@article {pmid39421504,
year = {2024},
author = {Chauhan, A and Parmar, M and Dash, G and Solanki, H and Chauhan, S and Sahoo, KC and Vadera, B and Rao, R and Kumar, R and Rade, K and Pati, S},
title = {Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection among Various Risk Groups in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine},
volume = {49},
number = {5},
pages = {669-680},
pmid = {39421504},
issn = {0970-0218},
abstract = {Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) infection (TBI) to prevent active TB disease is a key component of the National Strategic Plan to end TB in India, without which the strategies to end TB would be futile. There is a need to rapidly scale up access to effective shorter regimens for tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to a wider set of risk groups. This applies for identifying high-risk groups for TPT expansion. Thus, our aim with this review is to determine the TBI prevalence in different risk groups in India. We searched databases like Embase, Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL for studies published between 2012 and 2023 to estimate TBI in different risk groups in India. The PRISMA guidelines were followed when reviewing the publications, and a predetermined search strategy was used to find relevant sources across various databases. Using MetaXL (MS excel) software, we pooled data based on a random-effects model, along with heterogeneity testing using Cochrane's Q and I[2] statistic. A total of 68 studies were included from 10,521 records. TBI pooled prevalence was estimated using the IGRA data, while in the absence of IGRA data, TST data were utilized. The key findings revealed a total of 36% pooled TBI prevalence for all risk factors, 59% among smokers, 53% among diabetics and alcoholics, 48% among malnourished, 47% among contacts of TB patients, 44% among HIV, 36% among pregnant women, 35% among COVID-19 patients, 31% among healthcare workers, 18% among sarcoidosis patients, and 15% among rheumatoid arthritis patients in India. Our review depicted a high TBI burden among groups such as diabetes mellitus, smokers, malnourished, and alcoholics. WHO has yet to recommend for systematic screening and treatment for TBI among these groups for want of evidence which this study provides, highlighting the need to reprioritize the risk groups for tailored TPT strategies.},
}

@article {pmid39421308,
year = {2024},
author = {Zeng, N and Liu, MC and Zhong, XY and Wang, SG and Xia, QD},
title = {Knowledge mapping of telemedicine in urology in the past 20 years: A bibliometric analysis (2004-2024).},
journal = {Digital health},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {20552076241287460},
pmid = {39421308},
issn = {2055-2076},
abstract = {Telemedicine refers to the process of utilizing communication technologies to exchange disease information, perform surgery and educate care providers remotely, breaking through the distance limit and promoting the health of individuals and communities. The fifth-generation (5G) technology and the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly boosted studies on the application of telemedicine in urology. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of telemedicine in urology through bibliometrics. We searched publications related to telemedicine in urology from 2004 to 2024 on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and R package "bibliometrix" were employed in this bibliometric analysis. A total of 1,357 articles from 97 countries and 2,628 institutions were included. The number of annual publications on telemedicine in urology witnessed a steady increase in the last two decades. Duke University was the top research institution. Urology was the most popular journal, and Journal of Medical Internet Research was the most co-cited journal. Clarissa Diamantidis and Chad Ellimoottil published the most papers, and Boyd Viers was co-cited most frequently. Effectiveness evaluation of telemonitoring, cost-benefit analysis of teleconsultation and exploration of telesurgery are three main research hotspots. As the first bibliometric analysis of research on telemedicine in urology, this study reviews research progress and highlights frontiers and trending topics, offering valuable insights for future studies.},
}

@article {pmid39421135,
year = {2024},
author = {Davey, SA and Gaffiero, D},
title = {COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11: a systematic review of parental barriers and facilitators in Western countries.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {25151355241288115},
pmid = {39421135},
issn = {2515-1355},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parental decision-making regarding vaccination, particularly for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) where significant debate surrounds children aged 5-11, is influenced by various factors. Understanding the motivations behind parents' vaccination choices for their children is crucial for maintaining vaccine uptake, in line with the National Health Service United Kingdom vaccination strategy.

OBJECTIVES: The present systematic review aims to identify the barriers and facilitators affecting parents' decisions to vaccinate children aged 5-11 against COVID-19 in Western countries.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: The first search was conducted using PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Google Scholar in June 2023 with an additional follow-up search a year later in June 2024 for full-text papers focusing on COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among parents or caregivers of children aged 5-11. The language of the included studies was set as English and originating from Western countries specifically examining barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination, excluding children with chronic conditions. The risk of bias was independently assessed by both authors using the JBI Checklist for Prevalence Studies, with disagreements resolved through discussion.

RESULTS: A total of four cross-sectional questionnaire studies involving a total of 5,812 participants from Western countries (the United States and Europe) were included in the present review. Only 46.35% of parents intended to vaccinate their children aged 5-11 against COVID-19. The primary barriers identified were concerns about side effects and distrust in institutions. Key facilitators included recommendations from healthcare professionals and parents' own COVID-19 vaccination status. Demographic factors including ethnicity and gender showed mixed influence.

CONCLUSION: Persistent concerns about side effects and institutional distrust have reduced parental intention to vaccinate their children. However, healthcare professionals play an important role in increasing vaccine uptake through recommendations to their patients. Future interventions should focus on equipping healthcare professionals with the necessary tools to effectively promote vaccination and address parental concerns about side effects.},
}

@article {pmid39420230,
year = {2024},
author = {Yang, S and Aggarwal, K and Jurczyszak, J and Brown, N and Sridhar, S},
title = {Nanomedicine Therapies for Pediatric Diseases.},
journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {e1996},
pmid = {39420230},
issn = {1939-0041},
support = {5R25CA174650/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Nanomedicine ; Child ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Animals ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Pediatrics ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Nanoparticles/chemistry/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {In 2020, the top 10 causes of death among children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 19 years old included cancer, congenital anomalies, heart disease, and chronic respiratory disease; all these conditions are potentially treatable with medical intervention. However, children exhibit specific physiological and developmental characteristics that can significantly impact drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profile. These factors illustrate the importance of a heightened focus on pediatric drug development. Traditional drugs lack proper circulation, permeability, targeting, accumulation, and release, and they often require dose adjustments or modifications, which can result in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and increased risks of adverse effects in pediatric patients. Nanomedicines have emerged as efficient drug delivery systems because of their unique properties, which can improve the solubility and stability of drugs by encapsulating them in different forms of nanoparticles. This review discusses the challenges of pediatric therapy, and the current state of nanomedicines for pediatric diseases in terms of Food and Drug Administration-approved nanomedicines, the types of diseases treated or diagnosed, and preclinical studies that have the potential to be translated to the clinic. In summary, nanomedicine holds significant potential for addressing the unique and pressing challenges associated with diagnosing and treating pediatric diseases.},
}

Humans
*Nanomedicine
Child
Drug Delivery Systems
Animals
Adolescent
Child, Preschool
Infant
Pediatrics
Neoplasms/drug therapy
Nanoparticles/chemistry/therapeutic use

@article {pmid39419924,
year = {2024},
author = {Thille, AW and Balen, F and Carteaux, G and Chouihed, T and Frat, JP and Girault, C and L'Her, E and Marjanovic, N and Nay, MA and Ray, P and Reffienna, M and Retenauer, L and Roch, A and Thiery, G and Truchot, J},
title = {Oxygen therapy and noninvasive respiratory supports in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a narrative review.},
journal = {Annals of intensive care},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {158},
pmid = {39419924},
issn = {2110-5820},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This narrative review was written by an expert panel to the members of the jury to help in the development of clinical practice guidelines on oxygen therapy.

RESULTS: According to the expert panel, acute hypoxemic respiratory failure was defined as PaO2 < 60 mm Hg or SpO2 < 90% on room air, or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg. Supplemental oxygen should be administered according to the monitoring of SpO2, with the aim at maintaining SpO2 above 92% and below 98%. Noninvasive respiratory supports are generally reserved for the most hypoxemic patients with the aim of relieving dyspnea. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) seems superior to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) as a means of avoiding intubation and may therefore be should probably be used as a first-line noninvasive respiratory support in patients requiring more than 6 L/min of oxygen or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg and a respiratory rate above 25 breaths/minute or clinical signs of respiratory distress, but with no benefits on mortality. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) cannot currently be recommended as a first-line noninvasive respiratory support, since its beneficial effects on intubation remain uncertain. Despite older studies favoring noninvasive ventilation (NIV) over COT, recent clinical trials fail to show beneficial effects with NIV compared to HFNC. Therefore, there is no evidence to support the use of NIV or CPAP as first-line treatment if HFNC is available. Clinical trials do not support the hypothesis that noninvasive respiratory supports may lead to late intubation. The potential benefits of awake prone positioning on the risk of intubation in patients with COVID-19 cannot be extrapolated to patients with another etiology.

CONCLUSIONS: Whereas oxygen supplementation should be initiated for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure defined as PaO2 below 60 mm Hg or SpO2 < 90% on room air, HFNC should be the first-line noninvasive respiratory support in patients with PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg with increased respiratory rate. Further studies are needed to assess the potential benefits of CPAP, NIV through a helmet and awake prone position in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure not related to COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39419616,
year = {2024},
author = {Adeyinka, DA and Amah, A and Husband, A and Miller, L and Hedlund, D and Alphonsus, KB and Groot, G},
title = {Mapping the landscape of mental health and long COVID: a protocol for scoping review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e087436},
pmid = {39419616},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mental Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Research Design ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Mental health concerns are prevalent among adult patients with long COVID (LC), but the current state of knowledge regarding mental health in the context of LC is not fully understood. The objective of this scoping review is to map and summarise the existing research on mental health conditions among LC patients and highlight the knowledge gaps. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of research in the area.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The concept of interest is mental health in adult LC patients. This scoping review will be guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and reported according to the recommendations in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review guidelines. Using predefined search parameters, a comprehensive search of two electronic databases (Medline and APA PsycINFO) and grey literature sources identified 3104 potentially eligible articles published from 1 January 2020 to 4 April 2024. Following the removal of duplicates, 2767 articles were imported for screening in Covidence. The study selection process involves screening titles, abstracts and full text of potentially relevant articles, which will then be analysed using thematic analysis. Data will be extracted using a predefined extraction form.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required because this study does not involve human participants or primary data collection. The findings from this review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and professional networks. In addition, a summary of the results will be shared with patient partners and other relevant stakeholders.

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this scoping review will contribute to a better understanding of mental health issues arising in LC patients and inform future research directions and public health interventions in this area.},
}

Humans
*Mental Health
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
SARS-CoV-2
Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Research Design
Systematic Reviews as Topic

@article {pmid39419185,
year = {2024},
author = {Marchese, AM and Fries, L and Beyhaghi, H and Vadivale, M and Zhu, M and Cloney-Clark, S and Plested, JS and Chung, AW and Dunkle, LM and Kalkeri, R},
title = {Mechanisms and Implications of IgG4 Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Repeatedly Administered Vaccines.},
journal = {The Journal of infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106317},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106317},
pmid = {39419185},
issn = {1532-2742},
abstract = {Vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) profiles can vary with respect to the predominant subclasses that characterize the response. Among IgG subclasses, IgG4 is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, but can also exhibit reduced capacity for virus neutralization and activation of Fc-dependent effector functions. Here, we review evidence that IgG4 subclass responses can be disproportionately increased in response to some types of vaccines targeting an array of diseases, including pertussis, HIV, malaria, and COVID-19. The basis for enhanced IgG4 induction by vaccines is poorly understood but may be associated with platform- or dose regimen-specific differences in antigen exposure and/or cytokine stimulation. The clinical implications of vaccine-induced IgG4 responses remain uncertain, though collective evidence suggests that proportional increases in IgG4 might reduce vaccine antigen-specific immunity. Additional work is needed to determine underlying mechanisms and to elucidate what role IgG4 may play in modifications of vaccine-induced immunity to disease.},
}

@article {pmid39418699,
year = {2024},
author = {Mashau, F and Dada, AC and Msolo, L and Ebomah, KE and Ekundayo, TC and Iwu, CD and Nontongana, N and Okoh, AI},
title = {Factors affecting detection and estimation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration of COVID-19 positive cases in wastewater influent: A systematic review.},
journal = {Public health},
volume = {237},
number = {},
pages = {167-175},
doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2024.10.004},
pmid = {39418699},
issn = {1476-5616},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Wastewater Based Surveillance (WBS) has emerged as a novel monitoring tool for tracking and estimating the dissemination of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) within communities.

STUDY DESIGN: The goal of this review is to assess the factors that influence estimations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration estimations in wastewater.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: The goal of this review is to assess the factors that influence estimations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration estimations in wastewater.

METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) criteria in the electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline. The overall quality, sample methodologies, quantification methods, and estimating approaches of selected papers were assessed.

RESULTS: Our findings reveal that 16 out of 24 articles (67 %) focused on physiochemical analyses. This review showed that sampling strategies and laboratory methodologies play a crucial role in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater samples. Moreover, we found that WBS-based estimation of COVID-19 is influenced by several factors such as wastewater temperature, shedding rate, and population size.

CONCLUSION: This review reveals that the identified parameters require adjustments to achieve optimum conditions that accurately predict community infections. Including these factors that influence the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater is essential for developing effective public health strategies to combat the spread of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39418074,
year = {2024},
author = {Wang, X},
title = {The Potential of mRNA Vaccines to Fight Against Viruses.},
journal = {Viral immunology},
volume = {37},
number = {8},
pages = {383-391},
doi = {10.1089/vim.2024.0047},
pmid = {39418074},
issn = {1557-8976},
mesh = {Humans ; *mRNA Vaccines ; *Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Vaccine Development ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics ; Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology ; Animals ; Viral Vaccines/immunology/genetics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {Vaccines have always been a critical tool in preventing infectious diseases. However, the development of traditional vaccines often takes a long time and may struggle to address the challenge of rapidly mutating viruses. The emergence of mRNA technology has brought revolutionary changes to vaccine development, particularly in rapidly responding to the threat of emerging viruses. The global promotion of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has demonstrated the importance of mRNA technology. Also, mRNA vaccines targeting viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and Ebola are under development. These vaccines have shown promising preventive effects and safety profiles in clinical trials, although the duration of immune protection is still under evaluation. However, the development of mRNA vaccines also faces many challenges, such as stability, efficacy, and individual differences in immune response. Researchers adopt various strategies to address these challenges. Anyway, mRNA vaccines have shown enormous potential in combating viral diseases. With further development and technological maturity, mRNA vaccines are expected to have a profound impact on public health and vaccine equity. This review discussed the potential of mRNA vaccines to fight against viruses, current progress in clinical trials, challenges faced, and future prospects, providing a comprehensive scientific basis and reference for future research.},
}

Humans
*mRNA Vaccines
*Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/administration & dosage
*Vaccine Development
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics
Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology
Animals
Viral Vaccines/immunology/genetics
Clinical Trials as Topic

@article {pmid39417967,
year = {2024},
author = {Schiffl, H},
title = {Intensive care unit continuous kidney replacement therapy: time to change dosage recommendations?.},
journal = {International urology and nephrology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39417967},
issn = {1573-2584},
abstract = {Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is the predominant form of acute kidney support used for hemodynamically unstable adult ICU patients with severe AKI (KDIGO stage 3). The success of CKRT depends on the achieved doses. Practice patterns worldwide are highly variable. A contemporary understanding of treatment adequacy is essential. The KDIGO AKI clinical guidelines recommend delivering effluent volumes of 20-25 ml/kg/hour for CKRT in the ICU setting, with the caveat that higher prescribed doses (25-30 ml(kg/h) may be necessary to achieve adequate delivered CKRT doses. The reference landmark trials provide definitive evidence that increases of delivered CKRT doses beyond the recommended dose are not beneficial for unselected ICU patients with severe AKI. However, the minimum delivered CKRT intensity at which underdosing becomes harmful remains unknown. The answer to this question has clinical relevance (dosing of critically ill patients with obesity or Covid-19 disease, minimizing adverse effects of CKRT) and a relevant impact on the costs of CKRT. The delivered dose of CKRT for Japanese ICU patients with severe AKI has been generally smaller (median 15 ml/h/kg) than the recommended delivered KDIGO dose. The most recently published retrospective cohort study by Okamoto et al. demonstrated that low delivered CKRT doses were associated with a higher mortality among critically ill patients with severe AKI. These data challenge the nation-wide accepted hypothesis that a lower limit of delivered CKRT (< 20 ml/ kg/h) may adequately control uremia/volume overload. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need for prospective randomized trials defining the minimal effective dose of CKRT. Given the dynamic nature of the precipitating critical illness and the natural course of most episodes of AKI, CKRT dose targets are likely to vary. Doses should be tailored to the needs of the individual patient within the limits of the KDIGO guideline recommendations. The Japanese experience with low-dose CKRT is not practice changing.},
}

@article {pmid39417768,
year = {2024},
author = {Prompetchara, E and Ketloy, C and Khawsang, C and Palaga, T and Ruxrungtham, K},
title = {Mpox global health emergency: Insights into the virus, immune responses, and advancements in vaccines PART II: Insights into the advancements in vaccines.},
journal = {Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {191-206},
doi = {10.12932/AP-111024-1946},
pmid = {39417768},
issn = {0125-877X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Global Health ; Animals ; Smallpox Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Smallpox/prevention & control/immunology ; },
abstract = {Mpox is currently a global health emergency. This review (Part II) aims to provide insights into Mpox vaccines and their advancements, offering easily digestible information for healthcare workers and researchers. Current Mpox vaccines are all live-attenuated, previously approved for smallpox, and are classified into non-replicating (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic or MVA-BN) and replicating vaccines (Lister clone16m8 KM Biologic or LC16m8KMB and Acambis2000 or ACAM2000). Replicating vaccines offer long-lasting immunity but are contraindicated for immunocompromised individuals and those with extensive dermatitis. Replicating vaccines are administered as a single dose via epicutaneous scarification, while the non-replicating vaccine is given as two subcutaneous doses. Regulatory approvals in various countries are based on animal challenge studies, with limited effectiveness data available. Only LC16m8 is approved for children in Japan, while the others are approved for individuals aged 18 and older. Clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy and safety of MVA-BN, particularly in children and for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Novel Mpox vaccines that provide cross-protection against orthopoxviruses are needed, with DNA, subunit, and mRNA platforms under development. MPXV-neutralizing antibody-inducing target antigens for vaccine development include the outer envelope antigens of extracellular enveloped virus (EEV): A35R and B6R, and the inner membrane antigens of intracellular mature virus (IMV): M1R, A29L, H3L, and E8L. Two mRNA vaccines are currently in early clinical stages. Importantly, the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of addressing vaccine disparities and improving global access. Transformative approaches are being explored to overcome this challenge and to enhance access in low- and middle-income countries.},
}

Humans
*Global Health
Animals
Smallpox Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage
Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
Smallpox/prevention & control/immunology

@article {pmid39417730,
year = {2024},
author = {Stimart, HL and Hipkins, B},
title = {The negative effects of long COVID-19 on cardiovascular health and implications for the presurgical examination.},
journal = {Journal of osteopathic medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39417730},
issn = {2702-3648},
abstract = {CONTEXT: In 2019, emergence of the novel and communicable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection took scientific communities by surprise and imposed significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Although the advent of this disease piqued the interest of academic centers, healthcare systems, and the general public, there is still much yet to be elucidated regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and long-term impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been established that long COVID-19 can impact multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, unfavorably. Although the pathophysiology of this damage is not well understood, adverse sequelae may range from chest pain and arrhythmias to heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction, or sudden cardiac death. For any postacute COVID-19 patient requiring a surgical procedure, the potential for cardiac injury secondary to long COVID-19 must be considered in the preoperative cardiac examination.

OBJECTIVES: This literature review serves to add to the growing body of literature exploring postacute cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19, with a focus on presurgical cardiac clearance in the adult patient. Specifically, this review studies the prevalence of cardiovascular symptomatology including chest pain, arrhythmias, blood pressure changes, myo-/pericarditis, HF, cardiomyopathy, orthostatic intolerance, and thromboembolism. Although current evidence is scarce in both quality and quantity, it is the goal that this review will highlight the negative impacts of long COVID-19 on cardiovascular health and encourage providers to be cognizant of potential sequelae in the context of the presurgical examination.

