@article {pmid40926917,
year = {2025},
author = {Ibrahim, ME and M Osman, HM and Mubarak Osman, AME and Mofareh Alanazi, NM and Mohamed Ali, BT and Adam Abdallah, II and Hussein Mohamed, MI},
title = {Comparing Telemedicine and In-Person Psychological Interventions for Anxiety: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89594},
pmid = {40926917},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Barriers such as stigma and limited access to care continue to impede treatment for anxiety disorders. Telemedicine has emerged as a promising alternative to in-person psychological interventions, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review compares the efficacy of telemedicine and in-person therapies for anxiety disorders, evaluating outcomes, patient engagement, and methodological rigor. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov, with the final search conducted in July 2025. Ten studies comparing telemedicine with in-person interventions were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to heterogeneity. Telemedicine demonstrated non-inferior efficacy to in-person therapy across diverse modalities and outperformed self-help programs. Patient satisfaction and adherence were high, with telehealth groups showing longer retention. Small effect size differences favored in-person therapy for generalized anxiety disorder, but most studies reported comparable outcomes. Risk of bias was low for nine out of ten studies. Telemedicine is a viable alternative to in-person therapy for anxiety disorders, with advantages in accessibility and therapist-guided formats. Future research should address long-term outcomes and equity in delivery.},
}

@article {pmid40926412,
year = {2025},
author = {Tregoning, JS and Wang, Z and Sridhar, S and Shattock, RJ and DeRosa, F},
title = {Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: the critical interplay between inflammation and expression.},
journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.09.011},
pmid = {40926412},
issn = {1525-0024},
abstract = {Since its use during the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA has emerged as a leading candidate vaccine platform for pandemic infections. A critical difference between RNA-encoded antigen and protein vaccines is that RNA-based vaccines require the antigen to be translated in the body, adding an important variable. Much of the research focus in the field has been on ways to increase expression, but inflammation plays a critical role. The vaccine delivered is a combination of the RNA and the formulation, so both elements need to be considered. Formulated RNA can act as a form of adjuvant but can also activate cellular pathways that inhibit expression. Expression and inflammation are interlinked, but independent - a deeper understanding of the quality and quantity of immune induction will help to develop more efficient RNA vaccines. Here we discuss factors that shape responses to RNA-based vaccines. These include the composition of the vaccine (the use of modified RNA bases, whether self-replicating or traditional mRNA, and critically, the formulation) and the type of cells which take up and translate the RNA. We then consider challenges presented by current generation RNA vaccines including clinical impact and how improved immunological understanding can inform the development of improved RNA vaccine platforms.},
}

@article {pmid40925784,
year = {2025},
author = {Baskota, SU and Ahsan, M and Mohamed, S and Schukow, CP and Herman, MK and Nebbache, H and Punjabi, LS and Metcalf, BD and Upreti, D and Cima, L and Poombal, F and Ali Hashim, MM and Jiang, XS},
title = {Social media and cytopathology (#cytopath) education: developing a curated online resource index and exploring the evolution of e-learning.},
journal = {Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jasc.2025.08.002},
pmid = {40925784},
issn = {2213-2945},
abstract = {In recent years, social media (SoMe) has revolutionized medical education within the field of pathology; however, its performance in cytopathology has not been explored in detail. This systematic review aims to analyze SoMe trends, hashtag metrics, and online resources within cytopathology over the period of 7 years. A systematic review of 4 databases (PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus) was conducted between January 1st, 2017, and December 22nd, 2022, in order to identify relevant English-language articles about SoMe and cytopathology. An index for online cytopathology (#cytopath) resources was created and posted on Knowledge In Knowledge Out on May 12, 2025. Sixteen studies were included for final analysis, dating from 2017 to 2023. The most commonly cited SoMe platforms used among cytopathologists were X (Twitter) (42%) and Facebook (26%) (P = 0.002). A variety of hashtags were used across posts: #Cytology (24%), #Cytopath (24%), #FNAFriday (24%), #Pathology (16%), and #Cytopathology (12%) (P = 0.865). Two studies discussed the use of SoMe in cytopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting its role as a rapid communication tool in times of crisis. The most highly followed cytopathology accounts on X were @cytopathology (10,510), @IACytology (3639), and @britishcytology (3062). This systematic review shows how SoMe is enhancing networking, case discussion, and education in cytopathology. Although it could revolutionize professional communication, it still poses issues regarding privacy and possible misinformation. Future research and guidelines are necessary to optimize the use of SoMe in cytopathology.},
}

@article {pmid40925391,
year = {2025},
author = {Frei-Stuber, L and Nowak, D},
title = {[Narrative review of clinical findings in patients with Post-COVID-19 and their relevance for occupational medical assessment].},
journal = {Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)},
volume = {150},
number = {19},
pages = {1151-1157},
doi = {10.1055/a-2648-3362},
pmid = {40925391},
issn = {1439-4413},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Occupational Diseases/diagnosis ; Germany/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp increase in the recognitions of COVID-19 as an occupational disease in Germany. The patients often report diverse symptoms, whereas causality and objectification remain difficult.A selective literature research in PubMed was carried out, assessment recommendations and guidelines were included, too.Long-term consequences of COVID-19 belong to various medical fields. Direct and indirect objectification are necessary. The latter requires concrete indications for the connection between COVID-19 and symptoms. An individual case assessment is also required regarding the reduction in earning capacity. Official recommendations for assessment were published shortly before this review in June 2025.Objectification is a crucial factor, whereas its implementation is complex. Effects on the degree of damage and the degree of disability should be taken into account.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Occupational Diseases/diagnosis
Germany/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40792498,
year = {2025},
author = {Chilumula, S and Hanchate, P and Patri, SV and Marepally, S},
title = {Influence of structural modifications in synthetic vectors of lipid adjuvants on mRNA vaccine delivery.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {13},
number = {18},
pages = {4952-4969},
doi = {10.1039/d5bm00839e},
pmid = {40792498},
issn = {2047-4849},
mesh = {*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Animals ; *Liposomes/administration & dosage/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Lipid adjuvants act as a fundamental element in mRNA vaccine technology by performing as diverse functional parts: augmenting immune responses, assisting genetic payload delivery to target cells, and optimizing antigen presentation. They offer various advantages, such as particle stabilization, targeted delivery, refined endosomal escape mechanisms, and self-adjuvant characteristics that amplify immune activation. The lipid adjuvant structure is crucial for both maximizing delivery accuracy and unlocking tunable immune responses, positioning lipid adjuvants as critical components of next-generation vaccines. Understanding the structural alterations of the lipid adjuvants is necessary for the rational design and synthesis of next-generation novel lipid adjuvants that elicit superior immune responses in mRNA vaccines. To magnify the potency and safety of lipid adjuvants, researchers are investigating the fundamental aspects of designing an innovative lipid that leverages biodegradable linkages. This strategy emphasizes the critical roles of numerous lipids, such as ionizable/cationic lipids, helper lipids, phospholipids, and PEGylated lipids, for enhancing the stability, targeting precision, and immunogenic efficacy of mRNA vaccine delivery. Moreover, it elucidates the structural changes of recently developed cationic/ionizable lipid adjuvants, highlighting how their structure impacts vaccine efficacy, especially linkers. By leveraging these advancements, researchers are exploring the potential for highly effective and targeted mRNA vaccine platforms, paving the way for next-generation immunization strategies.},
}

*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage/chemistry
Humans
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/chemistry
Animals
*Liposomes/administration & dosage/chemistry
*Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry

@article {pmid40925176,
year = {2025},
author = {He, Z and Zhang, J and Kuang, S and Li, S and Wang, Y and Ding, J and Ma, Z and Zhang, B},
title = {Colloidal gold technology in viral diagnostics: Recent innovations, clinical applications, and future perspectives.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {612},
number = {},
pages = {110686},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110686},
pmid = {40925176},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Colloidal gold technology has revolutionized viral diagnostics through its rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly applications, particularly in point-of-care testing (POCT). This review synthesizes recent advancements, focusing on its role in detecting respiratory viruses, hepatitis viruses, and emerging pathogens. The technology leverages the unique optical and physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and high surface-to-volume ratios, to achieve rapid antigen-antibody recognition with visual readouts within 15 min. Innovations such as CRISPR-Cas-integrated lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), dual-mode plasmonic biosensors, and nanomaterials like CeO2-colloidal gold composites have enhanced sensitivity and multiplex capability, enabling simultaneous identification of co-circulating pathogens. Case studies highlight its efficacy in dengue serotyping, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody quantification, and HBV/HCV co-detection, demonstrating high clinical specificity. However, challenges persist, including the need for improved sensitivity; interference of sample matrix with immunity; false positives caused by cross-reactions; and limitations of semi-quantitative analysis. Recent progress in hybrid nanomaterial synthesis, surface functionalization, and device-level multiplexing-coupled with AI-driven data interpretation- promises to address these gaps. Future trends emphasize integration with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), microfluidics, and portable sensors to achieve sub-zeptomolar sensitivity and scalable deployment. By bridging nanotechnology with precision diagnostics, colloidal gold platforms are poised to redefine global viral surveillance, particularly in resource-limited settings, underscoring their indispensable role in pandemic preparedness.},
}

@article {pmid40924127,
year = {2025},
author = {McCartney, G and Walsh, D},
title = {Understanding changes to life expectancy and inequalities in the UK, Germany, and other high-income countries.},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40924127},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {The rate of improvement in life expectancy and mortality slowed considerably in a number of high-income countries from the early 2010s, predating the COVID-19 pandemic by almost a decade. Evidence for different countries, including the separate nations of the United Kingdom (e.g. Scotland and England), shows that this overall 'stalling' of improvement has been driven by markedly worsening mortality rates among poorer populations, thereby considerably widening spatial inequalities. Here we synthesise international data and evidence-with a particular focus on the United Kingdom and Germany-to highlight the common causes of these trends, most notably economic 'austerity' policies that were implemented in the aftermath of the 2007/2008 financial crash. These have demonstrably increased rates of poverty, reduced availability of required social services, and left public services more threadbare, all of which has negatively impacted mental and physical health and mortality. We conclude with a discussion of the economic policy responses required to address this multi-nation population health emergency.},
}

@article {pmid40923618,
year = {2025},
author = {Susanna, BN and Marcellus, JM and Randleman, JB},
title = {Acute Accommodative Insufficiency After LASIK Due to COVID-19 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995)},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {e1027-e1030},
doi = {10.3928/1081597X-20250801-01},
pmid = {40923618},
issn = {1938-2391},
mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Accommodation, Ocular/physiology ; Acute Disease ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Hyperopia/surgery ; *Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/adverse effects ; Lasers, Excimer/therapeutic use ; *Postoperative Complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To report a case of acute and transient accommodative insufficiency after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS: Case report and literature review.

RESULTS: A 36-year-old man complained of acute blurred near vision 7 days after uneventful bilateral hyperopic LASIK, concurrent with the onset of COVID-19 infection. Examination revealed new-onset accommodative insufficiency, with binocular cross-cylinder test demonstrating an accommodative lag of +1.00 diopters (D) in both eyes. Pupillary and ocular motility findings were normal. The patient was prescribed low add multifocal contact lenses for temporary use. Six months postoperatively, accommodative lag resolved, accommodative function returned to baseline, and near vision returned to J1 uncorrected.

CONCLUSIONS: This report describes acute accommodative insufficiency as a complication of COVID-19, with spontaneous resolution over 6 months. Given the significant impact on refractive surgery outcomes, the authors recommend delaying elective procedures for at least 6 months after COVID-19, especially in patients presenting with unexplained postoperative near vision changes.},
}

Adult
Humans
Male
Accommodation, Ocular/physiology
Acute Disease
*COVID-19/complications
*Hyperopia/surgery
*Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/adverse effects
Lasers, Excimer/therapeutic use
*Postoperative Complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
Visual Acuity/physiology

@article {pmid40922939,
year = {2025},
author = {Politis, M and Chatzichristodoulou, I and Mouchtouri, VA and Rachiotis, G},
title = {COVID-19 vaccination and use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Infection prevention in practice},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {100461},
pmid = {40922939},
issn = {2590-0889},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccinations are considered one of the most effective medical interventions. Among other benefits, certain vaccinations help reduce antimicrobial resistance by decreasing antibiotic use. Considering reports of increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to explore the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar between January 1, 2021, and November 6, 2024. The included studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis were employed to synthesize the evidence.

RESULTS: Eight studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis (134,022 participants). COVID-19 vaccination was significantly associated with a 34% reduction in the odds of antibiotic use (OR: 0.662; 95% CI: 0.540-0.811) in COVID-19 patients. These findings were supported by the sensitivity analyses. In the subgroup analysis, a significant negative association was observed between COVID-19 vaccination and antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients across all study designs. A major limitation of this study is that most of the included studies did not adjust for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a significant reduction in antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 vaccination status may have influenced healthcare providers' decisions regarding antibiotic use in this group. Further large-scale cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

OTHER: The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023449625). No funding was provided for this study. The APCs were covered by the Karolinska Institute.},
}

@article {pmid40922860,
year = {2025},
author = {Potluri, S and Chittiprol, N and Varaganti, V and Avr, V and Vadakedath, S and Arvapally, D and Vemulapalli, C and Begum, GS and Madamsetti, N and Kandi, V},
title = {The Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Sudden Death: An Explorative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89527},
pmid = {40922860},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Since its discovery, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become the epicenter of public health concern. This was mainly attributed to the complexity of COVID-19 that resulted in variable disease progression with some developing asymptomatic infections, some suffering mild to moderate infections that resolved without the need for hospitalizations, and a few infected persons developing severe infections that required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation. The COVID-19 pandemic spread globally, affecting billions of people and killing millions. Most of the consequences were related to the novelty of the virus, poor understanding of its pathogenesis, and the lack of a specific antiviral drug and vaccine. The vaccines, although manufactured and made available to the public, were approved for emergency use before the completion of human clinical trials. Moreover, the continuous emergence of viruses following mutations resulted in the emergence of viral variants. This has led to doubts over the efficacy of vaccines. Vaccine inequity, represented by the disproportionate availability and distribution of vaccines among the rich and poor, concerns over long-term safety, and hesitancy, affected COVID-19 vaccination, thereby increasing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is no longer considered a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), the repercussions of the pandemic are still evident in the form of long COVID and post-COVID functional health status (PCFHS), wherein individuals who were previously infected continue to suffer organ dysfunction, primarily affecting the lungs and other organs of the body. During and after the pandemic, COVID-19 and probably vaccination were attributed to the death of many individuals, which were categorized as sudden death (SD) and sudden unnatural death (SUD). It is unclear if these deaths were a result of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and prior COVID-19 vaccination or both. There are several instances of infected and recovered individuals who were healthy but suddenly developed complications and died. Through this explorative review, we aim to comprehend the role that SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19 vaccination play in predisposing people to cardiovascular system (CVS) and central nervous system (CNS) disorders that can result in SD and SUD.},
}

@article {pmid40921936,
year = {2025},
author = {Ojomo, O and Atibioke, O and Alesinloye-King, O and Erlandsson, K and Ängeby, K and Envall, N},
title = {A scoping study of postpartum mental health problems and associated factors: opportunities for research and practice.},
journal = {Discover mental health},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {136},
pmid = {40921936},
issn = {2731-4383},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of mental health problems throughout the postpartum period and to describe the screening instruments as well as associated factors related to the relevant population.

METHODS: The scoping study was guided by the framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac et al. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline was used to report the findings including citation backtracking.

RESULTS: Of the 2828 studies screened, 43 met the inclusion criteria, and three key categories were identified: postpartum mental health problems, screening instruments, and associated factors, including support systems, previous mental and medical conditions, and other associated factors. Sub-categories in the support systems included partner, family, social, and work support, while subcategories in the other associated factors included socioeconomic and sociodemographic, pregnancy and birth, partner violence, mode of delivery, gender preference, COVID-19, and immigration status.

CONCLUSION: A comprehensive approach to postpartum mental health problems is necessary to understand protective factors needed at all levels. It is imperative to offer a spectrum of support services and ensure high availability of care to all relevant subgroups of mothers throughout pregnancy and up to one year postpartum. Inconsistent use of screening instruments at different periods indicates a need for harmonized use in clinical settings to mitigate the risk of women being undiagnosed. Training healthcare professionals in the area of assessment and management of postpartum mental health problems will significantly help in alleviating the challanges women face during this period.},
}

@article {pmid40921682,
year = {2025},
author = {Yin, SY and He, MX},
title = {[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and post COVID-19 condition: the theory of immune pathology].},
journal = {Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology},
volume = {54},
number = {9},
pages = {997-1002},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20250227-00137},
pmid = {40921682},
issn = {0529-5807},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology/complications/virology ; *Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology/complications/virology ; *Betacoronavirus/immunology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/pathology/virology ; RNA, Viral ; Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/pathology/virology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; },
}

Humans
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology/complications/virology
*Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology/complications/virology
*Betacoronavirus/immunology
*Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/pathology/virology
RNA, Viral
Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/pathology/virology
B-Lymphocytes/immunology
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Macrophages/immunology
Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology/immunology
Cytokines/metabolism

@article {pmid40921133,
year = {2025},
author = {Kole, E and Jadhav, K and Singh, R and Verma, RK and Chatterjee, A and Naik, J},
title = {Next-Generation Nanoparticle-Enabled mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {83-123},
doi = {10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053265},
pmid = {40921133},
issn = {2162-660X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Nanoparticles ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Animals ; *RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/immunology ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Drug Delivery Systems ; },
abstract = {The emergence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines as an alternative platform to traditional vaccines has been accompanied by advances in nanobiotechnology, which have improved the stability and delivery of these vaccines through novel nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, the development of NPs for mRNA delivery has facilitated the loading, protection and release of mRNA in the biological microenvironment, leading to the stimulation of mRNA translation for effective intervention strategies. Intriguingly, two mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), have been permitted for emergency usage authorization to prevent COVID-19 infection by USFDA. Both mRNA vaccines utilized lipidic NPs (LNPs) as a delivery platform and demonstrated superior efficacy and safety profiles compared to traditional vaccines. This review article gives insight into ongoing pre-clinical and clinical developments of mRNA vaccine candidates, their efficacy against coronavirus variants, and analysis of NP-based approaches to recognize their potential for forthcoming growth. This review article highlights recent advances in delivery strategies, including LNPs, polymeric NPs, and exosomes, for effective immunization against COVID-19. The key challenges associated with mRNA NPs have been identified, and potential strategies to overcome these difficulties have been proposed. Production of nanomaterials for specific mRNA applications can offer new insights into next-generation nanomaterials, revolutionizing mRNA technology.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Nanoparticles
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
Animals
*RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/immunology
2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273
Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology
BNT162 Vaccine
Drug Delivery Systems

@article {pmid40920753,
year = {2025},
author = {Kelleher, AB and O'Donovan, M and O'Doherty, D and Lavery, R and Lehane, E and Saab, MM},
title = {The effect of exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists on intensive care unit and hospital length of stay: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {e0332031},
pmid = {40920753},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Melatonin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Intensive Care Units ; *Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; *Receptors, Melatonin/agonists ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Delirium/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Melatonin supplements and melatonin receptor agonists are linked to reduced delirium in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) which we hypothesised may affect the length of stay (LOS) in ICU or in hospital. In this review, we identified and critically appraised the literature on the effect of exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists on the ICU and/or hospital LOS among adults admitted to the ICU.

METHODS: Six electronic databases and three trial registries were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Screening, risk of bias assessment, quality appraisal, and level of evidence assessment were conducted and cross-checked by two reviewers independently. Meta-analyses with disease-specific subgroups were conducted to assess the mean difference in LOS for exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists compared with a placebo.

