@article {pmid39853129,
year = {2025},
author = {Espinoza Miranda, SS and Abbaszade, G and Hess, WR and Drescher, K and Saliba, A-E and Zaburdaev, V and Chai, L and Dreisewerd, K and Grünberger, A and Westendorf, C and Müller, S and Mascher, T},
title = {Resolving spatiotemporal dynamics in bacterial multicellular populations: approaches and challenges.},
journal = {Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0013824},
doi = {10.1128/mmbr.00138-24},
pmid = {39853129},
issn = {1098-5557},
abstract = {SUMMARYThe development of multicellularity represents a key evolutionary transition that is crucial for the emergence of complex life forms. Although multicellularity has traditionally been studied in eukaryotes, it originates in prokaryotes. Coordinated aggregation of individual cells within the confines of a colony results in emerging, higher-level functions that benefit the population as a whole. During colony differentiation, an almost infinite number of ecological and physiological population-forming forces are at work, creating complex, intricate colony structures with divergent functions. Understanding the assembly and dynamics of such populations requires resolving individual cells or cell groups within such macroscopic structures. Addressing how each cell contributes to the collective action requires pushing the resolution boundaries of key technologies that will be presented in this review. In particular, single-cell techniques provide powerful tools for studying bacterial multicellularity with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. These advancements include novel microscopic techniques, mass spectrometry imaging, flow cytometry, spatial transcriptomics, single-bacteria RNA sequencing, and the integration of spatiotemporal transcriptomics with microscopy, alongside advanced microfluidic cultivation systems. This review encourages exploring the synergistic potential of the new technologies in the study of bacterial multicellularity, with a particular focus on individuals in differentiated bacterial biofilms (colonies). It highlights how resolving population structures at the single-cell level and understanding their respective functions can elucidate the overarching functions of bacterial multicellular populations.},
}

@article {pmid39849824,
year = {2025},
author = {Ndinyanka, TF and Buczak, K and Schmidt, A and Pieters, J},
title = {T cell population size control by coronin 1 uncovered: from a spot identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to quantitative proteomics.},
journal = {Expert review of proteomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14789450.2025.2450812},
pmid = {39849824},
issn = {1744-8387},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Recent work identified members of the evolutionarily conserved coronin protein family as key regulators of cell population size. This work originated ~25 years ago through the identification, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, of coronin 1 as a host protein involved in the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We here describe the journey from a spot on a 2D gel to the recent realization that coronin proteins represent key controllers of eukaryotic cell population sizes, using ever more sophisticated proteomic techniques.

AREAS COVERED: We discuss the value of 'old school' proteomics using relatively simple and cost-effective technologies that allowed to gain insights into subcellular proteomes and describe how label-free quantitative (phospho)proteomics using mass spectrometry allowed to disentangle the role for coronin 1 in eukaryotic cell population size control. Finally, we mention potential implications of coronin-mediated cell population size control for health and disease.

EXPERT OPINION: Proteome analysis has been revolutionized by the advent of modern-day mass spectrometers and is indispensable for a better understanding of biology. Here, we discuss how careful dissection of physio-pathological processes by a combination of proteomics, genomics, biochemistry and cell biology may allow to zoom in on the unexplored, thereby possibly tackling hitherto unasked questions and defining novel mechanisms.},
}

@article {pmid39841150,
year = {2025},
author = {Isaksson, H and Lind, P and Libby, E},
title = {Adaptive evolutionary trajectories in complexity: Transitions between unicellularity and facultative differentiated multicellularity.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {4},
pages = {e2411692122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2411692122},
pmid = {39841150},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {2018-03630//Vetenskapsrådet (VR)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Mutation ; Cell Differentiation ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Models, Biological ; Genetic Fitness ; Stress, Physiological ; },
abstract = {Multicellularity spans a wide gamut in terms of complexity, from simple clonal clusters of cells to large-scale organisms composed of differentiated cells and tissues. While recent experiments have demonstrated that simple forms of multicellularity can readily evolve in response to different selective pressures, it is unknown if continued exposure to those same selective pressures will result in the evolution of increased multicellular complexity. We use mathematical models to consider the adaptive trajectories of unicellular organisms exposed to periodic bouts of abiotic stress, such as drought or antibiotics. Populations can improve survival in response to the stress by evolving multicellularity or cell differentiation-or both; however, these responses have associated costs when the stress is absent. We define a parameter space of fitness-relevant traits and identify where multicellularity, differentiation, or their combination is fittest. We then study the effects of adaptation by allowing populations to fix mutations that improve their fitness. We find that while the same mutation can be beneficial to populations of different complexity, e.g., strict unicellularity or life cycles with stages of differentiated multicellularity, the magnitudes of their effects can differ and alter which is fittest. As a result, we observe adaptive trajectories that gain and lose complexity. We also show that the order of mutations, historical contingency, can cause some transitions to be permanent in the absence of neutral evolution. Ultimately, we find that continued exposure to a selective driver for multicellularity can either lead to increasing complexity or a return to unicellularity.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Mutation
Cell Differentiation
Adaptation, Physiological
Models, Biological
Genetic Fitness
Stress, Physiological

@article {pmid39838007,
year = {2025},
author = {McCaig, CD},
title = {Epithelia Are Scaffolds for Electricity-Dependent Molecular Interactions.},
journal = {Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology},
volume = {187},
number = {},
pages = {47-52},
pmid = {39838007},
issn = {0303-4240},
mesh = {Animals ; Epithelium/physiology/metabolism ; Humans ; *Basement Membrane/metabolism/physiology ; Electricity ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; },
abstract = {Once multicellularity was thriving, a key development involved the emergence of epithelial layers that separated "inside" from "outside". Most epithelia then generate their own transepithelial electrical signals. So electrical forces were instrumental in the development of epithelial tissues, which themselves generate further electrical signals. Epithelia also developed extracellular basement membranes which act as spatially diverse scaffolds to organize multiple molecular interactions, dependent on electrical forces.Epithelia and basement membranes were constructed using electrical forces and their evolution had electrophysiological consequences.},
}

Animals
Epithelium/physiology/metabolism
Humans
*Basement Membrane/metabolism/physiology
Electricity
Epithelial Cells/metabolism
Electrophysiological Phenomena

@article {pmid39833858,
year = {2025},
author = {Hure, V and Piron-Prunier, F and Yehouessi, T and Vitte, C and Kornienko, AE and Adam, G and Nordborg, M and Déléris, A},
title = {Alternative silencing states of transposable elements in Arabidopsis associated with H3K27me3.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {11},
pmid = {39833858},
issn = {1474-760X},
mesh = {*Arabidopsis/genetics ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; *Histones/metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; *DNA Methylation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Polycomb-Group Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The DNA/H3K9 methylation and Polycomb-group proteins (PcG)-H3K27me3 silencing pathways have long been considered mutually exclusive and specific to transposable elements (TEs) and genes, respectively in mammals, plants, and fungi. However, H3K27me3 can be recruited to many TEs in the absence of DNA/H3K9 methylation machinery and sometimes also co-occur with DNA methylation.

RESULTS: In this study, we show that TEs can also be solely targeted and silenced by H3K27me3 in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. These H3K27me3-marked TEs not only comprise degenerate relics but also seemingly intact copies that display the epigenetic features of responsive PcG target genes as well as an active H3K27me3 regulation. We also show that H3K27me3 can be deposited on newly inserted transgenic TE sequences in a TE-specific manner indicating that silencing is determined in cis. Finally, a comparison of Arabidopsis natural accessions reveals the existence of a category of TEs-which we refer to as "bifrons"-that are marked by DNA methylation or H3K27me3 depending on the accession. This variation can be linked to intrinsic TE features and to trans-acting factors and reveals a change in epigenetic status across the TE lifespan.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study sheds light on an alternative mode of TE silencing associated with H3K27me3 instead of DNA methylation in flowering plants. It also suggests dynamic switching between the two epigenetic marks at the species level, a new paradigm that might extend to other multicellular eukaryotes.},
}

*Arabidopsis/genetics
*DNA Transposable Elements
*Histones/metabolism
*Gene Silencing
*DNA Methylation
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Epigenesis, Genetic
Polycomb-Group Proteins/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid39826309,
year = {2025},
author = {Mendes, M and Morais, AS and Carlos, A and Sousa, JJ and Pais, AC and Mihăilă, SM and Vitorino, C},
title = {Organ-on-a-chip: Quo vademus? Applications and regulatory status.},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {249},
number = {},
pages = {114507},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114507},
pmid = {39826309},
issn = {1873-4367},
abstract = {Organ-on-a-chip systems, also referred to as microphysiological systems (MPS), represent an advance in bioengineering microsystems designed to mimic key aspects of human organ physiology and function. Drawing inspiration from the intricate and hierarchical architecture of the human body, these innovative platforms have emerged as invaluable in vitro tools with wide-ranging applications in drug discovery and development, as well as in enhancing our understanding of disease physiology. The facility to replicate human tissues within physiologically relevant three-dimensional multicellular environments empowers organ-on-a-chip systems with versatility throughout different stages of the drug development process. Moreover, these systems can be tailored to mimic specific disease states, facilitating the investigation of disease progression, drug responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. In particular, they can demonstrate, in early-phase pre-clinical studies, the safety and toxicity profiles of potential therapeutic compounds. Furthermore, they play a pivotal role in the in vitro evaluation of drug efficacy and the modeling of human diseases. One of the most promising prospects of organ-on-a-chip technology is to simulate the pathophysiology of specific subpopulations and even individual patients, thereby being used in personalized medicine. By mimicking the physiological responses of diverse patient groups, these systems hold the promise of revolutionizing therapeutic strategies, guiding them towards tailored intervention to the unique needs of each patient. This review presents the development status and evolution of microfluidic platforms that have facilitated the transition from cells to organs recreated on chips and some of the opportunities and applications offered by organ-on-a-chip technology. Additionally, the current potential and future perspectives of these microphysiological systems and the challenges this technology still faces are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39817858,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, X and Yan, A and Liu, X and Volkening, A and Zhou, Y},
title = {Single cell derived multicellular meristem: insights into male-to-hermaphrodite conversion and de novo meristem formation in ceratopteris.},
journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/dev.204411},
pmid = {39817858},
issn = {1477-9129},
support = {IOS 1931114//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Land plants alternate between asexual sporophytes and sexual gametophytes. Unlike seed plants, ferns develop free-living gametophytes. Gametophytes of the model fern Ceratopteris exhibit two sex types: hermaphrodites with pluripotent meristems and males lacking meristems. In the absence of the pheromone antheridiogen, males convert to hermaphrodites by forming de novo meristems, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Using long-term time-lapse imaging and computational analyses, we captured male-to-hermaphrodite conversion at single-cell resolution and reconstructed the lineage and division atlas of newly formed meristems. Lineage tracing revealed that the de novo-formed meristem originates from a single non-antheridium cell, the meristem progenitor cell (MPC). During conversion, the MPC lineage showed increased mitotic activity, with marginal cells proliferating faster than inner cells. A mathematical model suggests that stochastic variation in cell division, combined with strong inhibitory signals from dividing marginal cells, is sufficient to explain gametophyte dynamics. Experimental disruption of division timing agreed with the model, showing precise cell cycle progression is essential for MPC establishment and sex-type conversion. These findings reveal cellular mechanisms governing sex conversion and de novo meristem formation in land plants.},
}

@article {pmid39803458,
year = {2025},
author = {Yoffe, L and Bhinder, B and Kang, SW and Zhang, H and Singh, A and Ravichandran, H and Markowitz, G and Martin, M and Kim, J and Zhang, C and Elemento, O and Tansey, W and Bates, S and McGraw, TE and Borczuk, A and Lee, HS and Altorki, NK and Mittal, V},
title = {Acquisition of discrete immune suppressive barriers contributes to the initiation and progression of preinvasive to invasive human lung cancer.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39803458},
issn = {2692-8205},
support = {R21 AI159379/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; UH3 CA244697/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Computerized chest tomography (CT)-guided screening in populations at risk for lung cancer has increased the detection of preinvasive subsolid nodules, which progress to solid invasive adenocarcinoma. Despite the clinical significance, there is a lack of effective therapies for intercepting the progression of preinvasive to invasive adenocarcinoma. To uncover determinants of early disease emergence and progression, we used integrated single-cell approaches, including scRNA-seq, multiplexed imaging mass cytometry and spatial transcriptomics, to construct the first high-resolution map of the composition, lineage/functional states, developmental trajectories and multicellular crosstalk networks from microdissected non-solid (preinvasive) and solid compartments (invasive) of individual part-solid nodules. We found that early disease initiation and subsequent progression are associated with the evolution of immune-suppressive cellular phenotypes characterized by decreased cytotoxic CD8 T and NK cells, increased T cell exhaustion and accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2-like macrophages expressing TREM2. Within Tregs, we identified a unique population of 4-1BB+ Treg subset enriched for the IL2-STAT5 suppressive pathway with transcription profiles supporting discrete metabolic alterations. Spatial analysis showed increased density of suppressive immune cells around tumor cells, increased exhaustion phenotype of both CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing chemokine CXCL13, and spatial microcomplex of endothelial and lymphocyte interactions within tertiary lymphoid structures. The single-cell architecture identifies determinants of early disease emergence and progression, which may be developed not only as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers but also as targets for disease interception. Additionally, our dataset constitutes a valuable resource for the preinvasive lung cancer research community.},
}

@article {pmid39801500,
year = {2025},
author = {Putra, VDL and Kilian, KA and Knothe Tate, ML},
title = {Stem cell mechanoadaptation. I. Effect of microtubule stabilization and volume changing stresses on cytoskeletal remodeling.},
journal = {APL bioengineering},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {016102},
pmid = {39801500},
issn = {2473-2877},
abstract = {Here, we report on the first part of a two-part experimental series to elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling, which underpins the evolution of stem cell shape and fate, and the emergence of tissue structure and function. In Part I of these studies, we first develop protocols to stabilize microtubules exogenously using paclitaxel (PAX) in a standardized model murine embryonic stem cell line (C3H/10T1/2) to maximize comparability with previously published studies. We then probe native and microtubule-stabilized stem cells' capacity to adapt to volume changing stresses effected by seeding at increasing cell densities, which emulates local compression and tissue template formation during development. Within the concentration range of 1-100 nM, microtubule-stabilized stem cells maintain viability and reduce proliferation. PAX stabilization of microtubules is associated with increased cell volume as well as flattening of the cell and nucleus. Compared to control cells, microtubule-stabilized cells exhibit thick, bundled microtubules and highly aligned, thicker and longer F-actin fibers, corresponding to an increase in the Young's modulus of the cell. Both F-actin and microtubule concentration increase with increasing PAX concentration, whereby the increase in F-actin is more prominent in the basal region of the cell. The corresponding increase in microtubule is observed more globally across the apical and basal region of the cell. Seeding at increasing target densities induces local compression on cells. This increase in local compression modulates cell volume and concomitant increases in F-actin and microtubule concentration to a greater degree than microtubule stabilization via PAX. Cells seeded at high density exhibit higher bulk modulus than corresponding cells seeded at low density. These data demonstrate the capacity of stem cells to adapt to an interplay of mechanical and chemical cues, i.e., respective compression and exogenous microtubule stabilization; the resulting cytoskeletal remodeling manifests as evolution of mechanical properties relevant to development of multicellular tissue constructs.},
}

@article {pmid39793585,
year = {2025},
author = {Liesner, D and Cossard, GG and Zheng, M and Godfroy, O and Barrera-Redondo, J and Haas, FB and Coelho, SM},
title = {Developmental pathways underlying sexual differentiation in the U/V sex chromosome system of giant kelp.},
journal = {Developmental cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2024.12.022},
pmid = {39793585},
issn = {1878-1551},
abstract = {In many multicellular organisms, sexual development is not determined by XX/XY or ZW/ZZ systems but by U/V sex chromosomes. In U/V systems, sex determination occurs in the haploid phase, with U chromosomes in females and V chromosomes in males. Here, we explore several male, female, and partially sex-reversed male lines of giant kelp to decipher how U/V sex chromosomes and autosomes initiate male versus female development. We identify a key set of genes on the sex chromosomes involved in triggering sexual development and characterize autosomal effector genes underlying sexual differentiation. We show that male, but not female, development involves large-scale transcriptome reorganization with pervasive enrichment in regulatory genes, faster evolutionary rates, and high species-specificity of male-biased genes. Our observations imply that a female-like phenotype is the "ground state", which is complemented by the presence of a U-chromosome but overridden by a dominant male developmental program triggered by the V-chromosome.},
}

@article {pmid39772683,
year = {2025},
author = {Colgren, J and Burkhardt, P},
title = {Electrical signaling and coordinated behavior in the closest relative of animals.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {eadr7434},
pmid = {39772683},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {*Choanoflagellata/physiology ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cilia/physiology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {The transition from simple to complex multicellularity involves division of labor and specialization of cell types. In animals, complex sensory-motor systems are primarily built around specialized cells of muscles and neurons, though the evolutionary origins of these and their integration remain unclear. Here, to investigate sensory-behavior coupling in the closest relatives of animals, we established a line of the choanoflagellate, Salpingoeca rosetta, which stably expresses the calcium indicator RGECO1. Using this, we identify a previously unknown cellular behavior associated with electrical signaling, in which ciliary arrest is coupled with apical-basal contraction of the cell. This behavior and the associated calcium transients are synchronized in the multicellular state and result in coordinated ciliary arrest and colony-wide contraction, suggesting that information is spread among the cells. Our work reveals fundamental insights into how choanoflagellates sense and respond to their environment and enhances our understanding of the integration of cellular and organism-wide behavior in the closest protistan relatives of animals.},
}

*Choanoflagellata/physiology
Animals
Calcium/metabolism
Cilia/physiology/metabolism
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid39768330,
year = {2024},
author = {Rehnke, RD},
title = {The "Culture" of Organs: A Holistic Theory on the Origins of the Cancer Tissue Environment.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {39768330},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {For over a century, the somatic gene mutation theory of cancer has been a scientific orthodoxy. The recent failures of causal explanations using this theory and the lack of significant progress in addressing the cancer problem medically have led to a new competition of ideas about just what cancer is. This essay presents an alternative view of cancer as a developmental process gone wrong. More specifically, cancer is a breakdown in the autopoietic process of organ maintenance and the multicellular coordination of tissues. Breast cancer is viewed through a systems science perspective as an example of the importance of framing one's theoretical assumptions before making empirical judgments. Finally, a new understanding of the histoarchitecture of the interstitium is presented as a first principle of cancer: a process of cells coming from cells, invading the space between cells.},
}

@article {pmid39763889,
year = {2024},
author = {Park, J and Prokopchuk, G and Popchock, AR and Hao, J and Liao, TW and Yan, S and Hedman, DJ and Larson, JD and Walther, BK and Becker, NA and Basu, A and Maher, LJ and Wheeler, RJ and Asbury, CL and Biggins, S and Lukeš, J and Ha, T},
title = {Probing mechanical selection in diverse eukaryotic genomes through accurate prediction of 3D DNA mechanics.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39763889},
issn = {2692-8205},
support = {R35 GM143949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM149357/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; R35 GM122569/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM134842/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Connections between the mechanical properties of DNA and biological functions have been speculative due to the lack of methods to measure or predict DNA mechanics at scale. Recently, a proxy for DNA mechanics, cyclizability, was measured by loop-seq and enabled genome-scale investigation of DNA mechanics. Here, we use this dataset to build a computational model predicting bias-corrected intrinsic cyclizability, with near-perfect accuracy, solely based on DNA sequence. Further, the model predicts intrinsic bending direction in 3D space. Using this tool, we aimed to probe mechanical selection - that is, the evolutionary selection of DNA sequence based on its mechanical properties - in diverse circumstances. First, we found that the intrinsic bend direction of DNA sequences correlated with the observed bending in known protein-DNA complex structures, suggesting that many proteins co-evolved with their DNA partners to capture DNA in its intrinsically preferred bent conformation. We then applied our model to large-scale yeast population genetics data and showed that centromere DNA element II, whose consensus sequence is unknown, leaving its sequence-specific role unclear, is under mechanical selection to increase the stability of inner-kinetochore structure and to facilitate centromeric histone recruitment. Finally, in silico evolution under strong mechanical selection discovered hallucinated sequences with cyclizability values so extreme that they required experimental validation, yet, found in nature in the densely packed mitochondrial(mt) DNA of Namystynia karyoxenos, an ocean-dwelling protist with extreme mitochondrial gene fragmentation. The need to transmit an extraordinarily large amount of mtDNA, estimated to be > 600 Mb, in combination with the absence of mtDNA compaction proteins may have pushed mechanical selection to the extreme. Similarly extreme DNA mechanics are observed in bird microchromosomes, although the functional consequence is not yet clear. The discovery of eccentric DNA mechanics in unrelated unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes suggests that we can predict extreme natural biology which can arise through strong selection. Our methods offer a way to study the biological functions of DNA mechanics in any genome and to engineer DNA sequences with desired mechanical properties.},
}

