflava, Neisseria sicca, and Streptococcus australis from controls to MCI to dementia participants. Random forest (RF) and LEfSe analysis identified significant increase in abundance of species N. subflava, Veillonella parvula, N. sicca, and Neisseria flavescens in MCI and dementia participants compared to controls. Additionally, Lautropia mirabilis, Eubacterium sulci, and Gemella sanguinis species were enriched in MCI compared to Controls and Dementia participants. Genera Porphyromonas are associated with cognitive impairment in other studies. Also, S. australis and V. parvula and Gemella sanguinis has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and infective endocarditis. Distinct microbial profiles specific to each group could serve as biomarkers to identify the risk of cognitive impairment.

CONCLUSION: This study revealed a strong link between oral microbiome alterations and cognitive impairment. Further analysis will provide a more comprehensive understanding about the role of these microbes in cognitively impaired participants. These findings offer new insights into early biomarkers for cognitive impairment and the development of potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention and intervention of Alzheimer's disease (AD).},
}

Humans
Biomarkers
Male
Female
Aged
*Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology
Alzheimer Disease/microbiology
*Microbiota
*Dementia/microbiology
Cohort Studies
Metagenomics
Aged, 80 and over
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Mouth/microbiology

@article {pmid41446797,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, Z and Zhou, M and Luo, F and Feng, S and Tan, Y and Wang, Q and Cheng, Z and Tan, R and Li, R},
title = {Cryptotanshinone targets tumor-immune-microbiome axis to suppress colorectal cancer.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1667500},
pmid = {41446797},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression involves complex interactions between tumor cells, immune evasion, and metabolic reprogramming. Cryptotanshinone (CTS), a bioactive diterpenoid from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has demonstrated anticancer potential, but its integrated effects on CRC remain unclear.

METHODS: We employed both in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of CTS. Using MC38 cells and mouse-derived CRC organoids, we assessed its impact on proliferation and apoptosis through CCK-8, clonogenic, and Annexin V/PI assays. For vivo evaluation, a murine AOM/DSS-induced CRC model was established and administered CTS via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks. Comprehensive analyses included histopathology, immune profiling by flow cytometry, 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota, and LC-MS-based metabolomics.

RESULTS: CTS exerted potent anti-CRC effects, suppressing tumor cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in vitro. In AOM/DSS-induced mice, CTS significantly inhibited tumor growth, ameliorated colon shortening and pathological damage, and reduced inflammation. Mechanistically, CTS alleviated T cell exhaustion, reversed metabolic dysregulation, and restored gut microbiota community structure.

CONCLUSION: CTS effectively suppresses CRC progression. Its efficacy is associated with the coordinated modulation of the tumor-immune-microbiome axis, involving direct cytotoxicity, reduced PD-1+ T cell levels, and restructuring of the gut microbial community. These results highlight CTS as a promising multi-faceted therapeutic candidate and provide a preclinical rationale for its further development.},
}

@article {pmid41446733,
year = {2025},
author = {Dai, CS and Qi, TT and Shang, HL and Xie, RH and Liu, H and Liu, ZM and Cui, YM and Zhang, YH},
title = {Intratumoral microbiota-derived S1P sensitizes the combination therapy of capecitabine and PD-1 inhibitors.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {28},
number = {12},
pages = {114202},
pmid = {41446733},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {Clinical responses of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments vary considerably due to the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment (TME), where intratumoral microbiota may reshape the unique inflammation imprints. However, its complex mechanistic underpinnings remain incompletely elucidated. Herein, we sought to delineate the critical role of intratumoral microbiota in potentiating combination therapeutics against CRC. By comparing germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mouse models of 33 potential CRC treatments, we screened out capecitabine-MIH4 (anti-PD-1 antibody) combination regimen significantly augmented by intratumoral microbiota in tumor regression. The enrichment of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis induced by Capecitabine-MIH4 was concomitant with elevated microbial sphingosine-1-phosphate, which further up-regulated tumoral PD-L1 expression by enhancing histone deacetylation at the CD274 locus. This activation ultimately led to effector memory CD8 [+] T cell expansion and exhausted T cell subset reduction within TME. To conclude, these findings highlight microbial sphingolipids as potential predictive biomarkers for strategies of targeting intratumoral microbiota in CRC management.},
}

@article {pmid41446669,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, J and Yuan, Q and Zhang, K and Sheng, X and Zhu, Z and Sui, N and Wang, H},
title = {Rotation of soybean and Corydalis yanhusuo enhances yield and active compounds of C. yanhusuo via soil nutrient optimisation and rhizosphere microbiome engineering.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1692138},
pmid = {41446669},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang, a herb in the Papaveraceae family used for pain treatment, faces challenges with continuous cropping. Crop rotation with soybean can mitigate soil issues and facilitate the development of subsequent crops. This study evaluated how varying durations of soybean-C. yanhusuo rotation affect yield and active component of C. yanhusuo, soil nutrients, and microbial communities. Rotation with soybean progressively improved yield and active component of C. yanhusuo. Concurrently, soil organic matter, total/hydrolysable nitrogen, and soil enzyme activities improved over time. Microbial OTUs increased in the bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and roots, along with significant improvements in α-diversity. Over time, the Proteobacteria and pathogenic genera decreased, while Firmicutes and other beneficial genera increased. Network complexity and functions related to nitrate denitrification, cellulolysis, and xylanolysis improved with increased rotation duration. Significant positive correlations were detected between Bacillus, Mortierella, Trichoderma, and yield, medicinal components in C. yanhusuo, and soil nutrients. Structural equation modelling revealed that crop rotation affects C. yanhusuo yield by influencing the microbial community, which in turn alters soil nutrients. The soybean-C. yanhusuo rotation system enhances C. yanhusuo yield and active component content by improving soil nutrients and microbial diversity, providing valuable insights for sustainable medicinal plant cultivation.},
}

@article {pmid41446667,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Ahmed, W and Dai, Z and Meng, H and Li, H and Moussa, IM and Ma, Y and Zhang, J and Ji, G},
title = {Cultivar-specific responses of the citrus endophytic microbiome to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri infection reveals Lysobacter as a key biocontrol taxon.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1700610},
pmid = {41446667},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a major threat to citrus production worldwide, resulting in significant losses in yield and fruit quality. This study investigates the differential responses of endophytic microbial communities to Xcc infection in citrus cultivars with distinct resistance levels, specifically comparing the highly susceptible Citrus reticulata cv. 'Orah' and the more resistant Fortunella crassifolia cv. 'Cuimi'. Through high-throughput amplicon sequencing, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities in both cultivars before and after Xcc inoculation.

RESULTS: The results revealed distinct shifts in microbial diversity, with bacterial community diversity largely maintained in resistant cultivars but significantly reduced in susceptible ones following Xcc infection. Conversely, fungal community richness decreased in both cultivars post-inoculation, with notable cultivar-specific changes in the relative abundance of key genera. Notably, Lysobacter emerged as the only bacterial genus that significantly increased in abundance in the resistant cultivar under pathogen pressure, highlighting its potential as a key biocontrol agent. Further, we identified several fungal genera, including Penicillium and Aspergillus, which proliferated in susceptible plants under pathogen pressure. The study also isolated and identified a Lysobacter antibioticus GJ-6 strain with potent antagonistic activity against Xcc, offering insights into its potential role in enhancing disease resistance.

CONCLUSIONS: This work provides a comprehensive understanding of how endophytic microbiomes differ between resistant and susceptible citrus cultivars, suggesting new avenues for developing sustainable biocontrol strategies to manage citrus canker. These findings underscore the potential of endophytes in mitigating plant diseases and advancing the application of microbiome-based interventions in agriculture.},
}

@article {pmid41446647,
year = {2025},
author = {Cui, X and Qi, J and Yi, C and Liu, J and Yuan, XL and Deng, W and Xu, H},
title = {The microbiome exists in the neuroretina and choroid in normal conditions and responds rapidly to retinal injury.},
journal = {Frontiers in ophthalmology},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {1719090},
pmid = {41446647},
issn = {2674-0826},
abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the microbial profiles in the retina and RPE/choroid, and how they respond to retinal injury.

METHODS: Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to retinal laser burns using a photocoagulator. One and 24h later, the retina and RPE/choroid were collected under strict sterile conditions and processed for 16S rRNA paired-end sequencing (2×250). The data were analyzed using R software, GraphPad Prism, OmicShare, and Wekemo Bioincloud.

RESULTS: Microbiota were detected in the retina and RPE/choroid under normal physiological conditions. The alpha diversity was higher in the retina than in the RPE/choroid. All retinal microbiotas at the phylum level and 12 out of 14 at the genus level were shared with those of RPE/choroid. The top phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Retinal laser injury reduced the alpha diversity but did not affect beta diversity. In the RPE/choroid, the abundance of Actinomyces and Roseburia decreased, and the abundance of Lactobacillus increased significantly after laser injury. The abundance of Sphingomonas in the retina decreased, and the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium increased (P<0.05) after laser injury in the retina. Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium are positively linked to Th17/IL-17 signaling and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways, as well as antigen processing and presentation.

CONCLUSIONS: The neuroretina and RPE/choroid have diverse microbiomes under normal conditions. Their richness and evenness are relatively stable in the retina compared to those in the RPE/choroid. Retinal laser injury enriches Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium in ocular tissues, and these microbiotas may participate in retinal wound healing through modulating inflammation.},
}

@article {pmid41446590,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, Y and Wang, F and Wang, Y and Tan, J and Niu, H and Guo, G and Fang, L and Jiang, L},
title = {Heat stress compromises nutritional quality and flavor of bovine raw milk: Evidence from multi-omics analyses.},
journal = {Food chemistry: X},
volume = {32},
number = {},
pages = {103361},
pmid = {41446590},
issn = {2590-1575},
abstract = {Heat stress is a growing concern for dairy production under global climate change. This study employed integrated multi-omics approaches to investigate how heat stress affects the antioxidant capacity, microbiota, metabolite profiles, lipid composition, and flavor compounds in raw milk. Results revealed that heat stress reduced antioxidant levels and altered the milk microbiome, favoring potentially spoilage-associated bacteria. Metabolomic analysis indicated disrupted energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, with reductions in beneficial unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and polar lipids such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Notably, several off-flavor volatiles, including hexanal, ketones, and sulfur compounds, increased in heat-stressed milk, while sweet esters declined. These compositional and sensory changes may compromise milk quality, nutritional value, and consumer acceptability. This study provides a comprehensive biochemical basis for understanding how heat stress affects milk quality, offering important references for quality assessment and risk monitoring in dairy production under warming climates.},
}

@article {pmid41446577,
year = {2025},
author = {Zu, J and Zhang, W and Du, L and Zhao, H and Xu, M and Chen, R and Zhang, Y and Chen, S and Xu, C and Dong, L and Zhu, J and Xiao, L and Liu, C},
title = {Sex-dependent alterations of salivary microbiome in Parkinson's disease: associations with motor and non-motor clinical phenotypes.},
journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1726620},
pmid = {41446577},
issn = {2296-889X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) shows considerable heterogeneity in motor and non motor features. The contribution of the salivary microbiome and its modification by sex remains unclear.

METHODS: In a single center cross sectional case control study, we profiled unstimulated saliva from 24 patients with Parkinson's disease and 25 age and sex matched controls using 16S rRNA sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity were evaluated, group associated taxa were identified by indicator analysis, and community structure was related to clinical measures including Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III in off and on medication states, the Non Motor Symptoms Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

RESULTS: Alpha diversity was broadly preserved, whereas richness was higher in men with Parkinson's disease than in women with PD. Beta diversity showed modest but significant separation across disease by sex groups at multiple taxonomic levels with PERMANOVA R [2] about 0.13 and significant P values. Women with PD displayed higher Prevotella and Veillonella with lower Akkermansia, and men with PD showed a TM7 skewed profile typified by Candidatus Saccharimonas and reduced Haemophilus. The coupling between community structure and clinical burden was strongest for motor severity and was more evident in the on medication state.

CONCLUSION: The salivary microbiome in Parkinson's disease exhibits sex specific alterations that track clinical burden, supporting sex aware development of salivary biomarkers and microbiota focused strategies. Validation in larger longitudinal cohorts with multi omics and standardized oral and medication metadata is warranted.},
}

@article {pmid41446456,
year = {2025},
author = {Gupta, M and Patanvadia, D and Bhavsar, RA and Rajak, VS},
title = {Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Commensal Gut Flora Among Healthy Individuals: A Hidden Reservoir for Resistance Transmission.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {e97542},
pmid = {41446456},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health challenge, undermining the effectiveness of existing antibiotics and complicating the management of infectious diseases. The human gut microbiome serves as an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can be transferred among bacterial populations, including those inhabiting healthy individuals. Understanding the diversity and distribution of these ARGs at the community level is essential to identifying the hidden reservoirs of resistance within apparently healthy populations. However, data on the prevalence and determinants of ARGs in the general population of India remain limited. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 healthy adults (aged 18-60 years) in a tertiary care center of Central India from January to September 2025. Stool samples were analyzed using culture and multiplex quantitative PCR for nine major ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, tetM, ermB, sul1, qnrS, vanA, and mcr-1) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Associations between ARG carriage and demographic and exposure factors were assessed using the chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression analyses. Results The most common ARGs were tetM (42.7%), blaTEM (38.7%), and sul1 (34%) genes. ARG richness was significantly associated with recent antibiotic use (χ[2] = 17.3, p < 0.001) and MGE detection (χ[2] = 12.5, p < 0.001). Probiotic use was independently protective against blaTEM carriage (adjusted odds ratio = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.05-0.69, p = 0.011), whereas MGE detection showed a positive trend (p = 0.060). Linear regression (R[2] = 0.283) indicated that younger age (p = 0.014) and "Other" sex (p < 0.001) were associated with a higher total ARG load. Conclusion Healthy individuals harbor diverse and transmissible ARGs in their gut microbiota. Antibiotic exposure and MGEs increase ARG diversity, whereas probiotics may reduce blaTEM carriage. These findings highlight the need for One Health surveillance and prudent antimicrobial stewardship to limit the spread of AMR at the community level.},
}

@article {pmid41446346,
year = {2025},
author = {Rusu, LM and Moldovan, M and Labunet, A and Objelean, A and Muntean, A and Sava, S},
title = {Natural Strategies for Dental Hard-Tissue Remineralization: A Scoping Review of Galla Chinensis and Its Dual Anticaries Action.},
journal = {Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {609-622},
pmid = {41446346},
issn = {1179-1357},
abstract = {Dental caries remains a global public health challenge, traditionally managed through fluoride-based strategies that enhance enamel remineralization and inhibit demineralization. However, concerns regarding fluoride resistance, fluorosis, and the growing demand for minimally invasive alternatives have stimulated interest in bioactive, plant-derived compounds. Galla chinensis extract (GCE), rich in polyphenols and tannins, has emerged as a promising candidate with dual effects on hard tissue repair and microbial control. This scoping review aimed to assess the evidence on Galla chinensis extract (GCE) as a non-fluoride agent for enhancing enamel and dental hard tissue remineralization and preventing dental caries. A structured search of available literature was conducted, focusing on experimental, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies evaluating GCE's biological properties, mechanisms of action, and translational potential in dentistry. Our findings indicate that GCE consistently promotes mineral deposition and enhances enamel surface microhardness, effectively inhibiting demineralization processes. In addition, GCE exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against cariogenic biofilms, particularly Streptococcus mutans, highlighting its potential to reduce caries risk by modulating the oral microbiome. Preliminary clinical studies show favorable outcomes, although the available evidence is limited in scale and duration. Collectively, these results demonstrate a dual action of GCE: supporting enamel repair while concurrently suppressing cariogenic activity. This suggests that GCE may serve as a promising adjunct or alternative to conventional fluoride-based strategies within minimally invasive dentistry. However, further well-designed clinical trials are necessary to confirm its efficacy, safety, and long-term benefits in caries management.},
}

@article {pmid41446282,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, L and Gao, H and Li, Q and Wang, Y and Li, J and Li, X and Huang, Z and Wang, C and Nie, J},
title = {Shaoyao Gancao decoction alleviates functional constipation by inhibiting Escherichia-Shigella expansion, modulating gut microbiota, and suppressing dysbiosis-induced endocannabinoid production: evidence from a self-controlled pilot study.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1705271},
pmid = {41446282},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; Pilot Projects ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Constipation/drug therapy/microbiology ; Female ; Male ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Dysbiosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Feces/microbiology/chemistry ; Adult ; *Endocannabinoids/metabolism/biosynthesis ; Treatment Outcome ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/drug effects ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD), a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been clinically reported to improve symptoms of functional constipation (FC), although its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy and gut microbiota modulation of SGD in patients with FC.