RESULTS: Twenty RCTs were reviewed with 14 having a low risk of bias. For ICU LOS (18 studies) there was significant statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 73%); compared with placebo the 95% prediction interval for the mean difference was -3.18 and 1.39 days. For hospital stay (12 studies, I2 = 79%) the 95% prediction interval ranged from -6.68 to 3.52. Removing two statistical outliers, and correcting for publication bias, there was no overall statistically significant difference in mean ICU LOS (p-value = 0.298) or mean hospital LOS (p-value = 0.456). The subgroup analysis found statistically significant improvements for those who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (ICU LOS -0.47 days, 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.16, p-value = 0.003); and patients with COVID-19 (hospital LOS -3.90 days, 95% CI: -6.28 to -1.51, p-value = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: There was a very low certainty of evidence that melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists were associated with reductions in ICU and hospital LOS in ICU patients overall. However, further research is needed for surgical patients and those with pneumonia.},
}

Humans
*Melatonin/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Intensive Care Units
*Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
*Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Delirium/drug therapy

@article {pmid40920390,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, H and Daizadeh, N and Shen, YL and Chen, J and Rockhold, FW and Pang, H and Lee, H},
title = {Decentralized Clinical Trials in the Era of Real-World Evidence: A Critical Assessment of Recent Experiences.},
journal = {Clinical and translational science},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {e70328},
pmid = {40920390},
issn = {1752-8062},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/methods ; Research Design ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Since the first decentralized clinical trial (DCT) was conducted in 2011, there has been an increased usage of DCT due to its benefits of patient-centricity and generalizability of findings. This trend was further expedited by the global COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 23 case studies across various therapeutic areas and grouped them into different categories according to their purposes-by necessity, for operational benefits, to address unique research questions, to validate innovative digital endpoints, or to validate decentralization as a clinical research platform. We leveraged the estimand framework from ICH E9(R1) including its five attributes (population, treatment, variable, intercurrent event, and summary measure) to critically assess their design and conduct. Common trends, opportunities, and challenges were reported along with recommendations for future DCT. Of note, intercurrent events and associated handling strategies are largely not present when reporting DCT. This is an area that can impact study conclusions and require more dedicated efforts when designing new DCTs.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
Research Design
Pandemics

@article {pmid40919620,
year = {2025},
author = {Ruqa, WA and Romeo, M and Cipolloni, G and Rosati, D and Laureti, C and Venarubea, S and Liberati, F and Santirocchi, A and Petrella, C and Cogoni, C and Cestari, V and Barbato, C and Minni, A},
title = {Nasal Cytology and Clinical Rhinology Support a Translational Integrative Neuroscience Perspective.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {24},
number = {8},
pages = {33392},
doi = {10.31083/JIN33392},
pmid = {40919620},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {//Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)/ ; CUP B53D23018450006//European Union-NextGenerationEU-Project Title-Mapping NEUROCOVID via neurobiology and neurovolatilome in Post-COVID-19 patients/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *Nasal Mucosa/pathology/cytology ; *Neurosciences ; },
abstract = {Nasal cytology is evolving into a promising tool for diagnosing neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially those such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, recent research has indicated that biomarkers differ greatly between samples taken before and after death. Nasal cytology might help to identify the early stages of cognitive decline. The association of olfactory disturbances with a host of these neurological disorders is remarkable. This means that the nose, something we probably take for granted, could well be the best means of establishing important biomarkers for earlier diagnoses in these conditions. The nose is a source of epithelial and neuroepithelial cells that can be used in in vitro cultured models and nasal cytology provides new avenues for translational, integrative neuroscientific research. The future incorporation of artificial intelligence into cytological analyses would facilitate the acceptance of nasal cytology as a screening platform for neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions, facilitating early diagnosis and better management for patients.},
}

Humans
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*Nasal Mucosa/pathology/cytology
*Neurosciences

@article {pmid40917828,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, L and Cai, Q and Zheng, P},
title = {Medical gases in respiratory diseases: ozone, argon, and nitric oxide as game-changers in therapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1598798},
pmid = {40917828},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Respiratory diseases pose a significant global health burden, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. This narrative review consolidates existing knowledge and critically examines the evolving role of medical gases, ozone, argon, and nitric oxide (NO), in respiratory medicine. Based on recent literature, it highlights how these gases, originally used for their physicochemical properties, have now undergone a "functional crossover," revealing their broad therapeutic potential. Analysis of available evidence indicates Ozone exhibits dual mechanisms: redox balance regulation and antimicrobial effects, demonstrating efficacy in COVID-19 pneumonia and hospital disinfection. Argon, when delivered through cold atmospheric plasma jets (CAPPJ), provides broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and targeted treatment for bronchopleural fistulas. NO, beyond its vasodilatory role, is now a dynamic tool for airway inflammation monitoring and precision asthma management. However, challenges persist, including optimizing therapeutic windows, standardizing treatment protocols, and assessing long-term safety and efficacy. Future directions emphasize precision medicine, incorporating biomarkers, AI-driven diagnostics, and combination therapies to overcome current challenges and unlock the full potential of medical gases in treating respiratory diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40917792,
year = {2025},
author = {Shadid, A and Hok, KD and Domozhirov, AY and Weng-Mills, T and Doursout, MF and Banda, NK and Restrepo, MI and Shivshankar, P},
title = {Enigmatic Roles of Complement Anaphylatoxin Signaling in Health and Disease.},
journal = {Immune network},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {e32},
pmid = {40917792},
issn = {1598-2629},
abstract = {Complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are potent immunomodulators whose impact extends well beyond their traditional roles in innate immunity. Acting through G protein-coupled receptors C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2, these peptides take part in coordinating immune cell recruitment, vascular tone, and tissue remodeling. Yet their functions are deeply context-dependent: while they play essential roles in microbial clearance and immune coordination, their overactivation contributes to immunopathology in a wide range of diseases. The anaphylatoxins play key roles in early pathogen containment but can also drive cytokine storm and tissue damage, as in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and bacterial sepsis. In autoimmune conditions, the anaphylatoxins promote leukocyte infiltration and complement-mediated tissue injury. In chronic diseases, they contribute to fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and anaphylatoxins disrupt neurovascular integrity in neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, C3a and C5a shape the tumor microenvironment by facilitating immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. As complement-targeted therapies gain momentum in clinical settings-particularly in the treatment of genetic disorders, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, more recently COVID-19, and cancer-a deeper mechanistic understanding of C3a and C5a signaling is imperative as we advance closer toward precision medicine, and this review aims to inform future approaches for therapeutic complement modulation.},
}

@article {pmid40917430,
year = {2025},
author = {Mao, W and Olson, K and Urli Hodges, E and Udayakumar, K},
title = {Progress, impacts and lessons from market shaping in the past decade: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1614471},
pmid = {40917430},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Health Services Accessibility ; COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution/economics ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Market shaping activities have been increasingly used to improve access to health products, such as the advance market commitments used to increase access to the pneumococcal vaccine and COVID-19 vaccines. This paper reviewed the progress and impacts, and identified enablers and barriers of market shaping activities in the past decade. We conducted a systematic review using a structured searching strategy across five academic databases and key actors' websites for gray and white literature published in English since 2012. Two researchers independently performed screening, data extraction, and analysis. Following independent screening, 97 out of 3,006 articles were eligible for analysis. The majority of the articles were qualitative studies and published within the past 5 years. Rapid access to new products, improved availability, and reduced product cost were the most reported impacts. Barriers of market shaping were the disconnection between market shaping interventions and downstream factors, fragmentation and lack of transparency in regulatory processes, and failure to incentivize manufacturers. Enablers included taking end-to-end approaches, coordination across different actors, particularly the national stakeholders and private sector, creating transparent and predictable demand, longer time span, and flexible funding. While market shaping interventions have contributed to the improvement of access to health products, future research should generate additional quantitative evidence, comprehensive impact evaluation, and in-depth studies on the negative impacts of market shaping. Market shaping actors need to adopt definitions and frameworks, apply an ecosystem-wide lens, engage with diverse stakeholders, consider service delivery, and strengthen key capabilities.

PROSPERO: CRD42023471098, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023471098.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Health Services Accessibility
COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution/economics

@article {pmid40917342,
year = {2025},
author = {Basu, S and Simerman, A and Hoffman, A},
title = {How is Engagement Defined Across Health Care Services and Technology Companies? A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {100256},
pmid = {40917342},
issn = {2949-7612},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine how digital health startups define and operationalize engagement in the post- coronavirus disease environment (2020-2025).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines adapted for web-based literature, we systematically reviewed publicly available information from digital health startups founded or significantly operating between 2020-2025. We extracted engagement definitions from company websites, white papers, blog posts, and press releases. Definitions were coded by type (explicit, implicit, or nondefinition) and dimensional focus (behavioral, cognitive, affective, and social). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's κ (κ=0.82). We conducted this systematic review from April 20, 2025, to May 21, 2025.

RESULTS: We analyzed 64 engagement definitions from 30 digital health startups. Only 18.8% (n=12) were explicit definitions with clear measurement criteria, whereas 45.3% (n=29) were implicit definitions and 35.9% (n=23) were nondefinitions that mentioned engagement without defining it. The behavioral dimension dominated (64.1%, n=41), followed by social (28.1%, n=18), cognitive (21.9%, n=14), and affective dimensions (17.2%, n=11). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between definition type and dimensional focus (P<.05). Based on our findings, we developed a taxonomy of engagement definitions and a 5-level engagement definition maturity model.

CONCLUSION: Digital health startups predominantly use implicit or undefined engagement concepts with a strong behavioral focus. The proposed taxonomy and maturity model provide frameworks for standardizing engagement definitions across the digital health ecosystem, potentially improving measurement consistency, facilitating more meaningful comparisons between solutions, and establishing a baseline for evaluating effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid40916093,
year = {2025},
author = {Veltre, D and Joseph, R},
title = {Rapidly Upskilling Nurses During a Pandemic: An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of Christian nursing : a quarterly publication of Nurses Christian Fellowship},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {206-213},
pmid = {40916093},
issn = {0743-2550},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; *Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology ; *Christianity ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic required healthcare organizations to rapidly upskill workers to care for critically ill patients. An integrative review focused on the upskilling of nurses during the pandemic identified themes of strategies, benefits, and challenges of rapid upskilling. Understanding the effectiveness, satisfaction, and challenges of upskilling efforts during COVID-19 can help healthcare organizations prepare for future emergencies by improving workforce readiness and response strategies. Biblical principles related to upskilling for best quality care are discussed.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology
Pandemics
*Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology
*Christianity
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40850048,
year = {2025},
author = {Genest, G and Liu, Z and Boivin, M and Alvarez, F and Banjar, S and Ton-Leclerc, S and Khoudja, R and Peero, EK and Piccirillo, CA and Mazer, BD},
title = {Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) use in recurrent implantation failure: Is it time for another randomized controlled trial?.},
journal = {Journal of reproductive immunology},
volume = {171},
number = {},
pages = {104634},
doi = {10.1016/j.jri.2025.104634},
pmid = {40850048},
issn = {1872-7603},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/immunology ; Female ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Fertilization in Vitro/methods ; *Embryo Implantation/immunology/drug effects ; Pregnancy ; },
abstract = {Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) affects up to 5 % of patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) yet remains unexplained in over 50 % of cases. Perturbation of the permissive immune environment required for implantation is thought to explain a proportion of RIF cases but remains a diagnosis of exclusion due to the lack of validated testing to confirm the condition. Patients are often empirically treated with immunomodulatory medications, with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) being prominently featured. While some suggest potential benefit, available studies are heterogenous, often underpowered and do not consider recent definitions of RIF; IVIg remains a heavily debated IVF adjunct. With the recent COVID pandemic-induced global blood product shortage, IVIg prescribing practices for RIF must be reviewed. A well designed, adequately powered randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to determine if IVIg should be featured in our armamentarium. However, prior to its design, data amassed over the last 3 decades must be incorporated to ensure it yields robust and clinically meaningful data. This narrative review synthesizes our current state of knowledge on the topic, discussing proposed mechanisms of immune-mediated RIF, potential mechanisms of action of IVIg as well as patient populations most likely to benefit from immune-modulation. Lastly, with use and prices of IVIg rising globally, we discuss our collective responsibility towards ensuring IVIg stewardship while proposing timely and cost-effective interventions for our patients.},
}

Humans
*Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/immunology
Female
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Fertilization in Vitro/methods
*Embryo Implantation/immunology/drug effects
Pregnancy

@article {pmid40915970,
year = {2025},
author = {Too, EK and Wachira, P and Njenga, S and Odero, SA and Ndirangu-Mugo, E and Abubakar, A},
title = {Prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare workers from sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review.},
journal = {BJPsych open},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {e192},
doi = {10.1192/bjo.2025.10818},
pmid = {40915970},
issn = {2056-4724},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among healthcare workers (HCWs), including those from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there are limited summary data on the burden and factors associated with these disorders in this region. We conducted this systematic review (registration no. CRD42022349136) to fill this gap.

AIMS: The aim of this review was to systematically summarise the available evidence on the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and PTSD, or their symptoms, among HCWs from SSA.

METHOD: We searched African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PubMed for articles published, from database inception to 15 February 2024. The keywords used in the search were 'depression/anxiety/PTSD', 'healthcare workers', 'SSA' and their variations.

RESULTS: Sixty-nine studies met our inclusion criteria, most of which (n = 55, 79.7%) focused on the burden of these disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across studies, wide-ranging prevalence estimates of depressive (2.1-75.7%), anxiety (4.8-96.5%) and PTSD symptoms (11.7-78.3%) were reported. These disorders appear to have been heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several sociodemographic, health-related, COVID-19-related and work-related factors were reported to either increase or lower the risk of these disorders among HCWs from SSA.

CONCLUSIONS: The burden of depression, anxiety and PTSD among HCWs from SSA is high and appears to have been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlates of these disorders among HCWs from this region are multifactorial. A multi-component intervention could contribute to addressing the burden of mental disorders among HCWs from this region.},
}

@article {pmid40915399,
year = {2025},
author = {Salim, NA and Taylor, J},
title = {Efficacy of Virtual Reality in Managing Pain for Patients in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of pain and symptom management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.08.030},
pmid = {40915399},
issn = {1873-6513},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pain management in palliative care, especially among cancer patients, remains a critical challenge that significantly affects patient quality of life. Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention that could revolutionize pain management strategies in this vulnerable population. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the effectiveness of VR interventions, focusing exclusively on randomized controlled trials to provide a comprehensive assessment of VR as a therapeutic tool.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the JBI methodology for RCTs. We included English-language randomized controlled trials that evaluated virtual reality (VR) for pain management in adult palliative care cancer patients. Due to COVID-19-related publication delays, our search extended beyond the standard five-year scope. Keywords used included "Virtual Reality," "Pain Management," "Palliative Care," and "Cancer Patients," across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Exclusions covered non-randomized studies and those with methodological flaws. Study selection was conducted using Covidence. Data analysis was performed using STATA V. 17, calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) for pain measurement scales.

RESULTS: The analysis of ten trials demonstrated VR's capability to significantly reduce pain intensity in palliative care. The pooled effect size showed a moderate to large reduction in pain, with enhanced effectiveness observed in longer VR sessions and with interactive content. Despite variability, the consistent findings support VR's potential as a flexible and adaptable approach to pain management.

CONCLUSIONS: Virtual reality offers a promising alternative for pain management in palliative care, highlighting the necessity for standardized protocols and further research into its long-term effects and economic viability. To gain a deeper understanding of how VR affects patient experiences and outcomes, future research should implement mixed-methods studies that combine quantitative data with qualitative insights. This approach will allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of VR's impact on the quality of life and pain management strategies, ensuring that interventions are tailored to meet the complex needs of palliative care patients STUDY REGISTRATION: The current study registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number [CRD42024512961].},
}

@article {pmid40915301,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribier, V and Hadjadj, J and Jachiet, V and Mekinian, A and Terrier, B and Georgin-Lavialle, S and Grayson, PC and Beck, DB and Savic, S and Dubée, V and Lacombe, V},
title = {Mapping the infectious burden in VEXAS syndrome: a systematic review and rationale for prevention.},
journal = {The Lancet. Rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00225-5},
pmid = {40915301},
issn = {2665-9913},
abstract = {Infections are increasingly recognised as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome. We conducted a systematic review to characterise the infectious burden of VEXAS syndrome and propose preventive strategies. We included 57 studies (813 patients) showing that infections in patients with VEXAS syndrome were frequent, severe in 40-60% of cases, and fatal in 6-15% of cases. Pulmonary infections were most common, followed by cutaneous infections and bacteraemia. Opportunistic pathogens, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, Legionella pneumophila, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and varicella zoster virus, were frequently reported, even in patients not receiving immunosuppressive therapy, which suggests intrinsic immune dysfunction. Prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole (or other Pneumocystis prophylaxis, such as atovaquone or pentamidine) and valaciclovir should particularly be considered for patients at high risk of infection, including those receiving immunosuppressive therapy and those with lymphopenia, pMet41Val mutation, or previous severe or recurrent infections. Posaconazole might be appropriate in patients with neutropenia who are taking azacitidine. Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae, varicella zoster virus, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 is recommended. These data highlight the need to integrate infectious risk into VEXAS syndrome management and to evaluate preventive strategies in prospective studies.},
}

@article {pmid40915060,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, Y and Feng, M and Zhang, L},
title = {Repurposing disulfiram: An innovative inhibitory approach against a broad spectrum of viruses.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {782},
number = {},
pages = {152596},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152596},
pmid = {40915060},
issn = {1090-2104},
abstract = {Disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved therapeutic agent for alcohol dependence, has recently attracted considerable interest due to its broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against various viruses. Increasing evidence suggests that DSF can inhibit viral replication through two major mechanisms: the inhibition of viral protein catalytic activity and the ejection of Zn[2+] from viral proteins. This review comprehensively summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying DSF's antiviral activity against viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), with a particular focus on its dual targeting of Cys residues and Zn[2+] coordination sites. By synthesizing current findings and emphasizing novel insights, this review aims to provide a foundation for the development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies and to inspire further research into the repurposing of DSF for combating viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid40914773,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, OMM and Lopes, IG and de Oliveira, MEF and Fragoso, MAC and de Oliveira, MRF and Silva, RS and de Castro E Caldo Lima, GR and Damazo, AS and Martins, WJ},
title = {The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) on Delivering Biological Samples for COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40914773},
issn = {2168-4804},
support = {Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To identify and review scientific evidence from experimental studies utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to transport samples for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB). This exploratory study aims to support the future development of UAVs for transporting biological samples within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).

METHODS: This scoping review defined its eligibility criteria using the PECO acronym, focusing on: Population: biological samples for diagnosing COVID-19 or TB; Exposure: UAV transportation; Comparator: land transportation; Outcomes: Cost, effectiveness, methods for sample preservation, flight parameters (time, altitude, speed, distance), and quality of transported samples. Eligible studies were identified through searches in Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Grey literature was explored via Google Scholar.

RESULTS: Of the 2,052 articles initially found, 797 were duplicates, 1,247 were screened by title and abstract and excluded, eight were retrieved (and fully read) of which five met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. These studies provided diverse evidence regarding cost, operational performance, safety, and sample integrity.

