@article {pmid41768223,
year = {2026},
author = {Sklar, K},
title = {Ureteric Injury From an Indwelling Catheter in the Context of an Undiagnosed Duplex Ureter in a Labouring Woman: A Case Report.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {e104410},
pmid = {41768223},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) insertion is routine in obstetric practice and is considered low risk. Inadvertent ureteric catheterisation is rare and has been reported only in a few patients with complex backgrounds, mainly neurogenic bladder. This report describes a case of iatrogenic ureteric injury secondary to IDC insertion in an otherwise well woman, who was later found to have an undiagnosed duplex renal collecting system. Interestingly, an antenatal ultrasound in this case detected a fetal duplex renal collecting system. The case describes a woman in her thirties in spontaneous labour who had an IDC inserted due to concurrent epidural analgesia. She was noted to have minimal urine output after IDC insertion. She required an emergency caesarean section for a prolonged second stage and fetal tachycardia, and the bladder was noted to be oedematous and high during entry. Further imaging with computerized tomography following the caesarean section demonstrated the duplex collecting system with evidence of ureteric rupture of the lower pole moiety. The IDC was seen to be malpositioned, passing into the left ureter. The patient then required emergency cystoscopy with stent insertion. This case highlights a rare but serious complication related to routine IDC insertion. Consideration of maternal imaging when fetal renal anomalies are detected may be useful in diagnosing maternal duplex systems; however, current evidence does not support this practice.},
}

@article {pmid41768114,
year = {2026},
author = {AiErken, N and Wang, X and Zhang, M and Lei, K and Ling, Y and Yang, L},
title = {Clinical outcomes and aesthetic satisfaction of the lateral thoracic artery perforator (LTAP) flap in immediate oncoplastic breast reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery.},
journal = {JPRAS open},
volume = {48},
number = {},
pages = {1016-1024},
pmid = {41768114},
issn = {2352-5878},
abstract = {To investigate the clinical application, aesthetic outcomes, and patient satisfaction of the lateral thoracic artery perforator (LTAP) flap for immediate breast reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in breast cancer patients. Twenty-eight breast cancer patients (aged 33-65 years, mean 48.75 ± 7.481 years) treated between August 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. Tumor diameters ranged from 1.05 to 2.80 cm (mean 1.50 ± 0.32 cm), with pathological types including invasive ductal carcinoma (25 cases), invasive lobular carcinoma (2 cases), and phyllodes tumor (1 case). All underwent LTAP flap reconstruction. Aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction were assessed using the BREAST-Q BCT module version 2.0, with data analyzed via SPSS 23. No postoperative complications occurred. All patients completed the BREAST-Q survey, with median (IQR) scores of 100 (42) for breast satisfaction and 76 (19) for physical well-being of the chest. The LTAP flap achieves favorable aesthetic outcomes and high patient satisfaction for immediate breast reconstruction after BCS, with good safety.},
}

@article {pmid41764344,
year = {2026},
author = {Williams, AE and Hoffmann, EJ and Inman, DR and Gari, MK and Zhou, C and Burkel, BM and Haidar, N and Pan, Y and Halambeck, M and Moore, BN and Wisinski, KB and McGregor, SM and Kerr, SC and Arendt, LM and Ponik, SM},
title = {Obesity and breast density enhance immune exclusion in the primary tumor microenvironment and promote breast cancer metastasis.},
journal = {Oncogene},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41764344},
issn = {1476-5594},
support = {R01CA179556, R01CA206458, U54CA268069//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)/ ; R01CA179556, R01CA227542//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)/ ; P30CA014520//University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UW Carbone Cancer Center)/ ; P30CA014520//University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UW Carbone Cancer Center)/ ; GT1453//Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)/ ; R25GM083252//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; },
abstract = {Recent epidemiological studies suggest that breast density and obesity together increase breast cancer risk. Although these risk factors have been explored individually, little is known about how they combine to alter the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and promote disease progression. To address this gap, we developed a murine model of both risk factors. Spatial analysis of the TIME revealed macrophages and T-cells predominantly localized in the stroma of both risk factor groups, indicating an immune exclusion phenotype. Mice with dual risk factors had significantly increased lung metastasis. To establish the human relevance of this model, we interrogated the TIME in biopsies from 158 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 10 years of follow-up data. We found that patients with both risk factors had the highest incidence of metastasis (45%). Furthermore, spatial immune profiling revealed exacerbated stromal localization of macrophages and T-cells in the dual risk factor group that progressed to metastasis. Overall, we uncovered an immune exclusion phenotype in metastatic breast cancer patients with obesity and breast density, and we present a relevant murine model that parallels human disease. The murine model will enable future investigation into therapies that intercept the mechanisms by which dual risk factors modulate the TIME.},
}

@article {pmid41764072,
year = {2026},
author = {Hass, D and Madsen, AN and da Silva-Buttkus, P and Kjølbye, AL and Støy, S and Nøhr-Meldgaard, J and Sandahl, TD and Hrabě de Angelis, M and Jorgensen, R and Rohm, M and van de Bunt, M},
title = {Lipidated Interleukin-22 Reduces Body Weight And Spares Lean Mass In Mice By A Novel Gut Acting Mechanism Additive To GLP-1 Agonism.},
journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.02.041},
pmid = {41764072},
issn = {1525-0024},
abstract = {The prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, continues to rise. Although GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) now provide the first effective treatment options for patients with obesity, many still fail to reach their target weight. Interleukin (IL)-22 has emerged as a promising therapeutic due to its ability to modulate key metabolic factors. This study evaluated the potential of a novel long-acting lipidated IL-22 analogue as a complementary treatment to GLP-1RAs in mouse models. Lipidated IL-22 induced up to 20% weight reduction as a monotherapy and up to 40% in combination with GLP-1RAs, demonstrating additive efficacy. Lipidated IL-22 preserved lean body mass with less than half the lean mass loss of GLP-1RAs or caloric restriction. Glycemic control was also enhanced, with lipidated IL-22 normalizing blood glucose, and improving insulin sensitivity independent of food intake. Mechanistically, lipidated IL-22 enhanced intestinal secretion of anorectic factors like PYY and doubled fecal energy loss through reduced intestinal calorie absorption. These findings demonstrate the novel intestinal mechanisms of action of lipidated IL-22 and its additive potential to GLP-1RA treatment. Therefore, lipidated IL-22 is strongly positioned as a novel anti-obesity treatment that can address critical unmet needs in the treatment of metabolic diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41760667,
year = {2026},
author = {Swellam, M and Ramadan, A and Sobeih, ME and Bakr, NM},
title = {Clinical impact of the methylation status of SMAD4 and AKR1B1 genes in a liquid biopsy sample as a prognostic marker for breast cancer.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41760667},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The role of DNA methylation in the prognosis of breast cancer, particularly concerning small mothers against decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4) and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1), remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the clinical role of SMAD4 and AKR1B1 methylation as noninvasive prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer. The study included 140 individuals. The patients were stratified into two groups based on their diagnostic investigation: women diagnosed with cancer in breast (N = 80) and cases with benign lesions in breast (N = 30). Additionally, a group of subjects considered as healthy served as the control group (N = 30). Methylation levels of SMAD4 and AKR1B1 were quantified using the Methyl II quantitative PCR system. The methylation specificity and sensitivity were examined through performing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The association of the methylation of investigated patterns with breast cancer clinical features and response to treatment was also examined. Survival patterns were assesed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. The outcomes revealed that hypermethylation of SMAD4 and AKR1B1 was upregulated in cancerous patients relative to the benign group and healthy subjects. Based on the values of the area under the curve (AUC) (0.945 and 0.935, respectively) for SMAD4 and AKR1B1, both markers demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy, surpassing conventional biomarkers for instance cancer antigen 15 - 3 (CA 15 - 3; AUC = 0.698) as well as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; AUC = 0.537). Remarkably, SMAD4 and AKR1B1 hypermethylation exhibited a significant association with invasive duct carcinoma (IDC), particularly in early stages, high grades, and cases with lymph node metastasis. A significant difference was observed in methylation status concerning both items and treatment response. Additionally, survival outcomes indicated that hypermethylation of SMAD4 and AKR1B1 was associated with worse DFS and OS. In conclusion, SMAD4 and AKR1B1 methylation may serve as significant epigenetic markers affecting breast cancer prognosis, potentially indicating more aggressive disease and poorer outcomes in these patients.},
}

@article {pmid41760005,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, P and Wu, S and Ma, H and Ji, W and Wang, Y and Wang, L and Dai, Y},
title = {Occult metastasis of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer to the ovary: A case report and literature review.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {105},
number = {9},
pages = {e47830},
doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000047830},
pmid = {41760005},
issn = {1536-5964},
support = {L2024-QCY-ZYYJJQ-270//Xianyang Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; },
abstract = {RATIONALE: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. It typically metastasizes to the bone, lungs, and liver, while ovarian involvement is relatively uncommon. This report aims to illustrate the clinical features, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies for this rare type of metastasis through a case study, thereby enhancing clinicians' awareness and management capabilities.

PATIENT CONCERNS: A 32-year-old premenopausal woman presented with a palpable nodule in the left breast. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, including mammography, ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and core needle biopsy, confirmed invasive ductal carcinoma, classified as Luminal A subtype (estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative).

DIAGNOSES: Invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast (pT3N3M1, stage IV) with ovarian metastasis.

INTERVENTIONS: The patient received 6 cycles of docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide), followed by left modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, achieving R0 resection. Laparoscopic bilateral adnexectomy was also performed for ovarian ablation. Final pathology confirmed metastatic breast carcinoma in the ovaries.

OUTCOMES: The patient successfully achieved surgical tumor reduction, recovered well postoperatively, and showed no clinical evidence of disease progression.

LESSONS: This case highlights the distinct characteristics of ovarian metastases in HR+/HER2- breast cancer and their critical importance in differential diagnosis, particularly in distinguishing them from primary gynecologic tumors. For patients with a history of breast cancer, the presence of pelvic lesions should prompt consideration of metastatic potential to guide appropriate comprehensive treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41759689,
year = {2026},
author = {Guo, Y and Moalem-Taylor, G and Shivdasani, MN and Fridman, GY and Aplin, FP},
title = {Safety assessment of a soft metal-free silicone peripheral nerve cuff implanted in rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.},
journal = {The journal of pain},
volume = {42},
number = {},
pages = {106232},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpain.2026.106232},
pmid = {41759689},
issn = {1528-8447},
abstract = {Peripheral nerve stimulation offers a promising alternative to pharmacological treatments for chronic pain, and recent advances in direct current stimulation enable selective inhibition of nociceptive activity. However, the safety of direct current delivery systems, particularly soft, metal-free nerve cuffs, remains poorly characterized under pathological conditions. This study evaluated the safety and biocompatibility of a silicone tripolar cuff for ionic direct current delivery in naïve rats and rodent models of neuropathic (spared nerve injury) and inflammatory (complete Freund's adjuvant) pain. The cuff was implanted around the sciatic nerve and evaluated through behavioral testing (von Frey and Hargreaves), magnetic resonance imaging, and immunohistochemistry of the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. In naïve cohorts, both short- and long-term implantation did not alter behavior outcomes, and neither disease model showed worsening of pain sensitivity. Across implanted groups, markers associated with immune activation and fibrotic encapsulation were upregulated. Notably, only the implanted spared nerve injury cohort exhibited additional pathological changes, including T cell infiltration in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia, elevated satellite glial and astrocytic responses, and significant interaction between injury and implantation. Demyelination and C-fiber loss were observed in spared nerve injury cohort irrespective of cuff placement, consistent with baseline injury-driven pathology. These findings indicate that the soft, metal-free cuff is well tolerated in healthy and inflammatory pain conditions but may exacerbate local inflammation and tissue changes when implanted near nerve injury. This supports its potential use in chronic pain management when implantation is distal to local injury site. PERSPECTIVE: This study provides the first comprehensive safety assessment of a soft, metal-free nerve cuff for iDC delivery in healthy and pathological pain models. This work advances iDC as a potential treatment for chronic pain, and helps identify pathological conditions in which invasive cuff implantation could exacerbate existing nerve injury.},
}

@article {pmid41759049,
year = {2026},
author = {Borges, P and Costa, V and Spencer, HB and Leite-Silva, P and Furtado, S and Barbosa, C and Pereira, C and Dos-Santos-Silva, I and Santos, LL},
title = {Breast Cancer in Cape Verde: Clinical-Molecular Profile and Impact of an International Treatment Partnership.},
journal = {JCO global oncology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {e2500258},
doi = {10.1200/GO-25-00258},
pmid = {41759049},
issn = {2687-8941},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is becoming a significant public health issue in Cape Verde. Understanding the profile of BC cases is crucial for improving patient outcomes and guiding public health initiatives. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and pathologic characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes of BC cases diagnosed and treated at Agostinho Neto University Hospital between January 2015 and July 2021 following implementation of an international treatment partnership.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 158 female patients with BC diagnosed during the study period. Data were collected on patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment protocols, and survival outcomes. Immunohistochemistry was performed on a subset of 114 patients to identify molecular subtypes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all variables. Overall survival was analyzed, and log-rank tests were performed to formally compare the survival curves and assess the statistical significance of any observed differences. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the independent effect of sociodemographic factors and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 52.5 years, with patients ranging from 28 to 91 years. Most patients resided on Santiago Island. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common type, found in 93% of cases. Over half of the tumors were poorly differentiated, and 57% were diagnosed at advanced stages (III and IV). Subtype distribution mirrored sub-Saharan patterns, with 24% triple negative and 11% human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive. Among patients with potentially curable BC, 61.4% received adequate therapy that followed the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Harmonized Guidelines for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including radiotherapy treatment, although this was performed abroad. The median follow-up calculated by reverse Kaplan-Meier was 33.7 months (IQR, 20.5-52.8 months). Patients treated according to stage-appropriate and phenotype-specific recommendations achieved better outcomes (79.9% 3-year survival).

CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and adoption of the NCCN Harmonized Guidelines for SSA. Access to radiotherapy abroad, necessitated by the absence of local radiotherapy facilities, was correlated with improved survival. These findings underscore the feasibility of improving outcomes in low-resource settings through standardized treatment frameworks.},
}

@article {pmid41756704,
year = {2026},
author = {Ebrahimian, S and Soleimani Varaki, S and Zabihi, F},
title = {Breast Fibromatosis in a Patient With a History of Treated Breast Cancer: A Case Report.},
journal = {Clinical case reports},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {e72054},
pmid = {41756704},
issn = {2050-0904},
abstract = {Desmoid tumors are benign mesenchymal neoplasms that originate from muscular fasciae and aponeuroses. Breast involvement is exceptionally rare, accounting for less than 0.2% of all breast tumors. A 41-year-old woman with a history of right-sided invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) diagnosed in 2022 underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and daily tamoxifen (20 mg). The tumor measured 3.5 cm at its greatest dimension, was grade 2, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, progesterone receptor (PR)-positive, HER2 negative, and had a Ki-67 proliferation index of 25%. Histologic examination revealed a cribriform growth pattern without associated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and one of nine axillary lymph nodes was positive for metastasis. In 2023, a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed for ovarian suppression. During routine surveillance in 2024, a new mass was detected at the 2 o'clock position in the right breast. Two core needle biopsies performed over 6 months confirmed fibromatosis. Ongoing tumor enlargement and severe pain, despite radiotherapy, led to a wide local excision. Breast fibromatosis can closely mimic carcinoma both clinically and radiologically, and histologic analysis remains essential for definitive diagnosis. Complete surgical excision with negative margins remains the treatment of choice.},
}

@article {pmid41756134,
year = {2026},
author = {Napolitano, G and Napolitano, R and Coppola, R and Ragone, A and Kafeel, S and Palmiero, G and Lombardi, A and Casaretta, G and Giannatiempo, R and Caraglia, M and Naviglio, S and Sapio, L},
title = {Monocyte distribution width in breast cancer: Results from a retrospective exploratory pilot study.},
journal = {Molecular and clinical oncology},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {21},
pmid = {41756134},
issn = {2049-9469},
abstract = {Despite the therapeutic breakthroughs achieved over the years, breast cancer (BC) continues to rank as the deadliest tumor among women worldwide. Therefore, prevention and screening programs remain crucial for the successful recovery of patients with BC. Monocyte distribution width (MDW) is a novel hematological parameter provided along with the complete blood count by DxH haematology analyzers. Variations in MDW have been associated with diagnostic and prognostic significance in sepsis, viral infections and other inflammation-related diseases. However, the potential role of MDW remains largely unknown in malignant disorders, including BC. Using a retrospective approach, patients with BC were included in the present study to examine the MDW levels at diagnosis in relation to controls. MDW was also assessed with respect to the histopathological features of BC. Either Welch's t-test or Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA were used to estimate significance, while receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve were used to evaluate the overall performance of MDW in BC. MDW levels were higher in patients with BC than in controls (P<0.0001), while no changes were recorded in the absolute monocytes count. With respect to the histopathological features, an elevated MDW was typically detected in BC presenting as invasive ductal carcinoma (P=0.0002), and expressing either estrogen (P<0.0001) or progesterone receptors (P<0.0001). Higher MDW levels were also observed in patients with BC scoring as grade III, as well as in those presenting lymph node involvement (N1-3), suggesting a possible association with the progression of BC. Overall, the present retrospective exploratory pilot study proposed MDW as a possible biomarker in BC, indicating future perspectives for the diagnosis, stratification and prognosis of this deadly disease.},
}

@article {pmid41755041,
year = {2026},
author = {Yeo, J and Kwon, Y},
title = {High-Sensitive Microwave Humidity Sensor Using Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (PVA/CMC) Composites.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/s26041099},
pmid = {41755041},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {2023-0279//Daegu University/ ; },
abstract = {This study investigates the humidity sensing characteristics of microwave sensors coated with polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) composites with different weight percentages. The microwave sensor has a band-stop filter characteristic and consists of a microstrip transmission line with an interdigital capacitor-defected ground structure (IDC-DGS). To evaluate performance, PVA/CMC composites were prepared in 100/0 (pure PVA), 90/10, 80/20, 60/40, and 0/100 (pure CMC) weight percentages. The humidity sensing capability of the IDC-DGS-based microwave sensors coated with the PVA/CMC composites with different weight percentages was compared by measuring the variations in the resonant frequency and magnitude level of the transmission coefficient. The relative humidity (RH) was changed from 40% to 90% with increments of 10% at a temperature around 25 °C. The experimental results demonstrate that the humidity sensing capability of the microwave sensor in terms of the variations in the resonant frequency and magnitude level of the transmission coefficient increased as the weight percentage of CMC content increased. Pure CMC shows enhanced humidity sensing performance compared to gelatin and PVA in terms of the percent relative frequency shift and effective relative permittivity.},
}

@article {pmid41753930,
year = {2026},
author = {Griep, G and Bovadilla, RG and Gomes, LG and Cartagena, LQ and Rehder, GP and Serrano, ALC},
title = {2D and 3D Interdigital Capacitors and Bias Tees Technologies on MnM Interposer for mmWave Applications.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi17020274},
pmid = {41753930},
issn = {2072-666X},
support = {2023/17414-4; 2022/13645-9 and 0001//FAPESP and CAPES/ ; },
abstract = {This paper presents two capacitors fabricated using the metallic nanowire membrane (MnM) interposer technology operating at mmWaves. Standard 2D interdigital capacitors (IDCs) are designed to operate up to 70 GHz, which presents a straightforward and non-complex fabrication. In comparison, this work also proposes an improved device that is more compact and exhibits large capacitance density, as high-performance vias enable the realization of high-depth capacitors. The fabrication process of 3D devices presents advanced maturity and innovation as it takes advantage of the porous nature of the interposer material to overcome the device complexity, and is also described in detail. Both capacitor types are modeled by a numerical lumped-element model that also considers parasitics. The 3D capacitors were successfully fabricated and characterized up to 70 GHz, displaying capacitance values between 30 fF and 160 fF and self-resonant frequencies in good agreement with mmWave applications. The quality factor of these devices, measured at 40 GHz, lies between 16 and 4, and the superficial capacitance density is between 4 pF/mm[2] and 8 pF/mm[2], showing that these devices are indeed promising for mmWave applications. These devices present considerably larger capacitance density compared to 2D traditional capacitors fabricated on the high-performance substrate, highlighting the advantage of 3D fabrication using nanowire growth. In addition, thin-film resistances are simulated and fabricated, projecting their functions as an RF-choke in a bias tee configuration using Ti thin film sputtering deposition step that is also part of the capacitors fabrication.},
}

@article {pmid41753610,
year = {2026},
author = {Rodas-Pazmiño, K and Pazmiño-Gómez, B and Cagua-Montaño, L and Valle-Asan, S and Acosta-Farías, M and Fajardo-Aguilar, PJ and Romoleroux-Gutiérrez, P and Jiménez-Gurumendy, A and Andaluz-Guamán, S and Rodas-Neira, E},
title = {Strain-Specific microRNA Reprogramming of Human Dendritic Cells by Probiotic and Commensal Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14020323},
pmid = {41753610},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are tractable, cell-free microbial outputs that can shape innate immune programs. Here, we compared OMVs from the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and the commensal strain ECOR12 in a paired within-donor model of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) (N = 20). In the core integrated arm, Mo-DCs were exposed to iDC control, EcN OMVs, or ECOR12 OMVs (10 µg/mL, 24 h) and profiled for maturation markers (CD14, CD83, CD209), cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10), and a targeted miRNA panel (miR-155-5p, let-7i-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-29a-5p). Both OMV types promoted maturation (increased CD83 and reduced CD14), but generated distinct cytokine-miRNA configurations, with ECOR12 tending toward an IL-10-high profile and EcN toward higher IL-6/TNF-α tendencies. Multivariate integration separated conditions into reproducible, strain-specific immune fingerprints, supporting the key take-home that probiotic versus commensal E. coli OMVs imprint distinguishable coordinated response states in human DCs. In an extended phenotyping arm, ECOR63 OMVs were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry only and were not included in miRNA profiling or integrated PCA due to unavailable matched miRNA measurements.},
}

@article {pmid41751080,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Y and Xu, Q and Chen, W and Fan, S and Hu, Y and Deng, X and Zhong, G and Luo, K and Chai, M and Zhong, H and Li, W and Hu, F and Wang, S and Liu, S},
title = {Evidence for Paternal Mitochondrial DNA Leakage in Diploid Hybrid Fish Lineages.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ani16040619},
pmid = {41751080},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {YLS-2025-ZY01011//Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program/ ; 2023YFD2400203//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 32373119//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32293252//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023TJ-N02//Youth Science and Technology Talents Lifting Project of Hunan Province/ ; CARS-45//the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; D20007//111 Project/ ; },
abstract = {Distant hybridization induces genomic instability in offspring, driving the occurrence of gene recombination and mutation. Analysis of the genomic genetic composition can be used to infer the genetic evolutionary relationships between species. Based on the improved diploid carp (IDC) and the improved diploid scattered mirror carp (IDMC) lineages derived from distant hybridization between female common carp and male blunt snout bream, this study analyzed the genetic variation in their mitochondrial genomes to investigate the impact of distant hybridization on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) structural variation. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequence structure and composition revealed subtle structural divergence across generations in both the IDC and IDMC lineages. Analysis of the protein-coding gene sequence structure demonstrated mitochondrial genome structure instability in nascent hybrid diploid lineages. Yet, subsequent self-crossing significantly narrowed the range of structural variation within each lineage. Furthermore, analysis of the genetic variation in the mitochondrial genome sequence structure revealed that paternal base insertions occurred in both F1 lineages, accompanied by mutations predominantly consistent with those in crucian carp. The results of this study also indicated that the strictness of the paternal mtDNA elimination mechanism varied significantly among polymorphic individuals across different generations of the hybrid lineages, reflecting the randomness of paternal leakage.},
}