METHODS: A self-controlled pilot study was conducted in 20 patients diagnosed with FC according to the Rome III (IV) criteria. Participants received a 3-5 day oral intervention with SGD. Clinical outcomes, including stool frequency, consistency, and ease of defecation, were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires. Fecal samples collected before and after treatment were analyzed for microbial composition (16S rRNA sequencing) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

RESULTS: Ninety percent of participants reported symptomatic improvement, with 70% achieving increased stool frequency (> 3 times/week). SGD treatment markedly shifted the fecal microbiota from a dysbiotic state dominated by Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia-Shigella to a community enriched in Firmicutes, Veillonella, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. These microbial changes were accompanied by significant increases in fecal SCFAs and improvements in stool consistency and frequency. Functional prediction analysis revealed that SGD suppressed unsaturated fatty acid and arachidonic acid metabolism, thereby attenuating retrograde endocannabinoid signaling associated with intestinal hypomotility. Feature taxa enriched in responders-such as Ruminococcus sp. N15.MGS-57 and Bacteroides coprophilus-were linked to enhanced estrogen activity and secondary bile acid metabolism.

DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that SGD alleviates FC by restoring microbial balance, enhancing SCFA production, and suppressing dysbiosis-induced endocannabinoid signaling. As a pilot study, the results are preliminary but provide mechanistic insights that warrant validation in larger, randomized controlled trials.},
}

Humans
Pilot Projects
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
*Constipation/drug therapy/microbiology
Female
Male
*Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/administration & dosage/pharmacology
*Dysbiosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Middle Aged
Feces/microbiology/chemistry
Adult
*Endocannabinoids/metabolism/biosynthesis
Treatment Outcome
Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis/metabolism
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Bacteria/classification/genetics/drug effects

@article {pmid41446280,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, X and An, Y and Liu, Y and Li, G and Qiu, X and Lu, Y and Lin, G},
title = {Comparison of currently common neoadjuvant therapy strategies for rectal cancer: a three-arm retrospective study.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1545195},
pmid = {41446280},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Rectal Neoplasms/therapy/pathology ; *Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Treatment Outcome ; *Adenocarcinoma/therapy ; Adult ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Feces/microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The evolving neoadjuvant therapy regime is revolutionizing the management of local advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and neoadjuvant immunotherapy are currently the most prominent strategies. However, existing studies predominantly evaluate these approaches in isolation, leaving their comparative efficacy unresolved.

METHODS: A three-arm retrospective study was conducted including a total of 160 consecutive patients pathologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma with pMMR or non-MSI-H and receiving neoadjuvant therapy followed by radical resection in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). Based on the neoadjuvant therapy regimen, patients were divided into three groups: the nCRT group (n=81), the TNT group (n=42), and the PD-1 group (n=37). The clinical data including baseline characteristics, treatment information, and MRI accuracy on rectal cancer restaging were analyzed. Considering the possible impact of gut microbiome on antitumor immunity, we also analyzed differences in gut microbiome between baseline stool samples from pCR and non-pCR patients in the PD-1 group.

RESULTS: No significant differences were found in baseline characteristics among the three groups. The rates of pathologic complete response (pCR, corresponding to pTRG 0) were 25.9% (21/81) in the nCRT group, 40.5% (17/42) in the TNT group, and 45.9% (17/37) in the PD-1 group (p=0.048). The accuracy of MRI for restaging rectal cancer T stage was not ideal, particularly in the TNT and PD-1 groups. Additionally, the α and β diversity of gut microbiome between baseline stool samples from pCR and non-pCR patients in the PD-1 group were similar.

CONCLUSIONS: Both TNT and PD-1 combination therapy demonstrated higher tumor regression and pCR rates compared with nCRT, suggesting enhanced local tumor control. However, improvements in rectal MRI accuracy and gut microbiome research are needed to enhance precision in diagnostics and therapy.},
}

Humans
*Rectal Neoplasms/therapy/pathology
*Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods
Retrospective Studies
Male
Female
Middle Aged
Aged
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Treatment Outcome
*Adenocarcinoma/therapy
Adult
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Immunotherapy/methods
Feces/microbiology

@article {pmid41446276,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, S and Jiang, Y and Lv, D and Zheng, Y and Zhang, R and Dai, H and Wang, Z and Li, S and Qi, R and Xu, H and Yu, Y and Xu, C and Lu, X and Xu, Y and Jin, S and Wu, X},
title = {Identification of subtypes and construction of a predictive model for novel subtypes in severe community-acquired pneumonia based on clinical metagenomics: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1676502},
pmid = {41446276},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; *Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology/mortality/classification/diagnosis ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Metagenomics/methods ; Aged ; China/epidemiology ; *Pneumonia/microbiology/classification/mortality ; Adult ; Microbiota/genetics ; Prognosis ; ROC Curve ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology ; Intensive Care Units ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Nomograms ; Community-Acquired Pneumonia ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: It is well recognized that high heterogeneity represents a key driver of the elevated mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP). Precise subtype classification is therefore critical for both treatment strategy formulation and prognostic evaluation in this patient population. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for novel clinical subtypes of sCAP, leveraging microbiome profiles identified via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).

METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled adult patients with sCAP who underwent clinical mNGS testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in intensive care units (ICUs) across 17 medical centers in China. Based on mNGS-identified microbiome characteristics, unsupervised machine learning (UML) was employed for clustering analysis of sCAP patients. LASSO regression and random forest (RF) algorithms were applied to screen and identify predictors of novel sCAP subtypes. A predictive model for the new clinical subtypes was constructed according to the screening results, with a nomogram generated. The discriminative ability, calibration, and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using ROC curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis, respectively.

RESULTS: A total of 1,051 sCAP patients were included in the final analysis. The 28-day all-cause mortality rate was 45% (473/1,051). UML clustering identified two distinct sCAP subtypes: the 28-day mortality rate was 42.19% (343/813) in subtype 1 and 54.62% (130/238) in subtype 2. Incorporating clinical and microbial features, a predictive model for the novel sCAP subtypes was developed using the following predictors: immunosuppression (OR = 37,411.46, P < 0.001), connective tissue disease (CTD) (OR = 12,144.60, P = 0.004), hematological malignancy (HM) (OR = 107,768.13, P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 49.71, P < 0.001), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (OR = 0.00, P < 0.001), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (OR = 131.97, P < 0.001), Pneumocystis (OR = 47,949.56, P < 0.001), and Klebsiella (OR = 0.02, P = 0.003). The model demonstrated excellent discriminative ability with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.992. Calibration curves showed good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes. Decision curve analysis confirmed high clinical utility for predicting novel sCAP subtypes.

CONCLUSION: This study identified novel clinical subtypes of sCAP based on mNGS-derived microbiome characteristics. This approach exhibits superior performance in identifying high-risk sCAP patients, facilitating precise subtyping.},
}

Humans
Retrospective Studies
*Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology/mortality/classification/diagnosis
Male
Female
Middle Aged
*Metagenomics/methods
Aged
China/epidemiology
*Pneumonia/microbiology/classification/mortality
Adult
Microbiota/genetics
Prognosis
ROC Curve
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology
Intensive Care Units
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Nomograms
Community-Acquired Pneumonia

@article {pmid41446208,
year = {2025},
author = {Gómez-Garzón, C and Chen, Q and O'Brien, VP and Salama, NR},
title = {Metaplasia Enables Stomach Colonization by Fusobacterium animalis.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.16.694801},
pmid = {41446208},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the major risk factor for gastric cancer worldwide; yet the exact mechanisms behind this link remain unclear. H. pylori -associated tissue changes often disrupt the gastric microbiome, enabling secondary gastric colonization by oral bacteria. Among these secondary colonizers, Fusobacterium species have documented associations with several gastrointestinal cancers. We found that both F. animalis and F. nucleatum invade cultured human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, but F. animalis exhibited higher adherence and invasion, and hypoxic conditions promoted higher bacterial survival. Both adherence and invasion were inhibited by exogenous GalNAc, a glycan commonly observed in membrane glycoproteins of adenocarcinoma cells, and a target of the fusobacterial adhesin Fap2. Using a mouse model of gastric metaplasia, we found that F. animalis colonized gastric tissue only after metaplasia onset, growing in multispecies biofilms in the mucus layer, while F. nucleatum colonized neither healthy nor metaplastic gastric tissue. Metaplasia led to upregulation of Gal-GalNAc in the stomach, and reduced gastric acidity allowed higher F. animalis loads in this model. By contrast, inflammation and the presence of H. pylori did not significantly influence stomach colonization by F. animalis . Overall, our data support a model in which H. pylori -induced metaplasia makes the stomach susceptible to secondary infection by another cancer-associated microbe, F. animalis .},
}

@article {pmid41446111,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, T and Binion, B and Alves, JMP and Ridlon, JM},
title = {Characterization of an NADPH-dependent 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase encoded by the desF gene from the gut bacterium Clostridium scindens VPI 12708.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.17.694922},
pmid = {41446111},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Epitestosterone (epiT) is the isomer of the androgen testosterone. Historically, the role of epiT has remained unclear. Recently, it has been reported that epiT promotes AR-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation. The gut bacterium Clostridium scindens VPI 12708 converts androstenedione (AD) to epiT. The bacterial enzymatic pathways involved in epiT formation have been reported, where the desF gene that encodes 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts AD to epiT using NADPH as a cofactor. In this study, we quantitatively characterized DesF kinetic parameters and substrate specificity. The results revealed that the optimal pH for the reductive reaction is 7.0, and for the oxidative reaction it is 7.5 and 8.0. The kinetic analysis showed that for the reductive reaction, the K M was 8.67 ± 2.04 µM and the V max was 1.95 ± 0.11 µM min [-1] ; for the oxidative direction, the K M was 27.17 ± 3.56 µM and the V max was 2.18 ± 0.08 µM min [-1] . Moreover, the substrate specificity analysis revealed that 11-keto-AD is the most favourable substrate for DesF, and the 17-keto group of 11-keto-AD can be converted to the 17α-hydroxy group. These results are a significant advance in understanding epiT formation by the gut microbiome.},
}

@article {pmid41446096,
year = {2025},
author = {Pauer, H and Nasiri, S and Magalhães, NS and Nguyen, VT and Ferreira, NV and Silva Ferreira, LD and Bradshaw, AB and Kirby, KE and Sabapathy, T and Udensi, CG and Feofanova, V and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Wilde, J and Pride, DT and Allen-Vercoe, E and Antunes, LCM},
title = {Enterocloster citroniae and related gut microbiome species modulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the production of bioactive small molecules.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.15.694346},
pmid = {41446096},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cholera is a diarrheal disease that affects millions of people globally. Although the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae , has been extensively studied in isolation, investigation of its interactions with the gut microbiota started relatively recently. We and others previously showed that microbiota-derived metabolites significantly influence V. cholerae behavior. By investigating how an organic extract of human feces affects V. cholerae gene expression, we showed that gut metabolites strongly suppress swimming motility, a trait important for host colonization. Interestingly, extracts of pure cultures of a gut commensal, Enterocloster citroniae , recapitulated this inhibition. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of the effect of small molecules produced by E. citroniae and related species on V. cholerae behavior. We show that E. citroniae small molecules inhibit motility by various V. cholerae strains, and that several phylogenetically related species produce this activity, although the magnitude of the effect varies between strains. Using biofilm formation assays in static and flow conditions, we show that V. cholerae strongly induces biofilm formation in response to E. citroniae metabolites. Transcriptome and reporter analyses showed that several genes involved in synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide are induced by E. citroniae metabolites. Lastly, we show that V. cholerae interactions with host cells are also modulated by this commensal. These findings advance our understanding of microbiome-pathogen interactions and how commensal bacteria influence V. cholerae virulence through the production of small molecules. In the future, this knowledge may be used to design novel microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to combat cholera and other infections.