CONCLUSION: The reviewed studies demonstrate promising applications of UAVs in healthcare logistics. However, regulatory and legal frameworks require adaptation to ensure operational safety. Further experimental studies are necessary, particularly involving beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, to evaluate scalability and potential cost reductions.},
}

@article {pmid40914746,
year = {2025},
author = {López-Labrador, FX and Blasco, A and Villamayor, LM and Gaume, G and Ros-Lis, JV},
title = {Use of Electrolysed Water as Disinfection Technology in Front of Various Microorganisms and SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Food and environmental virology},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {49},
pmid = {40914746},
issn = {1867-0342},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry ; COVID-19/prevention & control/virology ; Electrolysis ; *Water/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Fungi/drug effects ; Virus Inactivation/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the urgent need for effective disinfection strategies to mitigate virus transmission. Electrolyzed water (EW), an eco-friendly and cost-effective biocidal agent, has garnered attention for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates the virucidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal capacities of EW with diverse pH, with a focus on its effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. EW was generated under controlled conditions with adjustable pH (4.5 and 6.1) and free available chlorine (FAC) concentrations (300-1000 ppm). The biocidal activity was tested on surfaces and in solution following standardized protocols. Results demonstrated that oxidized EW at optimized concentrations achieved a ≥ 4 log reduction in bacterial populations and effectively inactivated enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, but this effect depends on FAC, pH, and contact time. Notably, EW reduced SARS-CoV-2 by > 4 log in solution and surfaces, in only 2 and 5 min, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of EW as a sustainable, multi-application disinfectant to combat emerging pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, ensuring public health safety.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Disinfection/methods
*Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry
COVID-19/prevention & control/virology
Electrolysis
*Water/chemistry/pharmacology
Bacteria/drug effects
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fungi/drug effects
Virus Inactivation/drug effects

@article {pmid40913819,
year = {2025},
author = {Mues, KE and Zhou, CK and Gerber, JE and van Hunsel, F and Klein, NP and Izurieta, HS and Chen, RT},
title = {A review of methodologic & data considerations for vaccine safety surveillance in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {127691},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127691},
pmid = {40913819},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {Vaccine safety surveillance systems are vital for the post-market safety monitoring of novel and well-established vaccines, given the sample size, representativeness and follow-up time in clinical trials. The introduction of COVID-19 vaccines during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges for safety surveillance. Here, we discuss methodologic considerations for epidemiologic study design and real world data for passive and active surveillance systems for COVID-19 vaccines in the United States (U.S.) and Europe, including standardized case definitions, quality of clinical reports, validity of coding algorithms, risk window misclassification, sample size considerations to detect safety signals within subgroups, time to signal identification, counterfactual including comparator selection, and confounding control in the context of a global pandemic. Throughout, we discuss techniques that may be applicable in vaccine surveillance activities, particularly those that occur within a global pandemic with rapid development and implementation of new vaccines to large portions of the population.},
}

@article {pmid40912879,
year = {2025},
author = {Bolognesi, T and Schiavina, M and Felli, IC and Pierattelli, R},
title = {NMR insights on multidomain proteins: the case of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein.},
journal = {Progress in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy},
volume = {148-149},
number = {},
pages = {101577},
doi = {10.1016/j.pnmrs.2025.101577},
pmid = {40912879},
issn = {1873-3301},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/chemistry ; *Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods ; *Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry ; Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry ; Protein Domains ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; *Phosphoproteins/chemistry ; COVID-19/virology ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; },
abstract = {Studying multidomain proteins, especially those combining well-folded domains with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), requires specific Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques to address their structural complexity. To illustrate this, we focus here on the nucleocapsid protein from SARS-CoV-2, which includes both structured and disordered regions. We applied a suite of NMR methods, combining ARTINA software for automatic assignment and structure modelling with multi-receiver experiments that simultaneously capture signals from different nuclear spins, increasing both data quality and acquisition efficiency. Studies of signal temperature-dependence, heteronuclear relaxation and secondary structure propensity (SSP) analysis, as well as experiments employing either [1]H or [13]C detection to achieve simultaneous snapshots of globular and disordered regions, were used to analyse both the isolated N-terminal domain (NTD) and a construct (NTR) comprising the NTD and two flanking highly disordered regions (IDR1, IDR2). This comprehensive approach allowed us to characterize the NTD's structure and to evaluate how the IDRs affect the overall conformation and dynamics, as well as the interaction with RNA. The findings underscore the importance of applying such a combination of tailored NMR techniques for effectively studying multidomain proteins with heterogeneous structural and dynamic properties.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
*Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods
*Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry
Protein Domains
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
*Phosphoproteins/chemistry
COVID-19/virology
Protein Structure, Secondary

@article {pmid40910660,
year = {2025},
author = {Medioli, F and Franceschini, E and Mussini, C and Meschiari, M},
title = {Update on infection prevention in the ICU.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {529-538},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000001313},
pmid = {40910660},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cross Infection/prevention & control ; *Intensive Care Units/organization & administration ; *Infection Control/methods/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Hand Hygiene ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a critical challenge in intensive care units (ICUs) due to the high prevalence of invasive procedures, vulnerable patient populations, and the increasing threat of antimicrobial-resistant organisms (MDROs). This review synthesizes current evidence on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies in the ICU setting, highlighting recent findings and innovations in this evolving field, particularly in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RECENT FINDINGS: The review outlines ten key IPC strategies for ICUs, categorizing them into horizontal (universal) and vertical (pathogen-specific) approaches. Recent literature emphasizes the importance of enhanced hand hygiene compliance through motivational interventions and feedback. The role of selective decontamination strategies remains debated, with evidence suggesting potential benefits in specific patient subgroups. Vertical strategies, including active screening for MDROs and per-pathogen bundles, are increasingly being tailored based on local epidemiology and pathogen characteristics. Studies suggest that de-escalating routine contact precautions for certain MDROs like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus may be safe in settings with robust horizontal measures. Conversely, intensified "search and destroy" strategies show promise in controlling carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks.

SUMMARY: Effective IPC in the ICU requires a multifaceted and adaptable approach, integrating both universal precautions and targeted interventions against specific pathogens. While consistent implementation of horizontal strategies like hand hygiene is foundational, tailoring vertical strategies based on local MDRO epidemiology and patient risk profiles is crucial. Future research should focus on harmonizing IPC policies, optimizing screening methods, and evaluating the long-term impact of combined IPC and antimicrobial stewardship programs to improve patient outcomes and mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in critical care settings.},
}

Humans
*Cross Infection/prevention & control
*Intensive Care Units/organization & administration
*Infection Control/methods/organization & administration
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Hand Hygiene
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40910388,
year = {2025},
author = {Elmgreen, SB and Nielsen, NK and Faurbye, JJ},
title = {[Force health protection as a strategic resource for military and civilian resilience].},
journal = {Ugeskrift for laeger},
volume = {187},
number = {35},
pages = {},
doi = {10.61409/V03250150},
pmid = {40910388},
issn = {1603-6824},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Military Personnel ; *Military Health ; Military Medicine ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {Force health protection (FHP) is a core component of NATO's health doctrine, aimed at safeguarding military personnel through prevention, risk assessment, and health surveillance. This review explores how FHP principles can enhance national health resilience by integrating military and civilian capacities, including in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear response and tactical emergency care. International experiences and COVID-19 demonstrate the strategic value of such civil-military cooperation.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Military Personnel
*Military Health
Military Medicine
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid40772640,
year = {2025},
author = {Devigili, G and Marchi, M and Lauria, G},
title = {Small fiber neuropathy: expanding diagnosis with unsettled etiology.},
journal = {Current opinion in neurology},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {485-495},
pmid = {40772640},
issn = {1473-6551},
mesh = {Humans ; *Small Fiber Neuropathy/diagnosis/etiology/genetics/physiopathology ; COVID-19/complications ; Neuralgia/etiology/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the thinly myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers. The clinical picture is dominated by neuropathic pain, often accompanied by autonomic symptoms of variable severity. The underlying causes encompass metabolic conditions like diabetes mellitus, immuno-mediated disorders, infection, exposure to toxins, and gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding the Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 sodium channel subunits, though the list of associated diseases continues to grow. Recently, increased attention has focused on immune-mediated forms, which led to the identification of potentially treatable subgroups. These discoveries have advanced our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have broadened the spectrum of underlying conditions associated with SFN, including immune-mediated forms and links to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Studies on genetic variants linked to unique clinical presentations have also yielded new insights. Furthermore, emerging perspectives highlighted disorders involving small fiber pathology that lacks typical clinical features of neuropathic pain, challenging traditional diagnostic criteria.

SUMMARY: Deepening our understanding of the causes underlying SFN advances the identification of potential therapeutic targets. The clinical presentation of SFN can vary significantly and may not consistently correlate with specific underlying conditions. Therefore, a systematic investigation of possible causes through a structured diagnostic assessment is critical to unveil additional contributing factors.},
}

Humans
*Small Fiber Neuropathy/diagnosis/etiology/genetics/physiopathology
COVID-19/complications
Neuralgia/etiology/diagnosis

@article {pmid40108907,
year = {2025},
author = {Devi, A and Dwibedi, V and Jain, S and Kaur, G and Khan, ZA and Mandal, SK and Shiven, A and Shah, K and Dewangan, HK and Rath, SK},
title = {Identification of Natural Compounds as Potential COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Study and In silico Evidence.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {31},
number = {30},
pages = {2416-2437},
pmid = {40108907},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/virology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Computer Simulation ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has resulted in a devastating global impact with millions of lives lost. Remdesivir and 2-DG are among the few drugs authorized for emergency use against COVID-19, but concerns about their efficacy and side effects persist. Vaccines have been developed and approved, yet the emergence of viral mutations has raised questions about their effectiveness against new variants. Natural compounds with antiviral properties have shown promise in combating SARS-CoV-2. The review highlights the potential of medicinal plant compounds, particularly in targeting the virus' main protease, a crucial component for viral replication. Natural, plant-derived compounds represent a promising avenue for COVID-19 therapeutics. Further clinical validation is necessary to ascertain their efficacy and safety in treating COVID-19. This underscores the importance of continued research into alternative treatments for combating this global health crisis. This review examines the potential of natural, plant-derived compounds as safe and cost-effective alternatives for combating COVID-19. It summarizes the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV- 2 and the ongoing drug studies and identifies natural compounds with known antiviral properties. Additionally, it explores the potential of medicinal plant compounds in targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease through in silico and molecular docking studies.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
*Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
COVID-19/virology
Molecular Docking Simulation
Computer Simulation
Phytochemicals/pharmacology

@article {pmid39950456,
year = {2025},
author = {Parashar, B and Sridhar, SB and Kalpana, and Malviya, R and Prajapati, BG and Uniyal, P},
title = {Advances in Machine Learning Models for Healthcare Applications: A Precise and Patient-Centric Approach.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {31},
number = {28},
pages = {2240-2251},
pmid = {39950456},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *Machine Learning ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care ; *Patient-Centered Care ; Algorithms ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare is rapidly leveraging machine learning to enhance patient care, streamline operations, and address complex medical issues. Though ethical issues, model efficiency, and algorithmic bias exist, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted its usefulness in disease outbreak prediction and treatment optimization.

AIM: This article aims to discuss machine learning applications, benefits, and the ethical and practical challenges in healthcare.

DISCUSSION: Machine learning assists in diagnosis, patient monitoring, and epidemic prediction but faces challenges like algorithmic bias and data quality. Overcoming these requires high-quality data, impartial algorithms, and model monitoring.

CONCLUSION: Machine learning might revolutionize healthcare by making it more efficient and better for patients. Full acceptance and the advancement of technologies to improve health outcomes on a global scale depend on resolving ethical, practical, and technological concerns.},
}

Humans
*Machine Learning
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care
*Patient-Centered Care
Algorithms
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid40910064,
year = {2025},
author = {Sorrentino, M and Mercogliano, M and Fiorilla, C and Stilo, I and Esposito, F and Moccia, M and Lavorgna, L and Affinito, G and Salvatore, E and Sormani, MP and Odone, A and Majeed, A and Rubba, F and Triassi, M and Palladino, R},
title = {The needs and unmet needs for people living with dementia, caregivers and care workers in dementia health care systems: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1605993},
pmid = {40910064},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dementia/therapy ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *Health Services Needs and Demand ; Europe ; *Delivery of Health Care ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and costs of dementias are rising due to demographic changes. Dementia care depends largely on informal caregivers and fragmented healthcare systems that often fail to meet the needs of people with dementia.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to identify unmet needs and barriers in European dementia care, providing a framework to improve health strategies.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2013 to 2023 were screened from Embase, PsycINFO, HTA Database, and Web of Science. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for evaluation.

RESULTS: From 3,738 articles, 47 met the inclusion criteria. Through a narrative synthesis, the review identified unmet needs and barriers among People Living with Dementia, caregivers, and healthcare workers. Psychosocial and emotional support are essential for managing stress and ensuring quality of life. Caregivers demand education about dementia care, progression, and self-care, while healthcare workers need training, and interdisciplinary teams. Cultural sensitivity is critical for addressing stigma and facilitating inclusive care for ethnic minorities. Healthcare access remains fragmented, thereby decreasing continuity of care for families. High costs, bureaucratic complexity, and geographical inequalities, particularly in rural areas can be barrier to care for People Living with Dementia and their families. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted social support services, increasing distress and uncertainty. About limitation, publication bias and geographical bias from focus on Europe were possible, potentially overlooking insights from other regions.

CONCLUSION: There is need for public policies to enhance education, community support, and dementia awareness, with a focus on culturally sensitive care.},
}

Humans
*Dementia/therapy
*Caregivers/psychology
*Health Personnel/psychology
*Health Services Needs and Demand
Europe
*Delivery of Health Care
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid40910061,
year = {2025},
author = {Huijghebaert, S and Fabbris, C and Baxter, AL and Parviz, S and Chatterjee, US and Rabago, D},
title = {Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: Part II. Outcomes in Omicron and risk-benefit for self-care.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1462286},
pmid = {40910061},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy ; *Nasal Lavage/methods ; *Self Care/methods ; *Saline Solution/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends at-home management of mild COVID-19. While our preliminary evaluation provided evidence for saline nasal irrigation (SNI) and gargling in COVID-19, an update and risk-benefit assessment for self-care in Omicron infection is warranted, from treatment and preparedness perspectives, as new SARS-CoV-2 variants continuously emerge, while symptoms overlap with those of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections.

METHODS: Systematic literature searches for preclinical and clinical studies involving Omicron infection and saline, bias assessment, and review of outcomes (benefits, risks).

RESULTS: A total of 14 studies met eligibility criteria: one experimental proof-of-concept study, eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs), two quasi-experimental, two matched case-control, and one controlled study (2,389 patients, 1,101 receiving saline). Study designs were highly heterogeneous, not allowing pooling of the data. In line with the pre-clinical findings, the clinical trials showed lower viral loads or faster viral clearance with SNI use; results were consistent, if SNI was started early in the infection. Individual studies supported reduced infectivity of saliva, inflammatory mediators and C-reactive protein, and increased lymphocytes. Symptoms resolved faster if severe at baseline, in line with the findings from pre-Omicron RCTs; the ability to perform daily activities was assessed in one RCT and improved significantly. Early initiation of daily SNI/gargling before the onset of smell/taste dysfunction prevented their development. Daily SNI hygiene was also associated with less frequent development of fever and a shorter duration of fever than observed among (non-irrigating) controls. Daily SNI modestly helped to reduce household transmission; a preliminary report suggests that reliable prophylaxis can be achieved, provided daily SNI is combined with strict use of personal protective measures. Hospitalization was virtually absent. Isotonic SNI was best tolerated.

CONCLUSION: This analysis is consistent with prior review findings: early initiation of SNI/gargling may help patients with mild COVID-19 feel better, irrespective of the variant. If clean water and irrigation materials are provided, SNI can reasonably be recommended as early self-care for COVID-19, as it is for the common cold. Larger prospective studies are required to determine optimal protocols and SNI's potential role in respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy
*Nasal Lavage/methods
*Self Care/methods
*Saline Solution/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid40910058,
year = {2025},
author = {Mazzali, C and Magnoni, P and Zucchi, A and Maifredi, G and Cavalieri d'Oro, L and Gambino, ML and Fanetti, AC and Perotti, PG and Villa, M and Valsecchi, MG and Vigani, D and Lucifora, C and Russo, AG},
title = {Strategies for population-level identification of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 through health administrative data.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1637112},
pmid = {40910058},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompass several clinical outcomes, from new-onset symptoms to both acute and chronic diagnoses, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations. Health administrative data (HAD) from health information systems allow population-level analyses of such outcomes. Our primary aim was to identify clinical conditions potentially attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the types of HAD and "diagnostic criteria" used for their detection.

METHODS: We performed a literature review to identify HAD-based cohort studies assessing the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and medium-/long-term outcomes in the general population. From each included study, we extracted data on design, algorithms used for outcome identification (sources, coding systems, codes, time criteria/thresholds), and whether significant associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported.

RESULTS: We identified six studies investigating acute and chronic conditions grouped by clinical domain (cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, mental health, endocrine/metabolic, pediatric, miscellaneous). Two studies also addressed the onset of specific symptoms. Cardio/cerebrovascular conditions were most studied, with significant associations reported for deep vein thrombosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Conditions in other domains were less investigated, with inconsistent findings. Only three studies were designed as test-positive vs. test-negative comparisons.

DISCUSSION: Heterogeneity in data sources, study design, and outcome definitions hinder the comparability of studies and explain the inconsistencies in findings about associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rigorously designed studies on large populations with wide availability of data from health information systems are needed for population-level analyses on PASC, and especially on its impact on chronic diseases and their future burden on healthcare systems.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40909339,
year = {2025},
author = {van Dorsten, RT and Breiman, RF},
title = {A landscape review with novel criteria to evaluate microbial drivers for cancer: priorities for innovative research targeting excessive cancer mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1625818},
pmid = {40909339},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/mortality/microbiology/epidemiology/etiology ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Microbiota ; Carcinogenesis ; },
abstract = {The escalating cancer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with projected doubling of incidence and mortality by 2040, necessitates innovative, cost-effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. While known infectious triggers like HPV, hepatitis viruses, and H. pylori account for an estimated 28.7% of cancers in SSA, the full scope of microbially-mediated oncogenesis remains underexplored. We examine existing data and formulate plausible hypotheses regarding the potential roles of additional infectious agents in cancer development within SSA. We explore mechanisms through which microbes may directly or indirectly contribute to oncogenesis, including the action of viral oncogenes, induction of chronic inflammation, mutational signatures, and the impact of immunosuppression, particularly in the context of HIV. Potential microbial triggers warrant further investigation, such as viruses (MMTV, CMV, polyomaviruses, SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Cutibacterium acnes, Salmonella Typhi), fungi (Candida, Aspergillus), parasites (Schistosoma japonicum and mansoni and Toxoplasma gondii) and the complex interplay with the microbiome. Given the significant challenges in establishing causation for microbial facilitators of cancer, with traditional postulates showing limited utility, we propose a refined set of criteria tailored to microbial oncogenesis, aiming to guide future research efforts. These criteria incorporate elements of both Koch's postulates and the Bradford Hill framework, adapted to address the unique characteristics of microbial interactions with human hosts. By leveraging existing knowledge and plausible causal relationships, and by implementing advanced experimental tools such as next-generation sequencing and multi-omics analyses, coupled with machine learning approaches and collaborative, multidisciplinary research, we propose to accelerate the identification of novel microbial links to cancer. This knowledge may pave the way for targeted interventions such as new approaches for screening and diagnosis, and strategies for prevention including vaccine development or modification of existing vaccines (or recommendations for immunization timing and population targets). While acknowledging the inherent complexities of studying polymicrobial interactions and the challenges of translating in vitro findings to human populations, this work aims to provide a framework for future research and intervention strategies to reduce the escalating cancer burden and address global inequities in SSA. The ultimate goal is to inform evidence-based public health policies and clinical practices that will improve cancer outcomes in this vulnerable region.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/mortality/microbiology/epidemiology/etiology
Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology
Microbiota
Carcinogenesis

@article {pmid40803938,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, CY and Chen, CH and Tsai, SF},
title = {Tacrolimus Toxicity Induced by Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in a Renal Transplant Recipient Managed With Phenytoin: A Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Transplantation proceedings},
volume = {57},
number = {7},
pages = {1329-1333},
doi = {10.1016/j.transproceed.2025.06.019},
pmid = {40803938},
issn = {1873-2623},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Middle Aged ; *Ritonavir/adverse effects ; *Phenytoin/therapeutic use ; *Tacrolimus/adverse effects ; *Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in high-risk populations. Ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, can significantly increase tacrolimus levels, causing toxicity in transplant recipients. This report presents a case of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -induced tacrolimus toxicity in a kidney transplant patient, successfully managed with phenytoin, a CYP3A4 inducer.

CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old male kidney transplant recipient experienced malaise and hand tremors after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment for mild COVID-19. Lab tests revealed ac1ute kidney injury and supratherapeutic tacrolimus levels (>60 ng/mL). Tacrolimus was discontinued, and hydration was initiated. Persistent toxicity required phenytoin, leading to rapid improvement. A renal biopsy showed no toxicity, and the patient was discharged without complications.