METHODS: For this study, peer-reviewed and journal-published articles were selected based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria to address the question "How does long COVID-19 impact the presurgical cardiac examination of an adult scheduled to undergo a noncardiac procedure?" Inclusion criteria included human studies conducted in adult patients and published in peer-reviewed journals up until May 2024 examining the effects of long-COVID-19 infection on the cardiovascular system. Exclusion criteria eliminated unpublished reports, preprints, duplicate articles, literature regarding coronavirus strains other than COVID-19, studies regarding post-COVID-19 vaccination complications, animal studies, and studies conducted in people younger than 18 years of age. A total of 6,675 studies were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Following screening, 60 studies were included in final consideration.

RESULTS: Cardiovascular symptoms of postacute COVID-19 infection were encountered with the following percentages prevalence (total numbers of articles mentioning symptom/total number of articles [60]): chest pain (83.3), arrhythmias (88.3), hypertension (40.0), hypotension (16.7), myocarditis (80.0), pericarditis (51.7), HF (70.0), cardiomyopathy (55.0), orthostatic intolerance (56.7), and thromboembolic events (85.0).

CONCLUSIONS: The presence of persisting COVID symptoms may negatively impact the patient's physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), imaging, and/or echocardiogram. Cardiac conditions associated with long COVID require special attention in the context of the presurgical candidate due to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, myocarditis, stroke, and myocardial infarction - even in those who were healthy prior to acute COVID-19 infection. Until more specific scientific evidence comes to light, care of these patients should be viewed through the prism of the best practices already in use and clinicians should maintain a low threshold to pursue more extensive cardiac workup prior to surgery.},
}

@article {pmid39041269,
year = {2024},
author = {Sharma, KK and Devi, S and Kumar, D and Ali, Z and Fatma, N and Misra, R and Kumar, G},
title = {Role of Natural Products against the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 by Inhibition of ACE-2 Receptor: A Review.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {30},
number = {32},
pages = {2562-2573},
pmid = {39041269},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry ; *COVID-19 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Animals ; Curcumin/pharmacology/chemistry ; },
abstract = {A unique extreme acute breathing syndrome emerged in China and spread rapidly globally due to a newly diagnosed human coronavirus and declared a pandemic. COVID-19 was formally named by WHO, and the Global Committee on Taxonomy referred to it as extreme Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently there is no efficient method to control the extent of SARS-CoV-2 other than social distancing and hygiene activities. This study aims to present a simple medicinal strategy for combating fatal viral diseases like COVID-19 with minimum effort and intervention. Different Ayurveda medicines (Curcuma longa, green tea, and Piper nigrum) inhibit virus entrance and pathogen transmission while also enhancing immunity. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine), as well as curcumin, combine to create an intermolecular complex (π- π) that improves curcumin bioavailability by inhibiting glucuronidation of curcumin in the liver. The receptor- binding domains of the S-protein and also the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the recipient organism are directly occupied by curcumin and catechin, respectively, thereby preventing viruses from entering the cell. As a result, the infection will be tolerated by the animal host.},
}

Humans
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry
*COVID-19
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Animals
Curcumin/pharmacology/chemistry

@article {pmid38243973,
year = {2024},
author = {Mazzeo, P and Ceccato, F and Manara, R and Mazzon, C and Barbot, M},
title = {Transient Central Diabetes Insipidus (Arginine Vasopressin Deficiency) Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets},
volume = {24},
number = {15},
pages = {1856-1864},
pmid = {38243973},
issn = {2212-3873},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Arginine Vasopressin ; *BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/complications/prevention & control ; *Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic/diagnosis/etiology ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people, causing the COVID-19 global pandemic. The use of novel technologies led to the development of different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that have reduced severe disease courses and related deaths. Besides the positive impact of vaccination on the pandemic, local and systemic side effects have been reported; they are usually mild to moderate, although also serious adverse events have been described.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 21-year-old female was referred to our hospital for the recent onset of severe polyuria and polydipsia, with the need for about 8 liters of daily water intake. The symptoms developed seven days after the administration of the second dose of the mRNA-based (Pfizer-BioNTech[®] BNT162b2) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In the suspicion of central diabetes insipidus (DI) development, she started treatment with desmopressin (Minirin[®] tablets) 60 mg/day with an improvement of symptoms and thirst. A thickening of the pituitary stalk was observed at the pituitary MRI with loss of the posterior pituitary bright spot on T1 weighted images. To confirm the diagnosis of central DI, both the water deprivation test and arginine stimulated copeptin test were performed; whilst the former gave no clear-cut indication of DI, the latter showed a reduced copeptin peak after arginine infusion consistent with the diagnosis of partial central DI. Furthermore, the development of symptoms right after the second dose of the vaccine strengthened the hypothesis that DI was related to the vaccination itself. After our evaluation, there was a progressive reduction of desmopressin dose to a complete discontinuation with the maintenance of a normal hydroelectrolytic balance. Clinical and biochemical follow-up was performed by repeating a pituitary MRI and a second arginine-stimulated copeptin test 15 months after the diagnosis. This time, copeptin levels reached a significantly higher peak after arginine stimulation that completely excluded central DI and at pituitary MRI, the thickening of the pituitary stalk previously described was no longer visible.

CONCLUSION: Neurohypophysitis can have an abrupt onset independently of the etiology. Central DI is a rather exceptional event after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination but should be recalled in case of sudden polyuria and polydipsia. DI is indeed reported even after SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus, this report should not discourage the use of mRNA-based vaccines. Furthermore, our case demonstrates that full recovery of posterior pituitary function is possible after immunization with anti-Covid-19 BNT162b2 vaccine. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible mechanism relating to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and this rare adverse event.},
}

Female
Humans
Young Adult
Arginine Vasopressin
*BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects
*COVID-19/complications/prevention & control
*Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic/diagnosis/etiology
Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid39417591,
year = {2024},
author = {Sadio, R and Henriques, A and Nogueira, P and Costa, A},
title = {Social prescription for the elderly: a community-based scoping review.},
journal = {Primary health care research & development},
volume = {25},
number = {},
pages = {e46},
doi = {10.1017/S1463423624000410},
pmid = {39417591},
issn = {1477-1128},
mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; *Quality of Life ; Aged, 80 and over ; Loneliness/psychology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Female ; Male ; Social Support ; },
abstract = {AIM: This scoping review aimed to identify the social prescription activities that exist for the elderly in a community context.

BACKGROUND: The increase in population ageing imposes the need to implement specific actions that guarantee elderly people the possibility of experiencing this phase with quality. The pandemic significantly exacerbated the needs of the elderly, leading to, regarding the loss of functional capacity, quality of life, well-being, mental health, and increased loneliness. Social prescription emerges as an innovative and non-clinical strategy, being a personalized approach that focuses on individual needs and objectives (Islam,). By referring primary health care users to resources available in the community, obtaining non-medical support that can be used in conjunction with, or instead of, existing medical treatments (Chng et al.,).

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Searches were performed in electronic databases for potential studies: Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Studies were included if they: (1) addressed social prescription interventions; (2) were community based; and (3) included elderly participants. Data extraction followed predefined criteria.

FINDINGS: Of a total of 865 articles identified, nine were selected. The social prescription activities identified fall into eight main domains: arts, personal development, social interaction, physical activity, gardening, cultural activities, religious activities, and technological activities. The interventions resulted in improved well-being, enhanced quality of life, health promotion, and reduced isolation and loneliness. Social prescription, while innovative, is still an evolving intervention, which can respond to the needs of the elderly population, given the range of activities that may exist in the community. Primary care professionals must develop these interventions, establish a link between health and the community, respond to these needs, and promote healthy ageing.},
}

Humans
Aged
*Quality of Life
Aged, 80 and over
Loneliness/psychology
COVID-19/psychology
Female
Male
Social Support

@article {pmid39178571,
year = {2024},
author = {Léveillé, N and Laurendeau, A and Drudi, LM and Elkouri, S},
title = {Exploring the Acceptable Delay for Elective Treatment of Patients With an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Reflection During a Pandemic and an Exploratory Analysis.},
journal = {The Journal of surgical research},
volume = {302},
number = {},
pages = {555-560},
doi = {10.1016/j.jss.2024.07.074},
pmid = {39178571},
issn = {1095-8673},
mesh = {*Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery/mortality ; Humans ; *Elective Surgical Procedures ; *Time-to-Treatment/statistics & numerical data ; *Aortic Rupture/surgery/mortality/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Male ; Risk Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine the rupture risk of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) undergoing interventions as a function of time to establish a maximal acceptable surgical delay.

METHODS: A literature review was performed from inception to August 30, 2021, to assess the risk of rupture of aneurysms over time. The analysis was limited to men with asymptomatic AAAs. The data on AAA rupture risk according to diameter and follow-up time were extracted. The acceptable mortality risk for AAA patients as a function of surgical delay was further evaluated. This acceptable mortality risk was based on the acceptable risk of cardiovascular death associated with the accepted delays of coronary revascularization in coronary artery disease populations. Data on estimated surgical delays and risks were extracted using a free web-based software (WebPlotDigitizer) and plotted using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS: Our study identified minimal evidence as it pertains to AAA rupture risk as a function of surgical delay. The data on rupture risk of AAAs according to diameter and time were extracted from a single review and a single meta-analysis (Figure 1). The acceptable delays of semiurgent and nonurgent invasive treatment for coronary artery disease found in literature are 6 and 12 wks respectively. These acceptable delays are associated with an estimated acceptable cardiovascular mortality risk threshold of 0.47% at 6 and 12 wks. Using this threshold of estimated maximum acceptable risk and the data on the natural history of AAAs found in our review, we found that the acceptable surgical delays for AAAs would be estimated at 13-27 ds for AAAs ≥ 7 cm, 20-42 ds for 6-6.9 cm, and 32-49 ds for 5.5-5.9 cm (Figure 1).

CONCLUSIONS: This study identified estimated surgical delays for patients with AAAs based on the acceptable maximum risk. These estimations may be used cautiously to triage patients with asymptomatic AAAs, particularly in the setting of triaging patients during local and global crises.},
}

*Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery/mortality
Humans
*Elective Surgical Procedures
*Time-to-Treatment/statistics & numerical data
*Aortic Rupture/surgery/mortality/epidemiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
Male
Risk Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid39416809,
year = {2024},
author = {Grossi, PA and Wolfe, C and Peghin, M},
title = {Non-Standard Risk Donors and Risk of Donor-Derived Infections: From Evaluation to Therapeutic Management.},
journal = {Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation},
volume = {37},
number = {},
pages = {12803},
pmid = {39416809},
issn = {1432-2277},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission ; *Tissue Donors ; Organ Transplantation/adverse effects ; HIV Infections ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hepatitis C/transmission ; Donor Selection ; Hepatitis B/transmission ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Expected and unexpected donor-derived infections are a rare complication of solid organ transplantation, but can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Over the last years, the growing gap existing between patients on the waiting list and available organs has favored the use of organs from donors with suspected or confirmed infections, thanks to the improvement of risk mitigation strategies against transmission of well recognized and emerging infections. Given the recent developments, the particular interest of this review is to summarize data on how to maximize utilization of HIV+ donors in HIV+ recipients, the use of HCV-viremic donors and HBV positive donors. This article also covers the implications for recipient of organs from donors with bacteremia and the challenge of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections. Lastly this review describes emerging risks associated with recent Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemics.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission
*Tissue Donors
Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
HIV Infections
SARS-CoV-2
Hepatitis C/transmission
Donor Selection
Hepatitis B/transmission
Risk Factors

@article {pmid39379249,
year = {2024},
author = {Singh, K and Rocco, JM and Nussenblatt, V},
title = {The winding road: Infectious disease considerations for CAR-T and other novel adoptive cellular therapies in the era of COVID-19.},
journal = {Seminars in hematology},
volume = {61},
number = {5},
pages = {321-332},
doi = {10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.08.002},
pmid = {39379249},
issn = {1532-8686},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; *Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology ; Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; },
abstract = {Adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) are novel, promising treatments for life-threatening malignancies. In addition to the better known chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, ACTs include tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), cancer antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs), and CAR-NK (natural killer) cells. In key historic milestones, several adoptive therapies recently received FDA approvals, including 6 CAR-T products for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and the first TIL therapy for the treatment for metastatic melanoma. The rapid pace of clinical trials in the field and the discoveries they provide are ushering in a new era of cancer immunotherapy. However, the potential complications of these therapies are still not fully understood. In particular, patients receiving ACT may be at increased risk for severe infections due to immunocompromise resulting from their underlying malignancies, which are further compounded by the immune derangements that develop in the setting of cellular immunotherapy and/or the preconditioning treatment needed to enhance ACT efficacy. Moreover, these treatments are being readily implemented at a time following the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, and it remains unclear what additional risks these patients may face from SARS-CoV-2 and similar infections. Here, we examine the evidence for infectious complications with emerging adoptive therapies, and provide a focused review of the epidemiology, complications, and clinical management for COVID-19 in CAR-T recipients to understand the risk this disease may pose to recipients of other forms of ACT.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/therapy
*Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
Neoplasms/therapy/immunology

@article {pmid39332491,
year = {2024},
author = {Herring, TE and Chopra, A and Friedly, JL and Bender, JA and Gentile, NL and Knowles, LM},
title = {Post traumatic stress and sleep disorders in long COVID: Patient management and treatment.},
journal = {Life sciences},
volume = {357},
number = {},
pages = {123081},
doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123081},
pmid = {39332491},
issn = {1879-0631},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy/physiopathology ; *Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disorders are prevalent among patients with long COVID. The intersection of PTSD and/or sleep disorders with long COVID is complex. Thus, use of a biopsychosocial lens for assessment and treatment along with a trauma-informed approach to clinical care is recommended. This review provides an overview of the literature on PTSD and sleep disorders among patients with long COVID, including prevalence rates, risk factors, and potential pathophysiology. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options are reviewed. Also, we provide actionable steps clinicians can integrate into their practice to help effectively assess and treat PTSD and sleep disorders, including validated symptom assessments, recommended referrals, and specific components of non-pharmacological interventions.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/therapy
*Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy/physiopathology
*Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Factors

@article {pmid39256076,
year = {2024},
author = {Courtwright, AM and Whyte, AM and Devarajan, J and Fritz, AV and Martin, AK and Wilkey, B and Stollings, L and Cassara, CM and Tawil, JN and Miltiades, AN and Bottiger, BA and Pollak, AL and Boisen, ML and Harika, RS and Street, C and Terracciano, W and Green, J and Subramani, S and Gelzinis, TA},
title = {The Year in Cardiothoracic Transplant Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2022 Part I: Lung Transplantation.},
journal = {Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia},
volume = {38},
number = {11},
pages = {2516-2545},
doi = {10.1053/j.jvca.2024.04.052},
pmid = {39256076},
issn = {1532-8422},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lung Transplantation/trends/methods ; *Anesthesia/methods ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/etiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {These highlights focus on the research in lung transplantation (LTX) that was published in 2022 and includes the assessment and optimization of candidates for LTX, donor optimization, the use of organs from donation after circulatory death, and outcomes when using marginal or novel donors; recipient factors affecting LTX, including age, disease, the use of extracorporeal life support; and special situations, such as coronavirus disease2019, pediatric LTX, and retransplantation. The remainder of the article focuses on the perioperative management of LTX, including the perioperative risk factors for acute renal failure (acute kidney injury); the incidence and management of phrenic nerve injury, delirium, and pain; and the postoperative management of hyperammonemia, early postoperative infections, and the use of donor-derived cell-free DNA to detect rejection.},
}

Humans
*Lung Transplantation/trends/methods
*Anesthesia/methods
Postoperative Complications/prevention & control/etiology
COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control

@article {pmid37415368,
year = {2024},
author = {Tavakkoli, A and Johnston, TP and Sahebkar, A},
title = {Fluvastatin: A Choice for COVID-19-associated Mucormycosis Management.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {31},
number = {40},
pages = {6649-6655},
pmid = {37415368},
issn = {1875-533X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mucormycosis/drug therapy ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Fluvastatin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/isolation & purification ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Mucorales/drug effects ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 invades the respiratory tract epithelium and can result in systemic inflammation prior to an infection caused by either bacteria or fungus. COVID-19- associated mucormycosis (CAM) is a serious condition that can occur during the time of the disease due to increased administration of corticosteroids. Various studies have suggested that statins may improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. According to several preclinical reports, fluvastatin was shown to exert direct and indirect synergistic antifungal activity. Thus, fluvastatin could be considered a potential antifungal agent when no other option is available. Furthermore, in comparison with other statins, fluvastatin exhibits the fewest drug/drug interactions with anti-Mucorales azoles (e.g., isavuconazole and posaconazole), as well as with medicines that are used in solid organ transplant recipients (e.g., cyclosporine) and HIV-positive individuals (e.g., ritonavir); two groups of patients that have a higher risk of infection with Mucorales fungi following a SARSCoV- 2 infection.},
}

Humans
*Mucormycosis/drug therapy
*COVID-19/complications
*Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Fluvastatin/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/isolation & purification
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Mucorales/drug effects

@article {pmid39416489,
year = {2024},
author = {Chamari, K and Saad, HB and Dhahbi, W and Washif, JA and El Omri, A and Zmijewski, P and Dergaa, I},
title = {Mpox in sports: A comprehensive framework for anticipatory planning and risk mitigation in football based on lessons from COVID-19.},
journal = {Biology of sport},
volume = {41},
number = {4},
pages = {317-335},
pmid = {39416489},
issn = {0860-021X},
abstract = {The World Health Organization's declaration of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in July 2022, followed by its resurgence in 2024, has sparked concerns about its potential impact on sports, especially contact sports such as football. Although mpox is not a pandemic (as of late September 2024), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience offers valuable lessons for proactive planning in sports. Our conceptual framework has been designed to draw insightful lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to assist sports organizations in planning for and preventing similar situations. We aimed to draw lessons from COVID-19 to help sports organizations enhance practical preparedness through effective planning and mitigation strategies. Accordingly, we sought to assess the potential impact of mpox on sports, with a focus on football (soccer), and to develop strategies for prevention, management, and preparedness based on epidemiological insights and lessons from COVID-19 pandemic experience. Here we review mpox's pathophysiology and possibility of transmission in sports settings and discuss tailored strategies, including risk assessments, testing protocols, hygiene measures, and return-to-play policies. This review highlights key differences between mpox and COVID-19 in transmission, incubation, and management, emphasizing the need for customized prevention and control measures in sports. We propose innovative risk assessment methods using global positioning system tracking and machine learning for contact analysis, alongside tailored testing and hygiene protocols. We emphasize the importance of proactive planning, noting improved preparedness in the sports community compared to the early days of COVID-19. In conclusion, our proposed framework provides sports organizations with practical tools to manage potential risks associated with mpox, ensuring the continuity of activities while prioritizing public health.},
}

@article {pmid39416408,
year = {2024},
author = {Ibrahim, H and Abdel-Razig, S and Konopasek, L and Silverberg, J and Philibert, I},
title = {Interventions to Support Resident and Fellow Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of graduate medical education},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {545-556},
pmid = {39416408},
issn = {1949-8357},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Internship and Residency ; *Education, Medical, Graduate ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; },
abstract = {Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid and wide-scale changes in graduate medical education and impacted the well-being of frontline physicians, including residents and fellows. While institutions and programs implemented initiatives to support the unique needs of trainees during the pandemic, there remains a gap in the literature in examining the approaches used, the domains of well-being addressed, and the effectiveness of these efforts. Objective To review the literature on interventions designed to promote resident and fellow well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The authors conducted a scoping review of the literature published between January 1, 2020, and November 30, 2023, in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC to identify interventions to promote the well-being of trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Eighteen articles met inclusion criteria, mainly studies conducted in the United States (14 of 18, 77.8%). Most interventions targeted psychological well-being (16 of 18, 88.9%), with only a few studies that included interventions in the physical or social domains. Interventions entailed redeployment, schedule modifications, communication strategies, and expanded mental health support. Most interventions were limited to a few weeks' duration in the first surge phase of the pandemic. Only 11 studies (61%) reported outcome measures, and only 2 (11%) used instruments with validity evidence. Most studies did not report sufficient data to evaluate study quality. Conclusions While longer-term outcome data were often lacking, studies described a range of interventions to support resident well-being. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of well-being interventions and include cohorts from more diverse clinical settings.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Internship and Residency
*Education, Medical, Graduate
Mental Health
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Fellowships and Scholarships