IMPORTANCE: The human gut is home to a dense and rich community of microbes termed microbiota. This community has critical functions for host health, including protection against enteric pathogens. Despite this important role, we have only recently scratched the surface of the interactions that occur between members of the microbiota and pathogenic invaders. Cholerae is a disease that still causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studying how the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae , interacts with the microbiota will have implications not only for our understanding of this important microbial community, but may also lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies against cholera and potentially other infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41446056,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, T and Ahmad, S and Rosa, RSL and Binion, B and Fernandez-Materan, FV and Igbalaye, JO and Chung, D and Bushra, A and Perez, V and Biedak, MA and Tang, E and Barnick, B and Olukoya, D and Mbuvi, P and Dutta, D and Erdman, JW and Gaskins, HR and Yang, G and Irudayaraj, J and Bernardi, RC and Ridlon, JM},
title = {The urinary pathobiont Actinobaculum massiliense generates androgens via the dirAB pathway.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.18.695155},
pmid = {41446056},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {While overlooked during the Human Microbiome Project, characterizing the urinary microbiota in health and disease is a new frontier in microbiome science. Recent studies have associated differential abundance of bacterial taxa including Propionimicrobium lymphophilum and Actinobaculum / Actinotignum spp. with prostate cancer. In this study, we collected urine from subjects prior to prostate biopsy and applied a novel H uman S terolbiome D iscovery H igh-throughput (HSDH) assay to identify culturable urinary bacteria with the ability to generate androgens. Application of the HSDH assay to urine samples led to the isolation of eight P. lymphophilum strains positive for cortisol side-chain cleavage (steroid-17,20-desmolase), 17β-HSDH activity, or both. In addition, we isolated three strains of Actinobaculum massiliense that encode D HEA isomerase reductase (dir) genes. The dirA gene encodes a novel 3β/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ [4,5] -isomerase and the dirB gene encodes a novel 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoform. Structural prediction and molecular dynamics reveal probable catalytic mechanisms based on the shared catalytic triad but distinct binding pocket geometries of the DirA and DirB that describe their respective reactions. Phylogenetic analysis of DirA and DirB revealed homologs in urinary tract commensals as well as bacteria associated with steroid degradation found in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Taken together, the development of the HSDH assay and the identification of the dir pathway genes is a significant advance in microbial endocrinology, laying the methodological foundation and providing the molecular basis for understanding the role of urinary tract bacteria in host endocrine physiology.},
}

@article {pmid41445956,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, H and Wang, A and Yang, J and Luo, R and Yang, Y},
title = {Alterations in gut microbiota composition in neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1650212},
pmid = {41445956},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have been linked to changes in the gut microbiome, but the exact nature of these alterations is not fully understood. This research seeks to explore the variations in both the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota in individuals diagnosed with NDDs.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search up to April 2025. Meta-analyses using STATA 16.0 evaluated alpha diversity, beta diversity, and relative abundance between individuals with NDDs and healthy controls.

RESULTS: No significant alpha diversity differences were found between NDD and control groups. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinct microbial communities across autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and tic disorder (TD) subgroups. At the family level, NDDs showed increased Peptostreptococcaceae (SMD = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.90). Genus-level analysis demonstrated reduced Escherichia/Shigella (SMD = -0.39; 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.19) and Roseburia (SMD = -0.39; 95% CI: -0.78 to 0), alongside elevated Eubacterium (SMD = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.20-0.47) in NDDs.

CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complex changes in gut microbiota in NDDs, particularly significant differences at the beta diversity, family, and genus levels. However, the results are constrained by research heterogeneity and small sample sizes. To better elucidate these associations, larger, more standardized studies are required.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42024585913.},
}

@article {pmid41445807,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, XW and Wang, T and Liu, YY},
title = {Artificial Intelligence for Microbiology and Microbiome Research.},
journal = {ArXiv},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41445807},
issn = {2331-8422},
abstract = {Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed many scientific fields, with microbiology and microbiome research now experiencing significant breakthroughs through machine learning applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AI-driven approaches tailored for microbiology and microbiome studies, emphasizing both technical advancements and biological insights. We begin with an introduction to foundational AI techniques, including primary machine learning paradigms and various deep learning architectures, and offer guidance on choosing between traditional machine learning and sophisticated deep learning methods based on specific research goals. The primary section on application scenarios spans diverse research areas, from taxonomic profiling, functional annotation \& prediction, microbe-X interactions, microbial ecology, metabolic modeling, precision nutrition, clinical microbiology, to prevention \& therapeutics. Finally, we discuss challenges in this field and highlight some recent breakthroughs. Together, this review underscores AI's transformative role in microbiology and microbiome research, paving the way for innovative methodologies and applications that enhance our understanding of microbial life and its impact on our planet and our health.},
}

@article {pmid41445404,
year = {2025},
author = {Pagowong, N and Suparan, K and Kunasol, C and Piriyakunthorn, C and Sripusanapan, A and Suntornlekha, N and Leemasawat, K and Suwannasom, P and Chattipakorn, N and Chattipakorn, SC},
title = {Clinical Manifestations.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 3},
number = {},
pages = {e100074},
doi = {10.1002/alz70857_100074},
pmid = {41445404},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Acute Coronary Syndrome/microbiology/complications ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Mental Status and Dementia Tests/statistics & numerical data ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that gut dysbiosis correlates with cognitive impairments in both animal models and clinical settings. Additionally, alterations in gut microbiota have been linked to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the relationship between gut microbiota changes and cognitive outcomes in recent ACS patients remains poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate these changes in gut microbiota and cognitive function in recent ACS patients, comparing them to individuals with high cardiovascular (CV) risks.

METHOD: The present study enrolled 50 hemodynamically stable ACS patients who experienced myocardial infarction within the past 24 hours, along with 42 patients with high CV risks who served as a control group. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate neurocognitive function. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiome analysis via 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing.

RESULTS: Baseline characteristics between stable ACS patients and the control group were significant differences in genders, smoking status, alcohol consumption and some underlying conditions including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Recent ACS patients exhibited a significant decline in MoCA scores (Figure 1A), with lower scores across all subdomains than the control group (Figure 1B). Additionally, recent ACS patients showed gut dysbiosis, evidenced by an increased diversity in the gut microbiota (Figure 1C) and significant differences in microbial composition (Figure 1D) relative to the control group. Notably, recent ACS patients showed mark increases in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and Enterobacteriaceae/Proteobacteria ratios, suggesting further gut dysbiosis (Figures 1E and 1F). A negative correlation was observed between certain differential taxa-such as Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and Peptostreptococcus-and MoCA scores in recent ACS patients (Figure 1G).

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an association between alterations in gut microbiota and cognitive impairments in recent ACS patients. Specifically, the presence of Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and Peptostreptococcus may serve as potential biomarkers for cognitive impairmentsin this population.},
}

Humans
Male
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Dysbiosis/microbiology
Middle Aged
Aged
*Acute Coronary Syndrome/microbiology/complications
*Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Mental Status and Dementia Tests/statistics & numerical data
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid41445292,
year = {2025},
author = {Govindarajan, M and Aware, C and Ivanich, K and Pathak, I and Zhu, Y and Balchandani, P and Davis, D and Ericsson, A and Ma, L and Lin, AL},
title = {Basic Science and Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {e105884},
doi = {10.1002/alz70855_105884},
pmid = {41445292},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Alzheimer Disease/microbiology ; *Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics ; Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology ; Mice, Knockout ; *Dysbiosis ; Male ; Aged ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Female ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) is implicated in exacerbating Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mechanisms. The relationship between imbalanced gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and AD pathology is well characterized. Many gut bacteria, including E. Coli induce iNOS production, potentially contributing to AD development. To investigate the antagonistic role of iNOS, we created a novel iNOS knockout (iNOS-KO) mouse model using the 3xTg-AD mouse model background and performed fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) to iNOS-KO/3xTg-AD mice from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC). We aim to determine, whether iNOS-KO can protect cerebral blood flow (CBF), an early marker of AD progression, despite dysbiosis induced by FMT from MCI donors.

METHOD: Stool samples from MCI patients (n =  3) and HC (n =  3) (aged 55-80) were used for FMT in 4-month-old iNOS-KO/3xTg-AD mice (FMT-MCI, n = 4 and FMT-HC, n = 6) for three consecutive days after a 7-day antibiotic treatment. Mice without FMT (CTL, n = 8) served as naive controls. Four weeks post-FMT, mouse fecal samples and corresponding donor samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Global CBF was measured in a subset of mice (n = 4/group) using 7T MRI with Continuous Arterial Spin Labelling (CASL) - Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) sequence.

RESULT: Beta diversity analysis revealed that the significant microbial diversity observed in MCI and HC donors was imprinted in their respective FMT-MCI and FMT-HC recipient mice, indicating a strong donor-derived microbial signature (Figure 1). FMT-MCI mice showed increased levels of pathobiont Gram-positive bacteria (Clostridium bolteae, Sellimonas intestinalis) when compared to FMT-HC mice indicating higher dysbiosis. Despite FMT induced dysbiosis, CBF levels (Figure 2) across the three groups were comparable to each other, attributable to the effect of the iNOS knockout.

CONCLUSION: We observe that MCI patients had higher gut dysbiosis than HC. However, despite increased dysbiosis, iNOS-KO may preserve CBF and mitigate AD-like symptoms, highlighting its potential neuroprotective role in the 3xTg-AD model. Future studies should investigate the impact of iNOS-KO on mitigating AD pathology, such as amyloid-β and tau accumulation, or preserving cognitive functions. Our preliminary data shows that iNOS could be a potential target to ameliorate AD risk.},
}

Animals
Mice
*Alzheimer Disease/microbiology
*Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
Humans
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Disease Models, Animal
*Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology
Mice, Knockout
*Dysbiosis
Male
Aged
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Female
Cerebrovascular Circulation
Mice, Transgenic
Middle Aged
Aged, 80 and over

@article {pmid41445049,
year = {2025},
author = {Loew, EB},
title = {Basic Science and Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {e107794},
doi = {10.1002/alz70855_107794},
pmid = {41445049},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/immunology/metabolism ; Aged ; Male ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Feces/microbiology/chemistry ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/immunology/metabolism ; Metabolomics ; Aged, 80 and over ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia which results in debilitating memory loss as the disease advances. However, among older adults with AD, some may experience rapid cognitive decline while others may maintain a stable cognitive status for years. In addition to the amyloid plaques, tau tangles, and neuronal inflammation characteristic of AD, there is strong evidence of dysregulation in the peripheral immune system, including decreased naïve T cells and increased memory T cells among older adults with AD. It is currently unknown what underlies dysfunction in the peripheral immune system or whether changes in peripheral immune cells are associated with cognitive decline.

METHOD: We have performed unbiased stool metabolomics combined with machine leaning to identify bacterial metabolites associated with AD versus propensity matched healthy controls. In our ongoing work, we are longitudinally characterizing resting peripheral immune cell populations by flow cytometry and gut microbiome composition by metagenomic sequencing.

RESULT: We have identified an increase in the metabolites methionine sulfone, homocysteine, and cysteine in the stool of older adults with AD compared to controls and found machine learning models supported bacterial methionine production as a key AD associated variable. Among the population of AD patients experiencing cognitive decline, determined by increasing ADAS-Cog score >6 points over one year (n = 10 declining vs n = 8 stable cognition), we have identified increases in the bacterial genes responsible for methionine production at the point of cognitive decline compared to previous timepoints and between patients with decline versus stable cognition. In accordance with the role of methionine in promoting immune cell proliferation and differentiation, we have compared the composition of peripheral immune cells among adults with declining versus stable cognition and identified increased CD4[+] effector memory T cells at the point of cognitive decline.

CONCLUSION: This longitudinal clinical study identifies changes in stool metabolites and resting peripheral T cell populations in AD patients and among AD patients with cognitive decline. We propose that gut bacterial produced methionine acts to promote peripheral immune differentiation and dysfunction, leading to cognitive decline in AD.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/immunology/metabolism
Aged
Male
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Feces/microbiology/chemistry
*Cognitive Dysfunction/immunology/metabolism
Metabolomics
Aged, 80 and over

@article {pmid41444876,
year = {2025},
author = {Xie, J and Liu, S and Wong, X},
title = {The role of microbiome-modulating supplements in managing metabolic syndrome risk factors among overweight and obese youth: a GRADE-assessed meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC pediatrics},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {991},
pmid = {41444876},
issn = {1471-2431},
mesh = {Humans ; *Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control/etiology ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Pediatric Obesity/therapy/complications/microbiology ; *Prebiotics/administration & dosage ; Child ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Adolescent ; *Synbiotics/administration & dosage ; *Overweight/therapy ; *Dietary Supplements ; Risk Factors ; Body Mass Index ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota modulation has been proposed as a potential intervention for managing obesity. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of prebiotic/probiotic/synbiotic supplementation on metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese pediatrics.

METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases up to January 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating prebiotics/probiotics/synbiotics in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity were included. The outcomes were body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), BMI-z score, fasting blood sugar (FBS), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Data were pooled using a random-effects model.

RESULTS: Prebiotic supplementation was associated with significant reductions in weight (SMD = - 0.81; 95% CI: - 1.44 to - 0.19) and BMI (SMD = - 0.76; 95% CI: - 1.38 to - 0.14), whereas BMI z-scores remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Probiotics and synbiotics did not significantly affect weight, BMI, or BMI z-scores (p > 0.05). Glycemic and lipid profile parameters were not significantly altered by any biotic supplementation (p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses by intervention type, duration, sample size, or baseline BMI did not reveal consistent effects (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Biotic supplementation has not been shown to consistently improve metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese children, except for a modest beneficial effect of prebiotics on weight and BMI (with very-low certainly of evidence); however, alternative probiotic organisms or formulations not tested to date may have different effects.},
}

Humans
*Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control/etiology
*Probiotics/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Pediatric Obesity/therapy/complications/microbiology
*Prebiotics/administration & dosage
Child
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Adolescent
*Synbiotics/administration & dosage
*Overweight/therapy
*Dietary Supplements
Risk Factors
Body Mass Index
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

@article {pmid41444837,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, P and Wang, Z},
title = {Lipid metabolism in colorectal cancer: dual roles and statin therapy.},
journal = {Discover oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s12672-025-04349-3},
pmid = {41444837},
issn = {2730-6011},
abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a prevalent global malignancy with increasing incidence. This review systematically explores the intricate and often paradoxical dual roles of lipid metabolism components-triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C-in CRC development and progression. A key focus is on the therapeutic potential of statins, cornerstone lipid-lowering agents. We summarize evidence that statins may confer protection through multifaceted mechanisms: inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, modulating inflammation and immune responses, and reprogramming the gut microbiome. However, we critically synthesize the significant controversy surrounding their efficacy, attributing discrepant findings to factors such as statin lipophilicity, treatment duration, and tumor anatomical subsite. Ultimately, this review highlights the complex interplay between lipids and CRC and underscores the need for stratified, personalized approaches in future research and potential therapeutic applications.},
}

@article {pmid41444762,
year = {2025},
author = {Chancharoenthana, W and Kamolratanakul, S and Pinitchun, C and Vorapreechapanich, A and Wannigama, DL and Somboonna, N and Cheibchalard, T and Settachaimongkon, S and Schultz, MJ and Leelahavanichkul, A},
title = {Modulation of sepsis by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and the potential role of short-chain fatty acid levels in feces and blood.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-33032-4},
pmid = {41444762},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The efficacy of probiotics for sepsis attenuation might be associated with the alteration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We investigated the impact of probiotics with the different production of SCFAs in vitro, including Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strains fa1 and fg2 in mice with cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of either fa1 or fg2 probiotics, but not the heat-killed probiotics, prior to surgery effectively reduced sepsis severity. Metabolome analysis revealed elevated levels of acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood, whereas butyrate and propionate levels were diminished in the feces of sepsis mice compared to sham controls. Both probiotics similarly attenuated sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis, as indicated by the normalized Firmicutes and reduced Proteobacteria (fecal microbiome analysis), with the similar levels of fecal SCFAs. In parallel, the administration of butyrate, but not acetate, partly attenuated sepsis severity (gut permeability and serum TNF-α). Conditioned media from both probiotic strains or butyrate demonstrated a protective effect against enterocyte injury following activation by Klebsiella pneumoniae lysate, irrespective of their SCFAs production. To support the possible use of SCFAs in sepsis, the lower serum SCFAs in patients with sepsis compared to healthy controls was demonstrated. In conclusion, both fa1 and fg2 attenuated sepsis severity, partly through the increased levels of SCFAs. These findings endorse the potential of probiotics in preventing sepsis and the use of SCFAs for sepsis disease monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41444706,
year = {2025},
author = {Viñado, IG and Correa, F and Trevisi, P and Bee, G and Ollagnier, C},
title = {Dynamic picture of the pig gut's microbiota under normal and pathological conditions.},
journal = {Animal microbiome},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {129},
pmid = {41444706},
issn = {2524-4671},
support = {955374//HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent advancements in sequencing technologies and associated bioinformatic tools have eased the analyses of the factors influencing variability in host-associated microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Although extensive research has focused on fecal microbiota, the small intestine represents a critical, yet less explored, site for understanding the interplay between microbiota, diet, and host health. Study 1 employed CapSa, a non-invasive sampling capsule, to collect microbiota at five distinct administration time points. The aim was to use amplicon sequencing to investigate changes in the small intestine microbiome composition throughout the grower-finisher pig lifespan. Study 2 examined the long-term impact of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 infections, which cause post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), on small intestine microbiota dynamics. The study provides insights into the long-term responses of microbiota after a short pathological challenge.