@article {pmid39763787,
year = {2024},
author = {Week, B and Ralph, PL and Tavalire, HF and Cresko, WA and Bohannan, BJM},
title = {Quantitative Genetics of Microbiome Mediated Traits.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2024.12.16.628599},
pmid = {39763787},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Multicellular organisms host a rich assemblage of associated microorganisms, collectively known as their "microbiomes". Microbiomes have the capacity to influence their hosts' fitnesses, but the conditions under which such influences contribute to evolution are not clear. This is due in part to a lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework for describing the combined effects of host and associated microbes on phenotypic variation. Here we begin to address this gap by extending the foundations of quantitative genetic theory to include host-associated microbes, as well as alleles of hosts, as factors that explain quantitative host trait variation. We introduce a way to partition host-associated microbiomes into componenents relevant for predicting a microbiome-mediated response to selection. We then apply our general framework to a simulation model of microbiome inheritance to illustrate principles for predicting host trait dynamics, and to generalize classical narrow and broad sense heritabilities to account for microbial effects. We demonstrate that microbiome-mediated responses to host selection can arise from various transmission modes, not solely vertical, with the contribution of non-vertical modes depending on host life history. Our work lays a foundation for integrating microbiome-mediated host variation and adaptation into our understanding of natural variation.},
}

@article {pmid39752622,
year = {2025},
author = {Bandyadka, S and Lebo, DPV and Mondragon, AA and Serizier, SB and Kwan, J and Peterson, JS and Chasse, AY and Jenkins, VK and Calikyan, A and Ortega, AJ and Campbell, JD and Emili, A and McCall, K},
title = {Multi-modal comparison of molecular programs driving nurse cell death and clearance in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {e1011220},
pmid = {39752622},
issn = {1553-7404},
support = {F31 GM115177/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 LM013154/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM127338/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; *Oogenesis/genetics ; Female ; *Apoptosis/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Ovarian Follicle/metabolism/cytology ; Cell Death/genetics ; Phagocytosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {The death and clearance of nurse cells is a consequential milestone in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis. In preparation for oviposition, the germline-derived nurse cells bequeath to the developing oocyte all their cytoplasmic contents and undergo programmed cell death. The death of the nurse cells is controlled non-autonomously and is precipitated by epithelial follicle cells of somatic origin acquiring a squamous morphology and acidifying the nurse cells externally. Alternatively, stressors such as starvation can induce the death of nurse cells earlier in mid-oogenesis, manifesting apoptosis signatures, followed by their engulfment by epithelial follicle cells. To identify and contrast the molecular pathways underlying these morphologically and genetically distinct cell death paradigms, both mediated by follicle cells, we compared their genome-wide transcriptional, translational, and secretion profiles before and after differentiating to acquire a phagocytic capability, as well as during well-fed and nutrient-deprived conditions. By coupling the GAL4-UAS system to Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP-seq) and proximity labeling (HRP-KDEL) followed by Liquid Chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry, we performed high-throughput screens to identify pathways selectively activated or repressed by follicle cells to employ nurse cell-clearance routines. We also integrated two publicly available single-cell RNAseq atlases of the Drosophila ovary to define the transcriptomic profiles of follicle cells. In this report, we describe the genes and major pathways identified in the screens and the striking consequences to Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis caused by RNAi perturbation of prioritized candidates. To our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind to comprehensively characterize two distinct apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death paradigms in the same multi-cellular system. Beyond molecular differences in cell death, our investigation may also provide insights into how key systemic trade-offs are made between survival and reproduction when faced with physiological stress.},
}

Animals
*Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
*Oogenesis/genetics
Female
*Apoptosis/genetics
*Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Oocytes/metabolism
Ovarian Follicle/metabolism/cytology
Cell Death/genetics
Phagocytosis/genetics

@article {pmid39741147,
year = {2024},
author = {Solé, R and Conde-Pueyo, N and Pla-Mauri, J and Garcia-Ojalvo, J and Montserrat, N and Levin, M},
title = {Open problems in synthetic multicellularity.},
journal = {NPJ systems biology and applications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {151},
pmid = {39741147},
issn = {2056-7189},
support = {ERCCoG-2020 101002478 ENGINORG//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; Grant 62212//John Templeton Foundation (JTF)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Bioengineering/methods ; Biological Evolution ; Models, Biological ; *Synthetic Biology/methods ; Systems Biology/methods ; },
abstract = {Multicellularity is one of the major evolutionary transitions, and its rise provided the ingredients for the emergence of a biosphere inhabited by complex organisms. Over the last decades, the potential for bioengineering multicellular systems has been instrumental in interrogating nature and exploring novel paths to regeneration, disease, cognition, and behaviour. Here, we provide a list of open problems that encapsulate many of the ongoing and future challenges in the field and suggest conceptual approaches that may facilitate progress.},
}

Animals
Humans
Bioengineering/methods
Biological Evolution
Models, Biological
*Synthetic Biology/methods
Systems Biology/methods

@article {pmid39737561,
year = {2024},
author = {Horiuchi, Y and Umakawa, N and Otani, R and Tamada, Y and Kosetsu, K and Hiwatashi, Y and Wakisaka, R and Yoshida, S and Murata, T and Hasebe, M and Ishikawa, M and Kofuji, R},
title = {Physcomitrium LATERAL SUPPRESSOR genes promote formative cell divisions to produce germ cell lineages in both male and female gametangia.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.20372},
pmid = {39737561},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {The evolution of green plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments is thought to have been facilitated by the acquisition of gametangia, specialized multicellular organs housing gametes. Antheridia and archegonia, responsible for producing and protecting sperm and egg cells, undergo formative cell divisions to produce a cell to differentiate into germ cell lineages and the other cell to give rise to surrounding structures. However, the genes governing this process remain unidentified. We isolated genes expressed during gametangia development from previously established gene-trap lines of Physcomitrium patens and characterized their function during gametangia formation. We identified P. patens LATERAL SUPPRESSOR 1 (PpLAS1) from the gene-trap library, encoding a GRAS transcription factor. The double-deletion mutant with its paralog PpLAS2 failed to form inner cells in both gametangia. PpLASs are expressed in cells undergoing formative cell division, and introducing PpLAS1 into the double-deletion mutant successfully rescued the phenotype. These findings underscore the pivotal role of PpLASs in regulating formative cell divisions, ensuring the separation of reproductive cell lineages from surrounding cells in antheridia and archegonia. Furthermore, they suggest a link between PpLASs and the evolutionary origin of male and female gametangia in the common ancestor of land plants.},
}

@article {pmid39732540,
year = {2025},
author = {Golomb, R and Dahan, O and Dahary, D and Pilpel, Y},
title = {Cell-autonomous adaptation: an overlooked avenue of adaptation in human evolution.},
journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {12-22},
doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2024.10.009},
pmid = {39732540},
issn = {0168-9525},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Mitochondria/genetics/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic/genetics ; },
abstract = {Adaptation to environmental conditions occurs over diverse evolutionary timescales. In multi-cellular organisms, adaptive traits are often studied in tissues/organs relevant to the environmental challenge. We argue for the importance of an underappreciated layer of evolutionary adaptation manifesting at the cellular level. Cell-autonomous adaptations (CAAs) are inherited traits that boost organismal fitness by enhancing individual cell function. For instance, the cell-autonomous enhancement of mitochondrial oxygen utilization in hypoxic environments differs from an optimized erythropoiesis response, which involves multiple tissues. We explore the breadth of CAAs across challenges and highlight their counterparts in unicellular organisms. Applying these insights, we mine selection signals in Andean highlanders, revealing novel candidate CAAs. The conservation of CAAs across species may reveal valuable insights into multi-cellular evolution.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
*Biological Evolution
Evolution, Molecular
Mitochondria/genetics/metabolism
Selection, Genetic/genetics

@article {pmid39715844,
year = {2024},
author = {Doctrove, Q and Park, Y and Calame, DG and Kitzman, J and Lenk, GM and Meisler, MH},
title = {Protein family FAM241 in human and mouse.},
journal = {Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39715844},
issn = {1432-1777},
support = {R01 GM24872/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 873841//Muscular Dystrophy Association/ ; K12NS098482/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {FAM241B was isolated in a genome-wide inactivation screen for generation of enlarged lysosomes. FAM241B and FAM241A comprise protein family FAM241 encoding proteins of 121 and 132 amino acid residues, respectively. The proteins exhibit 25% amino acid sequence identity and contain a domain of unknown function (DUF4605; pfam15378) that is conserved from primitive multicellular eukaryotes through vertebrates. Phylogenetic comparison indicates that duplication of the ancestral FAM241B gene occurred prior to the origin of fish. FAM241B has been deleted from the avian lineage. Fam241a and Fam241b are widely expressed in mouse tissues. Experimental knockout of mouse Fam241a, Fam241b, and the double knockout, did not generate a visible phenotype. Knockout of Fam241A and Fam241B did not exacerbate the phenotype of FIG4 null mice. RNAseq of brain RNA from double knockout mice detected reduced expression of several genes including Arke1e1 and RnaseL. The human variant p.Val115Gly in FAM241B was identified in a patient with developmental delay. Lysosome morphology in patient-derived fibroblasts was normal. In previous studies, FAM241A and FAM241B appeared to co-localize with proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. The molecular function of this ancient protein family remains to be determined.},
}

@article {pmid39707854,
year = {2024},
author = {Ustyantsev, IG and Borodulina, OR and Kramerov, DA},
title = {[Participation of Proteins of the CPSF Complex in Polyadenylation of Transcripts Read by RNA Polymerase III from SINEs].},
journal = {Molekuliarnaia biologiia},
volume = {58},
number = {3},
pages = {437-447},
pmid = {39707854},
issn = {0026-8984},
mesh = {Humans ; *Polyadenylation ; HeLa Cells ; *Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor/metabolism/genetics ; *RNA Polymerase III/metabolism/genetics ; *RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Alu Elements/genetics ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Nuclear Proteins ; },
abstract = {SINEs are mobile genetic elements of multicellular eukaryotes that arose during evolution from various tRNAs, as well as from 5S rRNA and 7SL RNA. Like the genes of these RNAs, SINEs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcripts of some mammalian SINEs have the capability of AAUAAA-dependent polyadenylation, which is unique for transcript generated by RNA polymerase III. Despite a certain similarity with canonical polyadenylation of mRNAs (transcripts of RNA polymerase II), these processes apparently differ significantly. The purpose of this work is to evaluate how important for polyadenylation of SINE transcripts are proteins of the CPSF complex formed by mPSF and mCF subcomplexes which direct mRNA polyadenylation. In HeLa cells, siRNA knockdowns of the CPSF components were carried out, after which the cells were transfected with plasmid constructs containing SINEs. A decrease in polyadenylation of the SINE transcripts as a result of the knockdown of the proteins was evaluated by Northern-hybridization. It turned out that the CPSF components, such as Wdr33 and CPSF30, contributed to the polyadenylation of SINE transcriptions, while the knockdown of CPSF100, CPSF73, and symplekin did not reduce the polyadenylation of these transcripts. Wdr33 and CPSF30, along with the CPSF160 and Fip1 previously studied, are components of the subcomplex mPSF responsible for mRNA polyadenylation. Thus, the available data suggest the importance of all mPSF proteins for polyadenylation of SINE transcripts. At the same time, CPSF100, CPSF73, and symplekin, forming the subcomplex mCF, are responsible for the cleavage of pre-mRNA; therefore, their non-participation in the polyadenylation of SINE transcriptions seems quite natural.},
}

Humans
*Polyadenylation
HeLa Cells
*Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor/metabolism/genetics
*RNA Polymerase III/metabolism/genetics
*RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/metabolism/genetics
Alu Elements/genetics
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Nuclear Proteins

@article {pmid39702750,
year = {2024},
author = {Nguyen, NM and Farge, E},
title = {Mechanical induction in metazoan development and evolution: from earliest multi-cellular organisms to modern animal embryos.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {10695},
pmid = {39702750},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Body Patterning/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; *Embryonic Development/physiology ; Morphogenesis ; },
abstract = {The development and origin of animal body forms have long been intensely explored, from the analysis of morphological traits during antiquity to Newtonian mechanical conceptions of morphogenesis. Advent of molecular biology then focused most interests on the biochemical patterning and genetic regulation of embryonic development. Today, a view is arising of development of multicellular living forms as a phenomenon emerging from non-hierarchical, reciprocal mechanical and mechanotransductive interactions between biochemical patterning and biomechanical morphogenesis. Here we discuss the nature of these processes and put forward findings on how early biochemical and biomechanical patterning of metazoans may have emerged from a primitive behavioural mechanotransducive feeding response to marine environment which might have initiated the development of first animal multicellular organisms.},
}

Animals
*Biological Evolution
Biomechanical Phenomena
Body Patterning/physiology
Embryo, Nonmammalian
*Embryonic Development/physiology
Morphogenesis

@article {pmid39675229,
year = {2025},
author = {Hirashima, T and W P, S and Noda, T},
title = {Collective sperm movement in mammalian reproductive tracts.},
journal = {Seminars in cell & developmental biology},
volume = {166},
number = {},
pages = {13-21},
doi = {10.1016/j.semcdb.2024.12.002},
pmid = {39675229},
issn = {1096-3634},
mesh = {*Sperm Motility/physiology ; Animals ; Male ; Humans ; *Spermatozoa/physiology/metabolism ; Mammals ; Female ; },
abstract = {Mammalian sperm cells travel from their origin in the male reproductive tract to fertilization in the female tract through a complex process driven by coordinated mechanical and biochemical mechanisms. Recent experimental and theoretical advances have illuminated the collective behaviors of sperm both in vivo and in vitro. However, our understanding of the underlying mechano-chemical processes remains incomplete. This review integrates current insights into sperm group movement, examining both immotile and motile states, which are essential for passive transport and active swimming through the reproductive tracts. We provide an overview of the current understanding of collective sperm movement, focusing on the experimental and theoretical mechanisms behind these behaviors. We also explore how sperm motility is regulated through the coordination of mechanical and chemical processes. Emerging evidence highlights the mechanosensitive properties of a sperm flagellum, suggesting that mechanical stimuli regulate flagellar beating at both individual and collective levels. This self-regulatory, mechano-chemical system reflects a broader principle observed in multicellular systems, offering a system-level insight into the regulation of motility and collective dynamics in biological systems.},
}

*Sperm Motility/physiology
Animals
Male
Humans
*Spermatozoa/physiology/metabolism
Mammals
Female

@article {pmid39671305,
year = {2024},
author = {Sun, Y and Chen, Z and Jin, M and Xie, H and Zhao, C},
title = {Ciliary length regulation by intraflagellar transport in zebrafish.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39671305},
issn = {2050-084X},
support = {32125015//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31991194//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32100661//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023M733344//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {*Zebrafish/embryology ; Animals ; *Cilia/metabolism ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Biological Transport ; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Flagella/metabolism ; },
abstract = {How cells regulate the size of their organelles remains a fundamental question in cell biology. Cilia, with their simple structure and surface localization, provide an ideal model for investigating organelle size control. However, most studies on cilia length regulation are primarily performed on several single-celled organisms. In contrast, the mechanism of length regulation in cilia across diverse cell types within multicellular organisms remains a mystery. Similar to humans, zebrafish contain diverse types of cilia with variable lengths. Taking advantage of the transparency of zebrafish embryos, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into intraflagellar transport (IFT), an essential process for ciliogenesis. By generating a transgenic line carrying Ift88-GFP transgene, we observed IFT in multiple types of cilia with varying lengths. Remarkably, cilia exhibited variable IFT speeds in different cell types, with longer cilia exhibiting faster IFT speeds. This increased IFT speed in longer cilia is likely not due to changes in common factors that regulate IFT, such as motor selection, BBSome proteins, or tubulin modification. Interestingly, longer cilia in the ear cristae tend to form larger IFT compared to shorter spinal cord cilia. Reducing the size of IFT particles by knocking down Ift88 slowed IFT speed and resulted in the formation of shorter cilia. Our study proposes an intriguing model of cilia length regulation via controlling IFT speed through the modulation of the size of the IFT complex. This discovery may provide further insights into our understanding of how organelle size is regulated in higher vertebrates.},
}

*Zebrafish/embryology
Animals
*Cilia/metabolism
*Animals, Genetically Modified
Biological Transport
Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Flagella/metabolism

@article {pmid39665832,
year = {2024},
author = {Shi, L and Liu, S and Chen, J and Wang, H and Wang, Z},
title = {Microglial polarization pathways and therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia in traumatic brain injury.},
journal = {Neural regeneration research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00810},
pmid = {39665832},
issn = {1673-5374},
abstract = {Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries. Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury, which involves a complex multicellular cascade. Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury. In this article, we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury. We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia. We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia, such as the Toll-like receptor 4 / nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, Notch, and high mobility group box 1 pathways, can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects. We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways, such as drug and cell replacement therapies. Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors, such as rosuvastatin, have been shown to promote the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury. Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties, and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury. Additionally, advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods-such as combinations of novel biomaterials, genetic engineering, and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy-have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models. However, numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed. In the future, new technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis, can facilitate further experimental studies. Moreover, research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid39653763,
year = {2024},
author = {Forrester, JV and McMenamin, PG},
title = {Evolution of the ocular immune system.},
journal = {Eye (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39653763},
issn = {1476-5454},
abstract = {The evolution of the ocular immune system should be viewed within the context of the evolution of the immune system, and indeed organisms, as a whole. Since the earliest time, the most primitive responses of single cell organisms involved molecules such as anti-microbial peptides and behaviours such as phagocytosis. Innate immunity took shape ~2.5 billion years ago while adaptive immunity and antigen specificity appeared with vertebrate evolution ~ 500 million years ago. The invention of the microscope and the germ theory of disease precipitated debate on cellular versus humoral immunity, resolved by the discovery of B and T cells. Most recently, our understanding of the microbiome and consideration of the host existing symbiotically with trillions of microbial genes (the holobiont), suggests that the immune system is a sensor of homoeostasis rather than simply a responder to pathogens. Each tissue type in multicellular organisms, such as vertebrates, has a customised response to immune challenge, with powerful reactions most evident in barrier tissues such as the skin and gut mucosa, while the eye and brain occupy the opposite extreme where responses are attenuated. The experimental background which historically led to the concept of immune privilege is discussed in this review; however, we propose that the ocular immune response should not be viewed as unique but simply an example of how the tissues variably respond in nature, more or less to the same challenge (or danger).},
}

@article {pmid39650545,
year = {2024},
author = {Bourrat, P and Takacs, P and Doulcier, G and Nitschke, MC and Black, AJ and Hammerschmidt, K and Rainey, PB},
title = {Individuality Through Ecology: Rethinking the Evolution of Complex Life From an Externalist Perspective.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e70661},
pmid = {39650545},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {The evolution of complex life forms, exemplified by multicellular organisms, can be traced through a series of evolutionary transitions in individuality, beginning with the origin of life, followed by the emergence of the eukaryotic cell, and, among other transitions, culminating in the shift from unicellularity to multicellularity. Several attempts have been made to explain the origins of such transitions, many of which have been internalist (i.e., based largely on internal properties of ancestral entities). Here, we show how externalist perspectives can shed new light on questions pertaining to evolutionary transitions in individuality. We do this by presenting the ecological scaffolding framework in which properties of complex life forms arise from an external scaffold. Ultimately, we anticipate that progress will come from recognition of the importance of both the internalist and externalist modes of explanation. We illustrate this by considering an extension of the ecological scaffolding model in which cells modify the environment that later becomes the scaffold giving rise to multicellular individuality.},
}

@article {pmid39642877,
year = {2025},
author = {Torruella, G and Galindo, LJ and Moreira, D and López-García, P},
title = {Phylogenomics of neglected flagellated protists supports a revised eukaryotic tree of life.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {198-207.e4},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.075},
pmid = {39642877},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {*Phylogeny ; *Eukaryota/genetics/classification ; Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic predecessors in the early Proterozoic[1][,][2] and radiated from their already complex last common ancestor,[3] diversifying into several supergroups with unresolved deep evolutionary connections.[4] They evolved extremely diverse lifestyles, playing crucial roles in the carbon cycle.[5][,][6] Heterotrophic flagellates are arguably the most diverse eukaryotes[4][,][7][,][8][,][9] and often occupy basal positions in phylogenetic trees. However, many of them remain undersampled[4][,][10] and/or incertae sedis.[4][,][11][,][12][,][13][,][14][,][15][,][16][,][17][,][18] Progressive improvement of phylogenomic methods and a wider protist sampling have reshaped and consolidated major clades in the eukaryotic tree.[13][,][14][,][15][,][16][,][17][,][18][,][19] This is illustrated by the Opimoda,[14] one of the largest eukaryotic supergroups (Amoebozoa, Ancyromonadida, Apusomonadida, Breviatea, CRuMs [Collodictyon-Rigifila-Mantamonas], Malawimonadida, and Opisthokonta-including animals and fungi).[4][,][14][,][19][,][20][,][21][,][22] However, their deepest evolutionary relationships still remain uncertain. Here, we sequenced transcriptomes of poorly studied flagellates[23][,][24] (14 apusomonads,[25][,][26] 7 ancyromonads,[27] and 1 cultured Mediterranean strain of Meteora sporadica[17]) and conducted comprehensive phylogenomics analyses with an expanded taxon sampling of early-branching protists. Our findings support the monophyly of Opimoda, with CRuMs being sister to the Amorphea (amoebozoans, breviates, apusomonads, and opisthokonts) and ancyromonads and malawimonads forming a moderately supported clade. By mapping key complex phenotypic traits onto this phylogenetic framework, we infer an opimodan biflagellate ancestor with an excavate-like feeding groove, which ancyromonads subsequently lost. Although breviates and apusomonads retained the ancestral biflagellate state, some early-diverging Amorphea lost one or both flagella, facilitating the evolution of amoeboid morphologies, novel feeding modes, and palintomic cell division resulting in multinucleated cells. These innovations likely facilitated the subsequent evolution of fungal and metazoan multicellularity.},
}