@article {pmid39415207,
year = {2024},
author = {Aslam, B and Asghar, R and Muzammil, S and Shafique, M and Siddique, AB and Khurshid, M and Ijaz, M and Rasool, MH and Chaudhry, TH and Aamir, A and Baloch, Z},
title = {AMR and Sustainable Development Goals: at a crossroads.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {73},
pmid = {39415207},
issn = {1744-8603},
mesh = {*Sustainable Development ; Humans ; *Global Health ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Goals ; Antimicrobial Stewardship ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, primarily stemming from its misuse and overuse in both veterinary and public healthcare systems. The consequences of AMR are severe, leading to more severe infections, increased health protection costs, prolonged hospital stays, unresponsive treatments, and elevated fatality rates. The impact of AMR is direct and far-reaching, particularly affecting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), underscoring the urgency for concerted global actions to achieve these objectives. Disproportionately affecting underprivileged populations, AMR compounds their vulnerabilities, pushing them further into poverty. Moreover, AMR has ramifications for food production, jeopardizing sustainable agriculture and diminishing the livelihoods of farmers. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in underprivileged areas heightens the risk of complications and mortality. Climate change further contributes to AMR, as evidenced by increased instances of foodborne salmonellosis and the development of antibiotic resistance, resulting in substantial healthcare costs. Effectively addressing AMR demands collaboration among governments, entrepreneurs, and the public sector to establish institutions and policies across all regulatory levels. Expanding SDG 17, which focuses on partnerships for sustainable development, would facilitate global antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, technology transfer, surveillance systems, and investment in vaccine and drug research. The World Bank's SDG database, tracking progress towards sustainable development, reveals a concerning picture with only a 15% success rate till 2023 and 48% showing deviation, underscoring a global gap exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Tackling AMR's global impact necessitates international cooperation, robust monitoring, and evaluation methods. The five priorities outlined guide SDG implementation, while impoverished countries must address specific challenges in their implementation efforts. Addressing AMR and its impact on the SDGs is a multifaceted challenge that demands comprehensive and collaborative solutions on a global scale.},
}

*Sustainable Development
Humans
*Global Health
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Goals
Antimicrobial Stewardship

@article {pmid39414751,
year = {2024},
author = {Levante, A and Martis, C and Del Prete, CM and Martino, P and Primiceri, P and Lecciso, F},
title = {Siblings of Persons with Disabilities: A Systematic Integrative Review of the Empirical Literature.},
journal = {Clinical child and family psychology review},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39414751},
issn = {1573-2827},
abstract = {The systematic review aimed to systematize the empirical literature on the psychological impact of disability on the siblings of persons with disabilities, to inform research and provide clinical recommendations. Two research questions addressed the review: (1) What are the main psychological constructs investigated in siblings of persons with disability? (2) What is the main role of each psychological construct in siblings of persons with disability experience? The electronic search was conducted in 7 databases and the PRISMA diagram was used. The inclusion criteria were: Papers published in English and in peer-reviewed journals; papers published between January 2014 and June 2024; qualitative, quantitative, and mixed studies; and papers on the psychological impact of disabilities and/or chronic illnesses on the experience of siblings of persons with disabilities. The standardized Mixed Method Appraisal Tool protocol was used to appraise the methodological quality of the studies. To summarize the findings, a narrative approach was adopted. A total of 60 studies have been reviewed. According to the methodological quality appraisal of studies, most of them reported a high (n = 45) and medium (n = 15) quality. They involved 10,146 participants. Findings revealed that sibling relationships, sibling-focused parentification, and emotional/behavioral adjustment are the main psychological constructs investigated by existing literature. Few studies focused on siblings' well-being. Studies exploring more than a psychological construct were included as a hybrid. Only one study examined the siblings' psychological experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. The quality of the sibling relationship ranged from good to poor; the caregiver is the main role played by siblings of persons with disabilities; anxiety, depression, and aggressive behaviors are the main emotional/behavioral symptoms revealed. Most studies (n = 39) recruited participants with brothers or sisters with mental disorders. The findings of this systematic review may play a role in the clinical field, as they might help to design gender- and age-specific intervention programs.},
}

@article {pmid39414443,
year = {2024},
author = {Kamio, N and Tamura, M and Okazaki, S and Sugimoto, K and Cueno, ME and Tanaka, H and Imai, K},
title = {Revisiting the importance of oral health management based on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of oral science},
volume = {66},
number = {4},
pages = {215-219},
doi = {10.2334/josnusd.24-0211},
pmid = {39414443},
issn = {1880-4926},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Oral Health ; Periodontal Diseases/prevention & control/therapy ; Oral Hygiene ; Mouth/microbiology/virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Aspiration/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {The oral cavity is the starting point and an integral part of the respiratory system. Oral bacteria are deeply involved in the onset and aggravation of lower respiratory tract diseases, including aspiration pneumonia, influenza, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oral health conditions, such as periodontal disease, influence the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral bacteria can be detected in the respiratory organs of patients with COVID-19, and the composition of oral bacterial flora may be altered. Aspiration pneumonia is common among patients with COVID-19 who are advanced in age or have underlying diseases due to poor oral hygiene management, fever, and other issues. While findings from further studies are awaited, maintaining a healthy oral cavity can prevent COVID-19 onset and aggravation. In addition to routine management of oral microflora at home and maintenance of periodontal health in dentistry, medical-dental collaboration is crucial for a prompt response to future pandemics, as humans have just experienced in COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Oral Health
Periodontal Diseases/prevention & control/therapy
Oral Hygiene
Mouth/microbiology/virology
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Aspiration/prevention & control

@article {pmid39412573,
year = {2024},
author = {Permenov, BA and Zimba, O and Yessirkepov, M and Anartayeva, M and Suigenbayev, D and Kocyigit, BF},
title = {Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: unmet needs and perspectives.},
journal = {Rheumatology international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39412573},
issn = {1437-160X},
abstract = {Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has become an essential lifesaving intervention for individuals with severe cardiovascular and respiratory failure. Its application is expanding across several therapeutic contexts, surpassing conventional indications. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly stressed worldwide health systems to manage acute respiratory failure. ECMO has been employed as a vital intervention, particularly for patients with severe COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ECMO is applicable throughout pregnancy. The principal indications for ECMO in pregnant women align with those in the general population. However, pregnancy complicates issues, necessitating consideration of both mother's and infant's well-being. Patients with systemic rheumatic diseases are prone to experience life-threatening complications. While a majority of these patients respond to immunosuppressive drugs, a small percentage suffer organ failure and may benefit from ECMO as a bridge to recovery. The article addresses coagulation therapies, highlighting the necessity of precise anticoagulation to avert both bleeding and thrombosis, particularly in patients requiring extended ECMO support. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in ECMO patients are summarized, including the influence of the ECMO circuit on drug metabolism. Survey-based research offers valuable insights into ECMO use, procedures, and challenges. The paper evaluates current survey-based research and ECMO guidelines, highlighting clinical practice, training, and resource availability discrepancies across ECMO centers globally. Particular focus is placed on the rehabilitation requirements of ECMO survivors, acknowledging the importance of early mobilization and post-discharge care in improving long-term outcomes and quality of life.},
}

@article {pmid39412454,
year = {2024},
author = {Sisconetto, AT and Sucupira, KSMB and De Souza, LAPS and Luvizutto, GJ},
title = {Physiotherapeutic Approaches in the Rehabilitation of Patients After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Scoping Review of In-Hospital Until Outpatient Phase.},
journal = {Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmpt.2024.09.003},
pmid = {39412454},
issn = {1532-6586},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to identify studies that address the use of physical therapy in the rehabilitation of adult and elderly patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: This scoping review was based on Joanna Briggs Institute methodology: participant (P), represented by adult and elderly patients after SARS-CoV-2; concept (C), main physical therapy interventions; and context (C), recovery period after SARS-CoV-2 (in-hospital or outpatient phase). The following information sources were used: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Springer. The search was conducted between December 2019 and November 2021. Rayyan (Qatar Computing Research Institute, QCRI) was used for study selection process and analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 7,568 studies were identified; 11 were included in this review. The most frequent physical therapy interventions were those associated with pulmonary, cardiac, musculoskeletal, neurological, and digestive rehabilitation in adult and elderly patients after SARS-CoV-2. Physiotherapy interventions included aerobic exercises, respiratory muscle training, muscle strength training, breathing exercises, early mobilization, balance training, bronchial hygiene maneuvers, body positioning management, flexibility training, cognitive training, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and trunk exercises.

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the growing utility of therapeutic interventions, mainly in improving quality of life, as well as body functions after pulmonary, cardiac, neurological, digestive, and musculoskeletal rehabilitation in patients after SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid39412320,
year = {2024},
author = {Dowler, S and Ugolik Phillips, K},
title = {Q&A: Continuous Coverage Unwinding and Medicaid Expansion on the Ground in Two North Carolina Counties.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {125-127},
doi = {10.18043/001c.94873},
pmid = {39412320},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {*Medicaid ; North Carolina ; Humans ; United States ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Eligibility Determination ; Insurance Coverage ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; },
abstract = {After three years of continuous Medicaid coverage as permitted by COVID-19-related waivers, in 2023 counties had to begin redeterminations of eligibility, "unwinding" this continuous coverage. As unwinding and eligibility determination continues, Medicaid expansion has begun, and county public health leaders are navigating uncertain but exciting waters. Lisa Macon Harrison, MPH, of Granville Vance Public Health, and Joshua Swift, MPH, of Forsyth County Department of Public Health, share their experiences, concerns, and hopes for the future.},
}

*Medicaid
North Carolina
Humans
United States
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Eligibility Determination
Insurance Coverage
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

@article {pmid39412317,
year = {2024},
author = {Goda, D and Parker, L},
title = {Impact on Appendix K Flexibilities in the NC Innovations Waiver During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {117-118},
doi = {10.18043/001c.94870},
pmid = {39412317},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; United States ; North Carolina ; *Medicaid ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Home Care Services ; Pandemics ; Community Health Services/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {In March 2020, the COVID-19 public health emergency com¬pelled NC Medicaid to implement Appendix K flexibilities to change the 1915(c) Home & Community-Based Services Waivers. This paper will examine the impact of these flex¬ibilities and the subsequent decision to sunset them, with a focus on the Innovations Waiver.},
}

*COVID-19/epidemiology
Humans
United States
North Carolina
*Medicaid
Public Health
SARS-CoV-2
Home Care Services
Pandemics
Community Health Services/organization & administration

@article {pmid39412314,
year = {2024},
author = {Kuhn, J and Thompson, S and Fletcher, H and Koenigsmark, T and Dowler, S},
title = {NC Medicaid's Telehealth Evolution: Access and Utilization in a Post-Pandemic State.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {104-110},
pmid = {39412314},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine/statistics & numerical data ; *Medicaid/statistics & numerical data ; United States ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; North Carolina ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Telehealth was instrumental in NC Medicaid's ability to pro-vide health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses of utilization and survey data and interviews with key Medicaid payors and providers reveal trends in beneficiary access to and utilization of services, presenting NC Medicaid with opportunities to build upon lessons learned.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine/statistics & numerical data
*Medicaid/statistics & numerical data
United States
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data
North Carolina
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid39412313,
year = {2024},
author = {Bush, M},
title = {Keeping North Carolina Insured: Strategies to Support County Departments of Social Services and Continuous Enrollment.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {100-103},
pmid = {39412313},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {North Carolina ; Humans ; *Medicaid ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Social Work/organization & administration ; United States ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {NC Medicaid experienced a dramatic increase in enrollment during the COVID-19 pandemic. To support county Departments of Social Services, NC Medicaid worked quickly to improve automation, provide flexibility, and streamline processes to better manage the workload increased by pandemic enrollment and Medicaid expansion implementation.},
}

North Carolina
Humans
*Medicaid
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Social Work/organization & administration
United States
SARS-CoV-2
Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics

@article {pmid39412310,
year = {2024},
author = {Sandoe, E},
title = {Keeping People Enrolled During Medicaid Expansion and COVID-19 Continuous Coverage Unwinding.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {89-91},
doi = {10.18043/001c.94842},
pmid = {39412310},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {Humans ; *Medicaid ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; North Carolina ; United States ; *Health Services Accessibility ; *Insurance Coverage ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; Eligibility Determination ; Family Planning Services ; },
abstract = {North Carolina is expanding Medicaid insurance coverage while simultaneously removing coverage from individuals as a result of the end of the COVID-19 emergency. These large-scale eligibility changes have created an opportunity for improved processes. North Carolina chose to build upon the existing Medicaid Family Planning program to maintain access to health care while launching Medicaid expansion.},
}

Humans
*Medicaid
*COVID-19/epidemiology
North Carolina
United States
*Health Services Accessibility
*Insurance Coverage
SARS-CoV-2
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Eligibility Determination
Family Planning Services

@article {pmid39412309,
year = {2024},
author = {Dowler, S},
title = {From Continuous Coverage to Medicaid Expansion: North Carolina's Changing Public Payer Landscape.},
journal = {North Carolina medical journal},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {85-88},
doi = {10.18043/001c.94840},
pmid = {39412309},
issn = {0029-2559},
mesh = {North Carolina ; *Medicaid/economics ; Humans ; United States ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; },
abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, people who may have otherwise lost Medicaid coverage kept it without the need to reapply annually. In 2023, this continuous coverage began to unwind just as North Carolina prepared to expand Medicaid. This issue of the North Carolina Medical Journal tracks the evolution of the state's public payer landscape in unprecedented times of change, with data, analysis, and personal experiences from public health, philanthropy, clinicians, and Medicaid members.},
}

North Carolina
*Medicaid/economics
Humans
United States
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

@article {pmid39411713,
year = {2024},
author = {Thom, RE and D'Elia, RV},
title = {Future applications of host direct therapies for infectious disease treatment.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1436557},
pmid = {39411713},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy/therapy/immunology ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {New and emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV2 have highlighted the requirement for threat agnostic therapies. Some antibiotics or antivirals can demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against pathogens in the same family or genus but efficacy can quickly reduce due to their specific mechanism of action and for the ability of the disease causing agent to evolve. This has led to the generation of antimicrobial resistant strains, making infectious diseases more difficult to treat. Alternative approaches therefore need to be considered, which include exploring the utility of Host-Directed Therapies (HDTs). This is a growing area with huge potential but difficulties arise due to the complexity of disease profiles. For example, a HDT given early during infection may not be appropriate or as effective when the disease has become chronic or when a patient is in intensive care. With the growing understanding of immune function, a new generation of HDT for the treatment of disease could allow targeting specific pathways to augment or diminish the host response, dependent upon disease profile, and allow for bespoke therapeutic management plans. This review highlights promising and approved HDTs that can manipulate the immune system throughout the spectrum of disease, in particular to viral and bacterial pathogens, and demonstrates how the advantages of HDT will soon outweigh the potential side effects.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
Communicable Diseases/drug therapy/therapy/immunology
Animals
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid39411280,
year = {2024},
author = {Sugand, K and Park, C and Aframian, A and Gupte, CM and Sarraf, KM and , },
title = {Policy and practice review consensus statements and clinical guidelines on managing pediatric trauma and orthopedics during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review on the global response for future pandemics and public health crises.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1453574},
pmid = {39411280},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has been recognized as an unprecedented global health crisis. Over 7 million mortalities have been documented with many paediatric fatalities. Trauma and orthopaedic care, much like other specialities, were marginalized due to resource allocation during the pandemic which affected paediatric care. This is the first systematic review to centralise and compile the recommended published guidelines from professional bodies in principally English speaking countries on managing paediatric trauma and orthopaedic care. These guidelines will be required to be implemented sooner and more effectively in case of future pandemics with similar impact.

METHODS: A search was conducted on PubMed/MedLine, Cochrane Library and Embase using terms including p(a)ediatric or child* and/or COVID* or coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 and/or trauma and/or orthop(a)edic* with a simplified MeSH heading [mh] in order to make the search as comprehensive as possible. General terminology was utilized to make the search as exhaustive as possible for this systematic review. Another search was conducted on resources available in the public domain from professional bodies publishing on consensus statements and clinical practice guidelines in countries where English is the principal language managing pediatric trauma and orthopedics. The review adhered to PRISMA guidance.

RESULTS: The search revealed a total of 62 results from both databases and professional bodies. Duplicates were removed. This was then reviewed to identify a total of 21 results which fit the inclusion criteria and included within the main analysis. The guidelines from professional bodies were outlined and categorized into aspects of clinical care.

DISCUSSION: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic has compelled for changes in clinical practice and pediatric management. The systematic review highlights the relevant guidelines on service provision for pediatric patients including indications for urgent referrals, surgical prioritization, reasons for follow-up and trauma guidelines. The rationale for care during the unpredictable evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic may have the potential to be translated and replicated in future pandemics of similar significance.},
}

@article {pmid39411274,
year = {2024},
author = {Storz, MA and Imafuku, R},
title = {Benefits and Drawbacks of International Medical Elective Databases in Abroad Elective Research: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Advances in medical education and practice},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {971-979},
pmid = {39411274},
issn = {1179-7258},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: International medical electives (IMEs) are considered high-impact practice in global health education. Nevertheless, international medical elective (IME) research remains scarce, with only a few new publications appearing each year. The discrepancy between the many unanswered questions regarding IMEs and the lack of opportunities to perform research in this field has been further aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Elective databases cataloguing structured IME reports/testimonies could offer a viable solution here. This narrative review provides a balanced and objective evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of elective databases, summarizing their potential usefulness in IME research.

METHODS: The methodology employed was a multidisciplinary narrative review of the published and grey literature on databases cataloguing IME testimonies.

RESULTS: Elective databases offer numerous benefits to the IME researcher. Their size allows for large analyses, built on hundreds of equally structured elective testimonies. Pre-defined outcomes, such as the elective destination, elective discipline or duration, are queried in a standardized way, allowing for a broad set of research questions. Elective databases are usually open-access, not confined to a single university, and free to use. Most databases also offer user-friendly filter functions, permitting targeted analyses centered around a particular outcome. A major drawback is that reports are rarely verified. Subject to several forms of bias (eg, recall and reporting bias), elective databases may not be suitable for all types of research questions, and the report quality is often inhomogeneous. Above all, they rarely allow for an informational depth that may result from qualitative face-to-face interviews.

CONCLUSION: Elective databases could be a valuable supplement to interview-based elective research, potentially allowing for larger and broader analyses not confined to single institutions.},
}

@article {pmid39410877,
year = {2024},
author = {Ebrahimi, P and Payab, M and Shariati, A and Alipour, N and Nozheh, A and Tavangar, SM and Taheri, H and Ebrahimpur, M},
title = {Unusual Presentation of Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer Involving Bone Marrow, Kidneys, and Adrenal Gland: A Literature Review Based on a Case Report.},
journal = {Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {e70022},
doi = {10.1002/cnr2.70022},
pmid = {39410877},
issn = {2573-8348},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology/diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; *Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/secondary/diagnosis/pathology ; *Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/secondary/pathology/diagnosis ; Kidney Neoplasms/pathology/diagnosis ; Bone Marrow/pathology ; Bone Marrow Neoplasms/secondary/diagnosis ; Thyroidectomy ; Fatal Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is one of the rare neuroendocrine malignancies. This cancer is hereditary in approximately 20% of cases. Although lymph node (LN) metastasis is prevalent in MTC, distant metastasis is not commonly seen in these patients. The most common locations for metastasis are the lungs, liver, and bones. This study presents an extremely rare MTC metastasis to bone marrow (BM) and adrenal gland, which has not been reported before.