@article {pmid41750424,
year = {2026},
author = {Suigo, L and Lanzini, A and Straniero, V and Margolin, W},
title = {Mechanistic Insights into the Antimicrobial Effect of Benzodioxane-Benzamides Against Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15020126},
pmid = {41750424},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {GM131705/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The bacterial cell division machinery is emerging as an attractive target for antimicrobial compounds. FtsZ, a highly conserved essential division protein, is the target for a number of small molecules such as benzamides. Recent studies show that benzodioxane-benzamides (BDOBs) are among the most potent inhibitors of FtsZ function in Gram-positive bacteria, although their ability to inhibit Gram-negative FtsZ, in particular Escherichia coli FtsZ, has been more controversial. Methods: Here, we use genetic and cytological methods to demonstrate that FtsZ of efflux pump-disabled E. coli can be efficiently targeted by BDOBs. Results: We show that engineered mutants and spontaneous variants map in or near the interdomain cleft (IDC) of FtsZ that confers resistance to BDOBs, similar to previous results with Gram-positive FtsZs. We also uncover spontaneous extragenic mutants that can confer high levels of resistance to at least one potent BDOB, including a mutant that encodes a novel hyperfission variant of the essential cell division protein FtsW. Conclusions: Our evidence indicates that as with Gram-positive bacteria, the IDC of Gram-negative bacterial FtsZ is directly targeted by BDOBs, provided efflux pumps are disabled. We also conclude that FtsZ-independent factors can influence the effect of BDOBs on E. coli cell division, including activation of division septum synthesis.},
}

@article {pmid41749909,
year = {2026},
author = {Ultimescu, F and Ardeleanu, C and Ginghina, O and Mardare, M and Zamfir, M and Puscasu, AI and Bondoc, I and Vacarasu, AB and Antoniu, T and Hudita, A and Galateanu, B and Gales, L and Serban, E and Liscu, HD and Ionescu, AI and Ceausu, M and Olinca, MV},
title = {From Static to Dynamic: Adaptive Molecular Subtyping in Treated Breast Cancers-Evidence from Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.},
journal = {Cancers},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cancers18040657},
pmid = {41749909},
issn = {2072-6694},
abstract = {Background/Objective: Breast cancer (BC) management has traditionally relied on static clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical biomarkers (hormone receptor status, HER2 expression, and proliferative activity assessed at diagnosis). However, these biomarkers are typically evaluated at a single time point and may not reflect therapy-induced molecular evolution. This study evaluates whether longitudinal molecular profiling before and after treatment better characterizes tumor dynamics and provides clinically actionable insights into treatment response, resistance, and prognosis. Methods: Thirty-two patients with invasive breast carcinoma were analyzed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, tissue-based next-generation sequencing, and plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis. Paired tumor tissue and plasma samples were collected before and after treatment when available. Changes in biomarker expression, molecular subtype, and genomic alterations were assessed to characterize molecular plasticity under therapeutic pressure. Results: The cohort had a median age of 54 years (range 29-86), predominantly invasive ductal carcinoma (>85%), and high-grade disease. Hormone receptor-positive tumors accounted for 78.1%. Molecular subtypes were Luminal A (34.4%), Luminal B HER2- (40.6%), Luminal B HER2+ (6.3%), HER2-enriched (6.3%), and triple-negative breast cancer (12.5%). Initial tissue sequencing identified PI3K/AKT pathway alterations in 28.1% of cases. Post-treatment analyses revealed substantial molecular discordance, including progesterone receptor loss (33.3%), HER2 status changes (33.3%), and Ki67 variability (77.8%). Plasma ctDNA analysis was informative in 53.1% of patients and identified additional clinically relevant alterations, including FGFR1 amplification and BRCA1/2 variants not detected in tissue. Conclusions: BC molecular profiles are dynamic and frequently altered by therapy. Longitudinal molecular assessment reveals clinically actionable changes overlooked by static subtyping, supporting a dynamic model of molecular classification, highlighting the potential value of adaptive molecular subtyping to improve treatment stratification and resistance monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41748602,
year = {2026},
author = {Ativi, WX and Chen, W and Kwao, L and Ayivi, W and Sam, F and Alqahtani, A and Gu, YH and Al-Antari, MA},
title = {CMAF-Net: cross-modal attention fusion with information-theoretic regularization for imbalanced breast cancer histopathology.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-32794-1},
pmid = {41748602},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {U22B2061//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; RGP2/314/45//Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia/ ; IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191//Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) - Information Technology Research Center (ITRC), Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea/ ; IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191//Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) - Information Technology Research Center (ITRC), Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Breast cancer diagnosis from histopathology images remains challenging due to two intertwined factors: severe class imbalance, where malignant cases represent a small minority of samples, and the need to integrate discriminative features across multiple spatial scales. Existing methods typically address imbalance and multi-scale fusion separately, leading to biased or redundant representations. We propose CMAF-Net, a theoretically grounded architecture that unifies information bottleneck principles with margin-based learning to jointly tackle these challenges. CMAF-Net employs a dual-branch CNN-Transformer backbone fused through a Cross-Modal Attention Fusion block, which implements temperature-controlled attention and redundancy minimization to preserve complementary local and global features. At the classification level, we introduce an Adaptive Class-Balanced Focal Loss that operationalizes margin theory under imbalance, enforcing larger margins for minority classes while dynamically adapting to feature distributions. Extensive experiments on the IDC dataset show that CMAF-Net achieves 94.92% sensitivity and 95.52% balanced accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines by up to 8.6% on malignant detection. Under extreme 99:1 imbalance, CMAF-Net maintains 76.45% sensitivity, demonstrating graceful degradation where competing methods fail catastrophically. Cross-dataset evaluation on BreakHis confirms robust zero-shot transfer across four magnifications with average sensitivity of 95.61%. Ablation studies and information-theoretic analyses validate the contributions of each component, while computational profiling shows CMAF-Net achieves superior accuracy-efficiency trade-offs compared to prior fusion networks. Beyond breast cancer, our framework establishes a principled template for information-theoretic fusion under class imbalance, with implications for rare disease detection, clinical decision support, and broader multi-modal learning tasks.},
}

@article {pmid41745694,
year = {2026},
author = {Shin, SU and Jang, M and Yun, B and Cho, SM and Choi, YY and Kim, B and Kim, MJ and Kim, SM},
title = {Comparison of Clinical Performance Between Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and MammouS-N.},
journal = {Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.)},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41745694},
issn = {2379-139X},
support = {Ministry of Science and ICT, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Ministry of Health & Wel-fare, and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Project Number: RS-2020-KD000001//Sun Mi Kim/ ; 06-2024-0049 from SNUBH Research Fund.//Sun Mi Kim/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: We compared the visibility of breast cancer using the newly developed standing automated breast ultrasound system (MammouS-N) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and identified factors influencing lesion visibility. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 100 women (mean age: 51.6 years; range: 26-76 years) who were diagnosed with breast cancer and were scheduled to undergo DBT between January and July 2024. They underwent DBT and an ultrasound on the same day. Two radiologists evaluated the visibility scores (0-5) of lesions corresponding to biopsy-confirmed breast cancers identified using magnetic resonance imaging. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the visibility scores of cancers identified on DBT and/or MammouS-N images. Results: Among the 100 women, invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common malignancy (73%). DBT findings included negative findings (7%), masses (46%), masses with calcification (29%), calcifications only (15%), and architectural distortions (3%). On MammouS-N ultrasound, most lesions were classified as masses (93%), whereas 7% were non-mass lesions. For Reviewer 1, MammouS-N demonstrated significantly higher visibility scores (higher scores: 26 on MammouS-N, seven on DBT; equal scores: 67, z = -3.234, p = 0.001). For Reviewer 2, the two modalities showed no significant difference in visibility (higher scores: 27 on MammouS-N, 28 on DBT, equal scores: 45, z = -0.040, p = 0.968). Noncalcified lesions that were obscured on DBT were better visualized on MammouS-N (p < 0.001) by both reviewers. Conclusions: MammouS-N holds promise as an imaging modality complementary to DBT in women with dense breast tissue, particularly for non-calcified lesion detection.},
}

@article {pmid41741671,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, KH and Yang, Y and Heo, J and Kim, JH},
title = {Optimization of enhancement-mode MIS-GaN HEMT with dual channel for simple process using TCAD simulation.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-41105-1},
pmid = {41741671},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {A metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) utilizing a dual-channel structure is demonstrated for enhancement-mode (E-mode) operation using the Synopsys Sentaurus™ technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. The MIS dual-channel HEMT (IDC-HEMT) employs two AlGaN/GaN heterojunction layers to form two two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layers. Electrons in the lower 2DEG layer induce a continuous negative bias body effect on the upper channel, shifting the threshold voltage (Vth) in the positive direction and enabling E-mode operation. This structure achieves E-mode operation without requiring additional complex fabrication steps, such as the precise etching processes used in recessed gate or p-GaN gate designs. The 2DEG sheet density in the upper 2DEG of the MIS single-channel HEMT (ISC-HEMT) and IDC-HEMT are 5.49 × 10[12] cm[- 2] and 3.43 × 10[12] cm[- 2], respectively, while the lower 2DEG in the IDC-HEMT has sheet density of 0.76 × 10[12] cm[- 2], all obtained in the access region with a gate and drain bias of 0 V. Due to the reduced 2DEG sheet density in the upper 2DEG, the proposed IDC-HEMT exhibits degraded performance in on-resistance (Ron), with values 28.7 Ω∙mm, respectively, compared to the ISC-HEMT, which has and a Ron of 22.7 Ω mm. However, the Vth of the ISC-HEMT is - 1.41 V, while that of the IDC-HEMT is 0.25 V, demonstrating a significant positive shift of 1.66 V. This confirms that the proposed IDC-HEMT can operate in E-mode.},
}

@article {pmid41740233,
year = {2026},
author = {Martín-Quesada, AI and Martín-Abreu, C},
title = {Advances in the management of metastatic lobular breast cancer: Current evidence and emerging treatments.},
journal = {Seminars in oncology},
volume = {53},
number = {2},
pages = {152466},
doi = {10.1016/j.seminoncol.2026.152466},
pmid = {41740233},
issn = {1532-8708},
abstract = {Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) comprises ∼10%-15% of breast cancers and is characterized by loss of the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin (encoded by CDH1), discohesive growth, predominant estrogen receptor (ER) positivity, low-to-intermediate proliferation, and atypical metastatic spread to bone and gastrointestinal/peritoneal sites. Diagnostic assessment is often challenging owing to diffuse infiltration, frequently yielding non-measurable disease per response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). Molecularly, ILC is enriched for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation and harbors emerging vulnerabilities-such as ROS1 synthetic lethality in CDH1-deficient tumors and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)/bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) dependencies-now under study. Because metastatic ILC remains underrepresented in trials, systemic therapy often mirrors invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). This short communication synthesizes current evidence to distinguish shared from plausibly lobular-specific signals; highlights near-term opportunities-including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oral selective ER degraders (SERDs), and selective use of immunotherapy in an immune-enriched subset with higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-L1; and outlines trial-design adaptations-such as incorporating 18F-fluoroestradiol PET (FES-PET)-to improve representation and interpretability in metastatic ILC research.},
}

@article {pmid41737064,
year = {2026},
author = {Verma, P and Khurana, R and Kumar, S and Poojari, A and Rastogi, M and Agarwal, N and Gandhi, AK and Bharati, A and Mittal, K and Srivastava, S},
title = {Evaluation of Patterns of Recurrences in Patients With Breast Carcinoma: Are We Treating the Right Volumes, or Does the Tumor Biology Play the Role?.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e102214},
pmid = {41737064},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Purpose The study's purpose is to evaluate the patterns of locoregional recurrences (LRRs) in women with breast cancer treated with curative intent surgery with conventional postoperative radiation therapy and to assess whether LRRs are mainly related to clinical target volume (CTV) coverage, tumor biology, or both. Materials and methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted between 2016 and 2023; 151 patients with histopathologically proven infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast were included in the study. After modified radical mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with axillary dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy, based on the indications, patients also received regional nodal irradiation (RNI). Patients were treated with 50 Gy in 25 fractions with an additional 10-16 Gy boost in 5-8 fractions in BCS patients by conventional field border-based plans on the linear accelerator. Patients who developed LRRs were studied and mapped for patterns of recurrences and compared with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) guidelines of CTV delineation. All cases of bilateral breast cancer were excluded. In all cases, regional RNI, including supraclavicular and axillary lymph node irradiation, was done, while internal mammary chain (IMN) irradiation was done in 19% of cases only. Results Median follow-up was 60 months. Of 151 patients, 15 (10%) developed LRRs. When compared to the index population, 40% of the patients in the recurrence group had triple-negative breast carcinoma versus 35.1% in the index population group, and 27% in the recurrence group were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive versus 17% in the index group. Five-year LRR-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival were 90.07%, 82.79%, and 89.41%, respectively. Most of the patients with recurrences had aggressive biological features with IDC grade 3 tumors in 10/15 (67%), >4 node-positive disease in 15/15 (100%), triple-negative tumors in 6/15 (40%), and HER2neu 3+ disease in 4/15 (26.67%) (three out of the four patients had taken one year of anti-HER2 therapy also). Lymphovascular invasion was observed in 10/15 cases (67%). In 10 (67%) cases, LRRs were diagnosed simultaneously as the metastatic disease, while five (33%) patients presented with distant metastases secondarily. Chest wall (local) recurrences occurred in 12 (80%) cases, which also had a marginal failure, i.e., at the posterior border of RTOG volumes; 13 (87%) regional recurrences were observed in 11 patients; of these, seven (53.8%) recurrences occurred in the supraclavicular fossa. Four (31%) recurrences occurred inside the RTOG level III axilla, and two (15%) recurrences occurred inside the RTOG volume in the IMN. Of all 13 regional recurrences, only 3/13 (23%) regional recurrences occurred outside RTOG CTV, while 10 (77%) recurrences occurred inside RTOG volumes. Conclusion Our study showed that LRRs predominantly occurred in patients with aggressive tumor biology. Approximately 70% of failures were covered inside RTOG volumes, which indicates that if RTOG volume-directed planning had been used for radiation treatment in such high-risk patients, these geographical misses could have been avoided. Adopting RTOG guidelines for volume delineation in high-risk cases with aggressive histology might be beneficial. However, further follow-up and meticulous documentation of the recurrences are needed to improve their understanding.},
}

@article {pmid41735610,
year = {2026},
author = {Sadeghi, M and Ghaderi, A and Mousavi, P and Sabetian, S and Ramezani, A and Haghshenas, MR},
title = {FN1 as a key gene in modulating the integrin cell surface pathway in breast cancer.},
journal = {Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)},
volume = {43},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41735610},
issn = {1559-131X},
support = {4000409//deputy of Research in the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran./ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; *Fibronectins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics ; DNA Methylation ; *Integrins/metabolism/genetics ; Antigens, CD/genetics ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics/pathology/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Middle Aged ; Cadherins ; },
abstract = {Breast carcinoma represents the most prevalent form of invasive neoplasia among the female population globally, and is distinguished by its molecular heterogeneity by significant genomic instability. The discipline of bioinformatics provides essential tools for the identification of novel biomarkers and enhances the prospects for subsequent experimental investigations. Differentially expressed messenger RNAs were assembled by employing datasets sourced from the Gene Expression Omnibus repository. Intersection of DEGs and proteins involving in the integrin cell surface interactions were done. Ce-RNA network were constructed and Functional analysis were done. Protein expression analysis, methylation and, Correlation analysis as well as drug sensitivity analysis for the hub genes were performed. The expression of FN1 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR for 45 invasive ductal carcinoma breast tissues and adjacent normal samples. We found FN1, CDH1, COMP, SPP1 and ITGA7 to act in integrin cell surface interactions. The Ce-RNA network consisted of 126 nodes and 192 edges which the network nodes were significantly enriched in known cancer pathways. Protein expressions of FN1, CDH1, COMP was upregulated while ITGA7 were downregulated. The methylation levels in ITGA7 and SPP1 promoter regions were significantly altered across all stages compared to normal. In contrast, FN1 and CDH1 promoter regions exhibited dysregulation only in stage 3 relative to normal. A correlation study identified five positive and three negative gene correlations. Altered expression of FN1, SPP1, CDH1, and ITGA7 in breast cancer enhanced cancer cell susceptibility to specific pharmacological molecules. FN1 expression was markedly higher in breast cancer tissues compared to non-cancerous tissues, showing a threefold increase (p < 0.0001). Both early-stage and advanced-stage cancers showed higher FN1 levels (p = 0.002, p = 0.01). Additionally, FN1 was higher in lower histological grade tissues (p = 0.0002). In ROC curve analysis with limited stage III samples, FN1 showed potential for diagnosing IDC, achieving an AUC of 0.82. We identified FN1 as a highly connected component of integrin cell-surface interactions in breast cancer and provide hypothesis-generating associations with drug sensitivity; these findings require further protein-level validation and functional testing before translational application.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology
*Fibronectins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
DNA Methylation
*Integrins/metabolism/genetics
Antigens, CD/genetics
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics/pathology/metabolism
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Middle Aged
Cadherins

@article {pmid41730259,
year = {2026},
author = {Dupont, AC and Farges, M and Chapelle, B and Cancel, M and Ribeiro, MS},
title = {From One Cancer to Two: [[18]F]FES PET/CT Redirected Diagnosis and Therapy in a Metastatic Breast Cancer Patient.},
journal = {Clinical nuclear medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/RLU.0000000000006386},
pmid = {41730259},
issn = {1536-0229},
abstract = {A 59-year-old woman with an ulcerated right breast lesion was diagnosed with ER-positive invasive ductal carcinoma. Staging [[18]F]FDG PET/CT revealed intense uptake in the breast, axillary nodes, a large hypermetabolic pulmonary mass, mediastinal lymphadenopathies, and bone lesions. Because of this metabolic pattern, [[18]F]FES PET/CT was performed, demonstrating [[18]F]FES-avid bone metastases but no uptake in the lung mass. Biopsy confirmed a BRAF V600E-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. [[18]F]FES PET/CT proved crucial in differentiating synchronous primary malignancies from metastatic spread and guiding targeted therapy with dabrafenib-trametinib.},
}

@article {pmid41727395,
year = {2026},
author = {Javed, A and Dreyer, J and Cassidy, D and Amin, S},
title = {Metastatic lobular breast cancer masquerading as achalasia.},
journal = {VideoGIE : an official video journal of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {41-45},
pmid = {41727395},
issn = {2468-4481},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A 64-year-old woman with stage IV breast cancer taking exemestane presented with weight loss of 10 to 15 pounds and dysphagia of 3 to 6 months in duration. Upper endoscopy and positron emission tomography/computed tomography did not reveal a pathologic diagnosis. Esophageal manometry was suggestive of achalasia. The patient was referred for an esophageal peroral endoscopic myotomy (E-POEM) procedure. We aim to describe a rare finding encountered during submucosal dissection in an E-POEM that may result in an incomplete, aborted, technically challenging, or ineffective procedure.

METHODS: An E-POEM using a posterior approach is our preferred method. E-POEM was planned in the standard fashion. A mucosotomy followed by submucosal injection and dissection was performed, with plan for an extended circular and full-thickness myotomy of the lower esophageal sphincter.

RESULTS: During submucosal dissection, atypical yellow-brown tissue was encountered within the submucosal tunnel. This was initially thought to be related to fibrosis from severe achalasia. In total, 3 tunnels were created with eventual abortion of the procedure because this abnormal tissue was found 3 to 4 cm proximal to the esophagogastric junction in each tunnel. This tissue was biopsied, and all tunnels were closed without any postprocedural adverse event. Pathology demonstrated metastatic lobular breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS: Invasive lobular breast cancer has a propensity to spread to the GI tract as compared with other forms of cancer such as invasive ductal carcinoma. Endoscopists who perform E-POEM who encounter difficulty expanding the submucosal plane during E-POEM should keep malignancy and metastatic disease in mind as a rare cause of pseudoachalasia, even in the absence of nondiagnostic pre-peroral endoscopic myotomy evaluation.},
}

@article {pmid39840832,
year = {2025},
author = {Giuliano, AR and Palefsky, JM and Goldstone, SE and Bornstein, J and De Coster, I and Guevara, AM and Mogensen, O and Schilling, A and Van Damme, P and Vandermeulen, C and Ellison, MC and , and Kaplan, S and Lin, J and Bonawitz, R and Luxembourg, A},
title = {Immunogenicity of the 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine: Post hoc analysis from five phase 3 studies.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {2425146},
pmid = {39840832},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; *Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; *Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; *Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control/immunology ; *Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; },
abstract = {Post hoc analyses of 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine immunogenicity were conducted in five Phase 3 studies that enrolled males. Month 7 antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) after three 9vHPV vaccine doses were analyzed in 10,024 males/females aged 16-26 years from studies 001 (NCT00543543), 002 (NCT00943722), 003 (NCT01651949), and 020 (NCT02114385). Covariates considered were age, gender, sexual orientation, region of residence, and race. GMTs among 2599 males/females aged 9-15 years (studies 002 and 010 [NCT01984697]) were assessed 6 months after one, two, and three 9vHPV vaccine doses. 9vHPV vaccine immunogenicity was robust across populations. Month 7 GMTs were generally higher in participants aged 16-21 versus 22-26 years. Region and race minimally impacted immunogenicity. Adjusted integrated analysis showed lower immunogenicity in men who have sex with men (MSM) versus heterosexual men (HM) for nine HPV types, and higher immunogenicity in HM versus females for seven HPV types. Among 9-15-year-olds, trends toward higher GMTs in males versus females post-Dose 3, similar GMTs post-Dose 2, and lower post-Dose 1 were observed. In conclusion, 9vHPV vaccine immunogenicity was robust in males aged 16-26 years across a range of baseline characteristics. GMT ratios for males versus females aged 9-15 years tended to increase with more doses.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Child
Female
Humans
Male
Young Adult
*Antibodies, Viral/blood
Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
*Immunogenicity, Vaccine
*Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control/immunology
*Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage

@article {pmid41726015,
year = {2026},
author = {Nupur, N and Mohanty, M and Panda, K and Mohanty, NR and Dash, S},
title = {Diagnostic Accuracy of the BI-RADS, Using Both Mammograms and Sonograms, in Distinguishing Between Benign and Malignant Breast Masses.},
journal = {Indian journal of surgical oncology},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {462-468},
pmid = {41726015},
issn = {0975-7651},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The American College of Radiology (ACR) created the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, or BI-RADS, to standardize the way radiologists report mammography, ultrasound, and MRI findings. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of combined mammography and sonography with that of mammography alone in differentiating malignant from benign breast masses. This 3-year, hospital-based cross-sectional study included female patients presenting with breast lumps. Diagnostic accuracy metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy, were calculated with histopathology as the gold standard. This study evaluated 590 female patients with breast lumps (mean age 46.3 years), identifying 330 benign and 260 malignant cases. Fibroadenoma and invasive ductal carcinoma were the most common diagnoses. Patient age and body mass index (BMI) were significantly correlated with diagnosis, with an increased incidence of malignancy in the older and higher BMI groups, unlike fertility status; and, crucially, combining mammography with ultrasonography significantly enhanced breast lesion detection. This combined approach increased the sensitivity from 94.62% to 99.23% and the specificity from 86.67% to 90.91%. Consequently, both the PPV (84.83% to 89.58%) and NPV (95.33% to 99.34%) improved, resulting in an overall increase in diagnostic accuracy from 90.17% to 94.58%. This study revealed that combining mammography and sonography significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy for palpable breast masses, especially in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. Integrating both imaging techniques into standard practice will lead to early diagnosis of malignant lesions and help avoid unnecessary biopsies for benign lesions.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-025-02432-3.},
}

@article {pmid41724602,
year = {2026},
author = {Tao, J and Niu, Z and Zhou, M and Zhao, J and Xiao, M and Zhu, Q},
title = {Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties Assessed by Ultrasound Correlates with Tumor Proliferation in Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Study.},
journal = {Ultrasound in medicine & biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2026.01.016},
pmid = {41724602},
issn = {1879-291X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound-based viscoelastic imaging enables the real-time characterization of tissue properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between viscoelastic mechanical properties and tumor proliferation in invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC).