*Phylogeny
*Eukaryota/genetics/classification
Biological Evolution

@article {pmid39629215,
year = {2024},
author = {Ley, P and Geelhoed, JS and Vasquez-Cardenas, D and Meysman, FJR},
title = {On the diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of cable bacteria.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1485281},
pmid = {39629215},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Cable bacteria have acquired a unique metabolism, which induces long-distance electron transport along their centimeter-long multicellular filaments. At present, cable bacteria are thought to form a monophyletic clade with two described genera. However, their diversity has not been systematically investigated. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the cable bacteria clade, 16S rRNA gene sequences were compiled from literature and public databases (SILVA 138 SSU and NCBI GenBank). These were complemented with novel sequences obtained from natural sediment enrichments across a wide range of salinities (2-34). To enable taxonomic resolution at the species level, we designed a procedure to attain full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences from individual cable bacterium filaments using an optimized nested PCR protocol and Sanger sequencing. The final database contained 1,876 long 16S rRNA gene sequences (≥800 bp) originating from 92 aquatic locations, ranging from polar to tropical regions and from intertidal to deep sea sediments. The resulting phylogenetic tree reveals 90 potential species-level clades (based on a delineation value of 98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) that reside within six genus-level clusters. Hence, the diversity of cable bacteria appears to be substantially larger than the two genera and 13 species that have been officially named up to now. Particularly brackish environments with strong salinity fluctuations, as well as sediments with low free sulfide concentrations and deep sea sediments harbor a large pool of novel and undescribed cable bacteria taxa.},
}

@article {pmid39623209,
year = {2025},
author = {Manzano, C and Morimoto, KW and Shaar-Moshe, L and Mason, GA and Cantó-Pastor, A and Gouran, M and De Bellis, D and Ursache, R and Kajala, K and Sinha, N and Bailey-Serres, J and Geldner, N and Del Pozo, JC and Brady, SM},
title = {Regulation and function of a polarly localized lignin barrier in the exodermis.},
journal = {Nature plants},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {118-130},
pmid = {39623209},
issn = {2055-0278},
support = {HHMI 55108506//Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)/ ; 55108506//Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)/ ; NSF 2118017//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; PGRP IOS-211980//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; PGRP IOS-1856749//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; PRFB IOS-1907008//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 655406//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; 700057//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; FI-570-2018//United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (BARD)/ ; RGP0067/2021//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; Long-term Fellowship ALTF 1046-2015//European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)/ ; },
mesh = {*Lignin/metabolism ; *Solanum lycopersicum/genetics/metabolism/growth & development/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Plant Roots/metabolism/growth & development/genetics ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Multicellular organisms control environmental interactions through specialized barriers in specific cell types. A conserved barrier in plant roots is the endodermal Casparian strip (CS), a ring-like structure made of polymerized lignin that seals the endodermal apoplastic space. Most angiosperms have another root cell type, the exodermis, that is reported to form a barrier. Our understanding of exodermal developmental and molecular regulation and function is limited as this cell type is absent from Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the exodermis does not form a CS. Instead, it forms a polar lignin cap (PLC) with equivalent barrier function to the endodermal CS but distinct genetic control. Repression of the exodermal PLC in inner cortical layers is conferred by the SlSCZ and SlEXO1 transcription factors, and these two factors genetically interact to control its polar deposition. Several target genes that act downstream of SlSCZ and SlEXO1 in the exodermis are identified. Although the exodermis and endodermis produce barriers that restrict mineral ion uptake, the exodermal PLC is unable to fully compensate for the lack of a CS. The presence of distinct lignin structures acting as apoplastic barriers has exciting implications for a root's response to abiotic and biotic stimuli.},
}

*Lignin/metabolism
*Solanum lycopersicum/genetics/metabolism/growth & development/physiology
*Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
*Plant Roots/metabolism/growth & development/genetics
Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid39618799,
year = {2024},
author = {Kaneko, K},
title = {Dimensional reduction and adaptation-development-evolution relation in evolved biological systems.},
journal = {Biophysical reviews},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {639-649},
pmid = {39618799},
issn = {1867-2450},
abstract = {Living systems are complex and hierarchical, with diverse components at different scales, yet they sustain themselves, grow, and evolve over time. How can a theory of such complex biological states be developed? Here we note that for a hierarchical biological system to be robust, it must achieve consistency between micro-scale (e.g., molecular) and macro-scale (e.g., cellular) phenomena. This allows for a universal theory of adaptive change in cells based on biological robustness and consistency between cellular growth and molecular replication. Here, we show how adaptive changes in high-dimensional phenotypes (biological states) are constrained to low-dimensional space, leading to the derivation of a macroscopic law for cellular states. The theory is then extended to evolution, leading to proportionality between evolutionary and environmental responses, as well as proportionality between phenotypic variances due to noise and due to genetic changes. The universality of the results across several models and experiments is demonstrated. Then, by further extending the theory of evolutionary dimensional reduction to multicellular systems, the relationship between multicellular development and evolution, in particular, the developmental hourglass, is demonstrated. Finally, the possibility of collapse of dimensional reduction under nutrient limitation is discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39617193,
year = {2024},
author = {Chandra, S and Rutaganira, FU},
title = {Glycerol improves the viability of a cryopreserved choanoflagellate.},
journal = {Cryobiology},
volume = {118},
number = {},
pages = {105183},
doi = {10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.105183},
pmid = {39617193},
issn = {1090-2392},
abstract = {The colonial choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta is a tractable model system for studying the origins of multicellularity, but long-term storage strategies for this species have not been tested. In this study, we probed each stage of cryopreservation (cooling, long-term storage, recovery) to identify the optimal protocol for recovery of S. rosetta and co-cultured bacterial cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO; commonly referred to as DMSO), the current cryoprotective agent (CPA) standard, proved to be worse than glycerol at comparable concentrations. Samples treated with either CPA at 5 % showed the poorest recovery. Our results identified 15 % glycerol as the most effective CPA for both S. rosetta and Echinicola pacifica. We also determined that ultra-low temperature freezers can be sufficient for short-term storage. We propose 15 % glycerol and liquid phase nitrogen as the standard cryopreservation protocol for S. rosetta cultures and as a starting point for testing long-term storage strategies for other choanoflagellates and heterotrophic protists.},
}

@article {pmid39614268,
year = {2024},
author = {He, R and Liu, Y and Fu, W and He, X and Liu, S and Xiao, D and Tao, Y},
title = {Mechanisms and cross-talk of regulated cell death and their epigenetic modifications in tumor progression.},
journal = {Molecular cancer},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {267},
pmid = {39614268},
issn = {1476-4598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/genetics/pathology/metabolism ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Animals ; *Disease Progression ; *Regulated Cell Death/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Cell death is a fundamental part of life for metazoans. To maintain the balance between cell proliferation and metabolism of human bodies, a certain number of cells need to be removed regularly. Hence, the mechanisms of cell death have been preserved during the evolution of multicellular organisms. Tumorigenesis is closely related with exceptional inhibition of cell death. Mutations or defects in cell death-related genes block the elimination of abnormal cells and enhance the resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, the investigation of cell death mechanisms enables the development of drugs that directly induce tumor cell death. In the guidelines updated by the Cell Death Nomenclature Committee (NCCD) in 2018, cell death was classified into 12 types according to morphological, biochemical and functional classification, including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, PARP-1 parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence and mitotic catastrophe. The mechanistic relationships between epigenetic controls and cell death in cancer progression were previously unclear. In this review, we will summarize the mechanisms of cell death pathways and corresponding epigenetic regulations. Also, we will explore the extensive interactions between these pathways and discuss the mechanisms of cell death in epigenetics which bring benefits to tumor therapy.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/genetics/pathology/metabolism
*Epigenesis, Genetic
Animals
*Disease Progression
*Regulated Cell Death/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid39609399,
year = {2024},
author = {Maione, AS and Iengo, L and Sala, L and Massaiu, I and Chiesa, M and Lippi, M and Ghilardi, S and Florindi, C and Lodola, F and Zaza, A and Tondo, C and Schiavone, M and Banfi, C and Pompilio, G and Poggio, P and Sommariva, E},
title = {Cardiomyocyte and stromal cell cross-talk influences the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a multi-level analysis uncovers DLK1-NOTCH pathway role in fibro-adipose remodelling.},
journal = {Cell death discovery},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {484},
pmid = {39609399},
issn = {2058-7716},
abstract = {Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a life-threatening, genetically determined disease primarily caused by mutations in desmosomal genes, such as PKP2. Currently, there is no etiological therapy for ACM due to its complex and not fully elucidated pathogenesis. Various cardiac cell types affected by the genetic mutation, such as cardiomyocytes (CM) and cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSC), individually contribute to the ACM phenotype, driving functional abnormalities and fibro-fatty substitution, respectively. However, the relative importance of the CM and cMSC alterations, as well as their reciprocal influence in disease progression remain poorly understood. We hypothesised that ACM-dependent phenotypes are driven not only by alterations in individual cell types but also by the reciprocal interactions between CM and cMSC, which may further impact disease pathogenesis. We utilized a patient-specific, multicellular cardiac system composed of either control or PKP2-mutated CM and cMSC to assess the mutation's role in fibro-fatty phenotype by immunofluorescence, and contractile behaviour of co-cultures using cell motion detection software. Additionally, we investigated reciprocal interactions both in silico and via multi-targeted proteomics. We demonstrated that ACM CM can promote fibro-adipose differentiation of cMSC. Conversely, ACM cMSC contribute to increasing the rate of abnormal contractile events with likely arrhythmic significance. Furthermore, we showed that an ACM-causative mutation alters the CM-cMSC interaction pattern. We identified the CM-sourced DLK1 as a novel regulator of fibro-adipose remodelling in ACM. Our study challenges the paradigm of exclusive cell-specific mechanisms in ACM. A deeper understanding of the cell-cell influence is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets for ACM, and this concept is exploitable for other cardiomyopathies.},
}

@article {pmid39604729,
year = {2024},
author = {Yang, R and Hunker, O and Wise, M and Bleichert, F},
title = {Multiple mechanisms for licensing human replication origins.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {636},
number = {8042},
pages = {488-498},
pmid = {39604729},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Humans ; *Origin Recognition Complex/metabolism/chemistry ; *Replication Origin ; *DNA Replication ; *Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Protein Multimerization ; Models, Molecular ; DNA/metabolism/chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; },
abstract = {Loading of replicative helicases is obligatory for the assembly of DNA replication machineries. The eukaryotic MCM2-7 replicative helicase motor is deposited onto DNA by the origin recognition complex (ORC) and co-loader proteins as a head-to-head double hexamer to license replication origins. Although extensively studied in budding yeast[1-4], the mechanisms of origin licensing in multicellular eukaryotes remain poorly defined. Here we use biochemical reconstitution and electron microscopy to reconstruct the human MCM loading pathway. We find that unlike in yeast, the ORC6 subunit of the ORC is not essential for-but enhances-human MCM loading. Electron microscopy analyses identify several intermediates en route to MCM double hexamer formation in the presence and absence of ORC6, including a DNA-loaded, closed-ring MCM single hexamer intermediate that can mature into a head-to-head double hexamer through multiple mechanisms. ORC6 and ORC3 facilitate the recruitment of the ORC to the dimerization interface of the first hexamer into MCM-ORC (MO) complexes that are distinct from the yeast MO complex[5,6] and may orient the ORC for second MCM hexamer loading. Additionally, MCM double hexamer formation can proceed through dimerization of independently loaded MCM single hexamers, promoted by a propensity of human MCM2-7 hexamers to self-dimerize. This flexibility in human MCM loading may provide resilience against cellular replication stress, and the reconstitution system will enable studies addressing outstanding questions regarding DNA replication initiation and replication-coupled events in the future.},
}

Humans
*Origin Recognition Complex/metabolism/chemistry
*Replication Origin
*DNA Replication
*Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins/metabolism/chemistry
Protein Multimerization
Models, Molecular
DNA/metabolism/chemistry
Microscopy, Electron

@article {pmid39603922,
year = {2024},
author = {Ryu, J and Kim, Y and Ju, YS},
title = {A more elaborate genetic clock for clonal species.},
journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2024.11.002},
pmid = {39603922},
issn = {0168-9525},
abstract = {The genetic clock is a well-established tool used in evolutionary biology for estimating divergence times between species, individuals, or cells based on DNA sequence changes. Yu et al. have revisited the clock to make it applicable to clonal multicellular organisms that expand through asexual reproduction mechanisms, enabling more comprehensive evolutionary tracking.},
}

@article {pmid39602309,
year = {2024},
author = {Wan, J and Ji, R and Liu, J and Ma, K and Pan, Y and Lin, W},
title = {Biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria: From diversity to molecular discovery-based applications.},
journal = {Cell reports},
volume = {43},
number = {12},
pages = {114995},
doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114995},
pmid = {39602309},
issn = {2211-1247},
mesh = {*Magnetosomes/metabolism ; *Biomineralization ; Magnetospirillum/metabolism/genetics ; Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 or Fe3S4) within the membrane-bound organelles known as magnetosomes in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is a remarkable example of microbial-controlled biomineralization. Studying MTB biomineralization is crucial not only for understanding the origin and evolution of magnetoreception and bacterial organelles but also for advancing biotechnological and biomedical applications of MTB cells and magnetosomes. After decades of research, MTB have revealed unexpected diversity and complexity. The mechanisms underlying magnetosome biomineralization in MTB have been continuously documented using a few model MTB strains. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings related to MTB diversity and focus primarily on the current understanding of magnetosome biosynthesis. Additionally, we summarize the growing biotechnological and biomedical applications derived from molecular studies of MTB and their magnetosomes.},
}

*Magnetosomes/metabolism
*Biomineralization
Magnetospirillum/metabolism/genetics
Bacteria/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid39596672,
year = {2024},
author = {Madhani, H and Nejad Kourki, A},
title = {The Evolution of Complex Multicellularity in Land Plants.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {39596672},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {*Embryophyta/genetics/growth & development ; *Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {The evolution of complex multicellularity in land plants represents a pivotal event in the history of life on Earth, characterized by significant increases in biological complexity. This transition, classified as a Major Evolutionary Transition (MET), is best understood through the framework of Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality (ETIs), which focuses on formerly independent entities forming higher-level units that lose their reproductive autonomy. While much of the ETI literature has concentrated on the early stages of multicellularity, such as the formation and maintenance stages, this paper seeks to address the less explored transformation stage. To do so, we apply an approach that we call Transitions in Structural Complexity (TSCs), which focuses on the emergence of new units of organization via the three key evolutionary processes of modularization, subfunctionalization, and integration to the evolution of land plants. To lay the groundwork, we first explore the relationships between sex, individuality, and units of selection to highlight a sexual life cycle-based perspective on ETIs by examining the early stages of the transition to multicellularity (formation) in the sexual life cycle of the unicellular common ancestor of land plants, emphasizing the differences between the transition to multicellularity in eumetazoans and land plants. We then directly apply the TSC approach in this group, identifying key evolutionary events such as the distinct evolutionary innovations like shoot, root, vascular systems, and specialized reproductive structures, arguing that bringing these under the broader rubric of TSCs affords a degree of explanatory unification. By examining these evolutionary processes, this paper provides a new perspective on the evolution of multicellularity in land plants, highlighting both parallels and distinctions with the animal kingdom.},
}

*Embryophyta/genetics/growth & development
*Biological Evolution

@article {pmid39596652,
year = {2024},
author = {Stein, WD},
title = {An Orthologics Study of the Notch Signaling Pathway.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {39596652},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {*Signal Transduction ; *Receptors, Notch/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; Humans ; Evolution, Molecular ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {The Notch signaling pathway plays a major role in embryological development and in the ongoing life processes of many animals. Its role is to provide cell-to-cell communication in which a Sender cell, bearing membrane-embedded ligands, instructs a Receiver cell, bearing membrane-embedded receptors, to adopt one of two available fates. Elucidating the evolution of this pathway is the topic of this paper, which uses an orthologs approach, providing a comprehensive basis for the study. Using BLAST searches, orthologs were identified for all the 49 components of the Notch signaling pathway. The historical time course of integration of these proteins, as the animals evolved, was elucidated. Insofar as cell-to-cell communication is of relevance only in multicellular animals, it is not surprising that the Notch system became functional only with the evolutionary appearance of Metazoa, the first multicellular animals. Porifera contributed a quarter of the Notch pathway proteins, the Cnidaria brought the total to one-half, but the system reached completion only when humans appeared. A literature search elucidated the roles of the Notch system's components in modern descendants of the ortholog-contributing ancestors. A single protein, the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) of the protozoan Ministeria vibrans, was identified as a possible pre-Metazoan ancestor of all three of the Notch pathway proteins, DLL, JAG, and NOTCH. A scenario for the evolution of the Notch signaling pathway is presented and described as the co-option of its components, clade by clade, in a repurposing of genes already present in ancestral unicellular organisms.},
}

*Signal Transduction
*Receptors, Notch/metabolism/genetics
Animals
Humans
Evolution, Molecular
Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Phylogeny

@article {pmid39595611,
year = {2024},
author = {Dahlin, P and Ruthes, AC},
title = {Loss of Sterol Biosynthesis in Economically Important Plant Pests and Pathogens: A Review of a Potential Target for Pest Control.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {39595611},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {Animals ; Insecta/metabolism ; Nematoda/metabolism ; Oomycetes/metabolism ; *Pest Control ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/microbiology ; *Plants/metabolism/parasitology ; *Sterols/metabolism/biosynthesis ; },
abstract = {Sterol biosynthesis is a crucial metabolic pathway in plants and various plant pathogens. Their vital physiological role in multicellular organisms and their effects on growth and reproduction underline their importance as membrane compounds, hormone precursors, and signaling molecules. Insects, nematodes, and oomycetes of the Peronosporales group, which harbor important agricultural pests and pathogens, have lost the ability to synthesize their own sterols. These organisms rely on the acquisition of sterols from their host and are dependent on the sterol composition of the host. It is thought that sterol-synthesizing enzymes were lost during co-evolution with the hosts, which provided the organisms with sufficient amounts of the required sterols. To meet the essential requirements of these organisms, some sterol auxotrophs retained a few remaining sterol-modifying enzymes. Several molecular and biochemical investigations have suggested promising avenues for pest and pathogen control by targeting host sterol composition, sterol uptake, or sterol modification in organisms that have lost the ability to biosynthesize sterol de novo. This review examines the loss of sterol biosynthesis de novo in insects, nematodes, and oomycetes with the aim of investigating the sterol metabolic constraints and sterol acquisition of these organisms. This will shed light on its potential as a control target for the management of sterol-dependent organisms in a comprehensive agronomic approach.},
}

Animals
Insecta/metabolism
Nematoda/metabolism
Oomycetes/metabolism
*Pest Control
Plant Diseases/parasitology/microbiology
*Plants/metabolism/parasitology
*Sterols/metabolism/biosynthesis

@article {pmid39591964,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, X and Zhang, Q and Wang, Z and Cheng, X and Yan, H and Cai, S and Zhang, H and Liu, Q},
title = {Development of an inducible DNA barcoding system to understand lineage changes in Arabidopsis regeneration.},
journal = {Developmental cell},
volume = {60},
number = {2},
pages = {305-319.e5},
doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2024.10.023},
pmid = {39591964},
issn = {1878-1551},
mesh = {*Arabidopsis/genetics ; *Regeneration/genetics/physiology ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; *Cell Lineage/genetics ; },
abstract = {Plants demonstrate a high degree of developmental plasticity, capable of regenerating entire individuals from detached somatic tissues-a regenerative phenomenon rarely observed in metazoa. Consequently, elucidating the lineage relationship between somatic founder cells and descendant cells in regenerated plant organs has long been a pursuit. In this study, we developed and optimized both DNA barcode- and multi-fluorescence-based cell-lineage tracing toolsets, employing an inducible method to mark individual cells in Arabidopsis donor somatic tissues at the onset of regeneration. Utilizing these complementary methods, we scrutinized cell identities at the single-cell level and presented compelling evidence that all cells in the regenerated Arabidopsis plants, irrespective of their organ types, originated from a single progenitor cell in the donor somatic tissue. Our discovery suggests a single-cell passage directing the transition from multicellular donor tissue to regenerated plants, thereby creating opportunities for cell-cell competition during plant regeneration-a strategy for maximizing survival.},
}

*Arabidopsis/genetics
*Regeneration/genetics/physiology
*DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods
*Cell Lineage/genetics