CASE: The patient was a 50-year-old man with a diagnosis of MTC and total thyroidectomy 2 months before his presentation. He came to the emergency department (ED) complaining of dyspnea, diffuse bone pain, nonbloody diarrhea, and abdominal cramps starting in the last month before. Initial treatment with intravenous fluid infusion and loperamide, due to the provisional diagnosis of infectious diarrhea, was ineffective. Further assessments revealed severe pancytopenia and a massive tumor above the left kidney. Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and biopsy (BMB) led to the diagnosis of invasive metastasis of the MTC to the BM and the left adrenal gland. In the initial evaluations, his COVID-19 test became positive, and despite all efforts, his condition deteriorated, and he died 5 days after admission due to respiratory distress.

CONCLUSION: Most MTC cases present with thyroid nodules in the initial steps and are confined to the thyroid gland or the adjacent LNs. These cases are mostly cured by thyroidectomy and LN dissection. This neuroendocrine cancer infrequently becomes aggressive and involves other parts of the body. However, involving BM or adrenal gland has been scarcely reported. Due to ineffective red and white blood cell production, BM metastasis can cause pancytopenia and, consequently, pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, and susceptibility to infections. High calcitonin levels can also cause diarrhea. The initial diagnosis is mostly with neck ultrasound (US) and fine needle aspiration (FNA). Total thyroidectomy is the main therapeutic option for these patients. Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are sensitive indicators of recurrence or remaining tumors, which might be helpful for the initial diagnosis and postoperation follow-up. Although extremely rare, invasive metastasis of MTC might involve unusual body organs such as the BM or adrenal glands. In cases of unjustifiable pancytopenia or adrenal dysfunction in MTC-positive patients, these possibilities should be considered and ruled out by some specific evaluations, such as bone marrow biopsy and contrast-enhanced imaging.},
}

Humans
Male
*Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology/diagnosis
Middle Aged
*Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/secondary/diagnosis/pathology
*Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/secondary/pathology/diagnosis
Kidney Neoplasms/pathology/diagnosis
Bone Marrow/pathology
Bone Marrow Neoplasms/secondary/diagnosis
Thyroidectomy
Fatal Outcome

@article {pmid39410814,
year = {2024},
author = {Guo, L and Badrinath, P and Mookherjee, J and Ghosh, A and McCallum, E and Dissanayake, N and George, A},
title = {Managing COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons - a brief review of literature and key lessons learnt.},
journal = {International journal of prison health},
volume = {ahead-of-print},
number = {ahead-of-print},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1108/IJOPH-08-2023-0049},
pmid = {39410814},
issn = {2977-0262},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; *Prisons ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Prisoners/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, prisons faced a unique challenge of preventing and managing outbreaks with minimal adverse impact. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in prisons, identify lessons learnt and make recommendations.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The authors used the PubMed advanced search function using MeSH terms; (coronavirus, sars) AND (prisons) AND (disease outbreaks). The authors included original research reporting COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons. All other types and non-English publications were excluded. The authors used a structured data abstraction template to extract data systematically, and a second author independently abstracted data from 10% of the papers for quality assurance.

FINDINGS: The search yielded 96 hits. The authors included 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. These studies were from four countries. Seven studies reported individual outbreaks. The mean and median number of inmates and staff were 1,765, 1,126 and 575, 510. The mean and median number of cases among inmates and staff were 584, 464, and 72, 77. The number of reported deaths varied from 0 to 11. The authors present the prison-specific hazards grouped under human factors, healthcare factors and environmental factors. The authors also summarise interventions deployed as either primary prevention interventions, such as vaccinations, or secondary prevention interventions, including screening and contact tracing.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This narrative review summarises the prison-specific hazards, which include movement of people in and out of the person, moving in new prisoners from other prisons, mixing of prisoners when transporting to courts, limited medical and isolation resources, crowded dormitories, shared lavatories, small communal facilities, poor ventilation and overcrowding. The interventions included limiting non-medical transfers into and out of the persons, assigning staff members to specific areas, encouraging face coverings among prisoners and staff and social isolation measures within the constraints of the prison setting. The interventions were adopted by prison authorities to contain and manage the outbreaks. Public Health and prison authorities need to be aware of the risk of further outbreaks of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in these settings and implement key measures identified in this review to minimise adverse outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission
*Prisons
*Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics/prevention & control
Prisoners/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid39409149,
year = {2024},
author = {Huang, J and Ma, Q and Su, Z and Cheng, X},
title = {Advancements in the Development of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms251910820},
pmid = {39409149},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {32301020//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023JJB140003//Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/genetics ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19, and so far, it has occurred five noteworthy variants of concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2 invades cells by contacting its Spike (S) protein to its receptor on the host cell, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, the high frequency of mutations in the S protein has limited the effectiveness of existing drugs against SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant. Therefore, it is critical to develop drugs that have highly effective antiviral activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the future. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current progress on anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/genetics
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid39408818,
year = {2024},
author = {Grewal, T and Nguyen, MKL and Buechler, C},
title = {Cholesterol and Cholesterol-Lowering Medications in COVID-19-An Unresolved Matter.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms251910489},
pmid = {39408818},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology ; *Cholesterol/metabolism/blood ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy ; Severity of Illness Index ; Proprotein Convertase 9/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease with very heterogeneous symptoms. Dyslipidaemia is prevalent in at least 20% of Europeans, and dyslipidaemia before SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk for severe COVID-19 and mortality by 139%. Many reports described reduced serum cholesterol levels in virus-infected patients, in particular in those with severe disease. The liver is the major organ for lipid homeostasis and hepatic dysfunction appears to occur in one in five patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 disease severity and liver injury may be related to impaired cholesterol homeostasis. These observations prompted efforts to assess the therapeutic opportunities of cholesterol-lowering medications to reduce COVID-19 severity. The majority of studies implicate statins to have beneficial effects on disease severity and outcome in COVID-19. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) antibodies have also shown potential to protect against COVID-19. This review describes the relationship between systemic cholesterol levels, liver injury and COVID-19 disease severity. The potential effects of statins and PCSK9 in COVID-19 are summarised. Finally, the relationship between cholesterol and lung function, the first organ to be affected by SARS-CoV-2, is described.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/virology
*Cholesterol/metabolism/blood
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
Dyslipidemias/drug therapy
Severity of Illness Index
Proprotein Convertase 9/metabolism
Liver/metabolism/drug effects

@article {pmid39408576,
year = {2024},
author = {Manzoni, P and Messina, A and Germano, C and Picone, S and Masturzo, B and Sainaghi, PP and Sola, D and Rizzi, M},
title = {Lactoferrin Supplementation in Preventing and Protecting from SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is There Any Role in General and Special Populations? An Updated Review of Literature.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms251910248},
pmid = {39408576},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Lactoferrin/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Dietary Supplements ; Pregnancy ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/virology ; Female ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Milk, Human/chemistry/virology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Infant ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control/drug therapy/virology ; },
abstract = {At the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection represented a great medical burden worldwide, as targeted and effective therapeutic options were lacking. This resulted in the revival of existing molecules and the increasing popularity of over-the-counter nutritional supplements. Among the latter, lactoferrin has been investigated as an adjuvant in COVID-19 therapy with conflicting results, mainly depending on different study designs. Considering that lactoferrin is one of the main components of human breast milk with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity, it is conceivable that such bioactive molecule could be effective in supporting anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection therapy, especially in infants and pregnant women, two subpopulations that have been poorly evaluated in the existing clinical trials. This narrative review is intended to offer insight into the existing literature on lactoferrin's biological functions and protective effects against COVID-19, with a special focus on pregnant women and their infants.},
}

*Lactoferrin/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Humans
*Dietary Supplements
Pregnancy
*COVID-19/prevention & control/virology
Female
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Milk, Human/chemistry/virology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Infant
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control/drug therapy/virology

@article {pmid39408347,
year = {2024},
author = {Chen, X and Xu, D and Yu, J and Song, XJ and Li, X and Cui, YL},
title = {Tryptophan Metabolism Disorder-Triggered Diseases, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies: A Scientometric Review.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {16},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu16193380},
pmid = {39408347},
issn = {2072-6643},
support = {No. 22HHZYSS00001//Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {*Tryptophan/metabolism ; Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *COVID-19 ; Bibliometrics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism ; Kynurenine/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tryptophan is widely present in foods such as peanuts, milk, and bananas, playing a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in health and disease. Tryptophan metabolism is involved in the development and progression of immune, nervous, and digestive system diseases. Although some excellent reviews on tryptophan metabolism exist, there has been no systematic scientometric study as of yet.

METHODS: This review provides and summarizes research hotspots and potential future directions by analyzing annual publications, topics, keywords, and highly cited papers sourced from Web of Science spanning 1964 to 2022.

RESULTS: This review provides a scientometric overview of tryptophan metabolism disorder-triggered diseases, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: The gut microbiota regulates gut permeability, inflammation, and host immunity by directly converting tryptophan to indole and its derivatives. Gut microbial metabolites regulate tryptophan metabolism by activating specific receptors or enzymes. Additionally, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, activated by indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase, affects the migration and invasion of glioma cells and the development of COVID-19 and depression. The research and development of IDO inhibitors help to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Tryptophan metabolites as potential markers are used for disease therapy, guiding clinical decision-making. Tryptophan metabolites serve as targets to provide a new promising strategy for neuroprotective/neurotoxic imbalance affecting brain structure and function. In summary, this review provides valuable guidance for the basic research and clinical application of tryptophan metabolism.},
}

*Tryptophan/metabolism
Humans
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*COVID-19
Bibliometrics
SARS-CoV-2
Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
Kynurenine/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid39408067,
year = {2024},
author = {Babkina, AS and Pisarev, MV and Grechko, AV and Golubev, AM},
title = {Arterial Thrombosis in Acute Respiratory Infections: An Underestimated but Clinically Relevant Problem.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm13196007},
pmid = {39408067},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was increased interest in the issue of thrombotic complications of acute respiratory infections. Clinical reports and pathological studies have revealed that thrombus formation in COVID-19 may involve the venous and arterial vasculature. As thrombotic complications of infectious respiratory diseases are increasingly considered in the context of COVID-19, the fact that thrombosis in lung diseases of viral and bacterial etiology was described long before the pandemic is overlooked. Pre-pandemic studies show that bacterial and viral respiratory infections are associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, and other critical illnesses caused by arterial and venous thrombosis. This narrative review article aims to summarize the current evidence regarding thrombotic complications and their pathogenesis in acute lower respiratory tract infections.},
}

@article {pmid39407954,
year = {2024},
author = {Holtgrewe, LML and Jain, S and Dekova, R and Broger, T and Isaacs, C and Theron, G and Nahid, P and Cattamanchi, A and Denkinger, CM and Yerlikaya, S},
title = {Innovative COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics Suitable for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm13195894},
pmid = {39407954},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {U01AI152087//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
abstract = {Rapid and accurate point-of-care (POC) tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are crucial to bridge the TB diagnostic gap. Leveraging recent advancements in COVID-19 diagnostics, we explored adapting commercially available POC SARS-CoV-2 tests for TB diagnosis in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) target product profiles (TPPs). A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines to systematically map POC antigen and molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests potentially meeting the TPPs for TB diagnostic tests for peripheral settings. Data were gathered from PubMed/MEDLINE, bioRxiv, medRxiv, publicly accessible in vitro diagnostic test databases, and developer websites up to 23 November 2022. Data on developer attributes, operational characteristics, pricing, clinical performance, and regulatory status were charted using standardized data extraction forms and evaluated with a standardized scorecard. A narrative synthesis of the data is presented. Our search yielded 2003 reports, with 408 meeting eligibility criteria. Among these, we identified 66 commercialized devices: 22 near-POC antigen tests, 1 POC molecular test, 31 near-POC molecular tests, and 12 low-complexity molecular tests potentially adaptable for TB. The highest-scoring SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests were the near-POC antigen platform LumiraDx (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), the POC molecular test Lucira Check-It (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA), the near-POC molecular test Visby (Visby, San Jose, CA, USA), and the low-complexity molecular platform Idylla (Biocartis, Lausanne, Switzerland). We highlight a diverse landscape of commercially available diagnostic tests suitable for potential adaptation to peripheral TB testing. This work aims to bolster global TB initiatives by fostering stakeholder collaboration, leveraging SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic technologies for TB, and uncovering new commercial avenues to tackle longstanding challenges in TB diagnosis.},
}

@article {pmid39407875,
year = {2024},
author = {Henriques, C and da Ana, R and Krambeck, K and Miguel, S and Santini, A and Zielińska, A and Souto, EB},
title = {Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {39407875},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy, offering unprecedented specificity and diverse mechanisms to combat malignant cells. These biologic agents have emerged as a cornerstone in targeted cancer treatment, binding to specific antigens on cancer cells and exerting their therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including inhibition of signaling pathways, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). The unique ability of mAbs to engage the immune system and directly interfere with cancer cell function has significantly enhanced the therapeutic armamentarium against a broad spectrum of malignancies. mAbs were initially studied in oncology; however, today, treatments have been developed for eye diseases. This review discusses the current applications of mAbs for the treatment of ocular diseases, discussing the specificity and the variety of mechanisms by which these molecules exhibit their therapeutic effects. The benefits, drawbacks, effectiveness, and risks associated with using mAbs in ophthalmology are highlighted, focusing on the most relevant ocular diseases and mAbs currently in use. Technological advances have led to in vitro production methods and recombinant engineering techniques, allowing the development of chimeric, humanized, and fully human mAbs. Nowadays, many humanized mAbs have several applications, e.g., for the treatment of age-related macular disease, diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis, while studies about new applications of mAbs, such as for SARS-CoV-2 infection, are also currently ongoing to seek more efficient and safe approaches to treat this new ocular disease.},
}

@article {pmid39407822,
year = {2024},
author = {Jukic, I and Vukovic, J},
title = {The Challenges of Treating a Helicobacter pylori Infection following the COVID-19 Pandemic in Croatia: A Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm13195762},
pmid = {39407822},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background:Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a prevalent bacterial pathogen implicated in different stomach and duodenal diseases, including chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and stomach cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced antibiotic prescription practices, potentially exacerbating antibiotic resistance in H. pylori. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibiotic prescription during the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia and its possible impact on H. pylori antibiotic resistance, with a focus on Croatia. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies from March 2020 to June 2024. The search strategy included terms related to COVID-19, antibiotic prescription, and Croatia. Studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria, focusing on observational research addressing antibiotic use during the pandemic. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant fluctuations in community antibiotic consumption within the European Union/European Economic Area. In Croatia, antibiotic use in 2022 surpassed 2019 levels, driven by increased consumption of macrolides and other antibiotics. This surge, influenced by early pandemic treatment claims and penicillin shortages, contributed to rising antibiotic resistance in H. pylori. Resistance rates to clarithromycin and levofloxacin were notably high, driven by mutations in the 23S rRNA, gyrA, and gyrB genes. Discussion: The increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic has highly likely complicated H. pylori eradication efforts, highlighting the necessity of judicious antibiotic use and robust antimicrobial stewardship. The pandemic underscored the need for new therapeutic strategies, optimized eradication regimens, and advanced diagnostic methods to manage bacterial infections effectively. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected antibiotic use and resistance patterns, posing new challenges for H. pylori eradication. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including the development of new drugs and advanced diagnostics, coupled with sustained efforts in antimicrobial stewardship to combat emerging resistance threats.},
}

@article {pmid39407820,
year = {2024},
author = {Costici, E and De Salvatore, S and Oggiano, L and Sessa, S and Curri, C and Ruzzini, L and Costici, PF},
title = {The Impact of Physical Activity on Adolescent Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm13195760},
pmid = {39407820},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: The relationship between physical activity and low back pain (LBP) in adolescents is complex, with conflicting evidence on whether activity is protective or a risk factor. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new challenges, increasing sedentary behaviors among adolescents. This systematic review updates the evidence on the association between physical activity and LBP in this population, focusing on the impact of the pandemic. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Medline, and SCOPUS identified observational studies published between January 2011 and December 2023. This review focused on adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, examining the effects of various physical activity levels and types on LBP incidence. Quality assessment was conducted using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Twelve studies were included, with a total of 78,850 adolescents. The findings suggest a U-shaped relationship between physical activity and LBP, where low and high activity levels increase LBP risk, while moderate activity appears protective. The pandemic exacerbated LBP prevalence, likely due to increased sedentary behavior. Gender differences were noted, with females more likely to report LBP, particularly related to sports participation. Conclusions: Moderate physical activity may protect against LBP in adolescents, whereas both inactivity and excessive activity heighten risk. The pandemic's impact highlights the need for balanced physical activity to prevent LBP. Further research should explore the long-term effects of these changes.},
}

@article {pmid39407710,
year = {2024},
author = {Anitha, A and Rajamohan, R and Murugan, M and Seo, JH},
title = {Inclusion Complexation of Remdesivir with Cyclodextrins: A Comprehensive Review on Combating Coronavirus Resistance-Current State and Future Perspectives.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {29},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules29194782},
pmid = {39407710},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {*Cyclodextrins/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Alanine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Drug Delivery Systems ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives have gained significant attention in biomedical applications due to their remarkable biocompatibility, unique inclusion capabilities, and potential for functionalization. This review focuses on recent advancements in CD-based assemblies, specifically their role in improving drug delivery, emphasizing remdesivir (RMD). The review introduces CD materials and their versatile applications in self-assembly and supramolecular assembly. CD materials offer immense potential for designing drug delivery systems with enhanced activity. Their inherent inclusion capabilities enable the encapsulation of diverse therapeutic agents, including RMD, resulting in improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The recent advances in CD-based assemblies, focusing on their integration with RMD have been concentrated here. Various strategies for constructing these assemblies are discussed, including physical encapsulation, covalent conjugation, and surface functionalization techniques. Furthermore, exploring future directions in these fields has also been provided. Ongoing research efforts are directed toward developing novel CD derivatives with enhanced properties, such as increased encapsulation efficiency and improved release kinetics. Moreover, the integration of CD-based assemblies with advanced technologies such as nanomedicine and gene therapy holds tremendous promise for personalized medicine and precision therapeutics.},
}

*Cyclodextrins/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Alanine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
*Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Drug Delivery Systems
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid39407640,
year = {2024},
author = {Eremin, SA and Mukhametova, LI and Krylov, VB and Nifantiev, NE},
title = {Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Infection Diagnostics: A Review.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {29},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules29194712},
pmid = {39407640},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {FFZZ-2022-0010//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Fluorescence Polarization/methods ; Tuberculosis/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Rapid and specific diagnosis is necessary for both the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Bacteria and viruses that enter the bloodstream can trigger a strong immune response in infected animals and humans. The fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) is a rapid and accurate method for detecting specific antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to infection. One of the first examples of FPA is the non-competitive test for detecting brucellosis in animals, which was followed by the development of other protocols for detecting various infections. Fluorescently labeled polysaccharides (in the case of brucellosis and salmonellosis) or specific peptides (in the case of tuberculosis and salmonellosis, etc.) can be used as biorecognition elements for detecting infections. The availability of new laboratory equipment and mobile devices for fluorescence polarization measurements outside the laboratory has stimulated the development of new fluorescence polarization assays (FPAs) and the emergence of commercial kits on the market for the detection of brucellosis, tuberculosis, and equine infectious anemia viruses. It has been shown that, in addition to antibodies, the FPA method can detect both viruses and nucleic acids. The development of more specific and sensitive biomarkers is essential for the diagnosis of infections and therapy monitoring. This review summarizes studies published between 2003 and 2023 that focus on the detection of infections using FPA. Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential for using new biorecognition elements (e.g., aptamers, proteins, peptides) and the combined use of FPA with new technologies, such as PCR and CRISPR/Cas12a systems, for detecting various infectious agents.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Fluorescence Polarization/methods
Tuberculosis/diagnosis