DISCUSSION: Among 51 reported cases of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -induced tacrolimus toxicity, 13 used CYP3A4 inducers. This case highlights phenytoin's efficacy in reducing toxicity and protecting renal function. Timely initiation with a loading dose is crucial for optimal outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Early recognition and prompt management with hydration and CYP3A4 inducers, such as phenytoin, are essential in mitigating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -associated tacrolimus toxicity.},
}

Humans
Male
*Kidney Transplantation
Middle Aged
*Ritonavir/adverse effects
*Phenytoin/therapeutic use
*Tacrolimus/adverse effects
*Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
COVID-19
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid40390594,
year = {2025},
author = {Imazio, M and Basso, C and Brucato, A and Klingel, K and Kuchynka, P and Lazaros, G and Merlo, M and Sinagra, G and Adler, Y and Bucciarelli Ducci, C and Cameli, M and Castelletti, S and Caforio, AL and Crotti, L and Dagna, L and Frustaci, A and Klein, A and Kuusisto, J and Lopez Sainz, A and Marcolongo, R and Pantazis, A and Rigopoulos, AG and Ristic, A and Seferovic, P and Sheppard, M and Tschöpe, C and Lüscher, T},
title = {Myopericardial complications following COVID-19 disease and vaccination: a clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases.},
journal = {European heart journal},
volume = {46},
number = {34},
pages = {3328-3338},
doi = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf222},
pmid = {40390594},
issn = {1522-9645},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/prevention & control ; *Myocarditis/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Europe ; Pericarditis/etiology/therapy ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; Consensus ; Cardiology ; },
abstract = {The aim of the present clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases is to review the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and outcomes of myocardial and pericardial complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccination in order to improve the awareness and clinical confidence on the management of patients with these complications. The risk of myopericardial complications is especially higher within 1 month of COVID-19 disease and vaccination. Forms related to the disease are generally more common and severe than those related to vaccination. Even if vaccination against COVID-19 increases myocarditis risk, this risk is lower in vaccinated than non-vaccinated COVID-19 individuals, supporting the vaccine use. Overall, COVID-19 related complications, especially myocarditis, are relatively rare.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/prevention & control
*Myocarditis/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
SARS-CoV-2
Europe
Pericarditis/etiology/therapy
*Vaccination/adverse effects
Consensus
Cardiology

@article {pmid40909033,
year = {2025},
author = {Zahed, M and Alesawy, AF and Zahed, ZS and Samir, R and Eleisawy, M},
title = {Exploring the Association Between COVID-19 and Avascular Necrosis: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89318},
pmid = {40909033},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Avascular necrosis (AVN) has emerged as an extrapulmonary complication associated with COVID-19 and corticosteroids. This review aims to evaluate the association between COVID-19 infection, corticosteroid use, and the development of AVN. We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, searching five databases until May 30, 2024. We included cohort and case series studies involving COVID-19 patients who developed AVN. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A total of 13 studies, comprising nine case series and four cohort studies, were included. These studies involved 795 patients with a mean age of 46.1 years and a male predominance (66%). The cumulative dose of corticosteroids varied, with an average of 1,462.9 mg. The duration between COVID-19 infection and initial AVN symptoms ranged from 2 to 62 weeks. The most commonly affected bones were the hip and femoral head. The visual analog scale (VAS) score improved with the treatment, and the cases showed improvements. A significant association was found between COVID-19, corticosteroid use, and AVN development. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing corticosteroids and monitor for early signs of AVN. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and explore alternative treatments to mitigate the risk of AVN.},
}

@article {pmid40908304,
year = {2025},
author = {Ivković, V and Anandh, U and Bell, S and Kronbichler, A and Soler, MJ and Bruchfeld, A},
title = {Long COVID and the kidney.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Nephrology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40908304},
issn = {1759-507X},
abstract = {Long coronavirus disease (COVID) - commonly defined as symptoms and/or long-term effects that persist for at least 3 months after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis - is a complex, multifaceted and heterogeneous disease that affects many organ systems, including the kidney. COVID-19 can cause acute kidney injury, and several studies have reported an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) following COVID-19, suggesting that CKD can be a manifestation of long COVID. Furthermore, patients with CKD are at an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and of long COVID. COVID-19 has also been associated with the development of COVID-19-associated nephropathy, which is a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and an increased incidence of new-onset vasculitis. Some early reports described associations of COVID-19 and/or SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with relapse or new-onset of other glomerular diseases, but this link was not confirmed in large population-based studies. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reduces the risk of COVID-19 and long COVID and is particularly important for protecting vulnerable populations such as patients with CKD. Structured long-term follow-up of patients with COVID-19 and post-infectious sequelae is needed to provide further insight into the trajectory of long COVID and enable identification of those at risk of CKD.},
}

@article {pmid40908027,
year = {2025},
author = {Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ and Couto, P and Jara, JH and Descalzo, M and Rondy, M and Tempia, S and Vicari, A},
title = {Economic Burden of Respiratory Viruses in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): A Scoping Literature Review.},
journal = {Influenza and other respiratory viruses},
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {e70148},
pmid = {40908027},
issn = {1750-2659},
support = {/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; },
mesh = {Latin America/epidemiology ; Humans ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; *Cost of Illness ; *COVID-19/economics/epidemiology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/economics/virology/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Influenza, Human/economics/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/economics/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to summarize the state of knowledge on the economic burden and cost of illness due to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

METHODS: We performed a scoping review across three databases (PubMed-Medline, Scielo, and Embase) without time restriction, including economic burden and cost-of-illness studies. We extracted and analyzed data on publication year, population, study type, perspective, costing techniques, and settings. We reported absolute and relative frequencies to summarize the results. Economic burden estimates were divided by the gross domestic product (GDP) for each country. Costs were converted into 2022 international dollars (PPP).

RESULTS: Overall, 2638 articles were retrieved; we included 44 full texts from 16 LAC countries. Twenty-four (54.5%) studies focused on influenza, 16 (36.4%) on SARS-CoV-2, 3 (6.8%) on RSV, and 1 on ORV. Twenty two (50.0%) focused on cost-effectiveness (related to vaccination)/cost-benefit analysis, and 17 (38.6%) focused on cost of illness. Most studies (n = 33, 75.0%) were conducted from the third-party perspective. Fifty percent of the studies used a bottom-up costing technique and 29.6% top-down. Influenza direct medical costs ranged from I$6.6-I$300.3 for outpatients and I$62.8-I$222,920 for inpatients; for RSV from I$68.3-I$1292; and for SARS-CoV-2 between I$69.9 and I$38,039. The total annual costs of the influenza economic burden ranged between 0.0003% and 1.33% of the GDP.

CONCLUSION: This study showed variability in costing methods, perspectives, and types of studies among LAC countries. This variability underscores the need for standardized methodologies in future cost studies to ensure comparability and reliability of results.},
}

Latin America/epidemiology
Humans
Caribbean Region/epidemiology
*Cost of Illness
*COVID-19/economics/epidemiology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/economics/virology/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Influenza, Human/economics/epidemiology
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/economics/epidemiology

@article {pmid40907738,
year = {2025},
author = {Simonsen, L and Pedersen, RK and Andreasen, V and Krause, TG and Petersen, E},
title = {A Disease Suppression Strategy in Action: The Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical interventions in the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark.},
journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108039},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108039},
pmid = {40907738},
issn = {1878-3511},
abstract = {When a new pandemic virus emerges in a naive population the only control options are Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions, NPI's, until vaccines or effective treatments become available. Here we report on the Danish suppression strategy and use of a combination of NPI's with a notable absence of extremely strict measures (such as stay-at-home orders). Only 7% were infected (serological evidence) in the first year of the pandemic, compared to ∼50% in Lombardy in the first wave alone. This low attack rate was accomplished by initial rapid intervention with a free-of-charge mass testing program beginning in October 2020, a strong digital data infrastructure, timely contact tracing and voluntary home isolation, real time reporting of surveillance data and a high degree of public trust. The individual contribution of each NPI to the pandemic control is difficult to assess; yet evidence points to the mass testing program as being particularly effective in removing infected individuals from the pool. In January 2021 vaccines became available and 96% of Danes over 50 years of age were vaccinated twice with a mRNA vaccine by summer. On February 1, 2022, while facing the Omicron variant and with the elderly newly boosted, Denmark became the first country to drop all NPI's. A few months later, 70% of the population had been infected with Omicron, showing the SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential when unmitigated. Denmark was only close to Intensive Care Unit capacity during the 2[nd] wave in winter 2020-2021 when 5% of the population were infected. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the combined NPI's is evident due to the low (<10%) attack rate in the first two waves before vaccines became available, far from the experience of unmitigated COVID-19 in Lombardy in spring 2020 with ∼50% attack rate with a high morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40907700,
year = {2025},
author = {Scherger, SJ and Gomez, CA and Abbas, A and Kalil, AC},
title = {Decoding COVID-19: Phenotypes and the Pursuit of Precision Medicine.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.028},
pmid = {40907700},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pursuit of personalized medicine has underscored the critical role of phenotypes and sub-phenotypes in biology and medicine. A growing body of literature has identified diverse phenotypic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 influenced by host and viral factors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and integrate current knowledge regarding the clinical, immunologic, and molecular phenotypes associated with COVID-19, highlighting their impact on disease management, the personalization of therapeutic strategies, and the advancement of clinical research. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases from 10/1/2024 to 8/5/2025 to identify relevant literature regarding phenotypes observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONTENT: Clinical phenotypes involve various demographic factors and comorbidities, vital sign trajectories, patterns of acute organ dysfunction, and variations in biomarkers, which may differ among viral variants. Immunologic phenotypes involve dysregulated cytokine responses, altered immune cell functions, disruptions in key signaling pathways, and variations in white blood cell ratios, often reflecting a pattern of immune suppression. Molecular phenotypes reflect variations in host polymorphisms involving IL-18 secretion, inflammasome formation, and HLA-DR expression and alterations in leukocyte function which may persist beyond the acute phase of infection. Viral protein expression influences infectivity and transmissibility as well as disease severity and progression.

IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the phenotypes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection can assist in clinical management and prognostication, stratification of patient populations for clinical trials, and development of novel therapies targeting various immunologic and molecular factors to improve morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40906516,
year = {2025},
author = {Grover, H and Nour, R and Zary, N and Powell, L},
title = {Online Interventions Addressing Health Misinformation: Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {e69618},
doi = {10.2196/69618},
pmid = {40906516},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communication ; *Social Media ; COVID-19 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Misinformation in health and health care contexts threatens public health by undermining initiatives, spreading dangerous behaviors, and influencing decision-making. Given its reach on online platforms and social media, there is growing demand for interventions addressing misinformation. Literature highlights the importance of theoretical underpinnings (frameworks and models) to guide the development of educational interventions targeting both the features of misinformation and the human traits that increase susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE: This review examines literature on online interventions targeting health misinformation to mitigate adverse public health impacts. It explores intervention types, population demographics, susceptibility-related human attributes, and misinformation characteristics addressed. It also identifies the theoretical underpinnings used and gaps in the literature.

METHODS: The review followed a methodological framework and adhered to PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A search strategy combining Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords was used to search five databases for studies published between 2018 and 2024. Identified studies underwent deduplication, title and abstract screening using predefined eligibility criteria, full-text screening, and data extraction.

RESULTS: The initial search yielded 513 citations; 30 (5.8%) studies were included after screening. Of these, 19 (63%) focused on COVID-19 misinformation, 11 (37%) on other health contexts, and 1 (3%) addressed misinformation conceptually. Regarding intervention type, 22 (73%) used educational courses, 7 (23%) employed counter speech, and 1 (3%) used inoculation games, with some overlap. Sixteen (53%) interventions targeted characteristics of misinformation, categorized as content and presentation tactics, cognitive and psychological biases, social and cultural influences, and dissemination strategies. Seven (23%) interventions focused on specific demographics, while 14 (47%) addressed human attributes that heighten susceptibility. These attributes were grouped into knowledge and processing, emotional and psychological factors, and trust and social dynamics. Theoretical underpinnings guided intervention development in 23 (77%) studies, often overlapping in categories including inoculation and correction, education and cognition, motivation and emotion, behavior and persuasion, trust and belief, and learning design.

CONCLUSIONS: Online interventions targeting health misinformation often share outcome goals and use overlapping strategies such as educational courses, counter speech, and inoculation games. Many adopt multifaceted approaches to address misinformation's complexity. However, gaps remain in tailoring interventions to misinformation characteristics that could improve specificity and impact. Few studies focus on human attributes contributing to belief in and spread of misinformation, particularly among vulnerable groups. While theoretical models are commonly cited, clearer reporting and stronger connections to intervention design are needed. Collaboration among intervention developers, theorists, and psychologists is recommended to enhance future interventions.

RR2-10.31219/osf.io/mfujb.},
}

Humans
*Communication
*Social Media
COVID-19

@article {pmid40906317,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodríguez-Duarte, MA and Vedel, IM and Cetin-Sahin, D and Bousbiat, I and Godard-Sebillotte, C and Sourial, N and Maclagan, LC and Diong, C and Bronskill, SE and Seitz, D and Morgan, D and Rochette, L and Massamba, V and Quail, J and Arsenault-Lapierre, G and , },
title = {A Meta-Analysis of Sex-Based Differences in Health Service Use for Persons Living With Dementia Between 2018 and 2020 in Four Canadian Provinces.},
journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jgs.70066},
pmid = {40906317},
issn = {1532-5415},
support = {//Consortium canadien en neurodégénérescence associée au vieillissement/ ; 02005VR5-448197-CSH-CFAA-19228/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ensuring equitable healthcare services for persons with dementia is of utmost importance. Recent evidence points to sex-based differences in healthcare use in this population. However, available evidence is based on data from limited geographic regions and predates the COVID-19 pandemic, which is said to have further magnified disparities. This study aims to estimate sex-based differences in ambulatory and acute care service use in persons with dementia in four Canadian provinces between 2018 and 2020.

METHODS: A retrospective multicohort design was conducted using linked health administrative data from Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Three cohorts (2018, 2019, and 2020) of community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older with dementia were identified. Within each cohort, rates of sex-stratified outcomes were calculated (per 10,000 person-years). The outcomes were visits to family physicians, cognitive specialists, other specialists, all-cause emergency departments, and all-cause hospitalizations. Estimates of the incidence rate difference (IRD) between males and females within each cohort year for each outcome were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis.

RESULTS: The 2018, 2019, and 2020 cohorts included 97,811, 100,316, and 103,638 females, respectively. Similarly, 64,628, 67,013, and 69,839 males were included in the same respective cohorts. We found sex differences in ambulatory and acute care use in all three cohorts. Compared to females, males with dementia had higher rates of other specialists' visits, emergency department visits, and all-cause hospitalizations, with significant IRDs during the three cohort years.

CONCLUSION: Consistent sex differences in healthcare use by persons with dementia were observed before and during the pandemic in four Canadian provinces, especially in acute care. This emphasizes the need to address sex-based differences in dementia care, ultimately working toward ensuring equitable and tailored healthcare services to enhance the quality of care and experiences for all persons with dementia.},
}

@article {pmid40906116,
year = {2025},
author = {Kotsiri, I and Xanthi, M and Domazinaki, CM and Magiorkinis, E},
title = {The Role of Viral Infections in the Immunopathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {40906116},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, resulting in lifelong insulin dependence. While genetic susceptibility-particularly human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles-is a major risk factor, accumulating evidence implicates viral infections as potential environmental triggers in disease onset and progression. This narrative review synthesizes current findings on the role of viral pathogens in T1DM pathogenesis. Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B strains, are the most extensively studied and show strong epidemiological and mechanistic associations with beta-cell autoimmunity. Large prospective studies-including Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD), The environmental determinans of diabetes in the young (TEDDY), Miljøfaktorer i utvikling av type 1 diabetes (MIDIA), and Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)-consistently demonstrate correlations between enteroviral presence and the initiation or acceleration of islet autoimmunity. Other viruses-such as mumps, rubella, rotavirus, influenza A (H1N1), and SARS-CoV-2-have been investigated for their potential involvement through direct cytotoxic effects, immune activation, or molecular mimicry. Interestingly, certain viruses like varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) may exert modulatory or even protective influences on disease progression. Proposed mechanisms include direct beta-cell infection, molecular mimicry, bystander immune activation, and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Although definitive causality remains unconfirmed, the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, immune responses, and viral exposure underscores the need for further mechanistic research. Elucidating these pathways may inform future strategies for targeted prevention, early detection, and vaccine or antiviral development in at-risk populations.},
}

@article {pmid40905595,
year = {2025},
author = {Débarre, F and Hensel, Z},
title = {Theories of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 in the light of its continuing evolution.},
journal = {Comptes rendus biologies},
volume = {348},
number = {},
pages = {189-209},
doi = {10.5802/crbiol.183},
pmid = {40905595},
issn = {1768-3238},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Humans ; *COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/transmission ; Animals ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Pandemics ; Evolution, Molecular ; China/epidemiology ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {The exact details of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19, remain unknown. Scientific publications using data available to date point to a natural origin linked to the wildlife trade at a market in Wuhan, China. Yet, theories postulating a research-related origin of SARS-CoV-2 abound, and currently dominate the public discussion of the origin of the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, we attempt to characterize the diversity of research-related origin scenarios, discuss their characteristics and evidence base, or the lack thereof, and highlight mutual incompatibilities between some scenarios. We then focus on a feature of SARS-CoV-2 that is central in today's leading research-related hypotheses, namely the insertion that led to the introduction of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike glycoprotein. We examine various scenarios put forward to explain this insertion in a research-related context, and we show how SARS-CoV-2's evolution in humans has provided examples demonstrating that such insertions happen naturally.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Humans
*COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/transmission
Animals
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
Pandemics
Evolution, Molecular
China/epidemiology
Animals, Wild/virology
Biological Evolution

@article {pmid40905188,
year = {2025},
author = {Bromfield, SG and Periyasamy, R and Babu, VR and Puenpatom, A and Hill, DD},
title = {Effectiveness of molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic literature review of real-world observational studies.},
journal = {Current medical research and opinion},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-22},
doi = {10.1080/03007995.2025.2551227},
pmid = {40905188},
issn = {1473-4877},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Molnupiravir (MOV), an oral antiviral, is prescribed to treat adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at risk of progressing to severe disease. Previous systematic literature reviews (SLRs) have evaluated the effectiveness of MOV in the general population; however, evidence on high-risk population is lacking. This SLR assessed the real-world effectiveness of MOV for reducing the progression to severe COVID-19 outcomes in clinical settings, including high-risk or special populations (such as patients with type 2 diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, immunocompromised conditions, older adults, and nursing home residents) who have limited alternative COVID-19 treatment options.

METHODS: We searched EMBASE and PubMed databases for studies published between 1 January 2021 and 24 May 2024, using predefined search terms related to MOV. Studies comparing MOV-treated with untreated groups of non-hospitalized adults at risk of progression to severe COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization, death, and the composite of hospitalization/death) were included. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.

RESULTS: Twenty-one general and special population studies were included. General population studies (n = 16) showed that MOV reduced the risk of death, hospitalization, and hospitalization/death. Special population studies (n = 10; five additional and five general population articles with subgroups of interest) also showed that MOV reduced the risk of the same outcomes, with a more pronounced effect in older adults (≥60 years). The wide range of risk reduction observed might be attributed to variability in COVID-19 hospitalization guidelines and vaccination status.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this SLR suggest that MOV may reduce the risk of hospitalization, death, and hospitalization/death compared with untreated groups, including high-risk adults with underlying comorbidities. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of MOV in high-risk or special populations.},
}

@article {pmid40904859,
year = {2025},
author = {Klaudel, T and Pelczarski, M and Zaborska, M and Sadowski, J and Ostrowska, SA and Drzymała, A and Bułdak, RJ},
title = {The impact of diabetes and obesity on the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {195},
pmid = {40904859},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the study was to collect and summarise information available in the scientific literature on the probable reasons that lead to negative outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing obesity and /or type 2 diabetes mellitus and influence on their treatment as also mortality.

RECENT FINDINGS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that disease severity is often correlated with existing comorbidities, mainly in older obese male patients. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with chronic diseases required hospitalisation more often and their overall prognosis is worse. The following review describes the impact of obesity and diabetes on the SARS-CoV-2 infection course and mortality risk.

SUMMARY: Diabetes and obesity have a multifactorial impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as on the nature and dynamics of the development of the infection. In turn, the presence of these diseases significantly increased the risk of requiring intensified treatment, complications and ultimately death. Limited access to medical care systems due to the pandemic and the impact on everyday activities made it even more difficult to control diabetes and obesity, leading to the deterioration of patient's condition and the occurrence of new cases of disease. Therefore, it is necessary not only to appropriately modify treatment of those already infected, but also to use appropriate prevention to reduce the number of potential high-risk patients.},
}

@article {pmid40865289,
year = {2025},
author = {Malli, IA and Alqhtani, SA and Abid, HG and Alqhtani, NA and Alharbi, GE and Aboaljadiel, LH and Alharbi, RK and Aletani, TH and Alamri, TM},
title = {The outcomes of cryptococcal disease in HIV-positive individuals following COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {102941},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102941},
pmid = {40865289},
issn = {1876-035X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Cryptococcosis/epidemiology/mortality/complications ; *HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Coinfection/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; Female ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal disease is considered a major cause of morbidity in individuals with HIV in resource-limited settings. The long-term effects of COVID-19 and cryptococcal coinfection among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the incidence of cryptococcosis among HIV-positive individuals following COVID-19.