METHODS: This prospective study consecutively enrolled patients with IDC during October 2024 and January 2025. All patients underwent preoperative shear-wave elastography (SWE) and ultrasound-based viscoelastic imaging. The viscoelastic mechanical properties (viscosity coefficients [Vmax and Vmean] and dispersion coefficients [Dmax and Dmean]) and SWE (Emax) were measured within the tumor and in a 1-mm peritumoral region (Vtmax, Vtmean, et al.). Patients were stratified into high (Ki-67 ≥ 14%) and low (Ki-67 < 14%) proliferation groups. Viscoelastic mechanical properties and SWE between groups were compared.

RESULTS: Among the 124 female patients with IDC, 94 exhibited high Ki-67 expression while 30 had low Ki-67 expression. No significant differences were observed in SWE-based elasticity between the two groups (p > 0.05). Vmean and Vtmean were lower in the high Ki-67 group (1.1 [0.7-1.7] vs. 1.5 [1.0-2.3], p = 0.020; 1.3 [0.8-1.8] vs. 1.7 [1.1-2.4], p = 0.026, respectively). Using Vmean ≤ 1.2 Pa·s as cutoff value, a significantly higher proportion of high Ki-67 expression was found (64.9% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.016).

CONCLUSION: Viscoelastic mechanical properties, rather than traditional SWE elasticity, correlated with Ki-67 expression in IDC. A lower Vmean may be correlated with higher proliferative activity, potentially serving as a non-invasive imaging biomarker. These findings support further exploration of ultrasound-based viscoelastic imaging for the assessment of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity.},
}

@article {pmid41721009,
year = {2026},
author = {Sengupta, A and Saha, P and Chakraborty, R and Maiti, AK and Chakraborty, S and Datta, A and Datta, AS},
title = {Breast cancer: taxonomy, distribution analysis, risk factors, predictive biomarkers, and modern treatment method.},
journal = {Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {41721009},
issn = {1573-675X},
}

@article {pmid41719937,
year = {2026},
author = {Westermann, S and Bennühr, BC and Fumo, AR and Rohm, M and Hiller, K},
title = {Muscle-immune metabolic crosstalk: shared pathways in cachexia and exercise.},
journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology},
volume = {98},
number = {},
pages = {103455},
doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103455},
pmid = {41719937},
issn = {1879-0429},
abstract = {Skeletal muscle and the immune system continuously exchange metabolites and signals that are essential for homeostasis. Disruption of this communication, such as during infection, inflammation, or cancer, triggers cachexia, a severe wasting syndrome characterized by altered amino acid flux, mitochondrial dysfunction, and systemic energy imbalance. By contrast, regular exercise activates overlapping pathways but directs them toward regeneration and hypertrophy, supported by controlled cytokine release and metabolite exchange. This review outlines the metabolic reprogramming that underlies muscle-immune crosstalk in cachexia and exercise, emphasizing how identical mediators, including interleukin-6, can promote either catabolism or adaptation depending on context. Understanding these shared yet divergent pathways opens avenues for therapeutic strategies that target metabolism and immune-metabolic communication.},
}

@article {pmid41718582,
year = {2026},
author = {Gilchrist, FJ and Clayton, S and Carroll, WD},
title = {Saving money but costing lives: the lack of integrated dose counters on pressurized metered dose inhalers.},
journal = {Expert opinion on drug delivery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/17425247.2026.2636180},
pmid = {41718582},
issn = {1744-7593},
abstract = {Pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) are used to deliver treatment to individuals with respiratory diseases. Whilst the technology within pMDIs has not significantly changed in the last 25 years, some changes in legislation and supply have taken place. These have been driven by pragmatism, cost and most recently concerns about the environmental impact of the propellants used within their manufacture. A major issue affecting patients in most countries, is the large number of pMDIs without an integrated dose counter (IDC). This makes it difficult or impossible for patients to monitor the number of remaining doses. This article will review how pMDIs work, their environmental impact and the adverse clinical effects of not having an IDC. It will also look at the scale and cost of the issue as well as ways in which individuals can safely assess if their pMDI is empty of medication. We conclude there is an urgent need for IDCs on short acting beta agonist (SABA) pMDIs to be made mandatory as this is likely to reduce asthma exacerbations and deaths. Whilst waiting for this to happen, patients should be shown how to weigh their SABA canister to identify when it needs to be replaced.},
}

@article {pmid41713211,
year = {2026},
author = {Esteban-Burgos, AA and Molina-Mérida, R and Granero-Moya, N and Iribarne-Durán, LM and Montoya-Juárez, R and López-Morales, M},
title = {[Identification of palliative needs, complexities and other clinical variables in complex chronic patients in primary care in Andalusia: INCO-Pal study].},
journal = {Atencion primaria},
volume = {58},
number = {5},
pages = {103469},
doi = {10.1016/j.aprim.2026.103469},
pmid = {41713211},
issn = {1578-1275},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe palliative care needs, case and palliative complexity, frailty, prognosis, and other relevant clinical variables in complex chronic patients (CCPs) attended in Primary Care in Andalusia.

DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study. SITE: Primary care centres in the eight provinces of Andalusia.

PARTICIPANTS: 179 CCPs randomly selected by case management nurses trained in the use of assessment tools.

INTERVENTIONS: Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected, and validated tools were applied: NECPAL-ICO-CCOMS© for palliative needs, Frágil-VIG for frailty, ICCa for case complexity, IDC-Pal for palliative complexity, and the PROFUND and PPI indices to estimate prognosis.

MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The mean age was 80.59 (±9.764) years, and 54.7% were women. Forty-two point five per cent met NECPAL criteria for advanced PCC. The mean frailty was 0.37 (±0.166). Forty-one point three per cent were classified as complex cases (ICCa) and 26.3% presented high palliative complexity (IDC-Pal). The one-year mortality risk was 45-50% (PROFUND), with an estimated mean survival of 135days (PPI).

RESULTS: Statistically significant differences (P≤0,05) were found in tool scores by sex, presence of cognitive impairment, and caregiver availability. Significant correlations were observed between frailty, complexity, and prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of CCPs in Primary Care in Andalusia present palliative needs, frailty, and clinical and social complexity, with a limited life expectancy. These findings evidence the need for systematic comprehensive assessments to identify early patients requiring specific palliative care and to optimize the use of health and social care resources.},
}

@article {pmid41710858,
year = {2026},
author = {Czyz, S and Marszal, W and Marszal, R},
title = {From Prophylactic Screening to Definitive Treatment: A Case Report of Breast Cancer in a Young Woman.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e101722},
pmid = {41710858},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {This article presents the case of a 39-year-old woman with a positive family history of breast cancer (her family member had left breast cancer, cT4N2M0, non-luminal human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive). During routine prophylactic ultrasonographic examination, a breast mass was detected, which, on further diagnostics, turned out to be an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast. The stage of the disease was determined as pT1cN1mic(sn), Nottingham Histologic Grade 3 (NHG 3). The patient was subjected to surgical treatment, which involved left mastectomy with simultaneous removal of the axillary sentinel lymph node. Subsequently, adjuvant chemotherapy was administered, including a "dose-dense" regimen with the use of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with paclitaxel. During chemotherapy, complications related to the implantation of a vascular port occurred, which resulted in its removal before the completion of treatment. After the completion of chemotherapy, breast reconstruction was performed. During the entire treatment process, extended genetic diagnostics were performed, which did not demonstrate the presence of pathogenic gene mutations. The treatment was completed, and the patient remains under continuous care of the oncology outpatient clinic.},
}

@article {pmid41710445,
year = {2026},
author = {Seifert, L and Guignard, B and Létocart, A and Regaieg, MA and Guimard, A and Chollet, D and Carmigniani, R and Pouleau, N and Charentus, A and Leprêtre, PM},
title = {Stroke Rate and Arm Coordination Management in Swimming in A Double Paralympic Triathlete Champion.},
journal = {Journal of sports science & medicine},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {211-220},
pmid = {41710445},
issn = {1303-2968},
mesh = {Humans ; *Swimming/physiology ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Oxygen Consumption ; Male ; *Arm/physiology ; *Athletic Performance/physiology ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Adult ; *Sports for Persons with Disabilities/physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; *Para-Athletes ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; *Motor Skills/physiology ; },
abstract = {The 2024 Paris Paralympic triathlon required swimming with and against the current which requested to adapt stroke mechanics. To understand how a Paralympic triathlete champion might adapt his stroke mechanics under varying current conditions, this study aimed to 1) determine the range and optimal stroke rate (SR) and index of coordination (IdC); 2) examine the flexibility of SR, IdC and associated total energy expenditure. The para triathlete performed two front crawl tests: 10 times 25m incremented in swimming speed (S), from which S-SR and S-IdC relationships have been modelled to detect two regimes of functioning and the most effective SR; then, 6 times 50 m at the speed of the 800 m freestyle using 6 different SR conditions: spontaneous SR (SRs), SRs imposed by tempo trainer, SRs+3, SRs+6, SRs-3 and SRs-6 cycles. Total energy expenditure was computed from post-exercise oxygen uptake and blood lactate measurements. In test 1, the highest effective SR equals 44 cycle.min[-1], which corresponds to the preferred SR in 800 m freestyle competition. In test 2, the para triathlete struggled to perform the high SR conditions, which was associated to higher total energy expenditure; conversely, the para triathlete naturally decreased SR. It is advised to modulate SR around the preferred SR to optimise efficiency under varying current conditions.},
}

Humans
*Swimming/physiology
Energy Metabolism/physiology
Oxygen Consumption
Male
*Arm/physiology
*Athletic Performance/physiology
Lactic Acid/blood
Adult
*Sports for Persons with Disabilities/physiology
Biomechanical Phenomena
*Para-Athletes
Competitive Behavior/physiology
*Motor Skills/physiology

@article {pmid41708931,
year = {2026},
author = {Pujol, N and Gal, J and Gautier, M and Rizzi, Y and Courtault-Deslandes, F and Schiappa, R and Hannoun-Levi, JM},
title = {Second Ipsilateral Breast Cancer Event: True Recurrence, New Primary, or True Recurrence Like? : Breast Cancer Local Recurrence.},
journal = {Annals of surgical oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41708931},
issn = {1534-4681},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the case of a second ipsilateral breast cancer event (2[nd] iBCE) after breast-conserving treatment (BCT), tumor histology and topography are used to distinguish between true recurrence (TR) and new primary (NP). This study aimed to address the lack of data to accurately define TR and NP.

METHODS: Patients experiencing a second iBCE with a second BCT (lumpectomy + brachytherapy) were retrospectively analyzed. Histology (type, grade, hormone receptor [HR], human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] status) and second iBCE topography were used to determine TR and NP. Oncologic outcomes of TR and NP were compared by cumulative incidence rate of second local relapse (CI-2[nd] LR), distant metastasis disease (CI-DMD), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). A systematic literature review was performed.

RESULTS: From September 2000 to January 2024, 113 patients met the inclusion criteria (76 TR patients, 37 NP patients). The median age was 52.1 years for the first and 65.4 years for the second iBCE. The median interval between the two breast surgeries (TIS1S2) was 149.3 months. The second iBCE occurred at a distance from the first iBCE (82.3%), was invasive ductal carcinoma (83.2%), and had a luminal profile (92%). With a median follow-up period of 78.9 months, CI-2[nd] LR was 4%, CI-DMD was 8%, DFS was 87%, and OS was 90%. No significant difference in oncologic outcome was observed between TR and NP (CI-2[nd] LR: 3 vs 6% [p = 0.9]/CI-DMD: 9 vs 5% [p = 0.6]/OS: 90 vs 91% [p = 0.5]).

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that TR and NP dichotomy based on tumor histology and topography does not necessarily support TR therapeutic consequences. In case of late TR, a second BCT could be carefully discussed for patients who wish to preserve their breast.},
}

@article {pmid41707646,
year = {2026},
author = {Cheng, Y and Wan, L and Huang, E and Zheng, B and Ding, X and Tan, S and Ma, G and Li, W and Chu, C and Wu, T and Chen, S and Zhuang, J and Na, R and Chen, Z and Teng, G and Zhang, D and Ju, S and Chen, M and Xu, B},
title = {A conserved eIF1A[+] luminal cell-centered hypoxic and "cold" tumor microenvironment promotes pan-subtype prostate cancer progression.},
journal = {Cell reports. Medicine},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {102619},
doi = {10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102619},
pmid = {41707646},
issn = {2666-3791},
mesh = {Male ; Humans ; *Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology/metabolism/genetics ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; Disease Progression ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mice ; },
abstract = {Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignancy with high heterogeneity arising from tumor microenvironment and histological subtypes. Identifying conserved progression drivers within such heterogeneity is essential for improving clinical outcomes. Using imaging mass cytometry, this study analyzes 38 proteins across paracancerous tissue and four histological subtypes: low-grade prostate acinar adenocarcinoma (LgPAC), high-grade PAC (HgPAC), intraductal carcinoma (IDC), and ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC). Results reveal that eIF1A is overexpressed in high-risk subtypes including HgPAC, IDC, and DAC and correlates with poor prognosis. In luminal cells, EIF1A knockdown and the translation inhibitor homoharringtonine (HHT) both suppress HIF-1α translation and tumor growth, while promoting infiltration of anticancer immune cells including PD-1[-] T cells and CD163[-] macrophages. Clinically, neoadjuvant HHT combined with androgen deprivation therapy reduces hypoxia and enhances immune cell infiltration, as shown by single-cell RNA sequencing. Collectively, this work defines conserved molecular features across PCa subtypes, providing promising insights for clinical management. This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06834321).},
}

Male
Humans
*Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology/metabolism/genetics
*Tumor Microenvironment
Disease Progression
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism/genetics
Animals
Cell Line, Tumor
Mice

@article {pmid41703656,
year = {2026},
author = {Bekai, C and Stirling, M},
title = {Metastatic breast cancer presenting with dyspeptic symptoms: a case report.},
journal = {Journal of medical case reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13256-026-05864-9},
pmid = {41703656},
issn = {1752-1947},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. While distant metastases typically involve the bone, lung, liver, and brain, metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract is uncommon and occurs disproportionately in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The clinical presentation is often nonspecific, which can delay diagnosis. This case presents the synchronous diagnosis of both primary breast cancer and gastric metastasis.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old woman presented with chronic belching, dyspepsia, and intermittent melena. Initial treatment and improvement with proton pump inhibitor therapy, suggested a primary gastrointestinal disorder. However, gastric biopsy confirmed metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma, and subsequent imaging revealed diffuse bony metastases.

CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the synchronous diagnosis of gastric metastases originating from invasive lobular carcinoma with its associated diagnostic complexities and the limitations of traditional imaging modalities in detecting such metastases. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial for guiding appropriate treatment and improving patient outcomes. Therefore, we present a case that suggests considering breast cancer metastasis in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms, even in the absence of breast-related complaints, is a reasonable clinical approach.},
}

@article {pmid41702510,
year = {2026},
author = {Vu, ATT and Shrestha, P and Le Thi, TH and Giri, A and Pham, KY and Nguyen, TTK and Cho, J and Kweon, S and Lee, NK and Hong, IS and Kwon, TK and Kang, JS and Jeong, JH and Yook, S},
title = {Protein Corona-guided delivery of dextran-PLGA NPs for enhanced dendritic cell uptake, maturation and improved cancer immunotherapy.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114733},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114733},
pmid = {41702510},
issn = {1873-4995},
abstract = {The formation of a protein corona (PC) significantly influences the behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological fluids; however, its impact on immune modulation and therapeutic efficacy has not been completely understood. The dextran coating of NPs has demonstrated promising effects, including complement system activation and enhanced immune cell uptake. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a vital role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity, making STING agonists attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we developed dextran-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded with SR717 (Dex-PLGA@SR717 NPs) for enhanced uptake by immature dendritic cells (iDCs) and for promoting tumor-targeted immune activation. Following incubation with human serum (HS), Dex-PLGA NPs formed a PC enriched in the complement component C3, which resulted in superior cellular internalization compared with uncoated PLGA NPs. The significant role of Dex-PLGA@SR717 NPs in promoting iDC maturation and enhancing antigen presentation was confirmed through in vitro studies. This facilitated robust T cell activation and cytotoxicity against B16F10 melanoma cells. Biodistribution analysis revealed preferential accumulation of Dex-PLGA@SR717 NPs in immune-related organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, further supporting their immunostimulatory potential. In a murine tumor model, intravenous administration of Dex-PLGA@SR717 NPs (10 mg/kg SR717) was observed to effectively suppressed tumor growth by eliciting a potent antitumor immune response. These findings highlight the potential of Dex-PLGA@SR717 NPs as a promising immunotherapeutic nanoplatform for enhancing dendritic cell-mediated cancer treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41695362,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, S and Huang, T and Feng, M and Deng, M and Chen, X and Li, X and Mo, D},
title = {HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer during pregnancy: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1725927},
pmid = {41695362},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer during pregnancy (PrBC) is rare but increasingly reported due to delayed childbearing, widespread assisted reproduction, and younger onset of breast cancer. Among these, HER2-overexpressing subtypes pose particular clinical challenges in balancing effective oncologic control with fetal safety. It requires a delicate balance between optimizing maternal oncologic outcomes and ensuring fetal safety.

CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 33-year-old woman diagnosed with HER-2 overexpressing invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast at 16 weeks of gestation. Driven by a strong desire to continue the pregnancy, the patient, in consultation with a multidisciplinary team, opted for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. From 17 to 31 weeks' gestation, she received four cycles of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by one cycle of nab-paclitaxel, achieving a partial response. At 37 weeks, she underwent a successful vaginal delivery, giving birth to a healthy female infant. Postpartum, she continued her neoadjuvant treatment with three cycles of nab-paclitaxel plus dual anti-HER2 therapy (trastuzumab and pertuzumab). After completing the full neoadjuvant regimen, she underwent breast-conserving surgery, and pathology confirmed a complete response. Her postoperative treatment included adjuvant dual anti-HER2 therapy and whole-breast radiotherapy. At the last follow-up (18 months post-delivery), the mother showed no signs of recurrence, and the child exhibited normal growth and neurodevelopment.

CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates that with careful multidisciplinary planning and individualized treatment strategies, it is feasible to achieve both successful maternal oncologic control and the delivery of a healthy baby in patients with HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer during pregnancy. This case contributes valuable evidence to the management of this complex clinical scenario.},
}

@article {pmid41694167,
year = {2026},
author = {Eren, A and Karatay, E and Durur-Subasi, I},
title = {The Role and Feasibility of Automated Breast Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Male Breast Disease: Workflow Efficiency and Imaging Spectrum.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {e103467},
pmid = {41694167},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Traditional hand-held ultrasonography (HHUS) suffers from inherent limitations, including operator dependency, lack of reproducibility, and long acquisition times in busy clinical settings. Automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) addresses these drawbacks by providing standardized, three-dimensional, and operator-independent imaging that separates acquisition from interpretation. While the diagnostic performance of ABUS has been extensively validated for supplemental screening in females with dense breast tissue, its specific application in the male population remains an unexplored frontier in the literature. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value, workflow advantages, and imaging spectrum of ABUS in male breast diseases based on a large-scale, single-center experience. Methods This retrospective study included 85 male patients (mean age: 36.6 ± 13.7 years) who underwent ABUS between April 2023 and February 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on symptomatic patients and those requiring high-risk screening or follow-up. Recall rates, complementary imaging frequency, and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System or BI-RADS categories were analyzed. Results Breast pain (53 cases, 62.4%) was the most common symptom, and gynecomastia (29 cases, 34.1%) was the most frequent finding. The recall rate for secondary HHUS was 1.2% (1 case). Three biopsies revealed one lipoma, one invasive ductal carcinoma, and one papillary carcinoma. Conclusion ABUS provides a standardized, reproducible evaluation of male breast diseases with minimal recall and optimized workflow efficiency. It serves as a promising adjunct to standard imaging protocols, particularly in younger males where avoiding radiation is preferable, and offers a unique anatomical plane (C-plane).},
}

@article {pmid41685202,
year = {2026},
author = {Wake, H and Watanabe, K and Tanami, H},
title = {Surgical Management of Breast Cancer Adjacent to a Calcified Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Case Report.},
journal = {Surgical case reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41685202},
issn = {2198-7793},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer arising in tissue adjacent to a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is exceptionally rare, and there is little guidance on how to manage the shunt hardware during oncologic surgery in such cases.

CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 46-year-old woman with a history of intellectual disability and hydrocephalus. She had undergone VP shunt placement via the left chest wall for hydrocephalus during childhood. Decades later, she was admitted to our hospital for the examination and treatment of left breast cancer. Imaging studies revealed a tumor in the left nipple, with the shunt catheter passing as close as 12 mm from the tumor. During radical mastectomy for breast cancer, it became clear that preserving the catheter was not feasible. Consequently, the shunt catheter was rerouted, and both the left breast and the catheter were removed as a single unit. Pathological findings of a resection specimen revealed invasive ductal carcinoma pT2N1M0, pStage IIB. Although the catheter had been positioned very closely to the tumor, no cancer progression was observed along the catheter.

