@article {pmid40947117,
year = {2025},
author = {Weber, SB},
title = {Grappling with Judicial Discretion in Complex Times.},
journal = {The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics},
volume = {53},
number = {3},
pages = {433-434},
doi = {10.1017/jme.2025.10152},
pmid = {40947117},
issn = {1748-720X},
abstract = {When areas of the law are ambiguous or untested, such as in the compassionate release cases that proliferated during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, district judges must rely on their discretion to fill in legal gaps. Discretion can be beneficial, because it means that it allows district judges to consider factors that may lead to potentially harmful outcomes for litigants or their communities. But discretion is imperfect, particularly in the face of ethically or factually complex problems. Perhaps a place to start with addressing this difficulty is greater transparency about the benefits and limitations of discretion.},
}

@article {pmid40946682,
year = {2025},
author = {de Castro, AA and Assis, LC and Appel, RJC and da Cunha, EFF and Nepovimova, E and Kuca, K and Ramalho, TC and La Porta, FA},
title = {Nanoparticles and bioactive materials against COVID-19 and its variants: Hints from a computational-materials design perspective.},
journal = {Computers in biology and medicine},
volume = {197},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {111046},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111046},
pmid = {40946682},
issn = {1879-0534},
abstract = {Society currently faces many challenges caused by the coronavirus outbreak, known as SARS-CoV-2, and in addition, its variant strains tend to be still more aggressive. Therefore, there is an enormous need to accelerate the development of novel remediation techniques against SARS-CoV-2. A literature review focusing on key terms such as 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'pharmacotherapy', 'pandemic', 'nanotechnology' and 'computational-materials design', accentuates the increased role played by in silico models in developing prevention, diagnosis, and the treatment strategies. In an attempt to help in the front line, computational repositioning of drugs has intensively been explored as a well-established strategy in preclinical research in order to discover an effective therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, computational-materials design-which integrates principles of materials science, physics, chemistry, and computer science-has emerged as an indispensable approach in the fight against COVID-19, accelerating the development of novel nanomaterials and bioactive compounds, and optimizing existing drugs for enhanced efficacy against the virus and its variants. Overall, in this review, we have demonstrated the vital role of computational-materials design strategies in diverse applications (such as diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments, as well as in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the virus and its interactions with various advanced materials) to handle the current pandemic and pave the way toward future preparedness against emerging infectious disease outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40945593,
year = {2025},
author = {Cao, Z and Samarkhazan, HS},
title = {Immature platelet fraction in cardiolog.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {120600},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2025.120600},
pmid = {40945593},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of mortality, necessitating biomarkers that enhance risk stratification and therapeutic personalization. The Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF), representing young, RNA-rich platelets (also known as reticulated platelets, RP) released from bone marrow, has emerged as a dynamic biomarker linking platelet turnover to cardiovascular pathophysiology. Clinically, elevated IPF is associated with adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction, and post-cardiac surgery, particularly when measured 24-72 hours after the event or post-operatively. It correlates with infarct size, recurrent thrombosis, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), though its predictive value is inconsistent at the initial clinical encounter. Its rise reflects compensatory thrombopoiesis in hypercoagulable states like diabetes, COVID-19, and malignancy. IPF also informs antiplatelet therapy, high IPF correlates with clopidogrel resistance but not ticagrelor, guiding agent selection and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration. Despite standardization challenges across measurement platforms (flow cytometry vs. automated analyzers), IPF outperforms mean platelet volume (MPV) in tracking platelet activity. Future directions include point-of-care IPF devices, multi-marker panels, and novel therapies targeting thrombopoiesis. Integrating IPF into clinical practice promises refined risk assessment, personalized treatment, and improved prognostic precision in cardiology, bridging translational innovation to patient care. This review synthesizes current evidence on IPF's role in CVDs, highlighting its molecular characteristics, elevated prothrombotic mediators (e.g., thromboxane A2, P-selectin), heightened reactivity, and rapid response to inflammatory stimuli.},
}

@article {pmid40945384,
year = {2025},
author = {Muzaffar, U and Fakiruddin, KS and Talebiashtiany, Y and Abdullah, S},
title = {Delving deeper in the eye of the hurricane: Immunopathogenesis & molecular characterization of cytokine storm in COVID-19, association with disease severity & the therapeutic regimens.},
journal = {Cytokine},
volume = {195},
number = {},
pages = {157025},
doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2025.157025},
pmid = {40945384},
issn = {1096-0023},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic elicited by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a world-wide crisis, affecting a substantial percentage of the entire global population, and has engendered profound morbidity and fatalities. SARS-CoV-2 mediates its entry into human respiratory epithelial cells via interaction between viral Spike protein (S) and ACE2 receptor and enacts the host cell tropism by numerous molecular factors and inflammatory signaling pathways. The complex molecular immunopathogenesis involves loss of regulatory control of the generation & release of proinflammatory cytokines at both local as well as systemic levels. Excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leads to the dysregulation of the innate immune system leading to the cytokine storm. Owing to the enormous release of inflammatory factors and active mediators, cytokine storm induces severe damage to secondary tissues, leading to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) or multiple-organ failure, which evokes aggravation of the disease and eventually death. Comparisons amid COVID-19 cytokine storm and several other types of cytokine storm associated diseases, gives proper insights about the etiology of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Various genetic and physiological factors contribute to severe disease progression and aggravation of the disease. In that view, several immunoregulatory therapies have been tailored to curb the cytokine storm, which might be crucial in improving the success rates of various treatment strategies as well as in lowering the mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. This review elucidates the hallmarks of COVID-19 cytokine storm, immunopathogenesis, disease progression, biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions.},
}

@article {pmid40945038,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Y and Fan, G and He, H},
title = {Urogenital manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, MPXV and Zika virus: A comprehensive review.},
journal = {Molecular aspects of medicine},
volume = {106},
number = {},
pages = {101399},
doi = {10.1016/j.mam.2025.101399},
pmid = {40945038},
issn = {1872-9452},
abstract = {The current century has been associated with the outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), monkeypox virus (MPXV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Although their common clinical manifestations are currently well-known, the urogenital system is gaining attention as a significant, though often underappreciated, anatomical site for emerging and re-emerging viral infections, disease development, and transmission. The present review aims to comprehensively discuss the urogenital complications linked to the infections caused by these viruses, with a primary focus on describing their suggested and established roles in the development of urogenital sequelae. It reviews various molecular and cellular mechanisms, such as direct viral pathogen cytopathic activity, virally-mediated inflammation, and the nephrotoxic side effects of specific medications, by which SARS-CoV-2, MPXV, and ZIKV may affect various parts of the urogenital system. In this context, SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for cell entry, which is frequently present in the urogenital tissues, resulting in urogenital injuries. Zika virus exhibits a distinct tropism for the male reproductive tract, demonstrating prolonged viral persistence in semen that facilitates sexual transmission and is linked to testicular damage and adverse congenital outcomes. The present study also addresses diagnostic considerations and therapeutic strategies in the context of urogenital sequelae associated with these viruses. Understanding the intricate molecular basis of these viral-caused sequelae is crucial for improving differential diagnosis and introducing targeted therapeutic strategies.},
}

@article {pmid40944962,
year = {2025},
author = {Yong, SJ and Kenny, TA and Halim, A and Munipalli, B and Alhashem, YN and AlSaihati, H and Al-Subaie, MF and Al Kaabi, NA and Al Fares, MA and Garout, M and Sabour, AA and Alshiekheid, MA and Almansour, ZH and Alotaibi, J and Alrasheed, HA and Alamri, AA and Albayat, H and Alamodi, AS and Tombuloglu, H and Mohapatra, RK and Hazazi, A and Rabaan, AA},
title = {Post-COVID-19 Vaccination (or Long Vax) Syndrome: Putative Manifestation, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutic Options.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {e70070},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70070},
pmid = {40944962},
issn = {1099-1654},
abstract = {With the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine safety remains a priority. Emerging concerns have raised the potential risk of a long COVID-like syndrome following vaccination, informally called long Vax and provisionally termed post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS). Our narrative review describes the putative manifestation, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches of PCVS based on the available evidence, mostly from case reports/series and observational studies. Our review noted that PCVS typically manifests within days to weeks post-vaccination, with symptoms lasting months to years. PCVS may present as recognized diagnoses such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), small-fibre neuropathy (SFN), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), or as long-term sequelae of myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopaenia (VITT), or immune thrombocytopaenia purpura (ITP). Symptomatically, PCVS overlaps with long COVID, such as fatigue and brain fog, but PCVS may involve more frequent paraesthesia and less dyspnoea. We also review pathophysiological hypotheses of PCVS, focussing on the vaccine-derived spike protein and related immune responses. Finally, we discuss potential therapies used to treat patients with PCVS or related conditions, primarily documented in case reports/series, which could guide future clinical research. Overall, PCVS remains a poorly understood condition that requires more research to elucidate its prevalence, prognosis, risk factors, and treatments.},
}

@article {pmid40943962,
year = {2025},
author = {Păcurar, D and Dinulescu, A and Prejmereanu, A and Palcău, AC and Dijmărescu, I and Pavelescu, ML},
title = {Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Born to Mothers Infected with SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40943962},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: The potential impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on the neurodevelopment of offspring has raised considerable concern. Emerging studies have evaluated various developmental domains in exposed infants, yet findings remain inconsistent. Objective: To synthesize current evidence regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born to mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a narrative review following PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect using keywords including "COVID-19", "pregnancy", "neurodevelopment", and "SARS-CoV-2". Nineteen studies were included. Data were extracted regarding study design, sample size, timing of exposure, age at assessment, developmental tools used, and key findings. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Among 19 included studies, 12 reported at least some neurodevelopmental delays, particularly in motor and language domains. However, these delays were generally mild, domain-specific, and often not statistically significant. Seven studies, most of which were high-quality and low-risk, reported no significant differences between exposed and unexposed groups. Assessment tools and follow-up durations varied widely, limiting comparability. Conclusions: Current evidence does not support a consistent association between in utero SARS-CoV-2 exposure and an unfavorable neurodevelopmental outcome up to 24 months. However, heterogeneity in methods and short-term follow-up warrant further high-quality longitudinal research.},
}

@article {pmid40943770,
year = {2025},
author = {Var, SR and Maeser, N and Blake, J and Zahs, E and Deep, N and Vasilakos, Z and McKay, J and Johnson, S and Strell, P and Chang, A and Korthas, H and Krishna, V and Narayanan, M and Arju, T and Natera-Rodriguez, DE and Roman, A and Schulz, SJ and Shetty, A and Vernekar, M and Waldron, MA and Person, K and Cheeran, M and Li, L and Low, WC},
title = {Pulmonary and Immune Dysfunction in Pediatric Long COVID: A Case Study Evaluating the Utility of ChatGPT-4 for Analyzing Scientific Articles.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40943770},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {AG077772/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults is well characterized and associated with multisystem dysfunction. A subset of patients develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC, or long COVID), marked by persistent and fluctuating organ system abnormalities. In children, distinct clinical and pathophysiological features of COVID-19 and long COVID are increasingly recognized, though knowledge remains limited relative to adults. The exponential expansion of the COVID-19 literature has made comprehensive appraisal by individual researchers increasingly unfeasible, highlighting the need for new approaches to evidence synthesis. Large language models (LLMs) such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) can process vast amounts of text, offering potential utility in this domain. Earlier versions of GPT, however, have been prone to generating fabricated references or misrepresentations of primary data. To evaluate the potential of more advanced models, we systematically applied GPT-4 to summarize studies on pediatric long COVID published between January 2022 and January 2025. Articles were identified in PubMed, and full-text PDFs were retrieved from publishers. GPT-4-generated summaries were cross-checked against the results sections of the original reports to ensure accuracy before incorporation into a structured review framework. This methodology demonstrates how LLMs may augment traditional literature review by improving efficiency and coverage in rapidly evolving fields, provided that outputs are subjected to rigorous human verification.},
}

@article {pmid40943488,
year = {2025},
author = {Patel, S and Foster, C and Patel, K and Hunter, M and Isales, CM and Fulzele, S},
title = {Musculoskeletal Complications in COVID-19: Exploring the Role of Key Biomarkers.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40943488},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {3P01AG036675-03/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed significant secondary complications affecting musculoskeletal (MSK) health, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions. This review synthesizes data from clinical and experimental studies on key MSK biomarkers, including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), hyaluronic acid (HA), osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), procollagen type I N-terminal peptide (PINP), osteopontin (OPN), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and MMP-9), myostatin, IGF-1, follistatin, and creatine kinase. COVID-19 is associated with decreased COMP and osteocalcin levels, indicating cartilage degradation and impaired bone formation, alongside elevated HA, ALP, PINP, OPN, and MMPs, reflecting increased joint inflammation, bone remodeling, and tissue breakdown. Changes in myostatin, IGF-1, follistatin, and creatine kinase levels have been shown to be linked with COVID-19-related sarcopenia. These biomarker alterations provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of MSK damage in COVID-19 patients and highlight the potential for using these markers in early diagnosis and management of post-COVID musculoskeletal disorders. Further longitudinal research is essential to develop targeted therapies aimed at mitigating long-term MSK complications in affected individuals.},
}

@article {pmid40942842,
year = {2025},
author = {Kinyua, DM and Memeu, DM and Mugo Mwenda, CN and Ventura, BD and Velotta, R},
title = {Advancements and Applications of Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs): A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {25},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40942842},
issn = {1424-8220},
abstract = {Over a decade ago, WHO introduced the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable to end-users) criteria to guide diagnostic assay development. Today, lateral flow assays (LFAs) best meet these standards, evolving from simple rapid tests to advanced diagnostics integrating AI and nanotechnology for precise, quantitative results. Notably, nanoparticle-enhanced LFAs have achieved limits of detection (LOD) as low as 0.01 pg/mL (a 100-fold improvement over conventional methods), while AI algorithms have reduced interpretation errors by 40% in low-contrast conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the societal impact of LFAs, with over 3 billion antigen tests deployed globally, demonstrating 98% specificity in real-world surveillance. Beyond infectious diseases, LFAs are revolutionizing cancer screening through liquid biopsy, achieving a 92% concordance rate with gold-standard assays, food safety and environmental monitoring. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in scalability, reproducibility, sustainable manufacturing, and how to enhance the sensitivities and lower the LOD. However, innovations in biodegradable materials, roll-to-roll printing, CRISPR-integrated multiplexing, and efficient functionalization methods like photochemical immobilization technique offer promising solutions, with projected further cost reductions and scalability. This review highlights the technological evolution, diverse applications, and future trajectories of LFAs, highlighting their critical role in democratizing diagnostics.},
}

@article {pmid40941682,
year = {2025},
author = {Cocuz, IG and Niculescu, R and Popelea, MC and Cocuz, ME and Sabău, AH and Tinca, AC and Cozac-Szoke, AR and Chiorean, DM and Budin, CE and Cotoi, OS},
title = {Current Trends and Future Directions of Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence in Dermatopathology: A Scientometric-Based Review.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40941682},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Background: Digital Pathology (DP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have strongly developed in recent years, especially in pathology, with a high interest in dermatopathology. Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, DP and AI are now integrated in pathology, research and education, bringing value to histopathological diagnoses, telepathology and personalized medicine. This narrative review presents a comprehensive literature review by defining three research directions, using scientometric analysis, of the current state of DP and AI in pathology and dermatopathology. Methods: The research was conducted through the Pubmed and Web of Science databases, within the research period of January 2019-July 2025: a two-phase methodology. Four independent pathologists selected the articles in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the synthesis of the articles was based on three research directions. Results: The research shows that CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), AI powered diagnostic platforms and telepathology strongly contribute to increasing the speed and accuracy of diagnostics, especially on cutaneous malignant skin tumors. There are still several challenges and limitations in terms of validation, interoperability, initial high implementation costs, ethics and transparency in AI and equity in healthcare. Conclusions: DP and AI are essential pillars of modern dermatopathology, with a high necessity of standardization, regulation and a multidisciplinary approach.},
}

@article {pmid40941488,
year = {2025},
author = {Compañ-Gabucio, LM and Moreno-Morente, G and Company-Devesa, V and Torres-Collado, L and García-de-la-Hera, M},
title = {Occupational Therapy Interventions in Mental Health During Lockdown: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {40941488},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Lockdown derived from the COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to mental health care, prompting the adaptation of therapeutic practices. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and objectives of occupational therapy (OT) interventions conducted in the field of mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown. A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A systematic search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, OTSeeker, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. We included randomized or non-randomized intervention studies, published in English or Spanish, that explored OT interventions in mental health during the COVID-19 period and/or lockdown. Data were extracted using pre-designed tables in accordance with the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook. We included seven articles. OT interventions were conducted via video call (n = 4) and in person (n = 3). These were carried out with adults, adolescents, and children, lasting from 1 to 32 weeks, with the number of sessions ranging from 7 to 22 and lasting 20 to 90 min. The most frequently addressed outcomes were quality of life (n = 4), anxiety or depression (n = 4), and sleep (n = 4). During lockdown, OT interventions were mainly applied via telerehabilitation with the aim of increasing activity participation and addressing emotional issues. These results could help occupational therapists to implement mental health interventions when in-person application is compromised.},
}

@article {pmid40935562,
year = {2025},
author = {Wormser, J and Romanet, C and Cachanado, M and Youinou, M and Chatellier, G and Torres Sánchez, I and Philippart, F},
title = {Virtual reality in adults with respiratory diseases experiencing dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMJ open respiratory research},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjresp-2024-002722},
pmid = {40935562},
issn = {2052-4439},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dyspnea/therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Quality of Life ; *Virtual Reality ; Exercise Tolerance ; Adult ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate virtual reality's effects in dyspnoea's management.