@article {pmid39589477,
year = {2024},
author = {Krueger, KE},
title = {Survey for Activating Oncogenic Mutation Variants in Metazoan Germline Genes.},
journal = {Journal of molecular evolution},
volume = {92},
number = {6},
pages = {930-943},
pmid = {39589477},
issn = {1432-1432},
mesh = {Animals ; *Germ-Line Mutation/genetics ; Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Oncogenes/genetics ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Germ Cells/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Most cancers present with mutations or amplifications in distinctive tumor promoter genes that activate principal cell-signaling cascades promoting cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, cell survival, and replicative immortality. Somatic mutations found in this these driver proto-oncogenes invariably result in constitutive activation of the encoded protein. A salient feature of the activating mutations observed throughout many thousands of clinical tumor specimens reveals these driver missense mutations are recurrent and restricted to just one or very few codons of the entire gene, suggesting they have been positively selected during the course of tumor development. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether these characteristic oncogenic driver mutations are observed in the germline genes of any metazoan species. Six well-known tumor promoter genes were chosen for this survey including BRAF, KRAS, JAK2, PIK3CA, EGFR, and IDH1/2. The sites of all driver mutations were found to occur in highly conserved regions of each gene comparing protein sequences throughout diverse phyla of metazoan species. None of the oncogenic missense mutations were found in germlines of any species of current genome and protein databases. Despite many tumors readily selecting these somatic mutations, the conclusion drawn from this study is that these variants are negatively rejected if encountered as a germline mutation. While cancer expansion ensues from dysregulated growth elicited by these mutations, this effect is likely detrimental to embryonic development and/or survival of multicellular organisms. Although all oncogenic mutations considered here are gain-of-function where five of the six increase activity of the encoded proteins, clonal advancement promotes tumor growth by these genomic changes without conferring selection advantages benefiting the organism or species.},
}

Animals
*Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
Humans
Neoplasms/genetics
Oncogenes/genetics
Mutation, Missense/genetics
Germ Cells/metabolism

@article {pmid39587099,
year = {2024},
author = {Sheikh, S and Fu, CJ and Brown, MW and Baldauf, SL},
title = {The Acrasis kona genome and developmental transcriptomes reveal deep origins of eukaryotic multicellular pathways.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {10197},
pmid = {39587099},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {VR 2017-04351//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2100888//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; },
mesh = {*Transcriptome ; *Dictyostelium/genetics/growth & development ; Genome, Protozoan ; Amoeba/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteome/metabolism/genetics ; Genome ; },
abstract = {Acrasids are amoebae with the capacity to form multicellular fruiting bodies in a process known as aggregative multicellularity (AGM). This makes acrasids the only known example of multicellularity among the earliest branches of eukaryotes (the former Excavata). Here, we report the Acrasis kona genome sequence plus transcriptomes from pre-, mid- and post-developmental stages. The genome is rich in novelty and genes with strong signatures of horizontal transfer, and multigene families encode nearly half of the amoeba's predicted proteome. Development in A. kona appears molecularly simple relative to the AGM model, Dictyostelium discoideum. However, the acrasid also differs from the dictyostelid in that it does not appear to be starving during development. Instead, developing A. kona appears to be very metabolically active, does not induce autophagy and does not up-regulate its proteasomal genes. Together, these observations strongly suggest that starvation is not essential for AGM development. Nonetheless, development in the two amoebae appears to employ remarkably similar pathways for signaling, motility and, potentially, construction of an extracellular matrix surrounding the developing cell mass. Much of this similarity is also shared with animal development, suggesting that much of the basic tool kit for multicellular development arose early in eukaryote evolution.},
}

*Transcriptome
*Dictyostelium/genetics/growth & development
Genome, Protozoan
Amoeba/genetics
Phylogeny
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Protozoan Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Proteome/metabolism/genetics
Genome

@article {pmid39574678,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhu, L and Beichman, A and Harris, K},
title = {Population size interacts with reproductive longevity to shape the germline mutation rate.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39574678},
issn = {2692-8205},
support = {R35 GM133428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AG066574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Mutation rates vary across the tree of life by many orders of magnitude, with lower mutation rates in species that reproduce quickly and maintain large effective population sizes. A compelling explanation for this trend is that large effective population sizes facilitate selection against weakly deleterious "mutator alleles" such as variants that interfere with the molecular efficacy of DNA repair. However, in multicellular organisms, the relationship of the mutation rate to DNA repair efficacy is complicated by variation in reproductive age. Long generation times leave more time for mutations to accrue each generation, and late reproduction likely amplifies the fitness consequences of any DNA repair defect that creates extra mutations in the sperm or eggs. Here, we present theoretical and empirical evidence that a long generation time amplifies the strength of selection for low mutation rates in the spermatocytes and oocytes. This leads to the counterintuitive prediction that the species with the highest germline mutation rates per generation are also the species with most effective mechanisms for DNA proofreading and repair in their germ cells. In contrast, species with different generation times accumulate similar mutation loads during embryonic development. Our results parallel recent findings that the longest-lived species have the lowest mutation rates in adult somatic tissues, potentially due to selection to keep the lifetime mutation load below a harmful threshold.},
}

@article {pmid39574581,
year = {2024},
author = {Bonefas, KM and Venkatachalam, I and Iwase, S},
title = {KDM5C is a sex-biased brake against germline gene expression programs in somatic lineages.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39574581},
issn = {2692-8205},
support = {R01 NS116008/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 NS089896/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 NS076401/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007544/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM149391/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R21 MH135290/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; T32 HD079342/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R21 NS104774/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The division of labor among cellular lineages is a pivotal step in the evolution of multicellularity. In mammals, the soma-germline boundary is formed during early embryogenesis, when genes that drive germline identity are repressed in somatic lineages through DNA and histone modifications at promoter CpG islands (CGIs). Somatic misexpression of germline genes is a signature of cancer and observed in select neurodevelopmental disorders. However, it is currently unclear if all germline genes use the same repressive mechanisms and if factors like development and sex influence their dysregulation. Here, we examine how cellular context influences the formation of somatic tissue identity in mice lacking lysine demethylase 5c (KDM5C), an X chromosome eraser of histone 3 lysine 4 di and tri-methylation (H3K4me2/3). We found male Kdm5c knockout (-KO) mice aberrantly express many tissue-specific genes within the brain, the majority of which are unique to the germline. By developing a comprehensive list of mouse germline-enriched genes, we observed Kdm5c-KO cells aberrantly express key drivers of germline fate during early embryogenesis but late-stage spermatogenesis genes within the mature brain. KDM5C binds CGIs within germline gene promoters to facilitate DNA CpG methylation as embryonic stem cells differentiate into epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs). However, the majority of late-stage spermatogenesis genes expressed within the Kdm5c-KO brain did not harbor promoter CGIs. These CGI-free germline genes were not bound by KDM5C and instead expressed through ectopic activation by RFX transcription factors. Furthermore, germline gene repression is sexually dimorphic, as female EpiLCs require a higher dose of KDM5C to maintain germline silencing. Altogether, these data revealed distinct regulatory classes of germline genes and sex-biased silencing mechanisms in somatic cells.},
}

@article {pmid39571576,
year = {2024},
author = {Denoeud, F and Godfroy, O and Cruaud, C and Heesch, S and Nehr, Z and Tadrent, N and Couloux, A and Brillet-Guéguen, L and Delage, L and Mckeown, D and Motomura, T and Sussfeld, D and Fan, X and Mazéas, L and Terrapon, N and Barrera-Redondo, J and Petroll, R and Reynes, L and Choi, SW and Jo, J and Uthanumallian, K and Bogaert, K and Duc, C and Ratchinski, P and Lipinska, A and Noel, B and Murphy, EA and Lohr, M and Khatei, A and Hamon-Giraud, P and Vieira, C and Avia, K and Akerfors, SS and Akita, S and Badis, Y and Barbeyron, T and Belcour, A and Berrabah, W and Blanquart, S and Bouguerba-Collin, A and Bringloe, T and Cattolico, RA and Cormier, A and Cruz de Carvalho, H and Dallet, R and De Clerck, O and Debit, A and Denis, E and Destombe, C and Dinatale, E and Dittami, S and Drula, E and Faugeron, S and Got, J and Graf, L and Groisillier, A and Guillemin, ML and Harms, L and Hatchett, WJ and Henrissat, B and Hoarau, G and Jollivet, C and Jueterbock, A and Kayal, E and Knoll, AH and Kogame, K and Le Bars, A and Leblanc, C and Le Gall, L and Ley, R and Liu, X and LoDuca, ST and Lopez, PJ and Lopez, P and Manirakiza, E and Massau, K and Mauger, S and Mest, L and Michel, G and Monteiro, C and Nagasato, C and Nègre, D and Pelletier, E and Phillips, N and Potin, P and Rensing, SA and Rousselot, E and Rousvoal, S and Schroeder, D and Scornet, D and Siegel, A and Tirichine, L and Tonon, T and Valentin, K and Verbruggen, H and Weinberger, F and Wheeler, G and Kawai, H and Peters, AF and Yoon, HS and Hervé, C and Ye, N and Bapteste, E and Valero, M and Markov, GV and Corre, E and Coelho, SM and Wincker, P and Aury, JM and Cock, JM},
title = {Evolutionary genomics of the emergence of brown algae as key components of coastal ecosystems.},
journal = {Cell},
volume = {187},
number = {24},
pages = {6943-6965.e39},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.049},
pmid = {39571576},
issn = {1097-4172},
mesh = {*Phaeophyceae/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Phylogeny ; *Genomics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome/genetics ; },
abstract = {Brown seaweeds are keystone species of coastal ecosystems, often forming extensive underwater forests, and are under considerable threat from climate change. In this study, analysis of multiple genomes has provided insights across the entire evolutionary history of this lineage, from initial emergence, through later diversification of the brown algal orders, down to microevolutionary events at the genus level. Emergence of the brown algal lineage was associated with a marked gain of new orthologous gene families, enhanced protein domain rearrangement, increased horizontal gene transfer events, and the acquisition of novel signaling molecules and key metabolic pathways, the latter notably related to biosynthesis of the alginate-based extracellular matrix, and halogen and phlorotannin biosynthesis. We show that brown algal genome diversification is tightly linked to phenotypic divergence, including changes in life cycle strategy and zoid flagellar structure. The study also showed that integration of large viral genomes has had a significant impact on brown algal genome content throughout the emergence of the lineage.},
}

*Phaeophyceae/genetics
*Ecosystem
*Phylogeny
*Genomics
*Evolution, Molecular
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Genome/genetics

@article {pmid39570883,
year = {2024},
author = {Petersen, M and Reyes-Vigil, F and Campo, M and Brusés, JL},
title = {Classical cadherins evolutionary constraints in primates is associated with their expression in the central nervous system.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {11},
pages = {e0313428},
pmid = {39570883},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; *Cadherins/genetics/metabolism ; *Primates/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Mice ; *Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Classical cadherins (CDH) comprise a family of single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that contribute to tissue morphogenesis by regulating cell-cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell signaling. CDH are grouped into type I (CDH 1, 2, 3, 4 and 15) and type II (CDH 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22 and 24), based on the folding of the cadherin binding domain involved in trans-dimer formation. CDH are exclusively found in metazoans, and the origin and expansion of the gene family coincide with the emergence of multicellularity and vertebrates respectively. This study examined the evolutionary changes of CDH orthologs in primates and the factors that influence selective pressure to investigate the varying constraints exerted among CDH. Pairwise comparisons of the number of amino acid substitutions and of the ratio of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous sites (dN) over synonymous substitutions per synonymous sites (dS), show that CDH2, CDH4, and most type II CDH have been under significantly higher negative selective pressure as compared to CDH1, CDH3, CDH5 and CDH19. Evaluation of gene essentiality as determined by the effect of germline deletion on animal viability, morphogenic phenotype, and reproductive fitness, show no correlation with the with extent of negative selection observed on CDH. Spearman's correlation analysis shows a positive correlation between CDH expression levels (E) in mouse and human tissues and their rate of evolution (R), as observed in most proteins expressed on the cell surface. However, CDH expression in the CNS show a significant E-R negative correlation, indicating that the strong negative selection exerted on CDH2, CDH4, and most type II CDH is associated with their expression in the CNS. CDH participate in a variety of cellular processes in the CNS including neuronal migration and functional assembly of neural circuits, which could profoundly influence animal fitness. Therefore, our findings suggest that the unusually high negative selective pressure exerted on CDH2, CDH4 and most type II CDH is due to their role in CNS formation and function and may have contributed to shape the evolution of the CNS in primates.},
}

Animals
*Cadherins/genetics/metabolism
*Primates/genetics
*Evolution, Molecular
Mice
*Central Nervous System/metabolism
Humans
Phylogeny
Selection, Genetic

@article {pmid39564455,
year = {2024},
author = {Schaap, P},
title = {NOVEL INVENTION OF SPORE INDUCTION IN A SISTER SPECIES TO GROUP 4 DICTYOSTELIA.},
journal = {Open research Europe},
volume = {4},
number = {},
pages = {239},
pmid = {39564455},
issn = {2732-5121},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dictyostelia are soil amoebas that aggregate to form fruiting bodies with spores and stalk cells in response to starvation. Where known, species across the dictyostelid phylogeny use secreted cAMP, detected by cAMP receptors (cARs) to induce the differentiation of spores and to organize fruiting body construction. However, recent deletion of the single cAR of Polyspondylium violaceum (Pvio) left both its fruiting bodies and spores intact.

METHODS: To investigate whether Pvio sporulation can occur in the absence of secreted cAMP and to explore alternative inducers in a bioassay , three prespore genes were identified and gene fusions of their promoters with the LacZ reporter gene were transformed into Pvio cells. After assessing the spatial expression pattern of the genes and the stage at which prespore gene expression initiated, the effect of cAMP and other Dictyostelium discoideum (Ddis) signal molecules were tested on prespore gene expression in vitro.

RESULTS: Pvio genes g4562 (psp1), g2696 (psp2) and g2380 (psp3) were identified as homologs of Ddis spore coat genes. They were first expressed around 4 h of starvation in aggregation centres and later in the posterior 4/5 [th] of emerging sorogens and the spore head of early fruiting bodies. Cells from dissociated 4 h aggregates and shaken in suspension for 6 h increased prespore- LacZ reporter activity 4-fold for psp1 and 6-fold for psp2, but this increase was at least 5-fold higher when cells were plated on solid substratum for 6 h to develop normally. cAMP had no effect on prespore gene induction and neither had the Pvio chemoattractant glorin nor the Ddis chemoattractants and differentiation inducers folate, c-di-GMP, DIF-1, GABA, cGMP and 8Br-cAMP.

CONCLUSIONS: The Pvio lineage uniquely evolved a novel genetic network for synthesis, detection and processing of the signal that triggers its main survival strategy.},
}

@article {pmid39543096,
year = {2024},
author = {Gao, Y and Tan, DS and Girbig, M and Hu, H and Zhou, X and Xie, Q and Yeung, SW and Lee, KS and Ho, SY and Cojocaru, V and Yan, J and Hochberg, GKA and de Mendoza, A and Jauch, R},
title = {The emergence of Sox and POU transcription factors predates the origins of animal stem cells.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {9868},
pmid = {39543096},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {C7064-22G//Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (RGC, UGC)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *SOX Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology ; *SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; POU Domain Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Evolution, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics ; },
abstract = {Stem cells are a hallmark of animal multicellularity. Sox and POU transcription factors are associated with stemness and were believed to be animal innovations, reported absent in their unicellular relatives. Here we describe unicellular Sox and POU factors. Choanoflagellate and filasterean Sox proteins have DNA-binding specificity similar to mammalian Sox2. Choanoflagellate-but not filasterean-Sox can replace Sox2 to reprogram mouse somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through interacting with the mouse POU member Oct4. In contrast, choanoflagellate POU has a distinct DNA-binding profile and cannot generate iPSCs. Ancestrally reconstructed Sox proteins indicate that iPSC formation capacity is pervasive among resurrected sequences, thus loss of Sox2-like properties fostered Sox family subfunctionalization. Our findings imply that the evolution of animal stem cells might have involved the exaptation of a pre-existing set of transcription factors, where pre-animal Sox was biochemically similar to extant Sox, whilst POU factors required evolutionary innovations.},
}

Animals
Mice
*SOX Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics
*Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology
*SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics
POU Domain Factors/metabolism/genetics
Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism/genetics
Humans
Evolution, Molecular
Phylogeny
Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology
Cellular Reprogramming/genetics

@article {pmid39539009,
year = {2024},
author = {Kosztyo, BS and Richards, EJ},
title = {Structural Diversity and Distribution of Nuclear Matrix Constituent Protein Class Nuclear Lamina Proteins in Streptophytic Algae.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {39539009},
issn = {1759-6653},
support = {URoL-2022048//National Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {*Streptophyta/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Nuclear Lamina/metabolism ; Nuclear Matrix/metabolism ; Algal Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Proteome ; },
abstract = {Nuclear matrix constituent proteins in plants function like animal lamins, providing the structural foundation of the nuclear lamina and regulating nuclear organization and morphology. Although they are well characterized in angiosperms, the presence and structure of nuclear matrix constituent proteins in more distantly related species, such as streptophytic algae, are relatively unknown. The rapid evolution of nuclear matrix constituent proteins throughout the plant lineage has caused a divergence in protein sequence that makes similarity-based searches less effective. Structural features are more likely to be conserved compared to primary amino acid sequence; therefore, we developed a filtration protocol to search for diverged nuclear matrix constituent proteins based on four physical characteristics: intrinsically disordered content, isoelectric point, number of amino acids, and the presence of a central coiled-coil domain. By setting parameters to recognize the properties of bona fide nuclear matrix constituent protein proteins in angiosperms, we filtered eight complete proteomes from streptophytic algae species and identified strong nuclear matrix constituent protein candidates in six taxa in the Classes Zygnematophyceae, Charophyceae, and Klebsormidiophyceae. Through analysis of these proteins, we observed structural variance in domain size between nuclear matrix constituent proteins in algae and land plants, as well as a single block of amino acid conservation. Our analysis indicates that nuclear matrix constituent proteins are absent in the Mesostigmatophyceae. The presence versus absence of nuclear matrix constituent protein proteins does not correlate with the distribution of different forms of mitosis (e.g. closed/semi-closed/open) but does correspond to the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity in the streptophytic algae, suggesting that a nuclear matrix constituent protein-based nucleoskeleton plays important roles in supporting cell-to-cell interactions.},
}

*Streptophyta/metabolism/genetics
Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry
Nuclear Lamina/metabolism
Nuclear Matrix/metabolism
Algal Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics
Phylogeny
Nuclear Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
Amino Acid Sequence
Evolution, Molecular
Proteome

@article {pmid39536081,
year = {2024},
author = {Huang, J and Larmore, CJ and Priest, SJ and Xu, Z and Dietrich, FS and Yadav, V and Magwene, PM and Sun, S and Heitman, J},
title = {Distinct evolutionary trajectories following loss of RNA interference in Cryptococcus neoformans.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {121},
number = {47},
pages = {e2416656121},
pmid = {39536081},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {R37 AI039115/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI050113-20//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01 AI039115/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI039115-27//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01 AI100272/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI133654-07//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01 AI133654/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI050113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Cryptococcus neoformans/genetics ; *RNA Interference ; Evolution, Molecular ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Retroelements/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Loss of Function Mutation ; Mutation ; Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics ; },
abstract = {While increased mutation rates typically have negative consequences in multicellular organisms, hypermutation can be advantageous for microbes adapting to the environment. Previously, we identified two hypermutator Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates that rapidly develop drug resistance due to transposition of a retrotransposon, Cnl1. Cnl1-mediated hypermutation is caused by a nonsense mutation in a gene encoding an RNA interference (RNAi) component, ZNF3, combined with a tremendous transposon burden. To elucidate adaptive mechanisms following RNAi loss, two bioinformatic pipelines were developed to identify RNAi loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in a collection of 387 sequenced C. neoformans isolates. Remarkably, several RNAi-loss isolates were identified that are not hypermutators and have not accumulated transposons. To test whether these RNAi LOF mutations can cause hypermutation, the mutations were introduced into a nonhypermutator strain with a high transposon burden, which resulted in a hypermutator phenotype. To further investigate whether RNAi-loss isolates can become hypermutators, in vitro passaging was performed. Although no hypermutators were found in two C. neoformans RNAi-loss strains after short-term passage, hypermutation was observed in a passaged Cryptococcus deneoformans strain with an increased transposon burden. Consistent with a two-step evolution, when an RNAi-loss isolate was crossed with an isolate containing a high Cnl1 burden, F1 hypermutator progeny inheriting a high transposon burden were identified. In addition to Cnl1 transpositions, insertions of a gigantic DNA transposon KDZ1 (~11 kb) contributed to hypermutation in the progeny. Our results suggest that RNAi loss is relatively common (7/387, ~1.8%) and enables distinct evolutionary trajectories: hypermutation following transposon accumulation or survival without hypermutation.},
}

*Cryptococcus neoformans/genetics
*RNA Interference
Evolution, Molecular
DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
Retroelements/genetics
Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Loss of Function Mutation
Mutation
Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics

@article {pmid39515324,
year = {2024},
author = {Smith, ML and Marting, PR and Bailey, CS and Chuttong, B and Maul, ER and Molinari, R and Prathibha, P and Rowe, EB and Spott, MR and Koger, B},
title = {Form, function, and evolutionary origins of architectural symmetry in honey bee nests.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {34},
number = {24},
pages = {5813-5821.e5},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.022},
pmid = {39515324},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology/anatomy & histology ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {Symmetry is pervasive across the tree of life,[1][,][2][,][3][,][4][,][5] and organisms (including humans) build symmetrical structures for reproduction, locomotion, or aesthetics.[6][,][7][,][8][,][9] Symmetry, however, does not necessarily span across levels of biological organization (e.g., symmetrical body plans often have asymmetric organs).[10] If and how symmetry exists in structures built by social insect collectives, where there is no blueprint or central organizer, remains an open question.[11] Here, we show that honey bees actively organize nest contents symmetrically on either side of their double-sided comb; 79% ± 7% of cell contents match their backside counterpart, creating a mirror image inside the nest. Experimentally restricting colonies to opposite sides of comb, we find that independent colonies will symmetrically mimic each other's nest organization. We then examine the mechanism by which independent colonies can indirectly coordinate nest symmetry, showing that 100% of colonies (n = 6) perfectly co-localize their brood nest with a randomly positioned heat source, indicating that heat drives nest site initiation and early brood production. Nest symmetry also has adaptive benefits: two-sided nests grow more quickly, rear more brood, and have a more stable thermal environment than one-sided nests do. Finally, examining the evolutionary origins, we show that symmetry persists in three-dimensional (3D) nests of Apis mellifera and across multiple Apis species, coinciding with the onset of double-sided combs, which made it possible to symmetrically stockpile nest contents. This work shows that, similar to molecular mechanisms that create symmetry in multicellular organisms, there are behavioral processes that create functional symmetry in the collective organization of animal architecture.},
}