METHODS: A thorough search was conducted across five databases on November 14, 2023, and updated on May 7, 2024. Observational and case reports on the clinical and pathological outcomes of cryptococcosis in HIV-positive individuals with COVID-19 were eligible. The authors extracted the study characteristics and main outcomes: mortality, prevalence, AIDS-defining diseases, combined cryptococcosis, and COVID-19 impact on hospitalization, in a standard Excel sheet.

RESULTS: Of the 752 identified articles (40 in the initial search and six in the updated search), eight were selected. The minimum follow-up duration varied between the research periods, which was three months. The investigations comprised 5751 PLWHIV: 3830 were COVID-19-positive, 130 developed cryptococcosis, and two case reports revealed individuals with concomitant HIV, COVID-19, and cryptococcal infections. The meta-analysis pooled risk ratio (RR) for incidence was 0.21 (90 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.04-1.31) with high heterogeneity (I[2] = 98 %), while the pooled risk for mortality was 1.49 (95 % confidence interval: 0.60-3.72), with moderate heterogeneity (I[2] = 65 %). The chi-squared test for heterogeneity (X[2] = 125.62, p-value <0.00001) revealed considerable variation.

CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcosis remains a rare but significant complication for PLWHIV following the COVID-19 infection. The data suggests a decrease in incidence risk while a probable increase in mortality. The observed heterogeneity and variability address the importance of enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. Further research is essential to identify factors contributing to heterogeneity and develop effective strategies for managing cryptococcosis in PLWHIV.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Cryptococcosis/epidemiology/mortality/complications
*HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology
Incidence
*Coinfection/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence
Female
Male

@article {pmid40614684,
year = {2025},
author = {AlOmeir, O and Alhowail, AH and Rabbani, SI and Asdaq, SMB and Gilkaramenthi, R and Khan, A and Imran, M and Dzinamarira, T},
title = {Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of adverse effects and therapeutic outcomes.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {102873},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102873},
pmid = {40614684},
issn = {1876-035X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Treatment Outcome ; COVID-19 ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While COVID-19 has transitioned from a pandemic to an endemic state, the management of its persistent complications continues to present substantial clinical challenges. Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for severe COVID-19 management, remains a critical therapeutic intervention. This systematic evaluation provides a comprehensive assessment of tocilizumab's safety and efficacy profile to inform clinical decision-making.

METHODS: The study involved exhaustive search across multiple databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, WoS, BIOSIS) utilizing MeSH terms and Boolean operators to identify relevant studies. Methodological worthiness was rigorously evaluated utilizing the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. The statistical analysis of the findings incorporated one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with 95 % confidence intervals to quantify adverse effects and therapeutic outcomes.

RESULTS: The analysis of nine studies encompassing diverse demographic populations (ages ≥2 years, both sexes) established a clear safety profile for tocilizumab. The treatment demonstrated a statistically important association (P < 0.05) with mild adverse effects (nausea, diarrhea, headache, fatigue; r = 0.62, 95 % CI = 0.59-0.71) and moderate adverse effects (tremors, urinary difficulties, mood changes; r = 0.54, 95 % CI = 0.47-0.60). More concerning were the severe adverse effects, including hepatobiliary dysfunction and hypersensitivity reactions (r = 0.36, 95 % CI = 0.32-0.41), with rare but critical instances of acute liver failure (r = 0.18, 95 % CI = 0.15-0.22). Notably, despite this safety profile, tocilizumab exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy (P < 0.01) in ameliorating COVID-19 symptoms, particularly in cases complicated by cytokine storm syndrome.

CONCLUSION: This study confirms tocilizumab's position as a valuable therapeutic agent for COVID-19 complications while highlighting the necessity for judicious patient selection and vigilant monitoring due to its potential for significant adverse effects. The findings underscore the importance of pre-treatment screening, adherence to contraindications, and ongoing pharmacovigilance to optimize risk-benefit ratios.},
}

Humans
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Treatment Outcome
COVID-19
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
Middle Aged

@article {pmid40607689,
year = {2025},
author = {Becker, DJ and Vicente-Santos, A and Reers, AB and Ansil, BR and O'Shea, M and Cummings, CA and Roistacher, AJ and Quintela-Tizon, RM and Pereira, MMT and Rosen, J and Banerjee, A and Frank, HK},
title = {Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1550},
number = {1},
pages = {151-172},
pmid = {40607689},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {NFRFE-2023-00025//Government of Canada/ ; LT0017/2024-L//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; RGP002/2023//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; //Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation/ ; 5R21AI169548-02/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM134973/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI185127/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; RGPIN-2022-03010//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; DBI 2515340//National Science Foundation/ ; RAPID 2032157//National Science Foundation/ ; 5R21AI169548-02/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM134973/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI185127/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Chiroptera/immunology/virology/classification/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Humans ; *Immune System/immunology ; Phylogeny ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; },
abstract = {The ability of multiple bat species to host zoonotic pathogens without often showing disease has fostered a growing interest in bat immunology to discover the ways immune systems may differ between bats and other vertebrates. However, interspecific variation in immunological diversity among bats has only begun to be recognized. The order Chiroptera accounts for over 20% of all mammalian species and shows extreme diversity in a suite of correlated ecological traits, such that bats should not be expected to be immunologically homogenous. We review the ecological and evolutionary diversity of chiropteran hosts and highlight case studies emphasizing the range of immune strategies thus far observed across bat species, including responses to SARS-CoV-2. Next, we synthesize and propose hypotheses to explain this immunological diversity, focusing on pathogen exposure, biogeography, host energetics, and environmental stability. We then analyze immunology-related citations across bat species to motivate discussions of key research priorities. Broad sampling is needed to remedy current biases, as only a fraction of bat species has been immunologically studied. Such work should integrate methodological advancements, in vitro and in vivo studies, and phylogenetic comparative methods to robustly test evolutionary hypotheses and understand the drivers and consequences of immunological diversity among bats.},
}

*Chiroptera/immunology/virology/classification/genetics
Animals
*Biological Evolution
COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Humans
*Immune System/immunology
Phylogeny
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology

@article {pmid39161203,
year = {2025},
author = {Voniati, L and Armostis, S and Georgiou, R and Tafiadis, D},
title = {Using telepractice for language sampling during COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of telemedicine and telecare},
volume = {31},
number = {9},
pages = {1239-1248},
doi = {10.1177/1357633X241273068},
pmid = {39161203},
issn = {1758-1109},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; *Language Therapy/methods ; Pandemics ; *Speech Therapy/methods ; },
abstract = {IntroductionLanguage sampling is a widely used means of language assessment; it is based on the collection and transcription of a child's language production in various communicative contexts. The need for social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted language sampling and speech and language therapy services in general. The in-person assessment became extremely challenging leading to the immediate increased use of telepractice in speech and language therapy. This scoping review aimed to identify the use of telepractice for language sampling in speech and language therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA scoping review of existing literature was performed to collect evidence on using language sample collection via telepractice. A database search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Mendeley, Electronic, and grey bibliography in 2022. Articles were included if they met the inclusion criteria. The quality of each selected study was assessed using the modified critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist.ResultsSystematic searches identified 51 studies with six studies in total meeting the inclusion criteria. The results showed that telepractice was a necessary tool during the pandemic of COVID-19 to conduct language sampling in speech and language assessment.ConclusionSpeech and language therapists (SLTs) effectively collected language samples through telepractice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, to date, the literature on language sampling via telepractice is limited. The need for SLTs to rely on telepractice for language sampling warrants further investigation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine
*Language Therapy/methods
Pandemics
*Speech Therapy/methods

@article {pmid40904653,
year = {2025},
author = {Rzymski, P and Dobrowolska, K and Brzdęk, M and Zarębska-Michaluk, D and Flisiak, R},
title = {Hepatic involvement in major respiratory viral infections.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental hepatology},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {121-128},
pmid = {40904653},
issn = {2392-1099},
abstract = {Common respiratory viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), can lead to extrapulmonary manifestations, including clinically significant liver involvement. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, mechanisms, and prognostic implications of hepatic injury associated with these viruses. We discuss the distinct mechanisms of liver dysfunction, ranging from the possibility of direct viral infection of hepatocytes to indirect effects of systemic inflammatory responses, hypoxic injury, preexisting liver disease, and drug-related hepatotoxicity. Liver involvement in COVID-19 has been explored to a much greater extent than in the case of influenza or RSV infections, highlighting the need for further studies. Clinically, recognizing liver involvement in respiratory viral infections is crucial, particularly in high-risk populations such as patients with chronic liver disease, transplant recipients, and children. We underscore the importance of integrating hepatic evaluation into the clinical approach to severe respiratory viral illnesses to improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40904575,
year = {2025},
author = {Shen, S and Zhao, X and Pei, J and Wang, B and Hou, J and Chai, R and Guo, Y and Li, F and Hao, J and Wu, Z},
title = {Exploring the psychological impact of long COVID: symptoms, mechanisms, and treatments.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1555370},
pmid = {40904575},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {Long COVID (LC) refers to a multisystem condition that persists after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to physical symptoms, the psychological impact is particularly pronounced. This review summarizes the manifestations, potential mechanisms, epidemiological characteristics, and current interventions related to psychological disorders in LC. Drawing on domestic and international literature, it highlights anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the primary psychological symptoms. These symptoms may be associated with neuroinflammation, immune abnormalities, vascular dysfunction, and psychosocial stress. Although research in this area is still developing, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and lifestyle interventions show promise as treatment approaches. This review aims to provide insights that can inform future research on clinical treatments and psychological care for individuals with LC.},
}

@article {pmid40904531,
year = {2025},
author = {Sentell, T and Berreman, JM and Reichhardt, L and Grace, A and Yamauchi, J and Marshall, J and Withy, K},
title = {Quantifying the Public Health Workforce for Hawai'i: Current Data, Measurement Complexities, and Conceptual Frameworks for Next Steps.},
journal = {Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare},
volume = {84},
number = {7},
pages = {87-95},
pmid = {40904531},
issn = {2641-5224},
mesh = {Hawaii ; Humans ; *Public Health/methods/statistics & numerical data/trends ; *Health Workforce/statistics & numerical data/trends/standards ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The public health workforce is critical to community well-being and too often overlooked. The goal of public health is to prevent disease, promote health, and protect the public from current and emerging health threats. This work is vital to the health, safety, security, and prosperity of all communities and requires an adequate workforce. Despite the well-articulated gaps in the clinical health care workforce, Hawai'i's public health workforce needs and capacities are not as well understood. Public health workforce enumeration is complex. The field lacks a consistent definition of its full workforce and agreed-upon mechanisms for measuring it. Resolving these issues is an active area of scholarship and action, particularly given the COVID-19 pandemic-induced workforce capacity strain. This article reviews existing literature on public health workforce enumeration as a step toward filling this knowledge gap for practical use in the state of Hawai'i. Specifically, using a critical literature review method, this article (1) consolidates existing data about Hawai'i's public health workforce, (2) summarizes public health workforce measurement challenges, (3) shares existing frameworks and models for quantifying the public health workforce, and (4) discusses next steps to provide actionable information for ensuring Hawai'i's public health workforce can fulfill its mission. The article confirms that core public health functions as articulated in the (a) updated 10 Essential Public Health Services framework and (b) Foundational Public Health Services framework provide useful guidance for public health workforce enumeration in Hawai'i. The article also concludes that the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) definition of public health workers provides comprehensive framing for this enumeration. Based on this literature synthesis, a descriptive figure of the public health workforce in Hawai'i was developed to guide future work and prioritization.},
}

Hawaii
Humans
*Public Health/methods/statistics & numerical data/trends
*Health Workforce/statistics & numerical data/trends/standards
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid40903638,
year = {2025},
author = {Resende, GG and Sousa, LP and Teixeira, MM},
title = {Bridging worlds: a narrative review of IL-17 at the crossroads of inflammation and thrombosis.},
journal = {Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {118},
pmid = {40903638},
issn = {1420-908X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Interleukin-17/immunology/physiology/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Thrombosis/immunology ; *Inflammation/immunology ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/complications ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; Platelet Activation ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; },
abstract = {Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has emerged as a key cytokine at the intersection of inflammation and thrombosis, potentially playing a pivotal role in thromboinflammation. This review explores the mechanistic contributions of IL-17 to endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, monocytes activation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, which collectively promotes a pro-thrombotic state. We summarize findings from experimental models and clinical studies linking IL-17 to thrombosis in autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and infectious diseases such sepsis and COVID-19. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of IL-17 inhibition in mitigating thromboinflammatory complications. Understanding the role of IL-17 in this process may provide new avenues for targeted interventions in thromboinflammatory disorders.},
}

Humans
*Interleukin-17/immunology/physiology/antagonists & inhibitors
*Thrombosis/immunology
*Inflammation/immunology
Animals
COVID-19/immunology/complications
Extracellular Traps/immunology
Platelet Activation
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology

@article {pmid40903166,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdelkader, S and Voladri, DR and Kennedy, JL},
title = {Beyond respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus: The other viral respiratory bandits.},
journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology},
volume = {135},
number = {3},
pages = {249-260},
doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2025.06.012},
pmid = {40903166},
issn = {1534-4436},
mesh = {Humans ; *Asthma/virology/epidemiology/immunology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Rhinovirus ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology ; Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Respiratory Sounds ; },
abstract = {Asthma affects approximately 25 million people in the United States, with respiratory viruses playing a significant role in both the onset and exacerbations of the condition. Although rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the most well-known triggers, other iratory viruses playing a significant role in both the on, human parainfluenza virus, human bocavirus, enterovirus D68, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on asthma. These viruses contribute to both the development of asthma and exacerbations by inducing airway inflammation, disrupting epithelial barriers, and skewing immune responses-particularly toward type 2 inflammation. Human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus, members of the Paramyxoviridae family such as RSV, have been linked to early life wheezing and long-term airway changes. Although often co-detected with other viruses, human bocavirus has been associated with recurrent wheezing and asthma risk. Enterovirus D68, notably during the 2014 outbreak, caused severe exacerbations in children with asthma. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can cause significant morbidity in those with asthma, even if they are not the primary drivers of exacerbations or onset. As RSV vaccines become more widespread, shifts in viral ecology may lead to increased prevalence of these lesser known viruses due to viral interference and immunity gaps. Understanding their epidemiology and mechanisms is crucial for addressing the evolving asthma burden. Comprehensive surveillance, improved diagnostics, and mechanistic research are essential for developing effective preventive strategies. Broadening the focus beyond rhinovirus and RSV will be critical to fully understand and mitigate the impact of asthma on childrenng be critical to fth.},
}

Humans
*Asthma/virology/epidemiology/immunology
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology
Rhinovirus
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology
Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology
Influenza, Human/epidemiology
Respiratory Sounds

@article {pmid40903129,
year = {2025},
author = {Nascimento, ED and de Almeida, SV and Dos Santos Araújo, S and da Silva, PRL and Santos, VS and Faria, RC},
title = {A review of magnetic particles as separation tools in electrochemical detection of Biomarkers: Insights from COVID-19.},
journal = {Analytica chimica acta},
volume = {1372},
number = {},
pages = {344371},
doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2025.344371},
pmid = {40903129},
issn = {1873-4324},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biomarkers/analysis ; *Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Magnetic particles (MPs) are widely used in bioanalytical systems to quickly separate specific targets from complex samples using a magnetic field. MPs can be easily functionalized with bioreceptors to capture, separate, and concentrate biomarkers like proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. Combining MPs-separation capabilities with electrochemical sensors can greatly enhance the sensitivity of these devices, helping achieve ultralow limits of detection for biomarkers. Thus, MPs-based electrochemical bioassays have led to the development of highly sensitive and selective detection platforms for biomedical applications, with promising results for early disease diagnosis.

RESULTS: Herein, we present a comprehensive critical review on the use of MPs for biomarker detection in complex samples by combining magnetophoretic force and electrochemical biosensing. MPs-based bioassays have been widely applied for the separation and detection of a broad spectrum of clinically significant biomarkers. We explored different strategies for using MPs for biomarker separation from complex biological samples and their integration with electrochemical platforms to achieve highly sensitive and selective analytical methods for application in clinical diagnosis.

SIGNIFICANCE: This review highlights the recent research on MPs-based electrochemical assays for ultrasensitive biomarker detection in complex samples. These findings suggest that MP-based electrochemical biosensing offers a cost-effective and straightforward option for developing point-of-care devices for the detection of diagnostic biomarkers. The key aspects involving the use of MPs in electrochemical bioassays are broadly discussed, which may benefit researchers interested in this field.},
}

Humans
*Biomarkers/analysis
*Electrochemical Techniques/methods
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Biosensing Techniques/methods
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification

@article {pmid40903042,
year = {2025},
author = {Eisenkraft Klein, D and Schouten, A},
title = {Equity in rhetoric and (in)action: a thematic analysis of Canada's approach to intellectual property rights in pandemics.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {40903042},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {*Intellectual Property ; Humans ; Canada ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Equity ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {The Canadian federal government has consistently emphasized its commitment to global health equity. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, Canada repeatedly resisted measures designed to promote equitable and timely global access to medicines through intellectual property (IP) sharing. This research study employs a qualitative, document-based thematic analysis to examine how Canada's rhetorical commitments to equity intersected with its policy actions across three key cases: Canada's Patent Act flexibilities surrounding the COVID-19 World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Waiver; Bolivia and Biolyse's efforts to navigate Canada's Access to Medicines Regime and the World Health Assembly's intergovernmental negotiating body's efforts to draft a treaty for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. Across these cases, we find that Canadian representatives strategically advanced a narrow conception of equity centred on inclusion and gender, while sidelining intellectual property reform and the structural conditions of access. We conclude by outlining three policy recommendations for Canada to better align its commitment to equity with action on encouraging access to life-saving medicines.},
}

*Intellectual Property
Humans
Canada
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Health Equity
*Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid40901914,
year = {2025},
author = {Müller-Polyzou, R and Reuter-Oppermann, M},
title = {Radiotherapy continuity for cancer treatment: Lessons learned from natural disasters.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {e0308056},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0308056},
pmid = {40901914},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; *Natural Disasters ; *Radiotherapy ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Continuity of Patient Care ; Disaster Planning ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The contemporary world is challenged by natural disasters accelerated by climate change, affecting a growing world population. Simultaneously, cancer remains a persistent threat as a leading cause of death, killing 10 million people annually. The efficacy of radiotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment worldwide, depends on an uninterrupted course of therapy. However, natural disasters cause significant disruptions to the continuity of radiotherapy services, posing a critical challenge to cancer treatment. This paper explores how natural disasters impact radiotherapy practice, compares them to man-made disasters, and outlines strategies to mitigate adverse effects of natural disasters. Through this analysis, the study seeks to contribute to developing resilient healthcare frameworks capable of sustaining essential cancer treatment amidst the challenges posed by natural disasters.

METHOD: We conducted a Structured Literature Review to investigate this matter comprehensively, gathering and evaluating relevant academic publications. We explored how natural disasters affected radiotherapy practice and examined the experience of radiotherapy centres worldwide in resuming operations after such events. Subsequently, we validated and extended our research findings through a global online survey involving radiotherapy professionals.

RESULTS: The Structured Literature Review identified twelve academic publications describing hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes as the primary disruptors of radiotherapy practice. The analysis confirms and complements risk mitigation themes identified in our previous research, which focused on the continuity of radiotherapy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work describes nine overarching themes, forming the basis for a taxonomy of 36 distinct groups. The subsequent confirmative online survey supported and solidified our findings and served as a basis for developing a conceptual framework for natural disaster-resilient radiotherapy as well as a checklist for practitioners.