METHODS: Information sources: Trials were identified through a systematic search carried out on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL until 17 March 2025.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Eligible studies were controlled trials including adults with dyspnoea associated with respiratory diseases, for whom virtual reality was implemented and compared with another intervention. Risk of bias: Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the ROB 2 tool.

SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS: The primary outcome was dyspnoea. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and muscle function. Effect size was expressed using standardised mean difference (SMD) or MD for primary and secondary outcomes, respectively (random-effects model). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to judge the certainty of evidence.

RESULTS: Included studies: 13 studies were selected, including 483 adults and using non-immersive tools (n=7) or immersive tools (n=6). Risk of bias in these studies was low (n=1), some concerns (n=8) and high risk (n=4).

SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS: No difference was found in dyspnoea (8 studies, 224 participants; SMD 0.02, 95% CI -0.82 to 0.86, I[2]=88.2%), exercise capacity (5 studies, 183 participants; MD 3.62, 95% CI -19.39 to 26.63, I[2]=39.8%) and in HRQOL (4 studies, 127 participants; MD -11.81, 95% CI -42.95 to 19.33, I[2]=98.9%). The data available were insufficient to conduct a pooled analysis for muscle function.

CONCLUSIONS: Limitations of evidence: The evidence is very uncertain about virtual reality's effects on dyspnoea due to risk of bias, imprecision and heterogeneity.

INTERPRETATION: Further studies are needed and should explore various aspects of the application of immersive virtual reality.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023443280.},
}

Humans
*Dyspnea/therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Quality of Life
*Virtual Reality
Exercise Tolerance
Adult

@article {pmid40812527,
year = {2025},
author = {Sharma, N and Singh, A and Ratnesh, RK and Adhana, A and Tyagi, L and Singh, J},
title = {Insights of Surface Enhancing Raman Spectroscopy for Biomedical Application.},
journal = {Methods (San Diego, Calif.)},
volume = {243},
number = {},
pages = {16-30},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.08.005},
pmid = {40812527},
issn = {1095-9130},
mesh = {*Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis ; Brain Diseases/diagnosis ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Surface Properties ; },
abstract = {Raman spectroscopy is a powerful, non-invasive analytical technique that enables rapid identification of molecules based on their unique spectral fingerprints. Its sensitivity has been significantly enhanced through the use of metal nanoparticles in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), where molecules adsorbed on rough metallic surfaces or colloids produce Raman signals amplified by several orders of magnitude. This enhancement has opened new possibilities for molecular detection, particularly in surface chemistry and biomedical diagnostics. In clinical applications, timely and accurate diagnosis is critical, yet conventional bioanalytical methods often require multiple biochemical tests, leading to delays that are especially problematic in emergency settings. SERS provides a promising alternative, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid analysis with minimal sample preparation. This review explores the integration of Raman spectroscopy-especially SERS-for both in vivo and ex vivo biomedical diagnostics. It covers sample preparation techniques, spectral data interpretation, and the correlation of Raman signals with disease-specific biomarkers. Special focus is given to the application of Raman-based methods in diagnosing brain disorders, various cancers, drug abuse, and COVID-19. Finally, the article discusses future prospects and challenges to guide the continued advancement of biomedical Raman technologies.},
}

*Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Neoplasms/diagnosis
Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis
Brain Diseases/diagnosis
Biomarkers/analysis
Surface Properties

@article {pmid40939697,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, R and Qiu, Z and Cui, Y and Xiang, Q},
title = {Blocking platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) as a promising anti-thrombotic treatment.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104473},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104473},
pmid = {40939697},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {Glycoprotein VI (GPVI), a key platelet receptor, mediates collagen-induced platelet activation and interacts with fibrin to promote thrombus growth. Studies demonstrate the mechanisms of GPVI in thrombosis, showing its inhibition reduces thrombosis without impairing hemostasis, consistent with the mild bleeding phenotype in GPVI-deficient individuals. GPVI is also implicated in inflammation and cancer. This review introduces the mechanism of GPVI in thrombosis and highlights two investigational GPVI-targeting drugs (glenzocimab and Revacept), summarizing current evidence and future directions for this novel anti-thrombotic approach. Therapeutic targeting of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) with inhibitors such as glenzocimab and Revacept. This graphic summarizes the transition from preclinical evidence, which established antithrombotic efficacy without increasing bleeding risk, to ongoing clinical evaluation across several conditions including acute ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, COVID-19, and symptomatic carotid stenosis. The figure is created with BioRender. Teaser: This review highlights the multifaceted roles of GPVI in thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer, while summarizing the latest advances in GPVI-targeted drug development, offering new insights for therapeutic intervention in related diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40939529,
year = {2025},
author = {Saidoune, F and Yatim, A and Di Domizio, J and Gilliet, M},
title = {Skin manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its vaccination.},
journal = {Current opinion in immunology},
volume = {97},
number = {},
pages = {102656},
doi = {10.1016/j.coi.2025.102656},
pmid = {40939529},
issn = {1879-0372},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are associated with a broad range of skin manifestations, including chilblains, urticaria, morbilliform and papulovesicular rashes, purpuric-necrotic lesions, and autoimmune flares. These patterns reflect differences in the timing and nature of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. Rapid TLR7-mediated IFN-I production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the upper airways restricts viral replication; hyperresponsive pDCs protect from severe infection but may cause chilblain-like lesions through exaggerated local inflammation. When early IFN-I responses are weak, viral spread to the lungs triggers endothelial cell death, mitochondrial DNA release, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation, producing a late IFN-I surge that amplifies inflammation, mirrored by morbilliform, vesicular, or necrotic skin lesions. mRNA and viral vector vaccines can similarly activate nucleic acid sensors, inducing IFN-I-driven rashes, and promote spike-specific T cells that cross-react with skin antigens. Recognizing these cutaneous signs offers insight into the balance between protective and pathogenic immunity in COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid40825607,
year = {2025},
author = {Charles-Rodriguez, U and Ngwezi, DP and Damag, S and Johnson, N and Bharwani, A and Ladha, T and Salami, O},
title = {Uncovering systemic barriers related to equity, diversity and inclusion in child health research: a scoping review addressing marginalised communities.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {10},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {40825607},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {Humans ; *Child Health ; Child ; Canada ; *Health Equity ; *Cultural Diversity ; Social Determinants of Health ; *Social Marginalization ; Female ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite abundant evidence illustrating the impact of social determinants of health on children and youth from marginalised communities, their continued marginalisation in research contributes to a negative feedback loop that perpetuates health inequities. Previous reviews have identified barriers in marginalised adult communities. However, no comprehensive review outlines the scope of barriers to equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in child health research across multiple marginalised communities, particularly as they are defined in Canada.

METHODS: The purpose of this review is to scope and summarise research discussing systemic barriers influencing EDI in child health research, focusing on racialised and black individuals, 2SLGBTQIA+ individuals, Indigenous peoples, women and girls and individuals with disabilities (identified as priority communities in the Canadian government's research policy). Our team followed the steps proposed by Arksey and O'Malley for scoping reviews.

RESULTS: From 3336 identified records, 53 publications met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were based in the USA (n=40) and/or other English-speaking countries (n=14), emphasising the need for global perspectives. Some publications were based in more than one country; others addressed more than one marginalised community. We identified more publications discussing racialised individuals (n=30) and black individuals (n=20) than women and girls (n=10), Indigenous peoples (n=9), children with disabilities (n=7) or 2SLGBTQIA+ individuals (n=4). Publications increased from 3 in 2020 to 15 in 2022, reflecting heightened awareness of structural racism and health inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest systemic under-recruitment and tokenism. Other factors in the research ecosystem include misleading conceptualisations of race and other social categories, power dynamics, lack of cultural safety and discrimination. Finally, we recommend applying the socio-ecological model to systematically map barriers and develop tailored, multilevel solutions that promote equity and inclusivity in research.

CONCLUSION: To foster a more equitable and impactful child health research ecosystem, institutions must address individual, interpersonal, organisational and policy-level barriers by embedding community-driven priorities, promoting diverse and inclusive practices, and ensuring long-term, reciprocal relationships with historically marginalised communities.},
}

Humans
*Child Health
Child
Canada
*Health Equity
*Cultural Diversity
Social Determinants of Health
*Social Marginalization
Female

@article {pmid40939094,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Zhang, C and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Z},
title = {The Cerebral Haemorrhage and SARS-CoV-2: An Emerging Virus From a Meta-Analysis Perspective.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {e70069},
pmid = {40939094},
issn = {1099-1654},
abstract = {The central nervous system is a potential target of the COVID-19 virus, and one of the devastating neurological consequences of this infection is cerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Cerebral haemorrhage is a leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to systematically review and analyse the existing literature on this topic and provide insights into the potential neurological consequences of COVID-19. A comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to extract relevant published data up to February 2025. This meta-analysis included 11 studies involving a total of 197,060 individuals. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the year of publication, hospital sampling wards, and study design. A critical appraisal was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) score. Risk was utilised as a measure of pooled effect size based on a random-effects model. In this analysis, we identified 11 articles that directly assessed the risk of cerebral haemorrhage. The reported risk of cerebral haemorrhage was five cases per 10,000 COVID-19 patients [0.005 (95% CI: 0.002-0.009), p < 0.001]. Notably, studies published in 2022 and 2023 indicated a significantly higher risk of cerebral haemorrhage compared to earlier years. COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) faced an increased risk of cerebral haemorrhage compared to those admitted to general wards. Meta-regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the risk of cerebral haemorrhage and the type of wards in a hospital [0.0089 (95% CI: 0.0067-0.0112), p < 0.001], as well as the year of publication [0.0004 (95% CI: 0.0003-0.0008), p = 0.048]. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in recent years for the potential occurrence of cerebral haemorrhage.},
}

@article {pmid40937306,
year = {2025},
author = {Ucciferri, C and Chiappini, F and Vecchiet, J and Falasca, K},
title = {From Legacy to Innovation: Pidotimod's Expanding Therapeutic Horizon.},
journal = {Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {e2025057},
pmid = {40937306},
issn = {2035-3006},
abstract = {Pidotimod, a synthetic dipeptide, has been utilized for over three decades as an immunomodulatory agent to prevent recurrent respiratory infections, particularly in immunocompromised populations such as children and the elderly. Originally developed for its ability to enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, pidotimod is now being revisited in light of new clinical insights and emerging therapeutic needs. Recent studies have expanded its potential beyond traditional indications, with evidence supporting its role in patients with chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis, and even viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Pidotimod exerts its effects by stimulating dendritic cells, enhancing toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, and promoting cytokine production, including IL-2 and IFN-γ, thereby supporting both cellular and humoral immunity. This broad-spectrum immune modulation makes pidotimod a promising adjunct in managing immune-mediated diseases and infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. In this review, we examine pidotimod's pharmacodynamics, summarize clinical evidence from recent studies, and explore its evolving role in modern therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Given its safety profile and oral administration, pidotimod holds significant promise not only for preventing infections but also as part of a broader immunomodulatory approach in complex disease management.},
}

@article {pmid40936739,
year = {2025},
author = {Rastogi, S and Gupta, S and Deepak, D and Mishra, BN and Gore, R and Singh, V},
title = {A Systematic Literature Review on Anxiety Among Undergraduate Students: Causes and Coping Strategies.},
journal = {Annals of neurosciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {09727531251366078},
pmid = {40936739},
issn = {0972-7531},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern among undergraduate students, adversely affecting academic performance, social functioning and emotional well-being. Its multifactorial causes and coping strategies, particularly in the context of global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, warrant a comprehensive synthesis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aims to analyse empirical studies on the causes of anxiety and the effectiveness of coping strategies among undergraduate students from 2010 to 2025.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using Scispace.ai, selecting 40 empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025. Keywords used included 'anxiety', 'undergraduate students' and 'coping strategies'. Thematic analysis was performed to categorise findings into major focus areas.

RESULTS: Seven key themes emerged: Prevalence (16%), academic stress (18%), social anxiety (16%), emotional comorbidities (16%), demographic differences (12%), coping mechanisms (14%) and contextual stressors such as COVID-19 (8%). Social judgement, academic pressure and fear of failure were primary causes of anxiety, often co-occurring with depression and emotional dysregulation. Female students and first-year undergraduates were identified as more vulnerable groups. Effective coping strategies included mindfulness practices, yoga, peer support and biofeedback; however, utilisation was limited by stigma and inadequate mental health services. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified anxiety levels due to social isolation and academic uncertainty.