Animals
Bees/physiology/anatomy & histology
*Nesting Behavior
*Biological Evolution

@article {pmid39508768,
year = {2024},
author = {Lynch, M},
title = {The bioenergetic cost of building a metazoan.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {121},
number = {46},
pages = {e2414742121},
pmid = {39508768},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {2R35GM122566//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R35 GM122566/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; IOS-1922914//NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS)/ ; BSR 83-06072//NSF | BIO | Division of Environmental Biology (DEB)/ ; 735927//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF)/ ; BSR 89-11038//NSF | BIO | Division of Environmental Biology (DEB)/ ; DBI-2119963//NSF | BIO | Division of Environmental Biology (DEB)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Energy Metabolism ; *Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Biomass ; Daphnia/growth & development/metabolism/physiology ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {All life forms depend on the conversion of energy into biomass used in growth and reproduction. For unicellular heterotrophs, the energetic cost associated with building a cell scales slightly sublinearly with cell weight. However, observations on multiple Daphnia species and numerous other metazoans suggest that although a similar size-specific scaling is retained in multicellular heterotrophs, there is a quantum leap in the energy required to build a replacement soma, presumably owing to the added investment in nonproductive features such as cell adhesion, support tissue, and intercellular communication and transport. Thus, any context-dependent ecological advantages that accompany the evolution of multicellularity come at a high baseline bioenergetic cost. At the phylogenetic level, for both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, the energetic expense per unit biomass produced declines with increasing adult size of a species, but there is a countergradient scaling within the developmental trajectories of individual metazoan species, with the cost of biomass production increasing with size. Translation of the results into the universal currency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolyses provides insight into the demands on the electron-transport/ATP-synthase machinery per organism and on the minimum doubling times for biomass production imposed by the costs of duplicating the energy-producing infrastructure.},
}

Animals
*Energy Metabolism
*Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
*Biomass
Daphnia/growth & development/metabolism/physiology
Phylogeny

@article {pmid39508203,
year = {2024},
author = {Neumann, SA and Gaspin, C and Sáez-Vásquez, J},
title = {Plant ribosomes as a score to fathom the melody of 2'-O-methylation across evolution.},
journal = {RNA biology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {70-81},
pmid = {39508203},
issn = {1555-8584},
support = {ANR-20-CE12-0024-01//ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) MetRibo/ ; ANR-10-LABX-41//“Laboratoires d’Excellence (LABEX) TULIP/ ; },
mesh = {Methylation ; *Ribosomes/metabolism ; *RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Plants/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Evolution, Molecular ; Methyltransferases/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; RNA, Plant/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Archaea/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; },
abstract = {2'-O-ribose methylation (2'-O-Me) is one of the most common RNA modifications detected in ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) from bacteria to eukaryotic cells. 2'-O-Me favours a specific RNA conformation and protects RNA from hydrolysis. Moreover, rRNA 2'-O-Me might stabilize its interactions with messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or proteins. The extent of rRNA 2'-O-Me fluctuates between species from 3-4 sites in bacteria to tens of sites in archaea, yeast, algae, plants and human. Depending on the organism as well as the rRNA targeting site and position, the 2'-O-Me reaction can be carried out by several site-specific RNA methyltransferases (RMTase) or by a single RMTase associated to specific RNA guides. Here, we review current progresses in rRNA 2'-O-Me (sites/Nm and RMTases) in plants and compare the results with molecular clues from unicellular (bacteria, archaea, algae and yeast) as well as multicellular (human and plants) organisms.},
}

Methylation
*Ribosomes/metabolism
*RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
*Plants/metabolism/genetics
Humans
Evolution, Molecular
Methyltransferases/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
RNA, Plant/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
Archaea/genetics/metabolism
RNA, Transfer/metabolism/genetics/chemistry

@article {pmid39506108,
year = {2024},
author = {Olivetta, M and Bhickta, C and Chiaruttini, N and Burns, J and Dudin, O},
title = {A multicellular developmental program in a close animal relative.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {635},
number = {8038},
pages = {382-389},
pmid = {39506108},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Embryonic Development ; *Eukaryota/classification/cytology/genetics/growth & development ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Transcriptome ; Zygote/cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {All animals develop from a single-celled zygote into a complex multicellular organism through a series of precisely orchestrated processes[1,2]. Despite the remarkable conservation of early embryogenesis across animals, the evolutionary origins of how and when this process first emerged remain elusive. Here, by combining time-resolved imaging and transcriptomic profiling, we show that single cells of the ichthyosporean Chromosphaera perkinsii-a close relative that diverged from animals about 1 billion years ago[3,4]-undergo symmetry breaking and develop through cleavage divisions to produce a prolonged multicellular colony with distinct co-existing cell types. Our findings about the autonomous and palintomic developmental program of C. perkinsii hint that such multicellular development either is much older than previously thought or evolved convergently in ichthyosporeans.},
}

Animals
Biological Evolution
*Embryonic Development
*Eukaryota/classification/cytology/genetics/growth & development
Gene Expression Profiling
Single-Cell Analysis
Transcriptome
Zygote/cytology/growth & development/metabolism
*Phylogeny
Time Factors

@article {pmid39499080,
year = {2024},
author = {Smith, OER and Bharat, TAM},
title = {Architectural dissection of adhesive bacterial cell surface appendages from a "molecular machines" viewpoint.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {206},
number = {12},
pages = {e0029024},
pmid = {39499080},
issn = {1098-5530},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 223788/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; MC_UP_1201/31/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; MC_UP_1201/31//UKRI | Medical Research Council (MRC)/ ; 225317/Z/22/Z//Wellcome Trust (WT)/ ; EP/V026623/1//UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)/ ; Lister Prize//Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine (Lister Institute)/ ; Philip Leverhulme Prize//Leverhulme Trust/ ; EMBO YIP//European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)/ ; },
mesh = {*Bacterial Adhesion/physiology ; *Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; },
abstract = {The ability of bacteria to interact with and respond to their environment is crucial to their lifestyle and survival. Bacterial cells routinely need to engage with extracellular target molecules, in locations spatially separated from their cell surface. Engagement with distant targets allows bacteria to adhere to abiotic surfaces and host cells, sense harmful or friendly molecules in their vicinity, as well as establish symbiotic interactions with neighboring cells in multicellular communities such as biofilms. Binding to extracellular molecules also facilitates transmission of information back to the originating cell, allowing the cell to respond appropriately to external stimuli, which is critical throughout the bacterial life cycle. This requirement of bacteria to bind to spatially separated targets is fulfilled by a myriad of specialized cell surface molecules, which often have an extended, filamentous arrangement. In this review, we compare and contrast such molecules from diverse bacteria, which fulfil a range of binding functions critical for the cell. Our comparison shows that even though these extended molecules have vastly different sequence, biochemical and functional characteristics, they share common architectural principles that underpin bacterial adhesion in a variety of contexts. In this light, we can consider different bacterial adhesins under one umbrella, specifically from the point of view of a modular molecular machine, with each part fulfilling a distinct architectural role. Such a treatise provides an opportunity to discover fundamental molecular principles governing surface sensing, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation.},
}

*Bacterial Adhesion/physiology
*Bacteria/metabolism/genetics
Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics
Biofilms/growth & development
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

@article {pmid39498496,
year = {2024},
author = {Hojo, H and Tani, S and Ohba, S},
title = {Modeling of skeletal development and diseases using human pluripotent stem cells.},
journal = {Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {5-19},
pmid = {39498496},
issn = {1523-4681},
support = {20H03885//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; //Rising Star Award from American Society for Bone and Mineral Research/ ; JP21bm0704071//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JPMJFR225N//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; JPMJER2401//JST ERATO program/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology ; *Models, Biological ; *Bone Development ; Bone Diseases/pathology ; Bone and Bones/metabolism/embryology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Human skeletal elements are formed from distinct origins at distinct positions of the embryo. For example, the neural crest produces the facial bones, the paraxial mesoderm produces the axial skeleton, and the lateral plate mesoderm produces the appendicular skeleton. During skeletal development, different combinations of signaling pathways are coordinated from distinct origins during the sequential developmental stages. Models for human skeletal development have been established using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and by exploiting our understanding of skeletal development. Stepwise protocols for generating skeletal cells from different origins have been designed to mimic developmental trails. Recently, organoid methods have allowed the multicellular organization of skeletal cell types to recapitulate complicated skeletal development and metabolism. Similarly, several genetic diseases of the skeleton have been modeled using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and genome-editing technologies. Model-based drug screening is a powerful tool for identifying drug candidates. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of the embryonic development of skeletal tissues and introduces the current state-of-the-art hPSC methods for recapitulating skeletal development, metabolism, and diseases. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives for applications of the hPSC-based modeling system in precision medicine in this research field.},
}

Humans
*Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology
*Models, Biological
*Bone Development
Bone Diseases/pathology
Bone and Bones/metabolism/embryology
Animals

@article {pmid39496747,
year = {2024},
author = {Yao, M and Su, Y and Xiong, R and Zhang, X and Zhu, X and Chen, YC and Ao, P},
title = {Deciphering the topological landscape of glioma using a network theory framework.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {26724},
pmid = {39496747},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 16Z103060007//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Glioma/pathology/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; *Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism/pathology ; *Brain Neoplasms/pathology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Glioma stem cells have been recognized as key players in glioma recurrence and therapeutic resistance, presenting a promising target for novel treatments. However, the limited understanding of the role glioma stem cells play in the glioma hierarchy has drawn controversy and hindered research translation into therapies. Despite significant advances in our understanding of gene regulatory networks, the dynamics of these networks and their implications for glioma remain elusive. This study employs a systemic theoretical perspective to integrate experimental knowledge into a core endogenous network model for glioma, thereby elucidating its energy landscape through network dynamics computation. The model identifies two stable states corresponding to astrocytic-like and oligodendrocytic-like tumor cells, connected by a transition state with the feature of high stemness, which serves as one of the energy barriers between astrocytic-like and oligodendrocytic-like states, indicating the instability of glioma stem cells in vivo. We also obtained various stable states further supporting glioma's multicellular origins and uncovered a group of transition states that could potentially induce tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. This research proposes that the transition states linking both glioma stable states are central to glioma heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Our approach may contribute to the advancement of glioma therapy by offering a novel perspective on the complex landscape of glioma biology.},
}

*Glioma/pathology/genetics/metabolism
Humans
*Gene Regulatory Networks
*Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism/pathology
*Brain Neoplasms/pathology/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Astrocytes/metabolism

@article {pmid39480878,
year = {2024},
author = {Petit, C and Kojak, E and Webster, S and Marra, M and Sweeney, B and Chaikin, C and Jemc, JC and Kanzok, SM},
title = {The evolutionarily conserved PhLP3 is essential for sperm development in Drosophila melanogaster.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {10},
pages = {e0306676},
pmid = {39480878},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; *Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/metabolism/growth & development ; Male ; *Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Spermatogenesis/genetics ; *Spermatozoa/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Testis/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; },
abstract = {Phosducin-like proteins (PhLP) are thioredoxin domain-containing proteins that are highly conserved across unicellular and multicellular organisms. PhLP family proteins are hypothesized to function as co-chaperones in the folding of cytoskeletal proteins. Here, we present the initial molecular, biochemical, and functional characterization of CG4511 as Drosophila melanogaster PhLP3. We cloned the gene into a bacterial expression vector and produced enzymatically active recombinant PhLP3, which showed similar kinetics to previously characterized orthologues. A fly strain homozygous for a P-element insertion in the 5' UTR of the PhLP3 gene exhibited significant downregulation of PhLP3 expression. We found these male flies to be sterile. Microscopic analysis revealed altered testes morphology and impairment of spermiogenesis, leading to a lack of mature sperm. Among the most significant observations was the lack of actin cones during sperm maturation. Excision of the P-element insertion in PhLP3 restored male fertility, spermiogenesis, and seminal vesicle size. Given the high level of conservation of PhLP3, our data suggests PhLP3 may be an important regulator of sperm development across species.},
}

Animals
*Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/metabolism/growth & development
Male
*Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*Spermatogenesis/genetics
*Spermatozoa/metabolism
Evolution, Molecular
Testis/metabolism
Conserved Sequence

@article {pmid39486632,
year = {2025},
author = {Barlow, LA},
title = {Development of ectodermal and endodermal taste buds.},
journal = {Developmental biology},
volume = {518},
number = {},
pages = {20-27},
pmid = {39486632},
issn = {1095-564X},
support = {R01 DC018489/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DC021865/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R21 CA236480/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Ectoderm/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; *Endoderm/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Taste Buds/embryology ; Tongue/cytology/embryology ; },
abstract = {The sense of taste is mediated primarily by taste buds on the tongue. These multicellular sensory organs are induced, patterned and become innervated during embryogenesis such that a functional taste system is present at birth when animals begin to feed. While taste buds have been considered ectodermal appendages, this is only partly accurate as only fungiform taste buds in the anterior tongue arise from the ectoderm. Taste buds found in the posterior tongue actually derive from endoderm. Nonetheless, both anterior and posterior buds are functionally similar, despite their disparate embryonic origins. In this review, I compare the development of ectodermal vs endodermal taste buds, highlighting the many differences in the cellular and molecular genetic mechanisms governing their formation.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Ectoderm/cytology/embryology/metabolism
*Endoderm/cytology/embryology/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
*Taste Buds/embryology
Tongue/cytology/embryology

@article {pmid39485366,
year = {2024},
author = {Fontana, A and Wróbel, B},
title = {Evolvability in Artificial Development of Large, Complex Structures and the Principle of Terminal Addition.},
journal = {Artificial life},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1162/artl_a_00460},
pmid = {39485366},
issn = {1530-9185},
abstract = {Epigenetic tracking (ET) is a model of development that is capable of generating diverse, arbitrary, complex three-dimensional cellular structures starting from a single cell. The generated structures have a level of complexity (in terms of the number of cells) comparable to multicellular biological organisms. In this article, we investigate the evolvability of the development of a complex structure inspired by the "French flag" problem: an "Italian Anubis" (a three-dimensional, doglike figure patterned in three colors). Genes during development are triggered in ET at specific developmental stages, and the fitness of individuals during simulated evolution is calculated after a certain stage. When this evaluation stage was allowed to evolve, genes that were triggered at later stages of development tended to be incorporated into the genome later during evolutionary runs. This suggests the emergence of the property of terminal addition in this system. When the principle of terminal addition was explicitly incorporated into ET, and was the sole mechanism for introducing morphological innovation, evolvability improved markedly, leading to the development of structures much more closely approximating the target at a much lower computational cost.},
}

@article {pmid39479526,
year = {2024},
author = {Day, TC and Zamani-Dahaj, SA and Bozdag, GO and Burnetti, AJ and Bingham, EP and Conlin, PL and Ratcliff, WC and Yunker, PJ},
title = {Morphological Entanglement in Living Systems.},
journal = {Physical review. X},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {39479526},
issn = {2160-3308},
support = {R35 GM138030/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM138354/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Many organisms exhibit branching morphologies that twist around each other and become entangled. Entanglement occurs when different objects interlock with each other, creating complex and often irreversible configurations. This physical phenomenon is well studied in nonliving materials, such as granular matter, polymers, and wires, where it has been shown that entanglement is highly sensitive to the geometry of the component parts. However, entanglement is not yet well understood in living systems, despite its presence in many organisms. In fact, recent work has shown that entanglement can evolve rapidly and play a crucial role in the evolution of tough, macroscopic multicellular groups. Here, through a combination of experiments, simulations, and numerical analyses, we show that growth generically facilitates entanglement for a broad range of geometries. We find that experimentally grown entangled branches can be difficult or even impossible to disassemble through translation and rotation of rigid components, suggesting that there are many configurations of branches that growth can access that agitation cannot. We use simulations to show that branching trees readily grow into entangled configurations. In contrast to nongrowing entangled materials, these trees entangle for a broad range of branch geometries. We, thus, propose that entanglement via growth is largely insensitive to the geometry of branched trees but, instead, depends sensitively on timescales, ultimately achieving an entangled state once sufficient growth has occurred. We test this hypothesis in experiments with snowflake yeast, a model system of undifferentiated, branched multicellularity, showing that lengthening the time of growth leads to entanglement and that entanglement via growth can occur for a wide range of geometries. Taken together, our work demonstrates that entanglement is more readily achieved in living systems than in their nonliving counterparts, providing a widely accessible and powerful mechanism for the evolution of novel biological material properties.},
}

@article {pmid39468575,
year = {2024},
author = {Wolnik, J and Adamska, P and Oleksy, A and Sanetra, AM and Palus-Chramiec, K and Lewandowski, MH and Dulak, J and Biniecka, M},
title = {A novel 3D cardiac microtissue model for investigation of cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis.},
journal = {Stem cell research & therapy},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {382},
pmid = {39468575},
issn = {1757-6512},
support = {UMO-2017/25/B/NZ5/02243//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism/pathology ; *Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology ; *Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism/pathology/cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; *Fibroblasts/metabolism/pathology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism/pathology ; Cells, Cultured ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects not only the joints but also has significant cardiovascular (CV) manifestations. The mechanistic interplay between RA and cardiovascular complications is not yet well understood due to the lack of relevant in vitro models. In this study, we established RA cardiac microtisses (cMTs) from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) to investigate whether this fully human 3D multicellular system could serve as a platform to elucidate the connection between RA and CV disorders.

METHODS: PBMC and FLS from healthy and RA donors were reprogrammed to hiPSCs with Sendai vectors. hiPSCs pluripotency was assessed by IF, FACS, spontaneous embryoid bodies formation and teratoma assay. hiPSCs were differentiated to cardiac derivatives such as CMs, ECs and CFs, followed by cell markers characterizations (IF, FACS, qRT-PCR) and functional assessments. 3D cMTs were generated by aggregation of 70% CMs, 15% ECs and 15% CFs. After 21 days in culture, structural and metabolic properties of 3D cMTs were examined by IF, qRT-PCR and Seahorse bioanalyzer.