DISCUSSION: The growing threat posed by natural disasters underscores the need to develop business continuity programs and define risk mitigation measures to ensure the uninterrupted provision of radiotherapy services. By drawing lessons from past disasters, we can better prepare for future hazards, supporting disaster management and planning efforts, particularly enhancing the resilience of radiotherapy practice. Additionally, our study can serve as a resource for shaping policy initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of natural hazards.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/radiotherapy
*Natural Disasters
*Radiotherapy
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Continuity of Patient Care
Disaster Planning

@article {pmid40901740,
year = {2025},
author = {Raza, A and Zhang, R and Lu, R and Wen, J and Wu, W},
title = {Emerging lipid nanoparticle systems capable of efficient intramuscular RNA delivery.},
journal = {Nanomedicine (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-25},
doi = {10.1080/17435889.2025.2555507},
pmid = {40901740},
issn = {1748-6963},
abstract = {Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) enable RNA delivery, primarily via intramuscular (IM) injection, catalyzing breakthroughs like the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. LNPs encapsulate RNA, using ionizable lipids for endosomal escape and PEG-lipids for stability. IM administration leverages muscle tissue's immune-rich environment, enabling localized antigen production, reduced systemic toxicity, and scalability. Challenges include cold-chain dependence, RNA instability, and immunogenicity from PEG/lipids. Future advancements, driven by AI (e.g. AGILE platform), hybrid lipid-polymer systems, and stimuli-responsive formulations, aim to enhance controlled release and stability. Innovations like thermostable lyophilized LNPs and biodegradable materials promise improved accessibility and safety. Beyond pandemics, LNPs hold potential for accelerating vaccines against HIV and malaria, and advancing personalized medicine through CRISPR therapies and cancer neoantigen vaccines. Interdisciplinary efforts in chemistry, immunology, and AI are poised to expand RNA therapeutics for genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and precision oncology. Evolving from emergency tools to mainstream platforms, LNPs herald a paradigm shift toward equitable access and tailored treatments for unmet clinical needs.},
}

@article {pmid40901683,
year = {2025},
author = {Miteva, DG and Gulinac, M and Peruhova, M and Velikova, T},
title = {Exploring the oncogenic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {31},
number = {31},
pages = {105665},
pmid = {40901683},
issn = {2219-2840},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; *Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/virology/pathology/etiology ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/virology/pathology ; *Carcinogenesis ; },
abstract = {Recent research has increasingly highlighted the potential oncogenic effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within the gastrointestinal tract. Growing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal malignancies through several mechanisms, including sustained chronic inflammation, disruption of normal cellular homeostasis, and potential viral integration into host cells. These pathological processes have the potential to dysregulate critical cellular pathways, thereby promoting cancer development in vulnerable populations. A thorough understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the development of gastrointestinal cancer is essential for optimizing patient care and establishing comprehensive, long-term monitoring protocols. This review highlighted the pressing need for ongoing research into the complex relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
*Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/virology/pathology/etiology
*Gastrointestinal Tract/virology/pathology
*Carcinogenesis

@article {pmid40901375,
year = {2025},
author = {Baker, C and Chalmers, JD},
title = {Viruses in bronchiectasis.},
journal = {ERJ open research},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {40901375},
issn = {2312-0541},
abstract = {Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterised by irreversible dilation of the bronchi, leading to recurrent respiratory infections and chronic inflammation. Bacterial infections have been well-recognised as contributors to disease progression as well as potent inducers of exacerbations for decades. However, recent studies have indicated that viruses are present in up to 50% of exacerbations, raising questions over the role viruses may play in bronchiectasis. Despite the evidence of their presence, the role of viral infections in bronchiectasis remains largely underexplored. Understanding how viruses impact bronchiectasis is crucial in providing patients with better care and treatment strategies. Given the persistent threat of viral infections, as highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge surrounding viruses in bronchiectasis, how they may trigger exacerbations and insights from other chronic respiratory conditions where the role of viruses is better understood.},
}

@article {pmid40901358,
year = {2025},
author = {Teymourzadeh, A and Abramov, D and Norouzi, S and Grewal, D and Heidari-Bateni, G},
title = {Infection to hypertension: a review of post-COVID-19 new-onset hypertension prevalence and potential underlying mechanisms.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1609768},
pmid = {40901358},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {Post-COVID new-onset hypertension (PCNH) is an increasingly reported complication among COVID-19 survivors. PCNH can emerge up to 12 months postinfection, with elevated risks observed among older patients, particularly those who experienced severe COVID-19, and among females, implicating the possibility of age and hormonal influence. Leading theories converge on enduring dysregulation of the angiotensin pathway and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to renin-angiotensin alterations, sustained inflammation, lung vascular damage, deconditioning, and mental health decline may also impact the likelihood of PCNH. Conventional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) antagonists may help improve pathway distortions, while novel anti-inflammatory agents and recombinant ACE2 biologics can help mitigate endothelial injury to alleviate cardiovascular burden. This review highlights the multifaceted mechanisms driving PCNH and the need to elucidate timing, predictors, pathophysiology, and tailored interventions to address this parallel pandemic among COVID-19 survivors.},
}

@article {pmid40901148,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdul-Rahman, T and Faith, OE and Ajetunmobi, OA and Thaalibi, HI and Ikele, CG and Gautam, G and Omotayo, FO and Roy, P and Adebayo, AA and Mojeed, MA and Kareem, TT and Ali, HI and Atieno, RG and Ademeta, EO and Garg, N and Ashinze, P and Scott, GY},
title = {Potential of MRNA vaccines for mpox prevention: current evidence and future directions.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {87},
number = {9},
pages = {5650-5660},
pmid = {40901148},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {In 2022, the presumption of monkeypox (mpox) to be of limited epidemiology shifted when a global outbreak was announced. Being a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, it'd been reported in over 82 countries with over 17 000 confirmed cases by July 2022, thus showing its capability for spreading rapidly. As the smallpox vaccine offers 85% cross-immunity against mpox, the outbreak highlighted the attenuation of global immunity against orthopoxviruses after the cessation of vaccination campaigns against smallpox. The mortality of this virus is higher in vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. With treatment methods being limited to off-label use of antivirals, the need for urgent and efficient preventative measures is emphasized. At present, JYNNEOS (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic), showing favorable safety, and ACAM2000, a live attenuated virus with a high risk of side effects, are two vaccines that are indicated for mpox immunization. However, neither of them has proven full safety, efficacy, and widespread accessibility against mpox. Hence, the use of mRNA vaccines has emerged as a better alternative to traditional vaccinations, as they leverage synthetic messenger RNA to instruct host cells to produce antigens, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Though they provided rapid scalability, adaptability to emerging viral variants, and an established safety profile after the COVID-19 pandemic, their usage in preventing mpox remains an area of research. This paper elucidates the potential of mRNA technology to address the unmet needs in mpox prevention. It also highlights the need for genomic surveillance, immunological insights, and innovative delivery systems.},
}

@article {pmid40842393,
year = {2025},
author = {Christie, CDC},
title = {Resurgence of pertussis: whopping the '100-day cough'.},
journal = {Current opinion in pediatrics},
volume = {37},
number = {5},
pages = {508-516},
doi = {10.1097/MOP.0000000000001486},
pmid = {40842393},
issn = {1531-698X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Whooping Cough/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Bordetella pertussis ; Infant ; Child ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Global Health ; Infant, Newborn ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Against the WHO's report of 84% diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) primary vaccination coverage globally, the resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough), contributing factors and measures to control it are described.

RECENT FINDINGS: USA and China, with 94-97% primary DPT immunization uptake, reported a 6-fold and 65-fold increase in pertussis between two time periods in 2023 and 2024. The global post-COVID-19 pertussis epidemic is trending towards a shift from infants towards older persons. Macrolide resistance is prevalent in 98% of Bordetella pertussis strains in China and is now reported from other countries. Pertactin-deficient mutant acellular pertussis vaccine-evasive strains are now transmitted in older children and adults. Pertactin-producing B. pertussis is causing fulminant pertussis in newborns whose mothers were not immunized in pregnancy and in under-immunized infants. Circulating epidemic strains of B. pertussis were discordant to those contained in whole-cell (Bp137) pertussis vaccine. The pertussis resurgence maybe explained by increased case ascertainment and reporting, mutant B. pertussis strains with immune escape from acellular and whole cell vaccines, and/or macrolides, waning natural, or vaccine-induced immunity and COVID-19 pandemic factors.

SUMMARY: Pertussis maybe curtailed with public education, active clinical and microbiological surveillance, appropriate antimicrobial treatment and prophylaxis, public health reporting, infection control and optimized immunizations to reduce attributable morbidity and mortality.},
}

Humans
*Whooping Cough/epidemiology/prevention & control
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
Bordetella pertussis
Infant
Child
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Pertussis Vaccine
Global Health
Infant, Newborn
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40679355,
year = {2025},
author = {Watermeyer, J and Coutts, K and Nattrass, R},
title = {Simulated Learning Experiences in Global Speech-Language Pathology Programs: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {American journal of speech-language pathology},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {2942-2971},
doi = {10.1044/2025_AJSLP-24-00393},
pmid = {40679355},
issn = {1558-9110},
mesh = {*Speech-Language Pathology/education ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Simulation Training/methods ; Curriculum ; Clinical Competence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Simulated learning experiences (SLEs) are increasingly utilized in health care education and to train speech-language pathology students. The increasing popularity of simulations, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, has generated interest in their potential for achieving teaching and learning outcomes and a need to map the evidence in the field. This review explores the application of SLEs in speech-language pathology training. It examines the types of simulated learning approaches used across clinical contexts in relation to student outcomes and stakeholder perceptions to guide evidence-based curriculum development.

METHOD: We conducted a scoping review to identify published journal articles and gray literature that described how SLEs were used for clinical training in the profession. Following the abstract and full-text screening, 53 articles were reviewed, and a descriptive synthesis of findings was conducted.

RESULTS: A variety of SLEs are used for training in various areas of practice in the profession. Most studies have been conducted in the Global North and especially post-COVID-19. SLEs offer valuable practice opportunities and can enhance clinical education opportunities for improving students' clinical skills, knowledge, and confidence. Using SLEs can also facilitate the transition from theory to practice. Low-fidelity SLEs appear as effective as higher fidelity options. There are relatively few longitudinal studies and studies that explore how skills learned in SLEs translate into clinical settings. Overall, SLEs were viewed positively for enhancing learning and clinical readiness.

CONCLUSIONS: While SLEs have proven useful tools for teaching and learning across various areas of practice in the speech-language pathology field, they require careful planning, scaffolding, and feedback to students. Future research should explore the use of SLEs in the Global South, gather perspectives from clinical educators and standardized patients, and focus on learning processes as well as, where possible, the long-term transfer of skills into real-world practice.},
}

*Speech-Language Pathology/education
Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Simulation Training/methods
Curriculum
Clinical Competence
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40675862,
year = {2025},
author = {Miao, S and He, X and Jin, X and Zhang, T and Shen, S and Zhao, Y},
title = {Echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau, where to go?.},
journal = {Trends in parasitology},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {716-719},
doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2025.07.001},
pmid = {40675862},
issn = {1471-5007},
mesh = {Tibet/epidemiology ; *Echinococcosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/transmission ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Animals ; Neglected Diseases/prevention & control/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The post-COVID-19 era has exacerbated challenges in controlling echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau, the epicentre of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, where reduced funding for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) coincides with growing tourism and trade. This convergence heightens transmission risk, and we provide a novel synthesis of context-specific, integrated control strategies.},
}

Tibet/epidemiology
*Echinococcosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/transmission
Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Animals
Neglected Diseases/prevention & control/epidemiology

@article {pmid40532972,
year = {2025},
author = {Orsel, LM and Severin, JA and Knoester, M and Lokate, M and Voss, A and Haanappel, CP and van Kampen, JJA and Haagmans, BL and Koopmans, MPG and Veldkamp, KE and van Mansfeld, R and de Jager, HJ and Voor In 't Holt, AF and Bowles, C},
title = {The role of gowns in preventing nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses: a systematic review.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {163},
number = {},
pages = {57-71},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.05.023},
pmid = {40532972},
issn = {1532-2939},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cross Infection/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission ; Health Personnel ; *Protective Clothing/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Personal Protective Equipment ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control ; *Virus Diseases/transmission/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, long-sleeved gowns were advocated as personal protective equipment for healthcare workers (HCWs). The purpose of gowns is preventing transmission of infectious agents via the uniform or arms during contact with patients and their surroundings. Gowns, however, entail a substantial burden; in costs, workload for HCWs, and generated waste.

AIM: To evaluate the current knowledge regarding the use of gowns during care of patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses to prevent nosocomial transmission.

METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were used to search five databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar) up to April 11[th], 2023.

FINDINGS: The search identified 2667 potentially relevant studies, of which 30 were selected and divided into four categories. In 12 studies, contamination rates of gowns ranged from 0% to 77.5% (median: 1.43%). Three out of seven studies showed that virus remained infectious the longest on Tyvek coveralls and plastic gowns, and the shortest on cotton and polyester. Two out of seven studies found a protective effect between HCW protective clothing and infection of HCWs. Finally, three out of four studies concluded that short sleeves, cotton gowns, or no gowns provided the same level of protection as standard gowns.

CONCLUSION: Viral RNA can be found on clothing, but it is unclear whether viruses are transmitted to HCWs and/or patients. Evidence for the protective effect of long-sleeved gowns over alternatives is still insufficient. Therefore, well-controlled and adequately powered laboratory transmission experiments that simulate real-life conditions are necessary.},
}

Humans
*Cross Infection/prevention & control/transmission/virology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission
Health Personnel
*Protective Clothing/virology
SARS-CoV-2
*Personal Protective Equipment
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/transmission/virology
Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control
*Virus Diseases/transmission/prevention & control

@article {pmid40204602,
year = {2025},
author = {Lin, SH and Liu, JW and Yen, YT and Chen, MT and Wang, JT and Tu, YK and Fang, CT and Chang, SC},
title = {Effectiveness of molnupiravir as early treatment for COVID-19 to prevent mortality and hospitalisation in high-risk adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and real-world studies involving 1,612,082 patients.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi},
volume = {58},
number = {5},
pages = {545-553},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2025.03.015},
pmid = {40204602},
issn = {1995-9133},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *COVID-19/mortality ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The efficacy of molnupiravir for COVID-19 treatment remains controversial due to substantial heterogeneity in dosage and study settings across randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

METHOD: We systematically searched Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials up to February 3, 2025, for RCTs and real-world studies evaluating molnupiravir 800 mg twice daily as an early treatment for COVID-19 to prevent mortality and hospitalisation in high-risk adult outpatients. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalisation. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled effect sizes.

RESULTS: Thirty-four studies were included, comprising 30,345 participants from 11 RCTs and 1,581,737 participants from 23 cohort studies. Molnupiravir reduced mortality risk by 55 %-65 % at 28 days (RCTs: risk ratio [RR] 0.35; 95 % CI 0.12-0.98, I[2] 0 %; cohort studies: RR 0.45; 95 % CI 0.27-0.73, I[2] 91 %). This benefit persisted at 3 months (RR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.23-0.95, I[2] 93 %) and 6 months (RR 0.62; 95 % CI 0.52-0.74, I[2] 0 %). The effectiveness in preventing 28-day hospitalisation varied by participants' mean age in both RCTs (35-45 vs. 45-57 years: RR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.36-0.84 vs. 1.06; 95 % CI 0.81-1.39, subgroup difference P = 0.01) and cohort studies (62-74 vs. 75-85 years: RR 0.88; 95 % CI 0.77-1.01 vs. 0.56; 95 % CI 0.44-0.72, subgroup difference P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: Molnupiravir significantly reduces the risk of mortality. It also lowers the risk of hospitalisation in the oldest group (mean age ≥75 years) but not in younger groups (mean age 45-74 years).},
}

Humans
*Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
*COVID-19/mortality
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Adult
Middle Aged
Treatment Outcome
Aged

@article {pmid40901141,
year = {2025},
author = {Ogunbola, O and Amodu, L and Miteu, GD and Ajayi, O},
title = {Covid-19 infodemic: media literacy and perception of fake news among residents of Ikeja, Lagos state.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {87},
number = {9},
pages = {5644-5649},
doi = {10.1097/MS9.0000000000003530},
pmid = {40901141},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {This study investigates media literacy and the perception of fake news among residents of Ikeja, Lagos State, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 378 respondents selected through a multi-stage sampling approach across two wards. A structured questionnaire assessed participants' exposure to news, awareness of misinformation, and their strategies for verification. Results indicated that social media platforms especially WhatsApp and Facebook were the primary sources of both COVID-19 information and misinformation. Despite this, a majority of respondents demonstrated high media literacy, applying fact-checking strategies such as source verification and cross-referencing. Chi-square analysis found no significant association between the platform used and exposure to fake news (P > 0.05), suggesting that misinformation was pervasive across all platforms. The findings emphasize the importance of digital media literacy in mitigating the impact of infodemics. We recommend targeted public health communication and digital education strategies to combat misinformation and support informed decision-making during health crises.},
}

@article {pmid40901136,
year = {2025},
author = {Tamdin, T and Bhandari, S and Bhandari, S and Barbery, M and Bajwa, R},
title = {Barriers to timely transitions to comfort care in cancer patients: a review.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {87},
number = {9},
pages = {5770-5774},
doi = {10.1097/MS9.0000000000003618},
pmid = {40901136},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: "Comfort care" is a holistic approach for patients with terminal conditions, such as cancer, who are not expected to recover. It focuses on managing pain, among other end-of-life symptoms, and providing support to both the patient and their family during the dying process, which can last unpredictably from hours to days. End-of-life care concepts are often shaped by personal judgment and culture and thus lack a single consensus. This can lead to ambiguity in the term "comfort care" itself as well as create confusion in medical communication and treatment, making the transition to comfort care more challenging. In this review, we strive to evaluate the barriers preventing the timely conversion of end-stage cancer patients to comfort care. We also discuss the possible measures to limit these sensitive barriers to avoid futility in treatment and to ensure an ambiguity-free transition to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient. In this paper, we aim to systematically identify and categorize the key barriers that delay comfort care transitions in terminal cancer patients and to propose actionable strategies grounded in current evidence to address these challenges.

METHODOLOGY: We conducted a literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE, covering studies published between January 2020 and March 2025. Search terms included a combination of MeSH terms and keywords such as "Palliative Care," "Terminal Care," "Hospice Care," "Communication Barriers," "Cultural Factors," "Cancer," and "Prognostic Uncertainty." Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, and focused on adult cancer patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care, with a clear emphasis on barriers to timely transitions to comfort care. Studies unrelated to cancer, lacking a focus on barriers, or published in non-English languages were excluded. A total of 156 articles were identified; titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, followed by full-text review based on inclusion criteria. Data from the selected studies were analyzed using a thematic synthesis approach, in which two authors independently categorized findings under three main themes: prognostic uncertainty, communication challenges, and cultural factors. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion.

FINDINGS: Based on our extensive search, we classified the barriers for transition to comfort care into three main headings: Prognostic uncertainty, Challenges to Communication, and cultural factors. High levels of distress were observed in both patients and healthcare providers due to prognostic uncertainty, which complicates the prediction of illness trajectories, negatively affecting quality of life and delaying the transition to comfort care. Communication challenges, such as short consultations, language barriers, and difficult conversations about care goals, were also prevalent. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these issues; there was lingering apprehension surrounding end-of-life discussions. Additionally, cultural factors play a significant role in shaping patients' perceptions of cancer, pain, treatment, and death. Family involvement in decision-making varies across cultures, and systemic inequalities in access to palliative care disproportionately affect racialized groups.

CONCLUSION: To overcome these barriers, the study emphasizes the need for effective policy-making to improve the quality of life for cancer patients during their care transition. It also becomes crucial to implement measures to improve communication protocols, validate culturally sensitive interventions, and routinely integrate palliative care in oncological practice early. We also need to work towards culturally appropriate interventions and strive to incorporate appropriate communication techniques to eliminate disparity for access to equitable palliative care.},
}

@article {pmid40901024,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, N and Li, L and Han, Y and Chen, Z},
title = {The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Modulation of Pulmonary Immune Response to Viral Infection Through the Gut-Lung Axis.},
journal = {Journal of inflammation research},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {11755-11781},
doi = {10.2147/JIR.S525880},
pmid = {40901024},
issn = {1178-7031},
abstract = {Viral respiratory infections, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2, remain major global health challenges due to their high morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of the gut-lung axis in regulating pulmonary immunity. The gut microbiota communicates with the lungs via endocrine, immune, and neuroimmune pathways-particularly through metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and vagus nerve-mediated signaling-which modulate immune cells including alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. Disruption of gut microbial balance has been linked to impaired pulmonary immune responses and increased susceptibility to infection. This review synthesizes findings from animal models and clinical studies, demonstrating that interventions such as probiotics (eg, Lactobacillus gasseri), prebiotics (eg, galacto-oligosaccharides), fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and Traditional Chinese Medicine (eg, Astragalus, curcumin) can enhance antiviral cytokine production, restore gut-lung homeostasis, and reduce lung inflammation. For example, FMT from H7N9-survivor mice improved influenza resistance in recipients, and oral probiotics reduced respiratory failure risk in COVID-19 patients. These findings suggest that gut-lung axis modulation is a promising adjunctive approach for treating viral respiratory infections. Future research should prioritize personalized microbiome-based therapies and large-scale clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety.},
}

@article {pmid40900166,
year = {2025},
author = {Torlot, L and Fischer, MR and Zwißler, B and Schroeder, I},
title = {[Hospital surge capacity volunteers in an emergency: a scoping review].},
journal = {Die Anaesthesiologie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40900166},
issn = {2731-6866},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was marked by increased patient surge in hospitals around the world as well as significant staff shortages due to illness and isolation. Hospital preparedness plans in Germany should plan for staff surge capacity in the event of a future pandemic or disaster.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether non-medical helpers could be incorporated as surge capacity workforce in German hospitals.