CONCLUSION: This review underscores the urgent need for inclusive support systems, integration of digital mental health tools and culturally sensitive interventions within educational institutions. Future research should explore longitudinal trends and develop context-specific strategies to improve mental health outcomes among undergraduate students.},
}

@article {pmid40936649,
year = {2025},
author = {Schumann, A and Di Giuliano, M and Schulz, S and de la Cruz, F and Kreuder, T and Seifert, G and Bär, KJ},
title = {Mapping the brain's fatigue network: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis on functional correlates of mental fatigue.},
journal = {Brain communications},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
pages = {fcaf315},
pmid = {40936649},
issn = {2632-1297},
abstract = {Mental fatigue is a significant psychopathological symptom that has recently gained attention, particularly in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis and Post-COVID-19 condition. However, fatigue is a clinically relevant symptom across a wide range of mental and neurological disorders. To identify a transdiagnostic functional network associated with fatigue, we conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. The primary inclusion criterion was studies involving any medical condition where patients exhibited significantly higher levels of fatigue compared to healthy controls. A systematic literature review across three major scientific databases identified 46 eligible neuroimaging studies, including a total of 2603 individuals. The meta-analysis of these studies revealed a widespread cortical-subcortical network involving frontal, limbic, basal ganglia and parietal structures. Three main clusters were highlighted: a frontal-striatal-limbic cluster, a frontal-cingulate cluster and a parietal cluster, with regions implicated in cognitive, emotional and somatosensory symptoms associated with mental fatigue. Quality analysis indicated a moderate risk of bias in the majority of the included studies. Overall, our findings provide scientific evidence for a transdiagnostic mental fatigue network in the brain, with key nodes located in the lateral frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, precuneus and caudate. These results support the theory of thalamic-striatal-cortical dysfunction, which may impair compensatory mechanisms related to mental fatigue. Additionally, abnormal activation of limbic and parietal regions may contribute to cognitive, emotional and attentional impairments linked to fatigue.},
}

@article {pmid40935100,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, L and Zhao, S and Li, X and Wang, X and Yu, G},
title = {Synergistic effects of microplastics and bioaerosols: emerging trends in urban air pollution complexification and public health implications.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {286},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {122808},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122808},
pmid = {40935100},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {Urban air is increasingly contaminated with complex mixtures of microplastics (MPs) and bioaerosols (BAs), whose co-exposure may pose unique health risks. This review highlights the synergistic interaction between MPs and BAs during atmospheric transport and human exposure. We summarized the sources and physicochemical characteristics of airborne MPs (fragments and fibers from urban waste and textiles) and BAs (bacteria, fungi, and viruses from soil, water, and human activity) and their shared dispersion pathways via wind and resuspension. Both pollutants deposit in the respiratory tract upon inhalation. Notably, MPs may function as potential microbial carriers. Laboratory and field data indicate that airborne plastics harbor distinct microbial biofilms (often with antibiotic-resistant bacteria/genes) and may prolong virus survival (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 on plastic surfaces). These MP-microbe aggregates can enhance pathogen persistence and increase host exposure. In lung models, inhaled MPs disrupt epithelial barriers and surfactant layers, inhibit cell proliferation, and trigger inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, IL-1β, and tumor growth factor-beta) and oxidative stress (depleting SOD/CAT and generating reactive oxygen species). Assessing this co-pollution requires advanced methods. Standard spectroscopic tools (micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-Raman) and emerging methods such as laser direct infrared imaging enable polymer identification and MP sizing. Similarly, culture-independent high-throughput sequencing techniques (e.g., 16S/18S rRNA gene profiling) elucidate airborne microbial diversity. Novel real-time aerosol counters (e.g., UV-LIF optical sensors) and machine learning analytics are being applied to monitor BA load. Finally, we discussed implications for vulnerable subpopulations (children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic respiratory conditions) who may be more susceptible to combined MP/BA effects. The review proposes future directions, which include developing integrated toxicological models, multi-omics analyses of particle-microbe interactions, and establishing coordinated environmental health surveillance to track this emerging urban pollutant mixture.},
}

@article {pmid40934937,
year = {2025},
author = {Wilhelm, F and Cadamuro, J and Mink, S},
title = {Autoantibodies in long COVID: a systematic review.},
journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00411-6},
pmid = {40934937},
issn = {1474-4457},
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID) affects a substantial proportion of individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, profoundly affecting their daily lives and work. Diagnosis and prognosis of long COVID are complex and hindered by heterogeneous symptoms and the absence of validated biomarkers. This systematic review synthesises current evidence on the association between autoantibodies and long COVID, with the goal of evaluating their prognostic and diagnostic utility. Studies published in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases between Jan 1, 2020, and June 10, 2025, were considered. Study selection and quality assessment were done independently by two researchers. Of the 1113 publications screened, 44 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 7571 participants, including 3372 individuals with long COVID. 31 (71%) studies reported an association between autoantibodies and long COVID; however, there was substantial heterogeneity in study design, type and timing of antibody measurements, and long COVID definitions. Several autoantibodies have been associated with long COVID occurrence, symptoms, and severity. Antinuclear antibodies, and autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors and chemokines, have emerged as potential biomarkers for aiding in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of disease severity in long COVID. However, larger studies are needed to confirm the diagnostic and prognostic utility of these autoantibodies in the context of long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid40934489,
year = {2025},
author = {Garcia Gonzalez-Moral, S and Pennock, E and Ewedairo, O and Green, E and Elgey, J and Mkwashi, A},
title = {Horizon Scanning Methods for Health Care Technology Innovation Identification: Rapid Scoping Review of Patent Research Studies.},
journal = {Interactive journal of medical research},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {e70323},
pmid = {40934489},
issn = {1929-073X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patents are an early sign of innovation, yet their role in horizon scanning for health care remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the role of, and methods for, patent analysis in advancing health care technology innovation in a sector that is characterized by diverse health care technologies and significant research investment. Patents are critical early indicators of innovation, supporting horizon scanning and weak signal detection. The study aimed to identify intellectual property sources, evaluate methods for patent retrieval and analysis, and outline objectives for using patent data to anticipate trends and inform health care strategies.

METHODS: A rapid scoping review was conducted following Cochrane Rapid Review Methods recommendations and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, with a preregistered protocol on the Open Science Framework. Searches in Embase, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science targeted records published 2020 onward to capture the most recent sources, methods, and tools. Three independent reviewers screened studies using Rayyan (Qatar Computing Research Institute). We included any study type published since 2020 that provided patent sources data, methods, and tools applied to the study of health care technologies. Our data extraction included bibliographic details, study characteristics, and methodological information. Risk of bias assessments were not undertaken. Narrative and tabular methods, supplemented by visual charts, were used to synthesize findings.

RESULTS: Our searches identified 1741 studies, of which 124 were included after title, abstract, and full-text screening, with 54% being original research, 43.5% reviews, and the remainder being conference abstracts (2.5%). Most studies (68%) relied solely on patent databases, while others searched the gray and published literature. Research objectives of the included studies were grouped into 10 themes, with trend analysis (50%) and the provision of recommendations for future research, policy, and strategy development (20%) being the most common. Our review identified up to 47 patent databases, with 27% of studies using multiple sources. Whenever time limits were reported, the mean time horizon for patent searches was 24.6 years, ranging from 1900 to 2019. Automated approaches, used in 33% (n=43) of studies, frequently used tools such as Gephi (Gephi Consortium) for network visualization. Disease mapping based on National Institute for Health and Care Excellence classification indicated that cancer (19%) and respiratory conditions (16%), particularly COVID-19, were key areas.

CONCLUSIONS: Patent data are valuable for identifying technological trends and informing policy and research strategies. While patents provide crucial insights into emerging technologies, inconsistent deduplication practices across studies pose the risk of data inflation, accentuating the need for transparency and rigor. Finally, this review emphasized the importance of data transformation and visualization in detecting emerging trends, with Python and R being the most commonly used programming languages for developing custom tools.},
}

@article {pmid40933738,
year = {2025},
author = {Kemoun, G and Demoule, A},
title = {High-flow nasal oxygen is the reference treatment in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: Con.},
journal = {Journal of intensive medicine},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {230-236},
pmid = {40933738},
issn = {2667-100X},
abstract = {Over the past decade and boosted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has been increasingly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to treat acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). In this review, we show that despite this wide and rapid increase in the use of HFNO to treat AHRF, HFNO does not fulfill all the criteria of a "reference treatment". First, there are some inconsistencies between the studies that provided a positive signal toward the possible benefit of HFNO in AHRF. The two high-quality studies were negative in terms of primary outcome although they provided promising signals in favor of HFNO in terms of secondary outcomes or unplanned secondary analysis. The significance of the only positive study suffers from notable limitations and other trials, conducted in COVID-19 and in immunocompromised patients, are definitely negative and do not even provide promising signals in favor of HFNO. Of note, authors of some of the large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on HFNO have received grants or personal fees from manufacturers of HFNO devices. Second, meta-analyses do not show positive results regarding the efficacy of HFNO on mortality and recent guidelines do not support its use to improve this outcome, although they recommend HFNO use to reduce intubation rate. Third, HFNO is associated with risks that should be accounted for. There are concerns that HFNO may delay intubation, which is in turn associated with higher mortality and prolonged length of stay. In addition, with HFNO, high inspiratory effort may generate high lung strain and overstretch, a phenomenon termed patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI). Fourth, there are concerns regarding access to HFNO in resource-limited settings. Fifth, there are also concerns regarding the deleterious environmental impact of HFNO due to the high volume of consumables and high oxygen flow, which remain to be precisely quantified and balanced with the potential reduction in intubation rate. Considering all these limitations, HFNO is not yet the reference treatment for AHRF.},
}

@article {pmid40931272,
year = {2025},
author = {Iodice, F and Cuffaro, L and Romoli, M and Bianchini, E and Sparaco, M and Arighi, A and Cerami, C and Salemme, S and Reale, G and Orologio, I and Lavorgna, L and Padovani, A},
title = {A comprehensive guide to digital neurology. An update on current development on digital neurology derived from the Digital Neuro Hub project.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40931272},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {The rapid evolution of digital tools in recent years after COVID-19 pandemic has transformed diagnostic and therapeutic practice in neurology. This shift has highlighted the urgent need to integrate digital competencies into the training of future specialists. Key innovations such as telemedicine, artificial intelligence, and wearable health technologies have become central to improving healthcare delivery and accessibility. In response, the Digital Neurology group of the Italian Society of Neurology convened during the Italian Digital Neuro Hub meeting to define the essential digital skills and knowledge areas for tomorrow's neurologists. This paper outlines four primary domains of focus: wearable devices, telemedicine, AI applications, and the ethical implications of digital medicine in neurology.},
}

@article {pmid40930270,
year = {2025},
author = {Walker, TA and Kohler, JZ and Haddad, MM},
title = {Long COVID: Current landscape of neurocognitive sequalae and opportunities to improve care management.},
journal = {Brain, behavior, and immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106108},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106108},
pmid = {40930270},
issn = {1090-2139},
}

@article {pmid40488287,
year = {2025},
author = {Hueto Madrid, JA and Hargreaves, J and Buchelt, B},
title = {Putting Patients at Risk: The Effect of Health Care Provider Burnout on Patient Care in the Operating Room-A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of patient safety},
volume = {21},
number = {6},
pages = {424-436},
pmid = {40488287},
issn = {1549-8425},
support = {//Mölnlycke/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/psychology ; *Operating Rooms/organization & administration ; *Patient Safety ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; Quality of Health Care ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to explore the prevalence of burnout among health care professionals working in the operating room (OR) and its impact on patient safety and care quality.

METHODS: A focused narrative review was conducted, utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, Semantic Scholar, WorldCat, Cochrane Library, and clinical trials registries. Full-text primary literature published in English between 2018 and 2024 was included. Studies specifically addressing burnout in the OR and its effects on patient safety and care quality were selected. Data extraction included prevalence rates, stress factors, and impacts on patient outcomes.

RESULTS: Burnout was found to be highly prevalent among OR health care professionals, particularly affecting surgeons, anesthesiologists, and OR nurses. Reported prevalence rates ranged from 10% to 83%, with the highest levels occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Burnout was linked to critical aspects of health care quality and safety, primarily through communication breakdowns and operational inefficiencies. Impaired communication contributed to safety incidents, while disruptions in OR scheduling and increased turnover times further exacerbated workflow challenges. Although studies directly connecting burnout to patient safety events were limited, burnout was consistently associated with poor decision-making, weakened teamwork, and higher staff turnover-factors that collectively undermine patient outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: Burnout among OR health care professionals poses a significant threat to both staff well-being and patient safety, a challenge that was further intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing burnout requires a multifaceted approach, including enhanced training, workload optimization, and robust support systems. Implementing comprehensive, context-specific interventions can improve staff resilience and patient safety.},
}

Humans
*Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/psychology
*Operating Rooms/organization & administration
*Patient Safety
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Health Personnel/psychology
Quality of Health Care

@article {pmid40930047,
year = {2025},
author = {Sanftenberg, L and Kraeker, L and Walter, F and Tsiligianni, I and Bouloukaki, I and Roos, M and Gensichen, J},
title = {Associations between common mental disorders and vaccination readiness against seasonal influenza and Covid-19 of chronically ill adult patients in primary care - a systematic review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {127682},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127682},
pmid = {40930047},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronically ill are advised to receive annual vaccinations against Covid-19 and seasonal influenza. Furthermore, chronically ill show an increased prevalence of comorbid common mental disorders (CMDs), like depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders. With vaccination rates remaining insufficient among these vulnerable patients, prior research assumes an association between CMDs and vaccination readiness. As diagnoses, treatment and vaccination of those patients are performed mainly in general practice, the aim of this review is to describe associations between CMDs and vaccination readiness against seasonal Influenza and Covid-19 in chronically ill adult patients in primary care.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library and ERIC. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clustered RCTs and observational studies were considered. Two authors screened the studies and assessed the risk of bias independently (Cochrane Risk of Bias 2-Tool). We followed the PRISMA guideline. The study protocol was published in PROSPERO (CRD42024621413). The results were synthesized narratively.

RESULTS: Of 9820 identified studies, seven observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding Covid-19, three studies could show, that CMDs might lead to decreased vaccination readiness in adults. Regarding seasonal influenza, no significant association between vaccination readiness and CMDs occurred. In terms of vaccination rates, no significant association between vaccinations against Covid-19 and CMDs could be identified. Two studies identified a significant association between decreasing vaccination rates against seasonal influenza and CMDs.

CONCLUSION: CMDs tend to be associated with decreased vaccination readiness, however vaccination rates were not automatically affected as well. This could indicate a potential intention-behavior gap.},
}

@article {pmid40929471,
year = {2025},
author = {Schultz, MJ and Ball, L and Bernardi, M and Battaglini, D and Buiteman, LA and Ferreira, JC and Abreu, MG and Rosa, S and Hemmes, SN and Huhle, R and Mazzinari, G and Meenen, DMPV and Nasa, P and Serpa Neto, A and Pelosi, P and Paulus, F and Robba, C and Rocco, PRM and Scharffenberg, M and Tschernko, E and Wittenstein, J},
title = {The PROtective VEntilation (PROVE) Network - advancing research and collaboration in mechanical ventilation.},
journal = {Critical care science},
volume = {37},
number = {},
pages = {e20250399},
doi = {10.62675/2965-2774.20250399},
pmid = {40929471},
issn = {2965-2774},
mesh = {Humans ; *Respiration, Artificial/methods ; *COVID-19/therapy ; *Biomedical Research/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The PROtective VEntilation (PROVE) Network is a globally-recognized collaborative research group dedicated to advancing research, education, and collaboration in the field of mechanical ventilation. Established to address critical questions in intraoperative and intensive care ventilation, the network focuses on improving outcomes for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in diverse settings, including operating rooms, intensive care units, burn units, and resource-limited environments in low- and middle-income countries. The PROVE Network is committed to generating high-quality evidence through a comprehensive portfolio of investigations, including randomized clinical trials, observational research, and meta-analyses. Its work has significantly contributed to understanding optimal ventilation strategies in critically ill patients, such as those with COVID-19, and in exploring innovative approaches like closed-loop ventilation systems. The network has spearheaded pioneering studies that have shaped clinical practice worldwide by integrating expertise from a wide range of disciplines. A defining feature of the PROVE Network is its emphasis on mentorship and collaboration. It fosters a supportive environment where junior researchers are guided by experienced mentors, ensuring the transfer of knowledge and promoting inclusivity. The network prioritizes gender balance and diversity, recognizing the value of varied perspectives in driving meaningful innovation and advancing research excellence. This paper reviews the history, key projects, and leadership of the PROVE Network, highlighting its impactful contributions to the field of mechanical ventilation. By uniting researchers globally, the PROVE Network exemplifies the power of collaboration in addressing complex clinical challenges, including personalized ventilation and the use of Artificial Intelligence, and improving patient care.},
}

Humans
*Respiration, Artificial/methods
*COVID-19/therapy
*Biomedical Research/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40928692,
year = {2025},
author = {Wehbe, R and Khoshman, N and Ousseily, Z and Al-Tameemi, SA and Majzoub, RE and Najar, M and Merimi, M and Fayyad-Kazan, H and Badran, B and Fayyad-Kazan, M},
title = {Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants: genomic shifts, immune evasion, and therapeutic perspectives.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {886},
pmid = {40928692},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/prevention & control/therapy/epidemiology ; *Immune Evasion ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Genome, Viral ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the continuously evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus, has presented persistent global health challenges. As novel variants emerge, many with enhanced transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities, concerns have intensified regarding the efficacy of existing vaccines and therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of COVID-19 vaccination, including the development and performance of monovalent and bivalent boosters, and examines their effectiveness against newly emerging variants of interest (VOIs) and variants under monitoring (VUMs), such as JN.1, KP.2, and XEC. We also explore real-world vaccine effectiveness, antibody neutralization studies, and the latest updates from WHO advisory groups. Beyond vaccines, we discuss evolving treatment approaches, including the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), small-molecule antivirals, and host-targeted therapies. As resistance to antiviral agents and mAbs continues to emerge, combination therapies and next-generation broadly neutralizing antibodies offer promising avenues. This review underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance, rapid vaccine reformulation, and the development of adaptive treatment strategies to mitigate the impact of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and protect vulnerable populations.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/virology/prevention & control/therapy/epidemiology
*Immune Evasion
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Genome, Viral
Pandemics