RESULTS: In both studies, microbiota analysis of the small intestinal content revealed that Firmicutes predominated across all samples, and at weaning, Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus were the most abundant. In Study 1, following CapSa administration, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Terrisporobacter increased with age/body weight and at slaughter, Streptococcaceae dominated. Significant differences in microbial composition were observed based on sample type and diet, indicating dynamic shifts throughout the pigs' lives under normal conditions. In Study 2, the abundance of Lactobacillaceae was consistently lower in ETEC-infected pigs. At slaughter, only minimal differences in microbial composition emerged based on the early post-weaning infection status in specific small intestine segments, indicating dynamic infection-induced shifts in the gut microbiota composition. The CapSa sampling method was successful, with a retrieval rate higher than 70% in both studies.

CONCLUSIONS: This study monitored porcine intestinal microbiota dynamics using an ingestible capsule. In healthy pigs, microbial composition changes occurred from post-weaning to slaughter. In contrast, ETEC infection only minimally altered communities, though small differences at slaughter suggest lasting impacts.},
}

@article {pmid41444705,
year = {2025},
author = {Oladele, P and Dong, W and Richert, BT and Johnson, TA},
title = {Route of fecal microbiota transplantation delivery determined the dynamics and predictability of donor microbe colonization.},
journal = {Animal microbiome},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {130},
pmid = {41444705},
issn = {2524-4671},
support = {ICASASHTWG0000000082//Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research,United States/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the colonization of delivered donor microbes has been reported to improve the negative effects (decrease in body weight, diarrhea, and gut barrier disruption) associated with weaning in pigs. However, delivery of FMT in pigs is still invasive and predicting the colonization or rejection of donor microbes remains challenging. Therefore, this study developed a non-invasive in-feed delivery of FMT and evaluated the effect of FMT mode of delivery on growth performance, gut physiology, microbiota dynamics, and predictability of colonization or rejection of donor microbes in recipient pigs. Forty weaned piglets (10 per group) were administered FMT through one of three routes; oral, rectal, or amended in-feed. The control group was orally administered sterile saline to simulate handling stress.

RESULTS: Pigs in the FMT groups had higher average daily weight gain (ADG) from day 0–2 post-weaning. An increase in community diversity and a shift in the recipient community towards the donor in all FMT groups was observed on day 5. The oral group had the highest colonization (15.12%) and the lowest rejection (19.34%) rates, while colonization was 13.82% and 11.78% in rectal and in-feed group respectively. On day 4, colon crypt depth was increased in all FMT groups but an increase in villus length was only observed in the in-feed group. Colonization and rejection of donor microbes in the recipient animals could be predicted in all routes of administration, but the efficacy of prediction was influenced by the route of delivery. In-feed FMT had the lowest colonization prediction which may have been influenced by the need for voluntary consumption of fecal materials in the in-feed group. The ten most abundant genera (Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Lactobacillus, Cloacibacillus, Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae sequences, and archaea Methanobrevibacter) in the recipient prior to FMT (background community) was the most important feature in predicting colonization for all routes of fecal microbiota transplant.

CONCLUSION: FMT administered as a lyophilized feed additive shows promise in altering microbiome community structure. While colonization and rejection of donor microbes within the recipient community are predictable, the efficacy of these predictions varies with the route of transplant. This suggests that different prediction models are necessary for each delivery mode of FMT in pigs.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-025-00495-9.},
}

@article {pmid41444701,
year = {2025},
author = {Touchon, JC and Hughey, MC},
title = {Effects of naturalistic housing conditions on amphibian growth and microbiome in captivity.},
journal = {Animal microbiome},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {128},
pmid = {41444701},
issn = {2524-4671},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animals in captivity are inherently separated from their natural environments, which both exposes them to new heterospecific organisms as well as reduces contact with naturally occurring predators, prey or microbiota. The microbes that live on and in animals are increasingly recognized as having important impacts on animal health, development and behavior. We raised post-metamorphic treefrogs in 1) naturalistic containers in groups, 2) regularly sterilized containers in groups, or 3) regularly sterilized containers but solitary. Froglets were raised for over eight months; in addition to monitoring growth and development, we collected fecal samples on three occasions, gut samples on two occasions, and skin swab samples once. We compared the diversity of microbial communities across sample types and over time.

RESULTS: Froglets raised in group housing, either naturalistic or regularly cleaned, had the fastest growth and sexual differentiation, but naturalistic housing also improved survival. Alpha diversity of bacteria on the skin or in the gut did not vary with rearing conditions, whereas diversity in the gut increased over time. Alpha diversity of feces did vary with rearing treatment and changed over time. Bacterial community composition (beta diversity) varied most strongly with sample type, but also with rearing conditions and over time. In addition, bacterial communities of feces were highly correlated with those of guts, indicating that feces can serve as an accurate and non-invasive biomarker of the gut microbiome. Lastly, transferring frogs from regularly sterilized environments to naturalistic vivaria improved bacterial community diversity.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that naturalistic housing improves the overall health and development of captive amphibians and that these improvements may occur by facilitating a more stable and diverse microbiome.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-025-00491-z.},
}

@article {pmid41444596,
year = {2025},
author = {Tang, R and Shi, M and Ji, X and Zhang, Y and Fan, L and Huang, F and Li, X},
title = {Integrative oral and gut microbiome profiling highlights microbial correlates of complications in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis.},
journal = {Cardiovascular diabetology},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {461},
pmid = {41444596},
issn = {1475-2840},
support = {2024XQLH049//Graduate Innovation Project of Central South University/ ; grant 2023ZD0508200 and 2023ZD0508205//Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; grant 82470871//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; grant R2023001//Hunan Provincial Health High-Level Talent Scientific Research Project/ ; LYF2022039//Sinocare Diabetes Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/microbiology/blood/complications ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Dysbiosis ; *Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/classification/isolation & purification ; *Mouth/microbiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Middle Aged ; *Diabetic Angiopathies/microbiology/diagnosis ; Young Adult ; Risk Factors ; Feces/microbiology ; Biomarkers/blood ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Risk Assessment ; Metagenomics ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Chronic vascular complications are the primary threat in long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. We examined the associations between oral-gut microbiome dysbiosis and these complications, offering novel insights into therapeutic strategies and underlying mechanisms.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 75 T1D participants (disease duration ≥ 10 years) and 43 healthy controls who underwent comprehensive clinical assessment, including blood glucose, lipid profile, and complication-related examinations. Fecal and oral rinse samples were collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. T1D participants were stratified by the presence of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy) or macrovascular complications separately. Microbial differences across groups were assessed.

RESULTS: Significant differences in oral and gut microbiota compositions were observed between T1D participants with and without complications (both microvascular and macrovascular). A core set of 26 gut and 8 oral microbial species was specifically associated with vascular complications. Butyrate-producing gut bacteria (Blautia wexlerae, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Roseburia inulinivorans, A. soehngenii) and specific oral Neisseria species were enriched in T1D without complications individuals, suggesting protective effects against complications. Mediation analysis indicated associations consistent with partial mediation between certain microbial species and the relationships of glycemic control or insulin resistance (HbA1c, glucose risk index, estimated glucose disposal rate) with complication risk. Moreover, potential oral-gut microbiome interconnections were implicated in complication development. Finally, classification models integrating both oral and gut microbial features significantly outperformed models based on either site alone in distinguishing T1D patients with complications.

CONCLUSIONS: Distinct oral and gut microbiome features are associated with chronic vascular complications in T1D. These findings highlight the potential of microbiome-targeted strategies for understanding and preventing T1D-related complications.},
}

Humans
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/microbiology/blood/complications
Male
Female
Adult
Dysbiosis
*Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/classification/isolation & purification
*Mouth/microbiology
Case-Control Studies
Middle Aged
*Diabetic Angiopathies/microbiology/diagnosis
Young Adult
Risk Factors
Feces/microbiology
Biomarkers/blood
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Risk Assessment
Metagenomics
Blood Glucose/metabolism

@article {pmid41444526,
year = {2025},
author = {Hao, J and Liu, H and Guo, T and Zhang, Q and Wang, X and An, L and Xu, S},
title = {Seasonal dietary shifts drive gut microbiome plasticity and metabolic adaptation in wild yaks on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {799},
pmid = {41444526},
issn = {1471-2180},
mesh = {Animals ; *Seasons ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Cattle/microbiology ; *Diet ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism/isolation & purification ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; China ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism/analysis ; Feces/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota in different diets helps hosts to obtain sufficient nutrients from food, which is important for wild yaks in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau to adapt to different seasons. The relationship between the host diet and the gut microbiota in different seasons is important for exploring the adaptation of these wild yaks to their environments. This study used wild yaks as a model organism. Using high-throughput sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we investigated their seasonal diet, gut microbiota composition and function, and short-chain fatty acid profiles. The inter-season differences in them were compared, and relationships among these differences were explored. Wild yaks in summer had a diet higher in Polygonaceae and lower in Rosaceae compared to their diets in autumn and winter. The broadest dietary niche width (8.8449) was detected in autumn, and the lowest diet niche overlap (0.3751) was found between summer and winter. Co-occurrence network analyses revealed that microbial interactions were more complex in autumn, likely due to transitional dietary adjustments, whereas summer and winter exhibited simpler but more robust interactions. The abundance of Firmicute increased in winter, suggesting enhanced energy extraction from low-quality forage. Specific taxa, such as Alistipes_A in autumn and Romboutsia in winter, were linked to key metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate degradation and short-chain fatty acid production. The study highlights the critical role of gut microbiota plasticity in facilitating wild yaks' adaptation to the extreme and variable conditions and provides the basis for explaining the harsh environment adaptation of wild herbivores in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.},
}

Animals
*Seasons
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Cattle/microbiology
*Diet
*Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism/isolation & purification
*Adaptation, Physiological
China
Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism/analysis
Feces/microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid41444426,
year = {2025},
author = {Sirvent, P and Langhi, C and Vallier, M and Oliveira, AR and Croyal, M and Otero, YF and Chavanelle, V and Michaux, A and Bargetto, M and Le Joubioux, F and Maugard, T and Cazaubiel, M and Bouchard-Mercier, A and Sapone, V and Pereira, B and Dutheil, F and Peltier, SL and Bard, JM},
title = {Effect of a polyphenol-rich extract on LDL cholesterol in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.},
journal = {European journal of clinical nutrition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41444426},
issn = {1476-5640},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Hypercholesterolemia is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This clinical trial evaluated the effects of TOTUM-070, a polyphenol-rich blend of plant extracts, on lipid metabolism in individuals with moderate hypercholesterolemia.

SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a 6-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Individuals not receiving lipid-lowering treatment and with fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 1.3 and 1.9 g/L received TOTUM-070 (5 g/day) or placebo. The primary outcome was the change in fasting LDL-C. Secondary endpoints included safety, changes in the lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, and gut microbiome composition.

RESULTS: A total of 120 subjects (mean age:53.1 ± 10.3 years; BMI: 25.9 ± 3.7 kg.m[2]; 69.2% women; baseline LDL-C: 1.44 ± 0.23 g/L) were included and randomized. TOTUM-070 was well tolerated. After 6 months, fasting LDL-C was reduced in the TOTUM-070 group compared with the placebo group (Mean estimate: 1.31 ± 0.03 [1.25 ; 1.37] vs 1.41 ± 0.03 [1.35 ; 1.47], p = 0.0041). Compared with placebo, TOTUM-070 also reduced total cholesterol (p < 0.01), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.05), apolipoprotein (apo)B100 (p < 0.01), the apoB100/apoA1 ratio (p < 0.01), oxidized LDL (p < 0.05), and body weight (-1.4 kg; p < 0.001). Furthermore, a decrease in the abundance of Dorea in fecal samples was observed in the TOTUM-070 group.

CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial showed that supplementation with TOTUM-070 significantly lowers LDL-C and improves other lipid parameters in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. As a polyphenol-rich plant-based blend, TOTUM-070 represents a promising non-pharmacological strategy that could complement lifestyle modifications for the management of early-stage hypercholesterolemia.},
}

@article {pmid41444353,
year = {2025},
author = {Shahbazi, R and Yasavoli-Sharahi, H and Hebbo, MJ and Alsadi, N and Ibrahim, N and Matar, C},
title = {Lentinula edodes cultured extract intake alleviates long-term immune deregulation induced by early-life gut microbiota dysbiosis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-33160-x},
pmid = {41444353},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The establishment of gut microbiota during early life is crucial for immune system development and its disturbance within this critical period exerts enduring adverse effects on health. Perinatal antibiotic exposure perturbs early-life microbiota and leads to long-term immune dysregulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately explored. We investigated the persistent consequences of perinatal exposure to low-dose penicillin on gut immunity and the potential protective role of a prebiotic compound, Lentinula edodes cultured extract referred to as AHCC, against antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. Pregnant mice were subjected to penicillin and AHCC treatment from the third week of gestation until weaning of pups. Subsequently, the offspring were evaluated for gut microbiota at weaning as well as immune function, and microRNA (miRNA) changes at eight weeks of age. Microbiome analysis revealed substantial alterations in gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increase in Proteobacteria and a decrease in Firmicutes following antibiotic exposure. Lactobacillus, and some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species were diminished by the antibiotic. AHCC intake prevented antibiotic effects on Proteobacteria in dams and offspring and some SCFA-producing bacteria in male offspring. In adult offspring, AHCC exhibited immunomodulatory activity by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, IL-15, and IL-21. In addition, antibiotic-induced increase in NF-κB was mitigated by AHCC. Early-life antibiotic exposure altered gut miRNA expression, increasing pro-inflammatory miR-221 and decreasing anti-inflammatory miR-145 in males while AHCC intake prevented antibiotic-mediated dysregulation of miRNA-145. These results highlight the potential of prebiotic intake as a promising strategy to prevent and mitigate persistent health issues arising from early-life dysbiosis.},
}

@article {pmid41444281,
year = {2025},
author = {Domínguez-Sánchez, CA and Gendron, D and Álvarez-Martínez, RC and Acevedo-Whitehouse, K},
title = {Respiratory bacteriome and its predicted functional profiles in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus).},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {44434},
pmid = {41444281},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {558253//Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías/ ; Grants in Aid of Research//Society for Marine Mammalogy/ ; SIP20160496 and 2017014//Instituto Politécnico Nacional/ ; Grant for Nature Conservation 2017//Rufford Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Balaenoptera/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation & purification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Respiratory System/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {The respiratory microbiome plays a critical role in the health of organisms and studying it in natural populations can reveal interactions between hosts and their environment, as well as help predict responses to environmental stressors. We characterized the core respiratory bacteriome and functional profiles of Eastern North Pacific blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) sampled in the Gulf of California using next-generation sequencing. Our compositional analysis identified 15 dominant bacterial phyla in the respiratory tract, with Proteobacteria (34.44%), Firmicutes (26.98%), Bacteroidota (20.26%), Fusobacteriota (7.61%), and Actinobacteria (5.55%) as the most abundant. Nineteen ASVs, representing 12 bacterial genera (primarily Corynebacterium, Oceanivirga, Tenacibaculum, and Psychrobacter), were shared by over 60% of whales, with a relative abundance greater than 0.02%. These bacteria, proposed to be the core respiratory bacteriome of blue whales, contributed to functional pathways associated with metabolism, environmental information processing, and cellular processes. Notably, two whales with high relative abundance of Mycoplasma spp. and of Streptococcus spp., exhibited overrepresented pathways related to nucleotide metabolism and translation, suggesting a suboptimal immune status or dysbiosis. To our knowledge, this is the first functional profiling of the bacteriome in any cetacean. Future studies are needed to explore how the blue whale respiratory bacteriome may vary over time, seasonally or across geographical locations. This study establishes a baseline for future research on the plasticity of the bacteriome, its associations with other microbiome components, the impact of environmental changes on its diversity, and its relevance for health. Our novel approach underscores the ecological and physiological importance of the bacteriome and its potential for long-term monitoring of a sentinel marine species in a rapidly changing ocean.},
}

Animals
*Balaenoptera/microbiology
*Microbiota
*Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation & purification
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
*Respiratory System/microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Phylogeny

@article {pmid41443984,
year = {2025},
author = {Tursi, A and Brandimarte, G and Di Mario, F and Ma, W and Kupcinskas, J and Regula, J and Maconi, G and Malfertheiner, P and Barbara, G and Stollman, N and Papagrigoriadis, S and Golda, T and Amato, A and Bafutto, M and Bassotti, G and Binda, GA and Biondo, S and Crafa, P and Dumitrascu, D and Elisei, W and Flor, N and Gwee, KA and Humes, DJ and Kessoku, T and Kruis, W and Lahat, A and Lanas, A and Nakajima, A and Picchio, M and Spiller, RC and Adamopoulos, A and Scarpignato, C},
title = {Revised version global guidelines on diverticular disease of the colon: the Fiesole Consensus report.},
journal = {Gut},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/gutjnl-2025-336902},
pmid = {41443984},
issn = {1468-3288},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Colonic diverticulosis is the most common structural abnormality of the colon in developed countries, with an increasing global prevalence. Approximately 20-25% of affected individuals develop symptoms, collectively referred to as diverticular disease. Given its wide clinical spectrum, evolving pathophysiological insights and growing disease burden, updated guidance is essential.

METHODS: This International Consensus, developed by 32 experts from 14 countries through a structured Delphi process based on the PICO framework and GRADE methodology, provides evidence-based recommendations across five domains: epidemiology and pathogenesis; clinical features; diagnosis; medical therapy; and surgical management.

RESULTS: Key statements define diverticulosis as the presence of diverticula without symptoms and diverticular disease as diverticula associated with symptoms or complications. High dietary fibre intake is protective whereas smoking, obesity and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, opioids or immunotherapy increase risk. Imaging is essential in suspected acute diverticulitis: ultrasound may be appropriate in experienced hands, while CT remains preferred for complicated cases. Diverticulosis itself requires no treatment. In symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, dietary fibre, selected probiotics, mesalazine and rifaximin may help relieve symptoms. Routine antibiotic use is not recommended for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis, and elective surgery should be individualised, prioritising quality of life considerations over episode count.

CONCLUSIONS: These Consensus statements aim to standardise and optimise the diagnosis, management and prevention of diverticular disease across diverse healthcare systems, while highlighting research priorities such as microbiome characterisation, genetic risk profiling and long-term outcomes of selective antimicrobial and surgical strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41443494,
year = {2025},
author = {Lashus, DC and Gomez, A and Hummel, T and Jacobs, LF and Majid, A and Raju, RM and Smith, CJ and Williams, J and Bratman, GN},
title = {Associations of forest vs. urban environmental exposure with well-being and nasal microbiome composition: An exploratory pilot study.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {123582},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123582},
pmid = {41443494},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {The benefits of nature exposure for human well-being are well-recognized, yet much remains to be understood about the underlying causal mechanisms. This exploratory, hypothesis-generating pilot study used a natural experimental design with University of Washington students (Seattle, WA, USA; 2024) to investigate links between the nasal microbiome and well-being over an 8-week forest vs. urban environment exposure. After an academic year (September-May) during which all participants (N = 13) were full-time students in Seattle, one group relocated to remote forest sites in western Washington (n = 5; forest condition), while another group remained in urban Seattle (n = 8; urban condition). Self-reported affect, rumination, and mental well-being were assessed pre- and post-exposure using validated surveys, and nasal swabs were collected pre- and post-exposure for nasal microbiome profiling via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared to the urban group, the forest group exhibited significantly greater increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect and rumination. While no between-group differences in overall nasal bacterial community composition were detected pre-exposure, significant differences emerged post-exposure. Moreover, the forest group exhibited greater post-exposure taxonomic richness at a marginally statistically significant level and significant enrichment of taxa previously associated with well-being (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia), changes not observed in the urban group. Increases in taxonomic richness and the relative abundance of these key taxa were significantly associated with affective improvements. These preliminary results suggest that nasal microbiome-mediated pathways linking nature exposure with well-being merit further investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41443467,
year = {2025},
author = {Prabhakaran, V and Poovizhi, V and Verma, VK and Therayil, A and Bhatia, J and Arya, DS},
title = {The Novel Triad of Atherosclerosis, ACE2, and Dysbiosis: A literature Review.},
journal = {Life sciences},
volume = {386},
number = {},
pages = {124168},
doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2025.124168},
pmid = {41443467},
issn = {1879-0631},
abstract = {Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease and the leading cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, is marked by lipid accumulation, arterial stiffening, and plaque formation initiated by endothelial dysfunction. Despite its well-understood pathogenesis, therapeutic outcomes remain variable, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive understanding of its underlying mechanisms. ACE2, a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), converts pro-inflammatory Angiotensin II (Ang II) into anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory Angiotensin (1-7). ACE2 also supports gut health, facilitating essential amino acid transportation and maintaining intestinal immunity. Inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis can downregulate ACE2 expression and activity, impairing its protective functions. Dysbiosis may contribute to atherosclerosis because of a compromised intestinal barrier and translocation of pro-inflammatory bacterial components into circulation, triggering systemic inflammation. It also alters lipid metabolism, promoting the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), linked to increased cardiovascular risk, and a reduction in protective short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This proposed triad reveals critical feedback loops in Atherosclerosis-induced inflammation, ACE2 function, as well as gut dysbiosis that exacerbate atherosclerosis. Conversely, optimal ACE2 function can support a healthy gut microbiome, offering protection against atherosclerosis. Understanding this triad provides a more holistic understanding of atherosclerosis and explains the observed heterogeneity in disease progression. Traditional monotherapies often fail to capture this complexity. This triad elucidates integrative therapeutic approaches for ACE2 dysregulation and gut dysbiosis, aiming to treat atherosclerosis more effectively.},
}

@article {pmid41443297,
year = {2025},
author = {Aoun, J and Kabrah, A and Ahuja, M and Leblanc, B and Zhang, C and Li, L and Wang, Y and Muallem, S},
title = {Role of innate oral immunity and the salivary fluid in inflammatory bowel disease.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101713},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcmgh.2025.101713},
pmid = {41443297},
issn = {2352-345X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oral and gut health are tightly connected through their microbiome and immunity, including in disease states. The oral adaptive immunity contributes to the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the role of oral innate immunity, and more specifically the saliva in gut microbiome and IBD, is poorly understood.

METHODS: We used two mouse models with reduced saliva, NOD and Aqp5[-/-] mice, and recovery of salivation in the NOD mice by treatment with a CFTR corrector to examine the role of salivation in oral and gut microbiome, IBD, and survival.

RESULTS: Analysis of the oral microbiome at various conditions revealed that the saliva has a minimal role in shaping the oral microbiome. However, salivation affected the composition of the gut microbiome. Moreover, the lack of saliva significantly delayed development of DSS-induced colitis, but resulted in a later, age-dependent, rapidly developed weight loss and death. The dual roles of the saliva were caused by two immunomodulatory peptides secreted by salivary glands. Fractionation and mass spectroscopy analysis identified trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) as a protective component and the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as the damaging component of the saliva. The effects of the salivary fluid, TFF2, and MIF were primarily due to control of the gut barrier, rather than the gut microbiome. Scavenging salivary TFF2 and MIF with antibodies resulted in exacerbating and protection, respectively, of IBD.

CONCLUSIONS: The oral innate immunity has a major role in shaping the gut microbiome through secretion of MIF and TFF2. Control of MIF and TFF2 can benefit the treatment of colitis.},
}

@article {pmid41443199,
year = {2025},
author = {Lucas, TN and Biehain, U and Gautam, A and Gemeinhardt, K and Lass, T and Konzalla, S and Ley, RE and Angenent, LT and Huson, DH},
title = {MMonitor for real-time monitoring of microbial communities using long reads.},
journal = {Cell reports methods},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101266},
doi = {10.1016/j.crmeth.2025.101266},
pmid = {41443199},
issn = {2667-2375},
abstract = {Real-time monitoring of microbial communities offers valuable insights into microbial dynamics across diverse environments. However, many existing metagenome analysis tools require advanced computational expertise and are not designed for monitoring. We present MMonitor, an open-source software platform for real-time analysis and visualization of metagenomic Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing data. MMonitor includes two components: a desktop application for running bioinformatics pipelines through a graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI) and a web-based dashboard for interactive result inspection. The dashboard provides taxonomic composition over time, quality scores, diversity indices, and taxonomy-metadata correlations. Integrated pipelines enable automated de novo assembly and reconstruction of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). To validate MMonitor, we tracked human gut microbial populations in three bioreactors using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and applied it to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data to generate high-quality annotated MAGs. We compare MMonitor with other real-time metagenomic tools, outlining their strengths and limitations.},
}

@article {pmid41443137,
year = {2025},
author = {Chai, D and Wang, Q and Yong, Q and Chen, C and Liao, Y and Pan, R and He, Y and Sun, K and Liu, B and Liu, R and Li, Z},
title = {Multidimensional development of gut-on-a-chip technology: from fabrication processes, models, gut microbiome to gut-organ axis.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis},
volume = {271},
number = {},
pages = {117322},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117322},
pmid = {41443137},
issn = {1873-264X},
abstract = {Gut-on-a-chip (GoC) platforms integrate microfluidics and 3D culture to replicate the intestinal microenvironment, offering physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional models. Coupled with multi-organ chips (e.g., gut-brain/gut-liver axes), they unveil microbiome-regulated systemic crosstalk via metabolite signaling-a key yet unresolved mechanism. This review highlights multidimensional advances in organ-on-chip (OoC) technologies for intestinal research, covering fabrication methods (e.g., soft lithography, bioprinting) and their applications in physiological, patient-derived, or indirectly acquired GoC models. We also emphasize breakthroughs in biomimetic intestinal-microbiome symbiosis and spatiotemporal multi-organ integration (e.g., gut-X axis), enabling emulation of complex inter-organ signaling. Yet, critical challenges persist: reproducibility is limited by fabrication variability and cell heterogeneity; standardization lacks universal benchmarks for physiological relevance; and long-term culture stability (e.g. 7-10 days) is constrained by epithelial senescence and microbial imbalance. These gaps highlight needs for standardized protocols, quality control metrics, and strategies to sustain functional homeostasis. By bridging gaps between traditional models and human biology, GoC technologies establish transformative tools for mechanistic studies and therapeutic discovery in gastroenterology and beyond.},
}

@article {pmid41443129,
year = {2025},
author = {Sukarni, S and Kunimitsu, M and Ogai, K and Liana, DF and Mahyarudin, M and Aminuddin, M and Mukai, K and Haryanto, H and Jais, S and Oe, M},
title = {Relationship between microbiota and healing status in diabetes-related foot ulcers treated with Trigona honey.},
journal = {Journal of tissue viability},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {100981},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtv.2025.100981},
pmid = {41443129},
issn = {0965-206X},
abstract = {AIMS: Diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes, and treatment with honey, which has antimicrobial properties, has been utilized in patients. However, the effects have been shown to vary, with the causes of these differences remaining unclear. Recently, microbiota has been reported to be associated with wound healing. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in microbiota might explain the variations observed in response to honey. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the microbiota and the healing status in DFUs treated with Trigona honey.