CONCLUSIONS: The present case is noteworthy for describing a rare case of mastectomy for breast cancer involving repositioning of an ipsilateral catheter. Included in this report is a review of past studies.},
}

@article {pmid41685010,
year = {2026},
author = {Purohit, T and Sahu, S and Dandekar, M and Verma, D},
title = {Expression of PTEN and p53 and Their Clinicopathological Correlation in Breast Cancer.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e101323},
pmid = {41685010},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and p53 may influence tumor behavior and prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PTEN and p53 in breast carcinoma and analyze their association with clinicopathological parameters.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 histologically confirmed female breast carcinoma cases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PTEN and p53 was performed using standard protocols. PTEN expression was assessed based on cytoplasmic and nuclear staining intensity and categorized as positive or negative. p53 expression was evaluated as nuclear positivity and categorized similarly. Statistical analysis was done using standard significance tests.

RESULTS: The mean patient age was 49.8 years. The most common histologic subtype was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Loss of PTEN expression was found in most of the cases and was associated with higher tumor grade and lymph node metastasis. Most cases exhibited p53 overexpression, which showed trends toward an association with higher tumor grade, premenopausal status, and lymph node positivity. An inverse relationship was noted between PTEN loss and p53 positivity.

CONCLUSIONS: PTEN loss and p53 overexpression were frequent in breast carcinoma and correlated with aggressive tumor features. Combined assessment of these biomarkers may provide prognostic value and support therapeutic decision-making in breast cancer.},
}

@article {pmid41684983,
year = {2026},
author = {Sikandar, F and Zahid, S and Basit Ali, A and Younas, A and Mani Tripathi, K and Fatima, P and Fatima, F},
title = {Clinicopathological Characteristics and Postoperative Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy: A Retrospective Study.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e101373},
pmid = {41684983},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Background Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in developing countries where delayed presentation and limited screening facilities persist. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinicopathological profile and short-term (30-day) postoperative outcomes of patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in a resource-limited tertiary care setting while exploring factors that may influence surgical complications. Methods This retrospective observational study included 210 female patients who underwent MRM between January 2022 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, histopathological, perioperative, and 30-day postoperative outcome data were extracted from hospital records and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age was 51.4 ± 10.2 years, with 63.8% of patients being postmenopausal. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the predominant histological subtype (89.5%). Most patients presented with locally advanced disease (stage IIIC, 60%), and axillary lymph node involvement was observed in 65.7%. Estrogen receptor (ER) positivity was noted in 62.9%, progesterone receptor (PR) positivity in 57.1%, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) overexpression in 25.7%, and triple-negative breast cancer in 17.1% of cases. The mean operative time was 115 ± 25 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 210 ± 60 mL. Postoperative complications occurred in 27.6% of patients, most commonly seroma formation (16.2%). No 30-day postoperative mortality was observed. Conclusion Modified radical mastectomy remains a safe and effective surgical option for breast cancer management in resource-limited settings, providing acceptable morbidity and reliable short-term outcomes, particularly among patients presenting with advanced disease.},
}

@article {pmid41681766,
year = {2026},
author = {Hunt, E and Davis, M and Hou, W and Bains, H and Darby, T and Hou, J and Chung, J and Hadidchi, R and Duong, TQ and Maldjian, T},
title = {Analysis of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Potential Biomarker Stratified by Breast Cancer Histologic Subtype.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diagnostics16030449},
pmid = {41681766},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging biomarker from peripheral blood that has been associated with breast cancer prognosis in some studies; however, some studies fail to demonstrate an association. We stratified breast cancer patients into invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cohorts to evaluate if any meaningful association could be found in either cohort between NLR and mortality. Additionally, no prior studies have examined the relationship between NLR and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast MRI, an imaging feature linked to increased breast cancer risk and a potential imaging prognostic biomarker, so we examined the relationship between BPE and NLR in the two cohorts. Methods: This retrospective study included 794 breast cancer patients who had either IDC or ILC. Radiologists' MRI reports and their BI-RADS categorization of BPE (1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = marked) were extracted and recorded. The NLR was calculated from blood counts obtained prior to treatment. Tumor characteristics were also recorded. Results: For patients with ILC, NLR was found to be associated with mortality. Additionally, patients with ILC and a high BPE had a significantly higher mean NLR compared to all other groups, including low BPE groups and all IDC groups. Conclusions: There is potential value in using NLR, a readily available blood biomarker, in models predicting prognosis in ILC patients.},
}

@article {pmid41678846,
year = {2026},
author = {Bertho, JM and Tomkiv, Y and Kruse, JH and Bischoff, C and Brown, A and Davídková, M and De Butler, M and Kämmerling, P and Lajouanine Painchaud, C and Martell, M and Pina, G and Riemenschneider, D and Lisbona, D and Saez, N and Siiskonen, T},
title = {A workshop on citizen science in radioactivity measurements: Empowering Europeans for better environmental monitoring.},
journal = {Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1361-6498/ae4522},
pmid = {41678846},
issn = {1361-6498},
abstract = {A one-day workshop on citizen science in radioactivity measurements was organized by ASNR in June 2025 in Brussels, gathering nuclear safety authority representatives, research institutes, citizen radiation measurement networks and civil society representatives. The aim was to provide an overview of currently existing citizen radioactivity measurements projects in Europe, their structures and their objectives. An exhibition of selected technical materials was arranged. Key objectives of the workshop included ensuring the sustainability of citizen initiatives and integrating citizen data into decision-making processes, with a particular focus on widening participation in Eastern Europe. Participants also discussed existing gaps and difficulties, and explored potential future projects.},
}

@article {pmid41676265,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, XH and Fan, MZ and Lin, L and Bai, YY and Zhang, M},
title = {Ultrasonographic features and inflammatory status associated with tumor size in breast invasive ductal carcinoma.},
journal = {American journal of translational research},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {207-221},
pmid = {41676265},
issn = {1943-8141},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study explored how ultrasound features relate to tumor size and inflammatory markers in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 218 female IDC patients. Based on the largest diameter of the tumor, patients were split into two groups: those with tumors ≤ 2 cm and those with tumors > 2 cm. We gathered data from conventional ultrasound (CUS), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and virtual touch tissue imaging quantification (VTIQ), along with blood-based inflammation indicators like neutrophil count and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Group comparisons were done using univariate analysis, and Spearman correlation was used to examine relationships between tumor size and other variables.

RESULTS: Larger tumors were more frequently located in the upper outer quadrant (60.71% vs 41.03%, P = 0.035) and showed richer blood flow (73.57% vs 53.85%, P = 0.003). By CEUS, larger tumors were more likely to show high enhancement (90% vs 78.21%, P = 0.017) and expanded enhancement range (82.86% vs 70.51%, P = 0.034). VTIQ results showed that SWV max (P = 0.033), SWV peritumoral average (peri-avg) (P = 0.010), and SWVR max/min (P = 0.009) were significantly increased in the larger tumor group. Correlation analysis showed that tumor size was significantly correlated with the above elastic parameters (P < 0.05). For inflammation, CRP was significantly increased in the larger tumor group (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with tumor size (r = 0.249, P = 0.0002); neutrophils were also correlated with SWV peri-avg (r = 0.158, P = 0.019) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size in IDC patients is not only related to their ultrasonographic features but also reflects their inflammatory status.},
}

@article {pmid41674992,
year = {2026},
author = {Zheng, Q and Jin, Z and You, J and Wang, Y and Zhu, H and Xu, J and Liang, T and Pei, S},
title = {A nomogram to predict disease-free survival in patients with residual triple-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on clinicopathological and sonographic features.},
journal = {Translational cancer research},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {56},
pmid = {41674992},
issn = {2219-6803},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) who failed to achieve pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may have a poorer prognosis. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with the adverse outcomes of these patients, and to develop a nomogram model for predicting disease-free survival (DFS).

METHODS: Patients diagnosed with TNBC at our institution between 2013 and 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinicopathological and sonographic features associated with DFS were identified through multivariate Cox regression analysis to establish a nomogram model. The predictive performance of the nomogram model was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves.

RESULTS: A total of 103 TNBC patients with residual lesions following NAC were included in this study, with 15 cases (14.6%) experiencing DFS events. Multivariate analysis revealed that the pathological type of non-invasive ductal carcinoma [hazard ratio (HR) =7.741, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.928-31.081, P=0.004], lymph node involvement (HR =3.455, 95% CI: 1.152-10.359, P=0.027), and the presence of a hyperechoic halo on ultrasound images (HR =4.43, 95% CI: 1.164-16.852, P=0.029) were independent prognostic factors associated with poor DFS. Patients with multiple risk factors exhibited worse survival outcomes. The areas under the ROC curve for predicting 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year DFS rates in the nomogram model were 0.767, 0.786, 0.785, and 0.739, respectively. The calibration curves demonstrated excellent consistency between the nomogram-predicted and actual survival probabilities.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study developed a nomogram model to predict poor survival outcomes in TNBC patients with residual lesions after NAC, which may provide guidance for treatment strategies in high-risk populations.},
}

@article {pmid41673677,
year = {2026},
author = {Baena, JC and Cabrera-Salcedo, SC and Carrera Suárez, Y and Biancha-Vasco, JM and Rios-Serna, LJ and García-Mantilla, MD and Estrada-Schweineberg, M and Victoria Hincapie, JS and Toro-Pedroza, A and Garcia-Robledo, JE and Cañas, CA and Ortiz-Guzman, J and Loukanov, A},
title = {The avatar principle: exosomal dynamics guiding tumor adaptation and next-generation therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {159},
pmid = {41673677},
issn = {1477-3155},
abstract = {Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that transfer proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, reflecting the state of their parent cells. A persistent scientific challenge is that tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) facilitate immune evasion, remodel the tumor microenvironment, and create premetastatic niches, intensifying tumor aggressiveness and undermining therapeutic efficacy, ultimately narrowing treatment options to palliative strategies in advanced settings. Yet their dual roles as suppressive agents and potential therapeutic tools remain poorly integrated within current cancer immunotherapy frameworks. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying TDE-mediated immune suppression and therapeutic resistance, while also highlighting engineering strategies to exploit or counteract exosome biology. Exosomes derived from chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells preserve antigen specificity and cytotoxic components without the risks of uncontrolled proliferation or cytokine release, offering a safer class of cell free immunotherapies. Advances in genetic engineering, hybrid vesicle design, and nanotechnology have extended exosome applications to the delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems, chemotherapeutic agents, immunoregulatory RNAs, and vaccines, with liposome or nanoparticle integration enhancing targeting and efficacy. Remaining obstacles include the lack of standardized protocols, scalability issues in production, and unresolved regulatory frameworks. Drawing on The Art of War, exosomes can be envisioned as avatars of strategy, discreet messengers capable of undermining host defenses while simultaneously carrying the potential to redirect immunity against the tumor. By embodying both deception and counterattack, they illustrate the capacity to penetrate hidden barriers and redefine the therapeutic battlefield, opening new horizons for precision cancer immunotherapy.},
}

@article {pmid41672380,
year = {2026},
author = {He, W and Jiang, Y and Jiang, B and Tang, Y and Zeng, L and Luo, L and Liao, X and Wu, S and Tan, Y and Li, Y},
title = {RTN4IP1 drives breast tumorigenesis: Molecular mechanisms linking elevated expression to enhanced proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance.},
journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {168181},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbadis.2026.168181},
pmid = {41672380},
issn = {1879-260X},
abstract = {Abnormal expression of RTN4IP1 is implicated in diverse pathologies, including malignant tumors, yet its role in breast cancer (BC) remains insufficiently defined. This study integrated TCGA-based bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation to characterize RTN4IP1-related phenotypes. RTN4IP1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in BC tissues compared to normal breast tissue, with higher expression correlating with advanced T/N stages, HER2 positivity, aggressive PAM50 subtypes, and lower PR/ER status. Clinically, increased RTN4IP1 expression was more frequent in Black/African American patients, postmenopausal women, and invasive ductal carcinoma cases. Elevated expression was also linked to poorer overall survival in both the TNBC and HER2-positive subgroups. Functional assays showed that RTN4IP1 silencing was accompanied by reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and inhibited xenograft growth in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 models, whereas overexpression exhibited the opposite pattern. RTN4IP1 expression was further linked to features of the tumor immune microenvironment and to differential responses to Tamoxifen and Paclitaxel; inhibition of RTN4IP1 was associated with greater drug sensitivity, while overexpression coincided with reduced response. Together, these findings indicate that RTN4IP1 is closely associated with BC progression, prognosis, and treatment response, supporting its potential relevance as a biomarker and a candidate target for further investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41669457,
year = {2026},
author = {Ogunlade, SB and Wang, L and Maimone, S and Robinson, KA and Moran, KM and Leon, A and Morozov, AP and Nwachukwu, CT and Letter, HP},
title = {Mammogram-based AI risk assessment in patients with dense breasts undergoing supplemental molecular breast imaging.},
journal = {Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {123},
pmid = {41669457},
issn = {2223-4292},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Image-based artificial intelligence (AI) risk models can estimate short-term breast cancer risk directly from mammograms and may outperform traditional questionnaire-based tools. However, risk stratification remains particularly challenging in women with dense breasts who do not otherwise meet high-risk criteria. At our institutions, molecular breast imaging (MBI) is used as supplemental screening for this population. This study evaluated the performance and clinical utility of a mammography-based AI risk model (iCAD ProFound AI[®] Risk) in predicting short-term breast cancer risk among women with dense breasts undergoing MBI.

METHODS: This retrospective IRB-approved study included 416 non-actionable (BI-RADS category 1 or 2) screening digital breast tomosynthesis mammograms (BI-RADS C-D density) obtained from 2018 to 2023, all followed by MBI within one year. The cohort comprised 70 cancer cases (16.8%) and 346 (83.2%) non-cancer controls. Mammograms were retrospectively processed using the ProFound AI[®] Risk model to generate 1-year risk and density scores. Tyrer-Cuzick and Gail model scores were computed for comparison. Group differences were assessed using t-tests and effect sizes, and model discrimination was evaluated with ROC analysis using area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: Across the full cohort, mean AI risk scores were higher in cancer cases than controls (0.41±0.35 vs. 0.37±0.21), although this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.239; Cohen's d=0.23). Subgroup analyses demonstrated progressively stronger discriminatory performance with increasing breast density. The greatest separation was observed in women with extremely dense breasts (category D), where the AI model achieved an AUC of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.61-0.89; P=0.049), with 69.3% sensitivity and 61.1% specificity at a threshold of 0.14. Effect size in this group was the largest (d=0.41). In contrast, traditional models showed limited and non-significant discrimination across all density categories, with AUC values ranging from 0.54 to 0.63. When stratified by cancer subtype, the AI model produced significantly higher risk scores in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) compared with controls (0.69±0.46 vs. 0.41±0.32; P=0.048; d=0.56). Although differences in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) were not significant, risk scores trended higher for cancer cases. A similar pattern of increasing AI-estimated risk was observed with higher tumor grade, with the strongest separation seen in grade 2 cancers (P=0.089).

CONCLUSIONS: Although overall differences between cancer and non-cancer groups were not statistically significant, the mammography-based AI risk model demonstrated meaningful and statistically significant discrimination in women with extremely dense breasts, outperforming both Tyrer-Cuzick and Gail models. The AI model also showed better separation in ILC and in higher-grade tumors. These findings support the role of image-based AI tools in refining risk assessment in women for whom mammography is least effective and in guiding more targeted use of supplemental MBI screening.},
}

@article {pmid41669308,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohammadizadeh, F and Naraki, T and Vafaei, M},
title = {The Frequency of PD-L1 Marker Expression in ER Positive, PR Positive, HER2 Negative Invasive Breast Carcinomas, and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Factors Affecting Prognosis.},
journal = {Advanced biomedical research},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {153},
pmid = {41669308},
issn = {2277-9175},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the PD-L1 marker in ER-positive, PR-positive, and HER2-negative breast carcinoma and examine its correlation with clinicopathological factors that affect prognosis in these patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 50 invasive breast carcinoma patients. PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining was performed, and samples were examined to assess the membranous staining of tumor cells with the PD-L1 marker. ER, PR, and HER2 results were obtained from the pathology reports. The tumor proliferative index was divided into two groups: low proliferative index (<14%) and high proliferative index (= or >14%), based on the percentage of tumor cell nuclei with positive staining.

RESULTS: PD-L1 expression was negative in 44 (88%) and positive in 6 samples (12%). There was no significant difference in the mean age, tumor grade, and tumor proliferative index between the two groups (P value > 0.05). All positive PD-L1 samples belonged to the IDC tumor subtype with a mean tumor size of 6.33 ± 6.41 cm. In the negative PD-L1 group, 88.6% were IDC, 4.5% were ILC, and 6.8% were mixed tumor subtypes, with a mean tumor size of 2.79 ± 1.54 cm. Tumor subtype, tumor size, and axillary lymph node status showed no significant difference between the two groups (P value > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, there is no relationship between the PD-L1 expression and well-known clinicopathological prognostic factors in ER-positive, PR-positive, and HER2-negative invasive breast carcinomas.},
}

@article {pmid41669107,
year = {2026},
author = {Kawachi, K and Tang, X and Kasajima, R and Katayama, K and Yamaguchi, R and Yamaguchi, K and Furukawa, Y and Imoto, S and Miyano, S and Yoshioka, E and Washimi, K and Okubo, Y and Sato, S and Yokose, T and Miyagi, Y},
title = {Case Report: Mixed ductal-lobular carcinoma consisting of invasive lobular carcinoma with a glycogen-rich clear cell pattern and elevated tumor mutation burden.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1741727},
pmid = {41669107},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mixed ductal-lobular carcinoma (MDL) of the breast exhibits considerable molecular complexity. The pathways leading to the glycogen-rich clear cell morphology of the breast tumors, and its clinical relevance, currently remain unclear. Herein, we report a case of MDL, predominantly composed of invasive lobular carcinoma with a glycogen-rich clear cell pattern (gILC), accompanied by classic invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).

CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old woman presented with a 3.5 cm mass in the left breast, for which total mastectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was MDL predominantly comprising gILC. Tissue samples from the gILC and IDC areas were subjected to whole-exome and RNA sequencing. The gILC region had a higher tumor mutation burden than the IDC. Three stop-gain single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in CDH1, SETD2, and USP9 and two nonsynonymous SNVs in PIK3CA were identified in the gILC region, whereas only two nonsynonymous SNVs in SMAD4 and PIK3CA were identified in the IDC region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestor of gILC and IDC, sharing a pathogenic PIK3CA p.H1047L mutation. Reduced SETD2 protein and H3K36me3 levels and the DNA mismatch repair-microsatellite instability-associated mutational signatures SBS6 and SBS26 were uniquely demonstrated in gILC. Further, a structural variant involving HNF1B and elevated HNF1B transcript levels was detected in gILC. The predominant gILC component was estrogen receptor-positive. Adjuvant endocrine therapy was administered postoperatively, and the patient currently remains disease-free at 51 months.

CONCLUSION: In this case, the gILC and IDC components of an MDL shared a common origin, but exhibited marked genomic divergence. This experience also shows that SETD2 functional impairment may underlie gILC hypermutation, while HNF1B overexpression could contributes to a glycogen-rich clear cytoplasm. Overall, this case emphasizes the complexity of MDL with gILC, and highlights the need for further studies to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms and their prognostic implications.},
}

@article {pmid41663430,
year = {2026},
author = {Singareeka Raghavendra, A and Liu, DD and Pasyar, S and Damodaran, S and Shen, Y and Mouabbi, JA and Barcenas, CH and Tripathy, D},
title = {Prevalence of HER2-low status and outcomes in early-stage HER2-negative breast cancer.},
journal = {NPJ breast cancer},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41523-026-00901-8},
pmid = {41663430},
issn = {2374-4677},
abstract = {HER2-low breast cancer (IHC 1+ or 2+ without HER2 gene amplification) is a distinct and understudied subtype. In a cohort of 14,593 early-stage breast cancer patients treated at MD Anderson from 2006 to 2019, 60.4% were HER2-low. Multivariable analysis showed HER2-low status was independently associated with race, histologic subtype, higher nuclear grade and stage, and estrogen receptor (ER) positivity. Among 2464 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, HER2-low status was not linked to pathologic complete response (pCR), overall survival (OS), or disease-free survival (DFS) compared to HER2-0 tumors. Factors predicting pCR included nuclear grade III, stage I, invasive ductal carcinoma, lower ER/PR expression, and absence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Patients with TNBC had significantly higher pCR rates (31.9%) than those with luminal type (2.2%, p < 0.0001). Longer OS and DFS were associated with non-White race, lower stage and grade, negative LVI, and higher ER/PR levels. These findings confirm HER2-low status is common but not independently prognostic for response or survival.},
}

@article {pmid41660331,
year = {2026},
author = {Freire-Figueroa, IA and Vargas-Ardila, PA and Castaño-Rodríguez, I and Rojas-Romero, LO},
title = {Hypertrophic olivary degeneration mimicking tumor recurrence after brainstem radiosurgery: A diagnostic pitfall in neuro-oncology.},
journal = {Surgical neurology international},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {42},
pmid = {41660331},
issn = {2229-5097},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a rare trans-synaptic degeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus resulting from disruption of the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, also known as the Guillain- Mollaret triangle. Unlike most degenerative processes, it produces olivary hypertrophy rather than atrophy. In oncology patients with prior posterior fossa or brainstem involvement, this condition can simulate tumor recurrence or radiation necrosis, leading to unnecessary interventions if unrecognized.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old woman with a history of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and previously treated brainstem metastasis presented with progressive right facial paresthesias and gait instability. Neurological examination revealed dysmetria, impaired rapid alternating movements, and gait ataxia without motor or sensory deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a nodular enhancing pontine lesion due to the treated metastatic lesion and a new enlargement involving the rostral aspect of the left central tegmental tract with associated hypertrophic change of the inferior olivary nucleus, consistent with unilateral HOD. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and perfusion imaging excluded neoplastic recurrence. A multidisciplinary neuro-oncology board concluded that the findings were secondary to radiation-induced tract injury. The patient continued maintenance chemotherapy and received symptomatic management and rehabilitative therapy, with serial MRI showing stability.

CONCLUSION: HOD should be considered in patients with prior brainstem surgery or radiotherapy who develop delayed cerebellar signs and characteristic MRI findings. Recognizing its benign and self-limited nature is crucial to prevent misdiagnosis as tumor recurrence and avoid unnecessary oncologic or surgical interventions. Integration of advanced MRI techniques and multidisciplinary evaluation allows precise diagnosis and tailored management, ensuring appropriate treatment and long-term follow-up.},
}

@article {pmid41530729,
year = {2026},
author = {McKenzie, E and Borschmann, R and Saling, L and Hedrick, K},
title = {Hunger strikes among asylum seekers in Australian immigration detention: prevalence, precipitants, characteristics, and management.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {547},
pmid = {41530729},
issn = {1471-2458},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hunger strikes are commonly reported in places of detention, and Australia has some of the most restrictive immigration detention policies globally. Despite this, little is known about hunger strikes among immigration detainees in Australia. We aimed to examine the prevalence, precipitants, characteristics, and management of hunger strikes among asylum seekers in Australian onshore immigration detention.