@article {pmid39407384,
year = {2024},
author = {Iftikhar, N and Ahmed, AE and Rehman Khalid, MO and Aftab, RM},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in an adult after Covid-19 vaccination (MIS-V): a case report and review of published literature.},
journal = {JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association},
volume = {74},
number = {10},
pages = {1856-1871},
doi = {10.47391/JPMA.9092},
pmid = {39407384},
issn = {0030-9982},
mesh = {Humans ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; Adult ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; Middle Aged ; Female ; },
abstract = {The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic began in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. Due to the severity of the illness, extent and speed of its spread, vaccines were developed rapidly, and concerns have remained about their safety profile. Although the vaccines have proven to be safe and effective in most cases, as the number of people getting vaccinated for SARS-COV-2 increased, several adverse reactions following the administration of vaccine were reported, one of them being Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome secondary to vaccination (MISV). Here, we report the case of a patient with MIS-V as well as a summary of all other published cases of this syndrome to-date.},
}

Humans
*Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*COVID-19/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Male
Adult
Vaccination/adverse effects
Middle Aged
Female

@article {pmid39406981,
year = {2024},
author = {Sabit, H and Abdel-Ghany, S and Abdallah, MS and Abul-Maaty, O and Khoder, AI and Shoman, NA and Farrag, MS and Martasek, P and Noreddin, AM and Nazih, M},
title = {Vitamin D: A key player in COVID-19 immunity and lessons from the pandemic to combat immune-evasive variants.},
journal = {Inflammopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39406981},
issn = {1568-5608},
abstract = {As of the 7[th] of July 2024, 775,754,322 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 7,053,902 deaths worldwide, had been reported to the WHO (World Health Organization). Nevertheless, untill the 15[th] of July 2024, a total of 13,578,710,228 vaccine doses had been administered, with almost no country spared from COVID-19 attacks. The pathophysiology of this virus is complicated, and several symptoms require a deep understanding of the actual mechanisms. It is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms while others do not, although literature suggests a role for vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the infection or in ameliorating the severity of symptoms. The mechanism of action of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is well understood. VDD is associated with increased hospitalization of severely ill patients and increased levels of COVID-19-caused mortality. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D levels and genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene significantly impact the severity and outcomes of COVID-19, especially in the infections caused by Delta and Omicron variants. Furthermore, VDD causes immune system dysregulation upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, indicating that vitamin D sufficiency is crucial in fighting against COVID-19 infection. The therapeutic effect of vitamin D raises interest in its potential role as a prophylactic and treatment adjunct. We evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and its ability to enhance the efficacy of new antiviral drugs like molnupiravir and paxlovid against SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses the role of vitamin D sufficiency and VDD in COVID-19 initiation and progression, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D exerts its actions as a proactive step for the next pandemic. However, there is still no clear evidence of vitamin D's impact on prevention and treatment, leading to contradictory findings. Therefore, large-scale randomized trials are required to reach a definitive conclusion. A bibliometric analysis of publications related to vitamin D, immunity, and COVID-19 revealed a significant increase in research activity in this area, particularly in 2020-2024, underscoring the growing recognition of vitamin D's potential role in the context of the pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid39406913,
year = {2024},
author = {Guzmán-Téllez, P and Rivero-Silva, MA and Moreno-Altamirano, MMB and Sánchez-García, FJ},
title = {Macrophages, Metabolism, Mitochondria, Circadian Rhythmicity and the Pathogen: The Multidimensional Nature of Tuberculosis.},
journal = {Results and problems in cell differentiation},
volume = {74},
number = {},
pages = {341-364},
pmid = {39406913},
issn = {0080-1844},
mesh = {Humans ; *Tuberculosis/immunology ; *Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; *Mitochondria/metabolism ; *Macrophages/microbiology/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) was first identified in 1882 by Robert Koch, and it is estimated that this pathogen has been around for as long as 3 million years.The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2022 alone an estimated 10.6 million people developed TB worldwide, making TB the world's second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, just after coronavirus disease (COVID-19), despite TB being a preventable and usually curable disease.Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest that approximately a quarter of the global population has been infected with TB bacteria, of which 5-10% will eventually develop symptoms and TB disease. Poverty, obesity, diabetes, and alcohol use contribute to the burden of TB.Alveolar macrophages play a pivotal role in the clearance of airborne pathogenic microorganisms and are the primary target of M. tuberculosis.Macrophage activity depend on metabolism and circadian rhythmicity, and mitochondria are a central hub that coordinates the communication between metabolism, circadian rhythmicity, and the immune system.Recent evidence has thrown light on how M. tuberculosis metabolism may regulate macrophage activity and the overall host responses to M. tuberculosis infection.This chapter explores how all these biological domains relate to each other, highlighting the multidimensional nature of TB, and positioning macrophages at center stage.},
}

Humans
*Tuberculosis/immunology
*Circadian Rhythm/physiology
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis
*Mitochondria/metabolism
*Macrophages/microbiology/metabolism/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid39404935,
year = {2024},
author = {Menotti, S and di Filippo, L and Terenzi, U and Chiloiro, S and De Marinis, L},
title = {Hypophysitis in COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Pituitary},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39404935},
issn = {1573-7403},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This systematic review aims to collect and examine recent research findings regarding hypophysitis in COVID-19 patients.

METHOD: We conducted a comprehensive literature review in English on the topic "Hypophysitis in COVID-19," using the MEDLINE (PubMed) database in July 2024. The selected articles were systematically tabulated and we have assessed in this review patient demographics, symptom presentation, imaging results, diagnosis, clinical management, and outcomes.

RESULTS: Seven reported cases of post-COVID-19 hypophysitis were identified, comprising 4 (57%) females and 3 (43%) males, with a median age of 37 years. The interval between COVID-19 infection symptoms and the onset of hypophysitis ranged from 2 to 3 weeks. Initial symptoms included frontal headache in 4 (57%) cases and polyuria and polydipsia in 3 (43%) cases. Anterior or posterior hypopituitarism was observed in 6 (85%) patients. Radiological findings varied: 2 (28.5%) cases showed panhypophysitis, 3 (43%) cases exhibited gland enlargement with homogeneous contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1 case involved the loss of the posterior pituitary bright spot, and 1 case involved pituitary apoplexy/enlargement of the gland and infundibulum. No pituitary biopsies were performed. Four (57%) patients received glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Long-term follow-up was documented in only one case, a 16-year-old female followed for 2 years reporting complete clinical and radiological resolution.

CONCLUSION: Although rare, hypophysitis related to COVID-19 is documented in the literature exhibiting distinct characteristics such as a homogeneous gender prevalence, an average age of onset around 35 years, and primary symptoms of headache, polyuria, and polydipsia which are indicative of angiotensin-vasopressin deficiency. This is in contrast with primary autoimmune hypophysitis characterized by a female prevalence and typical symptoms with headache and visual impairment. Longer-term follow-up of these patients is needed to better understand the potential lasting impact on pituitary function and radiological improvement. Future research should also explore the presence of anti-pituitary antibodies and the other possible pathophysiological mechanisms potentially involved in these cases.},
}

@article {pmid39403752,
year = {2024},
author = {Fedorchenko, Y and Zimba, O and Gulov, MK and Yessirkepov, M and Fedorchenko, M},
title = {Medical Education Challenges in the Era of Internationalization and Digitization.},
journal = {Journal of Korean medical science},
volume = {39},
number = {39},
pages = {e299},
pmid = {39403752},
issn = {1598-6357},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Education, Distance ; *Internationality ; *Education, Medical ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Students, Medical/psychology ; Curriculum ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Central Asia and Eastern Europe saw a significant rise in international medical student enrollment, driven by competitive tuition fees, prestigious institutions, and culturally diverse environments. The pandemic forced a rapid shift to online learning, disrupting student mobility and compromising clinical training quality. Online education for international medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic has proven beneficial, though low- and middle-income countries struggled with access to information infrastructure and resources. While 64% of students preferred online learning, challenges like limited internet access and lack of in-person interaction persisted, making a blended approach of online and traditional methods most effective. Despite a rebound in post-pandemic enrollment, persistent challenges such as linguistic obstacles, psychological stress, and cultural adaptation issues remain. Active research engagement during undergraduate studies is essential for skill development. Integrating research into education curricula and fostering motivation are crucial for enhancing academic outcomes. Critical thinking and cultural competence are vital, necessitating explicit instruction and collaborative learning strategies. Addressing language barriers through comprehensive support systems for both instructors and students is imperative. Tailored strategies and robust institutional support are essential to enhancing the educational experiences and success of international medical students.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Education, Distance
*Internationality
*Education, Medical
SARS-CoV-2
Students, Medical/psychology
Curriculum
Pandemics

@article {pmid39403499,
year = {2024},
author = {Martins, JP and Marson, FAL},
title = {A narrative review of the complex panorama regarding chronic neuropathic pain mainly for the psychological issues.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {10},
number = {19},
pages = {e38282},
pmid = {39403499},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Chronic neuropathic pain arises from changes in the somatosensory nervous system and can lead to disability and intense physical and emotional suffering. Recognized as a painful syndrome, its causes are diverse, ranging from stroke, trauma, and diabetes mellitus to unknown origins. It tends to be more common in women, and it is estimated that the number of people affected by this condition increases every year as the population ages. Treatments are based on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions; however, the therapeutic plan does not always offer satisfactory relief, and learning to live with pain is, in most cases, the only option. The treatment aims to provide relief from symptoms, and alternative measures such as physiotherapy, physical exercise, and psychological support are strongly recommended. The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic exacerbated the pain process, impacting quality of life, generating emotional problems, and potentially contributing to the increased incidence of neuropathic pain. In this context, the narrative review aimed to explore the complex panorama of chronic neuropathic pain, not only from a physiological perspective but also encompassing the psychological perspective and actions related to the pain process.},
}

@article {pmid39403404,
year = {2021},
author = {Doraiswamy, S and Cheema, S and Al Mulla, A and Mamtani, R},
title = {COVID-19 lockdown and lifestyles: A narrative review.},
journal = {F1000Research},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {363},
pmid = {39403404},
issn = {2046-1402},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Life Style ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Quarantine ; Pandemics ; Exercise ; Diet ; Stress, Psychological ; Sleep ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The primary objective worldwide during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had been controlling disease transmission. However, lockdown measures used to mitigate transmission affected human behavior and altered lifestyles, with a likely impact on chronic non-communicable diseases. More than a year into the pandemic, substantial peer-reviewed literature emerged on altered lifestyles following the varying lockdown measures imposed globally to control the virus spread. We explored the impact of lockdown measures on six lifestyle factors, namely diet, physical activity, sleep, stress, social connectedness, and the use of tobacco, alcohol, or other harmful substances.

METHODS: We comprehensively searched PubMed and the World Health Organization's global literature database on COVID-19 and retrieved 649 relevant articles for the narrative review. A critical interpretative synthesis of the articles was performed.

RESULTS: Most of the articles included in the review identified the negative effect of lockdown measures on each of the lifestyle factors in many parts of the world. Encouraging lifestyle trends were also highlighted in a few articles. Such trends can positively influence the outcome of lifestyle-related chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS: The lockdown associated with COVID-19 has largely had a negative impact on the lifestyles of individuals and communities across many countries and cultures. However, some individuals and communities also initiated positive lifestyle-related behavioral changes. If the knowledge generated by studying the impact of COVID-19-related lockdowns on the six lifestyle factors is further consolidated, it could improve chronic disease outcomes. This will help better understand lifestyle behaviors amidst crises and assist in redesigning extreme public health measures such as lockdowns.. It is up to governments, communities, and healthcare/academic entities to derive benefit from lessons learned from the pandemic, with the ultimate objective of better educating and promoting healthy lifestyles among communities.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Life Style
*SARS-CoV-2
Quarantine
Pandemics
Exercise
Diet
Stress, Psychological
Sleep

@article {pmid39402013,
year = {2024},
author = {Valério, M and Buga, CC and Melo, MN and Soares, CM and Lousa, D},
title = {Viral entry mechanisms: the role of molecular simulation in unlocking a key step in viral infections.},
journal = {FEBS open bio},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/2211-5463.13908},
pmid = {39402013},
issn = {2211-5463},
support = {101137419//HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme/ ; HR22-00722//'la Caixa' Foundation/ ; 2022.13959.BD//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; LA/P/0087/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; SFRH/BD/148542/2019//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/04462/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/04462/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/04612/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {Viral infections are a major global health concern, affecting millions of people each year. Viral entry is one of the crucial stages in the infection process, but its details remain elusive. Enveloped viruses are enclosed by a lipid membrane that protects their genetic material and these viruses are linked to various human illnesses, including influenza, and COVID-19. Due to the advancements made in the field of molecular simulation, significant progress has been made in unraveling the dynamic processes involved in viral entry of enveloped viruses. Simulation studies have provided deep insight into the function of the proteins responsible for attaching to the host receptors and promoting membrane fusion (fusion proteins), deciphering interactions between these proteins and receptors, and shedding light on the functional significance of key regions, such as the fusion peptide. These studies have already significantly contributed to our understanding of this critical aspect of viral infection and assisted the development of effective strategies to combat viral diseases and improve global health. This review focuses on the vital role of fusion proteins in facilitating the entry process of enveloped viruses and highlights the contributions of molecular simulation studies to uncover the molecular details underlying their mechanisms of action.},
}

@article {pmid39401510,
year = {2024},
author = {Kullberg, RFJ and Haak, BW and Chanderraj, R and Prescott, HC and Dickson, RP and Wiersinga, WJ},
title = {Empirical antibiotic therapy for sepsis: save the anaerobic microbiota.},
journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00257-1},
pmid = {39401510},
issn = {2213-2619},
abstract = {Antibiotics are fundamental in sepsis management; however, the optimal empirical treatment remains debated. Despite anaerobes rarely being the causative pathogen of sepsis, antibiotics targeting them are frequently used, which might lead to unintended consequences. Multiple studies have shown that depletion of commensal anaerobic gut microbes by anti-anaerobic antibiotics influences systemic immunity and is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis. However, this knowledge has not yet been translated into clinical practice. When considering empirical coverage of anaerobic pathogens in sepsis, most physicians advocate for a better-safe-than-sorry approach. In this Viewpoint, we argue that anti-anaerobic antibiotics could often result in being sorry rather than safe. We provide an overview of the limited necessity of anaerobic coverage and the potential detrimental effects of anaerobic depletion in sepsis. We aim to raise anaerobic awareness to reduce the unnecessary use of anti-anaerobic antibiotics in empirical sepsis treatment and improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid39305134,
year = {2024},
author = {McCarthy, MW},
title = {The first five years of SARS-CoV-2: inpatient treatment updates and future directions.},
journal = {Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy},
volume = {25},
number = {14},
pages = {1873-1878},
doi = {10.1080/14656566.2024.2408375},
pmid = {39305134},
issn = {1744-7666},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Inpatients ; Hospitalization ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in adults with pneumonia in Wuhan, China.

AREAS COVERED: It is now believed that several billion humans have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and more than ten million have died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.

EXPERT OPINION: The first five years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have been marked by unfathomable suffering as well as remarkable scientific progress. This manuscript examines what has been learned about the treatment of inpatients with COVID-19 and explores how the therapeutic approach may evolve in the years ahead.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*SARS-CoV-2
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Inpatients
Hospitalization

@article {pmid37026461,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhu, Q and Xiong, J and Peng, L},
title = {College students' mental health evaluation model based on tensor fusion network with multimodal data during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {1821-1835},
doi = {10.1080/02648725.2023.2196846},
pmid = {37026461},
issn = {2046-5556},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Students/psychology ; *Mental Health ; Universities ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a series of effects on the mental health of college students, especially long-term home isolation or online learning, which has caused college students to have both academic pressure and employment pressure. How to accurately and effectively assess the mental health status of college students has become a research hotspot. Traditional methods based on questionnaires such as Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) are difficult to collect data and have poor evaluation accuracy. This paper analyzes the psychological state through text-images of multi-modal data with tensor fusion networks and constructs a mental health assessment model for college students. First, the validity of the model is verified through the MVSA (Multi-View Sentiment Analysis) dataset. Second, the psychological state of college students under the epidemic is analyzed using the collected text-images dataset. The results show that the TFN-MDA (Tensor Fusion Network-Multimodal Data Analysis) based mental health assessment model constructed in this paper can effectively assess the mental health status of college students, with an average accuracy of more than 70%.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Students/psychology
*Mental Health
Universities
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Surveys and Questionnaires
Depression

@article {pmid36994810,
year = {2024},
author = {Bagabir, SA},
title = {Investigating the potential of natural compounds as novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RdRP using computational approaches.},
journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {1535-1555},
doi = {10.1080/02648725.2023.2195240},
pmid = {36994810},
issn = {2046-5556},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Molecular Docking Simulation ; Humans ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Biological Products/chemistry/pharmacology ; *RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; *Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral treatments are available to combat this deadly virus; however, precautions and some repurposed medicines are available to contain COVID-19. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) plays an important role in the replication or transcription of viral mechanisms. Approved antiviral drug such as Remdesivir has shown inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 RdRP. The purpose of this study was to carry out a rational screening of natural products against SARS-CoV-2 RdRP, which may serve as a basis to develop a treatment option against COVID-19. For this purpose, a protein and structure conservation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RdRP was performed to check mutations. A library of 15,000 phytochemicals was developed from literature review, ZINC database, PubChem and MPD3 database; and was used to performed molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) analysis. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies. Among them, top 7 compounds (Spinasaponin A, Monotropane, Neohesperidoe, Posin, Docetaxel, Psychosaponin B2, Daphnodrine M, and Target Remedesvir) were noticed to interact with the active site residues. MD simulation in aqueous solution suggested conformational flexibility of loop regions in the complex to stabilize the docked inhibitors. Our study revealed that the studied compounds have potential to bind to the active site residues of SARS-CoV-2 RdRP. Although, this computational work is not experimentally determined but the structural information and selected compounds might help in the design of antiviral drugs targeting SAR-CoV-2 by inhibiting the activity of SARS-CoV-2 RdRP.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Molecular Docking Simulation
Humans
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Biological Products/chemistry/pharmacology
*RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry
*Molecular Dynamics Simulation
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid39400904,
year = {2024},
author = {Arevalo-Rodriguez, I and Mateos-Haro, M and Dinnes, J and Ciapponi, A and Davenport, C and Buitrago-Garcia, D and Bennouna-Dalero, T and Roqué-Figuls, M and Van den Bruel, A and von Eije, KJ and Emperador, D and Hooft, L and Spijker, R and Leeflang, MM and Takwoingi, Y and Deeks, JJ},
title = {Laboratory-based molecular test alternatives to RT-PCR for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
volume = {10},
number = {10},
pages = {CD015618},
pmid = {39400904},
issn = {1469-493X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Sensitivity and Specificity ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; *COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods ; *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/standards ; *RNA, Viral/analysis ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; False Negative Reactions ; Pandemics ; Bias ; False Positive Reactions ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diagnosing people with a SARS-CoV-2 infection played a critical role in managing the COVID-19 pandemic and remains a priority for the transition to long-term management of COVID-19. Initial shortages of extraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reagents impaired the desired upscaling of testing in many countries, which led to the search for alternatives to RNA extraction/purification and RT-PCR testing. Reference standard methods for diagnosing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection rely primarily on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Alternatives to RT-PCR could, if sufficiently accurate, have a positive impact by expanding the range of diagnostic tools available for the timely identification of people infected by SARS-CoV-2, access to testing and the use of resources.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of alternative (to RT-PCR assays) laboratory-based molecular tests for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched the COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern until 30 September 2020 and the WHO COVID-19 Research Database until 31 October 2022. We did not apply language restrictions.

SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies of people with suspected or known SARS-CoV-2 infection, or where tests were used to screen for infection, and studies evaluating commercially developed laboratory-based molecular tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection considered as alternatives to RT-PCR testing. We also included all reference standards to define the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2, including RT-PCR tests and established clinical diagnostic criteria.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened studies and resolved disagreements by discussing them with a third author. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias and applicability of the studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We presented sensitivity and specificity, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for each test using paired forest plots and summarised results using average sensitivity and specificity using a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis. We illustrated the findings per index test category and assay brand compared to the WHO's acceptable sensitivity and specificity threshold for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection using nucleic acid tests.