METHODS: A cohort study involving 12 DFUs categorized into healing and deteriorating groups was conducted. Wound and peri-wound microbiota observed at baseline and at 1 week later (after starting honey application) were investigated and then compared in the healing status.

RESULTS: Enterococcus was higher in the deteriorating group at baseline in the wound (p = 0.02), while Corynebacterium was higher in the healing group at 1 week later in the peri-wound skin (p = 0.02). Changes in the relative abundance of Prevotella and Brevundimonas in the peri-wound skin significantly differed based on the healing status.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the honey's effects might differ based on the composition of the wound microbiota, and they highlight the bacterial interactions with the changes in the wound and peri-wound skin environment induced by the honey. These results also imply that honey therapy on its own may not be enough for treating DFUs. This study is limited by the small sample size and short follow-up period; further research will need to explore combined treatment strategies and long-term microbiota dynamics to improve DFU management.},
}

@article {pmid41443021,
year = {2025},
author = {Salamatullah, HK and AboAljadiel, L and Halabi, MH and Alqurashi, S and Aljohani, R and Aljafari, D and Alkhiri, A and Almaghrabi, AA and Makkawi, S},
title = {The association between antimicrobial exposure and subsequent multiple sclerosis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders},
volume = {107},
number = {},
pages = {106936},
doi = {10.1016/j.msard.2025.106936},
pmid = {41443021},
issn = {2211-0356},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with an incompletely understood etiology. Emerging evidence suggests a critical link between gut microbiome disruption and MS pathogenesis, with antibiotics potentially playing a significant role in microbiome alterations. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between antimicrobial exposure and the risk of developing MS.

METHODS: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted across four electronic databases, searching for studies until March 29, 2025. The meta-analysis included comparative studies examining antibiotic usage frequency prior to MS onset/diagnosis in MS patients versus control group. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were pooled using the generic inverse variance method with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: The analysis encompassed nine reports involving 109,784 participants (23,960 MS patients and 85,824 controls). A statistically significant association was observed between antibiotic exposure and MS odds (OR=1.18; 95% CI [1.03-1.36]; p = 0.02). Data source-based analysis showed that studies with high-quality registry data maintained the association (OR=1.36; 95% CI [1.17-1.58]; p < 0.0001). Time-trend analysis showed significant association when the exposure occurred ≥4 years prior MS onset/diagnosis (OR=1.26; 95% CI [1.19-1.33]). Stratified analysis revealed significant associations for multiple antimicrobial classes, including tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, nitrofurantoin, aminoglycosides, metronidazole, sulfonamides, and antimycotics.

CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis reveals a significant association between antimicrobial exposures, particularly those based on high-quality data and occurring at least four years prior to MS onset/diagnosis, and increased MS incidence. Longitudinal, prospective studies are required to conclusively determine whether antibiotic exposure is a true risk factor for MS.},
}

@article {pmid41442921,
year = {2025},
author = {Guo, H and Li, W and Peng, J and Fan, Y and Yang, S and Mao, H and Wang, Y and Lu, Z},
title = {Bacillus affects Taihe Silky Fowls growth performance, cecal microbiota, and metabolite during growing period.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {105},
number = {2},
pages = {106251},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.106251},
pmid = {41442921},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {Bacillus, a well-recognized probiotic genus, regulates intestinal microbiota to maintain gut homeostasis and enhance host immunity. Taihe Silky Fowl (Taihe SF)-a high-quality Chinese indigenous chicken breed-has poor disease resistance, limiting its commercial farming efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of four strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Clostridium butyricum) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier integrity, and cecal microbiota of 3-13-week-old Taihe SF, to identify the optimal strain for this stage. 1,200 3-week-old Taihe SF, with close body weights (45.2 ± 2.1 g, P > 0.05) and health status were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 replicates/group, 40 birds/replicate). Four experimental groups received diets supplemented with B. subtilis, B. coagulans, B. licheniformis, or C. butyricum (10[10] CFU/g, 1000 mg/kg). It was observed that four experimental groups remarkedly decreased (P < 0.05) the feed conversion ratio in Taihe SF from 3 to 13 weeks. The catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and total superoxide dismutase levels in serum experienced a significant rise (P < 0.05) in the BS and CB groups, compared with the CON group, while the content of malondialdehyde significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with CON group, all four experimental groups significantly increased the villus length and reduced the crypt depth in the jejunum (P < 0.05). The level of diamine oxidase in the jejunum saw a notable decline (P < 0.05), and there was an increase in the relative mRNA expression of Occludin, Claudin-1, Claudin-2, and zonula occludens1 within the jejunum. Furthermore, the BS group exhibited a significant enhancement in the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the cecum, accompanied by a marked reduction in the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria. B. subtilis also led to an elevation of indole-3-propionic acid concentrations in the intestines of Taihe SF. Based on these findings, B. subtilis is deemed the most advantageous among the tested strains for Taihe SF during the 3-13 week growth period.},
}

@article {pmid41442918,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, R and Quan, T and Chen, Y and Gao, T},
title = {Butyrate improves dextran sulfate sodium-induced imbalance of intestinal stem cell homeostasis in broilers.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {105},
number = {2},
pages = {106307},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.106307},
pmid = {41442918},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {BACKGROUOND: Intestinal homeostasis is maintained through the ongoing self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Butyrate, a microbial metabolite, connects the gut microbiome with the epithelium. This research delves deeper into how butyrate influences ISC to enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier in broilers.

RESULTS: Our research results show that dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated broilers exhibit damaged intestinal villi structure (including reduced villus length and increased crypt depth) and impaired intestinal mucosal barrier, including decreased numbers of goblet cells, mast cells and paneth cells, and MUC2 protein and tight junction protein expression. Importantly, DSS treatment not only reduces the number of ISCs but also hinders their differentiation and proliferation abilities. However, butyrate intervention can effectively improve intestinal mucosal barrier function by restoring the homeostasis of intestinal stem cells.

CONCLUSION: The findings imply that butyrate might promote ISC self-renewal and differentiation, improving the structure and function of the intestinal lining by triggering the Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways. The study provides clinical value by highlighting the key role of immunometabolism in intestinal diseases and potential therapeutic targets, and it has broad application prospects in livestock and poultry farming for improving growth performance by enhancing gut health.},
}

@article {pmid41442770,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, C and Zhang, L},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {},
pages = {e103718},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_103718},
pmid = {41442770},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Male ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; *Apolipoprotein E4/genetics ; Aged ; *Biomarkers ; *Alzheimer Disease/genetics/microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The gut-brain axis hypothesis proposes a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, shaping neuroinflammatory processes linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD-raising the likelihood of disease by two- to three-fold with even one copy-its association with the gut microbiome remains underexplored. This gap limits our full understanding of the pathways contributing to AD.

METHOD: We investigated the relationship between APOE4 status and gut microbiome composition in 114 healthy participants (average age: 77, 57% women). Stool samples underwent shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Rigorous quality control steps removed low-quality reads and human DNA contaminants. We performed taxonomic profiling and applied rarefaction to normalize sequencing depth. Alpha diversity (richness and evenness) and beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac-based principal coordinates analysis) were assessed. We then used permutational multivariate analysis of variance, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, to identify group differences. Differential taxonomic analysis pinpointed bacterial taxa enriched in APOE4 carriers versus non-carriers.

RESULT: Alpha diversity metrics did not differ significantly between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers at the species level (p = 0.070). However, beta diversity analysis showed significant differences in overall community composition after adjusted by the covariates (p = 0.003), and APOE4 carrier status remained significant in PERMANOVA (p = 0.039). Furthermore, subgroup analysis of APOE4 genotypes (2/4, 3/4, 4/4) also revealed significant compositional differences (p = 0.030). Differential taxonomic analysis identified 21 species enriched in APOE4 carriers and 20 species enriched in non-carriers. Among non-carriers, Alistipes finegoldii (p = 0.035) and Odoribacter splanchnicus (p = 0.024) were more abundant. These species are involved in metabolic pathways related to short-chain fatty acid production, which can have anti-inflammatory effects. Their presence suggests a protective gut microbiome-mediated mechanism in individuals without the APOE4 allele.

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that APOE4 carriers have distinct gut microbiome patterns that may heighten the risk of neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis, potentially contributing to AD onset or progression. These results highlight the interplay between genetic risk factors and gut microbial communities. They also underscore the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions to reduce AD risk in genetically susceptible individuals.},
}

Humans
Female
Male
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
*Apolipoprotein E4/genetics
Aged
*Biomarkers
*Alzheimer Disease/genetics/microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Middle Aged

@article {pmid41442682,
year = {2025},
author = {Monzón, ÁRR and Ramos, JFO and Narvaez, YC and Rosales, MH},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {},
pages = {e097688},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_097688},
pmid = {41442682},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/microbiology ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Metabolomics ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: T2DM and AD are major public health concerns characterized by metabolic and cognitive impairments, respectively, with growing evidence suggesting that gut microbiota alterations contribute to their pathogenesis. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses provide valuable insights into the microbiota's role in glucose regulation, inflammation, and dementia risk, offering potential for early diagnosis and targeted interventions. Understanding the interplay between gut microbiota and metabolic pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

METHOD: A descriptive study with a quantitative approach, cross-sectional observational comparative, of relational scope will be conducted. The study population will be segmented into four groups and two subgroups: Control (CTRL) (n = 30), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (n = 30), Alzheimer's Disease (AD) without T2DM (n = 30), and AD with T2DM (n = 30). Subgroups include Control (Young adults) (n = 30) and T2DM (Young adults) (n = 30). All groups will undergo characterization, which includes blood chemistry, and clinical, mental, nutritional, and anthropometric evaluations. We obtained urine and stool samples for DNA extraction and library preparation. We used Magnetic Resonance Mass Spectrometry (MRMS) for metabolomic analysis, which uses eluents to detect metabolites. We will apply MetaHit bioinformatics tools to assess sample diversity and perform metabolomic analysis in RStudio.

RESULT: The study revealed distinct patterns of intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic changes in patients with T2DM and AD, categorized by age. A comprehensive taxonomic and functional representation of the gut microbiome highlighted condition-specific differences. Significant correlations were found between microbiological, metabolomic, and clinical biomarkers, particularly those related to cognitive decline. Key metabolic pathways and molecular processes underlying dysbiosis were identified. Fecal metabolite analysis uncovered distinctive compounds such as (+/-)-Ethylketocyclazocine, (-)-Quebrachamine, and (-)-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine, while urinary metabolites like (Phenylthio) acetic acid and 2,3-Diketo-L-gulonate showed disease-associated variations. These findings support the development of personalized interventions to mitigate cognitive decline through microbiota and metabolomic profile modifications.

CONCLUSION: The study identifies distinct gut microbiota and metabolic patterns linked to cognitive decline in T2DM and AD, offering insights into disease mechanisms and supporting the development of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Biomarkers/metabolism
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/microbiology
*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Male
Female
Metabolomics
Middle Aged
Adult
Aged
Young Adult

@article {pmid41442661,
year = {2025},
author = {Ivanich, K and Yackzan, A and Chang, YH and Aware, C and Govindarajan, M and Kramer, S and Yanckello, LM and Ericsson, A and Lin, AL},
title = {Basic Science and Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {e104646},
doi = {10.1002/alz70855_104646},
pmid = {41442661},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Female ; Mice, Transgenic ; Male ; Apolipoprotein E4/genetics ; *Brain/metabolism ; Mice ; *Diet, Ketogenic ; *Alzheimer Disease/genetics/metabolism ; Apolipoprotein E3/genetics ; Metabolomics ; Disease Models, Animal ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) polymorphism is the primary genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 carriers exhibit early deficits in brain metabolism and gut microbiome diversity, both elevating AD risk. This study investigated whether a ketogenic diet (KD) can restore brain metabolism and gut microbiome diversity in young, asymptomatic APOE4-positive mice, while also assessing sex-based differences, given the higher AD risk in females. Comparisons were also made with APOE3 mice, which carries a neutral AD risk, to determine genotype differences. Additionally, a correlative analysis explored relationships between microbes and brain metabolites, identifying potential therapeutic and screening targets for AD risk mitigation.

METHOD: Female and male APOE3 (n =  44) and APOE4 (n =  39) transgenic mice were randomly assigned to a control diet (5.1% fat) or a KD (75.1% fat). Mice ate ad libitum for 16 weeks, starting at 12 weeks of age. Brain tissue was collected for untargeted metabolomics (UPLC-MS/MS via Metabolon Inc.), and fecal samples were collected for 16s rRNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing (CosmosID). Gut microbiome species richness and evenness were measured using Shannon index (α-diversity). Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (β-diversity) measured intra-subject dissimilarity for pre- and post-diet gut microbiome composition, and Spearman's correlation heatmaps linked metabolites and microbes to correlations within amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolic pathways.

RESULT: The KD restored brain metabolism in APOE4 females by recovering levels of metabolites associated with mitochondrial function (Figure 1A) and glutamate metabolism (Figure 1B), while exerting variable effects on these metabolites in APOE3 mice and APOE4 males. The KD increased species' richness and evenness in APOE4 females (Figure 2A) and balanced microbiome composition in APOE4 mice, as indicated by limited changes pre- and post-dietary intervention (Figure 2B). Correlation analyses revealed that Bacteroides intestinalis, Clostridium sp. ASF502, Lachnospiraceae bacterium A4, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri had significant associations with metabolites involved in amino acids and energy (Figure 3A) and lipid (Figure 3B) pathways.

CONCLUSION: The KD effectively restored brain metabolism and gut microbiome diversity in APOE4 female mice. These effects were absent in APOE3 mice and APOE4 males. Correlations between microbes and metabolites provide potential targets for AD interventions and risk assessment.},
}

Animals
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Female
Mice, Transgenic
Male
Apolipoprotein E4/genetics
*Brain/metabolism
Mice
*Diet, Ketogenic
*Alzheimer Disease/genetics/metabolism
Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
Metabolomics
Disease Models, Animal

@article {pmid41442536,
year = {2025},
author = {Kazen, AB and Umfleet, LG and Aboulalazm, FA and Cohen, AD and Terhune, S and Mason, L and Obarski, S and Franczak, M and Kindel, T and Wang, Y and Kirby, J},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {},
pages = {e097652},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_097652},
pmid = {41442536},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Female ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology/physiopathology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Aged ; Biomarkers ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Feces/microbiology ; *Dysbiosis/microbiology ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Cognition ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut dysbiosis and cerebrovascular disease have both been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathophysiology. However, the interplay between them is unclear. The goal of this study was to identify relationships between gut microbiota (GMB), cerebrovascular functioning, and cognition in patients diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) compared to cognitively unimpaired older adult controls.