@article {pmid40927666,
year = {2025},
author = {Natsir, RM and Halimah, E and Diantini, A and Levita, J},
title = {Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Basal, Bolus, and Combination Insulin Regimens in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from Published Case Reports.},
journal = {Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {3215-3236},
pmid = {40927666},
issn = {1178-7007},
abstract = {Insulin therapy remains a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in patients experiencing progressive loss of pancreatic beta-cell function or those with inadequate glycemic control despite oral antidiabetic therapy. This review synthesized clinical outcomes from 44 peer-reviewed case reports published between 2019 and 2024, identified through systematic searches in PubMed and Scopus. The included cases involved 15 males and 29 females, with patient ages ranging from 11 to 91 years (mean 53 ± 20.85 years). Subcutaneous insulin was the most frequently used route of administration, while intravenous insulin was reserved for managing acute complications. The most commonly reported complication was diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in patients with delayed insulin initiation or in those receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a class of oral glucose-lowering agents, one of whose side effects is known to elevate the risk of euglycemic DKA. Other triggers included COVID-19 infection and severe insulin resistance. Most patients received basal insulin regimens, whereas basal-bolus combinations were preferred in more complex or unstable cases. Insulin was frequently combined with oral agents, such as metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, reflecting a trend toward individualized treatment strategies. Biomarkers such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were routinely used to monitor glycemic control and systemic inflammation. These findings underscore the clinical importance of early insulin initiation, continuous monitoring, and personalized regimens to improve outcomes in advanced or complicated T2DM. Emerging therapies, such as once-weekly basal insulin formulations, show promise for enhancing adherence and glucose stability, although further research is needed to evaluate their long-term effectiveness and cost-efficiency.},
}

@article {pmid40927373,
year = {2025},
author = {Lv, Y and Zhou, Y and Lu, H and Dong, H and He, Z},
title = {Determinants of piglet gut microbiome colonization: roles of genetics, nutrition, therapeutics, and the impact of enteric pathogens like PEDV.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1626239},
pmid = {40927373},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Animals ; Swine ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Swine Diseases/microbiology/virology/drug therapy/immunology ; *Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/pathogenicity ; *Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/microbiology/virology/drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/immunology ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Diarrhea ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota of piglets is crucial for intestinal health and immune function, yet highly susceptible to various factors. Multiple factors such as Genetic and Sow Factors, feeding environment, diet and pathogen combine to shape the gut microbiota of piglets. PEDV, a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus, disrupts the gut microbiota by damaging the intestinal epithelial barrier, leading to microbial imbalance, weakened gut immunity, and severe diarrhea. In this review, we systematically investigated the factors affecting microbial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and the effects of PEDV infection on intestinal microecology, intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal immunity. Meanwhile, the unique potential of Chinese herbal medicines compound represented by Qiwen Huangbai San in repairing the barrier, remodeling the flora and enhancing the immunity was discussed in depth. Through the above multidimensional perspectives, this review aims to provide a scientific basis and an effective preventive strategy for the construction of a comprehensive prevention and control program centered on Chinese herbs to alleviate the intestinal damage caused by PEDV in piglets.},
}

Animals
Swine
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
*Swine Diseases/microbiology/virology/drug therapy/immunology
*Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/pathogenicity
*Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/microbiology/virology/drug therapy
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/immunology
Immunity, Mucosal
Diarrhea

@article {pmid40927068,
year = {2024},
author = {Obasuyi, OC and Obasuyi, VA},
title = {A systematic review on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunisation programmes of West African countries.},
journal = {Ghana medical journal},
volume = {58},
number = {2},
pages = {165-177},
pmid = {40927068},
issn = {2616-163X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data ; Africa, Western/epidemiology ; Child ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunisation programmes in West African Countries.

DESIGN: The study was a systematic review of available evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunisation programmes in West Africa.

SETTING: An online literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science for all peer-reviewed longitudinal, descriptive, observational, prospective and retrospective studies on childhood immunisation programmes in West Africa published between January 2020 and May 2022.

PARTICIPANTS: All West African childhood immunisation programmes.

INTERVENTIONS: None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in immunisation volumes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS: 353 studies were identified during the literature search, and eight were included in this review. The studies comprised six quantitative studies, one mixed-method (quantitative/qualitative) study and one qualitative study. Changes to immunisation services ranged between 53% and 52% for MCV and Penta3 vaccines in Guinea, lasting longer than August 2020, to 0.3% and 1% in Liberia for BCG and MCV vaccines lasting no longer than May 2020. Factors contributing to the observed disruptions in vaccine coverage during the pandemic included the fear of contracting the virus expressed by caregivers and healthcare workers and general misinformation about the COVID-19 virus.

CONCLUSION: While the changes were greater than 50% and lasted longer in some countries, they were brief and short-lived in others, emphasising that the COVID-19 pandemic's effect in each country differed.

FUNDING: This work did not receive any external funding and was entirely self-funded.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data
Africa, Western/epidemiology
Child
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40926917,
year = {2025},
author = {Ibrahim, ME and M Osman, HM and Mubarak Osman, AME and Mofareh Alanazi, NM and Mohamed Ali, BT and Adam Abdallah, II and Hussein Mohamed, MI},
title = {Comparing Telemedicine and In-Person Psychological Interventions for Anxiety: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89594},
pmid = {40926917},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Barriers such as stigma and limited access to care continue to impede treatment for anxiety disorders. Telemedicine has emerged as a promising alternative to in-person psychological interventions, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review compares the efficacy of telemedicine and in-person therapies for anxiety disorders, evaluating outcomes, patient engagement, and methodological rigor. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov, with the final search conducted in July 2025. Ten studies comparing telemedicine with in-person interventions were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to heterogeneity. Telemedicine demonstrated non-inferior efficacy to in-person therapy across diverse modalities and outperformed self-help programs. Patient satisfaction and adherence were high, with telehealth groups showing longer retention. Small effect size differences favored in-person therapy for generalized anxiety disorder, but most studies reported comparable outcomes. Risk of bias was low for nine out of ten studies. Telemedicine is a viable alternative to in-person therapy for anxiety disorders, with advantages in accessibility and therapist-guided formats. Future research should address long-term outcomes and equity in delivery.},
}

@article {pmid40926412,
year = {2025},
author = {Tregoning, JS and Wang, Z and Sridhar, S and Shattock, RJ and DeRosa, F},
title = {Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: the critical interplay between inflammation and expression.},
journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.09.011},
pmid = {40926412},
issn = {1525-0024},
abstract = {Since its use during the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA has emerged as a leading candidate vaccine platform for pandemic infections. A critical difference between RNA-encoded antigen and protein vaccines is that RNA-based vaccines require the antigen to be translated in the body, adding an important variable. Much of the research focus in the field has been on ways to increase expression, but inflammation plays a critical role. The vaccine delivered is a combination of the RNA and the formulation, so both elements need to be considered. Formulated RNA can act as a form of adjuvant but can also activate cellular pathways that inhibit expression. Expression and inflammation are interlinked, but independent - a deeper understanding of the quality and quantity of immune induction will help to develop more efficient RNA vaccines. Here we discuss factors that shape responses to RNA-based vaccines. These include the composition of the vaccine (the use of modified RNA bases, whether self-replicating or traditional mRNA, and critically, the formulation) and the type of cells which take up and translate the RNA. We then consider challenges presented by current generation RNA vaccines including clinical impact and how improved immunological understanding can inform the development of improved RNA vaccine platforms.},
}

@article {pmid40925784,
year = {2025},
author = {Baskota, SU and Ahsan, M and Mohamed, S and Schukow, CP and Herman, MK and Nebbache, H and Punjabi, LS and Metcalf, BD and Upreti, D and Cima, L and Poombal, F and Ali Hashim, MM and Jiang, XS},
title = {Social media and cytopathology (#cytopath) education: developing a curated online resource index and exploring the evolution of e-learning.},
journal = {Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jasc.2025.08.002},
pmid = {40925784},
issn = {2213-2945},
abstract = {In recent years, social media (SoMe) has revolutionized medical education within the field of pathology; however, its performance in cytopathology has not been explored in detail. This systematic review aims to analyze SoMe trends, hashtag metrics, and online resources within cytopathology over the period of 7 years. A systematic review of 4 databases (PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus) was conducted between January 1st, 2017, and December 22nd, 2022, in order to identify relevant English-language articles about SoMe and cytopathology. An index for online cytopathology (#cytopath) resources was created and posted on Knowledge In Knowledge Out on May 12, 2025. Sixteen studies were included for final analysis, dating from 2017 to 2023. The most commonly cited SoMe platforms used among cytopathologists were X (Twitter) (42%) and Facebook (26%) (P = 0.002). A variety of hashtags were used across posts: #Cytology (24%), #Cytopath (24%), #FNAFriday (24%), #Pathology (16%), and #Cytopathology (12%) (P = 0.865). Two studies discussed the use of SoMe in cytopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting its role as a rapid communication tool in times of crisis. The most highly followed cytopathology accounts on X were @cytopathology (10,510), @IACytology (3639), and @britishcytology (3062). This systematic review shows how SoMe is enhancing networking, case discussion, and education in cytopathology. Although it could revolutionize professional communication, it still poses issues regarding privacy and possible misinformation. Future research and guidelines are necessary to optimize the use of SoMe in cytopathology.},
}

@article {pmid40925391,
year = {2025},
author = {Frei-Stuber, L and Nowak, D},
title = {[Narrative review of clinical findings in patients with Post-COVID-19 and their relevance for occupational medical assessment].},
journal = {Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)},
volume = {150},
number = {19},
pages = {1151-1157},
doi = {10.1055/a-2648-3362},
pmid = {40925391},
issn = {1439-4413},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Occupational Diseases/diagnosis ; Germany/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp increase in the recognitions of COVID-19 as an occupational disease in Germany. The patients often report diverse symptoms, whereas causality and objectification remain difficult.A selective literature research in PubMed was carried out, assessment recommendations and guidelines were included, too.Long-term consequences of COVID-19 belong to various medical fields. Direct and indirect objectification are necessary. The latter requires concrete indications for the connection between COVID-19 and symptoms. An individual case assessment is also required regarding the reduction in earning capacity. Official recommendations for assessment were published shortly before this review in June 2025.Objectification is a crucial factor, whereas its implementation is complex. Effects on the degree of damage and the degree of disability should be taken into account.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Occupational Diseases/diagnosis
Germany/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40792498,
year = {2025},
author = {Chilumula, S and Hanchate, P and Patri, SV and Marepally, S},
title = {Influence of structural modifications in synthetic vectors of lipid adjuvants on mRNA vaccine delivery.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {13},
number = {18},
pages = {4952-4969},
doi = {10.1039/d5bm00839e},
pmid = {40792498},
issn = {2047-4849},
mesh = {*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Animals ; *Liposomes/administration & dosage/chemistry ; *Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Lipid adjuvants act as a fundamental element in mRNA vaccine technology by performing as diverse functional parts: augmenting immune responses, assisting genetic payload delivery to target cells, and optimizing antigen presentation. They offer various advantages, such as particle stabilization, targeted delivery, refined endosomal escape mechanisms, and self-adjuvant characteristics that amplify immune activation. The lipid adjuvant structure is crucial for both maximizing delivery accuracy and unlocking tunable immune responses, positioning lipid adjuvants as critical components of next-generation vaccines. Understanding the structural alterations of the lipid adjuvants is necessary for the rational design and synthesis of next-generation novel lipid adjuvants that elicit superior immune responses in mRNA vaccines. To magnify the potency and safety of lipid adjuvants, researchers are investigating the fundamental aspects of designing an innovative lipid that leverages biodegradable linkages. This strategy emphasizes the critical roles of numerous lipids, such as ionizable/cationic lipids, helper lipids, phospholipids, and PEGylated lipids, for enhancing the stability, targeting precision, and immunogenic efficacy of mRNA vaccine delivery. Moreover, it elucidates the structural changes of recently developed cationic/ionizable lipid adjuvants, highlighting how their structure impacts vaccine efficacy, especially linkers. By leveraging these advancements, researchers are exploring the potential for highly effective and targeted mRNA vaccine platforms, paving the way for next-generation immunization strategies.},
}

*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage/chemistry
Humans
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/chemistry
Animals
*Liposomes/administration & dosage/chemistry
*Nanoparticles/administration & dosage/chemistry

@article {pmid40925176,
year = {2025},
author = {He, Z and Zhang, J and Kuang, S and Li, S and Wang, Y and Ding, J and Ma, Z and Zhang, B},
title = {Colloidal gold technology in viral diagnostics: Recent innovations, clinical applications, and future perspectives.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {612},
number = {},
pages = {110686},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110686},
pmid = {40925176},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Colloidal gold technology has revolutionized viral diagnostics through its rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly applications, particularly in point-of-care testing (POCT). This review synthesizes recent advancements, focusing on its role in detecting respiratory viruses, hepatitis viruses, and emerging pathogens. The technology leverages the unique optical and physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and high surface-to-volume ratios, to achieve rapid antigen-antibody recognition with visual readouts within 15 min. Innovations such as CRISPR-Cas-integrated lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), dual-mode plasmonic biosensors, and nanomaterials like CeO2-colloidal gold composites have enhanced sensitivity and multiplex capability, enabling simultaneous identification of co-circulating pathogens. Case studies highlight its efficacy in dengue serotyping, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody quantification, and HBV/HCV co-detection, demonstrating high clinical specificity. However, challenges persist, including the need for improved sensitivity; interference of sample matrix with immunity; false positives caused by cross-reactions; and limitations of semi-quantitative analysis. Recent progress in hybrid nanomaterial synthesis, surface functionalization, and device-level multiplexing-coupled with AI-driven data interpretation- promises to address these gaps. Future trends emphasize integration with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), microfluidics, and portable sensors to achieve sub-zeptomolar sensitivity and scalable deployment. By bridging nanotechnology with precision diagnostics, colloidal gold platforms are poised to redefine global viral surveillance, particularly in resource-limited settings, underscoring their indispensable role in pandemic preparedness.},
}

@article {pmid40924127,
year = {2025},
author = {McCartney, G and Walsh, D},
title = {Understanding changes to life expectancy and inequalities in the UK, Germany, and other high-income countries.},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40924127},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {The rate of improvement in life expectancy and mortality slowed considerably in a number of high-income countries from the early 2010s, predating the COVID-19 pandemic by almost a decade. Evidence for different countries, including the separate nations of the United Kingdom (e.g. Scotland and England), shows that this overall 'stalling' of improvement has been driven by markedly worsening mortality rates among poorer populations, thereby considerably widening spatial inequalities. Here we synthesise international data and evidence-with a particular focus on the United Kingdom and Germany-to highlight the common causes of these trends, most notably economic 'austerity' policies that were implemented in the aftermath of the 2007/2008 financial crash. These have demonstrably increased rates of poverty, reduced availability of required social services, and left public services more threadbare, all of which has negatively impacted mental and physical health and mortality. We conclude with a discussion of the economic policy responses required to address this multi-nation population health emergency.},
}

@article {pmid40923618,
year = {2025},
author = {Susanna, BN and Marcellus, JM and Randleman, JB},
title = {Acute Accommodative Insufficiency After LASIK Due to COVID-19 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995)},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {e1027-e1030},
doi = {10.3928/1081597X-20250801-01},
pmid = {40923618},
issn = {1938-2391},
mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Accommodation, Ocular/physiology ; Acute Disease ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Hyperopia/surgery ; *Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/adverse effects ; Lasers, Excimer/therapeutic use ; *Postoperative Complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To report a case of acute and transient accommodative insufficiency after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS: Case report and literature review.

RESULTS: A 36-year-old man complained of acute blurred near vision 7 days after uneventful bilateral hyperopic LASIK, concurrent with the onset of COVID-19 infection. Examination revealed new-onset accommodative insufficiency, with binocular cross-cylinder test demonstrating an accommodative lag of +1.00 diopters (D) in both eyes. Pupillary and ocular motility findings were normal. The patient was prescribed low add multifocal contact lenses for temporary use. Six months postoperatively, accommodative lag resolved, accommodative function returned to baseline, and near vision returned to J1 uncorrected.