METHODS: Via Freedom of Information, we obtained incident reports for all hunger strikes recorded in Australian onshore immigration detention between 3 October 2009 and 26 May 2011. Our primary methodological approach was content analysis. Data relating to hunger strike prevalence, detention type, location, gender, precipitating factors, and management of hunger strikes were extracted from each report. Hunger strike episode rates per 1000 asylum seekers were calculated using average adult population figures for 1) the entire onshore immigration detention network; 2) each held detention type (i.e., Immigration Detention Centres [IDCs], Immigration Transit Accommodation [ITA], Immigration Residential Housing [IRH], and Alternative Places of Detention [APODs]); and 3) each facility.

RESULTS: Three hundred twenty eight hunger strikes were included in the analyses. The hunger strike episode rate was 76/1000 asylum seekers (95% CI 59 – 94). On average, hunger strike episode rates were highest in IDCs (86/1000, 95% CI 68 – 104), followed by APODs (36/1000, 95% CI 24 – 48). Individual facility rates of hunger strikes ranged from 21/1000 asylum seekers (95% CI 12 – 31) in Christmas Island APODs to 317/1000 asylum seekers (95% CI 282 – 352) in Maribyrnong IDC. Compared with the average across all other facilities, hunger strike episodes were most commonly reported in Curtin IDC (126) (p < 0.001). The most reported precipitant was protest (75%). Details regarding the management of hunger strikes were noted in 7% of reports.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight concerningly high rates of hunger strikes among detained asylum seekers in Australia compared to other detained populations, with protest the most common trigger. Hunger strike management was inconsistent with international best practice. These findings highlight the deleterious impact of immigration detention on the physical and mental health of those detained. Further investigation, and policy and practice development consistent with ethical and human rights frameworks are warranted.},
}

@article {pmid41660202,
year = {2026},
author = {López-Ponce-de-León, JD and Muñoz-Ordoñez, JA and Toro-Pedroza, A and Arango-Ibanez, JP and Azcarate-Rodriguez, V and Naranjo-Ramírez, MC and León-Giraldo, H and Largo, J and Carrillo-Gomez, D and Arteaga-Tobar, AA and Escalante-Forero, M and Olaya, P and Florez, N and Olaya, N and Rivera-Muñoz, EL and Barbosa-Rengifo, MM and Nativi-Nicolau, J and Gómez-Mesa, JE},
title = {Survival in Adult Patients Undergoing Heart Transplantation 1995-2024: A Report of the RETRAC Registry.},
journal = {Global heart},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
pmid = {41660202},
issn = {2211-8179},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Heart Transplantation/mortality ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Registries ; Survival Rate/trends ; Adult ; *Heart Failure/surgery/mortality ; Colombia/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation (HT) remains the definitive treatment for advanced heart failure that is refractory to both medical and invasive therapies. Although global registries offer extensive data on survival outcomes, there is a relative paucity of information regarding HT outcomes in Latin America (LATAM), particularly in Colombia.

METHODS: This study analyzed adult patients who underwent HT between 1995 and 2024, using data obtained from an institutional HT registry (RETRAC) in Cali, Colombia. Survival outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS: We included 260 patients who underwent HT in this 29-year cohort from a LATAM country. The median age at transplantation was 51 years, and 77.7% were male. The primary etiologies were idiopathic/dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) (41.3%), ischemic cardiomyopathy (IC) (27.0%), and valvular heart disease (VHC) (9.7%). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (HTN) (48.3%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (18.9%), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (13.1%). The overall median survival following HT was 7.4 years. One-year survival was 74.6% (n = 194), five-year survival was 56.9% (n = 147), and ten-year survival was 46.9% (n = 122). Survival differed significantly by age and sex, with patients aged <40 years demonstrating the highest median survival (8.4 years) and those aged ≥60 years the lowest (2.2 years) (p = 0.038). The 40- to 49-year age group exhibited the most pronounced reduction in survival; however, this effect was attenuated after adjustment. Among patients under 40 years, females had significantly higher mortality compared to males (p = 0.0078), with younger males exhibiting better survival. Additionally, patients transplanted between 2016 and 2020 had higher survival rates. CKD was identified as a significant independent risk factor for increased mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.15-2.79; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: HT patients in Colombia exhibit demographic and clinical profiles comparable to global cohorts; however, they demonstrate lower survival rates and poorer clinical outcomes compared to international registries, such as the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation registry. Nonetheless, clinical outcomes are more favorable than those reported in other studies from the LATAM region. CKD emerged as a significant independent predictor of mortality. These findings highlight the need for region-specific strategies aimed at improving HT outcomes in LATAM.},
}

Humans
Male
*Heart Transplantation/mortality
Female
Middle Aged
*Registries
Survival Rate/trends
Adult
*Heart Failure/surgery/mortality
Colombia/epidemiology
Retrospective Studies
Aged
Follow-Up Studies

@article {pmid41658570,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Z and Bai, C and Zhang, N and Han, Z and Dong, H and Liu, S and Meng, J and Zhang, C},
title = {Predicting histological grade in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: a radiomics-based machine learning model using DCE-MRI.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1593075},
pmid = {41658570},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility analysis of predicting the pathological differentiation grade of breast invasive ductal carcinoma based on DCE-MRI imaging histology.

METHODOLOGY: 198 patients with breast invasive ductal carcinoma who underwent preoperative enhanced MRI were retrospectively collected from January 2019 to October 2024.According to Nottingham histologic grading, 108 cases were divided into a high-grade group and 90 cases into an intermediate-low-grade group, which were randomly divided into 148 cases of the training group and 50 cases of the validation group according to a 3:1 ratio. The 3D slicer software was applied to extract the image histological features of the region of interest, and five models, namely, decision tree, Gaussian plain Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and AdaBoost, were constructed by filtering the features with intragroup correlation coefficients and the minimum absolute contraction and selection operators. Compare the area under the work characteristic curve of subjects in the validation group and select the best model. The performance of the best model validation group was evaluated, the clinical usability of the best model was examined using decision curves, and the accuracy of the predictive model was visualized using calibration curves.

RESULTS: After rigorous stability and redundancy screening, 22 key radiomics features were selected from DCE-MRI images. Multiple machine learning models trained based on these features were evaluated for their predictive performance on the validation set. The logistic regression model achieved the highest AUC value of 0.795 (95% confidence interval: 0.664-0.927), outperforming other models such as random forest (AUC = 0.700), Gaussian naive Bayes (AUC = 0.700), AdaBoost (AUC = 0.718), and decision tree (AUC = 0.587). Consequently, the logistic regression model was ultimately selected as the optimal model.

CONCLUSION: The DCE-MRI radiomics model based on Logistic Regression can non-invasively and effectively predict the histological grade of IDC preoperatively, offering valuable potential for supporting individualized clinical decision-making.},
}

@article {pmid41652023,
year = {2026},
author = {Khodadadi AghGhaleh, M and Abedian, R and Zarghami, R and Fotuhi Siahpirani, A and Gharaghani, S},
title = {ConvAHKG: Action-based hybrid knowledge graph with a dual-channel convolutional approach for drug repurposing.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-38656-8},
pmid = {41652023},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Drug repurposing efficiently identifies new applications for already approved drugs at reduced time and cost. ConvAHKG, an action-based hybrid knowledge graph approach, is proposed to improve the prediction of drug-disease associations by leveraging biological relationships among drugs, proteins, and diseases. AHKG is designed to integrate both drug and disease features to provide a comprehensive framework. To represent these relationships, Word2Vec embeddings are used to capture the semantic similarities among entities, and a novel dual-channel 1D convolutional neural network (IDC_Conv1D) is introduced for the classification of drug-disease pairs. This architecture is specifically intended to handle the complexity and heterogeneity of biological data. Furthermore, to address the significant class imbalance present in drug-disease datasets, a weighted binary cross-entropy loss function was introduced that assigns higher penalties to minority-class misclassifications, resulting in improved predictive performance. ConvAHKG outperforms state-of-the-art models, with an AUC of 0.9836 and an AUPRC of 0.9686. To validate its practical utility, we applied ConvAHKG to study non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The framework identified promising therapeutic candidates for NSCLC, including Trastuzumab, and molecular docking analyses demonstrated strong binding interactions for an additional predicted but experimentally unvalidated compound, further supporting its potential as a novel treatment option. All data and code used in this study are available at https://github.com/Marzieh-Khodadadi/ConvAHKG.},
}

@article {pmid41649045,
year = {2026},
author = {Nafissi, N and Mahadevan, A and Chiao, E and Rijal, N and Parajuli, R},
title = {Triple Negative Breast Cancer With Choroidal Metastasis Responsive to Sacituzumab Govitecan and Radiation Therapy.},
journal = {Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {e70462},
pmid = {41649045},
issn = {2573-8348},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy ; Middle Aged ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use ; *Choroid Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; *Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy/secondary ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Orbital metastases are rare in patients with breast cancer. However, medical management of orbital metastases is limited by the inability of treatment options to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), these treatment options are further limited. Sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate, has emerged as a promising agent for metastatic TNBC. However, to date, patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease have been excluded from corresponding clinical trials, making the efficacy of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with orbital metastases unclear.

CASE: A 61-year-old female was initially diagnosed with a left breast hormone receptor positive invasive ductal carcinoma, receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and docetaxel and a partial mastectomy. Several years later, the patient presented with a cough and was subsequently diagnosed with metastatic triple negative breast cancer with hepatic, osseous, and right supraclavicular and thoracic nodal metastases. Concurrently, the patient noted floaters in her vision, later found to be consistent with orbital metastases. The patient received radiation therapy to both eyes and was started on Sacituzumab govitecan. Following cycle 1, the ophthalmic exam showed a dramatic decrease in the size of choroidal metastases.

CONCLUSION: This case report documents the first case of orbital metastases successfully treated with radiation therapy and sacituzumab govitecan. As such, this case highlights the importance of sacituzumab govitecan as a potentially effective option for TNBC patients with CNS disease. Further studies and real-world data are needed to investigate the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and sacituzumab govitecan toward ocular metastases.},
}

Humans
Female
*Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy
Middle Aged
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
*Choroid Neoplasms/secondary/therapy
*Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy/secondary
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41514391,
year = {2026},
author = {Imadoglu, O and Demirci, EE and Sural, S},
title = {Chemotherapy-associated coronary thrombosis presenting as acute coronary syndrome in breast cancer: a case report.},
journal = {BMC cardiovascular disorders},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {124},
pmid = {41514391},
issn = {1471-2261},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cancer patients face a high risk of thromboembolic complications due to disease-, treatment-, and patient-related factors. Chemotherapy regimens such as anthracyclines and alkylating agents can increase both venous and arterial thrombosis, leading to significant morbidity.

CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old woman with invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast underwent right mastectomy and received adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin (60 mg/m²) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m²). Five days after her second treatment cycle, she presented with chest pain. Electrocardiography showed inferolateral ST-segment elevation, and echocardiography revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 38%. Coronary angiography demonstrated total occlusion of the distal left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. She was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy, low-molecular-weight heparin, and a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Follow-up angiography on day five showed complete thrombus resolution and restoration of TIMI III flow. During long-term follow-up, her left ventricular function recovered (LVEF 50%) and her cancer remained in complete remission.

CONCLUSION: This case illustrates a rare but clinically important complication of adjuvant doxorubicin–cyclophosphamide therapy, presenting as subacute inferolateral myocardial infarction secondary to coronary thrombosis. Awareness of this potential adverse effect and early management are crucial for improved outcomes.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-026-05512-6.},
}

@article {pmid41646442,
year = {2026},
author = {Lyu, X and Mao, F},
title = {Rectal metastasis in a patient with long-term breast cancer: a rare case report with literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1597103},
pmid = {41646442},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) metastases from breast cancer are uncommon, with rectal involvement being particularly rare. Here, we present a case of a 55-year-old female with a history of bilateral breast cancer who developed rectal metastasis seven years after initial diagnosis. The patient was initially diagnosed in 2017 with left breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and right breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Despite receiving comprehensive treatment, including modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy, she experienced multiple metastases involving the bones, lymph nodes, and pleura. In 2024, she presented with new bowel symptoms, and colonoscopy revealed rectal wall thickening with stenosis. Biopsy confirmed metastatic breast cancer with immunohistochemistry showing GATA3(+), CDX2(-), and loss of hormone receptor expression compared to the primary tumor. This case underscores the importance of considering gastrointestinal metastasis in breast cancer patients with bowel symptoms, even years after initial treatment. We also review the literature regarding the literature on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer rectal metastasis.},
}

@article {pmid41641105,
year = {2026},
author = {Nobile, I and Tessitore, A and Palumbo, M and Boccia, D and Mignogna, C and Bifulco, G and Della Corte, L},
title = {A case report of a mammary gland type adenocarcinoma of the vulva in a patient with a concomitant breast cancer: a diagnostic challenge.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1716250},
pmid = {41641105},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {We describe the case of a 68-year-old woman who presented with a 4-cm ulcerated lesion in the left paraclitoral area. Imaging revealed increased FDG uptake at the vulvar lesion and multiple skeletal sites but no suspicious inguinal lymphadenopathy, while breast imaging showed a 30-mm BI-RADS 5 lesion in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Core biopsies confirmed two distinct primaries: an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and an eccrine ductal-type adenocarcinoma of the vulva arising from anogenital mammary-like glands. A bone biopsy demonstrated metastatic breast carcinoma. The patient underwent radical anterior vulvectomy with bilateral sentinel lymph node biopsy; final pathology confirmed a well-differentiated, adenocarcinoma of mammary-gland type of the vulva (pT1bN0) with negative margins. Because of breast metastases, systemic therapy with ribociclib and letrozole was initiated but later discontinued owing to therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. At 9-month follow-up, no recurrence of the vulvar disease was observed. This report highlights one of the very few documented instances of synchronous mammary-like vulvar carcinoma and breast carcinoma. It underscores the diagnostic complexity of the case and emphasizes the importance of an individualized, multidisciplinary approach tailored to tumor biology, staging, and patient comorbidities.},
}

@article {pmid41639449,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, X and Lebeaupin, C and Kadianaki, A and Druelle-Cedano, C and Vesper, N and Rennert, C and Huguet-Pradell, J and Gomez Ramos, B and Fan, C and Piecyk, RS and Zizmare, L and Ramadori, P and Li, L and Frick, L and Qiu, M and Zhang, C and Martins Nascentes Melo, L and Ranvir, VP and Shen, P and Hanselmann, J and Kosla, J and Fernández-Vaquero, M and Vucur, M and Baskaran, P and Bao, X and Coleman, OI and Tang, Y and Cetin, M and Chen, Z and Jang, I and Del Prete, S and Rahbari, M and Zhang, P and Pham, TV and Hou, Y and Sun, A and Gu, L and Kim, LC and Rothermel, U and Heide, D and Ali, A and Gallage, S and Talvard-Balland, N and Piqué-Gili, M and Gris-Oliver, A and Bevilacqua, A and Schlicker, L and Duffey, A and Unger, K and Szydlowska, M and Hetzer, J and Odom, DT and Machauer, T and Bucci, D and Sant, P and Lee, JH and Rösler, J and Meckelmann, SW and Schreck, J and Murray, S and Simon, MC and Nahnsen, S and Schulze, A and Ho, PC and Jugold, M and Breuhahn, K and Mallm, JP and Schirmacher, P and Roth, S and Rahbari, N and Tschaharganeh, DF and Roessler, S and Goeppert, B and Bengsch, B and Andrieux, G and Boerries, M and Malek, NP and Prinz, M and Weber, A and Zeiser, R and Tamayo, P and Bronsert, P and Kurowski, K and Thimme, R and Yuan, D and Carretero, R and Luedde, T and Pinyol, R and Hartmann, FJ and Karin, M and Tasdogan, A and Trautwein, C and Mall, M and Hofmann, M and Llovet, JM and Haller, D and Kaufman, RJ and Heikenwälder, M},
title = {Activated ATF6α is a hepatic tumour driver restricting immunosurveillance.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41639449},
issn = {1476-4687},
abstract = {Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing cause of cancer-related mortality and there are limited therapies[1]. Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are implicated in HCC, the involvement of the UPR transducer ATF6α remains unclear[2]. Here we demonstrate the function of ATF6α as an ER-stress-inducing tumour driver and metabolic master regulator restricting cancer immunosurveillance for HCC, in contrast to its well-characterized role as an adaptive response to ER stress[3]. ATF6α activation in human HCC is significantly correlated with an aggressive tumour phenotype, characterized by reduced patient survival, enhanced tumour progression and local immunosuppression. Hepatocyte-specific ATF6α activation in mice induced progressive hepatitis with ER stress, immunosuppression and hepatocyte proliferation. Concomitantly, activated ATF6α increased glycolysis and directly repressed the gluconeogenic enzyme FBP1 by binding to gene regulatory elements. Restoring FBP1 expression limited ATF6α-activation-related pathologies. Prolonged ATF6α activation in hepatocytes triggered hepatocarcinogenesis, intratumoural T cell infiltration and nutrient-deprived immune exhaustion. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)[4] restored immunosurveillance and reduced HCC. Consistently, patients with HCC who achieved a complete response to immunotherapy displayed significantly increased ATF6α activation compared with those with a weaker response. Targeting Atf6 through germline ablation, hepatocyte-specific ablation or therapeutic hepatocyte delivery of antisense oligonucleotides dampened HCC in preclinical liver cancer models. Thus, prolonged ATF6α activation drives ER stress, leading to glycolysis-dependent immunosuppression in liver cancer and sensitizing to ICB. Our findings suggest that persistently activated ATF6α is a tumour driver, a potential stratification marker for ICB response and a therapeutic target for HCC.},
}

@article {pmid41625393,
year = {2026},
author = {Sugiyama, E and Suzuki, R and Takano, J and Tokuyama, Y and Morikawa, A and Nishimura, K and Ishihara, K},
title = {A Case of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma with Axillary Skip Metastasis Confined to the Interpectoral (Rotter's) Lymph Node.},
journal = {Surgical case reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41625393},
issn = {2198-7793},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Axillary skip metastasis is a rare phenomenon in breast cancer and is defined as metastasis to level II or III lymph nodes without involvement of level I nodes. Interpectoral (Rotter's) nodes are situated between the pectoralis major and minor muscles and may occasionally be overlooked during sentinel node (SN) mapping. Reports of isolated interpectoral node metastases are rare. Here, we present a unique case of breast cancer with isolated interpectoral node involvement despite a negative sentinel lymph node, underscoring the clinical implications of preoperative imaging and surgical planning.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old woman was referred to our hospital after an abnormality was detected by mammography. MRI demonstrated a 20-mm enhancing breast mass located in the deep portion of the upper outer quadrant, along with a strongly enhancing 6-mm interpectoral lymph node; no suspicious axillary level I nodes were identified. The patient underwent a mastectomy with sentinel and interpectoral node biopsies. The SN was negative, whereas the interpectoral node was positive, prompting axillary dissection. Histology confirmed a 15-mm invasive ductal carcinoma, with only the interpectoral node being positive among the 12 dissected nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed an ER-positive, PgR-positive, and HER2-negative status. The patient was started on adjuvant endocrine therapy. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she remained disease-free at 54 months of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS: This extraordinarily rare case of axillary skip metastasis limited to the interpectoral node emphasizes the potential for false-negative SN biopsies. Careful review of preoperative images, particularly MRI images, is crucial to avoid understaging. Awareness of interpectoral node involvement may help guide appropriate treatment strategies for selected patients.},
}

@article {pmid41501628,
year = {2026},
author = {Brown, AS and Llinás, M and Mahony, S},
title = {Chromatin state dynamics during the Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic development cycle.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {142},
pmid = {41501628},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {R35 GM144135/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM144135/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM144135/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The interdependence of chromatin states and transcription factor (TF) binding in eukaryotic genomes is critical for the proper regulation of gene expression. In this study, we explore the connection between TFs and chromatin states in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, throughout its 48-hour asexual intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). Most P. falciparum genes are expressed in a periodic manner during the IDC, accompanied by dynamic shifts in histone modifications and chromatin accessibility. Leveraging genome-wide profiles of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) occupancy, we characterize chromatin state dynamics during the IDC. Our results indicate that several chromatin states remain stable throughout the lifecycle, while others are dynamic and are linked to gene activation or repression. We further characterize chromatin state dynamics at the genome-wide DNA binding sites for a selection of Plasmodium TFs, allowing us to group TFs according to their chromatin preferences. By correlating changes in chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and TF binding, we provide a global overview of the chromatin state dynamics that coordinate P. falciparum asexual blood stage development.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-12455-3.},
}

@article {pmid41624813,
year = {2026},
author = {Inamdar, V and Shaila, SG},
title = {Automated Segmentation and Analysis of Histopathological Breast Cancer Images for Enhanced IDC Diagnosis and Assessment Using MobileNetV2+U-Net With Label Propagation.},
journal = {International journal of breast cancer},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {5948413},
pmid = {41624813},
issn = {2090-3170},
abstract = {Breast cancer remains the most common cancer type among women, with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) responsible for almost 80% of cases. The exact histopathological segmentation of IDC is the premise of diagnosis, but manual observation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides is very time-consuming and results in interobserver variability. This work presents an automated IDC segmentation method with a lightweight hybrid deep learning framework by integrating U-Net with a MobileNetV2 encoder and a label propagation refinement module. This hybrid model leverages MobileNetV2's efficient depth-wise-separable convolutions for feature extraction, U-Net's encoder-decoder precision for boundary localization, and the label propagation step enhances spatial smoothness and anatomical consistency. Experiments are conducted on the BACH 2018 and BreakHis datasets at multiple magnification levels (40×, 100×, and 200×). The model reaches a precision of 94.85%, Dice coefficient of 94.63%, F1-score of 94.56%, and AUC of 94.65% on the BACH dataset and a precision of 93.87%, Dice of 94.24%, F1-score of 94.18%, and AUC of 93.93% on the BreakHis dataset. The proposed model surpasses several state-of-the-art techniques such as CNN and transformer-based models, including DeepLabV3, Mask R-CNN, Swin-UNet, and ViT-Histo. Cross-dataset validation yields a Dice of 92.10% and AUC of 93.70% from BACH → BreakHis, confirming robustness under domain shifts. Explainable AI analyses using Grad-CAM and SHAP confirmed accurate localization of diagnostically relevant regions. The proposed hybrid model of MobileNetV2 + U-Net with label propagation presents a computationally efficient and clinically reliable solution toward real-time, AI-assisted breast cancer histopathology.},
}

@article {pmid41618616,
year = {2026},
author = {Buñay, J and Record, M and de Medina, P and Ayadi, S and Pucheu, L and Colacios, C and Ségui, B and Höring, M and Liebisch, G and Martin, H and Poirot, M and Silvente-Poirot, S},
title = {The Phospholipid Bis(monoacylglycero)Phosphate Confers Antitumour Immunogenicity to Exosomes Secreted by Dendrogenin A, Which Activates Its Biosynthesis in Tumour Cells.},
journal = {Journal of extracellular vesicles},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {e70225},
pmid = {41618616},
issn = {2001-3078},
support = {PLBio 20-160//Institut National Du Cancer/ ; //Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer/ ; //Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/ ; //Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ ; //Université de Toulouse/ ; },
mesh = {*Exosomes/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; Mice ; *Monoglycerides/metabolism ; Humans ; *Lysophospholipids/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Female ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Dendrogenin A (DDA) is a cholesterol-derived antitumour metabolite that promotes the secretion of immunogenic antitumour exosomes (DDA-sEV) enriched in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). BMP is a phospholipid specific to late endosomes and lysosomes, where it plays a crucial role in lipid degradation, regulates the fate of endosomal cholesterol, and contributes to intraluminal vesicle formation. Dysregulation of BMP biosynthesis is associated with multiple diseases. Here, we show that the DDA/LXRβ complex activates the transcription and activity of phospholipase D (PLD) and CLN5, two enzymes involved in BMP biosynthesis. Inhibition of PLD in DDA-treated tumour cells reduces BMP levels in DDA-sEV, impairs their release, and their antitumour immune activity. Blocking BMP on DDA-sEV with a specific antibody abolishes their antitumour reponse, prevents the recruitment of activated dendritic cells (DC) and T cells into tumours, and decreases mouse survival. This blockade also impairs DDA-sEV uptake by immature DC (iDC) and hinders DC maturation and Th1 T cell activation. Notably, neutralising the BMP-presenting receptor on iDC inhibits DDA-sEV uptake and DC maturation. Treatment of iDC with free BMP induces their functional maturation, confirming BMP as a key immune activator. Furthermore, BMP-containing DDA-sEV enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma. Targeting LXRβ with DDA represents an innovative strategy to stimulate anticancer immunity by increasing BMP levels in tumours and sEV.},
}

*Exosomes/metabolism/immunology
Animals
Mice
*Monoglycerides/metabolism
Humans
*Lysophospholipids/metabolism
Dendritic Cells/immunology/metabolism
Cell Line, Tumor
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Female
*Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid41617450,
year = {2026},
author = {Demirors, B and Ahmed, SH and Grace, K and Jimenez, PB and Bowers, JC and Mahesh, VA and Yadav, A and Manaise, HK and Chiriboga, G and Brock, LF and Popp, R and Merly, AA and Gabriel, E},
title = {Geographic Variations in Demographics, Socioeconomic Status, and Stage at Diagnosis Among Hormone Receptor-positive Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: An NCDB Analysis (2004-2020).},
journal = {Anticancer research},
volume = {46},
number = {2},
pages = {811-817},
doi = {10.21873/anticanres.17989},
pmid = {41617450},
issn = {1791-7530},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/pathology/diagnosis/metabolism ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology/epidemiology/diagnosis/metabolism ; Neoplasm Staging ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Social Class ; Male ; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; United States/epidemiology ; Adult ; Databases, Factual ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIM: Although hormone receptor-positive (HR+) invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common breast cancer subtype, there is limited evidence describing how demographic and clinical features vary across U.S. regions. Understanding geographic disparities is essential for improving screening and treatment planning. To examine regional variations in demographic, socioeconomic status (SES), and stage-at-diagnosis characteristics among U.S. patients with HR+ IDC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients diagnosed with HR+ IDC between 2004 and 2020. Patients were categorized into 6 U.S. geographic regions: Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, Mountain, and Pacific, based on the Commission on Cancer facility location. Descriptive and comparative analyses evaluated age, sex, race and ethnicity, insurance type, income, urban-rural residence, and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage.