METHODS: Participants (N = 14 aMCI and 10 controls) provided fecal samples for 16S and shotgun metagenomics GMB sequencing, underwent an MRI, and completed neuropsychological tests. For MRI, cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial transit time (ATT) were assessed. Spearman rho correlational analysis was used to evaluate relationships between discriminatory microbial taxa, cerebrovascular metrics, and cognition.

RESULTS: Sequencing revealed differentially abundant bacterial and viral taxa distinguishing aMCI from controls. Spearman correlations revealed that bacteria known to induce inflammation were negatively associated with cognition and cerebrovascular function, whereas bacteria associated with a healthy gut microbiome had positive associations with cognitive and cerebrovascular function. For example, Alistipes indistinctus, which depletes intestinal urate levels was enriched in aMCI and had significant negative correlations with Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B; rs=-.587) and category fluency (CF) scores (rs=-.422), CVR (rs=-.437), and CBF (rs=-.546). Bilophila wadsworthia was negatively associated (trend-level) with CVR and CBF, and significantly correlated with TMT-B (rs = -.499) and category fluency (rs = -.503). The bile acid modifying bacterium, Turicibacter sp., had a significant positive correlation with CBF (rs=.423). Finally, we found that several bacteriophages had significant correlations with cognitive and cerebrovascular measures, such as a B. wadsworthia phage that was enriched in aMCI and had significant negative correlations with TMT-B (rs=-.491), delayed recall (rs=-.589), and CVR (rs=-.474). Further, this phage contained an acyl-coA synthetase capable of influencing central metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous research, we found that persons with aMCI have an altered gut microbiome relative to controls. Further, we demonstrate through metagenomics sequencing that both bacterial and viral taxa are associated with cognitive and neurovascular functioning in aMCI. Knowledge about the relationships between the microbiota, cognition, and cerebrovascular function paves the way for future studies cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.},
}

Humans
Male
Female
*Cognitive Dysfunction/microbiology/physiopathology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Aged
Biomarkers
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data
Feces/microbiology
*Dysbiosis/microbiology
*Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology
Middle Aged
Cognition

@article {pmid41441924,
year = {2025},
author = {Dias, V and Vaigankar, D and Gaonkar, SK and Thakur, NL},
title = {Mudflat halophilic microbiome: research progress in biotechnology and eco-environmental sustainability.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {3},
pmid = {41441924},
issn = {1573-0972},
}

@article {pmid41441899,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, JT and Ngoi, S and Deng, B and Hill, M and He, K and Yang, Y and Liu, B},
title = {Commensal bacteria antigen-mediated immune response enhances anti-tumor immunity.},
journal = {Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII},
volume = {75},
number = {1},
pages = {28},
pmid = {41441899},
issn = {1432-0851},
support = {AI125859//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Melanoma, Experimental/immunology/therapy/pathology ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology ; *Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; *Lung Neoplasms/immunology/secondary ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Th17 Cells/immunology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatments, but the majority of cancer patients would inevitably develop resistance to immunotherapy. Th17 cells play complex but crucial roles in anti-cancer immune response, although their therapeutic potential remains underutilized. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) function as prototypical commensal bacteria that can induce intestinal Th17 cells and impact host immune response. In this study, we investigated how SFB antigen-mediated immune responses modify the tumor microenvironment and enhance anti-tumor efficacy through a coordinated gut-lung immunological axis. We engineered B16F1 melanoma cells to express either the SFB3340 epitope (B16-3340, an I-A[b]-restricted epitope derived from SFBNYU_003340 and recognized by 7B8 TCR) or a control vector (B16-MEM) to evaluate SFB antigen effects on tumor immunogenicity. We found that expression of the SFB epitope in cancer cells decreased the number of lung tumor nodules, and SFB colonization further reduced tumor growth in a lung metastasis model. In addition, Th1, Th17, and CD8[+] Tc1 cells were all increased in the lungs of the B16-3340 tumor-bearing mice compared with B16-MEM control tumor-bearing mice without triggering a compensatory expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs. Interestingly, SFB triggers systemic metabolic changes and an increase metabolites from aromatic amino acid degradation pathways, providing biochemical evidence for a functional gut-lung conduit, which integrates innate microbial detection with adaptive tumor-specific immunity. Our research provides evidence to further investigate and develop novel cancer immunotherapies that utilize microbial antigens and microbiome modifications to improve patient outcomes.},
}

Animals
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
*Melanoma, Experimental/immunology/therapy/pathology
Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
*Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
*Lung Neoplasms/immunology/secondary
Cell Line, Tumor
Immunotherapy/methods
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
Th17 Cells/immunology
Humans

@article {pmid41441714,
year = {2025},
author = {Seong, H and Yoon, JG and Nham, E and Choi, YJ and Noh, JY and Cheong, HJ and Kim, WJ and Lim, S and Song, JY},
title = {Vaccine Platform-Dependent Differential Impact on Microbiome Diversity: Potential Advantages of Protein Subunit Vaccines.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines13121248},
pmid = {41441714},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {Q2208691//Joon Young Song/ ; Q2208671//Sooyeon Lim/ ; Q2208341//Hye Seong/ ; },
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of diverse vaccine platforms, including mRNA, adenoviral vector, and protein subunit vaccines. Given the growing evidence that the gut microbiome modulates vaccine-induced immunity, this study compared the effects of a protein subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373), an mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2), and an adenoviral vector vaccine (ChAdOx1) on gut microbiome diversity following booster vaccination. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 35 healthy adults who received an NVX-CoV2373 booster. Stool and blood samples were collected before vaccination and three weeks afterward. Gut microbiome profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the results were compared with our previous cohorts who received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines. Results: The NVX-CoV2373 booster was associated with a significant increase in the Shannon diversity index (p = 0.027), indicating enhanced alpha diversity. This finding contrasts with the decrease or absence of significant short-term change observed following repeated administrations of adenoviral vector and mRNA vaccines, respectively. Notably, NVX-CoV2373 vaccination was accompanied by an increased relative abundance of beneficial taxa such as Bacteroides fragilis and a decrease in Prevotella bivia. In comparison, repeated ChAdOx1 doses resulted in a sustained reduction in alpha diversity, whereas BNT162b2 showed a transient post-booster rise followed by a long-term decline in species richness. Conclusions: In the booster setting, the protein subunit vaccine NVX-CoV2373 exerted a distinct and favorable effect on gut microbiome diversity, increasing alpha diversity in contrast to the patterns observed with mRNA and adenoviral vector booster vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid41441257,
year = {2025},
author = {Sutton, SC and Hills, RD},
title = {Role of Nanoplastics in Decreasing the Intestinal Microbiome Ratio: A Review of the Scope of Polystyrene.},
journal = {Toxics},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/toxics13121036},
pmid = {41441257},
issn = {2305-6304},
abstract = {Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are increasingly recognized as emerging intestinal toxicants. This scoping review maps and integrates evidence from 56 studies (47 primary and 11 review articles, 2000-mid-2025) on how nanoplastics, particularly ≤100 nm polystyrene, disrupt gut homeostasis. The evidence consistently supports a three-stage mechanistic cascade: 1. Oxidative-stress initiation-Nanoplastics generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppress antioxidant defenses, producing redox imbalance in intestinal tissue and commensal bacteria. 2. Barrier dysfunction-Resulting oxidative injury reduces tight-junction proteins, depletes mucus-secreting goblet cells, and activates inflammatory signaling (NF-κB, TLR4). 3. Microbiome reconfiguration-The altered intestinal microenvironment favors Gram-negative expansion and depletion of Gram-positive commensals, observed as decreases in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) and Gram+/Gram- ratios. High-dose nanoplastic exposures reproducibly induced these effects in mice and zebrafish, whereas environmentally realistic, low-dose PET fragments produced minimal dysbiosis. Functionally important taxa-short-chain-fatty-acid producers (Faecalibacterium, Roseburia) and mucin degraders (Akkermansia muciniphila)-were consistently reduced, linking microbial shifts to epithelial injury and inflammatory tone. Together, these findings define an oxidative-barrier-microbiome axis as the dominant pathway of nanoplastic-induced intestinal disruption. Future work should emphasize environmentally relevant exposures, multi-omics functional endpoints, and mechanistic models that integrate oxidative stress, epithelial pathology, and microbiome ecology to guide realistic human-health risk assessment.},
}

@article {pmid41441238,
year = {2025},
author = {Qin, J and Jiang, S and Zhang, Z and Wang, J and Li, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, H and Li, C and Ma, H and Wang, J},
title = {Involvement of the Gut-Lung Axis in LMW-PAHs-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation.},
journal = {Toxics},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/toxics13121017},
pmid = {41441238},
issn = {2305-6304},
support = {81828011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 72064002//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 25JRRA1273//Gansu Joint Reasearch Fund/ ; lzuyxcx-2022-122//Medical Innovation and Deveopment Project of Lanzhou University/ ; lzujbky-2024-14//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; lzujbky-2024-it21//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants recognized for their toxicological significance. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic exposure to low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) contributes to heightened disease vulnerability and immune dysregulation, particularly among rural female populations. Recent studies have further linked a significant association between PAH exposure and gut microbiome (GM) modifications. Considering the common embryonic origin of the intestinal and respiratory systems, cross-organ communication under conditions of PAH exposure warrants deeper exploration. Although current gut-lung axis research largely emphasizes microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, the contribution of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in LMW-PAH-induced pulmonary inflammation via this axis remains poorly defined. To address this knowledge gap, we developed an animal model employing integrated 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics approaches to systematically examine phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu) induced GM compositional shifts and associated metabolic reprogramming. Through comprehensive profiling, we identified candidate microorganisms and metabolites potentially involved in dysbiosis-mediated pulmonary inflammation, thereby elucidating the mechanistic basis of Phe and Flu-associated health risks.},
}

@article {pmid41441197,
year = {2025},
author = {Logan, AC and Berryessa, CM and Greeson, JM and Mishra, P and Prescott, SL},
title = {The Metabolic Mind: Revisiting Glucose Metabolism and Justice Involvement in Neurolaw.},
journal = {NeuroSci},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/neurosci6040120},
pmid = {41441197},
issn = {2673-4087},
abstract = {Neuropsychiatric interest in the relationship between glucose metabolism and criminal behavior dates back nearly a century. In particular, hypoglycemia was thought to play a causative role in some criminal acts, especially non-planned incidents involving impulsivity and in-the-moment risk-taking or aggression. While interest in carbohydrate metabolism in forensic populations faded in the 1990s, recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in metabolic dysfunction, mental health, and cognition. This area of research has grown increasingly robust, bolstered by mechanistic discoveries, epidemiological work, and intervention trials. Advances in microbiome (legalome) sciences, aided by omics technologies, have allowed researchers to match objective markers (i.e., from genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics) with facets of cognition and behavior, including aggression. These advances, especially the concentrated integration of microbiome and omics, have permitted novel approaches to the subject of glucose metabolism, and cast new light on older studies related to justice involvement. With current technologies and contemporary knowledge, there are numerous opportunities for revisiting the subject of glucose metabolism in the context of neurolaw. Here in this viewpoint article, we reflect on the historical research and emergent findings, providing ideation for future directions.},
}

@article {pmid41441091,
year = {2025},
author = {Hu, J and Bao, G and Hu, W and Wu, J and Du, J and Zhou, H and Zhao, Y and Xing, N and Liu, W and Fu, Z},
title = {Molecular Trojan Effect of Microplastic Diethyl Phthalate Drives Multiscale Stress Vortex through Interfacial Engineering in Cold Agroecosystems during Freeze-Thaw Cycles.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c16751},
pmid = {41441091},
issn = {1936-086X},
abstract = {Global climate change exacerbates the synergistic effects of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and emerging pollutants in cold-region ecosystems. To elucidate their multidimensional stress mechanisms, this study integrated a "seed-to-seed" full-life-cycle soil cultivation experiment (120 days), physio-ecological assays, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and multiomics technologies to systematically analyze the cascading damage mechanisms in rye induced by the combined stress of FT, microplastics (MPs), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Long-term experiments demonstrated that MPs + DEP copollution led to approximately 27.5% reduction in spike length, over 36% decrease in 1000-grain weight, and an 18-23 d delay in flowering time; these indicators worsened further with the superposition of FT, indicating significant inhibition of reproductive growth. At the physiological mechanism level, DEP competitively inhibited ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, impeding carbon assimilation; MPs induced thylakoid membrane lipid peroxidation, disrupting the electron transport chain; and FT exacerbated chloroplast ultrastructural damage, collectively causing a 41.1% decrease in the photosynthetic rate (Pn), a 65.8% reduction in stomatal conductance (Gs), and a 140% increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. MD simulations revealed that FT enhanced the binding stability of nonspecific lipid-transfer protein (nsLTP) with DEP, promoting the upward translocation of pollutants, with the highest DEP residue in grains reaching 0.306 ± 0.038 mg/kg, posing a potential food safety risk. Metabolomic analysis indicated that MPs activated genes promoting cell wall fibrosis defense, whereas DEP inhibited lipoxygenase, leading to lipid accumulation, with Mg[2+] loss and S accumulation exacerbating the oxidative damage cascade. The endophytic microbiome facilitated cooperative pollutant degradation via the Pseudomonas acidovorax module, achieving partial ecological compensation. This study reveals a "stress compensation-metabolic imbalance-oxidative damage" vicious cycle mechanism, which advances our understanding of composite pollution risks in high-latitude farmland and the synergistic effects of climate change and pollutants.},
}

@article {pmid41441029,
year = {2025},
author = {Carbonell-Garzón, E and Ibanco-Cañete, R and Sanchez-Jerez, P and Egea, FCM},
title = {Osmolytes vs. Anabolic Reserves: Contrasting Gonadal Metabolomes in Two Sympatric Mediterranean Sea Urchins.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/metabo15120787},
pmid = {41441029},
issn = {2218-1989},
support = {GASTERRA 2024//CONVOCATORIA DEL PROGRAMA PROPIO DEL CENTRO DE GASTRONOMÍA DEL MEDITERRÁNEO (Gasterra 2023-24) UA_DENIA PARA EL FOMENTO DE LA I+D+i EN El ÁMBITO DE LA GASTRONOMÍA (GASTERRA 2024)/ ; },
abstract = {Background an Objectives: The Mediterranean sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula co-occur on shallow rocky reefs but display contrasting ecological and physiological traits. We compared their gonadal metabolomes to identify species-specific metabolic strategies. Methods: High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy to intact gonadal tissues, combining multivariate chemometric modelling with targeted integration, boxplot-based univariate analysis and pathway analysis. Results:A. lixula showed an osmolyte- and redox-oriented phenotype with elevated betaine, taurine, sarcosine, trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), carnitine, creatine, malonate, methylmalonate, uridine and xanthine. In contrast, P. lividus exhibited an amino-acid-enriched anabolic profile dominated by lysine, glycine and glutamine, together with higher levels of formaldehyde, methanol and 3-carboxypropyl-trimethylammonium. Pathway analysis indicated that A. lixula metabolites mapped onto glycine/serine-threonine metabolism and the folate-linked one-carbon pool, whereas P. lividus metabolites were enriched in glyoxylate/dicarboxylate, nitrogen and amino-acid pathways. These contrasting osmolyte-C1 versus nitrogen-amino-acid strategies are compatible with species-specific host-microbiota metabolic interactions inferred from published microbiome data. Conclusions: Overall, our results support a framework in which A. lixula adopts a resilience-oriented osmolyte strategy and P. lividus an efficiency-oriented anabolic strategy, highlighting HR-MAS NMR metabolomics as a powerful approach to investigate adaptive biochemical diversity in marine invertebrates.},
}