CONCLUSIONS: This report describes acute accommodative insufficiency as a complication of COVID-19, with spontaneous resolution over 6 months. Given the significant impact on refractive surgery outcomes, the authors recommend delaying elective procedures for at least 6 months after COVID-19, especially in patients presenting with unexplained postoperative near vision changes.},
}

Adult
Humans
Male
Accommodation, Ocular/physiology
Acute Disease
*COVID-19/complications
*Hyperopia/surgery
*Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ/adverse effects
Lasers, Excimer/therapeutic use
*Postoperative Complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
Visual Acuity/physiology

@article {pmid40922939,
year = {2025},
author = {Politis, M and Chatzichristodoulou, I and Mouchtouri, VA and Rachiotis, G},
title = {COVID-19 vaccination and use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Infection prevention in practice},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {100461},
pmid = {40922939},
issn = {2590-0889},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccinations are considered one of the most effective medical interventions. Among other benefits, certain vaccinations help reduce antimicrobial resistance by decreasing antibiotic use. Considering reports of increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to explore the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar between January 1, 2021, and November 6, 2024. The included studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis were employed to synthesize the evidence.

RESULTS: Eight studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis (134,022 participants). COVID-19 vaccination was significantly associated with a 34% reduction in the odds of antibiotic use (OR: 0.662; 95% CI: 0.540-0.811) in COVID-19 patients. These findings were supported by the sensitivity analyses. In the subgroup analysis, a significant negative association was observed between COVID-19 vaccination and antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients across all study designs. A major limitation of this study is that most of the included studies did not adjust for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a significant reduction in antibiotic use among COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 vaccination status may have influenced healthcare providers' decisions regarding antibiotic use in this group. Further large-scale cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

OTHER: The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023449625). No funding was provided for this study. The APCs were covered by the Karolinska Institute.},
}

@article {pmid40922860,
year = {2025},
author = {Potluri, S and Chittiprol, N and Varaganti, V and Avr, V and Vadakedath, S and Arvapally, D and Vemulapalli, C and Begum, GS and Madamsetti, N and Kandi, V},
title = {The Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Sudden Death: An Explorative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89527},
pmid = {40922860},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Since its discovery, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become the epicenter of public health concern. This was mainly attributed to the complexity of COVID-19 that resulted in variable disease progression with some developing asymptomatic infections, some suffering mild to moderate infections that resolved without the need for hospitalizations, and a few infected persons developing severe infections that required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation. The COVID-19 pandemic spread globally, affecting billions of people and killing millions. Most of the consequences were related to the novelty of the virus, poor understanding of its pathogenesis, and the lack of a specific antiviral drug and vaccine. The vaccines, although manufactured and made available to the public, were approved for emergency use before the completion of human clinical trials. Moreover, the continuous emergence of viruses following mutations resulted in the emergence of viral variants. This has led to doubts over the efficacy of vaccines. Vaccine inequity, represented by the disproportionate availability and distribution of vaccines among the rich and poor, concerns over long-term safety, and hesitancy, affected COVID-19 vaccination, thereby increasing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is no longer considered a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), the repercussions of the pandemic are still evident in the form of long COVID and post-COVID functional health status (PCFHS), wherein individuals who were previously infected continue to suffer organ dysfunction, primarily affecting the lungs and other organs of the body. During and after the pandemic, COVID-19 and probably vaccination were attributed to the death of many individuals, which were categorized as sudden death (SD) and sudden unnatural death (SUD). It is unclear if these deaths were a result of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and prior COVID-19 vaccination or both. There are several instances of infected and recovered individuals who were healthy but suddenly developed complications and died. Through this explorative review, we aim to comprehend the role that SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19 vaccination play in predisposing people to cardiovascular system (CVS) and central nervous system (CNS) disorders that can result in SD and SUD.},
}

@article {pmid40921936,
year = {2025},
author = {Ojomo, O and Atibioke, O and Alesinloye-King, O and Erlandsson, K and Ängeby, K and Envall, N},
title = {A scoping study of postpartum mental health problems and associated factors: opportunities for research and practice.},
journal = {Discover mental health},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {136},
pmid = {40921936},
issn = {2731-4383},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of mental health problems throughout the postpartum period and to describe the screening instruments as well as associated factors related to the relevant population.

METHODS: The scoping study was guided by the framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac et al. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline was used to report the findings including citation backtracking.

RESULTS: Of the 2828 studies screened, 43 met the inclusion criteria, and three key categories were identified: postpartum mental health problems, screening instruments, and associated factors, including support systems, previous mental and medical conditions, and other associated factors. Sub-categories in the support systems included partner, family, social, and work support, while subcategories in the other associated factors included socioeconomic and sociodemographic, pregnancy and birth, partner violence, mode of delivery, gender preference, COVID-19, and immigration status.

CONCLUSION: A comprehensive approach to postpartum mental health problems is necessary to understand protective factors needed at all levels. It is imperative to offer a spectrum of support services and ensure high availability of care to all relevant subgroups of mothers throughout pregnancy and up to one year postpartum. Inconsistent use of screening instruments at different periods indicates a need for harmonized use in clinical settings to mitigate the risk of women being undiagnosed. Training healthcare professionals in the area of assessment and management of postpartum mental health problems will significantly help in alleviating the challanges women face during this period.},
}

@article {pmid40921682,
year = {2025},
author = {Yin, SY and He, MX},
title = {[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and post COVID-19 condition: the theory of immune pathology].},
journal = {Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology},
volume = {54},
number = {9},
pages = {997-1002},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20250227-00137},
pmid = {40921682},
issn = {0529-5807},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology/complications/virology ; *Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology/complications/virology ; *Betacoronavirus/immunology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/pathology/virology ; RNA, Viral ; Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/pathology/virology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; },
}

Humans
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology/complications/virology
*Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology/complications/virology
*Betacoronavirus/immunology
*Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/pathology/virology
RNA, Viral
Multiple Organ Failure/immunology/pathology/virology
B-Lymphocytes/immunology
T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Macrophages/immunology
Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology/immunology
Cytokines/metabolism

@article {pmid40921133,
year = {2025},
author = {Kole, E and Jadhav, K and Singh, R and Verma, RK and Chatterjee, A and Naik, J},
title = {Next-Generation Nanoparticle-Enabled mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {83-123},
doi = {10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053265},
pmid = {40921133},
issn = {2162-660X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Nanoparticles ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Animals ; *RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/immunology ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Drug Delivery Systems ; },
abstract = {The emergence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines as an alternative platform to traditional vaccines has been accompanied by advances in nanobiotechnology, which have improved the stability and delivery of these vaccines through novel nanoparticles (NPs). Specifically, the development of NPs for mRNA delivery has facilitated the loading, protection and release of mRNA in the biological microenvironment, leading to the stimulation of mRNA translation for effective intervention strategies. Intriguingly, two mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), have been permitted for emergency usage authorization to prevent COVID-19 infection by USFDA. Both mRNA vaccines utilized lipidic NPs (LNPs) as a delivery platform and demonstrated superior efficacy and safety profiles compared to traditional vaccines. This review article gives insight into ongoing pre-clinical and clinical developments of mRNA vaccine candidates, their efficacy against coronavirus variants, and analysis of NP-based approaches to recognize their potential for forthcoming growth. This review article highlights recent advances in delivery strategies, including LNPs, polymeric NPs, and exosomes, for effective immunization against COVID-19. The key challenges associated with mRNA NPs have been identified, and potential strategies to overcome these difficulties have been proposed. Production of nanomaterials for specific mRNA applications can offer new insights into next-generation nanomaterials, revolutionizing mRNA technology.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Nanoparticles
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
Animals
*RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage/immunology
2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273
Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology
BNT162 Vaccine
Drug Delivery Systems

@article {pmid40920753,
year = {2025},
author = {Kelleher, AB and O'Donovan, M and O'Doherty, D and Lavery, R and Lehane, E and Saab, MM},
title = {The effect of exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists on intensive care unit and hospital length of stay: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {e0332031},
pmid = {40920753},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Melatonin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Intensive Care Units ; *Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; *Receptors, Melatonin/agonists ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Delirium/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Melatonin supplements and melatonin receptor agonists are linked to reduced delirium in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) which we hypothesised may affect the length of stay (LOS) in ICU or in hospital. In this review, we identified and critically appraised the literature on the effect of exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists on the ICU and/or hospital LOS among adults admitted to the ICU.

METHODS: Six electronic databases and three trial registries were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Screening, risk of bias assessment, quality appraisal, and level of evidence assessment were conducted and cross-checked by two reviewers independently. Meta-analyses with disease-specific subgroups were conducted to assess the mean difference in LOS for exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists compared with a placebo.

RESULTS: Twenty RCTs were reviewed with 14 having a low risk of bias. For ICU LOS (18 studies) there was significant statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 73%); compared with placebo the 95% prediction interval for the mean difference was -3.18 and 1.39 days. For hospital stay (12 studies, I2 = 79%) the 95% prediction interval ranged from -6.68 to 3.52. Removing two statistical outliers, and correcting for publication bias, there was no overall statistically significant difference in mean ICU LOS (p-value = 0.298) or mean hospital LOS (p-value = 0.456). The subgroup analysis found statistically significant improvements for those who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (ICU LOS -0.47 days, 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.16, p-value = 0.003); and patients with COVID-19 (hospital LOS -3.90 days, 95% CI: -6.28 to -1.51, p-value = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: There was a very low certainty of evidence that melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists were associated with reductions in ICU and hospital LOS in ICU patients overall. However, further research is needed for surgical patients and those with pneumonia.},
}

Humans
*Melatonin/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Intensive Care Units
*Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
*Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Delirium/drug therapy

@article {pmid40920390,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, H and Daizadeh, N and Shen, YL and Chen, J and Rockhold, FW and Pang, H and Lee, H},
title = {Decentralized Clinical Trials in the Era of Real-World Evidence: A Critical Assessment of Recent Experiences.},
journal = {Clinical and translational science},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {e70328},
pmid = {40920390},
issn = {1752-8062},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/methods ; Research Design ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Since the first decentralized clinical trial (DCT) was conducted in 2011, there has been an increased usage of DCT due to its benefits of patient-centricity and generalizability of findings. This trend was further expedited by the global COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 23 case studies across various therapeutic areas and grouped them into different categories according to their purposes-by necessity, for operational benefits, to address unique research questions, to validate innovative digital endpoints, or to validate decentralization as a clinical research platform. We leveraged the estimand framework from ICH E9(R1) including its five attributes (population, treatment, variable, intercurrent event, and summary measure) to critically assess their design and conduct. Common trends, opportunities, and challenges were reported along with recommendations for future DCT. Of note, intercurrent events and associated handling strategies are largely not present when reporting DCT. This is an area that can impact study conclusions and require more dedicated efforts when designing new DCTs.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
Research Design
Pandemics

@article {pmid40919620,
year = {2025},
author = {Ruqa, WA and Romeo, M and Cipolloni, G and Rosati, D and Laureti, C and Venarubea, S and Liberati, F and Santirocchi, A and Petrella, C and Cogoni, C and Cestari, V and Barbato, C and Minni, A},
title = {Nasal Cytology and Clinical Rhinology Support a Translational Integrative Neuroscience Perspective.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {24},
number = {8},
pages = {33392},
doi = {10.31083/JIN33392},
pmid = {40919620},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {//Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)/ ; CUP B53D23018450006//European Union-NextGenerationEU-Project Title-Mapping NEUROCOVID via neurobiology and neurovolatilome in Post-COVID-19 patients/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *Nasal Mucosa/pathology/cytology ; *Neurosciences ; },
abstract = {Nasal cytology is evolving into a promising tool for diagnosing neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially those such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, recent research has indicated that biomarkers differ greatly between samples taken before and after death. Nasal cytology might help to identify the early stages of cognitive decline. The association of olfactory disturbances with a host of these neurological disorders is remarkable. This means that the nose, something we probably take for granted, could well be the best means of establishing important biomarkers for earlier diagnoses in these conditions. The nose is a source of epithelial and neuroepithelial cells that can be used in in vitro cultured models and nasal cytology provides new avenues for translational, integrative neuroscientific research. The future incorporation of artificial intelligence into cytological analyses would facilitate the acceptance of nasal cytology as a screening platform for neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions, facilitating early diagnosis and better management for patients.},
}

Humans
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*Nasal Mucosa/pathology/cytology
*Neurosciences

@article {pmid40917828,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, L and Cai, Q and Zheng, P},
title = {Medical gases in respiratory diseases: ozone, argon, and nitric oxide as game-changers in therapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1598798},
pmid = {40917828},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Respiratory diseases pose a significant global health burden, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. This narrative review consolidates existing knowledge and critically examines the evolving role of medical gases, ozone, argon, and nitric oxide (NO), in respiratory medicine. Based on recent literature, it highlights how these gases, originally used for their physicochemical properties, have now undergone a "functional crossover," revealing their broad therapeutic potential. Analysis of available evidence indicates Ozone exhibits dual mechanisms: redox balance regulation and antimicrobial effects, demonstrating efficacy in COVID-19 pneumonia and hospital disinfection. Argon, when delivered through cold atmospheric plasma jets (CAPPJ), provides broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and targeted treatment for bronchopleural fistulas. NO, beyond its vasodilatory role, is now a dynamic tool for airway inflammation monitoring and precision asthma management. However, challenges persist, including optimizing therapeutic windows, standardizing treatment protocols, and assessing long-term safety and efficacy. Future directions emphasize precision medicine, incorporating biomarkers, AI-driven diagnostics, and combination therapies to overcome current challenges and unlock the full potential of medical gases in treating respiratory diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40917792,
year = {2025},
author = {Shadid, A and Hok, KD and Domozhirov, AY and Weng-Mills, T and Doursout, MF and Banda, NK and Restrepo, MI and Shivshankar, P},
title = {Enigmatic Roles of Complement Anaphylatoxin Signaling in Health and Disease.},
journal = {Immune network},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {e32},
pmid = {40917792},
issn = {1598-2629},
abstract = {Complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are potent immunomodulators whose impact extends well beyond their traditional roles in innate immunity. Acting through G protein-coupled receptors C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2, these peptides take part in coordinating immune cell recruitment, vascular tone, and tissue remodeling. Yet their functions are deeply context-dependent: while they play essential roles in microbial clearance and immune coordination, their overactivation contributes to immunopathology in a wide range of diseases. The anaphylatoxins play key roles in early pathogen containment but can also drive cytokine storm and tissue damage, as in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and bacterial sepsis. In autoimmune conditions, the anaphylatoxins promote leukocyte infiltration and complement-mediated tissue injury. In chronic diseases, they contribute to fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and anaphylatoxins disrupt neurovascular integrity in neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, C3a and C5a shape the tumor microenvironment by facilitating immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. As complement-targeted therapies gain momentum in clinical settings-particularly in the treatment of genetic disorders, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, more recently COVID-19, and cancer-a deeper mechanistic understanding of C3a and C5a signaling is imperative as we advance closer toward precision medicine, and this review aims to inform future approaches for therapeutic complement modulation.},
}

@article {pmid40917430,
year = {2025},
author = {Mao, W and Olson, K and Urli Hodges, E and Udayakumar, K},
title = {Progress, impacts and lessons from market shaping in the past decade: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1614471},
pmid = {40917430},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Health Services Accessibility ; COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution/economics ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Market shaping activities have been increasingly used to improve access to health products, such as the advance market commitments used to increase access to the pneumococcal vaccine and COVID-19 vaccines. This paper reviewed the progress and impacts, and identified enablers and barriers of market shaping activities in the past decade. We conducted a systematic review using a structured searching strategy across five academic databases and key actors' websites for gray and white literature published in English since 2012. Two researchers independently performed screening, data extraction, and analysis. Following independent screening, 97 out of 3,006 articles were eligible for analysis. The majority of the articles were qualitative studies and published within the past 5 years. Rapid access to new products, improved availability, and reduced product cost were the most reported impacts. Barriers of market shaping were the disconnection between market shaping interventions and downstream factors, fragmentation and lack of transparency in regulatory processes, and failure to incentivize manufacturers. Enablers included taking end-to-end approaches, coordination across different actors, particularly the national stakeholders and private sector, creating transparent and predictable demand, longer time span, and flexible funding. While market shaping interventions have contributed to the improvement of access to health products, future research should generate additional quantitative evidence, comprehensive impact evaluation, and in-depth studies on the negative impacts of market shaping. Market shaping actors need to adopt definitions and frameworks, apply an ecosystem-wide lens, engage with diverse stakeholders, consider service delivery, and strengthen key capabilities.