RESULTS: Among 136,280 patients (mean age, 64.4 years; 98.8% female), racial and SES composition differed significantly across regions. Black patients comprised 19.5% of the Southeast cohort and 18.1% of the Southwest cohort, compared with 2.9% in the Mountain region. The Asian population was highest in the Pacific (13.1%). Low-income households (<$63,000) were most prevalent in the Southwest (74.7%) and Southeast (69.5%), while the Pacific region had the highest proportion of higher-income households (46.4%) and metropolitan residents (94.3%). Stage III-IV disease at diagnosis occurred most often in the Southwest (17.6%) and least in the Northeast (14.0%).

CONCLUSION: Significant variation exists in the demographic and SES profile of patients with HR+ IDC, corresponding to differences in stage at diagnosis, and BC-related overall outcomes. These disparities likely reflect inequities in screening access, SES, and healthcare infrastructure, underscoring the need for region-specific public health strategies. Targeted regional interventions and equitable screening expansion are warranted to reduce geographic disparities and improve overall BC-related outcomes.},
}

Humans
Female
Middle Aged
*Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/pathology/diagnosis/metabolism
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology/epidemiology/diagnosis/metabolism
Neoplasm Staging
Aged
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Social Class
Male
Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
United States/epidemiology
Adult
Databases, Factual

@article {pmid41613558,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, M and Liu, K and Zhang, S and Li, H and Zhang, R and Xu, C and Yuan, J and Wu, Y and Wu, D and Chen, X and Qu, J},
title = {Time-dependent diffusion MRI for noninvasive molecular subtype differentiation and biological correlation in breast cancer: emphasizing the emerging three-tier HER2 classification.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1739008},
pmid = {41613558},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and accurate subtype characterization is essential for guiding personalized treatment. In particular, HER2-low tumors have recently emerged as a distinct clinical entity with potential responsiveness to novel HER2-targeted therapies. However, reliable noninvasive imaging methods to identify these subgroups remain lacking.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of time-dependent diffusion MRI (Td-dMRI) in differentiating breast cancer molecular subtypes and to investigate its correlation with immunohistochemical biomarkers, particularly the newly established three-tier HER2 classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, female patients with untreated invasive ductal carcinoma underwent 3T breast MRI including Td-dMRI between June 2023 and October 2024. A custom protocol combining oscillating gradient spin-echo (OGSE) and pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) sequences enabled diffusion sampling at multiple diffusion times and frequencies. Microstructural parameters-cellularity, extracellular and intracellular diffusivity (Dex, Din), cell diameter, intracellular volume fraction (fin), and intracellular water residence time (τin)-were estimated using a Bayesian model based on a joint multicompartmental framework. Molecular subtypes (Luminal A/B, HER2-enriched, triple-negative [TN]) and HER2 expression levels (HER2-zero, HER2-low, HER2-positive) were determined via IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Quantitative Td-dMRI metrics were compared across subtypes and correlated with ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 status using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and ROC curve analysis.

RESULTS: This study included 71 female participants (mean age, 51.3 ± 10.2 years). Multiple Td-dMRI parameters varied significantly across molecular and HER2 subtypes. ADC50Hz was significantly higher in Luminal A compared to Luminal B (P = 0.003). HER2-enriched tumors showed higher ADC values and cell diameters but lower cellularity compared to Luminal B (P< 0.05). ER- and PR- tumors had higher ADCs, cell diameters, and Din, with lower cellularity than positive counterparts. Din effectively distinguished TN from non-TN cancers (AUC = 0.710). For HER2 stratification, ADC30ms distinguished HER2-zero from HER2-low tumors with high accuracy (AUC = 0.898), and cell diameter and cellularity were most effective for differentiating HER2-low from HER2-positive tumors (AUC = 0.770). No significant Td-dMRI differences were observed for Ki-67.

CONCLUSION: ADC30ms most effectively distinguished HER2-zero from HER2-low tumors, while microstructural parameters such as cellularity and cell diameter moderately differentiated HER2-low from HER2-positive cancers. These results support the potential of Td-dMRI as a complementary imaging biomarker for subtype characterization, although findings were limited by small subgroup sizes and the single-center design.},
}

@article {pmid41559778,
year = {2026},
author = {Sivrikoz, ON and Eroğlu, A and Öztürk, B and Öztop, İ and Sanal, SM},
title = {Benign prostatic hyperplasia to HPIN to carcinoma; the impact of mast cells and VEGF.},
journal = {Diagnostic pathology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {10},
pmid = {41559778},
issn = {1746-1596},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The process of transformation from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) to Prostate Cancer (PCa) is highly debatable; however, there is convincing information that it takes place in the background of inflammation. Multifocal high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN), intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P), atypical intraductal proliferation (AIP), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)/ adenosis, and proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) are considered as precursor lesions during such transformation by Working Group 1 at the ISUP Cancer Precursors Meeting in September 2024. We specifically emphasize the need for further investigation of the inflammatory process, where stromal epithelial activity, angiogenesis, and mast cells are involved. In this study, we investigated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and MCs during its progression from BPH to PCa. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between MCs and Gleason Grade Group (GG), as well as other prognostic variables.

METHODS: Retrospectively, 100 PCa patients whose pathology included areas of BPH and multifocal HPIN close to cancerous tissue. All the specimens were stained with CD117 as an MC marker and VEGF to evaluate for angiogenesis.

RESULTS: While there was overall intense MC infiltration in all areas of BPH in general, it was relatively less intense in areas of carcinomatous tissue. Nevertheless, MC infiltration intensified with higher GG. Similarly, with increasing MC infiltration in cancerous and HPIN tissues, VEGF staining also intensified, specifically in glandular areas. In HPIN areas, the relationship between MCs and VEGF was intermediate between BPH and cancerous areas, representing a progression.

CONCLUSION: Stromal changes, stromal-epithelial interactions, and coexisting inflammatory changes are important elements in the development of BPH and PCa. We specifically investigated the intratumoral MC population and glandular VEGF staining intensity with increasing GG; thus, assessing the role of MCs and VEGF in tumor progression towards cancer development. MCs and VEGF staining characteristics in HPIN areas emphasize the efficient role these elements play in the transition of tissues from BPH to HPIN and eventually to PCa.},
}

@article {pmid41608229,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhu, L and Li, J and Yang, L and Li, T and Zhang, P and Li, P and Hong, Y},
title = {Multiple gastrointestinal metastases in de novo invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: A case report and literature review.},
journal = {SAGE open medical case reports},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {2050313X261417159},
pmid = {41608229},
issn = {2050-313X},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) metastases occur in only 0.6% of metastatic breast cancer cases, with invasive lobular carcinoma being the predominant histological subtype. Synchronous GIT metastases at the time of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) diagnosis are exceptionally uncommon. We report a case of de novo IDC presenting with synchronous, multifocal metastases in the stomach and colon. The diagnosis was prompted by significantly elevated tumor markers and confirmed via endoscopic examination and biopsy. This case underscores the rarity of GIT metastases, particularly in IDC, and highlights the critical need for a high index of suspicion in the face of markedly elevated tumor markers, even without gastrointestinal symptoms. While contrast-enhanced computed tomography has limited sensitivity for detecting small GIT lesions, endoscopic biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Accompanying this report is a systematic literature review on breast cancer metastases to the GIT.},
}

@article {pmid41608012,
year = {2025},
author = {Aragão, JA and Amaral, JV and Sant'Anna Aragão, IC and Sant'Anna Aragão, FM and Reis, FP},
title = {Early Diagnosis of Male Breast Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e100241},
pmid = {41608012},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare neoplasm, and this rarity underscores the critical importance of awareness and appropriate screening. This study presents a case of male breast cancer (MBC) in a 64-year-old patient to enhance understanding of this rare and frequently underdiagnosed neoplasm. A 64-year-old man presented with a palpable mass in the left breast. Imaging revealed bilateral gynecomastia and a highly suspicious 4.3-cm Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 5 nodule with nipple retraction. Biopsy confirmed histologic grade III invasive ductal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for hormone receptors (Estrogen Receptor (ER) 90%, Progesterone Receptor (PR) 50%) and was negative for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). Following left mastectomy, the patient experienced postoperative complications, including a contralateral hematoma and a persistent seroma. Oncotype diagnosis (DX) testing indicated a low chemotherapy benefit, leading to adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen. Pathologic tumor stage pT1c and pathologic nodal status pN0, confirmed by sentinel lymph node biopsy, indicated early-stage disease. The complexity of MBC underscores the critical importance of early diagnosis. The prompt detection of the suspicious mass, culminating in effective early-stage treatment, proved crucial to this patient's favorable prognosis, in contrast to the common trend of delayed diagnoses and their less promising outcomes. Accordingly, strengthening public awareness and professional training is essential to optimize management and improve outcomes in men with breast cancer.},
}

@article {pmid41454324,
year = {2025},
author = {Dahms, PA and Hinckley, B and Prekeris, R and Behbod, F and Lyons, TR},
title = {Semaphorin-7A promotes macrophage-mediated mammary epithelial and ductal carcinoma in situ invasion.},
journal = {Breast cancer research : BCR},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {25},
pmid = {41454324},
issn = {1465-542X},
support = {R01GM122768/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01CA211696-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; RSG-16-171-010CSM//American Cancer Society/ ; R01GM122768/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01CA211696-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for 20–30% of all breast cancer diagnoses. Considered stage 0, DCIS is contained in the ducts by the myoepithelium that surround the luminal cells in the mammary gland. DCIS can progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) if the tumor cells break through the myoepithelium and invade the surrounding breast tissue. While 30–50% of DCIS tumors will progress to IDC, a majority will remain in a DCIS-like state. The mechanisms that drive this progression are not completely understood. There is currently no clinically recognized biomarker for predicting risk of DCIS progression. Therefore, all DCIS tumors are treated with standard of care, resulting in overtreatment. We have previously identified independent roles for semaphorin-7A(SEMA7A) and collagen in promoting DCIS progression to IDC.

METHODS: To investigate the relationship between SEMA7A and collagen remodeling in the mammary gland, we utilized patient tissues and mouse models of normal development and DCIS progression as well as a novel SEMA7A-blocking antibody.

RESULTS: We show that SEMA7A increases in patient samples of DCIS compared to matched normal tissues and in IDC compared to matched DCIS and normal tissues. This increase was correlated with the presence of CD68 + macrophages. Using puberty in the mammary gland as a model for normal epithelial invasion facilitated by macrophages, we show SEMA7A knockout mice exhibit delayed ductal elongation as well as decreased macrophages. Additionally, our SEMA7A-blocking antibody in a mouse model of DCIS decreased invasive tumor phenotypes and decreased organized collagen around the tumor. The invasive tumors had increased collagen and macrophage influx in the tumor. Finally, we show that SEMA7A activates an AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway within macrophages to promote expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the matrix remodeling enzyme MMP9 to facilitate invasion.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that SEMA7A regulates normal and transformed epithelial cell invasion through regulation of pro-invasive matrix remodeling via macrophages. Our studies also suggest that SEMA7A expression, macrophage phenotype, and collagen structure may be a predictor of risk for DCIS invasion. Thus, blocking SEMA7A may be a novel therapeutic strategy for high-risk DCIS patients to slow or prevent progression of disease.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-025-02180-w.},
}

@article {pmid41605726,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Hu, S and Munot, S and Konofagou, EE},
title = {3-D Handheld Harmonic Motion Imaging System for Breast Tumor Assessment: A Clinical Feasibility Study.},
journal = {Ultrasound in medicine & biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2026.01.001},
pmid = {41605726},
issn = {1879-291X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Harmonic motion imaging (HMI) is a displacement-based ultrasound elastography that simultaneously induces and tracks oscillatory on-axis motion using focused ultrasound and imaging transducers. Single transducer (ST)-HMI was recently developed to perform harmonic excitation and tracking using 1-D imaging arrays and electronic steering to exclude redundant raster-scanning. However, ST-HMI is limited to 2D imaging. This study develops 3-D-HMI with a handheld system.

METHODS: Harmonic radiation force (200 or 400 Hz) was generated using row or column elements of a row-column array (RCA), with resulting displacements estimated using the same elements for focused transmission and the remaining orthogonal elements in receive, interleaved between excitation pulses.

RESULTS: The proposed method was first validated in phantoms with stiff (Young's moduli: 22, 31, 44 and 56 kPa in 5.3-kPa background) or soft (5.1 kPa in 18.6-kPa background) inclusions (n = 12, diameters: 2.2-13.2 mm) mimicking malignant and benign tumors. The 3-D estimated normalized displacement detected all inclusions, including the smallest at 2 mm, and was found to be inversely proportional to the Young's modulus ratio of inclusions to background. 3-D HMI displacement maps of human breast tumors (n = 5) were reconstructed, including fibroadenoma (FA, n = 1) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC, n = 4), among which two were residual diseases after up to 12 wk of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION: 3-D-HMI was hereby described and found to be feasible, accurate and time-efficient volumetric mapping of relative stiffness. The proposed method increases the clinical potential of HMI to assess the mechanical properties of entire tumor volumes in a typical handheld manner, as in conventional breast sonography.},
}

@article {pmid41605126,
year = {2026},
author = {Watanabe, R and Miura, N and Kikugawa, T and Saika, T and Haffner, MC and Nelson, PS},
title = {Molecular pathology of rare histologic variants and treatment-resistant lineages of prostate cancer.},
journal = {Urologic oncology},
volume = {44},
number = {4},
pages = {110987},
doi = {10.1016/j.urolonc.2025.110987},
pmid = {41605126},
issn = {1873-2496},
abstract = {Rare histological variants of prostate cancer-including ductal adenocarcinoma, intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), neuroendocrine carcinoma, basal cell/adenoid cystic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, and stromal tumors-exhibit highly diverse biological behaviors and distinct molecular features. Accurate pathological recognition is essential, as these entities frequently diverge from conventional acinar adenocarcinoma in morphology, genomic alterations, therapeutic responsiveness, and clinical outcomes. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) and ductal adenocarcinoma often display genomic instability and aggressive clinical behavior, including enrichment for homologous recombination repair (HRR) defects and hypoxia-related pathways. Neuroendocrine subtypes, including de novo and treatment-related NEPC as well as double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC), are characterized by androgen receptor (AR) independence, RB1/TP53 loss, low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production, and poor prognosis, reflecting lineage plasticity under therapeutic pressure. Other rare tumors-such as basal cell carcinoma/adenoid cystic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and stromal tumors (STUMP and prostatic stromal sarcoma)-demonstrate unique pathological patterns and limited responsiveness to standard systemic therapies, underscoring the importance of tailored diagnostic and management strategies. This review integrates the histopathological, molecular, and emerging spatial transcriptomic insights across this spectrum of rare and treatment-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. By highlighting shared mechanisms such as genomic instability, androgen receptor (AR) pathway bypass, and microenvironmental remodeling, we outline key diagnostic considerations and evolving therapeutic implications relevant to precision oncology.},
}

@article {pmid41602403,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, H and Liu, J and Wang, C and Yang, M and Liu, J and Sun, P},
title = {Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201) plus bevacizumab for HER2-low metastatic breast cancer with malignant pleural effusion: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1694553},
pmid = {41602403},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: HER2-low breast cancer has emerged as a distinct molecular subtype with unique biological features and therapeutic significance. Trastuzumab deruxtecan, an antibody-drug conjugate, has shown promising efficacy in both HER2-high and HER2-low disease.

CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 69-year-old woman with a 17-year history of breast cancer, initially diagnosed in 2007 with invasive ductal carcinoma and lymph node metastasis. After multiple lines of systemic therapy, the disease progressed with dynamic reduction of HER2 expression from 3+ to 1+, ultimately confirming HER2-low advanced breast cancer. Recurrent malignant pleural effusion became the predominant manifestation, severely impairing quality of life.

INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES: DS-8201 monotherapy was initiated but failed to control pleural effusion. Sequential combinations of DS-8201 with intrapleural cisplatin and then intrapleural bevacizumab were attempted, with only the latter yielding significant benefit. The regimen was subsequently optimized to intravenous DS-8201 plus bevacizumab, resulting in rapid symptom relief, substantial reduction of pleural effusion, and sustained disease control. At the latest follow-up, the patient achieved 18 months of stable disease with improved quality of life and no severe adverse events.

CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of DS-8201 plus bevacizumab for HER2-low metastatic breast cancer with malignant pleural effusion. This case highlights the potential of this regimen as a promising therapeutic option for patients with limited alternatives.},
}

@article {pmid41599740,
year = {2026},
author = {Besli, N and Ercin, N and Tokocin, M and Boluk, SE and Cakmak, RK and Ozdogan, K and Aktokmakyan, TV and Toprak, M and Ercan, G and Beker, M and Celik, U and Capkinoglu, E and Tutar, Y},
title = {Carvacrol Selectively Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptotic Signaling in Primary Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph19010142},
pmid = {41599740},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {123C141//Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key stromal mediators of breast tumor progression and therapy resistance. Carvacrol, a dietary monoterpenic phenol, exhibits antiproliferative activity in cancer cells, but its effects on primary human breast CAFs remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether carvacrol selectively induces mitochondria-related apoptotic signaling in breast CAFs while sparing normal fibroblasts (NFs). Methods: Primary fibroblast cultures were established from invasive ductal carcinoma tissues (CAFs, n = 9) and nonmalignant breast tissues (NFs, n = 5) and validated by α-SMA and FAP immunofluorescence. Cells were exposed to 400 μM carvacrol. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay and BAX/BCL-XL Western blotting. Changes in signaling pathways were evaluated by analyzing PPARα/NF-κB, sirtuin (SIRT1, SIRT3), autophagy-related markers (LAMP2A, p62), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-3). In silico molecular docking and 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine interactions between carvacrol and caspase-3 and caspase-9. Results: Carvacrol induced a pronounced, time-dependent apoptotic response in CAFs, with TUNEL-based viability declining to approximately 10% of control levels by 12 h and a marked increase in the BAX/BCL-XL ratio. In contrast, NFs exhibited minimal TUNEL positivity and no significant change in BAX/BCL-XL. In CAFs, but not NFs, carvacrol reduced PPARα expression and NF-κB nuclear localization, increased SIRT1 and SIRT3 levels, selectively suppressed MMP-3 while partially normalizing MMP-2, and altered autophagy-related markers (decreased LAMP2A and accumulation of p62), consistent with autophagic stress and possible impairment of autophagic flux. Computational analyses revealed stable carvacrol binding to caspase-3 and caspase-9 with modest stabilization of active-site loops, supporting caspase-dependent, mitochondria-related apoptosis. Conclusions: Carvacrol selectively targets breast cancer-associated fibroblasts by inducing mitochondria-related apoptotic signaling while largely sparing normal fibroblasts. This effect is accompanied by coordinated modulation of PPARα/NF-κB, sirtuin, autophagy, and MMP pathways. These findings support further evaluation of carvacrol as a microenvironment-directed adjunct in breast cancer therapy.},
}

@article {pmid41592189,
year = {2026},
author = {Baboli, KM and Salehiazar, S and Tran, T},
title = {Encapsulated Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast: Two Cases with Literature Review and Molecular Insights.},
journal = {Rhode Island medical journal (2013)},
volume = {109},
number = {2},
pages = {7-10},
pmid = {41592189},
issn = {2327-2228},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/genetics/diagnosis/therapy/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; *Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology/genetics/diagnosis/therapy/surgery ; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; *Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) of the breast is a rare subtype of breast cancer, accounting for 0.5-2% of cases, and typically affects postmenopausal women. Characterized by well-circumscribed lesions lacking peripheral and central myoepithelial cells, EPC is associated with favorable prognosis due to its indolent behavior and high hormone receptor positivity. However, its potential association with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive carcinoma necessitates thorough diagnostic evaluation.