MAIN RESULTS: We included data from 64 studies reporting 94 cohorts of participants and 105 index test evaluations, with 74,753 samples and 7517 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. We did not identify any published or preprint reports of accuracy for a considerable number of commercially produced NAAT assays. Most cohorts were judged at unclear or high risk of bias in more than three QUADAS-2 domains. Around half of the cohorts were considered at high risk of selection bias because of recruitment based on COVID status. Three quarters of 94 cohorts were at high risk of bias in the reference standard domain because of reliance on a single RT-PCR result to determine the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or were at unclear risk of bias due to a lack of clarity about the time interval between the index test assessment and the reference standard, the number of missing results, or the absence of a participant flow diagram. For index tests categories with four or more evaluations and when summary estimations were possible, we found that: a) For RT-PCR assays designed to omit/adapt RNA extraction/purification, the average sensitivity was 95.1% (95% CI 91.1% to 97.3%), and the average specificity was 99.7% (95% CI 98.5% to 99.9%; based on 27 evaluations, 2834 samples and 1178 SARS-CoV-2 cases); b) For RT-LAMP assays, the average sensitivity was 88.4% (95% CI 83.1% to 92.2%), and the average specificity was 99.7% (95% CI 98.7% to 99.9%; 24 evaluations, 29,496 samples and 2255 SARS-CoV-2 cases); c) for TMA assays, the average sensitivity was 97.6% (95% CI 95.2% to 98.8%), and the average specificity was 99.4% (95% CI 94.9% to 99.9%; 14 evaluations, 2196 samples and 942 SARS-CoV-2 cases); d) for digital PCR assays, the average sensitivity was 98.5% (95% CI 95.2% to 99.5%), and the average specificity was 91.4% (95% CI 60.4% to 98.7%; five evaluations, 703 samples and 354 SARS-CoV-2 cases); e) for RT-LAMP assays omitting/adapting RNA extraction, the average sensitivity was 73.1% (95% CI 58.4% to 84%), and the average specificity was 100% (95% CI 98% to 100%; 24 evaluations, 14,342 samples and 1502 SARS-CoV-2 cases). Only two index test categories fulfil the WHO-acceptable sensitivity and specificity requirements for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid tests: RT-PCR assays designed to omit/adapt RNA extraction/purification and TMA assays. In addition, WHO-acceptable performance criteria were met for two assays out of 35 when tests were used according to manufacturer instructions. At 5% prevalence using a cohort of 1000 people suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the positive predictive value of RT-PCR assays omitting/adapting RNA extraction/purification will be 94%, with three in 51 positive results being false positives, and around two missed cases. For TMA assays, the positive predictive value of RT-PCR assays will be 89%, with 6 in 55 positive results being false positives, and around one missed case.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Alternative laboratory-based molecular tests aim to enhance testing capacity in different ways, such as reducing the time, steps and resources needed to obtain valid results. Several index test technologies with these potential advantages have not been evaluated or have been assessed by only a few studies of limited methodological quality, so the performance of these kits was undetermined. Only two index test categories with enough evaluations for meta-analysis fulfil the WHO set of acceptable accuracy standards for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid tests: RT-PCR assays designed to omit/adapt RNA extraction/purification and TMA assays. These assays might prove to be suitable alternatives to RT-PCR for identifying people infected by SARS-CoV-2, especially when the alternative would be not having access to testing. However, these findings need to be interpreted and used with caution because of several limitations in the evidence, including reliance on retrospective samples without information about the symptom status of participants and the timing of assessment. No extrapolation of found accuracy data for these two alternatives to any test brands using the same techniques can be made as, for both groups, one test brand with high accuracy was overrepresented with 21/26 and 12/14 included studies, respectively. Although we used a comprehensive search and had broad eligibility criteria to include a wide range of tests that could be alternatives to RT-PCR methods, further research is needed to assess the performance of alternative COVID-19 tests and their role in pandemic management.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Sensitivity and Specificity
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
*COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods
*Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/standards
*RNA, Viral/analysis
COVID-19 Testing/methods
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
False Negative Reactions
Pandemics
Bias
False Positive Reactions

@article {pmid39400120,
year = {2024},
author = {Alibudbud, R},
title = {A systematic review of the prevalence and associated factors of mental health conditions among lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual minority women in Southeast Asia.},
journal = {Journal of lesbian studies},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-18},
doi = {10.1080/10894160.2024.2415236},
pmid = {39400120},
issn = {1540-3548},
abstract = {The present review explored the prevalence and factors of mental health conditions among lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual minority women (LBSW) in Southeast Asia. It found that the rates of significant depression and depressive symptoms range from 10% to 93.2%, with a median of 27.7%. This wide range can be due to a study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which found elevated depression, stress, and anxiety rates. Studies also highlight high levels of sadness, hopelessness, sleep and eating problems, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts among LBSW. Suicide rates indicate that LBSW have higher odds of suicidal ideations and attempts than their heterosexual peers in the region. Additionally, bisexual and polysexual women report higher rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors than lesbian women, necessitating tailored mental health interventions. Substance use among LBSW is also notable, including smoking and heavy drinking, though some rates are below the global average. Factors influencing mental health include openness about sexuality, coping styles, and discrimination. Discrimination is linked to various mental health issues, supporting the minority stress model's applicability in the region. Aging-related factors also affect mental health among LBSW, with older age being possibly protective against depression. Overall, this review highlights the urgent need for more inclusive mental health research and interventions in the region. Recommendations include training healthcare providers, developing tailored mental health programs, adopting suicide prevention initiatives, enacting anti-discrimination laws, and addressing substance use. Future research should focus on underrepresented regions and older LBSW.},
}

@article {pmid39400100,
year = {2024},
author = {Gammone, MA and D'Orazio, N},
title = {Overview and potential role of omega-3 in COVID-19.},
journal = {La Clinica terapeutica},
volume = {175},
number = {5},
pages = {346-351},
doi = {10.7417/CT.2024.5124},
pmid = {39400100},
issn = {1972-6007},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/complications ; *Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use ; *Obesity/complications ; Inflammation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Obesity is a modifiable inflammatory commodity that has been linked to higher morbidity and mortality to those that contract novel viruses, such as H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. Loss of life and the high cost of obesity highlights the need to focus on preventative measures. This article will discuss obesity as a crucial comorbid inflammatory condition during COVID-19 pandemic, focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of omega-3 and provide potential recommendations to promote strategies for wellness.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/complications
*Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
*Obesity/complications
Inflammation
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid39399934,
year = {2024},
author = {Mirofsky, M and Catalano, H},
title = {Long COVID: a new disease?.},
journal = {Medicina},
volume = {84},
number = {5},
pages = {937-945},
pmid = {39399934},
issn = {1669-9106},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/prevention & control ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Chronic Disease ; Fibromyalgia ; },
abstract = {The definition of quaternary prevention as the set of interventions that avoids or mitigates the consequences of unnecessary or excessive activity of medical interventionism and the health system. The definition of a new disease is a complex process that involves the identification, characterization and description of a medical condition that has not been previously recognized or documented. Since mid-2020, the term chronic COVID/long COVID has been used to describe the presence of signs and symptoms after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with multiple terminologies and definitions in international literature. Post-infectious syndromes, myalgia encephalomyelitis and fibromyalgia, are some of the diseases that have similarities with chronic COVID. This article presents an analysis relating the concepts of new disease and quaternary prevention with chronic COVID and other diseases described in the literature.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/prevention & control
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
Chronic Disease
Fibromyalgia

@article {pmid39399302,
year = {2024},
author = {Tafere, C and Demsie, DG and Tefera, BB and Yehualaw, A and Feyisa, K and Yismaw, MB and Yayehrad, AT},
title = {Vaccine skepticism and vaccine development stages; inoculation from "cowpox" lesion to the current mRNA vaccine of COVID-19: review.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {25151355241288135},
pmid = {39399302},
issn = {2515-1355},
abstract = {Global pandemics can be tackled by two means: lockdowns and vaccinations. As vaccination has a low impact on economic outcomes and better acceptance by people, it is the preferred method by most governments as a medium- to long-term solution. Vaccines have played a significant role in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases. They are designed to teach the immune system how to fight a particular infection before it causes a disease in subsequent exposures by creating a memory. Although vaccines effectiveness is well known, anti-vaccination movements pose significant challenges, even in high-income settings, leading to outbreaks of life-threatening infectious diseases. Hesitancy to take vaccines is not new and began with the first vaccination of smallpox. At that time, the problem was solved by a regulatory obligation to take vaccines, declared in England and Wales in 1853, which eventually led to its eradication in 1980. Different studies show that there is a decline in awareness of vaccines, hesitancy to take them, and concerns and trust issues regarding healthcare professionals. These problems have been rising over the past few decades for several reasons, notably, because of misinformation spread by social media. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a brief overview about vaccine hesitancy and attributable factors, illustrate the different types of vaccines, show the major challenges of vaccine development, and illustrate the pros and cons of each type.},
}

@article {pmid39283629,
year = {2024},
author = {Vaughn, VM and Dickson, RP and Horowitz, JK and Flanders, SA},
title = {Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review.},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {332},
number = {15},
pages = {1282-1295},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2024.14796},
pmid = {39283629},
issn = {1538-3598},
mesh = {*Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy ; Humans ; *Pneumonia/drug therapy/diagnosis ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications/diagnosis ; Risk Factors ; Hospitalization ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) results in approximately 1.4 million emergency department visits, 740 000 hospitalizations, and 41 000 deaths in the US annually.

OBSERVATIONS: Community-acquired pneumonia can be diagnosed in a patient with 2 or more signs (eg, temperature >38 °C or ≤36 °C; leukocyte count <4000/μL or >10 000/μL) or symptoms (eg, new or increased cough or dyspnea) of pneumonia in conjunction with consistent radiographic findings (eg, air space density) without an alternative explanation. Up to 10% of patients with CAP are hospitalized; of those, up to 1 in 5 require intensive care. Older adults (≥65 years) and those with underlying lung disease, smoking, or immune suppression are at highest risk for CAP and complications of CAP, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Only 38% of patients hospitalized with CAP have a pathogen identified. Of those patients, up to 40% have viruses identified as the likely cause of CAP, with Streptococcus pneumoniae identified in approximately 15% of patients with an identified etiology of the pneumonia. All patients with CAP should be tested for COVID-19 and influenza when these viruses are common in the community because their diagnosis may affect treatment (eg, antiviral therapy) and infection prevention strategies. If test results for influenza and COVID-19 are negative or when the pathogens are not likely etiologies, patients can be treated empirically to cover the most likely bacterial pathogens. When selecting empirical antibacterial therapy, clinicians should consider disease severity and evaluate the likelihood of a bacterial infection-or resistant infection-and risk of harm from overuse of antibacterial drugs. Hospitalized patients without risk factors for resistant bacteria can be treated with β-lactam/macrolide combination therapy, such as ceftriaxone combined with azithromycin, for a minimum of 3 days. Systemic corticosteroid administration within 24 hours of development of severe CAP may reduce 28-day mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired pneumonia is common and may result in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or death. First-line therapy varies by disease severity and etiology. Hospitalized patients with suspected bacterial CAP and without risk factors for resistant bacteria can be treated with β-lactam/macrolide combination therapy, such as ceftriaxone combined with azithromycin, for a minimum of 3 days.},
}

*Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy
Humans
*Pneumonia/drug therapy/diagnosis
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19/complications/diagnosis
Risk Factors
Hospitalization

@article {pmid39248006,
year = {2024},
author = {Kohler, H},
title = {Immune Jumping in Autoimmune Long-Covid.},
journal = {Monoclonal antibodies in immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy},
volume = {43},
number = {5},
pages = {131-134},
doi = {10.1089/mab.2024.0006},
pmid = {39248006},
issn = {2167-9436},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; },
abstract = {This Long-Covid disease, mild or severe, is multiorgan or system-wide, spanning from fatigue to clotting abnormalities and autoantibody. The spectrum of different symptoms in Long-Covid diseases makes it difficult to point to a common immunopathogenic etiology. Different immune pathways are presented and critically evaluated. A hypothesis is advanced that indicates autoimmune reactions as cause for Long-Covid disease. The immune network pathway describes a redirection of the nominal anti-SARS-CoV response towards an autoimmune target. Several therapeutic interventions are suggested to suppress the autoimmune pathway.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Autoantibodies/immunology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
Autoimmunity/immunology

@article {pmid39213659,
year = {2024},
author = {Braun, HG and Perera, SR and Tremblay, YDN and Thomassin, JL},
title = {Antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: an overview of common mechanisms and a current Canadian perspective.},
journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1139/cjm-2024-0032},
pmid = {39213659},
issn = {1480-3275},
abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen of the family Enterobacteriaceae. K. pneumoniae is a member of the ESKAPEE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli), a group of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections and are able to resist killing by commonly relied upon antimicrobial agents. The acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes is increasing among community and clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae, making K. pneumoniae a rising threat to human health. In addition to the increase in AMR, K. pneumoniae is also thought to disseminate AMR genes to other bacterial species. In this review, the known mechanisms of K. pneumoniae AMR will be described and the current state of AMR K. pneumoniae within Canada will be discussed, including the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, current perspectives, and outlook for the future.},
}

@article {pmid38959857,
year = {2024},
author = {Bobic, L and Harbolic, A and Warner, GR},
title = {Reproductive & developmental toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds†.},
journal = {Biology of reproduction},
volume = {111},
number = {4},
pages = {742-756},
pmid = {38959857},
issn = {1529-7268},
support = {P30 ES005022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R00 ES031150/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; T34 GM145521/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R00ES031150/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/toxicity ; Humans ; *Disinfectants/toxicity ; *Reproduction/drug effects ; COVID-19 ; Animals ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; },
abstract = {Quaternary ammonium compounds are a class of chemicals commonly used as disinfectants in household and healthcare settings. Their usage has significantly increased in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, quaternary ammonium compounds have replaced the recently banned disinfectants triclosan and triclocarban in consumer products. Quaternary ammonium compounds are found in daily antimicrobial and personal care products such as household disinfectants, mouthwash, and hair care products. Due to the pervasiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds in daily use products, humans are constantly exposed. However, little is known about the health effects of everyday quaternary ammonium compound exposure, particularly effects on human reproduction and development. Studies that investigate the harmful effects of quaternary ammonium compounds on reproduction are largely limited to high-dose studies, which may not be predictive of low-dose, daily exposure, especially as quaternary ammonium compounds may be endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This review analyzes recent studies on quaternary ammonium compound effects on reproductive health, identifies knowledge gaps, and recommends future directions in quaternary ammonium compound-related research. Summary Sentence Quaternary ammonium compounds, a class of disinfecting compounds that have skyrocketed in usage during the COVID-19 pandemic, are emerging as reproductive and developmental toxicants.},
}

*Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/toxicity
Humans
*Disinfectants/toxicity
*Reproduction/drug effects
COVID-19
Animals
Female
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity

@article {pmid38726781,
year = {2024},
author = {Patel, K and Patel, DK},
title = {Biological Potential and Therapeutic Effectiveness of Phytoproduct 'Fargesin' in Medicine: Focus on the Potential of an Active Phytochemical of Magnolia fargesii.},
journal = {Recent advances in inflammation & allergy drug discovery},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {79-89},
pmid = {38726781},
issn = {2772-2716},
mesh = {*Magnolia/chemistry ; Humans ; *Lignans/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; *Phytochemicals/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Animals ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Benzodioxoles ; },
abstract = {Flos Magnoliae is one of the important medicinal plants in different traditional medicine, including Chinese herbal medicine. Lignans and neolignans, including tetrahydrofurofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and aryltetralin, are present in the Flos Magnoliae species. A wide range of pharmacological activity of Flos Magnoliae has been reported in medicine. Fargesin has been isolated from Magnolia fargesii and it is a lignan-class phytochemical. Fargesin has numerous pharmacological activities in medicine, including its effectiveness on lipid and glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, myocardial apoptosis, etc. In the present work, we have summarized the detailed scientific information of fargesin concerning its medicinal properties and pharmacological activities. Numerous biological and chemical aspects of fargesin are discussed here, including the detailed pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin. In this review, we have also compiled analytical data on fargesin based on available scientific literature. Ethnopharmacological information on fargesin was gathered by a literature survey on PubMed, Science Direct, Google, and Scopus using the terms fargesin, Flos Magnoliae, phytochemical, and herbal medicine. The present review paper compiled the scientific data on fargesin in medicine for its pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in a very concise manner with proper citations. The present work signified the biological importance of fargesin in medicine due to its significant impact on bone disorders, lung injury, colon cancer, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, ischemia, sars-cov-2, allergy, lipid and glucose metabolism, melanin synthesis, and different classes of enzymes. Furthermore, fargesin also has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial, and antifeedant activity. However, analytical methods used for the separation, identification and isolation of fargesin in different biological and non-biological samples were also covered in the present review. The present work revealed the pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin in medicine and other allied health sectors.},
}

*Magnolia/chemistry
Humans
*Lignans/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry
*Phytochemicals/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry
Animals
Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
Benzodioxoles

@article {pmid38529602,
year = {2024},
author = {Jiang, Y and Wu, Y and Wang, J and Ma, Y and Yu, H and Wang, Z},
title = {Fragment-based Drug Discovery Strategy and its Application to the Design of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitor.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {31},
number = {38},
pages = {6204-6226},
pmid = {38529602},
issn = {1875-533X},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology ; Humans ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/chemistry ; *Drug Discovery ; *Drug Design ; *Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Protease Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology ; COVID-19/virology ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects/enzymology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019, causing a highly infectious and pathogenic disease known as 2019 coronavirus disease. This disease poses a serious threat to human health and public safety. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M[pro]) is a highly sought-after target for developing drugs against COVID-19 due to its exceptional specificity. Its crystal structure has been extensively documented. Numerous strategies have been employed in the investigation of M[pro] inhibitors. This paper is primarily concerned with Fragment-based Drug Discovery (FBDD), which has emerged as an effective approach to drug design in recent times. Here, we summarize the research on the approach of FBDD and its application in developing inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 M[pro].},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology
Humans
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/chemistry
*Drug Discovery
*Drug Design
*Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology
Protease Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology
COVID-19/virology
Betacoronavirus/drug effects/enzymology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Pandemics

@article {pmid39399204,
year = {2024},
author = {Karim, A and Pathan, AMG and Warayo, A and Ahmed, I and Betanai, A and Dropati, F and Ahmed, S and Sarhandi, PRJ and Kumari, P and Bansari, RB and Mehmoodi, A and Malik, J},
title = {Intranasal Insulin for Treatment of Persistent Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {55-62},
pmid = {39399204},
issn = {2000-9666},
abstract = {Olfactory dysfunction has emerged as a prominent symptom of COVID-19, persisting in a subset of patients even after recovery. This scoping review aims to explore the potential of intranasal insulin as a treatment modality for persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather relevant studies examining the role of intranasal insulin in treating olfactory dysfunction, particularly in post-COVID-19 cases. Studies were included investigating intranasal insulin's mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes. The review synthesizes findings from various studies suggesting the therapeutic potential of intranasal insulin in improving olfactory function. Research highlights the influence of intranasal insulin on neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity within the olfactory system, providing insights into its mechanisms of action. Furthermore, preliminary clinical evidence suggests improvements in olfactory sensitivity and intensity following intranasal insulin administration in post-COVID-19 patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction. While initial findings are encouraging, further rigorous investigations, including clinical trials with larger cohorts, are essential to validate these observations, ascertain optimal dosage regimens, and establish the safety and efficacy of intranasal insulin. This review provides a foundation for future research directions aimed at harnessing the therapeutic potential of intranasal insulin in addressing olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39399191,
year = {2024},
author = {Nasrullah, A and Shakir, H and Khan, E and Bilal, MI and Sheikh, AB and Malik, K and Cheema, T},
title = {COVID-19-related Pneumonitis in Immunocompromised Patients: Reviewing Clinical Features and Management Approaches.},
journal = {Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {63-72},
pmid = {39399191},
issn = {2000-9666},
abstract = {In this case series, we explore persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and its resultant pneumonitis within a cohort of immunocompromised patients. We elucidate the complex interplay between immunosuppression and COVID-19 by examining four patients who experienced prolonged viral shedding and recurrent respiratory failure due to their compromised immune systems. This series elucidates the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies. We also summarize existing literature regarding persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised individuals. Our findings support the use of a tailored treatment approach using a proposed diagnostic and management algorithm to standardize care and optimize outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid39399167,
year = {2024},
author = {Tapescu, I and Madsen, PJ and Lowenstein, PR and Castro, MG and Bagley, SJ and Fan, Y and Brem, S},
title = {The transformative potential of mRNA vaccines for glioblastoma and human cancer: technological advances and translation to clinical trials.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1454370},
pmid = {39399167},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {Originally devised for cancer control, mRNA vaccines have risen to the forefront of medicine as effective instruments for control of infectious disease, notably their pivotal role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of the development of mRNA vaccines, e.g., tumor antigens, vector design, and precise delivery methodologies, - highlighting key technological advances. The recent, promising success of personalized mRNA vaccines against pancreatic cancer and melanoma illustrates the potential value for other intractable, immunologically resistant, solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, as well as the potential for synergies with a combinatorial, immunotherapeutic approach. The impact and progress in human cancer, including pancreatic cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer are reviewed, as are lessons learned from first-in-human CAR-T cell, DNA and dendritic cell vaccines targeting glioblastoma. Going forward, a roadmap is provided for the transformative potential of mRNA vaccines to advance cancer immunotherapy, with a particular focus on the opportunities and challenges of glioblastoma. The current landscape of glioblastoma immunotherapy and gene therapy is reviewed with an eye to combinatorial approaches harnessing RNA science. Preliminary preclinical and clinical data supports the concept that mRNA vaccines could be a viable, novel approach to prolong survival in patients with glioblastoma.},
}

@article {pmid39398386,
year = {2024},
author = {Liu, Y and Lou, X},
title = {The Bidirectional Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Long-COVID-19.},
journal = {Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {3697-3710},
pmid = {39398386},
issn = {1178-7007},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The rapid global spread of a new coronavirus disease known as COVID-19 has led to a significant increase in mortality rates, resulting in an unprecedented worldwide pandemic.