PROSPERO: CRD42023471098, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023471098.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Health Services Accessibility
COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution/economics

@article {pmid40917342,
year = {2025},
author = {Basu, S and Simerman, A and Hoffman, A},
title = {How is Engagement Defined Across Health Care Services and Technology Companies? A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {100256},
pmid = {40917342},
issn = {2949-7612},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine how digital health startups define and operationalize engagement in the post- coronavirus disease environment (2020-2025).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines adapted for web-based literature, we systematically reviewed publicly available information from digital health startups founded or significantly operating between 2020-2025. We extracted engagement definitions from company websites, white papers, blog posts, and press releases. Definitions were coded by type (explicit, implicit, or nondefinition) and dimensional focus (behavioral, cognitive, affective, and social). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's κ (κ=0.82). We conducted this systematic review from April 20, 2025, to May 21, 2025.

RESULTS: We analyzed 64 engagement definitions from 30 digital health startups. Only 18.8% (n=12) were explicit definitions with clear measurement criteria, whereas 45.3% (n=29) were implicit definitions and 35.9% (n=23) were nondefinitions that mentioned engagement without defining it. The behavioral dimension dominated (64.1%, n=41), followed by social (28.1%, n=18), cognitive (21.9%, n=14), and affective dimensions (17.2%, n=11). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between definition type and dimensional focus (P<.05). Based on our findings, we developed a taxonomy of engagement definitions and a 5-level engagement definition maturity model.

CONCLUSION: Digital health startups predominantly use implicit or undefined engagement concepts with a strong behavioral focus. The proposed taxonomy and maturity model provide frameworks for standardizing engagement definitions across the digital health ecosystem, potentially improving measurement consistency, facilitating more meaningful comparisons between solutions, and establishing a baseline for evaluating effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid40916093,
year = {2025},
author = {Veltre, D and Joseph, R},
title = {Rapidly Upskilling Nurses During a Pandemic: An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of Christian nursing : a quarterly publication of Nurses Christian Fellowship},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {206-213},
pmid = {40916093},
issn = {0743-2550},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; *Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology ; *Christianity ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic required healthcare organizations to rapidly upskill workers to care for critically ill patients. An integrative review focused on the upskilling of nurses during the pandemic identified themes of strategies, benefits, and challenges of rapid upskilling. Understanding the effectiveness, satisfaction, and challenges of upskilling efforts during COVID-19 can help healthcare organizations prepare for future emergencies by improving workforce readiness and response strategies. Biblical principles related to upskilling for best quality care are discussed.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/nursing/epidemiology
Pandemics
*Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology
*Christianity
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40850048,
year = {2025},
author = {Genest, G and Liu, Z and Boivin, M and Alvarez, F and Banjar, S and Ton-Leclerc, S and Khoudja, R and Peero, EK and Piccirillo, CA and Mazer, BD},
title = {Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) use in recurrent implantation failure: Is it time for another randomized controlled trial?.},
journal = {Journal of reproductive immunology},
volume = {171},
number = {},
pages = {104634},
doi = {10.1016/j.jri.2025.104634},
pmid = {40850048},
issn = {1872-7603},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/immunology ; Female ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Fertilization in Vitro/methods ; *Embryo Implantation/immunology/drug effects ; Pregnancy ; },
abstract = {Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) affects up to 5 % of patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) yet remains unexplained in over 50 % of cases. Perturbation of the permissive immune environment required for implantation is thought to explain a proportion of RIF cases but remains a diagnosis of exclusion due to the lack of validated testing to confirm the condition. Patients are often empirically treated with immunomodulatory medications, with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) being prominently featured. While some suggest potential benefit, available studies are heterogenous, often underpowered and do not consider recent definitions of RIF; IVIg remains a heavily debated IVF adjunct. With the recent COVID pandemic-induced global blood product shortage, IVIg prescribing practices for RIF must be reviewed. A well designed, adequately powered randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to determine if IVIg should be featured in our armamentarium. However, prior to its design, data amassed over the last 3 decades must be incorporated to ensure it yields robust and clinically meaningful data. This narrative review synthesizes our current state of knowledge on the topic, discussing proposed mechanisms of immune-mediated RIF, potential mechanisms of action of IVIg as well as patient populations most likely to benefit from immune-modulation. Lastly, with use and prices of IVIg rising globally, we discuss our collective responsibility towards ensuring IVIg stewardship while proposing timely and cost-effective interventions for our patients.},
}

Humans
*Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/immunology
Female
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Fertilization in Vitro/methods
*Embryo Implantation/immunology/drug effects
Pregnancy

@article {pmid40915970,
year = {2025},
author = {Too, EK and Wachira, P and Njenga, S and Odero, SA and Ndirangu-Mugo, E and Abubakar, A},
title = {Prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare workers from sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review.},
journal = {BJPsych open},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {e192},
doi = {10.1192/bjo.2025.10818},
pmid = {40915970},
issn = {2056-4724},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among healthcare workers (HCWs), including those from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there are limited summary data on the burden and factors associated with these disorders in this region. We conducted this systematic review (registration no. CRD42022349136) to fill this gap.

AIMS: The aim of this review was to systematically summarise the available evidence on the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and PTSD, or their symptoms, among HCWs from SSA.

METHOD: We searched African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PubMed for articles published, from database inception to 15 February 2024. The keywords used in the search were 'depression/anxiety/PTSD', 'healthcare workers', 'SSA' and their variations.

RESULTS: Sixty-nine studies met our inclusion criteria, most of which (n = 55, 79.7%) focused on the burden of these disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across studies, wide-ranging prevalence estimates of depressive (2.1-75.7%), anxiety (4.8-96.5%) and PTSD symptoms (11.7-78.3%) were reported. These disorders appear to have been heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several sociodemographic, health-related, COVID-19-related and work-related factors were reported to either increase or lower the risk of these disorders among HCWs from SSA.

CONCLUSIONS: The burden of depression, anxiety and PTSD among HCWs from SSA is high and appears to have been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlates of these disorders among HCWs from this region are multifactorial. A multi-component intervention could contribute to addressing the burden of mental disorders among HCWs from this region.},
}

@article {pmid40915399,
year = {2025},
author = {Salim, NA and Taylor, J},
title = {Efficacy of Virtual Reality in Managing Pain for Patients in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of pain and symptom management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.08.030},
pmid = {40915399},
issn = {1873-6513},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pain management in palliative care, especially among cancer patients, remains a critical challenge that significantly affects patient quality of life. Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention that could revolutionize pain management strategies in this vulnerable population. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the effectiveness of VR interventions, focusing exclusively on randomized controlled trials to provide a comprehensive assessment of VR as a therapeutic tool.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the JBI methodology for RCTs. We included English-language randomized controlled trials that evaluated virtual reality (VR) for pain management in adult palliative care cancer patients. Due to COVID-19-related publication delays, our search extended beyond the standard five-year scope. Keywords used included "Virtual Reality," "Pain Management," "Palliative Care," and "Cancer Patients," across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Exclusions covered non-randomized studies and those with methodological flaws. Study selection was conducted using Covidence. Data analysis was performed using STATA V. 17, calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) for pain measurement scales.

RESULTS: The analysis of ten trials demonstrated VR's capability to significantly reduce pain intensity in palliative care. The pooled effect size showed a moderate to large reduction in pain, with enhanced effectiveness observed in longer VR sessions and with interactive content. Despite variability, the consistent findings support VR's potential as a flexible and adaptable approach to pain management.

CONCLUSIONS: Virtual reality offers a promising alternative for pain management in palliative care, highlighting the necessity for standardized protocols and further research into its long-term effects and economic viability. To gain a deeper understanding of how VR affects patient experiences and outcomes, future research should implement mixed-methods studies that combine quantitative data with qualitative insights. This approach will allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of VR's impact on the quality of life and pain management strategies, ensuring that interventions are tailored to meet the complex needs of palliative care patients STUDY REGISTRATION: The current study registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number [CRD42024512961].},
}

@article {pmid40915301,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribier, V and Hadjadj, J and Jachiet, V and Mekinian, A and Terrier, B and Georgin-Lavialle, S and Grayson, PC and Beck, DB and Savic, S and Dubée, V and Lacombe, V},
title = {Mapping the infectious burden in VEXAS syndrome: a systematic review and rationale for prevention.},
journal = {The Lancet. Rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00225-5},
pmid = {40915301},
issn = {2665-9913},
abstract = {Infections are increasingly recognised as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome. We conducted a systematic review to characterise the infectious burden of VEXAS syndrome and propose preventive strategies. We included 57 studies (813 patients) showing that infections in patients with VEXAS syndrome were frequent, severe in 40-60% of cases, and fatal in 6-15% of cases. Pulmonary infections were most common, followed by cutaneous infections and bacteraemia. Opportunistic pathogens, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, Legionella pneumophila, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and varicella zoster virus, were frequently reported, even in patients not receiving immunosuppressive therapy, which suggests intrinsic immune dysfunction. Prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole (or other Pneumocystis prophylaxis, such as atovaquone or pentamidine) and valaciclovir should particularly be considered for patients at high risk of infection, including those receiving immunosuppressive therapy and those with lymphopenia, pMet41Val mutation, or previous severe or recurrent infections. Posaconazole might be appropriate in patients with neutropenia who are taking azacitidine. Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae, varicella zoster virus, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 is recommended. These data highlight the need to integrate infectious risk into VEXAS syndrome management and to evaluate preventive strategies in prospective studies.},
}

@article {pmid40915060,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, Y and Feng, M and Zhang, L},
title = {Repurposing disulfiram: An innovative inhibitory approach against a broad spectrum of viruses.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {782},
number = {},
pages = {152596},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152596},
pmid = {40915060},
issn = {1090-2104},
abstract = {Disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved therapeutic agent for alcohol dependence, has recently attracted considerable interest due to its broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against various viruses. Increasing evidence suggests that DSF can inhibit viral replication through two major mechanisms: the inhibition of viral protein catalytic activity and the ejection of Zn[2+] from viral proteins. This review comprehensively summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying DSF's antiviral activity against viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), with a particular focus on its dual targeting of Cys residues and Zn[2+] coordination sites. By synthesizing current findings and emphasizing novel insights, this review aims to provide a foundation for the development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies and to inspire further research into the repurposing of DSF for combating viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid40914773,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, OMM and Lopes, IG and de Oliveira, MEF and Fragoso, MAC and de Oliveira, MRF and Silva, RS and de Castro E Caldo Lima, GR and Damazo, AS and Martins, WJ},
title = {The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) on Delivering Biological Samples for COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40914773},
issn = {2168-4804},
support = {Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; Convenio 04/2020 - FAP//Fiocruz Brasilia/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To identify and review scientific evidence from experimental studies utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to transport samples for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB). This exploratory study aims to support the future development of UAVs for transporting biological samples within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).

METHODS: This scoping review defined its eligibility criteria using the PECO acronym, focusing on: Population: biological samples for diagnosing COVID-19 or TB; Exposure: UAV transportation; Comparator: land transportation; Outcomes: Cost, effectiveness, methods for sample preservation, flight parameters (time, altitude, speed, distance), and quality of transported samples. Eligible studies were identified through searches in Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Grey literature was explored via Google Scholar.

RESULTS: Of the 2,052 articles initially found, 797 were duplicates, 1,247 were screened by title and abstract and excluded, eight were retrieved (and fully read) of which five met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. These studies provided diverse evidence regarding cost, operational performance, safety, and sample integrity.

CONCLUSION: The reviewed studies demonstrate promising applications of UAVs in healthcare logistics. However, regulatory and legal frameworks require adaptation to ensure operational safety. Further experimental studies are necessary, particularly involving beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, to evaluate scalability and potential cost reductions.},
}

@article {pmid40914746,
year = {2025},
author = {López-Labrador, FX and Blasco, A and Villamayor, LM and Gaume, G and Ros-Lis, JV},
title = {Use of Electrolysed Water as Disinfection Technology in Front of Various Microorganisms and SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Food and environmental virology},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {49},
pmid = {40914746},
issn = {1867-0342},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry ; COVID-19/prevention & control/virology ; Electrolysis ; *Water/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Fungi/drug effects ; Virus Inactivation/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the urgent need for effective disinfection strategies to mitigate virus transmission. Electrolyzed water (EW), an eco-friendly and cost-effective biocidal agent, has garnered attention for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates the virucidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal capacities of EW with diverse pH, with a focus on its effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. EW was generated under controlled conditions with adjustable pH (4.5 and 6.1) and free available chlorine (FAC) concentrations (300-1000 ppm). The biocidal activity was tested on surfaces and in solution following standardized protocols. Results demonstrated that oxidized EW at optimized concentrations achieved a ≥ 4 log reduction in bacterial populations and effectively inactivated enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, but this effect depends on FAC, pH, and contact time. Notably, EW reduced SARS-CoV-2 by > 4 log in solution and surfaces, in only 2 and 5 min, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of EW as a sustainable, multi-application disinfectant to combat emerging pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, ensuring public health safety.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Disinfection/methods
*Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry
COVID-19/prevention & control/virology
Electrolysis
*Water/chemistry/pharmacology
Bacteria/drug effects
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fungi/drug effects
Virus Inactivation/drug effects

@article {pmid40913819,
year = {2025},
author = {Mues, KE and Zhou, CK and Gerber, JE and van Hunsel, F and Klein, NP and Izurieta, HS and Chen, RT},
title = {A review of methodologic & data considerations for vaccine safety surveillance in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {127691},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127691},
pmid = {40913819},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {Vaccine safety surveillance systems are vital for the post-market safety monitoring of novel and well-established vaccines, given the sample size, representativeness and follow-up time in clinical trials. The introduction of COVID-19 vaccines during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges for safety surveillance. Here, we discuss methodologic considerations for epidemiologic study design and real world data for passive and active surveillance systems for COVID-19 vaccines in the United States (U.S.) and Europe, including standardized case definitions, quality of clinical reports, validity of coding algorithms, risk window misclassification, sample size considerations to detect safety signals within subgroups, time to signal identification, counterfactual including comparator selection, and confounding control in the context of a global pandemic. Throughout, we discuss techniques that may be applicable in vaccine surveillance activities, particularly those that occur within a global pandemic with rapid development and implementation of new vaccines to large portions of the population.},
}

@article {pmid40912879,
year = {2025},
author = {Bolognesi, T and Schiavina, M and Felli, IC and Pierattelli, R},
title = {NMR insights on multidomain proteins: the case of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein.},
journal = {Progress in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy},
volume = {148-149},
number = {},
pages = {101577},
doi = {10.1016/j.pnmrs.2025.101577},
pmid = {40912879},
issn = {1873-3301},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/chemistry ; *Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods ; *Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry ; Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry ; Protein Domains ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; *Phosphoproteins/chemistry ; COVID-19/virology ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; },
abstract = {Studying multidomain proteins, especially those combining well-folded domains with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), requires specific Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques to address their structural complexity. To illustrate this, we focus here on the nucleocapsid protein from SARS-CoV-2, which includes both structured and disordered regions. We applied a suite of NMR methods, combining ARTINA software for automatic assignment and structure modelling with multi-receiver experiments that simultaneously capture signals from different nuclear spins, increasing both data quality and acquisition efficiency. Studies of signal temperature-dependence, heteronuclear relaxation and secondary structure propensity (SSP) analysis, as well as experiments employing either [1]H or [13]C detection to achieve simultaneous snapshots of globular and disordered regions, were used to analyse both the isolated N-terminal domain (NTD) and a construct (NTR) comprising the NTD and two flanking highly disordered regions (IDR1, IDR2). This comprehensive approach allowed us to characterize the NTD's structure and to evaluate how the IDRs affect the overall conformation and dynamics, as well as the interaction with RNA. The findings underscore the importance of applying such a combination of tailored NMR techniques for effectively studying multidomain proteins with heterogeneous structural and dynamic properties.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
*Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods
*Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry
Protein Domains
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
*Phosphoproteins/chemistry
COVID-19/virology
Protein Structure, Secondary

@article {pmid40910660,
year = {2025},
author = {Medioli, F and Franceschini, E and Mussini, C and Meschiari, M},
title = {Update on infection prevention in the ICU.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {529-538},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000001313},
pmid = {40910660},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cross Infection/prevention & control ; *Intensive Care Units/organization & administration ; *Infection Control/methods/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Hand Hygiene ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a critical challenge in intensive care units (ICUs) due to the high prevalence of invasive procedures, vulnerable patient populations, and the increasing threat of antimicrobial-resistant organisms (MDROs). This review synthesizes current evidence on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies in the ICU setting, highlighting recent findings and innovations in this evolving field, particularly in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RECENT FINDINGS: The review outlines ten key IPC strategies for ICUs, categorizing them into horizontal (universal) and vertical (pathogen-specific) approaches. Recent literature emphasizes the importance of enhanced hand hygiene compliance through motivational interventions and feedback. The role of selective decontamination strategies remains debated, with evidence suggesting potential benefits in specific patient subgroups. Vertical strategies, including active screening for MDROs and per-pathogen bundles, are increasingly being tailored based on local epidemiology and pathogen characteristics. Studies suggest that de-escalating routine contact precautions for certain MDROs like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus may be safe in settings with robust horizontal measures. Conversely, intensified "search and destroy" strategies show promise in controlling carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks.