CASE PRESENTATION: This study presents two cases of EPC-one in a 57-year-old and the other in a 39-year-old female-each with focal DCIS and strong estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. Both patients underwent breast-conserving surgery and were managed with hormone therapy.

CONCLUSION: Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the EPC diagnosis, and molecular insights revealed common mutations, particularly in the PIK3CA gene. This report underscores the importance of integrating clinical, histological, and molecular findings to guide diagnosis and management of EPC, which, despite its low invasive potential, shares genetic features with invasive ductal carcinoma.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/genetics/diagnosis/therapy/surgery
Middle Aged
Adult
*Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology/genetics/diagnosis/therapy/surgery
Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
Mastectomy, Segmental
*Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology

@article {pmid41591602,
year = {2026},
author = {Alshuaibi, H and Neduvanchery, S and Fitzpatrick, SG and Bhattacharyya, I and Islam, MN},
title = {Intraductal Salivary Gland Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity: A Retrospective Case Series with Emphasis on Newly Described Entities.},
journal = {Head and neck pathology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {16},
pmid = {41591602},
issn = {1936-0568},
mesh = {Humans ; *Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Intraductal salivary gland tumors represent a distinct and intriguing subset of salivary gland neoplasms, characterized by their origin within the ductal epithelium. These tumors encompass a wide range from benign entities such as intraductal papilloma to the malignant forms such as intraductal carcinoma (IDC). IDC often present as well-circumscribed mass due to their intraductal growth pattern, thereby mimicking benign neoplasms and posing diagnostic challenges. Recent advances have led to the molecular characterization of IDC, which may have been previously unrecognized or misclassified. This study aims to perform a comprehensive retrospective analysis of intraductal oral salivary gland neoplasms with a focus on reviewing newly described entities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following institutional review board approval, archival biopsy records from 2000 to 2024 were reviewed for cases diagnosed as salivary ductal papilloma or IDC. Additional cases previously classified as papillary cystadenoma or adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified, were re-evaluated for features consistent with IDC. Cases suspected of IDC were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for p63, S100, and mammaglobin expression.

RESULTS: Thirty-five benign intraductal neoplasms were identified, which included sialadenoma papilliferum (SP) (n = 18, 31.40%), DP (n = 12, 34.30%), and inverted ductal papilloma (n = 5, 14.30%). The mean age of benign lesions was 66.5, with a slight male predominance. Most benign cases occurred on the buccal mucosa (n = 18, 51.4%). A total of seven IDC cases were identified, comprising three low-grade apocrine, two intercalated-like, one mixed phenotype, and one high-grade apocrine type. The mean age of the IDC cases was 58.6 years with a female predominance (n = 4, 66%), and most frequently occurred on the palate (n = 3, 42%).

CONCLUSION: Intraductal salivary gland neoplasms present diagnostic challenges due to their overlapping clinical and histologic features. Understanding of the characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic profile of IDC is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management.},
}

Humans
*Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
Retrospective Studies
Female
Male
Middle Aged
Aged
Adult
Aged, 80 and over
*Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology

@article {pmid41587557,
year = {2026},
author = {De Coster, I and AbdelGhany, M and Sarakinou, E and Fineschi, C and Marchetti, E and La Gaetana, R and Nigro, S and Carducci, M and Massai, L and Conti, V and Rossi, O and Luna Cilio, G and Serry-Bangura, A and Tessitore, P and Van Damme, P and Withanage, K and Micoli, F and Berlanda Scorza, F and Rondini, S and Nakakana, UN and Kumar Arora, A},
title = {Safety and immunogenicity of a conjugate vaccine candidate against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in healthy adults in Europe: a phase 1 randomised controlled trial.},
journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00730-3},
pmid = {41587557},
issn = {1474-4457},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A remains a major concern. No vaccines are licensed against Salmonella Paratyphi A. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A (Vi-CRM197+O:2-CRM197).

METHODS: In this observer-masked, randomised, controlled, dose-escalation, single-centre, phase 1 trial done during Nov 28, 2022, to April 2, 2024, at the Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination in Belgium, healthy adults (aged 18-50 years) were randomly assigned (2:1 or 2:2:1 across different steps using sealed envelopes following a randomisation schedule generated by an independent statistician) to receive two intramuscular doses (on day 1 and day 169) of one of four Vi-CRM197+O:2-CRM197 formulations (low dose or full dose, with or without aluminium hydroxide) or a control vaccine (Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine and diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine for first and second dose). The primary outcome was vaccine safety (solicited events during 7 days and unsolicited adverse events during 28 days after vaccination, serious adverse events [SAEs], and adverse events or SAEs leading to study withdrawal or withholding of further study intervention administration from day 1 to day 197, and deviations from normal or baseline laboratory test values 7 days after vaccination). Secondary outcomes included long-term vaccine safety (SAEs and adverse events or SAEs leading to study withdrawal from day 197 to day 337), and immunogenicity, including anti-Vi and anti-O:2 IgG antibody geometric mean concentrations and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) by ELISA, and seroresponses (percentages of participants with anti-Vi IgG concentrations ≥4·3 μg/mL and ≥2·0 μg/mL; ≥4-fold anti-O:2 IgG concentration increase from baseline) at day 1 (as applicable), day 29, day 169, day 176, and day 197. Safety analyses were done on the solicited safety set, unsolicited safety set, and the exposed set. The primary immunogenicity analysis was done on the per-protocol set defined by timepoint. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05613205) and gsk-studyregister.com (205480), and is completed.

FINDINGS: 96 participants were randomly assigned, 12 to each low-dose group, 24 to each full-dose group, and 24 to the control group. The incidence of solicited administration-site events (mostly pain) ranged from six (50% [95% CI 21·1-78·9]) of 12 participants in the low-dose without aluminium hydroxide group to 23 (96% [78·9-99·9]) of 24 in the full-dose with aluminium hydroxide group, versus 22 (92% [73·0-99·0]) of 24 in the control group. Solicited systemic events (mostly fatigue, headache, and myalgia) ranged from eight (67% [34·9-90·1]) of 12 in the low-dose groups to 20 (83% [62·6-95·3]) of 24 in the full-dose with aluminium hydroxide group, versus 21 (88% [67·6-97·3]) of 24 in the control group. The incidence of unsolicited adverse events (mostly nasopharyngitis) ranged from seven (58% [27·7-84·8]) of 12 in the low-dose without aluminium hydroxide group to ten (83% [51·6-97·9]) of 12 in the low-dose with aluminium hydroxide group, versus 14 (58% [36·6-77·9]) of 24 in the control group. Most safety laboratory results were within reference ranges. No SAEs occurred. After dose 1 (ie, at day 29), full-dose without aluminium hydroxide and full-dose with aluminium hydroxide induced the highest anti-Vi IgG responses (GMR 53·01 [95% CI 31·94-87·99] and 31·55 [18·74-53·11], respectively) versus control (4·50 [2·93-6·90]). Full-dose without aluminium hydroxide and low-dose without aluminium hydroxide induced the highest anti-O:2 IgG responses after dose 1 (GMR 162·61 [91·17-290·04] and 114·19 [44·83-290·86], respectively), versus control (1·27 [1·02-1·60]). 89-100% and 82-100% of participants (lowest percentages for low-dose with aluminium hydroxide) had anti-Vi IgG ≥4·3 μg/mL at day 29 (in initially seronegative participants) and ≥4-fold anti-O:2 IgG increase from baseline, respectively, versus 13 (54% [95% CI 32·8-74·4]) and one (4% [0·1-21·1]) of 24 participants in the control group, respectively. The second dose did not boost the responses.

INTERPRETATION: Vi-CRM197+O:2-CRM197 formulations did not raise safety concerns and showed immunogenicity with a single dose, supporting further clinical assessment of the full-dose without aluminium hydroxide in target populations (infants and older age groups) in endemic regions.

FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.},
}

@article {pmid41585001,
year = {2026},
author = {Yoneda, H and Shimizu, Y and Bae, Y and Osako, T and Ogiya, A},
title = {A 21-Year-Old Female with Invasive Breast Cancer within a Benign Phyllodes Tumor.},
journal = {Surgical case reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41585001},
issn = {2198-7793},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Although breast cancer occurring within a phyllodes tumor (PT) has been reported, it is extremely rare in young patients. Herein, we describe a case of breast cancer complicated by a PT in a 21-year-old female.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 21-year-old female was referred to our hospital with a rapidly growing breast mass and suspected PT. Mammography revealed a well-defined, high-density mass. Ultrasonography revealed a blood-flow-rich hypoechoic mass with multiple slit structures, and MRI revealed a heterogeneous high signal on T2 weighted image with some diffusion restriction. A core needle biopsy revealed fibroepithelial lesions, and the lack of stromal changes suggested a high possibility of fibroadenoma. Based on the clinical and imaging findings, we considered the possibility of the PT being more than borderline malignant and planned tumor resection with a safety margin. The postoperative pathology revealed a benign PT complicated by invasive ductal carcinoma, with a predominance of intraductal carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS: We report the case of a 21-year-old female with breast cancer occurring within a PT. The presence of cancer was difficult to predict preoperatively based on the patient's young age and imaging findings.},
}

@article {pmid41584599,
year = {2025},
author = {Garcia-Robledo, JE and Cabrera-Salcedo, S and Brandauer, AM and Romano, F and Rengifo-Martinez, J and Toro-Pedroza, A and Victoria, JS and Rios-Serna, LJ and Loukanov, A and Cardona, AF and Genovese, P and Baena, JC},
title = {Engineering the next generation of CAR T- cells: precision modifications, logic gates and universal strategies to overcome exhaustion and tumor resistance.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1698442},
pmid = {41584599},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the treatment landscape of hematologic malignancies, delivering durable remissions in diseases previously associated with poor outcomes. However, translating this success to solid tumors has proven challenging due to antigen heterogeneity, limited tumor infiltration, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and progressive T-cell exhaustion. In response, next-generation CAR T-cell platforms have emerged that integrate advances in receptor architecture, intracellular signaling, and programmable control systems to enhance specificity, persistence, and safety. This review comprehensively examines recent innovations in CAR T-cell engineering, including optimization of extracellular binding domains, hinge and transmembrane modifications, fine-tuning of intracellular signaling motifs, and the incorporation of alternative protein scaffolds. We discuss logic-gated strategies such as synNotch receptors, inducible ON-switch CARs, inhibitory CARs, and modular adaptor systems that enable context-dependent activation and reduce off-tumor toxicity. In parallel, we explore approaches aimed at overcoming T-cell dysfunction through intrinsic checkpoint rewiring, cytokine armoring, and epigenetic reprogramming to sustain antitumor activity in hostile microenvironments. The development of allogeneic and off-the-shelf CAR T-cell products derived from healthy donors, induced pluripotent stem cells, natural killer cells, γδ T cells, and macrophages is also reviewed, highlighting strategies to mitigate graft-versus-host disease and host immune rejection while enabling scalable manufacturing. Finally, we address current translational bottlenecks related to immunogenicity, regulatory complexity, and production logistics, and outline future directions for integrating Boolean logic circuits, safety switches, and automated GMP-compliant processes. Collectively, these advances position next-generation CAR T-cell therapies as programmable and adaptable immunotherapeutic platforms with the potential to extend durable clinical benefit beyond hematologic cancers into solid tumors.},
}

@article {pmid41581331,
year = {2025},
author = {Nori Cucchiari, J and Di Naro, F and Migliaro, G and Baldi Giorgi, SE and Pugliese, F and Amadori, T and Bicchierai, G and De Benedetto, D and Bellini, C and Vidali, S and Vanzi, E and Boeri, C and Lamagna, V and Miele, V and Susini, T},
title = {Cryoablation for Treatment of Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Efficacy and Quality of Life Assessment.},
journal = {Clinical breast cancer},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {70-79},
doi = {10.1016/j.clbc.2025.12.004},
pmid = {41581331},
issn = {1938-0666},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women. There has been growing interest in less invasive techniques for the treatment of breast lesions, with cryoablation emerging as promising option. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of cryoablation for the treatment of breast cancer tumor subtypes 12 months post-treatment.

METHODS: This single-center prospective study included patients with biopsy-proven BC who underwent ultrasound-guided-cryoablation treatment during 2021-2023. Locoregional staging was performed using ultrasound and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). Follow-up included ultrasound at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months with additional CEM and biopsy at 12-months. Rate of complete ablation, tumor size and quality of life (QoL) were assessed. Primary endpoint was absence of residual tumor for BC at 12-month post cryoablation.

RESULTS: Thirthy-six female patients (mean age, 84.5±6.7 years) with 39 biopsy-proven tumors (mean size 15.3±7.5 mm) underwent cryoablation. No device-related unexpected adverse events were reported. The 39 BCs were early-stage luminal A or B, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or IDC + ductal carcinoma in situ. Complete ablation rates for BC ≤ 15 mm and BC >15 mm were 100% and 84.6%, respectively; Cryoablation positively impacted patient QoL as assessed by validated questionnaires.

CONCLUSIONS: With improved QoL, cryoablation emerges as a promising, safe, and effective treatment option for low-risk breast cancer.

DISCLAIMER/PUBLISHER'S NOTE: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.},
}

@article {pmid41579313,
year = {2026},
author = {Scherer, C and Fung, V and Anzellini, D and Osti, MF and Doridot, V and Muracciole, X and Nappa, M and Mesurolle, B and Loganadane, G},
title = {Real world experience of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) during lumpectomy for early-stage breast cancer: retrospective data from a single large institutional observational study.},
journal = {Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41579313},
issn = {1880-4233},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: We report outcomes of patients who received intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) using 50 kV after lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy.

METHODS: Women with age > 45 and post-menopausal status, localized, unifocal, invasive breast carcinoma were included in the study. Patients were diagnosed by needle biopsy, and suitable for wide local excision of invasive ductal carcinoma without nodal involvement on conventional examination (cT1 and small cT2 ≤ 3.5 cm, cN0, M0). Overall, 489 patients who received adjuvant IORT after breast-conserving surgery were identified between March 2016 to June 2023. The median age was 68 years (range 49-93). The median tumor size was 8 mm (0-40 mm). Adjuvant whole breast adiation therapy (WBRT), chemotherapy and endocrine were additionally offered in 36 patients (7.4%), 12 (2.4%) and 384 patients (78.5%) respectively.

RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 0-100), the 3-year LR was 1.4% (95% CI 0.6-3.1%). The 3-year LRFS, LRRFS, and PFS were each 97.1% (95% CI 94.6-98.5%), while the 3-year MRFS and OS were both 98.3% (95% CI 96.1-99.2%). The 3-year outcomes did not differ significantly between the IORT and IORT + WBRT cohorts. Patients who did not receive ET (n = 104) experienced a significantly higher rate of local recurrence compared with those who received ET (n = 384) (3-year LR 4.0% vs. 0.7%; p = 0.01). LRFS and LRRFS showed borderline significance (5-year LRFS 96.9% vs. 100%; p = 0.05). MRFS, PFS, and OS did not differ significantly between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary 3-year results show that IORT with 50 kV achieves excellent local control in selected early-stage breast cancer patients. Endocrine therapy reduced local recurrence, while WBRT added no significant benefit, underscoring the need for longer follow-up.},
}

@article {pmid41574911,
year = {2026},
author = {Wei, X and Xin, K and Zheng, Z and Cui, X and Nie, L},
title = {Apocrine Intraductal Carcinoma With A Frankly Invasive Salivary Duct Carcinoma Component: A Case Report Showing Novel Genetic Alterations.},
journal = {International journal of surgical pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {10668969251407309},
doi = {10.1177/10668969251407309},
pmid = {41574911},
issn = {1940-2465},
abstract = {Intraductal carcinoma (IDC) and salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) are both rare tumors of the salivary glands that most frequently occur in the parotid glands. We present an example of apocrine IDC with a frankly invasive SDC component in the parotid gland. The clinicopathologic and molecular features were analyzed in this study. A 76-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital with a parotid mass. The biopsy result showed SDC, and radical resection surgery was performed. The tumor was characterized by an intraductal proliferation forming solid and cribriform structures with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, accompanied by comedo necrosis and apocrine secretion, some of which showed infiltrative growth without myoepithelial cells surrounding. Identifiable intravascular tumor thrombi and extensive lymph node (12 of 30) metastases were observed. The tumor cells were positive for androgen receptor and HER2, while negative for S100 and SOX10. The final diagnosis was apocrine IDC with an invasive SDC component. Next-generation sequencing revealed MET gene fusions and other gene mutations in the tumor cells. The rare MET gene fusions have not been reported in either IDC or SDC, which may enhance our understanding of the genetic alterations in a subset of SDCs that derive from IDC.},
}

@article {pmid41561668,
year = {2026},
author = {Claus, J and Pearce, J and Bojko, A and Manrai, P and Quddus, MR and Marketkar, S},
title = {Invasive Acantholytic Extramammary Paget's Disease of the Vulva With Mammary Carcinoma-Like Differentiation and MMR Loss: Report of an Unusual Case and Its Clinical Mimics.},
journal = {Gynecologic oncology reports},
volume = {63},
number = {},
pages = {102007},
pmid = {41561668},
issn = {2352-5789},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Paget's disease (EMPD) of the vulva primarily affects postmenopausal women and can present significant challenges in early clinical detection.Case Presentation: We report an exceedingly rare case of invasive acantholytic extramammary Paget's disease in a 78-year-old female patient. After biopsy-proven carcinoma, a radical hemivulvectomy of the left vulva was performed, which revealed an invasive adenocarcinoma, most consistent with primary extramammary Paget's carcinoma. Histologic examination demonstrated a unique morphology, featuring an in-situ component with suprabasal intraepidermal acantholysis and an invasive component with various morphologies, including basaloid, skin adnexal-like, focal squamoid, and mammary-like differentiation, resembling ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with comedonecrosis and invasive ductal carcinoma. This varied morphology has not been described before. Interestingly, the tumor shows loss of MMR protein (MSH2, MSH6).

CONCLUSION: In the literature, acantholytic Paget's disease and acantholytic anaplastic Paget's disease have been used interchangeably. While anaplastic Paget's disease has been reported in the mammary and extramammary sites (scrotum, esophagus), involvement of the vulva has been reported only once in the literature. However, the current case is the first documented loss of MMR. Both cases presented with invasive disease ranging in depth from 3-5 mm, and positive lymph nodes emphasizing on the urgent need to further explore prognostic factors of this rare entity and to differentiate it from other acantholytic lesions, such as squamous cell carcinoma in situ and other acantholytic dermatoses.},
}

@article {pmid41549218,
year = {2026},
author = {Gallagher, K and Feldman, S and Barone, J and Mammen, J and Barone, R and Ochoa, D and McGinness, M and Frazer, T and Viscusi, R and Lang, JE and Lee, J and Adkins, LL and Johnson, S and Henry-Tillman, R and Korourian, S and Klimberg, VS},
title = {Prospective Phase II Multicenter Trial of Ablation after Breast Lumpectomy Added To Extend (ABLATE) Intraoperative Margins for the Sole Local Treatment of Breast Cancer.},
journal = {Annals of surgical oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41549218},
issn = {1534-4681},
support = {CTSA Grant Award #UL1TR000039//University of Arkansas for Translational Research Institute/Arkansas Breast Cancer Research Program/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Excision followed by radiofrequency ablation (eRFA) is an intraoperative method that utilizes intracavitary hyperthermia to create an additional tumor-free zone around the lumpectomy cavity in patients with breast cancer, similar to partial breast irradiation. We hypothesized that intraoperative eRFA extends the "final" tumor-free margin, decreases local recurrence, and maintains cosmesis without the need for radiation (XRT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with unifocal ER+PR+HER2- or DCIS tumors less than or equal to 3 cm with clinically negative nodes were included. After standard lumpectomy, the RFA probe was deployed 1 cm circumferentially into the walls of the lumpectomy cavity. RFA was performed at 100°C for 15 min, followed by validated intraoperative Doppler sonography. Pain and cosmesis were assessed with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scales.

RESULTS: A total of 242 subjects were accrued to the study, with a median follow-up of 44 months (range 12-96 months); 60% were invasive ductal cancer (IDC), and 33% were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The average size was 1.1 ± 0.6 cm (0.2-3 cm). Reexcision for positive margins was < 5%. In-breast recurrence rate was 2.9%. Breast pain at 6 months was 19% with RFA combined with XRT versus 1.7% with RFA alone (p < 0.05). Cosmesis was good or excellent in 89% of subjects.