METHODS: The impact of COVID-19, particularly its long-term effects, has also had a profound effect on the health and well-being of individuals.Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of heart and brain diseases, presenting a significant danger to human well-being.

PURPOSE: The prognosis of long COVID and the progression of metabolic syndrome interact with each other, but there is currently a lack of systematic reports.In this paper, the pathogenesis, related treatment and prognosis of long COVID and metabolic syndrome are systematically reviewed.},
}

@article {pmid39397748,
year = {2024},
author = {Waithera, HW and Ndumwa, HP and Njiro, BJ and Chande-Mallya, R and Julius, W and Swahn, M and Staton, CA and Francis, JM},
title = {Alcohol use disorders among healthcare professionals: a call for action.},
journal = {Health promotion international},
volume = {39},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/heapro/daae121},
pmid = {39397748},
issn = {1460-2245},
support = {FRCS022//University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg/ ; //National Research Foundation/ ; 145362//Incentive Funding for Rated Researchers/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Alcohol consumption and harmful and hazardous drinking are significant contributors to the global burden of disease, accounting for about 3 million deaths each year globally. Owing to their stressful work environment, healthcare professionals are at a high risk of experiencing physical and mental health problems, particularly alcohol use disorders. Alcohol use disorder among healthcare professionals is of concern as it is associated with decreased work productivity and performance and associated ill health and cognitive impairment. This review, therefore, aimed to gather evidence on the prevalence and associated factors for alcohol use disorders among healthcare professionals. The findings revealed a high prevalence of alcohol use disorders among healthcare professionals, which were worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, there was a glaring dearth of studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Urgent interventions and support systems are therefore needed to address these issues. A comprehensive approach, considering individual and organizational factors, alongside evidence-based interventions, training and support programs, can promote workforce well-being and improve the quality of patient care. It is imperative to integrate alcohol use screening, preventive and treatment interventions with primary healthcare and psychiatry services. This will help ensure early diagnosis and timely initiation of preventive and therapeutic measures, reducing the risk of missed opportunities. Furthermore, offering effective human resource management support services to healthcare professionals would significantly enhance their well-being and help prevent alcohol use disorders.},
}

Humans
*Health Personnel/psychology
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Alcoholism/epidemiology
Prevalence
SARS-CoV-2
Alcohol-Related Disorders/epidemiology
Risk Factors

@article {pmid39397661,
year = {2024},
author = {Gopinathannair, R and Olshansky, B and Chung, MK and Gordon, S and Joglar, JA and Marcus, GM and Mar, PL and Russo, AM and Srivatsa, UN and Wan, EY and , },
title = {Cardiac Arrhythmias and Autonomic Dysfunction Associated With COVID-19: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.},
journal = {Circulation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1161/CIR.0000000000001290},
pmid = {39397661},
issn = {1524-4539},
abstract = {Cardiac arrhythmias are commonly noted in patients during infections with and recovery from COVID-19. Arrhythmic manifestations span the spectrum of innocuous and benign to life-threatening and deadly. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed. Debate continues on the impact of incident and exacerbated arrhythmias on the acute and chronic (recovery) phase of the illness. COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocardial inflammation and autonomic disruption remain concerns. As the pandemic has transformed to an endemic, with discovery of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, updated vaccines, and potent antiviral drugs, vigilance for COVID-19-associated arrhythmic and dysautonomic manifestations remains. The objective of this American Heart Association scientific statement is to review the available evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of cardiac arrhythmias and autonomic dysfunction in patients infected with and recovering from COVID-19 and to provide evidence-based guidance. The writing committee's consensus on implications for clinical practice, gaps in knowledge, and directions for future research are highlighted.},
}

@article {pmid39396168,
year = {2024},
author = {Vo, TN and Nguyen, PN},
title = {SEVERE DISEASE PROGRESSION OF POSTMOLAR GESTATIONAL NEOPLASM IN A VIETNAMESE YOUNG FEMALE PATIENT AFTER TREATMENT REFUSAL: INSIGHTS FROM A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW.},
journal = {Experimental oncology},
volume = {46},
number = {2},
pages = {154-164},
doi = {10.15407/exp-oncology.2024.02.154},
pmid = {39396168},
issn = {2312-8852},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Young Adult ; *Disease Progression ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/pathology/drug therapy ; COVID-19 ; Choriocarcinoma/pathology/drug therapy/diagnosis/therapy ; Etoposide/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vietnam ; Uterine Neoplasms/pathology/drug therapy/therapy ; Cisplatin/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Southeast Asian People ; Cyclophosphamide ; Dactinomycin ; Methotrexate ; Vincristine ; },
abstract = {Choriocarcinoma is characterized as the most aggressive malignant alternation of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm; however, this illness is a curable malignancy. Although a rarity, this disease affects a female patient's life and causes a fatal condition. Choriocarcinoma is a life-threatening disease since it is initially insidious and can rapidly lead to masive hemorrhage, even death. Choriocarcinoma should be suspected in childbearing-age women with the high-risk scores according to FIGO. The study aims to report a severe case of widespread metastatic choriocarcinoma to optimize the treatment with multiagent chemotherapy and a multidisciplinary cooperation at our center. A G1P0 20-year-old woman was referred to the hospital for suspicion of metastatic choriocarcinoma after self-stopping chemotherapy because of the COVID-19 pandemic. During hospitalization, the tumor metastasized and presented profuse intraabdominal hemorrhage. The patient underwent immediate surgical intervention to control bleeding, and a definitive diagnosis was accurately established by the histopathological examination. After surgery, the EMA/CO regimen was administered as the first line of treatment, despite the patient being in a coma and requiring a ventilator machine. After 6 cycles of the EMA/CO regimen, her serum β-hCG level decreased to 8 mUI/mL, however, her β-hCG concentration was not down to a negative value. Thus, the patient received paclitaxel/cisplatin alternating with paclitaxel/etoposide (TP/TE regimen) for complete remission following 2 cycles. The delays in choriocarcinoma treatment are prognostic factors for worse outcomes, whereas chemotherapy may be considered a suitable treatment even in a patient's coma, thus improving a prognosis substantially.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
*Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Young Adult
*Disease Progression
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/pathology/drug therapy
COVID-19
Choriocarcinoma/pathology/drug therapy/diagnosis/therapy
Etoposide/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
SARS-CoV-2
Vietnam
Uterine Neoplasms/pathology/drug therapy/therapy
Cisplatin/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Southeast Asian People
Cyclophosphamide
Dactinomycin
Methotrexate
Vincristine

@article {pmid39396164,
year = {2024},
author = {Jerfy, A and Selden, O and Balkrishnan, R},
title = {The Growing Impact of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare and Public Health.},
journal = {Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing},
volume = {61},
number = {},
pages = {469580241290095},
doi = {10.1177/00469580241290095},
pmid = {39396164},
issn = {1945-7243},
mesh = {*Natural Language Processing ; Humans ; *Public Health ; Electronic Health Records ; Delivery of Health Care ; Artificial Intelligence ; Social Media ; },
abstract = {Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence, specifically focused on understanding and generating human language. NLP technologies are becoming more prevalent in healthcare and hold potential solutions to current problems. Some examples of existing and future uses include: public sentiment analysis in relation to health policies, electronic health record (EHR) screening, use of speech to text technology for extracting EHR data from point of care, patient communications, accelerated identification of eligible clinical trial candidates through automated searches and access of health data to assist in informed treatment decisions. This narrative review aims to summarize the current uses of NLP in healthcare, highlight successful implementation of computational linguistics-based approaches, and identify gaps, limitations, and emerging trends within the subfield of NLP in public health. The online databases Google Scholar and PubMed were scanned for papers published between 2018 and 2023. Keywords "Natural Language Processing, Health Policy, Large Language Models" were utilized in the initial search. Then, papers were limited to those written in English. Each of the 27 selected papers was subject to careful analysis, and their relevance in relation to NLP and healthcare respectively is utilized in this review. NLP and deep learning technologies scan large datasets, extracting valuable insights in various realms. This is especially significant in healthcare where huge amounts of data exist in the form of unstructured text. Automating labor intensive and tedious tasks with language processing algorithms, using text analytics systems and machine learning to analyze social media data and extracting insights from unstructured data allows for better public sentiment analysis, enhancement of risk prediction models, improved patient communication, and informed treatment decisions. In the recent past, some studies have applied NLP tools to social media posts to evaluate public sentiment regarding COVID-19 vaccine use. Social media data also has the capacity to be harnessed to develop pandemic prediction models based on reported symptoms. Furthermore, NLP has the potential to enhance healthcare delivery across the globe. Advanced language processing techniques such as Speech Recognition (SR) and Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tools can help overcome linguistic barriers and facilitate efficient communication between patients and healthcare providers.},
}

*Natural Language Processing
Humans
*Public Health
Electronic Health Records
Delivery of Health Care
Artificial Intelligence
Social Media

@article {pmid39394694,
year = {2024},
author = {Yang, C and Huang, YT and Newman, PA},
title = {A Qualitative Systematic Review of Stigma, Violence, Victimization, and Associated Coping Among Transgender People Engaged in Sex Work.},
journal = {Trauma, violence & abuse},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15248380241284586},
doi = {10.1177/15248380241284586},
pmid = {39394694},
issn = {1552-8324},
abstract = {Globally, transgender people engaged in sex work experience disproportionately high risks of victimization. While qualitative studies on the perspectives of transgender people engaged in sex work can shed light on their intersecting experiences, a qualitative synthesis could offer a systematic understanding and inform anti-oppressive practices and policies. This review explores the experience of stigma, violence, victimization, and associated coping strategies among transgender people engaged in sex work. We conducted a literature search in November 2023 on MEDLINE, Social Work Abstracts, and CINAHL PLUS from EBSCOhost, APA PsycInfo, ASSIA, and Sociological Abstracts from ProQuest and SCOPUS (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023478844). From 1,085 studies retrieved, 64 were included in this review. Thematic synthesis identified seven themes: (a) individual struggle, (b) interpersonal violence, (c) community transphobia and exclusion, (d) systemic oppression, (e) individual coping strategies, (f) community resources, and (g) organizational support as coping resources. This review contributes to the discussion around the health vulnerabilities of transgender people engaged in sex work that inherently result from intersecting victimization in a larger global context, including trafficking, urban planning, migration, and COVID-19. Identification of the coping strategies of transgender people engaged in sex work also highlights their resilience and sites of empowerment. Policymakers and professionals should be mindful of the intersectional identities of transgender people engaged in sex work and initiate peer- and community-led interventions to support them in building intersectional solidarity and resisting victimization.},
}

@article {pmid39394493,
year = {2024},
author = {Lee, JEC and Bennett, C and Bennett, N and Bouak, F and Goldenberg, I and Harrison, K and Edge, HM and Bell, AM and Quartana, PJ and Simms, MA and Adler, AB},
title = {Assessing Military Mental Health during the Pandemic: A Five Country Collaboration.},
journal = {Current psychiatry reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39394493},
issn = {1535-1645},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Members of a technical panel representing Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US collaborated to develop surveys designed to provide military leaders with information to guide decisions early in the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of this collaboration and a review of findings from the resulting body of work.

RECENT FINDINGS: While surveys pointed to relatively favorable mental health and perceptions of leadership among military personnel early in the pandemic, these observations did not reflect the experiences of personnel deployed in COVID-19 response operations, nor were these observations reflective of later stages of the pandemic. Establishing and leveraging networks that enable the rapid development of employee surveys and sharing of results can serve as a pathway for empowering military leaders in times of crisis. Organizational support and leadership decisions are especially critical for maintaining well-being among personnel during crises.},
}

@article {pmid39387757,
year = {2024},
author = {Yau, AA and Murugapandian, S and Rizvi, AW and Gaddy, A},
title = {Viral Nephropathies: Core Curriculum 2024.},
journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.06.014},
pmid = {39387757},
issn = {1523-6838},
abstract = {Viral-associated nephropathy is when kidney disease results from active viral replication. Because of the high global burden of viral infections, clinicians should be aware of their incidence, kidney manifestations, mechanism of injury, and management. Some viruses, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can lead to nephropathy more commonly than other endemic viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and polyoma virus which are more important causes of nephropathy in the immunosuppressed patient. Other viruses, such as hantavirus and dengue virus, have a high global infectivity rate with rare but severe kidney manifestations. Advances over the past decades have offered us a better understanding of the pathogenesis of viral-associated nephropathies and antiviral therapy options. The patterns of kidney injury include glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in the setting of acute and chronic infection. Direct viral infection of kidney parenchymal cells may drive pathologic findings, but kidney pathology may also result from indirect mechanisms due to activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Some viruses can cause kidney injury due to altered hemodynamics from liver dysfunction or shock. More information about the role of genetics, specifically APOL1 polymorphisms, has come to light in regard to HIV-associated nephropathy and SARS-CoV-2-associated nephropathy. Advances in antiviral therapy help reduce nephrotoxicity and improve morbidity and mortality. In this Core Curriculum, we review common viruses responsible for kidney disease worldwide, discuss mechanisms of pathogenesis, and highlight specific management principles of viral nephropathies. We also discuss other viruses with high endemicity despite low incidence of kidney disease in the immunocompetent and immunosuppressed host.},
}

@article {pmid39392557,
year = {2024},
author = {Nagy, A and Czitrovszky, A and Lehoczki, A and Farkas, Á and Füri, P and Osán, J and Groma, V and Kugler, S and Micsinai, A and Horváth, A and Ungvári, Z and Müller, V},
title = {Creating respiratory pathogen-free environments in healthcare and nursing-care settings: a comprehensive review.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39392557},
issn = {2509-2723},
abstract = {Hospital- and nursing-care-acquired infections are a growing problem worldwide, especially during epidemics, posing a significant threat to older adults in geriatric settings. Intense research during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the prominent role of aerosol transmission of pathogens. Aerosol particles can easily adsorb different airborne pathogens, carrying them for a long time. Understanding the dynamics of airborne pathogen transmission is essential for controlling the spread of many well-known pathogens, like the influenza virus, and emerging ones like SARS-CoV-2. Particles smaller than 50 to 100 µm remain airborne and significantly contribute to pathogen transmission. This review explores the journey of pathogen-carrying particles from formation in the airways, through airborne travel, to deposition in the lungs. The physicochemical properties of emitted particles depend on health status and emission modes, such as breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, sneezing, playing wind instruments, and medical interventions. After emission, sedimentation and evaporation primarily determine particle fate. Lung deposition of inhaled aerosol particles can be studied through in vivo, in vitro, or in silico methods. We discuss several numerical lung models, such as the Human Respiratory Tract Model, the LUng Dose Evaluation Program software (LUDEP), the Stochastic Lung Model, and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques, and real-time or post-evaluation methods for detecting and characterizing these particles. Various air purification methods, particularly filtration, are reviewed for their effectiveness in healthcare settings. In the discussion, we analyze how this knowledge can help create environments with reduced PM2.5 and pathogen levels, enhancing safety in healthcare and nursing-care settings. This is particularly crucial for protecting older adults, who are more vulnerable to infections due to weaker immune systems and the higher prevalence of chronic conditions. By implementing effective airborne pathogen control measures, we can significantly improve health outcomes in geriatric settings.},
}

@article {pmid39093355,
year = {2024},
author = {Muno, BA and Islam, JY and Schwartz, R and Wallace, S and Camacho-Rivera, M and Patel, RC},
title = {Structural Racism Conceptualization and Operationalization for Research for the U.S. HIV Epidemic: Findings from a Scoping Review and Implications for Advancing Research for Structural Interventions.},
journal = {AIDS and behavior},
volume = {28},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {149-165},
pmid = {39093355},
issn = {1573-3254},
support = {R01MH131542/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AI027757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH131542/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AI027757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/epidemiology/ethnology/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Healthcare Disparities ; Systemic Racism ; Health Status Disparities ; Epidemics ; Racism ; },
abstract = {In the U.S., inequities by race/ethnicity in health outcomes, such as in the HIV epidemic, are long standing but have come to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is growing recognition of the role of structural racism in racialized health inequities, yet the conceptualization and operationalization of structural racism in HIV research lags. We conducted a scoping review of existing published literature, between 1999-April 2024, conceptualizing and measuring structural racism's impact among people living with or at risk for HIV in the U.S. Our initial search yielded 236 unique articles, which after title and abstract screening yielded ten articles meeting full text review criteria. We then extracted key parameters, such as conceptualization, method of measurement of structural racism, study aims, design, and findings. Three of the articles were qualitative studies that conceptualized structural racism using (1) the social network model, (2) individual and structural intersectionality and (3) critical race theory. Operationalization of structural racism within the seven quantitative studies fell into three categories: (1) structural level, (2) a scale of experiences of racism, including structural racism, and (3) using explanatory demographic factors as downstream measures of the effects of structural racism. The variance in the conceptualization and operationalization of structural racism highlights the different interpretations of structural racism in its applications to the field of HIV research. Given the vast racial/ethnic inequities in HIV, we propose three overarching suggestions for next steps in improving the conduct of research on structural racism in HIV: (1) we must prioritize measuring racism past the individual and interpersonal levels to consider systemic factors at a societal level that manifest as structural racism to improve HIV outcomes in the U.S., (2) consider intergenerational effects of structural racism through the use of longitudinal data, and (3) broaden the agenda of structural racism to incorporate other systems of oppression. Additionally, broadening the scope of funding and inclusion of more researchers and individuals with lived experiences to support structural racism research to drive the scientific agenda and design of structural-level interventions will not only bolster achieving the U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic goals but will do so by addressing inequities.},
}

Humans
*HIV Infections/epidemiology/ethnology/prevention & control
United States/epidemiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Healthcare Disparities
Systemic Racism
Health Status Disparities
Epidemics
Racism