METHODS: For this scoping review we performed an initial pilot search using GoogleScholar, followed by a systematic query of the Embase and Medline databases. The identified literature and the results of the pilot search were summarized in a narrative-descriptive way.

RESULTS: We identified 64 relevant articles for the scoping review (4 reports, 5 reviews, 1 book section, 13 interventional and 4 observational studies, 8 cross-sectional surveys, 12 expert articles, 13 case reports, 4 training materials). Previous preparedness plans have included volunteers from nongovernmental-organizations, students from medical and public health faculties and spontaneous volunteers. Training this surge capacity workforce is usually a requirement and can take place pre-emptively or at short notice (just in time).

CONCLUSION: An increasing body of evidence describes including volunteers in preparedness plans within the clinical setting. Especially medical students seem to be a well-established surge capacity workforce that could be systematically planned into preparedness plans in the event of another pandemic or significant disaster in Germany.},
}

@article {pmid40899610,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, X and Chen, L and Niu, H and Chen, Y and Chen, P and Liu, L and Wu, R},
title = {The bittersweet link between glucose metabolism, cellular microenvironment and viral infection.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {2554302},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2554302},
pmid = {40899610},
issn = {2150-5608},
mesh = {Humans ; *Glucose/metabolism ; *Cellular Microenvironment ; *Virus Diseases/metabolism/virology/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Signal Transduction ; Animals ; Glycolysis ; COVID-19/metabolism/virology ; },
abstract = {Viral particles and proteins released during infection profoundly reshape the cellular microenvironment by disrupting host signaling, triggering inflammation, and modulating immune responses. Glucose metabolism, a critical hub for energy production and biosynthesis, is highly susceptible to viral reprogramming. This review summarizes recent findings showing that diverse viruses, including influenza virus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and enteroviruses, manipulate glucose metabolic pathways to promote replication and evade immune surveillance. Specifically, viruses modulate glycolytic flux, alter the activity of key metabolic enzymes such as hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase, and interfere with signaling networks like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK. These metabolic alterations further impact the immune landscape by regulating cytokine production, immune cell activation, and antiviral responses. Our analysis highlights a bidirectional interaction: while viruses hijack host glucose metabolism to favor their survival, metabolic changes also generate host-derived antiviral responses. This review highlights the bidirectional crosstalk between metabolic remodeling and microenvironmental changes during viral infection, underscoring the potential of metabolism-based antiviral strategies. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may inform the development of more effective and targeted interventions against viral diseases.},
}

Humans
*Glucose/metabolism
*Cellular Microenvironment
*Virus Diseases/metabolism/virology/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Signal Transduction
Animals
Glycolysis
COVID-19/metabolism/virology

@article {pmid40899003,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Q and Li, S and Fu, D and Liao, G and Zhou, X and Gong, T and Zheng, X},
title = {The Role of Emerging Digital Technologies in Revolutionizing Dental Education: A Bibliometric Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of dental education},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jdd.70033},
pmid = {40899003},
issn = {1930-7837},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and other digital technologies in dental education has gained significant attention, revolutionizing teaching methodologies, clinical training, and student assessment. However, despite the growing body of literature, there is no comprehensive bibliometric analysis mapping influential studies, research trends, and emerging topics in this field. This study aims to analyze the structure, hotspots, and evolution of digital technology research in dental education through bibliometric methods.

METHODS: The bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Relevant publications were retrieved using predefined keywords related to AI, VR, AR, simulation, and digital learning in dental education. Annual publication, collaboration networks, highly-cited articles, citation analysis, and keyword citation bursts were examined. The study identified research clusters, high-impact articles, and evolving trends over time.

RESULTS: The analysis revealed a steady increase in publications. Collaboration networks highlighted key research hubs in North America and Europe. The most prominent keywords include "dental education," "virtual reality," "e-learning," "augmented reality," "artificial intelligence," and "COVID-19." Strong citation bursts were observed for keywords such as educational technology, online learning, and learning environments, indicating a shift towards technology-driven teaching methods. However, gaps in faculty training, accessibility, and AI validation remain challenges in fully integrating these technologies into curricula.

CONCLUSION: Despite challenges, digital technologies continue to reshape dental education, with VR, AR, AI, and online learning playing increasingly important roles. Future research should focus on standardized implementation guidelines and technology refinement to maximize their effectiveness in dental training.},
}

@article {pmid40898404,
year = {2025},
author = {Raiisi, F and Ahmadi, K},
title = {COVID-19 Anxiety and Psychological Interventions in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Disaster medicine and public health preparedness},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {e254},
doi = {10.1017/dmp.2025.10170},
pmid = {40898404},
issn = {1938-744X},
mesh = {Humans ; Iran/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/psychology/complications ; *Anxiety/therapy/psychology/etiology ; *Psychosocial Intervention/methods/standards/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The symptoms of anxiety in the outbreak of COVID-19 were so severe that they entered the research literature as the term COVID-19 anxiety. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to identify the variables related to COVID-19 anxiety and the effectiveness of psychological interventions on it.

METHODS: In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, the literature was systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, ISI, and Persian databases such as Noormags and SID on COVID-19 anxiety from January 2020 to April 2022. In the initial search, 105 articles were found. In the data correlation section, 13 studies for the fixed effects model were meta-analyzed. In the interventional section, 14 articles were selected. The systematic review data were extracted, and all statistical data were analyzed by CMA-2.

RESULTS: The results of the meta-analyses for psychopathological correlations with COVID-19 anxiety in 13 articles indicated the correlation between COVID-19 anxiety and other mental states and disorders (P = .0001/I[2] = 97.27%). Other findings demonstrated the effect of psychological interventions on COVID-19 anxiety in 14 articles with high effectiveness of these treatments (P = .00/I[2] = 85.67%).

CONCLUSIONS: It seems COVID-19 anxiety is affected by psychological variables. Hence, psychological interventions represent effective treatments for anxiety due to COVID-19.},
}

Humans
Iran/epidemiology
*COVID-19/psychology/complications
*Anxiety/therapy/psychology/etiology
*Psychosocial Intervention/methods/standards/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40898215,
year = {2025},
author = {Jalili, R and Gilani, N and Najafi, B and Gordeev, VS and Doshmangir, L},
title = {Health financial resilience in individuals and households: a scoping review of components, strategies and outcomes.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {3021},
pmid = {40898215},
issn = {1471-2458},
support = {72657//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; 72657//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; 72657//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; 72657//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; 72657//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/economics ; Family Characteristics ; Social Capital ; *Resilience, Psychological ; Pandemics/economics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Financial resilience, the ability to withstand and recover from financial shocks, has become increasingly critical amid economic volatility, rising healthcare costs, and global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While prior research has explored broad determinants of financial resilience.

METHODS: Following the Arksey and O'Malley framework, this review systematically mapped literature from multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EconLit) and Google Scholar search engine from 1990 to 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on studies discussing financial, resilience components, strategies and outcomes in individuals or households. Data were extracted and analyzed thematically.

RESULTS: A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify relevant studies across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EconLit.The review included 30 studies from 15 countries, highlighting four key components of financial resilience: economic resources, financial knowledge and behavior, social capital, and access to financial services. Common strategies to enhance resilience included income diversification, savings, borrowing, reducing expenditures, and leveraging social networks. Outcomes of financial resilience included reduced financial fragility, improved life satisfaction, and enhanced financial stability. High-income countries emphasized financial literacy and planning, while low- and middle-income countries relied more on informal coping mechanisms like borrowing and asset sales. Some coping strategies have been used in times of illness.

CONCLUSION: Financial resilience is a multidimensional construct influenced by economic resources, financial knowledge, social capital, and access to financial services. Policymakers should prioritize financial literacy, expand access to financial services, and strengthen social safety nets to promote financial resilience, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as low-income individuals and the sick. Future research should explore the intersectionality of financial resilience and the role of digital financial services in enhancing resilience. Policymakers and financial institutions should focus on promoting financial literacy, expanding access to financial services, and strengthening social safety nets to support individuals and households in building financial resilience.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/economics
Family Characteristics
Social Capital
*Resilience, Psychological
Pandemics/economics

@article {pmid40897503,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, HB and Chen, H and Xu, JY and Yu, RX and Shi, N and Chi, Y and Ge, YY and Cui, LB and Zhang, S and Xie, J and Qiu, H},
title = {Antithrombotic strategies in adult COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {e088917},
pmid = {40897503},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications ; *Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Network Meta-Analysis as Topic ; *Anticoagulants/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; *Thrombosis/prevention & control ; Adult ; Hemorrhage/chemically induced ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To systematically compare the effects of various antithrombotic strategies on prespecified outcomes including 28-day all-cause mortality (primary outcome), major thrombotic events and major bleeding events (secondary outcomes) in adult COVID-19 patients.

DESIGN: Systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA).

DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov up to February 2024.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs; published in English) comparing different antithrombotic strategies (eg, anticoagulants, antiplatelet (AP) agents, fibrinolytics or combinations) in adults (aged≥18 years) with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eligible trials had at least one active antithrombotic arm versus another strategy or standard care.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data using a standardised form; disagreements were resolved by consensus or third-party adjudication. Bayesian NMA was performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods with random/fixed effects models selected by the deviance information criterion. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The confidence in NMA framework was used to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS: 35 RCTs that randomly assigned 39 949 participants were included in the main analysis.

PRIMARY OUTCOME: evidence of low to moderate certainty suggested that, compared with standard of care (SoC), both prophylactic-dose anticoagulation (PA) (risk ratio (RR) 0.71, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.44 to 0.99) and therapeutic-dose anticoagulation (TA; RR 0.65, 95% CrI 0.38 to 0.94) reduced the 28-day all-cause mortality.

SECONDARY OUTCOMES: TA (RR 0.19, 95% CrI 0.09 to 0.31), TA+AP (RR 0.27, 95% CrI 0.05 to 0.95), PA (RR 0.33, 95% CrI 0.18 to 0.53) and AP+PA (RR 0.52, 95% CrI 0.25 to 0.94) were effective in reducing major thrombotic events. AP was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding events (RR 2.27, 95% CrI 1.01 to 5.07). Subgroup analyses by hospitalisation status showed that PA significantly reduced 28-day mortality versus SoC (RR 0.52, 95% CrI 0.26 to 0.90) for non-hospitalised patients, whereas no strategies showed significant benefit in hospitalised patients. Subgroup analysis based on severity of hospitalised patients indicated that TA was more favourable than PA in decreasing the 28-day mortality in non-critically ill patients (fixed-effect model: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.91; random-effect model: RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.05), but for critically ill patients, all antithrombotic strategies showed no significant difference.

CONCLUSIONS: Our NMA indicates that both PA and TA reduced the 28-day all-cause mortality of adult COVID-19 patients. However, subgroup analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity, and the benefit may differ across hospitalisation status and disease severity.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022355213.},
}

Humans
Bayes Theorem
*COVID-19/mortality/complications
*Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Network Meta-Analysis as Topic
*Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use
*Thrombosis/prevention & control
Adult
Hemorrhage/chemically induced
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

@article {pmid40897326,
year = {2025},
author = {You, Y and Huang, J and Zhu, X and Sheng, H and Liu, Y},
title = {Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 enzymes in acute lung injury: from molecular insights to therapeutic implications.},
journal = {Redox report : communications in free radical research},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {2550807},
pmid = {40897326},
issn = {1743-2928},
mesh = {Humans ; *Acute Lung Injury/enzymology/metabolism ; *Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1/metabolism/genetics ; COVID-19/enzymology ; Oxidative Stress ; Animals ; *Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism/genetics ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sepsis ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This review aims to explore the roles and mechanisms of cytochrome P450 subfamily 1 (CYP1) enzymes in acute lung injury (ALI), and to discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science to identify relevant studies on the involvement of CYP1 enzymes-specifically CYP1A and CYP1B1-in various forms of ALI, including hyperoxic lung injury, sepsis-associated ALI, and COVID-19 pneumonia.

RESULTS: CYP1 enzymes, induced by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), contribute differentially to ALI. CYP1A enzymes exhibit protective effects, whereas CYP1B1 promotes lung injury, potentially through oxidative stress-related pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling.

CONCLUSION: The distinct functions of CYP1 isoforms in ALI suggest their clinical relevance, highlighting the potential for isoform-specific targeting in the treatment of acute respiratory conditions.},
}

Humans
*Acute Lung Injury/enzymology/metabolism
*Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1/metabolism/genetics
COVID-19/enzymology
Oxidative Stress
Animals
*Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism/genetics
Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Sepsis

@article {pmid40895839,
year = {2025},
author = {Nigatu, BZ and Dessie, NT},
title = {Prevalence of comorbidities and their association with disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {26335565251371256},
pmid = {40895839},
issn = {2633-5565},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Comorbidity among coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients contributes to increasing their susceptibility to severe illness. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to assess the prevalence of comorbidities and their association in increased severity of disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: A thorough search of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and other sources to include pertinent studies. Two independent authors extracted pertinent data using Microsoft Excel and exported it to Stata version 17 for meta-analysis. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Heterogeneity was assessed through I[2] statistics, subgroup analysis for categorical variables, and meta-regression for continuous variables. Publication bias was assessed through funnel plot and Egger statistics. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI, which was used to assess the association between comorbidity and severity and/or mortality of COVID-19.

RESULTS: A total of 62 studies with 611,646 patients were included. The pooled prevalence of comorbidity among COVID-19 was 53.9% (95% CI: 48.4-59.3). Comorbidity was significantly associated with severity of COVID-19. Specifically, hypertension (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-2.51), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.07-1.56), and obesity (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.46-1.76) significantly increased the odds of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, hypertension (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02-1.57), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.17-1.65), obesity (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.15-1.32), chronic kidney diseases (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.25-2.09), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.15-1.32) were significantly associated with mortality of COVID-19 patients.

CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of comorbidity among COVID-19 was found slightly higher than that reported in previous systematic reviews, which ranged from 40.0% to 41.1%. Comorbidity increased the odds of severe COVID-19. Participants with hypertension, obesity, or diabetes mellitus had significantly increased odds of severe COVID-19. There is a need to have close follow-up of COVID-19 patients who have comorbidity.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: This systematic review and meta-analysis study was registered under the registration number CRD42023493170.},
}

@article {pmid40895553,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, J and Chen, X and Guan, X and Zhang, H and Liu, Y and Zhang, M},
title = {Therapeutic frontiers in viral myocarditis: targeting inflammation, viruses, oxidative stress, and myocardial repair.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1643502},
pmid = {40895553},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Myocarditis/virology/therapy/drug therapy ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Inflammation ; Animals ; Myocardium/pathology ; *Virus Diseases/therapy ; Parvovirus B19, Human ; },
abstract = {Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a life-threatening inflammatory cardiomyopathy with a global incidence rate of 10-22 per 100,000 people. It is the most common clinical manifestation of myocardial inflammation. Myocardial cell injury and fibrosis are the pathological characteristics of VMC. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), parvovirus B19 (PVB19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and adenovirus (AdV) are the main causes that induce viral myocarditis. Among them, CVB3 has become the main pathogen, accounting for more than 50% of the confirmed cases of VMC. The clinical manifestations of this disease are extensive, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to sudden cardiac death caused by acute decompensated heart failure and arrhythmia. Current therapeutic strategies for VMC focus on four key approaches: (1) Anti-inflammatory interventions targeting inflammatory cells and mediators; (2) Antiviral therapies employing gene editing, viral protease inhibitors, and RNA polymerase inhibitors; (3) Myocardial protection through tissue repair promotion and nutritional support; (4) Oxidative stress mitigation using antioxidants. This article will systematically summarize the progress of VMC management in recent years and provide personal insights for VMC management.},
}

Humans
*Myocarditis/virology/therapy/drug therapy
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Inflammation
Animals
Myocardium/pathology
*Virus Diseases/therapy
Parvovirus B19, Human

@article {pmid40895341,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, J and Dong, S and Gong, J and Xie, J and Yan, H},
title = {Human papillomavirus vaccination willingness and influencing factors among women in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Preventive medicine reports},
volume = {58},
number = {},
pages = {103215},
pmid = {40895341},
issn = {2211-3355},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aims to comprehensively review the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination willingness among Chinese women and explore the factors influencing their vaccination intentions.

METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted across nine electronic databases-China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Journal Integration Service Platform, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science-from database inception to February six, 2025, to identify studies examining HPV vaccine acceptance among Chinese women.

RESULTS: The pooled willingness to receive the HPV vaccine among Chinese women was estimated at 65.7 % (95 % CI: 55.2 %-76.2 %). Subgroup analyses indicated higher intent among women with a college education or above (71.1 % versus 60.1 %), urban residents (68.3 % versus 56.0 % in rural areas), southern China residents (69.0 % versus 59.7 % in northern regions), individuals with medical-related backgrounds (84.2 % versus 35.7 %), and those with prior HPV or vaccine knowledge (66.1 %/76.4 % versus 50.2 %/57.8 %), Willingness was also higher among women with a family cancer history (74.5 % versus 55.3 %), and those impacted by COVID-19 (67.5 % versus 57.5 %). Anonymous questionnaires yielded higher willingness (71.8 % versus. 58.8 %). Other influencing factors included age, attitudes toward premarital sex, and awareness of HPV risks and vaccine benefits.

CONCLUSIONS: Chinese women's overall willingness to receive the HPV vaccine remains below the World Health Organization (WHO)'s 90 % target, with significant disparities across subpopulations. Targeted public health efforts are urgently needed to enhance vaccine awareness and acceptance, especially among women in rural or underdeveloped areas, with lower education, non-medical backgrounds, or no family history of cancer.},
}

@article {pmid40895261,
year = {2025},
author = {Samadani, AA and Vahidi, S and Babaei, K and Norollahi, SE and Delpasand, K and Gharakhyli, EA},
title = {Comprehensive and translational pathobiology of COVID-19 based on cellular and molecular techniques.},
journal = {Practical laboratory medicine},
volume = {46},
number = {},
pages = {e00497},
pmid = {40895261},
issn = {2352-5517},
abstract = {The biggest health issue in the world right now is the COVID-19 pandemic. This outbreak has caused a lot more people to be hospitalized for pneumonia and serious health problems, leading to many deaths. This report talks about many studies that showed the causes and how common COVID-19 is, as well as how to diagnose it in clinics and labs, and how to prevent and control it. These studies are very important and directly related to COVID-19 to help manage the current public emergency. Many parts of this dangerous disease, like how it spreads, how to diagnose it, how it infects people, and how to treat it, are still not well understood. It's important that to prevent, diagnose, and treat COVID-19 well, we need research at the molecular and clinical levels, along with public health measures and medical treatments. Clearly, new treatments like mesenchymal stem cell therapy have shown great promise in this area. Here, we will talk about and show the advanced lab methods used to understand how COVID-19 spreads, how it is diagnosed, and how it can be treated.},
}

@article {pmid40894189,
year = {2025},
author = {Ajibade, AA and Sethi, R and Lee, CJ and Post, ER and Meeks, SO and Alligood, T and Rainwater-Lovett, K and Kimball, MM and Leone, R and Zanker, M and Freeman, JD and Kirsch, TD},
title = {The Need to Incorporate Post-Acute Care Entities Into the National Disaster Medical System.},
journal = {Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {100237},
pmid = {40894189},
issn = {2688-1152},
abstract = {The National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) is critical to healthcare preparedness and response in the United States but currently has limited capacity for handling large-scale mass-casualty surge events. Crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have shown how quickly the US healthcare system can become overwhelmed, necessitating novel solutions for handling a large-scale influx of patients. This paper proposes the inclusion of post-acute care (PAC) entities, which provide long-term care rehabilitation and short-stay subacute rehabilitation support rather than acute or critical care, into the NDMS as one solution to increase its capacity during mass-casualty surges. By reviewing the unique capabilities and functions of PAC entities and considering evidence of their role in national emergencies, this paper demonstrates that PAC entities are well positioned to support the wider healthcare system in managing a mass influx of patients. We base this assertion on 4 points: (1) the support role PAC entities traditionally play for over-capacity hospitals by providing extra space for stabilized patients, (2) PAC entities' capacity to adapt their functions beyond PAC to support overall community response, (3) recent federal emergency preparedness requirement changes that increase PAC entities' disaster response capabilities, and (4) interim outcomes of NDMS efforts toward NDMS inclusion of PAC entities. We conclude by outlining challenges to integrate PAC entities into the NDMS and highlighting ongoing work by the congressionally directed NDMS Pilot Program, which is designed to increase capacity across the system. However, challenges such as limited staffed bed capacity at PAC entities, reduced availability of emergency medical service ambulances, and ongoing staffing shortages will need to be addressed.},
}

@article {pmid40893900,
year = {2025},
author = {Fama, F and Fattore, R and Raimondo, P and Brivio, F and Holmes, D and Muheberimana, T and Nayfeh, T and Bandera, A and Gori, A and Passerini, M and Colaneri, M},
title = {The impact of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs on clinical outcomes: an overview of reviews.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1624459},
pmid = {40893900},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Synthesizing data from existing literature is crucial for validating the robustness of associations, assessing data quality, and forming recommendations, especially given the vast amount of information available on SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to conduct an overview of reviews to evaluate the strength and validity of associations between VOCs and specific clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: An overview of reviews according to the principles of PRIOR protocol was performed searching multiple databases in January 2024 and an updated search was conducted in MEDLINE database in June 2025. Peer reviewed systematic reviews considering two or more VOCs and reporting on clinical outcomes such as mortality, hospitalization, severe disease, admission to ICU, and mechanical ventilation were included. Data on study population and measures of association between clinical outcome and VOCs were considered. The quality of the studies was assessed through the AMSTAR-2 tool. Effect sizes and confidence intervals for each association between VOCs and clinical outcomes were reported. Subgroup analyses were performed where feasible. A citation matrix was used to assess the overlap between the included systematic reviews.