RESULTS: hiPSCs demonstrated typical colony-like morphology, normal karyotype, presence of pluripotency markers, and ability to differentiate into cells originating from all three germ layers. hiPSC-CMs showed spontaneous beating and expression of cardiac markers (cTnT, MYL7, NKX2.5, MYH7). hiPSC-ECs formed sprouting spheres and tubes and expressed CD31 and CD144. hiPSC-CFs presented spindle-shaped morphology and expression of vimentin, collagen 1 and DDR2. Self-aggregation of CMs/ECs/CFs allowed development of contracting 3D cMTs, demonstrating spherical organization of the cells, which partially resembled the cardiac muscle, both in structure and function. IF analysis confirmed the expression of cTnT, CD31, CD144 and DDR2 in generated 3D cMTs. RA cMTs exhibited significantly greater formation of capillary-like structures, mimicking enhanced vascularization-key RA feature-compared to control cMTs. Seahorse examination of cMTs revealed changes in mitochondrial and glycolytic rates in the presence of metabolic substrates and inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS: The cMTs model may represent an advanced human stem cell-based platform for modeling CV complications in RA. The highly developed capillary-like structures observed within RA cMTs highlight a critical feature of inflammation-induced CV dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases.},
}

Humans
*Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism/pathology
*Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism/cytology
*Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism/pathology/cytology
*Cell Differentiation
*Fibroblasts/metabolism/pathology
Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology/metabolism
Endothelial Cells/metabolism/pathology
Cells, Cultured

@article {pmid39465534,
year = {2024},
author = {Erard, M and Favard, C and Lavis, LD and Recher, G and Rigneault, H and Sage, D},
title = {Back to the future - 20 years of progress and developments in photonic microscopy and biological imaging.},
journal = {Journal of cell science},
volume = {137},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jcs.262344},
pmid = {39465534},
issn = {1477-9137},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Microscopy/history/instrumentation/methods/trends ; *Photons ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {In 2023, the ImaBio consortium (imabio-cnrs.fr), an interdisciplinary life microscopy research group at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, celebrated its 20th anniversary. ImaBio contributes to the biological imaging community through organization of MiFoBio conferences, which are interdisciplinary conferences featuring lectures and hands-on workshops that attract specialists from around the world. MiFoBio conferences provide the community with an opportunity to reflect on the evolution of the field, and the 2023 event offered retrospective talks discussing the past 20 years of topics in microscopy, including imaging of multicellular assemblies, image analysis, quantification of molecular motions and interactions within cells, advancements in fluorescent labels, and laser technology for multiphoton and label-free imaging of thick biological samples. In this Perspective, we compile summaries of these presentations overviewing 20 years of advancements in a specific area of microscopy, each of which concludes with a brief look towards the future. The full presentations are available on the ImaBio YouTube channel (youtube.com/@gdrimabio5724).},
}

Animals
Humans
*Microscopy/history/instrumentation/methods/trends
*Photons
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid39464646,
year = {2024},
author = {Solé, R and Kempes, CP and Corominas-Murtra, B and De Domenico, M and Kolchinsky, A and Lachmann, M and Libby, E and Saavedra, S and Smith, E and Wolpert, D},
title = {Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems.},
journal = {Interface focus},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {20240010},
pmid = {39464646},
issn = {2042-8898},
abstract = {It has been argued that the historical nature of evolution makes it a highly path-dependent process. Under this view, the outcome of evolutionary dynamics could have resulted in organisms with different forms and functions. At the same time, there is ample evidence that convergence and constraints strongly limit the domain of the potential design principles that evolution can achieve. Are these limitations relevant in shaping the fabric of the possible? Here, we argue that fundamental constraints are associated with the logic of living matter. We illustrate this idea by considering the thermodynamic properties of living systems, the linear nature of molecular information, the cellular nature of the building blocks of life, multicellularity and development, the threshold nature of computations in cognitive systems and the discrete nature of the architecture of ecosystems. In all these examples, we present available evidence and suggest potential avenues towards a well-defined theoretical formulation.},
}

@article {pmid39460541,
year = {2024},
author = {Symonds, K and Wali, U and Duff, L and Snedden, WA},
title = {Characterization of the Calmodulin-Like Protein Family in Chara braunii and their Conserved Interaction with the Calmodulin-Binding Transcription Activator Family.},
journal = {Plant & cell physiology},
volume = {65},
number = {12},
pages = {2040-2053},
pmid = {39460541},
issn = {1471-9053},
support = {RGPIN-2018-04928, RGPIN-2017-04551//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {*Calmodulin/metabolism/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Calcium/metabolism ; *Chara/metabolism/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Protein Binding ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Calcium sensor proteins play important roles by detecting changes in intracellular calcium and relaying that information onto downstream targets through protein-protein interaction. Very little is known about calcium sensors from plant species that predate land colonization and the evolution of embryophytes. Here, we examined the genome of the multicellular algae, Chara braunii, for orthologs to the evolutionarily conserved calcium sensor calmodulin (CaM) and for CaM-like (CML) proteins. We identified one CaM and eight CML isoforms that range in size from 16.4 to 21.3 kDa and are predicted to have between two to four calcium-binding (EF-hand) domains. Using recombinant protein, we tested whether CbCaM and CbCML1-CbCML7 possess biochemical properties of typical calcium sensors. CbCaM and the CbCMLs all displayed high-affinity calcium binding with estimated global KD,app values in the physiological µM range. In response to calcium binding, CbCaM and the CbCMLs exhibited varying degrees of increase in exposed hydrophobicity, suggesting that different calcium-induced conformational changes occur among isoforms. We found many examples of putative CaM targets encoded in the C. braunii genome and explored the ability of CbCaM and CbCMLs to interact in planta with a representative putative target, a C. braunii CaM-binding transcription factor (CbCAMTA1). CbCaM, CbCML2 and CbCML4 each associated with the C-terminal region of CbCAMTA1. Collectively, our data support the hypothesis that complex calcium signaling and sensing networks involving CaM and CMLs evolved early in the green lineage. Similarly, it seems likely that calcium-mediated regulation of transcription occurs in C. braunii via CAMTAs and is an ancient trait predating embryophytic emergence.},
}

*Calmodulin/metabolism/genetics
*Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Calcium/metabolism
*Chara/metabolism/genetics
Phylogeny
Amino Acid Sequence
Protein Binding
Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Protein Isoforms/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid39454678,
year = {2024},
author = {Wu, J and Gupta, G and Buerki-Thurnherr, T and Nowack, B and Wick, P},
title = {Bridging the gap: Innovative human-based in vitro approaches for nanomaterials hazard assessment and their role in safe and sustainable by design, risk assessment, and life cycle assessment.},
journal = {NanoImpact},
volume = {36},
number = {},
pages = {100533},
doi = {10.1016/j.impact.2024.100533},
pmid = {39454678},
issn = {2452-0748},
mesh = {Humans ; *Nanostructures/toxicity ; Risk Assessment/methods ; *Toxicity Tests/methods ; },
abstract = {The application of nanomaterials in industry and consumer products is growing exponentially, which has pressed the development and use of predictive human in vitro models in pre-clinical analysis to closely extrapolate potential toxic effects in vivo. The conventional cytotoxicity investigation of nanomaterials using cell lines from cancer origin and culturing them two-dimensionally in a monolayer without mimicking the proper pathophysiological microenvironment may affect a precise prediction of in vitro effects at in vivo level. In recent years, complex in vitro models (also belonging to the new approach methodologies, NAMs) have been established in unicellular to multicellular cultures either by using cell lines, primary cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and reconstituted into relevant biological dimensions mimicking in vivo conditions. These advanced in vitro models retain physiologically reliant exposure scenarios particularly appropriate for oral, dermal, respiratory, and intravenous administration of nanomaterials, which have the potential to improve the in vivo predictability and lead to reliable outcomes. In this perspective, we discuss recent developments and breakthroughs in using advanced human in vitro models for hazard assessment of nanomaterials. We identified fit-for-purpose requirements and remaining challenges for the successful implementation of in vitro data into nanomaterials Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD), Risk Assessment (RA), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). By addressing the gap between in vitro data generation and the utility of in vitro data for nanomaterial safety assessments, a prerequisite for SSbD approaches, we outlined potential key areas for future development.},
}

Humans
*Nanostructures/toxicity
Risk Assessment/methods
*Toxicity Tests/methods

@article {pmid39450340,
year = {2023},
author = {Pérez-Verdugo, F and Banerjee, S},
title = {Tension Remodeling Regulates Topological Transitions in Epithelial Tissues.},
journal = {PRX life},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {39450340},
issn = {2835-8279},
support = {R35 GM143042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Cell neighbor exchanges play a critical role in regulating tissue fluidity during epithelial morphogenesis and repair. In vivo, these neighbor exchanges are often hindered by the formation of transiently stable fourfold vertices, which can develop into complex multicellular rosettes where five or more cell junctions meet. Despite their importance, the mechanical origins of multicellular rosettes have remained elusive, and current cellular models lack the ability to explain their formation and maintenance. Here we present a dynamic vertex model of epithelial tissues with strain-dependent tension remodeling and mechanical memory dissipation. We show that an increase in cell junction tension upon contraction and reduction in tension upon extension can stabilize higher-order vertices, temporarily stalling cell rearrangements. On the other hand, inducing mechanical memory dissipation via relaxation of junction strain and stress promotes the resolution of higher-order vertices, facilitating cell neighbor exchanges. We demonstrate that by tuning the rates of tension remodeling and mechanical memory dissipation, we can control topological transitions and tissue material properties, recapitulating complex cellular topologies seen in developing organisms.},
}

@article {pmid39447574,
year = {2024},
author = {Dierschke, T and Levins, J and Lampugnani, ER and Ebert, B and Zachgo, S and Bowman, JL},
title = {Control of sporophyte secondary cell wall development in Marchantia by a Class II KNOX gene.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {34},
number = {22},
pages = {5213-5222.e5},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.061},
pmid = {39447574},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {*Cell Wall/metabolism/genetics ; *Marchantia/genetics/growth & development ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Germ Cells, Plant/growth & development/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Land plants evolved from an ancestral alga around 470 mya, evolving complex multicellularity in both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. The evolution of water-conducting tissues in the sporophyte generation was crucial for the success of land plants, paving the way for the colonization of a variety of terrestrial habitats. Class II KNOX (KNOX2) genes are major regulators of secondary cell wall formation and seed mucilage (pectin) deposition in flowering plants. Here, we show that, in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, loss-of-function alleles of the KNOX2 ortholog, MpKNOX2, or its dimerization partner, MpBELL1, have defects in capsule wall secondary cell wall and spore pectin biosynthesis. Both genes are expressed in the gametophytic calyptra surrounding the sporophyte and exert maternal effects, suggesting intergenerational regulation from the maternal gametophyte to the sporophytic embryo. These findings also suggest the presence of a secondary wall genetic program in the non-vascular liverwort capsule wall, with attributes of secondary walls in vascular tissues.},
}

*Cell Wall/metabolism/genetics
*Marchantia/genetics/growth & development
*Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Germ Cells, Plant/growth & development/metabolism

@article {pmid39445720,
year = {2025},
author = {Compton, ZT and Mellon, W and Harris, VK and Rupp, S and Mallo, D and Kapsetaki, SE and Wilmot, M and Kennington, R and Noble, K and Baciu, C and Ramirez, LN and Peraza, A and Martins, B and Sudhakar, S and Aksoy, S and Furukawa, G and Vincze, O and Giraudeau, M and Duke, EG and Spiro, S and Flach, E and Davidson, H and Li, CI and Zehnder, A and Graham, TA and Troan, BV and Harrison, TM and Tollis, M and Schiffman, JD and Aktipis, CA and Abegglen, LM and Maley, CC and Boddy, AM},
title = {Cancer Prevalence across Vertebrates.},
journal = {Cancer discovery},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {227-244},
pmid = {39445720},
issn = {2159-8290},
support = {T32 CA272303/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P01 CA091955/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; OTKA K143421//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; COVER ANR-23-CE02-0019//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; U54 CA217376/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; ADHS18-198847//Arizona Biomedical Research Commission (ABRC)/ ; U2C CA233254/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; //Hyundai Hope On Wheels (Hope On Wheels)/ ; BC132057//Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP)/ ; R01 CA140657/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 CA257980/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics ; Prevalence ; *Vertebrates ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Cancer is pervasive across multicellular species, but what explains the differences in cancer prevalence across species? Using 16,049 necropsy records for 292 species spanning three clades of tetrapods (amphibians, sauropsids, and mammals), we found that neoplasia and malignancy prevalence increases with adult mass (contrary to Peto's paradox) and somatic mutation rate but decreases with gestation time. The relationship between adult mass and malignancy prevalence was only apparent when we controlled for gestation time. Evolution of cancer susceptibility appears to have undergone sudden shifts followed by stabilizing selection. Outliers for neoplasia prevalence include the common porpoise (<1.3%), the Rodrigues fruit bat (<1.6%), the black-footed penguin (<0.4%), ferrets (63%), and opossums (35%). Discovering why some species have particularly high or low levels of cancer may lead to a better understanding of cancer syndromes and novel strategies for the management and prevention of cancer. Significance: Evolution has discovered mechanisms for suppressing cancer in a wide variety of species. By analyzing veterinary necropsy records, we can identify species with exceptionally high or low cancer prevalence. Discovering the mechanisms of cancer susceptibility and resistance may help improve cancer prevention and explain cancer syndromes. See related commentary by Metzger, p. 14.},
}

Animals
*Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics
Prevalence
*Vertebrates
Humans

@article {pmid39445133,
year = {2024},
author = {Lee, SH and Dubey, N and Jeon, J},
title = {The Unknown within the Known: Nucleolus, Understudied Compartment in the Filamentous Fungi.},
journal = {Mycobiology},
volume = {52},
number = {4},
pages = {214-221},
pmid = {39445133},
issn = {1229-8093},
abstract = {Nucleolus is the most conspicuous sub-nuclear compartment that is well known as the site of RNA polymerase I-mediated rDNA transcription and assembly of ribosome subunits in eukaryotes. Recent studies on mammalian cells suggest that functions of nucleolus are not limited to ribosome biogenesis, and that nucleolus is involved in a diverse array of nuclear and cellular processes such as DNA repair, stress responses, and protein sequestration. In fungi, knowledge of nucleolus and its functions was primarily gleaned from the budding yeast. However, little is known about nucleolus of the filamentous fungi. Considering that the filamentous fungi are multi-cellular eukaryotes and thus distinct from the yeast in many aspects, researches on nucleoli of filamentous fungi would have the potential to uncover the evolution of nucleolus and its roles in the diverse cellular processes. Here we provide a brief up-to-date overview of nucleolus in general, and evidence suggesting their roles in fungal physiology and development.},
}

@article {pmid39444444,
year = {2024},
author = {Bieuville, M and Dujon, AM and Raven, N and Ujvari, B and Pujol, P and Eslami-S, Z and Alix Panabières, C and Capp, JP and Thomas, F},
title = {When Do Tumours Develop? Neoplastic Processes Across Different Timescales: Age, Season and Round the Circadian Clock.},
journal = {Evolutionary applications},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {e70024},
pmid = {39444444},
issn = {1752-4571},
abstract = {While it is recognised that most, if not all, multicellular organisms harbour neoplastic processes within their bodies, the timing of when these undesirable cell proliferations are most likely to occur and progress throughout the organism's lifetime remains only partially documented. Due to the different mechanisms implicated in tumourigenesis, it is highly unlikely that this probability remains constant at all times and stages of life. In this article, we summarise what is known about this variation, considering the roles of age, season and circadian rhythm. While most studies requiring that level of detail be done on humans, we also review available evidence in other animal species. For each of these timescales, we identify mechanisms or biological functions shaping the variation. When possible, we show that evolutionary processes likely played a role, either directly to regulate the cancer risk or indirectly through trade-offs. We find that neoplastic risk varies with age in a more complex way than predicted by early epidemiological models: rather than resulting from mutations alone, tumour development is dictated by tissue- and age-specific processes. Similarly, the seasonal cycle can be associated with risk variation in some species with life-history events such as sexual competition or mating being timed according to the season. Lastly, we show that the circadian cycle influences tumourigenesis in physiological, pathological and therapeutic contexts. We also highlight two biological functions at the core of these variations across our three timescales: immunity and metabolism. Finally, we show that our understanding of the entanglement between tumourigenic processes and biological cycles is constrained by the limited number of species for which we have extensive data. Improving our knowledge of the periods of vulnerability to the onset and/or progression of (malignant) tumours is a key issue that deserves further investigation, as it is key to successful cancer prevention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid39443791,
year = {2024},
author = {Lotharukpong, JS and Zheng, M and Luthringer, R and Liesner, D and Drost, HG and Coelho, SM},
title = {A transcriptomic hourglass in brown algae.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {635},
number = {8037},
pages = {129-135},
pmid = {39443791},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Embryonic Development ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fungi/growth & development ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Life Cycle Stages/genetics ; *Phaeophyceae/cytology/genetics/growth & development ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Time Factors ; *Transcriptome/genetics ; },
abstract = {Complex multicellularity has emerged independently across a few eukaryotic lineages and is often associated with the rise of elaborate, tightly coordinated developmental processes[1,2]. How multicellularity and development are interconnected in evolution is a major question in biology. The hourglass model of embryonic evolution depicts how developmental processes are conserved during evolution, and predicts morphological and molecular divergence in early and late embryogenesis, bridged by a conserved mid-embryonic (phylotypic) period linked to the formation of the basic body plan[3,4]. Initially found in animal embryos[5-8], molecular hourglass patterns have recently been proposed for land plants and fungi[9,10]. However, whether the hourglass pattern is an intrinsic feature of all complex multicellular eukaryotes remains unknown. Here we tested the presence of a molecular hourglass in the brown algae, a eukaryotic lineage that has evolved multicellularity independently from animals, fungi and plants[1,11,12]. By exploring transcriptome evolution patterns of brown algae with distinct morphological complexities, we uncovered an hourglass pattern during embryogenesis in morphologically complex species. Filamentous algae without canonical embryogenesis display transcriptome conservation in multicellular stages of the life cycle, whereas unicellular stages are more rapidly evolving. Our findings suggest that transcriptome conservation in brown algae is associated with cell differentiation stages, but is not necessarily linked to embryogenesis. Together with previous work in animals, plants and fungi, we provide further evidence for the generality of a developmental hourglass pattern across complex multicellular eukaryotes.},
}

Animals
Cell Differentiation/genetics
Embryonic Development
Evolution, Molecular
Fungi/growth & development
Gene Expression Profiling
*Life Cycle Stages/genetics
*Phaeophyceae/cytology/genetics/growth & development
Phylogeny
Plant Development
Time Factors
*Transcriptome/genetics

@article {pmid39441990,
year = {2024},
author = {Uppal, S and Waterworth, SC and Nick, A and Vogel, H and Flórez, LV and Kaltenpoth, M and Kwan, JC},
title = {Repeated horizontal acquisition of lagriamide-producing symbionts in Lagriinae beetles.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {39441990},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {ERC CoG 819585//European Research Council through an ERC Consolidator/ ; 1845890//National Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Coleoptera/microbiology ; *Burkholderia/genetics/metabolism/classification/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Metagenomics ; Genome, Bacterial ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; },
abstract = {Microbial symbionts associate with multicellular organisms on a continuum from facultative associations to mutual codependency. In the oldest intracellular symbioses there is exclusive vertical symbiont transmission, and co-diversification of symbiotic partners over millions of years. Such symbionts often undergo genome reduction due to low effective population sizes, frequent population bottlenecks, and reduced purifying selection. Here, we describe multiple independent acquisition events of closely related defensive symbionts followed by genome erosion in a group of Lagriinae beetles. Previous work in Lagria villosa revealed the dominant genome-eroded symbiont of the genus Burkholderia produces the antifungal compound lagriamide, protecting the beetle's eggs and larvae from antagonistic fungi. Here, we use metagenomics to assemble 11 additional genomes of lagriamide-producing symbionts from 7 different host species within Lagriinae from 5 countries, to unravel the evolutionary history of this symbiotic relationship. In each host, we detected one dominant genome-eroded Burkholderia symbiont encoding the lagriamide biosynthetic gene cluster. However, we did not find evidence for host-symbiont co-diversification or for monophyly of the lagriamide-producing symbionts. Instead, our analyses support a single ancestral acquisition of the gene cluster followed by at least four independent symbiont acquisitions and subsequent genome erosion in each lineage. By contrast, a clade of plant-associated relatives retained large genomes but secondarily lost the lagriamide gene cluster. Our results, therefore, reveal a dynamic evolutionary history with multiple independent symbiont acquisitions characterized by a high degree of specificity and highlight the importance of the specialized metabolite lagriamide for the establishment and maintenance of this defensive symbiosis.},
}

Animals
*Symbiosis
*Coleoptera/microbiology
*Burkholderia/genetics/metabolism/classification/physiology
Phylogeny
Metagenomics
Genome, Bacterial
Gene Transfer, Horizontal

@article {pmid39431545,
year = {2024},
author = {Usmanova, DR and Plata, G and Vitkup, D},
title = {Functional Optimization in Distinct Tissues and Conditions Constrains the Rate of Protein Evolution.},
journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
volume = {41},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {39431545},
issn = {1537-1719},
support = {R01 MH124923/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM131884/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM131884/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Evolution, Molecular ; Animals ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Understanding the main determinants of protein evolution is a fundamental challenge in biology. Despite many decades of active research, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the substantial variability of evolutionary rates across cellular proteins are not currently well understood. It also remains unclear how protein molecular function is optimized in the context of multicellular species and why many proteins, such as enzymes, are only moderately efficient on average. Our analysis of genomics and functional datasets reveals in multiple organisms a strong inverse relationship between the optimality of protein molecular function and the rate of protein evolution. Furthermore, we find that highly expressed proteins tend to be substantially more functionally optimized. These results suggest that cellular expression costs lead to more pronounced functional optimization of abundant proteins and that the purifying selection to maintain high levels of functional optimality significantly slows protein evolution. We observe that in multicellular species both the rate of protein evolution and the degree of protein functional efficiency are primarily affected by expression in several distinct cell types and tissues, specifically, in developed neurons with upregulated synaptic processes in animals and in young and fast-growing tissues in plants. Overall, our analysis reveals how various constraints from the molecular, cellular, and species' levels of biological organization jointly affect the rate of protein evolution and the level of protein functional adaptation.},
}

*Evolution, Molecular
Animals
Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Humans

@article {pmid39427812,
year = {2024},
author = {Dvořáček, J and Kodrík, D},
title = {Brain and cognition: The need for a broader biological perspective to overcome old biases.},
journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {105928},
doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105928},
pmid = {39427812},
issn = {1873-7528},
mesh = {*Cognition/physiology ; *Brain/physiology ; Animals ; Humans ; *Biological Evolution ; Neurons/physiology ; Intelligence/physiology ; },
abstract = {Even with accumulating knowledge, no consensus regarding the understanding of intelligence or cognition exists, and the universal brain bases for these functions remain unclear. Traditionally, our understanding of cognition is based on self-evident principles that appear indisputable when looking only at our species; however, this can distance us from understanding its essence (anthropocentrism, corticocentrism, intellectocentrism, neurocentrism, and idea of orthogenesis of brain evolution). Herein, we use several examples from biology to demonstrate the usefulness of comparative ways of thinking in relativizing these biases. We discuss the relationship between the number of neurons and cognition and draw attention to the highly developed cognitive performance of animals with small brains, to some "tricks" of evolution, to how animals cope with small hardware, to some animals with high-quality brains with an alternative architecture to vertebrates, and to surprising basal cognitive skills in aneural, unicellular organisms. Cognition can be supplemented by the idea of a multicellular organism as a continuum, with many levels of cognitive function, including the possible basal learning in single cells.},
}

*Cognition/physiology
*Brain/physiology
Animals
Humans
*Biological Evolution
Neurons/physiology
Intelligence/physiology

@article {pmid39422488,
year = {2024},
author = {Hoang, Y and Franklin, J and Dufour, YS and Kroos, L},
title = {Short-range C-signaling restricts cheating behavior during Myxococcus xanthus development.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {e0244024},
pmid = {39422488},
issn = {2150-7511},
support = {MCB-1411272,IOS-1951025//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; //AgBioResearch, Michigan State University (MSU AgBioResearch)/ ; },
mesh = {*Myxococcus xanthus/genetics/physiology/growth & development/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Spores, Bacterial/growth & development/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Myxococcus xanthus uses short-range C-signaling to coordinate multicellular mound formation with sporulation during fruiting body development. A csgA mutant deficient in C-signaling can cheat on wild type (WT) in mixtures and form spores disproportionately, but our understanding of cheating behavior is incomplete. We subjected mixtures of WT and csgA cells at different ratios to co-development and used confocal microscopy and image analysis to quantify the arrangement and morphology of cells. At a ratio of one WT to four csgA cells (1:4), mounds failed to form. At 1:2, only a few mounds and spores formed. At 1:1, mounds formed with a similar number and arrangement of WT and csgA rods early in development, but later the number of csgA spores near the bottom of these nascent fruiting bodies (NFBs) exceeded that of WT. This cheating after mound formation involved csgA forming spores at a greater rate, while WT disappeared at a greater rate, either lysing or exiting NFBs. At 2:1 and 4:1, csgA rods were more abundant than expected throughout the biofilm both before and during mound formation, and cheating continued after mound formation. We conclude that C-signaling restricts cheating behavior by requiring sufficient WT cells in mixtures. Excess cheaters may interfere with positive feedback loops that depend on the cellular arrangement to enhance C-signaling during mound building. Since long-range signaling could not likewise communicate the cellular arrangement, we propose that C-signaling was favored evolutionarily and that other short-range signaling mechanisms provided selective advantages in bacterial biofilm and multicellular animal development.