@article {pmid41441026,
year = {2025},
author = {Godsey, TJ and Eden, T and Emerson, SR},
title = {Ultra-Processed Foods and Metabolic Dysfunction: A Narrative Review of Dietary Processing, Behavioral Drivers and Chronic Disease Risk.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/metabo15120784},
pmid = {41441026},
issn = {2218-1989},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a dominant component of the modern diet, paralleling the rise in obesity and chronic disease prevalence worldwide. This narrative review aims to synthesize evidence on how dietary processing and UPF consumption interacts with dietary quality, energy balance, and biological pathways to influence metabolic health. Methods: We performed a targeted literature search of peer-reviewed articles and authoritative reports examining UPF definition (via the NOVA classification), global consumption patterns, behavioral drivers of overconsumption, nutrient composition, and mechanistic links to metabolic dysfunction. Emphasis was placed on recent human and animal research relating UPFs to obesity, cardiometabolic outcomes, inflammation and gut microbiome alterations. Results: High UPF intake is consistently associated with reduced diet quality (higher saturated fat, sugar, sodium; lower fiber and micronutrients), increased energy density, faster eating rates and activation of reward pathways. These factors facilitate excessive energy intake and adiposity, promoting metabolic dysregulation, chronic low-grade inflammation, hormonal disturbances and gut microbiome shifts. While cross-sectional and cohort evidence is extensive, causal intervention trials and mechanistic human work remain limited. Conclusions: The accumulated evidence suggests that UPFs may influence chronic disease risk through their unbalanced nutrient profiles and through additional effects introduced by industrial processing. To translate these insights into public health strategies, future work should prioritize real-world intervention studies to reduce UPF consumption and examine resulting effects on energy balance, inflammation and gut health.},
}

@article {pmid41441004,
year = {2025},
author = {Alabi, JO and Kholif, AE and Ike, KA and Okedoyin, DO and Adelusi, OO and Wuaku, M and Anotaenwere, CC and Enikuomehin, JM and Oderinwale, OA and Adebayo, JO and Gentry-Apple, AR and Anele, UY},
title = {Rumen Fluid Metabolomics and Microbiome Profiling of Dairy Cows Fed Combinations of Prebiotics, Essential Oil Blend, and Onion Peel Using the RUSITEC System.},
journal = {Metabolites},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/metabo15120762},
pmid = {41441004},
issn = {2218-1989},
support = {NC.X338-5-21-120-1//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dairy products provide vital energy, high-quality protein, and micronutrients for over six billion people worldwide, with dairy cows contributing nearly 81% of global milk production. Sustainable strategies to enhance productivity are therefore critical. Feed additives such as essential oil blends (EOB), onion peel (OPE), and prebiotics including mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been proposed to improve rumen fermentation, modulate microbial ecology, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated the combined effects of EOB, OPE, MOS, and GOS on rumen metabolism using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rumen inoculum from three cannulated Holstein Friesian cows was incubated across 16 vessels (four treatments × four replicates) for nine days. Treatments included a control (CON; TMR only), GEO (TMR + GOS + EOB + OPE), MEO (TMR + MOS + EOB + OPE), and OLEO (TMR + a 1:1 mixture of GOS and MOS + EOB + OPE). Additives were included at 3 µL/g TMR for EOB and 30 mg/g TMR (3% w/w) for OPE, GOS, MOS, or OLG. Rumen effluents were collected for untargeted metabolomic profiling by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, identifying 661 metabolites.

RESULTS: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis revealed clear separation between CON and additive groups, confirming distinct metabolic shifts. GEO primarily enhanced tryptophan, tyrosine, and purine metabolism; MEO stimulated phosphonate and pyrimidine pathways and bile acid biosynthesis; OLEO promoted phosphonate, nicotinamide, and taurine metabolism. Microbial analysis showed enrichment of taxa such as Lachnospira, Succinivibrionaceae, Macellibacteroides, Lysinibacillus, and Christensenellaceae, indicating complementary effects on fermentation and microbial stability.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that dietary supplementation with GEO, MEO, or OLEO modulates rumen metabolism and microbial ecology without impairing fermentation, supporting improved nutrient utilization, antioxidant defenses, and metabolic resilience in dairy cows, with potential benefits for productivity and sustainability.},
}

@article {pmid41440958,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahmani, AR and Madani, SA and Aminov, E and Gogokhia, L and Bench, T and Kalogeropoulos, A},
title = {Heart Failure and Cognitive Impairment Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiome: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jpm15120595},
pmid = {41440958},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {Heart failure (HF) affects over 55 million individuals globally, with prevalence projected to exceed 11 million in the United States by 2050 and is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder extending beyond hemodynamic dysfunction to encompass profound alterations in neural and gut physiology. Cognitive impairment affects nearly half of HF patients and represents a major determinant of morbidity, self-care capacity, and mortality. Recent advances suggest that the gut microbiome serves as a pivotal intermediary in the heart-brain crosstalk, influencing neurocognitive outcomes through inflammatory, metabolic, and neurohumoral pathways. Dysbiosis in HF disrupts intestinal barrier integrity, facilitating translocation of endotoxins and microbial metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids, which in turn modulate neuroinflammation, cerebral perfusion, and neuronal signaling. The gut-heart-brain axis provides an integrative framework linking HF and cognitive impairment pathophysiology through dysbiosis-driven systemic inflammation and metabolite dysregulation. Gut-derived biomarkers and microbiome-targeted interventions represent promising strategies for detection of early alterations and precision treatment, highlighting the urge for prospective, multi-omics studies to establish causality and therapeutic efficacy. This review synthesizes current evidence connecting gut microbiome dysbiosis and metabolite alterations to both HF and cognitive impairment pathophysiology and proposes translational strategies for integrating microbiome-targeted therapies in HF patients with cognitive dysfunction.},
}

@article {pmid41440831,
year = {2025},
author = {Kuehn, JF and Zhang, Q and Heston, MB and Kang, JW and Harding, S and Davenport-Sis, NJ and Kerby, RL and Schiffmann, EC and Wheeler, JL and Clements, E and Shankar, S and Mickol, A and Zemberi, J and Chow, H and Zhang, E and Harpt, J and Mushtaque, A and Yoo, M and Cook, A and Carlsson, CM and Johnson, SC and Asthana, S and Zetterberg, H and Blennow, K and Ulland, TK and Bendlin, BB and Rey, FE},
title = {Biomarkers.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21 Suppl 2},
number = {},
pages = {e098071},
doi = {10.1002/alz70856_098071},
pmid = {41440831},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid ; Male ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/diagnosis ; Female ; *Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Feces/chemistry/microbiology ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Metagenome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are abundant gut bacterial metabolites produced via the fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch. Several lines of evidence, particularly in preclinical mouse models, suggest a protective role of SCFA against Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. In one study, supplementation of mice with tributyrin, a butyrate prodrug, significantly attenuated AD pathology. However, the relationships between SCFA, the bacterial taxa that produce them, and AD biomarkers require further elucidation in humans.

METHOD: We assessed gut metagenomes and SCFA levels in fecal samples from 213 cognitively unimpaired Microbiome Alzheimer's Risk Study (MARS) participants (Table 1). The cohort was co-enrolled in the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, which track preclinical disease progression in middle-aged and older adults at risk for AD. We sequenced DNA extracted from 213 fecal samples (one sample per participant, 30 million reads per sample), created metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), and annotated their functions. We measured levels of the major SCFA in fecal samples using headspace gas chromatography. We performed multiple linear regressions between levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and each SCFA or MAG, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and APOE genotype.

RESULT: We found an inverse association between amyloid positive status (CSF Aꞵ42/Aꞵ40 <0.046) and MAGs encoding propionate or butyrate production pathways. Fecal acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels were reduced in females and in participants with amyloid-positive status. Mediation analysis detected a trend indicating that butyrate may mediate the inverse relationship between MAGs with butyrate production pathways and amyloid positive status.

CONCLUSION: Relative abundances of MAGs encoding enzymes for propionate and butyrate production were reduced in amyloid-positive participants in a cognitively unimpaired human cohort enriched for AD risk. These results, combined with the extensive literature in preclinical AD mouse models, suggest that SCFA may play a causal role in AD progression.},
}

Humans
*Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid
Male
*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/diagnosis
Female
*Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Feces/chemistry/microbiology
Aged
Middle Aged
Cohort Studies
Metagenome

@article {pmid41440729,
year = {2025},
author = {Hirji, I and John, D and Jith, J and Khoshnaw, H and Ganeshananthan, M},
title = {Challenges and Strategies in Managing Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Older Adults.},
journal = {Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/geriatrics10060158},
pmid = {41440729},
issn = {2308-3417},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are caused by a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus and are defined by more than three episodes of watery diarrhoea per day. CDI is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults, particularly over 65 years. Recurrent CDI leads to higher mortality and prolonged, debilitating illness.

CASE PRESENTATIONS: This article presents two patients, aged over 80 years old, who developed recurrent CDI causing complicated and prolonged treatment courses. Patient 1 required an extended course of antibiotics for treatment of discitis and a congruent psoas abscess. Patient 2 developed CDI after multiple short courses of antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the context of multiple comorbidities. Both patients experienced three distinct episodes of CDI and were treated in collaboration with microbiology specialists. Following the third episode, both were successfully treated with oral capsule faecal microbiome transplants (FMTs). Their cases highlight the challenge of balancing systemic antibiotic use against CDI risk.

DISCUSSIONS: These cases underscore known risk factors for recurrent CDI, including advanced age and prolonged antibiotic exposure. Recurrence rates in patients over 65 can reach 58%. The British Society of Gastroenterology and Healthcare Infection Society support the use of FMTs in recurrent cases. Environmental decontamination, including terminal cleaning with sporicidal agents, is critical in reducing reinfection in hospital settings.

CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent CDI in elderly patients reflects a complex interplay between infection control and managing comorbidities. New guidelines suggest that FMTs can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. These cases emphasise the need for individualised, multidisciplinary care, adherence to guidelines, and further research to improve safe, effective CDI management in older adults.},
}

@article {pmid41440663,
year = {2025},
author = {Gong, W and Chen, M and Lai, Y and Yang, D and Soares, MA and Gond, SK and Li, H},
title = {Deciphering the Role of Reshaped Fungal Microbiome in Cadmium Accumulation in Rice Grains.},
journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jof11120837},
pmid = {41440663},
issn = {2309-608X},
support = {202403AP140035//Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Research and Development of Crop Safety Produc-tion on Heavy Metal Pollution Areas/ ; 202501AS070148//Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects/ ; 42267059//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KUST-AN2023006Y//Medical Joint Special Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology-The First People's Hospital of Anning/ ; },
abstract = {Rice cadmium (Cd) contamination is a serious threat to global food security and human health. Plant-associated microbiomes are known to affect Cd accumulation in plants. However, the response of the rice microbiome to Cd contamination and its role in modulating grain Cd accumulation remain poorly understood. In the present study, the responses of the rhizospheric fungi (RF) community and seed endophytic fungi (SEF) community to the soil physiochemical properties of rice from moderately (MC) and severely (SC1 and SC2) Cd-contaminated paddies were investigated. Moreover, the effects of soil physiochemical properties, RF community and SEF community on grain Cd accumulation were analyzed through correlation analysis. The results showed that the Cd concentration in rice grains from SC2 exceeded the food safety standard of China and was higher than that of SC1 and MC. The Cd concentration in rice grains was positively correlated with the soil-available Cd concentration, while being negatively correlated with the available nutrient elements and pH value of soil. In addition, it was found that the diversity of RF increased with the soil-available Cd concentration, while the diversity and richness of SEF decreased with the soil-available Cd concentration. Moreover, the RF community was influenced by soil physiochemical properties. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that the soil-available Cd was positively correlated with RF Sebacina, Clonostachys, Acremonium, Talaromyces and Fusarium, and most of them were related to grain Cd concentration, while unclassified SEF Pleosporales and Xylariales were associated with grain Cd concentration. These results suggested that Cd stress triggered a niche-specific response of the rice fungal microbiome. The fungi related to soil Cd availability and rice grain Cd accumulation may have a great potential application in food safety production in Cd-contaminated soil.},
}

@article {pmid41440534,
year = {2025},
author = {Orjichukwu, CK and Orjichukwu, RO and Akpunonu, PK and Ugwu, PC and Nnabuife, SG},
title = {Microbiome and Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review of Gut Health and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Heart Failure Progression.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medsci13040302},
pmid = {41440534},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *Heart Failure/microbiology/metabolism/physiopathology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Disease Progression ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Probiotics ; Methylamines/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {A multifaceted clinical disease, heart failure (HF) is typified by decreased cardiac function and systemic symptoms caused by anatomical or functional abnormalities in the heart. Although traditional studies have concentrated on hemodynamic and neurohormonal processes, new data highlight the vital role that the gut microbiota and its byproducts play in the pathogenesis of HF. An imbalance in the microbial structure known as gut dysbiosis is common in HF patients and is linked to increased gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and changed bioactive metabolite synthesis. Prominent metabolites generated by the microbiota, including phenylacetylglutamine, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), have a major impact on endothelial function, cardiac remodeling, and inflammation. Together with gut-derived lipopolysaccharides, these metabolites interact with host systems to exacerbate the course of HF. Further impacting HF outcomes are comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and chronic renal disease, which intensify gut dysbiosis. The importance of metabolites originating from the microbiota in the progression of HF is highlighted in this review, which summarizes recent findings regarding the gut-heart axis. Additionally, it investigates how dietary changes, probiotics, prebiotics, and multi-omics techniques can all be used to improve the management of HF. This thorough analysis emphasizes the necessity of integrative therapy approaches and longitudinal research to better address the complex link between HF and the gut microbiota.},
}

Humans
*Heart Failure/microbiology/metabolism/physiopathology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Disease Progression
Dysbiosis/microbiology
Probiotics
Methylamines/metabolism
Animals