RESULTS: Twelve studies were included in the review, with a total of 24 comparisons, primarily between Omicron and Delta variants (19/24). Omicron was consistently associated with better clinical outcomes compared to Delta. The confidence in the results of 10/12 studies was rated critically low. The overlap between the included reviews was minimal, with 10% having significant overlap (>15%).

CONCLUSION: Our overview of reviews shows the lower hazard on human health of the Omicron compared to Delta variant. However, the quality of the reviews included was generally low, prompting the need for more rigorous systematic reviews.

This overview of reviews was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42024500841; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024500841.},
}

@article {pmid40893194,
year = {2025},
author = {Wister, A and Kim, B and Levasseur, M and Poulin, V and Qiu, S and Yuwono, E and Meynet, S and Beadle, J and Kadowaki, L and Klasa, K and Linkov, I},
title = {Resilience applications to social isolation and loneliness in older adults: a scoping review to develop a model and research agenda.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1589781},
pmid = {40893194},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Loneliness/psychology ; *Social Isolation/psychology ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Aged ; Social Support ; Adaptation, Psychological ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The development of a theoretical model applied to social isolation and loneliness (SI/L) among older adults has not kept pace with the exponential growth in empirical research, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. One promising but under-investigated area is the contribution of resilience models to this field. This paper provides a scoping review of the application of resilience theoretical models to social isolation and loneliness and suggests directions for the development of an integrated new model.

METHOD: Using the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review method, searches of four databases with 13 keywords were conducted April 9, 2024, with 17 articles meeting the inclusion criteria of the 1,671 extracted articles.

RESULTS: Findings were summarized using thematic analysis separated into four major themes: (1) coping self-efficacy to reduce SI/L; (2) moderating expectations to foster resilience to SI/L; (3) the effects of social support, the environment and resilience on COVID-19 stressors, and; (4) resilience as a mediator between SI/L and mental health. We integrate these findings into a new model entitled the Resilience and Social Isolation Model of Aging (RSIMA).

CONCLUSION: RSIMA highlights SI/L as a dynamic process on a continuum, as well as elucidating what broader factors can lead to improved social connection, contributing to both individual-level and community resilience. To address the looming public health crisis of social isolation and loneliness among older people, future research studies must consider a systems-level perspective to SI/L and resilience.},
}

Humans
*Loneliness/psychology
*Social Isolation/psychology
*Resilience, Psychological
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Aged
Social Support
Adaptation, Psychological
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40891644,
year = {2025},
author = {Jalan, M and Singh, S and Desai, M and Sharma, A and Malik, S and Singh, A and Kukreti, R and Kukreti, S and Grewal, GK},
title = {Targeting Oxidative Stress With Combination Treatment of Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Antiseizure Drugs in Rodent Model: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},
volume = {39},
number = {9},
pages = {e70488},
doi = {10.1002/jbt.70488},
pmid = {40891644},
issn = {1099-0461},
support = {//Dr Gurpreet Kaur Grewal received funding from Anusandhan National Research Foundation, Science and Engineering Research Board, India (DST-SERB) under TARE scheme (TAR/2022/000636) from Govt. of India under mentorship of Prof. (Dr) Shrikant Kukreti, Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India./ ; },
mesh = {*Thioctic Acid/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Animals ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; *Anticonvulsants/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Rats ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Epilepsy/drug therapy/metabolism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; },
abstract = {Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by repeated seizures due to excessive neuronal activity, frequently linked to oxidative stress. Treatment in epilepsy involves chronic use of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) which further exacerbates oxidative stress. Given its role in epilepsy, oxidative stress has been a target for therapeutic intervention, with antioxidants being explored as potential agents to mitigate oxidative damage. This systematic review investigates studies which have used alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in conjunction with ASDs in rodents, and focuses on its antioxidant properties on oxidative stress, biochemical activity, molecular activity and behavioral outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search across Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and PubMed databases from 2020 to 2025 yielded 4622 studies, of which seven met the inclusion criteria. The results reveal that ALA, either alone or in combination with ASD, significantly mitigates oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde levels and enhancing the role of key antioxidants such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, etc. Additionally, ALA alleviates behavioral deficits and exhibits neuroprotective, hepato-protective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, ALA modulates molecular markers by upregulating Nrf-2 and SIRT1 pathways while downregulating TNF-α and caspase 3, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammation. Although promising, the findings are constrained by limited sample sizes, brief study periods, and a lack of comprehensive investigations on dose-response relationships and systemic effects. Most of the studies focus on limited biochemical and molecular markers, overlooking comprehensive evaluations of systemic and behavioral outcomes. This review highlights the potential of ALA as an adjunct therapy for epilepsy and emphasizes the need for more robust preclinical studies to confirm its efficacy and to fill the lacunas for advancing the therapeutic potential of ALA in epilepsy management.},
}

*Thioctic Acid/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Animals
*Oxidative Stress/drug effects
*Anticonvulsants/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Disease Models, Animal
Rats
*Antioxidants/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Epilepsy/drug therapy/metabolism
Drug Therapy, Combination

@article {pmid40802287,
year = {2025},
author = {Coughtrey, A and Pereira, SMP and Ladhani, S and Shafran, R and Stephenson, T},
title = {Long COVID in children and young people: then and now.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {487-492},
pmid = {40802287},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology ; Child ; Adolescent ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Fatigue ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: On 11 March 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. A clinical case definition for post-COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents by expert consensus was agreed by the WHO in 2023. It is now 5 years since the WHO declared a pandemic, and this review aims to summarize key advances in our understanding of long COVID over those 5 years.

RECENT FINDINGS: That symptoms could persist in adults and CYP for months after initial infection was first reported in Autumn 2020. Long COVID in adults is frequently characterized by symptoms of fatigue and breathlessness but brain-fog, joint and muscle pain have been reported much more commonly in adult follow-up than CYP. The most common persisting symptoms experienced by CYP after COVID-19 infection in initial studies, often with less than a year of follow-up, were fatigue, headache, shortness of breath and persisting loss of smell and taste. With longer follow-up, up to 2 years, the commonest symptoms still include not only fatigue, headache and shortness of breath but also sleep difficulties, whereas loss of smell and taste persisted only in a minority. However, many symptoms were almost as common in test-negative controls, raising questions about the causal role of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Predictors of long COVID, as defined, were female sex, history of asthma, allergy problems, learning difficulties at school and family history of ongoing COVID-19 problems.

SUMMARY: The implications of the findings for clinical practice and research are that long COVID is not the same in CYP as adults; both their physical and mental health should be studied; and intervention trials are needed.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/physiopathology
Child
Adolescent
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Fatigue
Young Adult

@article {pmid40802252,
year = {2025},
author = {Alraddadi, A and Kumar, D},
title = {Management of diarrhea in solid organ transplantation.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {403-410},
pmid = {40802252},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Diarrhea/etiology/diagnosis/drug therapy/therapy/microbiology ; *Organ Transplantation/adverse effects ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Transplant Recipients ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diarrhea is a common complaint in solid organ transplant recipients. We review both infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea and their management.

RECENT FINDINGS: Diagnostics for diarrhea have now commonly incorporated multiplex gastrointestinal panels that provide rapid testing and identification of pathogens. The rate of Clostridium difficile in the transplant population has increased and fidaxomicin is now recommended as the therapy of choice for first episode and recurrences where available. Oral vancomycin remains an alternative. Norovirus is important to rule out in cases of chronic diarrhea. Nitazoxanide has shown mixed results when used as norovirus therapy. SARS-CoV-2, despite being a respiratory virus, can infect gut epithelium and present with diarrhea. Noninfectious causes especially mycophenolate-related as well as inflammatory bowel disease should be in the differential especially when no infectious cause has been identified.

SUMMARY: A detailed history, diagnostics including molecular testing and endoscopy, and targeted therapies for infectious causes are the mainstay for management of diarrhea in the transplant recipient.},
}

Humans
*Diarrhea/etiology/diagnosis/drug therapy/therapy/microbiology
*Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Transplant Recipients

@article {pmid40767380,
year = {2025},
author = {de Groot, RCA and Streng, BMM and Bont, LJ and Meyer Sauteur, PM and van Rossum, AMC},
title = {Resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children: emerging challenges and opportunities.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {468-476},
pmid = {40767380},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Child ; *Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize recent advances in Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and treatment, since the 2023-2024 global resurgence of M. pneumoniae following the COVID-19 pandemic has provided new insights.

RECENT FINDINGS: The remarkably prolonged reduction of M. pneumoniae infections during COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions has shed new light on M. pneumoniae transmission, both on an individual and a global level. M. pneumoniae epidemiology showed striking differences in comparison with other respiratory pathogens, including RSV and pneumococcus. We discuss the possible mechanisms behind the delayed resurgence, including waning immunity and the persistence of M. pneumoniae reservoirs. There have been contrasting reports on disease severity with notable differences in severity between children and adults, with young adults showing marked vulnerability. The inability of M. pneumoniae diagnostic tests to differentiate between infection and carriage poses a continuing challenge: in daily clinical practice as well as in the interpretation of study results. Furthermore, several studies report safety and utility for tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as treatment alternatives to macrolide antibiotics.

SUMMARY: The global resurgence of M. pneumoniae following COVID-19 pandemic restrictions has provided a unique opportunity to study its epidemiology and pathophysiology, which has advanced our understanding of M. pneumoniae infections in children.},
}

Humans
*Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/diagnosis/drug therapy
Child
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40748012,
year = {2025},
author = {Waxse, BJ and Rao, S},
title = {Data science for pediatric infectious disease: utilizing COVID-19 as a model.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {493-498},
doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000001139},
pmid = {40748012},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Child ; *Data Science/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pediatrics ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and public health agencies used data science tools and data sources in real time to evaluate pathogen transmissibility, disease burden, healthcare capacity, and evaluate treatment and preventive measures. The purpose of the review is to highlight the application of these data sources and methods during the COVID-19 response.

RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in the development of common data models enabled multisite data networks to overcome healthcare data fragmentation, enabling national surveillance platforms, and offering unprecedented statistical power to conduct national surveillance and detect emerging clinical entities like MIS-C and long COVID in diverse pediatric populations. These integrated networks were also used in evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines and therapies. New surveillance approaches combining traditional clinical data with novel data sources including wastewater detection, web-based search engines, and mobility patterns yielded comprehensive ensemble approaches that informed public health policy.

SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely evidence for decision-making during outbreak responses and the benefits of using data science tools to help provide real time, actionable insights, which can help guide our public health response to infectious diseases threats in the future.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
Child
*Data Science/methods
SARS-CoV-2
Pediatrics
Pandemics
Public Health

@article {pmid40536011,
year = {2025},
author = {Moen, JK and Baker, CA and Iwasaki, A},
title = {Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID.},
journal = {Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences},
volume = {79},
number = {9},
pages = {514-530},
pmid = {40536011},
issn = {1440-1819},
support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; R01 AI157488/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI157488//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; N/A/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/physiopathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology ; *Nervous System Diseases/immunology/physiopathology/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; *Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/immunology/physiopathology/etiology ; Fatigue/physiopathology/immunology ; },
abstract = {Although COVID-19 was originally considered a respiratory illness, it is now well established that SARS-CoV-2 infection can have far-reaching impacts on the nervous system. Neurological symptoms such as chemosensory dysfunction are frequently observed during acute infection and approximately 10% of COVID-19 cases will go on to develop new or persistent long-term symptoms, a condition known in the literature as post-acute symptoms of COVID-19 (PASC) or by the patient-coined term Long COVID. Common neurological symptoms in Long COVID include new onset cognitive difficulties, dysautonomia, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy. The emergence of Long COVID has prompted renewed interest in the study of post-acute infection syndromes (PAIS), particularly in the area of neuroimmune interactions. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the current body of literature on neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Long COVID, with an emphasis on neuroimmune mechanisms drawn largely from autopsy studies and animal models. A more complete understanding of neuroimmune crosstalk in Long COVID will not only guide the development of therapies for this highly disabling condition but will also contribute to our general understanding of neuroimmune interactions in health and disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/physiopathology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
*Nervous System Diseases/immunology/physiopathology/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
Animals
*Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/immunology/physiopathology/etiology
Fatigue/physiopathology/immunology

@article {pmid40392198,
year = {2025},
author = {Hojeij, B and Koc, GH and Luime, JJ and Vis, M and Coates, LC and Kok, MR and Tchetverikov, I},
title = {Psoriatic arthritis flare incidence, definition and risk factors: a systematic review.},
journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford, England)},
volume = {64},
number = {9},
pages = {4886-4901},
doi = {10.1093/rheumatology/keaf247},
pmid = {40392198},
issn = {1462-0332},
support = {//Department of Rheumatology of the Erasmus MC/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Risk Factors ; Incidence ; *Arthritis, Psoriatic/epidemiology/diagnosis ; *Symptom Flare Up ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We systematically reviewed the literature to identify the incidence of PsA flare, criteria used to define it and associated risk factors.

METHODS: Databases of Embase, Medline ALL, Web of Science Core Collection and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched until September 2023, for original articles studying PsA flare. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of included studies.

RESULTS: Fifty-four studies of cohort, cross-sectional and clinical trial designs were included. Twelve studies assessed PsA flare rates, 28 assessed risk factors and 44 defined flare. The prevalence of current flare ranged between 7% and 50% (n = 8), while the incidence ranged between 10% and 27% over 6 months (n = 3), and 22% and 23% over 12 months (n = 2). Based on high-quality scoring, the current patient-reported flare was 10% (n = 1), while current physician-reported flare was 7% with 22-23% incidence rate over 12 months (n = 2). Criteria used in flare definition could be grouped into seven categories, with disease activity scores (36%), patient-reported (39%) and physician-reported (30%) flare and change in therapy (25%) being frequently used. Risk factors could be grouped into four categories: arthritis therapies, SARS-CoV, PsA features and other. The factors showed limited or unclear evidence.

CONCLUSION: The current prevalence of flare ranged between 7% and 10%, and the annual incidence was 22-23%, based on high-quality scoring. Forty-four studies defined flare, revealing no consensus on a single flare definition, and highlighting the need for a standardized definition. No conclusions could be drawn on risk factors, highlighting the need for further research.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42024482657.},
}

Humans
Risk Factors
Incidence
*Arthritis, Psoriatic/epidemiology/diagnosis
*Symptom Flare Up

@article {pmid40891005,
year = {2025},
author = {Allan, HT and O'Driscoll, M},
title = {Using Recontextualisation Theory to Understand Learning Across Multiple Sites in Simulation-Based Nurse Education.},
journal = {Journal of advanced nursing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jan.70163},
pmid = {40891005},
issn = {1365-2648},
abstract = {AIM: The aim of this discussion paper is to explore whether recontextualisation theory deepens our understanding of learning across multiple sites when introducing simulation-based education (SBE) into nurse education.

BACKGROUND: The requirement for students to learn in clinical placements remains an aspiration as well as a regulatory requirement internationally. Yet, the increasing complexity of healthcare and the numbers of vacancies in the healthcare workforce globally have led to poor learning environments. In the context of faster internet speeds, rapid development in virtual technologies, affordability of hardware, and the move to online educational provision after the COVID-19 pandemic, SBE has emerged as a key teaching method in health professional preparation programmes globally.

DESIGN: Critical discussion paper.

METHODS: This discussion paper is based on current literature on SBE and recontextualisation theory.

FINDINGS: Evaluations of SBE often show positive outcomes for learning in nurse education. Weaknesses and gaps in the evidence on SBE, such as the scarcity of control groups or longitudinal studies, have been identified. Using recontextualization theory, we argue that SBE may also increase the theory-practice split for students across multiple sites of learning.

CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of SBE offers supplementary positive learning opportunities to those in clinical practice while at the same time creating multiple sites of learning which are not always aligned. More needs to be done to teach from a curriculum which relies on students being motivated and able to learn across multiple sites of learning.

To support student nurses in UG professional preparation programmes which rely on SBE as well as clinical practice and universities, shared values between nurse educators and clinical nurses need to be enacted collaboratively. This could be achieved by reframing how students and nurses learn and rework knowledge across sites of learning.},
}

@article {pmid40890766,
year = {2025},
author = {Herdiana, H and Prameswari, HD and Puspadewi, RT and Fajariyani, SB and Diptyanusa, A and Theodora, M and Supriyanto, D and Hawley, WA},
title = {Shrinking the malaria map in Indonesia: progress of subnational control, elimination, and future strategies.},
journal = {BMC medicine},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {512},
pmid = {40890766},
issn = {1741-7015},
mesh = {Indonesia/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Malaria/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; *Disease Eradication/methods ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Indonesia has a complex pattern of malaria transmission alongside a highly decentralized system of governance. Indonesia applies a subnational elimination strategy to achieve nationwide malaria elimination by 2030. This review describes Indonesia's subnational verification process, assesses progress towards subnational elimination over the past several decades, and explores strategies to accelerate achievement of elimination, including the challenges of high transmission in lowland Papua region and zoonotic malaria in Sumatra and Kalimantan islands.

METHODS: Published and unpublished data, reports, and grey literature in Indonesian and English from 1950 to 2023 were collected and analyzed. These reports document strategies, geographic coverage, and malaria metrics. Most of the unpublished data and reports are from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia, including the guidelines describing processes for certification of district-level malaria elimination.

RESULTS: While the number of malaria cases has fluctuated over the years, cases decreased significantly by 2015 but increased during the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nonetheless, as of 2023, 389 of 514 districts and five of 38 provinces had been verified as having no local transmission of malaria, with the most rapid progress observed in western Indonesia. We describe the malaria elimination verification process in detail, including the criteria used and challenges encountered. Malaria cases are now localized in the Papua region, which reports more than 90% of cases in the country. The lowland Papua region experiences high transmission with malaria incidence of over 400 cases per 1000 person-years due to its efficient vectors and high year-round rainfall. Expansion of malaria transmission to highland Papua due to climate change is likely happening. In the west, pockets of transmission persist in remote areas and among mobile and migrant populations. Further, frequent outbreaks occur in malaria-free districts, with two districts now experiencing re-established transmission. In addition, reports of zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi infections in humans are increasing.

CONCLUSIONS: Existing interventions will need to be well-managed, and new combinations of interventions implemented if Indonesia is to achieve its goal of malaria elimination by 2030, particularly in high-endemic Papua, which will remain a source of importation of malaria to other regions of Indonesia if malaria there is not eliminated.},
}

Indonesia/epidemiology
Humans
*Malaria/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission
*Disease Eradication/methods
COVID-19/epidemiology