IMPORTANCE: Bacteria communicate using both long- and short-range signals. Signaling affects community composition, structure, and function. Adherent communities called biofilms impact medicine, agriculture, industry, and the environment. To facilitate the manipulation of biofilms for societal benefits, a better understanding of short-range signaling is necessary. We investigated the susceptibility of short-range C-signaling to cheating during Myxococcus xanthus biofilm development. A mutant deficient in C-signaling fails to form mounds containing spores (i.e., fruiting bodies) but cheats on C-signaling by wild type in starved cell mixtures and forms spores disproportionately. We found that cheating requires sufficient wild-type cells in the initial mix and can occur both before mound formation and later during the sporulation stage of development. By restricting cheating behavior, short-range C-signaling may have been favored evolutionarily rather than long-range diffusible signaling. Cheating restrictions imposed by short-range signaling may have likewise driven the evolution of multicellularity broadly.},
}

*Myxococcus xanthus/genetics/physiology/growth & development/metabolism
*Signal Transduction
*Spores, Bacterial/growth & development/genetics/physiology/metabolism
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Mutation

@article {pmid39414948,
year = {2025},
author = {Laisné, M and Lupien, M and Vallot, C},
title = {Epigenomic heterogeneity as a source of tumour evolution.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Cancer},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {7-26},
pmid = {39414948},
issn = {1474-1768},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; *Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; },
abstract = {In the past decade, remarkable progress in cancer medicine has been achieved by the development of treatments that target DNA sequence variants. However, a purely genetic approach to treatment selection is hampered by the fact that diverse cell states can emerge from the same genotype. In multicellular organisms, cell-state heterogeneity is driven by epigenetic processes that regulate DNA-based functions such as transcription; disruption of these processes is a hallmark of cancer that enables the emergence of defective cell states. Advances in single-cell technologies have unlocked our ability to quantify the epigenomic heterogeneity of tumours and understand its mechanisms, thereby transforming our appreciation of how epigenomic changes drive cancer evolution. This Review explores the idea that epigenomic heterogeneity and plasticity act as a reservoir of cell states and therefore as a source of tumour evolution. Best practices to quantify epigenomic heterogeneity and explore its various causes and consequences are discussed, including epigenomic reprogramming, stochastic changes and lasting memory. The design of new therapeutic approaches to restrict epigenomic heterogeneity, with the long-term objective of limiting cancer development and progression, is also addressed.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Epigenesis, Genetic
*Genetic Heterogeneity
*Neoplasms/genetics/pathology

@article {pmid39390408,
year = {2024},
author = {Mazéas, L and Bouguerba-Collin, A and Cock, JM and Denoeud, F and Godfroy, O and Brillet-Guéguen, L and Barbeyron, T and Lipinska, AP and Delage, L and Corre, E and Drula, E and Henrissat, B and Czjzek, M and Terrapon, N and Hervé, C},
title = {Candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of the main extracellular matrix polysaccharides of brown algae and their probable evolutionary history.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {950},
pmid = {39390408},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-10-INBS-09//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-10-INBS-09//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-11-INBS-0013//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-11-INBS-0013//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-11-INBS-0013//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-20-CE44-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; 638240/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; },
mesh = {*Phaeophyceae/genetics/metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; *Polysaccharides/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Alginates/metabolism ; Genomics/methods ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brown algae belong to the Stramenopiles phylum and are phylogenetically distant from plants and other multicellular organisms. This independent evolutionary history has shaped brown algae with numerous metabolic characteristics specific to this group, including the synthesis of peculiar polysaccharides contained in their extracellular matrix (ECM). Alginates and fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides (FCSPs), the latter including fucans, are the main components of ECMs. However, the metabolic pathways of these polysaccharides remain poorly described due to a lack of genomic data.

RESULTS: An extensive genomic dataset has been recently released for brown algae and their close sister species, for which we previously performed an expert annotation of key genes involved in ECM-carbohydrate metabolisms. Here we provide a deeper analysis of this set of genes using comparative genomics, phylogenetics analyses, and protein modelling. Two key gene families involved in both the synthesis and degradation of alginate were suggested to have been acquired by the common ancestor of brown algae and their closest sister species Schizocladia ischiensis. Our analysis indicates that this assumption can be extended to additional metabolic steps, and thus to the whole alginate metabolic pathway. The pathway for the biosynthesis of fucans still remains biochemically unresolved and we also investigate putative fucosyltransferase genes that may harbour a fucan synthase activity in brown algae.

CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis is the first extensive survey of carbohydrate-related enzymes in brown algae, and provides a valuable resource for future research into the glycome and ECM of brown algae. The expansion of specific families related to alginate metabolism may have represented an important prerequisite for the evolution of developmental complexity in brown algae. Our analysis questions the possible occurrence of FCSPs outside brown algae, notably within their closest sister taxon and in other Stramenopiles such as diatoms. Filling this knowledge gap in the future will help determine the origin and evolutionary history of fucan synthesis in eukaryotes.},
}

*Phaeophyceae/genetics/metabolism
*Phylogeny
*Polysaccharides/biosynthesis/metabolism
*Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
*Evolution, Molecular
Alginates/metabolism
Genomics/methods

@article {pmid39381908,
year = {2024},
author = {Staps, M and Tarnita, CE and Kawakatsu, M},
title = {Ecological principles for the evolution of communication in collective systems.},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
volume = {291},
number = {2032},
pages = {20241562},
pmid = {39381908},
issn = {1471-2954},
support = {//James S. McDonnell Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Animal Communication ; *Biological Evolution ; Bees/physiology ; Ants/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Social Behavior ; },
abstract = {Communication allows members of a collective to share information about their environment. Advanced collective systems, such as multicellular organisms and social insect colonies, vary in whether they use communication at all and, if they do, in what types of signals they use, but the origins of these differences are poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to investigate the evolution and diversity of communication strategies under collective-level selection. We find that whether communication can evolve depends on a collective's external environment: communication only evolves in sufficiently stable environments, where the costs of sensing are high enough to disfavour independent sensing but not so high that the optimal strategy is to ignore the environment altogether. Moreover, we find that the evolution of diverse signalling strategies-including those relying on prolonged signalling (e.g. honeybee waggle dance), persistence of signals in the environment (e.g. ant trail pheromones) and brief but frequent communicative interactions (e.g. ant antennal contacts)-can be explained theoretically in terms of the interplay between the demands of the environment and internal constraints on the signal. Altogether, we provide a general framework for comparing communication strategies found in nature and uncover simple ecological principles that may contribute to their diversity.},
}

Animals
*Animal Communication
*Biological Evolution
Bees/physiology
Ants/physiology
Models, Biological
Social Behavior

@article {pmid39381636,
year = {2024},
author = {Borges, A and Pinto-Teixeira, F and Wibowo, I and Pogoda, HM and Hammerschmidt, M and Kawakami, K and López-Schier, H and Miranda-Rodríguez, JR},
title = {Incoherent collective cell chemotaxis underlies organ dysmorphia in a model of branchio-oto-renal syndrome.},
journal = {microPublication biology},
volume = {2024},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39381636},
issn = {2578-9430},
abstract = {Mutations in eya1 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) in humans and the equivalent condition in animal models. BOR is characterized by multi-organ malformations. To better understand the role of Eya1 in organogenesis we used the zebrafish posterior lateral-line primordium. This multicellular tissue moves from head-to-tail at a constant velocity via the simultaneous action of two chemokine receptors, Cxcr4b and Ackr3b (formerly cxcr7b). We found that loss of eya1 strongly reduces the expression of ackr3b , disrupting the coherent motion of the primordium and leading to lateral-line truncations. These findings point to abnormal collective cell chemotaxis as the origin of organ dysmorphia in BOR.},
}

@article {pmid39378102,
year = {2025},
author = {Laporte, D and Sagot, I},
title = {Microtubule Reorganization and Quiescence: an Intertwined Relationship.},
journal = {Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {0},
doi = {10.1152/physiol.00036.2024},
pmid = {39378102},
issn = {1548-9221},
support = {ANR-21-CE13-0023-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; },
mesh = {*Microtubules/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; Cell Proliferation/physiology ; },
abstract = {Quiescence is operationally defined as a reversible proliferation arrest. This cellular state is central to both organism development and homeostasis, and its dysregulation causes many pathologies. The quiescent state encompasses very diverse cellular situations depending on the cell type and its environment. Further, quiescent cell properties evolve with time, a process that is thought to be the origin of aging in multicellular organisms. Microtubules are found in all eukaryotes and are essential for cell proliferation as they support chromosome segregation and intracellular trafficking. Upon proliferation cessation and quiescence establishment, the microtubule cytoskeleton was shown to undergo significant remodeling. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature in search of evidence to determine whether the observed microtubule reorganizations are merely a consequence of quiescence establishment or if they somehow participate in this cell fate decision.},
}

*Microtubules/metabolism
Humans
Animals
Cell Proliferation/physiology

@article {pmid39373528,
year = {2024},
author = {Ros-Rocher, N},
title = {The evolution of multicellularity and cell differentiation symposium: bridging evolutionary cell biology and computational modelling using emerging model systems.},
journal = {Biology open},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {39373528},
issn = {2046-6390},
support = {101106415//European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation funding program/ ; //Institute Pasteur: Institut Pasteur; Baylor College of Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {*Cell Differentiation/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Animals ; Computational Biology/methods ; Humans ; Cell Biology ; Models, Biological ; Computer Simulation ; Genomics/methods ; },
abstract = {'The evolution of multicellularity and cell differentiation' symposium, organized as part of the EuroEvoDevo 2024 meeting on June 25-28th in Helsinki (Finland), addressed recent advances on the molecular and mechanistic basis for the evolution of multicellularity and cell differentiation in eukaryotes. The symposium involved over 100 participants and brought together 10 speakers at diverse career stages. Talks covered various topics at the interface of developmental biology, evolutionary cell biology, comparative genomics, computational biology, and ecology using animal, protist, algal and mathematical models. This symposium offered a unique opportunity for interdisciplinary dialog among researchers working on different systems, especially in promoting collaborations and aligning strategies for studying emerging model species. Moreover, it fostered opportunities to promote early career researchers in the field and opened discussions of ongoing work and unpublished results. In this Meeting Review, we aim to promote the research, capture the spirit of the meeting, and present key topics discussed within this dynamic, growing and open community.},
}

*Cell Differentiation/genetics
*Biological Evolution
Animals
Computational Biology/methods
Humans
Cell Biology
Models, Biological
Computer Simulation
Genomics/methods

@article {pmid39366767,
year = {2024},
author = {Mazur-Marzec, H and Andersson, AF and Błaszczyk, A and Dąbek, P and Górecka, E and Grabski, M and Jankowska, K and Jurczak-Kurek, A and Kaczorowska, AK and Kaczorowski, T and Karlson, B and Kataržytė, M and Kobos, J and Kotlarska, E and Krawczyk, B and Łuczkiewicz, A and Piwosz, K and Rybak, B and Rychert, K and Sjöqvist, C and Surosz, W and Szymczycha, B and Toruńska-Sitarz, A and Węgrzyn, G and Witkowski, A and Węgrzyn, A},
title = {Biodiversity of microorganisms in the Baltic Sea: the power of novel methods in the identification of marine microbes.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews},
volume = {48},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {39366767},
issn = {1574-6976},
support = {2021/03/Y/NZ8/00076//National Science Centre/ ; 2021-05563//Swedish Research Council/ ; },
mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Seawater/microbiology ; *Oceans and Seas ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Microbiota/genetics ; Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Until recently, the data on the diversity of the entire microbial community from the Baltic Sea were relatively rare and very scarce. However, modern molecular methods have provided new insights into this field with interesting results. They can be summarized as follows. (i) Although low salinity causes a reduction in the biodiversity of multicellular species relative to the populations of the North-East Atlantic, no such reduction occurs in bacterial diversity. (ii) Among cyanobacteria, the picocyanobacterial group dominates when considering gene abundance, while filamentous cyanobacteria dominate in means of biomass. (iii) The diversity of diatoms and dinoflagellates is significantly larger than described a few decades ago; however, molecular studies on these groups are still scarce. (iv) Knowledge gaps in other protistan communities are evident. (v) Salinity is the main limiting parameter of pelagic fungal community composition, while the benthic fungal diversity is shaped by water depth, salinity, and sediment C and N availability. (vi) Bacteriophages are the predominant group of viruses, while among viruses infecting eukaryotic hosts, Phycodnaviridae are the most abundant; the Baltic Sea virome is contaminated with viruses originating from urban and/or industrial habitats. These features make the Baltic Sea microbiome specific and unique among other marine environments.},
}

*Biodiversity
*Seawater/microbiology
*Oceans and Seas
*Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Microbiota/genetics
Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation & purification

@article {pmid39366961,
year = {2024},
author = {Jin, M and Li, W and Ji, Z and Di, G and Yuan, M and Zhang, Y and Kang, Y and Zhao, C},
title = {Coordinated cellular behavior regulated by epinephrine neurotransmitters in the nerveless placozoa.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {8626},
pmid = {39366961},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {Nos. 32125015//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; Nos. 31991194//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32200415//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {*Epinephrine/pharmacology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Placozoa/metabolism ; *Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism/genetics ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Cilia/metabolism/drug effects ; Calcium Signaling/drug effects ; Cell Communication/drug effects ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Understanding how cells communicated before the evolution of nervous systems in early metazoans is key to unraveling the origins of multicellular life. We focused on Trichoplax adhaerens, one of the earliest multicellular animals, to explore this question. Through screening a small compound library targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), we found that Trichoplax exhibits distinctive rotational movements when exposed to epinephrine. Further studies suggested that, akin to those in humans, this basal organism also utilizes adrenergic signals to regulate its negative taxis behavior, with the downstream signaling pathway being more straightforward and efficient. Mechanistically, the binding of ligands activates downstream calcium signaling, subsequently modulating ciliary redox signals. This process ultimately regulates the beating direction of cilia, governing the coordinated movement of the organism. Our findings not only highlight the enduring presence of adrenergic signaling in stress responses during evolution but also underscore the importance of early metazoan expansion of GPCR families. This amplification empowers us with the ability to sense external cues and modulate cellular communication effectively.},
}

*Epinephrine/pharmacology/metabolism
Animals
*Placozoa/metabolism
*Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
*Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism/genetics
Signal Transduction/drug effects
Cilia/metabolism/drug effects
Calcium Signaling/drug effects
Cell Communication/drug effects
Humans

@article {pmid39345370,
year = {2024},
author = {Leon, F and Espinoza-Esparza, JM and Deng, V and Coyle, MC and Espinoza, S and Booth, DS},
title = {Cell differentiation controls iron assimilation in a choanoflagellate.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39345370},
issn = {2692-8205},
support = {R35 GM147404/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD018174/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM139786/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Marine microeukaryotes have evolved diverse cellular features that link their life histories to surrounding environments. How those dynamic life histories intersect with the ecological functions of microeukaryotes remains a frontier to understand their roles in essential biogeochemical cycles[1,2]. Choanoflagellates, phagotrophs that cycle nutrients through filter feeding, provide models to explore this intersection, for many choanoflagellate species transition between life history stages by differentiating into distinct cell types[3-6]. Here we report that cell differentiation in the marine choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta endows one of its cell types with the ability to utilize insoluble ferric colloids for improved growth through the expression of a cytochrome b561 iron reductase (cytb561a). This gene is an ortholog of the mammalian duodenal cytochrome b561 (DCYTB) that reduces ferric cations prior to their uptake in gut epithelia[7] and is part of an iron utilization toolkit that choanoflagellates and their closest living relatives, the animals, inherited from a last common eukaryotic ancestor. In a database of oceanic metagenomes[8,9], the abundance of cytb561a transcripts from choanoflagellates positively correlates with upwellings, which are a major source of ferric colloids in marine environments[10]. As this predominant form of iron[11,12] is largely inaccessible to cell-walled microbes[13,14], choanoflagellates and other phagotrophic eukaryotes may serve critical ecological roles by first acquiring ferric colloids through phagocytosis and then cycling this essential nutrient through iron utilization pathways[13-15]. These findings provide insight into the ecological roles choanoflagellates perform and inform reconstructions of early animal evolution where functionally distinct cell types became an integrated whole at the origin of animal multicellularity[16-22].},
}

@article {pmid39343888,
year = {2024},
author = {Ahmad, F and Abdullah, M and Khan, Z and Stępień, P and Rehman, SU and Akram, U and Rahman, MHU and Ali, Z and Ahmad, D and Gulzar, RMA and Ali, MA and Salama, EAA},
title = {Genome-wide analysis and prediction of chloroplast and mitochondrial RNA editing sites of AGC gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for abiotic stress tolerance.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {888},
pmid = {39343888},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {32130075//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32130075//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32130075//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021AB008, 2020CB003//Science Technology and Achievement Transformation Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; 2021AB008, 2020CB003//Science Technology and Achievement Transformation Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; 2021AB008, 2020CB003//Science Technology and Achievement Transformation Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; ADP-LO21002838 Punjab, Pak//ADP Funded Project entitled National Crop Genomics and Speed Breeding Center for Agri-cultural Sustainability/ ; ADP-LO21002838 Punjab, Pak//ADP Funded Project entitled National Crop Genomics and Speed Breeding Center for Agri-cultural Sustainability/ ; ADP-LO21002838 Punjab, Pak//ADP Funded Project entitled National Crop Genomics and Speed Breeding Center for Agri-cultural Sustainability/ ; ADP-LO21002838 Punjab, Pak//ADP Funded Project entitled National Crop Genomics and Speed Breeding Center for Agri-cultural Sustainability/ ; ADP-LO21002838 Punjab, Pak//ADP Funded Project entitled National Crop Genomics and Speed Breeding Center for Agri-cultural Sustainability/ ; RSP2024R306//King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/ ; },
mesh = {*Gossypium/genetics/physiology ; *RNA Editing/genetics ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Chloroplasts/genetics ; Genome, Plant ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Multigene Family ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; RNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genes, Plant ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cotton is one of the topmost fiber crops throughout the globe. During the last decade, abrupt changes in the climate resulted in drought, heat, and salinity. These stresses have seriously affected cotton production and significant losses all over the textile industry. The GhAGC kinase, a subfamily of AGC group and member of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases group and is highly conserved among eukaryotic organisms. The AGC kinases are compulsory elements of cell development, metabolic processes, and cell death in mammalian systems. The investigation of RNA editing sites within the organelle genomes of multicellular vascular plants, such as Gossypium hirsutum holds significant importance in understanding the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.

METHODS: In present work, we characterized twenty-eight GhAGC genes in cotton and constructed phylogenetic tree using nine different species from the most primitive to the most recent.

RESULTS: In sequence logos analyses, highly conserved amino acid residues were found in G. hirsutum, G. arboretum, G. raimondii and A. thaliana. The occurrence of cis-acting growth and stress-related elements in the promoter regions of GhAGCs highlight the significance of these factors in plant development and abiotic stress tolerance. Ka/Ks levels demonstrated that purifying selection pressure resulting from segmental events was applied to GhAGC with little functional divergence. We focused on identifying RNA editing sites in G. hirsutum organelles, specifically in the chloroplast and mitochondria, across all 28 AGC genes.