CONCLUSIONS: A majority of the subjects avoided whole breast XRT and mastectomy. Results indicate that eRFA, in lieu of XRT, is safe and effective, resulting in ~fivefold lower pain. By completing therapy in the operating room, eRFA can potentially enhance patient access and compliance, alleviate financial stress, and deliver superior cosmetic and quality-of-life outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41546339,
year = {2025},
author = {Nishimura, A and Yatsuyanagi, M},
title = {[pT1c Breast Cancer Presenting with Skin Rupture without Skin Invasion-A Case Report].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1332-1334},
pmid = {41546339},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/complications ; Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/complications/pathology/therapy ; *Skin/pathology ; Rupture, Spontaneous/etiology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; },
abstract = {We report a case of breast bleeding caused by breast cancer without skin invasion. A woman in her 70s was aware of a mass in her right breast but left it untreated. About 6 months after noticing the mass, she visited our hospital due to bleeding from the right breast. Although needle biopsy did not reveal a diagnosis of breast cancer, we diagnosed her as having breast cancer based on clinical findings and recommended her to have surgery. Her consent was not obtained. Approximately 1 year later, she experienced bleeding from her right breast and visited our hospital. A tumor was identified, a biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of breast cancer was made. A right lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy was carried out. Pathological diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma. No skin invasion was observed. The final diagnosis was pT1c, pN0 (sn), M0, pStageⅠ. After surgery, the patient was treated with tamoxifen and radiation therapy, and is currently free of recurrence.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/complications
Aged
Neoplasm Invasiveness
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/complications/pathology/therapy
*Skin/pathology
Rupture, Spontaneous/etiology
Neoplasm Staging
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Mastectomy, Segmental

@article {pmid41546327,
year = {2025},
author = {Yoshioka, S and Hashizume, S and Sakai, S and Sawamura, N and Yasumoto, T and Ueda, R and Hayashi, S and Hara, A and Taniguchi, Y and Takeyama, H and Tanaka, N and Urano, N and Nishikawa, K and Okamura, S and Yokouchi, H},
title = {[Experience of Performing Liver Biopsy in Combination with TAE for Recurrence of HR-Positive HER2-Negative Breast Cancer with Rapid Appearance of Organ Metastases].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1297-1299},
pmid = {41546327},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Middle Aged ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/chemistry/drug therapy/surgery ; *Liver Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases/analysis ; Biopsy ; Recurrence ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; *Liver/pathology ; },
abstract = {The patient was a 54-year-old woman diagnosed with right breast cancer at the age of 49 with cT4bN1M0, cStage ⅢB, and underwent radical surgery after preoperative chemotherapy. The histopathologic diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma, histological treatment effect Grade 1a, HR positive HER2 negative, chest wall irradiation and hormone therapy as postoperative treatment. At 5 years after surgery, there were no signs of recurrence on the imaging, but at a routine checkup 4 months later, left back pain and hip joint pain were observed, and bone metastases were diagnosed by MRI. PET- CT revealed multiple liver, lung, bone and lymph node metastases, and the course of recurrence was rapid in a short period of time. To re-evaluate the subtype, a liver biopsy was performed in combination with TAE to prevent bleeding for liver tumors with abundant blood flow. As a result, PgR turned negative, but there was no change in subtype. After irradiation to the pain area, paclitaxel and bevacizumab therapy was administered, and a marked reduction of pulmonary and liver metastases, and the disappearance of pain were observed. Local hepatic therapy with TAE followed by chemotherapy was thought to have helped the patient overcome the rapid tumor growth.},
}

Humans
Middle Aged
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/chemistry/drug therapy/surgery
*Liver Neoplasms/secondary/therapy
Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases/analysis
Biopsy
Recurrence
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
*Liver/pathology

@article {pmid41546306,
year = {2025},
author = {Sakurai, K and Suzuki, S and Adachi, K and Hirano, T and Kubota, H and Nagae, J and Sakamoto, A and Fujisaki, S and Ono, T and Tsuji, T},
title = {[Pleomorphic Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Developed after Surgery for Simultaneous Ipsilateral Multiple Cancers].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1234-1236},
pmid = {41546306},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery/pathology ; *Breast Neoplasms/surgery/pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Mastectomy ; *Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/surgery/pathology ; },
abstract = {We report a case of pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma that developed after surgery for multiple ipsilateral cancers. The patient was a 54-year-old woman who visited our hospital after a tumor-like lesion was noted in her right breast. A needle biopsy revealed that the patient had invasive ductal carcinoma. No obvious distant metastasis was found;therefore, circular mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection were performed. Histopathological examination revealed the following tumors;Tumor 1:Invasive ductal carcinoma(solid type), tumor diameter 33 mm, ER negative, PgR negative, HER2 negative, Ki-67 20.4%;and Tumor 2:Invasive lobular carcinoma, tumor diameter 6 mm, ER negative, PgR negative, HER2 negative, Ki-67 30.2%. The resection margin was negative, and lymph node metastasis was diagnosed as 3/12. Postoperative chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy were performed. One year and 6 months after surgery, a hard lump was found in the remaining breast, and a needle biopsy confirmed it as pleomorphic lobular carcinoma. A pectoral muscle- sparing mastectomy was performed. Pathological examination of the excised specimen revealed new breast cancer:a pleomorphic lobular carcinoma, with tumor diameter 22 mm, and multiple daughter nodules. The resection margins were negative. The results were ER negative, PgR positive, HER2 negative, and Ki-67 25%. As the prognosis and treatment of invasive lobular carcinoma was unclear, caution was required.},
}

Humans
Female
Middle Aged
*Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery/pathology
*Breast Neoplasms/surgery/pathology
Neoplasm Invasiveness
Mastectomy
*Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/surgery/pathology

@article {pmid41546284,
year = {2025},
author = {Oshima, K and Hasegawa, M and Ogino, Y and Yamaura, M and Anno, K and Yanagisawa, K and Shinke, G and Katsuyama, S and Kinoshita, M and Hiraki, M and Iwagami, Y and Sugimura, K and Yasui, M and Takeda, Y and Murata, K},
title = {[A Case of Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence in Which a Sentinel Lymph Node Was Identified in the Contralateral Axilla].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1168-1170},
pmid = {41546284},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/surgery ; Axilla/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; *Sentinel Lymph Node/pathology/surgery ; Aged, 80 and over ; Recurrence ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; },
abstract = {The patient was a female in her 80s. She had undergone Bp+SN for left breast cancer 18 years ago. This time, she was referred to our department because of suspicion of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. Breast ultrasound revealed a 15 mm mass in the CA area of left breast, and biopsy revealed IDC, ER+, PgR+, HER2-. The diagnosis was cT1cN0M0, Stage Ⅰ, and the treatment plan was Bt+SN. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy revealed a single accumulation in the contralateral axillary lymph node. Surgery was performed using the dye method, and the ipsilateral axilla was searched, but no sentinel lymph node was found. However, 1 sentinel lymph node in the contralateral axilla that only had RI uptake was found. Rapid diagnosis was negative for metastasis, so axillary dissection was omitted. Contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis is classified as distant lymph node metastasis according to the breast cancer treatment guidelines. However, contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis observed at the same time as ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence may be treated as regional lymph node metastasis if it is considered to be the result of changes in lymphatic flow caused by the initial surgery.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/surgery
Axilla/pathology
Lymphatic Metastasis
*Sentinel Lymph Node/pathology/surgery
Aged, 80 and over
Recurrence
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

@article {pmid41546264,
year = {2025},
author = {Kasagawa, T and Fujimori, T and Ishii, N and Ozaki, D and Yonemori, Y and Yasuda, S},
title = {[Three Cases of Esophageal Metastasis from Breast Cancer with Different Clinical Courses Based on Treatment Strategies].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1110-1112},
pmid = {41546264},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Esophageal Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Fatal Outcome ; },
abstract = {Esophageal metastasis from breast cancer is rare and seldom diagnosed before death, with no established standard treatment. We report 3 cases managed at our institution. Case 1:A 78-year-old woman previously underwent surgery for invasive ductal carcinoma(ER+, PgR+, HER2-)at the age of 65. Eight years postoperatively, the first recurrence occurred, followed by progressive dysphagia 5 years later, leading to the diagnosis of esophageal metastasis. Case 2:A 63-year-old woman had surgery at age 48 for invasive ductal carcinoma(ER+, PgR+, HER2-). Fourteen years postoperatively, she experienced a recurrence, and 1 month later, rapidly progressive dysphagia developed, resulting in the diagnosis of esophageal metastasis. Case 3:An 81-year-old woman was diagnosed with stage Ⅳ(bone)invasive ductal carcinoma(ER+, PgR+, HER2-)at age 73. After 8 years of systemic treatment, esophageal metastasis was diagnosed. In Cases 1 and 3, radiation therapy was selected, leading to symptomatic improvement and maintenance of oral intake until death. In contrast, Case 2, complicated by interstitial pneumonia, was treated with chemotherapy, but symptoms did not improve, and the patient remained unable to take food orally until death.},
}

Humans
Female
*Esophageal Neoplasms/secondary/therapy
Aged, 80 and over
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy
Aged
Middle Aged
Fatal Outcome

@article {pmid41546245,
year = {2025},
author = {Sakurai, K and Suzuki, S and Adachi, K and Hirano, T and Kubota, H and Nagae, J and Sakamoto, A and Fujisaki, S and Ono, T and Tsuji, T},
title = {[A Case of T4b Breast Cancer That Developed 17 Years after Radiofrequency Ablation].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1055-1057},
pmid = {41546245},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/surgery ; *Radiofrequency Ablation ; Time Factors ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use ; Mastectomy ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery/therapy ; Neoplasm Staging ; },
abstract = {We report a case of T4b breast cancer that developed 17 years after radiofrequency ablation(RFA). The patient was a 64- year-old woman. She had been diagnosed with left breast cancer 17 years ago and had undergone RFA. After radiation therapy, she had been administered AI drugs for 5 years. She was diagnosed with a mass in her left breast and visited our department. At the time of admission, a mass measuring 7 cm in diameter was palpable in her left breast. A needle biopsy revealed the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma. A systemic examination revealed no obvious distant metastasis. A pectoral muscle-sparing mastectomy+partial pectoralis major muscle resection+axillary lymph node dissection+reconstruction using a rhomboid flap was performed. Histopathological findings of the resected specimen showed invasive ductal carcinoma, tumor diameter 53 mm, negative resection margin, and no lymph node metastasis. ER positive, PgR positive, HER2 positive, Ki-67 30%, and the diagnosis was T4bN0M0, Stage ⅢB. After postoperative chemotherapy, radiation therapy was performed. After that, trastuzumab+pertuzumab was administered 17 times. Currently, the patient is being followed up with fulvestrant. Two years after surgery, there has been no obvious metastasis or recurrence.},
}

Humans
Female
Middle Aged
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/therapy/surgery
*Radiofrequency Ablation
Time Factors
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
Mastectomy
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery/therapy
Neoplasm Staging

@article {pmid41546236,
year = {2025},
author = {Adachi, K and Nagae, J and Kubota, H and Suzuki, S and Hirano, T and Ishibashi, N and Sakurai, K},
title = {[Bone Only Metastasis Breast Cancer with Effective Disease Control by Primary Tumor Resection-A Case Report].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1029-1031},
pmid = {41546236},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/surgery/drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; *Bone Neoplasms/secondary/surgery/drug therapy ; Mastectomy ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery/drug therapy/secondary ; },
abstract = {We report a case of metastatic breast cancer in the bones effectively treated with locoregional surgery. The patient was a 52-year-old woman who presented with an increasing right breast lump. A mass accompanied by skin redness 5 cm in diameter was palpable in the AC area of the right breast. Ultrasonography revealed multiple other masses in the bilateral breasts that were suspected to be malignant. Core needle biopsy led to the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma in both breasts. Tumor marker 1-CTP was elevated, and bone scintigraphy showed multiple abnormal accumulations in the thoracic and lumbar spine, indicating multiple bone metastases. Bilateral mastectomy was first performed for local control. Histopathological diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma(scirrhous type)in both breasts, with multiple lesions, hormone receptor positive, and HER2 negative. After surgery, chemotherapy followed by endocrine therapy was administered, and tumor markers decreased, and bone metastases remained stable disease(SD). Two years and 2 months after surgery, no local recurrence or appearance of new lesions have been observed.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/surgery/drug therapy
Middle Aged
*Bone Neoplasms/secondary/surgery/drug therapy
Mastectomy
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery/drug therapy/secondary

@article {pmid41546229,
year = {2025},
author = {Sugimoto, Y and Terada, I and Nakamura, S and Aoki, T and Okamoto, J and Yamazaki, H and Zaimoku, R and Tsukioka, Y},
title = {[A Case of Sarcoid-Like Reaction That Was Difficult to Distinguish from Breast Cancer Relapse].},
journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy},
volume = {52},
number = {13},
pages = {1008-1010},
pmid = {41546229},
issn = {0385-0684},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/drug therapy/diagnosis ; Recurrence ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diagnosis, Differential ; *Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy/secondary ; *Sarcoidosis/diagnosis ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ; },
abstract = {An elderly woman in her 80s with a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis and chronic hepatitis B was diagnosed with Stage Ⅳ, ER-negative, HER2-positive invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast, with mediastinal lymph node metastases. She received chemotherapy combined with anti-HER2 therapy and achieved a complete remission after 12 months. Three years and 7 months later, FDG-PET/CT revealed enlargement of the left axillary lymph nodes, and they were suggested as recurrences. Radiotherapy was administered, resulting in temporary reduction in lymph node size. However, 10 months later, the lymph nodes re-enlarged and were subsequently surgically resected. Histopathological examination revealed that they were non-caseating granulomas without any evidence of malignancy, consistent with a diagnosis of sarcoid-like reaction. The patient has been followed up postoperatively without recurrence for 12 months.},
}

Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/drug therapy/diagnosis
Recurrence
Aged, 80 and over
Diagnosis, Differential
*Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy/secondary
*Sarcoidosis/diagnosis
Lymphatic Metastasis
Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography

@article {pmid41542527,
year = {2026},
author = {Rima, XY and Majumder, S and Hu, C and Patel, DS and Li, H and Huang, X and Nguyen, KT and Doon-Ralls, J and Nagaraj, CK and Hade, MD and Magaña, SM and Shankar, E and Zhang, X and Stover, DG and Ramaswamy, B and Reátegui, E},
title = {Multidimensional Cellular Micro-Compartments to Model Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Dormancy.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.01.09.698501},
pmid = {41542527},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for 10-15% of breast cancers. Despite favorable responses to anti-estrogen therapy, the dissemination of cancer cells and resistance to therapies are significant risks for patients with ILC. Late recurrences are prevalent in ILC, suggesting that disseminated tumor cell dormancy may be a mechanism preceding their late overt growth into metastatic lesions. Herein, we investigated the relationship between anti-estrogen resistance and dormancy through multidimensional in vitro models. The bioengineered platforms recapitulated the morphological characteristics of ILC and highlighted its distinction from invasive ductal carcinoma. Inducing a dormant phenotype revealed epigenetic changes and enhanced chemical and mechanical sensing of anti-estrogen-resistant ILC cells to the substrate surface, with p27Kip1 signaling playing a central role. We propose this platform as a high-throughput method to investigate the propensity of dormancy and its manifestation via a simplified and expedited approach.},
}

@article {pmid41540462,
year = {2026},
author = {Thabet, DM and Abu Bakr, ASWK},
title = {Immunohistochemical expression of CANT1 and B3GNT3 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: diagnostic and prognostic significance in lymph node metastasis.},
journal = {Diagnostic pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13000-025-01745-9},
pmid = {41540462},
issn = {1746-1596},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a leading global health concern, with lymph node metastasis (LNM) being a key prognostic factor affecting patient outcomes. Glycosylation-related enzymes such as calcium-activated nucleotidase 1 (CANT1) and Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (B3GNT3) have been implicated in tumour progression, yet their roles in breast cancer, particularly invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), are not well defined. This study investigates the immunohistochemical expression and correlation of CANT1 and B3GNT3 in IDC and their potential role in predicting LNM and clinical outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Slides from paraffin blocks of 140 IDC cases and 108 corresponding metastatic axillary lymph nodes were stained with CANT1 and B3GNT3 antibodies. Associations between markers' immunoreactivity and clinicopathological variables were evaluated. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic significance of each variable was evaluated using both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.

RESULTS: High CANT1 and B3GNT3 expression was observed in 47.1% and 45.7% of cases, respectively. Both markers were significantly associated with tumour grade, tumour stage, Nottingham prognostic index, lymph node status, lymph node ratio, Her2 status, Ki-67 proliferative index and distant metastasis. A significant positive correlation was found between CANT1 and B3GNT3 expression (p < 0.001). Co-expression of both markers was strongly associated with LNM, along with a significant difference in the expression levels of each marker between primary tumours and corresponding LNM. Univariate analysis showed that tumour grade, stage, ER status and high B3GNT3 expression were all significantly associated with worse PFS. Multivariate Cox regression identified B3GNT3 expression, tumour grade and tumour stage as independent predictors of poor prognosis in IDC. High expression levels of CANT1 and B3GNT3 were associated with reduced PFS across all IDC cases (p = 0.035 and p = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS: High CANT1 and B3GNT3 expressions are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features in IDC and predict unfavourable outcomes. These markers may serve as potential prognostic indicators and independent predictors of LNM in IDC patients.},
}

@article {pmid41540255,
year = {2026},
author = {Morigny, P and Vondrackova, M and Ji, H and Brejchova, K and Krakovkova, M and Makris, K and Trubacova, R and Samanci, TF and Kaltenecker, D and Ng, SP and Karthikaisamy, V and Chrysostomou, SE and Bidovec, A and Ponce-de-Leon, M and Krauss, T and Seeliger, C and Prokopchuk, O and Martignoni, ME and Claussnitzer, M and Hauner, H and Schweiger, M and Bindels, LB and Berriel Diaz, M and Herzig, S and Lutter, D and Kuda, O and Rohm, M},
title = {Multi-omics profiling of cachexia-targeted tissues reveals a spatio-temporally coordinated response to cancer.},
journal = {Nature metabolism},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41540255},
issn = {2522-5812},
support = {949017//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; },
abstract = {Cachexia is a wasting disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Tumour-host interaction and maladaptive metabolic reprogramming are substantial, yet poorly understood, contributors to cachexia. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the spatio-temporal metabolic reprogramming during cachexia, using integrated metabolomics, RNA sequencing and [13]C-glucose tracing data from multiple tissues and tumours of C26 tumour-bearing male mice at different disease stages. We identified one-carbon metabolism as a tissue-overarching pathway characteristic for metabolic wasting in mice and patients and linked to inflammation, glucose hypermetabolism and atrophy in muscle. The same metabolic rewiring also occurred in five additional mouse models, namely Panc02, 8025, Apc[Min], LLC and KPP, and a humanised cachexia mouse model. Together, our study provides a molecular framework for understanding metabolic reprogramming and the multi-tissue metabolite-coordinated response during cancer cachexia progression, with one-carbon metabolism as a tissue-overarching mechanism linked to wasting.},
}

@article {pmid41539423,
year = {2026},
author = {Cingir Koker, S and Mhamane, A and Geppert, J and Shakir, G and Guillamat-Prats, R and Chen, B and Katra, P and Geiger, M and Tsokanos, FF and Wolff, G and Szendrödi, J and Rohm, M and Daniel, C and Maegdefessel, L and Steffens, S and Herzig, S},
title = {Nuclear receptor co-factor TBL1X/TBL1XR1 T cell activity protects against atherosclerosis.},
journal = {Molecular metabolism},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102318},
doi = {10.1016/j.molmet.2026.102318},
pmid = {41539423},
issn = {2212-8778},
abstract = {Atherosclerosis is a long-term complication of obesity and diabetes and as such a key driver of vascular dysfunction and eventually mortality in affected patients. Both aberrant lipid metabolism and inflammatory reactions promote atherosclerotic plaque development in the vessel wall by triggering a cascade of cellular events involving multiple cell types, including smooth muscle cells, monocytic macrophages, and lymphocytes. Despite its eminent impact on human health, molecular drivers of cellular dysfunction in atherosclerosis remain poorly defined and therapeutic options are scarce. Here we show by single-cell RNA sequencing that the expression of the nuclear receptor co-factors, TBL1X and TBL1XR1, was particularly prominent in the CD4[+] T cell population of human carotid artery plaques. Indeed, genetic double deletion of TBL1X/TBL1XR1 in CD4[+] T cells led to a substantial shift from naïve CD44[low]CD62L[hi] cells to CD44[hi]CD62L[low] effector and Foxp3[+] Tregs. CD4[+] TBL1X/TBL1XR1 KO cells exhibited enhanced cytokine production capacity upon ionomycin/PMA stimulation, correlating with the induction of pro-inflammatory and cytokine-producing transcriptional pathways in these cells. Consistently, transplantation of bone marrow from CD4[+]-specific TBL1X/TBL1XR1 knock out mice into LDLR KO recipients doubled the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch compared with wild-type bone marrow transplanted littermates. As TBL1X/TBL1XR1 expression levels were diminished in carotid arteries from patients with advanced unstable plaques compared to stable plaques or healthy controls, these data suggest that aberrant inhibition of TBL1X/TBL1XR1 in CD4[+] T cells may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in humans. Restoration of TBL1X/TBL1XR1 functionality may thus serve as a novel, druggable strategy for preventing or limiting atherosclerosis progression.},
}

@article {pmid41538117,
year = {2026},
author = {Holmes, DR and Manoian, S and Rahman, RL and Ward, RC and Carp, NZ and Plaza, M and Kozlowski, K and Abe, S and Bailey, L and Kruper, L and Jones, V and Patterson, S and Tamayo, J and Littrup, P},
title = {Cryoablation: A Minimally Invasive Alternative for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: 6-Year Outcomes of the FROST Clinical Trial.},
journal = {Annals of surgical oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41538117},
issn = {1534-4681},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cryoablation is emerging as a minimally invasive alternative to lumpectomy for select women with early-stage breast cancer. The FROST trial (NCT01992250) was a prospective, phase 2 multicenter study evaluating the outcome of cryoablation in the management of stage I, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-negative invasive ductal carcinoma.

METHODS: Women 50 years old or older with unifocal, ultrasound-visible tumors were stratified by age: stratum 1 (age ≥70 years, endocrine therapy only) and stratum 2 (age 50-69 years, endocrine therapy + radiotherapy + optional sentinel node biopsy). Cryoablation was performed using a single cryoprobe under ultrasound guidance. Core biopsy 6 months after ablation was performed to confirm complete ablation. Patients were followed with clinical exams and imaging.

RESULTS: The study included 83 completed cryoablations and follow-up evaluations. The median tumor size was 9 mm. More than 85% of the subjects in each group received endocrine therapy (stratum 1 [89%, 43/48], stratum 2 [85.7%, 30/35]) and 74.3% (26/35) of the subjects in stratum 2 received recommended whole-breast radiation. Of the 83 patients, 82 received a post-ablation core biopsy 6 months after cryoablation showing no residual cancer, and 1 patient declined a core biopsy. During a median follow-up period of 6.1 years, the 5-year ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence rate (IBTR) was 3.64% overall (stratum 1, 2.08%; stratum 2, 5.80%). The invasive IBTR-free survival rate was 97.59% overall (stratum 1, 97.92%; stratum 2, 97.14%). No serious adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSIONS: The FROST trial adds to the growing body of literature supporting the efficacy and safety of cryoablation and supports ongoing research on cryoablation as a strategy for de-escalating breast cancer therapy.},
}

@article {pmid41536970,
year = {2025},
author = {Kitagawa, Y and Miki, H and Yamamoto, T and Sakai, Y and Watanabe, J and Fukunaga, Y},
title = {Atypical Intestinal Metastases from Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast: Two Surgical Cases Mimicking Primary Gastrointestinal Tumors.},
journal = {Surgical case reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41536970},
issn = {2198-7793},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal metastasis arising from invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast is a rare but clinically significant manifestation. Unlike invasive ductal carcinoma, ILC has a higher propensity to metastasize into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, often presenting with non-specific symptoms and mimicking primary GI tumors. Its accurate diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and immunohistochemical (IHC) confirmation. Herein, we report 2 cases of intestinal metastases from ILC presenting with bowel stenosis.

CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1 involved a 45-year-old woman with no known primary malignancy, who presented with duodenal and small bowel strictures. CT revealed narrowing of the small intestine, along with multiple sclerotic bone lesions. Surgical resection was performed, following which histopathological examination revealed ILC with a characteristic IHC profile (CK7[+], CK20[-], GATA3[+], CDX2[-], E-cadherin[-]). Retrospective breast imaging and biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of primary ILC. Case 2 involved a 57-year-old woman with a known history of luminal-type ILC. At 56 months postoperatively, bone metastasis was detected and PET-CT revealed uptake in the sigmoid colon. Furthermore, colonoscopy demonstrated stricture with no visible mucosal lesions. Surgical resection was subsequently performed, following which IHC confirmed metastatic ILC with a receptor status (ER[+], PgR[+], HER2[-]) matching that of the primary tumor.

CONCLUSIONS: These cases demonstrate the diagnostic challenges posed by GI metastases arising from ILC, particularly due to submucosal infiltration and lack of endoscopic findings. IHC plays a critical role in differentiating these lesions from primary GI tumors. Although surgical resection may not prolong survival, it is valuable for symptomatic relief and for establishing a definitive diagnosis. Surgeons should be aware of the risk of ILC metastasizing into the GI tract. In patients presenting with atypical intestinal stenosis-particularly those with a history of ILC-metastasis should be considered. In such cases, IHC-guided diagnosis is essential.},
}