@article {pmid38867442,
year = {2024},
author = {Ng, IK and Thong, C and Tan, LF and Teo, DB},
title = {The rise of medical influencers: The pros and the cons.},
journal = {The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh},
volume = {54},
number = {3},
pages = {231-235},
doi = {10.1177/14782715241261736},
pmid = {38867442},
issn = {2042-8189},
mesh = {Humans ; *Social Media ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {In the past few years, the online influencer industry has exponentially expanded, fuelled by the COVID pandemic lockdown, increased social media platforms and lifestyle appeal of influencership. This phenomenon has likewise infiltrated the medical field, where many healthcare practitioners have taken to social media platforms for content creation and influencer marketing. There are many reasons that underlie medical influencership - some may use it to improve public health literacy and correct medical misinformation, engage in medical advocacy or use the platform simply as a means of humanistic expression of the medical career, while others may seek to advertise private practice/medical products, boost personal reputation, and gain popularity and monetary benefits. Regardless of the underlying motivations of the medical influencers, some have fallen afoul of professionally accepted practices and ethical boundaries in their use of social media platforms, leading to serious consequences such as professional sanctioning or termination of employment. In this article, we hope to provide a comprehensive review of the 'good' (positive practices), the 'bad' (practices with possible unintended negative consequences) and the outright unprofessional or unethical behaviours aspects of social media use by medical influencers and offer practical strategies to ensure responsible and meaningful use of influencer platforms at both the physician and health systems level.},
}

Humans
*Social Media
*COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid39392510,
year = {2024},
author = {Choudry, MW and Riaz, R and Raza, MH and Nawaz, P and Ahmad, B and Jahan, N and Rafique, S and Afza, S and Amin, I and Shahid, M},
title = {Development of Non-Viral Targeted RNA Delivery Vehicles - A Key Factor in Success of Therapeutic RNA.},
journal = {Journal of drug targeting},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-24},
doi = {10.1080/1061186X.2024.2416241},
pmid = {39392510},
issn = {1029-2330},
abstract = {Decade-long efforts in medicinal biotechnology have enabled large-scale in-vitro production of optimized therapeutic RNA constructs for stable in-vivo delivery and modify the expression of disease-related genes. The success of lipid nanoparticle-formulated mRNA vaccines against Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov2) has opened a new era of RNA therapeutics and non-viral drug delivery systems. The major limiting factor in the clinical translation of RNA-based drugs is the availability of suitable delivery vehicles that can protect RNA payloads from degradation, offer controlled release, and pose minimal inherent toxicity. Unwanted immune response, payload size constraints, genome integration, and non-specific tissue targeting limit the application of conventional viral drug-delivery vehicles. This review summarizes current research on nano-sized drug carriers, including lipid nanoparticles, polymer-based formulations, cationic nanoemulsion, and cell-penetrating peptides, for targeted therapeutic RNA delivery. Further, this paper highlights the biomimetic approaches (i.e., mimicking naturally occurring bio-compositions, molecular designs, and systems), including virus-like particles (VLPs), exosomes, and selective endogenous eNcapsidation (SEND) technology being explored as safer and more efficient alternatives.},
}

@article {pmid39392490,
year = {2024},
author = {Schlüter, U and Sowa, R and Finkenzeller, I and Mencke, T and Reuter, DA},
title = {[Digital tools in residency and continuing medical education within the framework of a digital media concept].},
journal = {Die Anaesthesiologie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39392490},
issn = {2731-6866},
abstract = {There are currently many online resources for medical education during residency and beyond in anesthesiology, intensive care, pain, emergency and palliative medicine. From traditional textbooks and in-person events to learning platforms, apps, podcasts, simulation training and even virtual reality, there are many ways to supplement traditional residency curricula and continuing medical education. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been instrumental in making medical education content more accessible and, among other things, accelerate the transfer of knowledge.To include all colleagues in the goal of life-long learning using these modern tools, we recommend the development of a digital media concept that is individually tailored to each department of anesthesiology. First, the goals of the department should be defined, e.g., can existing teaching materials be made more digitally accessible for asynchronous learning? Then, department resources should be compiled, e.g., what learning platforms are already being used and if and how social media should play a role? One or more persons should be named responsible and maintain the new concept. In this context, it is essential to develop quality criteria to properly assess the digital content.With the support of the department, conventional teaching methods can be combined with new digital possibilities in residency education and beyond. In this way, individual shift models, various levels of participation in live teaching events and different types of learners can be taken into account. These diverse digital tools can enrich the training and further education of every team member in an anesthesiology department and will accompany us well into the future.},
}

@article {pmid39392236,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhong, C and Cohen, K and Lin, X and Schiller, E and Sharma, S and Hanna, N},
title = {COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA Biodistribution: Maternal and Fetal Exposure Risks.},
journal = {American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)},
volume = {92},
number = {4},
pages = {e13934},
doi = {10.1111/aji.13934},
pmid = {39392236},
issn = {1600-0897},
support = {1R01HD098258/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01HD110408/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI141501/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; //Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Fetus ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Placenta/metabolism ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control ; mRNA Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Tissue Distribution ; Milk, Human/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy has severe consequences on maternal and neonatal health. Presently, vaccination stands as a critical preventive measure for mitigating infection-related risks. Although the initial clinical trials for the COVID-19 vaccines excluded pregnant women, subsequent investigations have indicated mRNA vaccinations' effectiveness and short-term safety during pregnancy. However, there is a lack of information regarding the potential biodistribution of the vaccine mRNA during pregnancy and lactation. Recent findings indicate that COVID-19 vaccine mRNA has been detected in breast milk, suggesting that its presence is not confined to the injection site and raises the possibility of similar distribution to the placenta and the fetus. Furthermore, the potential effects and responses of the placenta and fetus to the vaccine mRNA are still unknown. While potential risks might exist with the exposure of the placenta and fetus to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, the application of mRNA therapies for maternal and fetal conditions offers a groundbreaking prospect. Future research should leverage the unique opportunity provided by the first-ever application of mRNA vaccines in humans to understand their biodistribution and impact on the placenta and fetus in pregnant women. Such insights could substantially advance the development of safer and more effective future mRNA-based therapies during pregnancy.},
}

Humans
Pregnancy
Female
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Fetus
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Placenta/metabolism
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
mRNA Vaccines
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Tissue Distribution
Milk, Human/immunology
Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
Vaccination

@article {pmid39392180,
year = {2024},
author = {Marquez, VE},
title = {3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep): A Drug That Deserves a Second Look.},
journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01566},
pmid = {39392180},
issn = {1520-4804},
abstract = {The emerging data compiled during the past five years on 3-deazaneplanocin (DZNep) provide compelling evidence to reevaluate this drug as a better alternative over the specific catalytic inhibitors of histone methyl transferases (HTMs). The indirect mechanism of DZNep via inhibition of AdoHcy-ase, once considered a liability due to possible side effects, has now shown to be rather beneficial as additional pathways targeted by DZNep are important contributors to its superior anticancer properties. Furthermore, DZNep has demonstrated the ability to induce proteasomal degradation of its target and reduce toxicity in combination with well-established antitumor therapies in animal models. In addition, DZNep has shown important effects in suppressing fibrosis and inflammation in liver, kidney, peritoneum, and airways. Finally, inhibition of mRNA m[6]A methylation by DZNep suppresses the synthesis of the viral genome in SARS-Cov-2 infection and promises to have important therapeutic value when combined with its potent antiviral efficacy and anti-inflammatory effects.},
}

@article {pmid38701168,
year = {2024},
author = {Lindholm, M and Reiman, A and Tappura, S},
title = {The evolution of new and emerging occupational health and safety risks: A qualitative review.},
journal = {Work (Reading, Mass.)},
volume = {79},
number = {2},
pages = {503-521},
doi = {10.3233/WOR-230005},
pmid = {38701168},
issn = {1875-9270},
mesh = {Humans ; *Occupational Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Qualitative Research ; Climate Change ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Work itself and occupational health and safety (OHS) have evolved through industrial revolutions and will also continue to evolve in the future.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this qualitative literature review was to examine how the scientific discussion on new and emerging risks (NERs) related to OHS has evolved in recent decades in developed and newly industrialized countries.

METHODS: A search of the Scopus database yielded 34 articles published before 2000 and from 2020 onwards.

RESULTS: A review of the articles identified NERs themes related to changes in work patterns, changing workforce and growth in some sectors, climate change, new materials or increased use of materials, new technology and technological development, and viruses. In both article collection periods, possible adverse OHS effects discussed included musculoskeletal disorders, exposure to toxic agents, chemical compounds and hazardous materials, increased stress, increased likelihood of errors and accidents, psychosocial problems, mental fatigue, and increases in work-related illnesses and accidents.

CONCLUSIONS: The articles published during both periods discussed similar themes. The main differences were regarding specific time-related cases, such as climate change and COVID-19. Based on the findings of this review, points to consider in OHS management and future studies are discussed.},
}

Humans
*Occupational Health
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Qualitative Research
Climate Change
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39391859,
year = {2024},
author = {Betts, C and Ahlfinger, Z and Udeh, MC and Kirmani, BF},
title = {Recent Updates on COVID-19 Associated Strokes.},
journal = {Neuroscience insights},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {26331055241287730},
doi = {10.1177/26331055241287730},
pmid = {39391859},
issn = {2633-1055},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 virus is primarily a respiratory virus, but, as it spread worldwide, it became apparent that there are multiple extrapulmonary manifestations. Reports arose of young and otherwise healthy patients presenting to emergency departments with large-vessel occlusions. Because of a rapidly evolving pandemic, conflicting data sometimes arose regarding the impact of the pandemic on strokes. COVID-19 can induce a hypercoagulable and a proinflammatory state through the interactions with the ACE-2 receptor. These mechanisms may lead to the strokes, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, that are seen in this infection. Strokes, in conjunction with COVID-19 infection, tended to be more disabling and portended a higher mortality. Treatment of these strokes was challenging, as emergency departments were strained with the high burden of COVID-19 admissions. Finally, vaccines against COVID-19 were widely administered, and their potential to cause stroke as an adverse event are discussed. This article will provide an in depth review of the recent updates about the incidence, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of strokes that are associated with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39391697,
year = {2024},
author = {Chatatikun, M and Indo, HP and Imai, M and Kawakami, F and Kubo, M and Kitagawa, Y and Ichikawa, H and Udomwech, L and Phongphithakchai, A and Sarakul, O and Sukati, S and Somsak, V and Ichikawa, T and Klangbud, WK and Nissapatorn, V and Tangpong, J and Majima, HJ},
title = {Potential of traditional medicines in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1452616},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2024.1452616},
pmid = {39391697},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {This review discusses the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Mutations in its spike glycoprotein have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape capabilities. Some antiviral drugs are ineffective against the BA.2 subvariant at the authorized dose. Recently, 150 natural metabolites have been identified as potential candidates for development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity than those of existing therapeutic agents. Botanical drug-derived bioactive molecules have shown promise in dampening the COVID-19 cytokine storm and thus preventing pulmonary fibrosis, as they exert a strong binding affinity for viral proteins and inhibit their activity. The Health Ministry of Thailand has approved Andrographis paniculata (Jap. Senshinren) extracts to treat COVID-19. In China, over 85% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 receive treatments based on traditional Chinese medicine. A comprehensive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms related to the disease and effective natural products to treat and prevent COVID-19 are presented. Approximately 10% of patients with COVID-19 are affected by long COVID, and COVID-19 infection impairs mitochondrial DNA. As the number of agents to treat COVID-19 is limited, adjuvant botanical drug treatments including vitamin C and E supplementation may reduce COVID-19 symptoms and inhibit progression to long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid39391426,
year = {2024},
author = {V, S and Kurian, J and Mariam Mathew, L and Mathew, P and John, D and Joseph, J},
title = {Visualizing Scholarly Trends in Stochastic Models for Disease Prediction.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {e69033},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.69033},
pmid = {39391426},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Stochastic models play a pivotal role in disease prediction by accounting for randomness and uncertainty in biological systems. This study offers a visualization of trends in the application of stochastic models for disease prediction from 1990 to 2024, based on a bibliometric analysis of Scopus data. Key findings reveal a significant growth in research post-2014, largely driven by global health challenges like COVID-19. Despite these advancements, gaps remain in applying these models to non-communicable diseases and low-resource settings. By integrating computational techniques like machine learning, stochastic models hold promise for improving predictive accuracy. This study highlights the need for further international collaboration and interdisciplinary research, offering practical insights for researchers and public health professionals aiming to enhance disease prediction and intervention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid39391420,
year = {2024},
author = {Shende, V and Wagh, V},
title = {Role of Telemedicine and Telehealth in Public Healthcare Sector: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {e69102},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.69102},
pmid = {39391420},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Clinicians, researchers in health services, and other experts have been investigating how to improve healthcare using advanced computer and telecommunication technology for more than 30 years. Adequate medical facilities are still lacking in many places of the world. In these kinds of situations, technology can be quite helpful in expanding healthcare access to rural locations and offering better care at a lower cost. The delivery of healthcare is changing dramatically because of telemedicine and telehealth, particularly in terms of improving access to care. This paper aims to provide an update on the history, background, applications, benefits, barriers, and challenges of these recent technologies. This review article also covers the healthcare conditions of rural as well as urban communities. Furthermore, the implications of technologies used and improvement in the health status of an individual are also discussed. During the COVID-19 epidemic, telehealth quickly gained popularity, bringing to light a number of issues. Effective primary medical networks are crucial, as the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for improving public health responses during crises and revealed the existing fragmentation in healthcare delivery systems.},
}

@article {pmid39391121,
year = {2024},
author = {Iqbal, SB and Bene-Alhasan, Y and Rao, SJ},
title = {Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {42-48},
doi = {10.55729/2000-9666.1355},
pmid = {39391121},
issn = {2000-9666},
abstract = {Although previously considered rare, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of myocardial infarction in young women. We present three unique cases of SCAD: A 46-year-old woman with a history of trigeminal neuralgia and anxiety presenting elevated troponin-I and chest pain. A 36-year-old woman with recent miscarriage presenting with diffuse T wave inversions and elevated troponin-I. A 58-year-old man with a recent COVID-19 infection presenting with diffuse ST elevations. SCAD is associated with many risk factors. Conservative management is preferred due to spontaneous healing of vessels compared to PCI-driven management of atherosclerotic acute coronary syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid39391007,
year = {2024},
author = {Daneshdoust, D and He, K and Wang, QE and Li, J and Liu, X},
title = {Modeling respiratory tract diseases for clinical translation employing conditionally reprogrammed cells.},
journal = {Cell insight},
volume = {3},
number = {6},
pages = {100201},
doi = {10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100201},
pmid = {39391007},
issn = {2772-8927},
abstract = {Preclinical models serve as indispensable tools in translational medicine. Specifically, patient-derived models such as patient-derived xenografts (PDX), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), organoids, and recently developed technique of conditional reprogramming (CR) have been employed to reflect the host characteristics of diseases. CR technology involves co-culturing epithelial cells with irradiated Swiss-3T3-J2 mouse fibroblasts (feeder cells) in the presence of a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632. CR technique facilitates the rapid conversion of both normal and malignant cells into a "reprogrammed stem-like" state, marked by robust in vitro proliferation. This is achieved without reliance on exogenous gene expression or viral transfection, while maintaining the genetic profile of the parental cells. So far, CR technology has been used to study biology of diseases, targeted therapies (precision medicine), regenerative medicine, and noninvasive diagnosis and surveillance. Respiratory diseases, ranking as the third leading cause of global mortality, pose a significant burden to healthcare systems worldwide. Given the substantial mortality and morbidity rates of respiratory diseases, efficient and rapid preclinical models are imperative to accurately recapitulate the diverse spectrum of respiratory conditions. In this article, we discuss the applications and future potential of CR technology in modeling various respiratory tract diseases, including lung cancer, respiratory viral infections (such as influenza and Covid-19 and etc.), asthma, cystic fibrosis, respiratory papillomatosis, and upper aerodigestive track tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the potential utility of CR in personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, and clinical translation.},
}

@article {pmid39390767,
year = {2024},
author = {Martins, PN and Lourenço, MHT and Mota, GPS and Cavalcanti, AB and Peçanha Antonio, AC and Diaz-Quijano, FA},
title = {Composite endpoints in COVID-19 randomized controlled trials: a systematic review.},
journal = {Clinical trials (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {17407745241276130},
doi = {10.1177/17407745241276130},
pmid = {39390767},
issn = {1740-7753},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ordinal, binary, and numerical composite endpoints among coronavirus disease 2019 trials and the potential bias attributable to their use.

METHODS: We systematically reviewed the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and bias associated with using composite endpoints in coronavirus disease 2019 randomized clinical trials. We compared the effect measure (relative risk) of composite outcomes and that of its most critical component (i.e. death) by estimating the Bias Attributable to Composite Outcomes index [ln(relative risk for the composite outcome)/ln(relative risk for death)].

RESULTS: Composite endpoints accounted for 152 out of 417 primary endpoints in coronavirus disease 2019 randomized trials, being more frequent among studies published in high-impact journals. Ordinal endpoints were the most common (54% of all composites), followed by binary or time-to-event (34%), numerical (11%), and hierarchical (1%). Composites predominated among trials enrolling patients with severe disease when compared to trials with a mild or moderate case mix (odds ratio = 1.72). Adaptations of the seven-point World Health Organization scale occurred in 40% of the ordinal primary endpoints, which frequently underwent dichotomization for the statistical analyses. Mortality accounted for a median of 24% (interquartile range: 6%-48%) of all events when included in the composite. The median point estimate of the Bias Attributable to Composite Outcomes index was 0.3 (interquartile range: -0.1 to 0.7), being significantly lower than 1 in 5 of 24 comparisons.

DISCUSSION: Composite endpoints were used in a significant proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 trials, especially those involving severely ill patients. This is likely due to the higher anticipated rates of competing events, such as death, in such studies. Ordinal composites were common but often not fully appreciated, reducing the potential gains in information and statistical efficiency. For studies with binary composites, death was the most frequent component, and, unexpectedly, composite outcome estimates were often closer to the null when compared to those for mortality death. Numerical composites were less common, and only two trials used hierarchical endpoints. These newer approaches may offer advantages over traditional binary and ordinal composites; however, their potential benefits warrant further scrutiny.

CONCLUSION: Composite endpoints accounted for more than a third of coronavirus disease 2019 trials' primary endpoints; their use was more common among studies that included patients with severe disease and their point effect estimates tended to underestimate those for mortality.},
}

@article {pmid39390535,
year = {2024},
author = {de Oliveira, APC and Dussault, G},
title = {Interventions to attract medical students to a career in primary health care services in the European Union and peripheral countries: a scoping review.},
journal = {Human resources for health},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {69},
pmid = {39390535},
issn = {1478-4491},
mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Health Care ; *Students, Medical ; *Career Choice ; *European Union ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the European Union and peripheral countries, the availability of physicians working in primary health care services (PHCS) varies greatly and all countries report shortages and difficulties in recruiting more. The broad consensus that giving access to PHCS to all is a policy priority, reinforced by the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, implies that a sufficient fit-for-purpose workforce is available. This article focuses on physicians and reports on what countries have done, and with what success, to attract more medical students to a career in PHCS.

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of articles in PubMed and Cochrane Library, and of grey literature in websites of international agencies, think-tanks, international non-governmental organizations, and European Commission-funded projects, published between January 2018 and February 2024.

RESULTS: The search retrieved 1,143 records, of which 45 were eligible for the scoping review; 25 focused on medical students. The documents report interventions in 12 countries, 14 by individual education institutions, mostly in the form of exposure of diverse duration to general/family practice in the medical curriculum (specific modules, residencies, rotations, placements, mentorship), and 11 policy interventions at national level, such as increases in the number of training places for primary health care (PHC) specialties and improvement of working conditions.

CONCLUSION: Accessible PHCS require the availability of a fit-for-purpose workforce of multiprofessional teams, in which specially trained physicians play a central role. To address shortages, many countries increased training opportunities, a necessary step, but not sufficient. More students must accept to opt for a PHC specialty, in a context of competition with other fields of practice also in need of more students, such as public health, geriatrics, or mental health. Success requires the collaboration of numerous actors, including professional councils and organizations, and regulation bodies that specialists tend to dominate. By making PHCS a political and policy priority, decision-makers can help make attraction more effective, but to do so, they need access to convincing evidence and information on good practices that only research can produce.},
}

Humans
*Primary Health Care
*Students, Medical
*Career Choice
*European Union
*COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2