CONCLUSION: The positive role of GhAGCs was explored by quantifying the expression in the plant tissues under abiotic stress. These findings help in understanding the role of GhAGC genes under abiotic stresses which may further be used in cotton breeding for the development of climate smart varieties in abruptly changing climate.},
}

*Gossypium/genetics/physiology
*RNA Editing/genetics
*Stress, Physiological/genetics
*Phylogeny
*Chloroplasts/genetics
Genome, Plant
Mitochondria/genetics
Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Multigene Family
Genome-Wide Association Study
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
RNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Genes, Plant

@article {pmid39341686,
year = {2025},
author = {Kalita, AI and Keller Valsecchi, CI},
title = {Dosage compensation in non-model insects - progress and perspectives.},
journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {76-98},
doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2024.08.010},
pmid = {39341686},
issn = {0168-9525},
mesh = {Animals ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; *Insecta/genetics ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; },
abstract = {In many multicellular eukaryotes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are responsible for determining the sexual characteristics and reproductive functions of individuals. Sex chromosomes can cause a dosage imbalance between sexes, which in some species is re-equilibrated by dosage compensation (DC). Recent genomic advances have extended our understanding of DC mechanisms in insects beyond model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. We review current knowledge of insect DC, focusing on its conservation and divergence across orders, the evolutionary dynamics of neo-sex chromosomes, and the diversity of molecular mechanisms. We propose a framework to uncover DC regulators in non-model insects that relies on integrating evolutionary, genomic, and functional approaches. This comprehensive approach will facilitate a deeper understanding of the evolution and essentiality of gene regulatory mechanisms.},
}

Animals
*Dosage Compensation, Genetic
*Insecta/genetics
Sex Chromosomes/genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Drosophila melanogaster/genetics

@article {pmid39333399,
year = {2024},
author = {Machado, JPG and Oliveira, VP},
title = {The distribution of seaweed forms and foundational assumptions in seaweed biology.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {22407},
pmid = {39333399},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Seaweed/growth & development/classification/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Seaweeds are the most phylogenetically diverse group of multicellular organisms and rank foremost among marine keystone species. Due to their taxonomic diversity and functional importance, previous studies have classified seaweeds into functional groups based on qualitative or semi-quantitative traits, such as seaweed form, anatomy, and thickness. Despite the widespread use of seaweed functional groups from basic marine ecology to coastal monitoring, it is not known how accurate such morphology-based proposals are in grouping seaweeds by their form. To address this uncertainty at the foundations of seaweed biology, we surveyed and gathered all available data on seaweed forms using PRISMA protocols. We used the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V), a quantitative and universal measure of seaweed form, to assess the distribution and diversity of seaweed morphology across 99 species from three phyla. We show that seaweed surface area to volume ratio values span 3.64 orders of magnitude and follow a continuous and exponential distribution, without any significant gaps or clusters. We also tested current functional group schemes based on morphology and anatomy and showed that only 30% to 38% of their groups showed any significant pairwise differences in morphology. Our results challenge the basis of the current functional group approach in seaweed biology and suggest that a trait-based framework based on quantitative and continuous measures of seaweed form could provide a simpler and more accurate alternative to functionally assess seaweed ecology and physiology, as well as its implications for coastal ecosystem management.},
}

*Seaweed/growth & development/classification/physiology
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Phylogeny

@article {pmid39302967,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhang, H and Wang, X and Qu, M and Yu, H and Yin, J and Liu, X and Liu, Y and Zhang, B and Zhang, Y and Wei, Z and Yang, F and Wang, J and Shi, C and Fan, G and Sun, J and Long, L and Hutchins, DA and Bowler, C and Lin, S and Wang, D and Lin, Q},
title = {Genome of Halimeda opuntia reveals differentiation of subgenomes and molecular bases of multinucleation and calcification in algae.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {121},
number = {39},
pages = {e2403222121},
pmid = {39302967},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {2022YFC3102403//the National Key Research and Development Programm of China/ ; 42230409//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 4980.01//the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 42030404//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42076155//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42425004//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Calcification, Physiologic/genetics ; Chlorophyta/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Plant ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Algae mostly occur either as unicellular (microalgae) or multicellular (macroalgae) species, both being uninucleate. There are important exceptions, however, as some unicellular algae are multinucleate and macroscopic, some of which inhabit tropical seas and contribute to biocalcification and coral reef robustness. The evolutionary mechanisms and ecological significance of multinucleation and associated traits (e.g., rapid wound healing) are poorly understood. Here, we report the genome of Halimeda opuntia, a giant multinucleate unicellular chlorophyte characterized by interutricular calcification. We achieve a high-quality genome assembly that shows segregation into four subgenomes, with evidence for polyploidization concomitant with historical sea level and climate changes. We further find myosin VIII missing in H. opuntia and three other unicellular multinucleate chlorophytes, suggesting a potential mechanism that may underpin multinucleation. Genome analysis provides clues about how the unicellular alga could survive fragmentation and regenerate, as well as potential signatures for extracellular calcification and the coupling of calcification with photosynthesis. In addition, proteomic alkalinity shifts were found to potentially confer plasticity of H. opuntia to ocean acidification (OA). Our study provides crucial genetic information necessary for understanding multinucleation, cell regeneration, plasticity to OA, and different modes of calcification in algae and other organisms, which has important implications in reef conservation and bioengineering.},
}

*Calcification, Physiologic/genetics
Chlorophyta/genetics/metabolism
Phylogeny
Genome, Plant
Photosynthesis/genetics

@article {pmid39302848,
year = {2024},
author = {Batista, RA and Wang, L and Bogaert, KA and Coelho, SM},
title = {Insights into the molecular bases of multicellular development from brown algae.},
journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {151},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/dev.203004},
pmid = {39302848},
issn = {1477-9129},
support = {//Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung/ ; 864038/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; //Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; //Fondation Bettencourt Schueller/ ; },
mesh = {*Phaeophyceae/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {The transition from simple to complex multicellularity represents a major evolutionary step that occurred in only a few eukaryotic lineages. Comparative analyses of these lineages provide insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this transition, but limited understanding of the biology of some complex multicellular lineages, such as brown algae, has hampered progress. This Review explores how recent advances in genetic and genomic technologies now allow detailed investigations into the molecular bases of brown algae development. We highlight how forward genetic techniques have identified mutants that enhance our understanding of pattern formation and sexual differentiation in these organisms. Additionally, the existence and nature of morphogens in brown algae and the potential influence of the microbiome in key developmental processes are examined. Outstanding questions, such as the identity of master regulators, the definition and characterization of cell types, and the molecular bases of developmental plasticity are discussed, with insights into how recent technical advances could provide answers. Overall, this Review highlights how brown algae are emerging as alternative model organisms, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of multicellular life and the diversity of body plans.},
}

*Phaeophyceae/genetics
Biological Evolution

@article {pmid39289870,
year = {2024},
author = {Karin, O},
title = {EnhancerNet: a predictive model of cell identity dynamics through enhancer selection.},
journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {151},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {39289870},
issn = {1477-9129},
support = {//Imperial College London/ ; },
mesh = {*Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics ; *Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Animals ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Understanding how cell identity is encoded by the genome and acquired during differentiation is a central challenge in cell biology. I have developed a theoretical framework called EnhancerNet, which models the regulation of cell identity through the lens of transcription factor-enhancer interactions. I demonstrate that autoregulation in these interactions imposes a constraint on the model, resulting in simplified dynamics that can be parameterized from observed cell identities. Despite its simplicity, EnhancerNet recapitulates a broad range of experimental observations on cell identity dynamics, including enhancer selection, cell fate induction, hierarchical differentiation through multipotent progenitor states and direct reprogramming by transcription factor overexpression. The model makes specific quantitative predictions, reproducing known reprogramming recipes and the complex haematopoietic differentiation hierarchy without fitting unobserved parameters. EnhancerNet provides insights into how new cell types could evolve and highlights the functional importance of distal regulatory elements with dynamic chromatin in multicellular evolution.},
}

*Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
*Cell Differentiation/genetics
Animals
*Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics
Chromatin/metabolism
Cell Lineage/genetics
Humans
Models, Biological
Models, Genetic

@article {pmid39288812,
year = {2024},
author = {Castelli, M and Nardi, T and Giovannini, M and Sassera, D},
title = {Addictive manipulation: a perspective on the role of reproductive parasitism in the evolution of bacteria-eukaryote symbioses.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {20240310},
pmid = {39288812},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods/microbiology/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Reproduction ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/genetics ; *Wolbachia/physiology/genetics ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria encompass noteworthy reproductive manipulators of their arthropod hosts. which influence host reproduction to favour their own transmission, also exploiting toxin-antitoxin systems. Recently, multiple other bacterial symbionts of arthropods have been shown to display comparable manipulative capabilities. Here, we wonder whether such phenomena are truly restricted to arthropod hosts. We focused on protists, primary models for evolutionary investigations on eukaryotes due to their diversity and antiquity, but still overall under-investigated. After a thorough re-examination of the literature on bacterial-protist interactions with this question in mind, we conclude that such bacterial 'addictive manipulators' of protists do exist, are probably widespread, and have been overlooked until now as a consequence of the fact that investigations are commonly host-centred, thus ineffective to detect such behaviour. Additionally, we posit that toxin-antitoxin systems are crucial in these phenomena of addictive manipulation of protists, as a result of recurrent evolutionary repurposing. This indicates intriguing functional analogy and molecular homology with plasmid-bacterial interplays. Finally, we remark that multiple addictive manipulators are affiliated with specific bacterial lineages with ancient associations with diverse eukaryotes. This suggests a possible role of addictive manipulation of protists in paving the way to the evolution of bacteria associated with multicellular organisms.},
}

Animals
*Arthropods/microbiology/physiology
*Biological Evolution
*Reproduction
*Symbiosis/physiology
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/genetics
*Wolbachia/physiology/genetics

@article {pmid39288797,
year = {2024},
author = {Ågren, JA and Arnqvist, G and Rowe, L},
title = {The resolution of evolutionary conflicts within species.},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
volume = {291},
number = {2031},
pages = {20241594},
pmid = {39288797},
issn = {1471-2954},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Animals ; Population Dynamics ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Evolutionary conflicts of interest occur at all levels, scales and forms of biological organization. They are a fundamental component of the living world and range from conflicts between genetic elements and cells, to conflicts between the sexes and between competing individuals. Yet, the existence of admirably well functioning genomes, bodies, mating pairs and societies suggests that processes must exist to resolve or mitigate such conflicts. We organized this special feature 'The resolution of evolutionary conflicts within species' to encourage the flow of knowledge between fields that traditionally have often taken different approaches to study evolutionary conflicts. Contributed papers discuss data from bacteria, plants and animals (including humans) and present theory, molecular mechanisms and population dynamics of how conflicts are resolved in nature. Together, they contribute to a synthetic theory of conflict resolution.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Animals
Population Dynamics
Humans

@article {pmid39288541,
year = {2024},
author = {Wen, T and Cheong, KH},
title = {Parrondo's paradox reveals counterintuitive wins in biology and decision making in society.},
journal = {Physics of life reviews},
volume = {51},
number = {},
pages = {33-59},
doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2024.08.002},
pmid = {39288541},
issn = {1873-1457},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Decision Making ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Biology ; },
abstract = {Parrondo's paradox refers to the paradoxical phenomenon of combining two losing strategies in a certain manner to obtain a winning outcome. It has been applied to uncover unexpected outcomes across various disciplines, particularly at different spatiotemporal scales within ecosystems. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of recent developments in Parrondo's paradox within the interdisciplinary realm of the physics of life, focusing on its significant applications across biology and the broader life sciences. Specifically, we examine its relevance from genetic pathways and phenotypic regulation, to intercellular interaction within multicellular organisms, and finally to the competition between populations and species in ecosystems. This phenomenon, spanning multiple biological domains and scales, enhances our understanding of the unified characteristics of life and reveals that adaptability in a drastically changing environment, rather than the inherent excellence of a trait, underpins survival in the process of evolution. We conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing future research directions that hold promise for advancing the field.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Decision Making
Biological Evolution
Ecosystem
Biology

@article {pmid39279828,
year = {2024},
author = {Nguyen, AQ and Huang, J and Bi, D},
title = {Origin of yield stress and mechanical plasticity in biological tissues.},
journal = {ArXiv},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39279828},
issn = {2331-8422},
abstract = {During development and under normal physiological conditions, biological tissues are continuously subjected to substantial mechanical stresses. In response to large deformations cells in a tissue must undergo multicellular rearrangements in order to maintain integrity and robustness. However, how these events are connected in time and space remains unknown. Here, using computational and theoretical modeling, we studied the mechanical plasticity of epithelial monolayers under large deformations. Our results demonstrate that the jamming-unjamming (solid-fluid) transition in tissues can vary significantly depending on the degree of deformation, implying that tissues are highly unconventional materials. Using analytical modeling, we elucidate the origins of this behavior. We also demonstrate how a tissue accommodates large deformations through a collective series of rearrangements, which behave similarly to avalanches in non-living materials. We find that these 'tissue avalanches' are governed by stress redistribution and the spatial distribution of vulnerable spots. Finally, we propose a simple and experimentally accessible framework to predict avalanches and infer tissue mechanical stress based on static images.},
}

@article {pmid39277710,
year = {2024},
author = {Ueki, N and Wakabayashi, KI},
title = {Multicellularity and increasing Reynolds number impact on the evolutionary shift in flash-induced ciliary response in Volvocales.},
journal = {BMC ecology and evolution},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {119},
pmid = {39277710},
issn = {2730-7182},
mesh = {*Cilia/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlorophyta/physiology/genetics ; Volvox/genetics/physiology ; Light ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Volvocales in green algae have evolved by multicellularity of Chlamydomonas-like unicellular ancestor. Those with various cell numbers exist, such as unicellular Chlamydomonas, four-celled Tetrabaena, and Volvox species with different cell numbers (~1,000, ~5,000, and ~10,000). Each cell of these organisms shares two cilia and an eyespot, which are used for swimming and photosensing. They are all freshwater microalgae but inhabit different fluid environments: unicellular species live in low Reynolds-number (Re) environments where viscous forces dominate, whereas multicellular species live in relatively higher Re where inertial forces become non-negligible. Despite significant changes in the physical environment, during the evolution of multicellularity, they maintained photobehaviors (i.e., photoshock and phototactic responses), which allows them to survive under changing light conditions.

RESULTS: In this study, we utilized high-speed imaging to observe flash-induced changes in the ciliary beating manner of 27 Volvocales strains. We classified flash-induced ciliary responses in Volvocales into four patterns: "1: temporal waveform conversion", "2: no obvious response", "3: pause in ciliary beating", and "4: temporal changes in ciliary beating directions". We found that which species exhibit which pattern depends on Re, which is associated with the individual size of each species rather than phylogenetic relationships.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that only organisms that acquired different patterns of ciliary responses survived the evolutionary transition to multicellularity with a greater number of cells while maintaining photobehaviors. This study highlights the significance of the Re as a selection pressure in evolution and offers insights for designing propulsion systems in biomimetic micromachines.},
}

*Cilia/physiology
*Biological Evolution
Chlorophyta/physiology/genetics
Volvox/genetics/physiology
Light

@article {pmid39273111,
year = {2024},
author = {Kasperski, A and Heng, HH},
title = {The Spiral Model of Evolution: Stable Life Forms of Organisms and Unstable Life Forms of Cancers.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {39273111},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Neoplasms/genetics ; Humans ; *Chromosomal Instability ; Biological Evolution ; Animals ; Mutation ; Evolution, Molecular ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genomic Instability ; },
abstract = {If one must prioritize among the vast array of contributing factors to cancer evolution, environmental-stress-mediated chromosome instability (CIN) should easily surpass individual gene mutations. CIN leads to the emergence of genomically unstable life forms, enabling them to grow dominantly within the stable life form of the host. In contrast, stochastic gene mutations play a role in aiding the growth of the cancer population, with their importance depending on the initial emergence of the new system. Furthermore, many specific gene mutations among the many available can perform this function, decreasing the clinical value of any specific gene mutation. Since these unstable life forms can respond to treatment differently than stable ones, cancer often escapes from drug treatment by forming new systems, which leads to problems during the treatment for patients. To understand how diverse factors impact CIN-mediated macroevolution and genome integrity-ensured microevolution, the concept of two-phased cancer evolution is used to reconcile some major characteristics of cancer, such as bioenergetic, unicellular, and multicellular evolution. Specifically, the spiral of life function model is proposed, which integrates major historical evolutionary innovations and conservation with information management. Unlike normal organismal evolution in the microevolutionary phase, where a given species occupies a specific location within the spiral, cancer populations are highly heterogenous at multiple levels, including epigenetic levels. Individual cells occupy different levels and positions within the spiral, leading to supersystems of mixed cellular populations that exhibit both macro and microevolution. This analysis, utilizing karyotype to define the genetic networks of the cellular system and CIN to determine the instability of the system, as well as considering gene mutation and epigenetics as modifiers of the system for information amplification and usage, explores the high evolutionary potential of cancer. It provides a new, unified understanding of cancer as a supersystem, encouraging efforts to leverage the dynamics of CIN to develop improved treatment options. Moreover, it offers a historically contingent model for organismal evolution that reconciles the roles of both evolutionary innovation and conservation through macroevolution and microevolution, respectively.},
}

*Neoplasms/genetics
Humans
*Chromosomal Instability
Biological Evolution
Animals
Mutation
Evolution, Molecular
Epigenesis, Genetic
Genomic Instability

@article {pmid39271268,
year = {2024},
author = {Mo, J and Bae, J and Saqib, J and Hwang, D and Jin, Y and Park, B and Park, J and Kim, J},
title = {Current computational methods for spatial transcriptomics in cancer biology.},
journal = {Advances in cancer research},
volume = {163},
number = {},
pages = {71-106},
doi = {10.1016/bs.acr.2024.06.006},
pmid = {39271268},
issn = {2162-5557},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; *Transcriptome/genetics ; *Computational Biology/methods ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Tumor Microenvironment/genetics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Cells in multicellular organisms constitute a self-organizing society by interacting with their neighbors. Cancer originates from malfunction of cellular behavior in the context of such a self-organizing system. The identities or characteristics of individual tumor cells can be represented by the hallmark of gene expression or transcriptome, which can be addressed using single-cell dissociation followed by RNA sequencing. However, the dissociation process of single cells results in losing the cellular address in tissue or neighbor information of each tumor cell, which is critical to understanding the malfunctioning cellular behavior in the microenvironment. Spatial transcriptomics technology enables measuring the transcriptome which is tagged by the address within a tissue. However, to understand cellular behavior in a self-organizing society, we need to apply mathematical or statistical methods. Here, we provide a review on current computational methods for spatial transcriptomics in cancer biology.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/genetics/pathology
*Transcriptome/genetics
*Computational Biology/methods
Gene Expression Profiling/methods
Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
Animals

@article {pmid39265037,
year = {2024},
author = {Aravind, L and Nicastro, GG and Iyer, LM and Burroughs, AM},
title = {The Prokaryotic Roots of Eukaryotic Immune Systems.},
journal = {Annual review of genetics},
volume = {58},
number = {1},
pages = {365-389},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102448},
pmid = {39265037},
issn = {1545-2948},
mesh = {Animals ; *Prokaryotic Cells/immunology/metabolism ; *Eukaryota/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Immune System/immunology/metabolism ; Bacteria/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {Over the past two decades, studies have revealed profound evolutionary connections between prokaryotic and eukaryotic immune systems, challenging the notion of their unrelatedness. Immune systems across the tree of life share an operational framework, shaping their biochemical logic and evolutionary trajectories. The diversification of immune genes in the prokaryotic superkingdoms, followed by lateral transfer to eukaryotes, was central to the emergence of innate immunity in the latter. These include protein domains related to nucleotide second messenger-dependent systems, NAD+/nucleotide degradation, and P-loop NTPase domains of the STAND and GTPase clades playing pivotal roles in eukaryotic immunity and inflammation. Moreover, several domains orchestrating programmed cell death, ultimately of prokaryotic provenance, suggest an intimate link between immunity and the emergence of multicellularity in eukaryotes such as animals. While eukaryotes directly adopted some proteins from bacterial immune systems, they repurposed others for new immune functions from bacterial interorganismal conflict systems. These emerging immune components hold substantial biotechnological potential.},
}

Animals
*Prokaryotic Cells/immunology/metabolism
*Eukaryota/genetics/immunology
Humans
*Immunity, Innate/genetics
Immune System/immunology/metabolism
Bacteria/genetics/immunology/metabolism
Evolution, Molecular
Phylogeny
Biological Evolution

@article {pmid39262521,
year = {2024},
author = {Mary Martin, T and K, MS},
title = {Seaweeds and Their Secondary Metabolites: A Promising Drug Candidate With Novel Mechanisms Against Cancers and Tumor Angiogenesis.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {8},
pages = {e66662},
pmid = {39262521},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Cancer continually remains a severe threat to public health and requires constant demand for novel therapeutic drug candidates. Due to their multi-target orientation, lesser toxicity, and easy availability, natural compounds attract more attention from current scientific research interest than synthetic drug molecules. The plants and microorganisms produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites because of their physiological diversification, and the seaweeds occupy a prominent position as effective drug resources. Seaweeds comprise microscopic or macroscopic photosynthetic, multicellular, eukaryotic marine algae that commonly inhabit the coastal regions. Several molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, proteinaceous fractions, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids) are derived from seaweeds, and those small molecules are well attractive and more effective in cancer research programs. Their structural variation, derivative diversity, and quantity vary with seaweed species and geographical origin. Their smaller molecular weight, unique derivatives, hydrophobicity, and degree of sulfation are reported to be causes of their crucial role against different cancer cells in vitro. Several reports showed that those compounds selectively discriminate between normal and cancer cells based on receptor variations, enzyme deficiency, and structural properties. The present review aimed to give a concise explanation regarding their structural diversity, extractability, and mechanism of action related to their anti-cancer activities based on recently published data.},
}