SUMMARY: Effective IPC in the ICU requires a multifaceted and adaptable approach, integrating both universal precautions and targeted interventions against specific pathogens. While consistent implementation of horizontal strategies like hand hygiene is foundational, tailoring vertical strategies based on local MDRO epidemiology and patient risk profiles is crucial. Future research should focus on harmonizing IPC policies, optimizing screening methods, and evaluating the long-term impact of combined IPC and antimicrobial stewardship programs to improve patient outcomes and mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in critical care settings.},
}

Humans
*Cross Infection/prevention & control
*Intensive Care Units/organization & administration
*Infection Control/methods/organization & administration
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Hand Hygiene
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40910388,
year = {2025},
author = {Elmgreen, SB and Nielsen, NK and Faurbye, JJ},
title = {[Force health protection as a strategic resource for military and civilian resilience].},
journal = {Ugeskrift for laeger},
volume = {187},
number = {35},
pages = {},
doi = {10.61409/V03250150},
pmid = {40910388},
issn = {1603-6824},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Military Personnel ; *Military Health ; Military Medicine ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {Force health protection (FHP) is a core component of NATO's health doctrine, aimed at safeguarding military personnel through prevention, risk assessment, and health surveillance. This review explores how FHP principles can enhance national health resilience by integrating military and civilian capacities, including in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear response and tactical emergency care. International experiences and COVID-19 demonstrate the strategic value of such civil-military cooperation.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/prevention & control
*Military Personnel
*Military Health
Military Medicine
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid40772640,
year = {2025},
author = {Devigili, G and Marchi, M and Lauria, G},
title = {Small fiber neuropathy: expanding diagnosis with unsettled etiology.},
journal = {Current opinion in neurology},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {485-495},
pmid = {40772640},
issn = {1473-6551},
mesh = {Humans ; *Small Fiber Neuropathy/diagnosis/etiology/genetics/physiopathology ; COVID-19/complications ; Neuralgia/etiology/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the thinly myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers. The clinical picture is dominated by neuropathic pain, often accompanied by autonomic symptoms of variable severity. The underlying causes encompass metabolic conditions like diabetes mellitus, immuno-mediated disorders, infection, exposure to toxins, and gain-of-function variants in the genes encoding the Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 sodium channel subunits, though the list of associated diseases continues to grow. Recently, increased attention has focused on immune-mediated forms, which led to the identification of potentially treatable subgroups. These discoveries have advanced our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have broadened the spectrum of underlying conditions associated with SFN, including immune-mediated forms and links to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Studies on genetic variants linked to unique clinical presentations have also yielded new insights. Furthermore, emerging perspectives highlighted disorders involving small fiber pathology that lacks typical clinical features of neuropathic pain, challenging traditional diagnostic criteria.

SUMMARY: Deepening our understanding of the causes underlying SFN advances the identification of potential therapeutic targets. The clinical presentation of SFN can vary significantly and may not consistently correlate with specific underlying conditions. Therefore, a systematic investigation of possible causes through a structured diagnostic assessment is critical to unveil additional contributing factors.},
}

Humans
*Small Fiber Neuropathy/diagnosis/etiology/genetics/physiopathology
COVID-19/complications
Neuralgia/etiology/diagnosis

@article {pmid40108907,
year = {2025},
author = {Devi, A and Dwibedi, V and Jain, S and Kaur, G and Khan, ZA and Mandal, SK and Shiven, A and Shah, K and Dewangan, HK and Rath, SK},
title = {Identification of Natural Compounds as Potential COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Study and In silico Evidence.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {31},
number = {30},
pages = {2416-2437},
pmid = {40108907},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/virology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Computer Simulation ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has resulted in a devastating global impact with millions of lives lost. Remdesivir and 2-DG are among the few drugs authorized for emergency use against COVID-19, but concerns about their efficacy and side effects persist. Vaccines have been developed and approved, yet the emergence of viral mutations has raised questions about their effectiveness against new variants. Natural compounds with antiviral properties have shown promise in combating SARS-CoV-2. The review highlights the potential of medicinal plant compounds, particularly in targeting the virus' main protease, a crucial component for viral replication. Natural, plant-derived compounds represent a promising avenue for COVID-19 therapeutics. Further clinical validation is necessary to ascertain their efficacy and safety in treating COVID-19. This underscores the importance of continued research into alternative treatments for combating this global health crisis. This review examines the potential of natural, plant-derived compounds as safe and cost-effective alternatives for combating COVID-19. It summarizes the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV- 2 and the ongoing drug studies and identifies natural compounds with known antiviral properties. Additionally, it explores the potential of medicinal plant compounds in targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease through in silico and molecular docking studies.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
*Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
COVID-19/virology
Molecular Docking Simulation
Computer Simulation
Phytochemicals/pharmacology

@article {pmid39950456,
year = {2025},
author = {Parashar, B and Sridhar, SB and Kalpana, and Malviya, R and Prajapati, BG and Uniyal, P},
title = {Advances in Machine Learning Models for Healthcare Applications: A Precise and Patient-Centric Approach.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {31},
number = {28},
pages = {2240-2251},
pmid = {39950456},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *Machine Learning ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care ; *Patient-Centered Care ; Algorithms ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare is rapidly leveraging machine learning to enhance patient care, streamline operations, and address complex medical issues. Though ethical issues, model efficiency, and algorithmic bias exist, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted its usefulness in disease outbreak prediction and treatment optimization.

AIM: This article aims to discuss machine learning applications, benefits, and the ethical and practical challenges in healthcare.

DISCUSSION: Machine learning assists in diagnosis, patient monitoring, and epidemic prediction but faces challenges like algorithmic bias and data quality. Overcoming these requires high-quality data, impartial algorithms, and model monitoring.

CONCLUSION: Machine learning might revolutionize healthcare by making it more efficient and better for patients. Full acceptance and the advancement of technologies to improve health outcomes on a global scale depend on resolving ethical, practical, and technological concerns.},
}

Humans
*Machine Learning
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care
*Patient-Centered Care
Algorithms
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid40910064,
year = {2025},
author = {Sorrentino, M and Mercogliano, M and Fiorilla, C and Stilo, I and Esposito, F and Moccia, M and Lavorgna, L and Affinito, G and Salvatore, E and Sormani, MP and Odone, A and Majeed, A and Rubba, F and Triassi, M and Palladino, R},
title = {The needs and unmet needs for people living with dementia, caregivers and care workers in dementia health care systems: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1605993},
pmid = {40910064},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dementia/therapy ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *Health Services Needs and Demand ; Europe ; *Delivery of Health Care ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and costs of dementias are rising due to demographic changes. Dementia care depends largely on informal caregivers and fragmented healthcare systems that often fail to meet the needs of people with dementia.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to identify unmet needs and barriers in European dementia care, providing a framework to improve health strategies.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2013 to 2023 were screened from Embase, PsycINFO, HTA Database, and Web of Science. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for evaluation.

RESULTS: From 3,738 articles, 47 met the inclusion criteria. Through a narrative synthesis, the review identified unmet needs and barriers among People Living with Dementia, caregivers, and healthcare workers. Psychosocial and emotional support are essential for managing stress and ensuring quality of life. Caregivers demand education about dementia care, progression, and self-care, while healthcare workers need training, and interdisciplinary teams. Cultural sensitivity is critical for addressing stigma and facilitating inclusive care for ethnic minorities. Healthcare access remains fragmented, thereby decreasing continuity of care for families. High costs, bureaucratic complexity, and geographical inequalities, particularly in rural areas can be barrier to care for People Living with Dementia and their families. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted social support services, increasing distress and uncertainty. About limitation, publication bias and geographical bias from focus on Europe were possible, potentially overlooking insights from other regions.

CONCLUSION: There is need for public policies to enhance education, community support, and dementia awareness, with a focus on culturally sensitive care.},
}

Humans
*Dementia/therapy
*Caregivers/psychology
*Health Personnel/psychology
*Health Services Needs and Demand
Europe
*Delivery of Health Care
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid40910061,
year = {2025},
author = {Huijghebaert, S and Fabbris, C and Baxter, AL and Parviz, S and Chatterjee, US and Rabago, D},
title = {Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: Part II. Outcomes in Omicron and risk-benefit for self-care.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1462286},
pmid = {40910061},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy ; *Nasal Lavage/methods ; *Self Care/methods ; *Saline Solution/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends at-home management of mild COVID-19. While our preliminary evaluation provided evidence for saline nasal irrigation (SNI) and gargling in COVID-19, an update and risk-benefit assessment for self-care in Omicron infection is warranted, from treatment and preparedness perspectives, as new SARS-CoV-2 variants continuously emerge, while symptoms overlap with those of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections.

METHODS: Systematic literature searches for preclinical and clinical studies involving Omicron infection and saline, bias assessment, and review of outcomes (benefits, risks).

RESULTS: A total of 14 studies met eligibility criteria: one experimental proof-of-concept study, eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs), two quasi-experimental, two matched case-control, and one controlled study (2,389 patients, 1,101 receiving saline). Study designs were highly heterogeneous, not allowing pooling of the data. In line with the pre-clinical findings, the clinical trials showed lower viral loads or faster viral clearance with SNI use; results were consistent, if SNI was started early in the infection. Individual studies supported reduced infectivity of saliva, inflammatory mediators and C-reactive protein, and increased lymphocytes. Symptoms resolved faster if severe at baseline, in line with the findings from pre-Omicron RCTs; the ability to perform daily activities was assessed in one RCT and improved significantly. Early initiation of daily SNI/gargling before the onset of smell/taste dysfunction prevented their development. Daily SNI hygiene was also associated with less frequent development of fever and a shorter duration of fever than observed among (non-irrigating) controls. Daily SNI modestly helped to reduce household transmission; a preliminary report suggests that reliable prophylaxis can be achieved, provided daily SNI is combined with strict use of personal protective measures. Hospitalization was virtually absent. Isotonic SNI was best tolerated.

CONCLUSION: This analysis is consistent with prior review findings: early initiation of SNI/gargling may help patients with mild COVID-19 feel better, irrespective of the variant. If clean water and irrigation materials are provided, SNI can reasonably be recommended as early self-care for COVID-19, as it is for the common cold. Larger prospective studies are required to determine optimal protocols and SNI's potential role in respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy
*Nasal Lavage/methods
*Self Care/methods
*Saline Solution/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid40910058,
year = {2025},
author = {Mazzali, C and Magnoni, P and Zucchi, A and Maifredi, G and Cavalieri d'Oro, L and Gambino, ML and Fanetti, AC and Perotti, PG and Villa, M and Valsecchi, MG and Vigani, D and Lucifora, C and Russo, AG},
title = {Strategies for population-level identification of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 through health administrative data.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1637112},
pmid = {40910058},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompass several clinical outcomes, from new-onset symptoms to both acute and chronic diagnoses, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations. Health administrative data (HAD) from health information systems allow population-level analyses of such outcomes. Our primary aim was to identify clinical conditions potentially attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the types of HAD and "diagnostic criteria" used for their detection.

METHODS: We performed a literature review to identify HAD-based cohort studies assessing the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and medium-/long-term outcomes in the general population. From each included study, we extracted data on design, algorithms used for outcome identification (sources, coding systems, codes, time criteria/thresholds), and whether significant associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported.

RESULTS: We identified six studies investigating acute and chronic conditions grouped by clinical domain (cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, mental health, endocrine/metabolic, pediatric, miscellaneous). Two studies also addressed the onset of specific symptoms. Cardio/cerebrovascular conditions were most studied, with significant associations reported for deep vein thrombosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Conditions in other domains were less investigated, with inconsistent findings. Only three studies were designed as test-positive vs. test-negative comparisons.

DISCUSSION: Heterogeneity in data sources, study design, and outcome definitions hinder the comparability of studies and explain the inconsistencies in findings about associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rigorously designed studies on large populations with wide availability of data from health information systems are needed for population-level analyses on PASC, and especially on its impact on chronic diseases and their future burden on healthcare systems.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40909339,
year = {2025},
author = {van Dorsten, RT and Breiman, RF},
title = {A landscape review with novel criteria to evaluate microbial drivers for cancer: priorities for innovative research targeting excessive cancer mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1625818},
pmid = {40909339},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/mortality/microbiology/epidemiology/etiology ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Microbiota ; Carcinogenesis ; },
abstract = {The escalating cancer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with projected doubling of incidence and mortality by 2040, necessitates innovative, cost-effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. While known infectious triggers like HPV, hepatitis viruses, and H. pylori account for an estimated 28.7% of cancers in SSA, the full scope of microbially-mediated oncogenesis remains underexplored. We examine existing data and formulate plausible hypotheses regarding the potential roles of additional infectious agents in cancer development within SSA. We explore mechanisms through which microbes may directly or indirectly contribute to oncogenesis, including the action of viral oncogenes, induction of chronic inflammation, mutational signatures, and the impact of immunosuppression, particularly in the context of HIV. Potential microbial triggers warrant further investigation, such as viruses (MMTV, CMV, polyomaviruses, SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Cutibacterium acnes, Salmonella Typhi), fungi (Candida, Aspergillus), parasites (Schistosoma japonicum and mansoni and Toxoplasma gondii) and the complex interplay with the microbiome. Given the significant challenges in establishing causation for microbial facilitators of cancer, with traditional postulates showing limited utility, we propose a refined set of criteria tailored to microbial oncogenesis, aiming to guide future research efforts. These criteria incorporate elements of both Koch's postulates and the Bradford Hill framework, adapted to address the unique characteristics of microbial interactions with human hosts. By leveraging existing knowledge and plausible causal relationships, and by implementing advanced experimental tools such as next-generation sequencing and multi-omics analyses, coupled with machine learning approaches and collaborative, multidisciplinary research, we propose to accelerate the identification of novel microbial links to cancer. This knowledge may pave the way for targeted interventions such as new approaches for screening and diagnosis, and strategies for prevention including vaccine development or modification of existing vaccines (or recommendations for immunization timing and population targets). While acknowledging the inherent complexities of studying polymicrobial interactions and the challenges of translating in vitro findings to human populations, this work aims to provide a framework for future research and intervention strategies to reduce the escalating cancer burden and address global inequities in SSA. The ultimate goal is to inform evidence-based public health policies and clinical practices that will improve cancer outcomes in this vulnerable region.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/mortality/microbiology/epidemiology/etiology
Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology
Microbiota
Carcinogenesis

@article {pmid40803938,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, CY and Chen, CH and Tsai, SF},
title = {Tacrolimus Toxicity Induced by Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in a Renal Transplant Recipient Managed With Phenytoin: A Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Transplantation proceedings},
volume = {57},
number = {7},
pages = {1329-1333},
doi = {10.1016/j.transproceed.2025.06.019},
pmid = {40803938},
issn = {1873-2623},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Middle Aged ; *Ritonavir/adverse effects ; *Phenytoin/therapeutic use ; *Tacrolimus/adverse effects ; *Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in high-risk populations. Ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, can significantly increase tacrolimus levels, causing toxicity in transplant recipients. This report presents a case of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -induced tacrolimus toxicity in a kidney transplant patient, successfully managed with phenytoin, a CYP3A4 inducer.

CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old male kidney transplant recipient experienced malaise and hand tremors after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment for mild COVID-19. Lab tests revealed ac1ute kidney injury and supratherapeutic tacrolimus levels (>60 ng/mL). Tacrolimus was discontinued, and hydration was initiated. Persistent toxicity required phenytoin, leading to rapid improvement. A renal biopsy showed no toxicity, and the patient was discharged without complications.

DISCUSSION: Among 51 reported cases of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -induced tacrolimus toxicity, 13 used CYP3A4 inducers. This case highlights phenytoin's efficacy in reducing toxicity and protecting renal function. Timely initiation with a loading dose is crucial for optimal outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Early recognition and prompt management with hydration and CYP3A4 inducers, such as phenytoin, are essential in mitigating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir -associated tacrolimus toxicity.},
}

Humans
Male
*Kidney Transplantation
Middle Aged
*Ritonavir/adverse effects
*Phenytoin/therapeutic use
*Tacrolimus/adverse effects
*Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
COVID-19
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid40390594,
year = {2025},
author = {Imazio, M and Basso, C and Brucato, A and Klingel, K and Kuchynka, P and Lazaros, G and Merlo, M and Sinagra, G and Adler, Y and Bucciarelli Ducci, C and Cameli, M and Castelletti, S and Caforio, AL and Crotti, L and Dagna, L and Frustaci, A and Klein, A and Kuusisto, J and Lopez Sainz, A and Marcolongo, R and Pantazis, A and Rigopoulos, AG and Ristic, A and Seferovic, P and Sheppard, M and Tschöpe, C and Lüscher, T},
title = {Myopericardial complications following COVID-19 disease and vaccination: a clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases.},
journal = {European heart journal},
volume = {46},
number = {34},
pages = {3328-3338},
doi = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf222},
pmid = {40390594},
issn = {1522-9645},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/prevention & control ; *Myocarditis/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Europe ; Pericarditis/etiology/therapy ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; Consensus ; Cardiology ; },
abstract = {The aim of the present clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases is to review the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and outcomes of myocardial and pericardial complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccination in order to improve the awareness and clinical confidence on the management of patients with these complications. The risk of myopericardial complications is especially higher within 1 month of COVID-19 disease and vaccination. Forms related to the disease are generally more common and severe than those related to vaccination. Even if vaccination against COVID-19 increases myocarditis risk, this risk is lower in vaccinated than non-vaccinated COVID-19 individuals, supporting the vaccine use. Overall, COVID-19 related complications, especially myocarditis, are relatively rare.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/prevention & control
*Myocarditis/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
SARS-CoV-2
Europe
Pericarditis/etiology/therapy
*Vaccination/adverse effects
Consensus
Cardiology

@article {pmid40909033,
year = {2025},
author = {Zahed, M and Alesawy, AF and Zahed, ZS and Samir, R and Eleisawy, M},
title = {Exploring the Association Between COVID-19 and Avascular Necrosis: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e89318},
pmid = {40909033},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Avascular necrosis (AVN) has emerged as an extrapulmonary complication associated with COVID-19 and corticosteroids. This review aims to evaluate the association between COVID-19 infection, corticosteroid use, and the development of AVN. We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, searching five databases until May 30, 2024. We included cohort and case series studies involving COVID-19 patients who developed AVN. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A total of 13 studies, comprising nine case series and four cohort studies, were included. These studies involved 795 patients with a mean age of 46.1 years and a male predominance (66%). The cumulative dose of corticosteroids varied, with an average of 1,462.9 mg. The duration between COVID-19 infection and initial AVN symptoms ranged from 2 to 62 weeks. The most commonly affected bones were the hip and femoral head. The visual analog scale (VAS) score improved with the treatment, and the cases showed improvements. A significant association was found between COVID-19, corticosteroid use, and AVN development. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing corticosteroids and monitor for early signs of AVN. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and explore alternative treatments to mitigate the risk of AVN.},
}

@article {pmid40908304,
year = {2025},
author = {Ivković, V and Anandh, U and Bell, S and Kronbichler, A and Soler, MJ and Bruchfeld, A},
title = {Long COVID and the kidney.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Nephrology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40908304},
issn = {1759-507X},
abstract = {Long coronavirus disease (COVID) - commonly defined as symptoms and/or long-term effects that persist for at least 3 months after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis - is a complex, multifaceted and heterogeneous disease that affects many organ systems, including the kidney. COVID-19 can cause acute kidney injury, and several studies have reported an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) following COVID-19, suggesting that CKD can be a manifestation of long COVID. Furthermore, patients with CKD are at an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and of long COVID. COVID-19 has also been associated with the development of COVID-19-associated nephropathy, which is a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and an increased incidence of new-onset vasculitis. Some early reports described associations of COVID-19 and/or SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with relapse or new-onset of other glomerular diseases, but this link was not confirmed in large population-based studies. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reduces the risk of COVID-19 and long COVID and is particularly important for protecting vulnerable populations such as patients with CKD. Structured long-term follow-up of patients with COVID-19 and post-infectious sequelae is needed to provide further insight into the trajectory of long COVID and enable identification of those at risk of CKD.},
}

@article {pmid40908027,
year = {2025},
author = {Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ and Couto, P and Jara, JH and Descalzo, M and Rondy, M and Tempia, S and Vicari, A},
title = {Economic Burden of Respiratory Viruses in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): A Scoping Literature Review.},
journal = {Influenza and other respiratory viruses},
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {e70148},
pmid = {40908027},
issn = {1750-2659},
support = {/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; },
mesh = {Latin America/epidemiology ; Humans ; Caribbean Region/epidemiology ; *Cost of Illness ; *COVID-19/economics/epidemiology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/economics/virology/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Influenza, Human/economics/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/economics/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to summarize the state of knowledge on the economic burden and cost of illness due to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

METHODS: We performed a scoping review across three databases (PubMed-Medline, Scielo, and Embase) without time restriction, including economic burden and cost-of-illness studies. We extracted and analyzed data on publication year, population, study type, perspective, costing techniques, and settings. We reported absolute and relative frequencies to summarize the results. Economic burden estimates were divided by the gross domestic product (GDP) for each country. Costs were converted into 2022 international dollars (PPP).

RESULTS: Overall, 2638 articles were retrieved; we included 44 full texts from 16 LAC countries. Twenty-four (54.5%) studies focused on influenza, 16 (36.4%) on SARS-CoV-2, 3 (6.8%) on RSV, and 1 on ORV. Twenty two (50.0%) focused on cost-effectiveness (related to vaccination)/cost-benefit analysis, and 17 (38.6%) focused on cost of illness. Most studies (n = 33, 75.0%) were conducted from the third-party perspective. Fifty percent of the studies used a bottom-up costing technique and 29.6% top-down. Influenza direct medical costs ranged from I$6.6-I$300.3 for outpatients and I$62.8-I$222,920 for inpatients; for RSV from I$68.3-I$1292; and for SARS-CoV-2 between I$69.9 and I$38,039. The total annual costs of the influenza economic burden ranged between 0.0003% and 1.33% of the GDP.

CONCLUSION: This study showed variability in costing methods, perspectives, and types of studies among LAC countries. This variability underscores the need for standardized methodologies in future cost studies to ensure comparability and reliability of results.},
}

Latin America/epidemiology
Humans
Caribbean Region/epidemiology
*Cost of Illness
*COVID-19/economics/epidemiology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/economics/virology/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Influenza, Human/economics/epidemiology
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/economics/epidemiology

@article {pmid40907738,
year = {2025},
author = {Simonsen, L and Pedersen, RK and Andreasen, V and Krause, TG and Petersen, E},
title = {A Disease Suppression Strategy in Action: The Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical interventions in the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark.},
journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108039},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108039},
pmid = {40907738},
issn = {1878-3511},
abstract = {When a new pandemic virus emerges in a naive population the only control options are Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions, NPI's, until vaccines or effective treatments become available. Here we report on the Danish suppression strategy and use of a combination of NPI's with a notable absence of extremely strict measures (such as stay-at-home orders). Only 7% were infected (serological evidence) in the first year of the pandemic, compared to ∼50% in Lombardy in the first wave alone. This low attack rate was accomplished by initial rapid intervention with a free-of-charge mass testing program beginning in October 2020, a strong digital data infrastructure, timely contact tracing and voluntary home isolation, real time reporting of surveillance data and a high degree of public trust. The individual contribution of each NPI to the pandemic control is difficult to assess; yet evidence points to the mass testing program as being particularly effective in removing infected individuals from the pool. In January 2021 vaccines became available and 96% of Danes over 50 years of age were vaccinated twice with a mRNA vaccine by summer. On February 1, 2022, while facing the Omicron variant and with the elderly newly boosted, Denmark became the first country to drop all NPI's. A few months later, 70% of the population had been infected with Omicron, showing the SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential when unmitigated. Denmark was only close to Intensive Care Unit capacity during the 2[nd] wave in winter 2020-2021 when 5% of the population were infected. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the combined NPI's is evident due to the low (<10%) attack rate in the first two waves before vaccines became available, far from the experience of unmitigated COVID-19 in Lombardy in spring 2020 with ∼50% attack rate with a high morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40907700,
year = {2025},
author = {Scherger, SJ and Gomez, CA and Abbas, A and Kalil, AC},
title = {Decoding COVID-19: Phenotypes and the Pursuit of Precision Medicine.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.028},
pmid = {40907700},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pursuit of personalized medicine has underscored the critical role of phenotypes and sub-phenotypes in biology and medicine. A growing body of literature has identified diverse phenotypic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 influenced by host and viral factors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and integrate current knowledge regarding the clinical, immunologic, and molecular phenotypes associated with COVID-19, highlighting their impact on disease management, the personalization of therapeutic strategies, and the advancement of clinical research. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases from 10/1/2024 to 8/5/2025 to identify relevant literature regarding phenotypes observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONTENT: Clinical phenotypes involve various demographic factors and comorbidities, vital sign trajectories, patterns of acute organ dysfunction, and variations in biomarkers, which may differ among viral variants. Immunologic phenotypes involve dysregulated cytokine responses, altered immune cell functions, disruptions in key signaling pathways, and variations in white blood cell ratios, often reflecting a pattern of immune suppression. Molecular phenotypes reflect variations in host polymorphisms involving IL-18 secretion, inflammasome formation, and HLA-DR expression and alterations in leukocyte function which may persist beyond the acute phase of infection. Viral protein expression influences infectivity and transmissibility as well as disease severity and progression.

IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the phenotypes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection can assist in clinical management and prognostication, stratification of patient populations for clinical trials, and development of novel therapies targeting various immunologic and molecular factors to improve morbidity and mortality.},
}

@article {pmid40906516,
year = {2025},
author = {Grover, H and Nour, R and Zary, N and Powell, L},
title = {Online Interventions Addressing Health Misinformation: Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {e69618},
doi = {10.2196/69618},
pmid = {40906516},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communication ; *Social Media ; COVID-19 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Misinformation in health and health care contexts threatens public health by undermining initiatives, spreading dangerous behaviors, and influencing decision-making. Given its reach on online platforms and social media, there is growing demand for interventions addressing misinformation. Literature highlights the importance of theoretical underpinnings (frameworks and models) to guide the development of educational interventions targeting both the features of misinformation and the human traits that increase susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE: This review examines literature on online interventions targeting health misinformation to mitigate adverse public health impacts. It explores intervention types, population demographics, susceptibility-related human attributes, and misinformation characteristics addressed. It also identifies the theoretical underpinnings used and gaps in the literature.

METHODS: The review followed a methodological framework and adhered to PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A search strategy combining Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords was used to search five databases for studies published between 2018 and 2024. Identified studies underwent deduplication, title and abstract screening using predefined eligibility criteria, full-text screening, and data extraction.

RESULTS: The initial search yielded 513 citations; 30 (5.8%) studies were included after screening. Of these, 19 (63%) focused on COVID-19 misinformation, 11 (37%) on other health contexts, and 1 (3%) addressed misinformation conceptually. Regarding intervention type, 22 (73%) used educational courses, 7 (23%) employed counter speech, and 1 (3%) used inoculation games, with some overlap. Sixteen (53%) interventions targeted characteristics of misinformation, categorized as content and presentation tactics, cognitive and psychological biases, social and cultural influences, and dissemination strategies. Seven (23%) interventions focused on specific demographics, while 14 (47%) addressed human attributes that heighten susceptibility. These attributes were grouped into knowledge and processing, emotional and psychological factors, and trust and social dynamics. Theoretical underpinnings guided intervention development in 23 (77%) studies, often overlapping in categories including inoculation and correction, education and cognition, motivation and emotion, behavior and persuasion, trust and belief, and learning design.

CONCLUSIONS: Online interventions targeting health misinformation often share outcome goals and use overlapping strategies such as educational courses, counter speech, and inoculation games. Many adopt multifaceted approaches to address misinformation's complexity. However, gaps remain in tailoring interventions to misinformation characteristics that could improve specificity and impact. Few studies focus on human attributes contributing to belief in and spread of misinformation, particularly among vulnerable groups. While theoretical models are commonly cited, clearer reporting and stronger connections to intervention design are needed. Collaboration among intervention developers, theorists, and psychologists is recommended to enhance future interventions.

RR2-10.31219/osf.io/mfujb.},
}

Humans
*Communication
*Social Media
COVID-19

@article {pmid40906317,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodríguez-Duarte, MA and Vedel, IM and Cetin-Sahin, D and Bousbiat, I and Godard-Sebillotte, C and Sourial, N and Maclagan, LC and Diong, C and Bronskill, SE and Seitz, D and Morgan, D and Rochette, L and Massamba, V and Quail, J and Arsenault-Lapierre, G and , },
title = {A Meta-Analysis of Sex-Based Differences in Health Service Use for Persons Living With Dementia Between 2018 and 2020 in Four Canadian Provinces.},
journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jgs.70066},
pmid = {40906317},
issn = {1532-5415},
support = {//Consortium canadien en neurodégénérescence associée au vieillissement/ ; 02005VR5-448197-CSH-CFAA-19228/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ensuring equitable healthcare services for persons with dementia is of utmost importance. Recent evidence points to sex-based differences in healthcare use in this population. However, available evidence is based on data from limited geographic regions and predates the COVID-19 pandemic, which is said to have further magnified disparities. This study aims to estimate sex-based differences in ambulatory and acute care service use in persons with dementia in four Canadian provinces between 2018 and 2020.

METHODS: A retrospective multicohort design was conducted using linked health administrative data from Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Three cohorts (2018, 2019, and 2020) of community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older with dementia were identified. Within each cohort, rates of sex-stratified outcomes were calculated (per 10,000 person-years). The outcomes were visits to family physicians, cognitive specialists, other specialists, all-cause emergency departments, and all-cause hospitalizations. Estimates of the incidence rate difference (IRD) between males and females within each cohort year for each outcome were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis.

RESULTS: The 2018, 2019, and 2020 cohorts included 97,811, 100,316, and 103,638 females, respectively. Similarly, 64,628, 67,013, and 69,839 males were included in the same respective cohorts. We found sex differences in ambulatory and acute care use in all three cohorts. Compared to females, males with dementia had higher rates of other specialists' visits, emergency department visits, and all-cause hospitalizations, with significant IRDs during the three cohort years.

CONCLUSION: Consistent sex differences in healthcare use by persons with dementia were observed before and during the pandemic in four Canadian provinces, especially in acute care. This emphasizes the need to address sex-based differences in dementia care, ultimately working toward ensuring equitable and tailored healthcare services to enhance the quality of care and experiences for all persons with dementia.},
}

@article {pmid40906116,
year = {2025},
author = {Kotsiri, I and Xanthi, M and Domazinaki, CM and Magiorkinis, E},
title = {The Role of Viral Infections in the Immunopathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {40906116},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, resulting in lifelong insulin dependence. While genetic susceptibility-particularly human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles-is a major risk factor, accumulating evidence implicates viral infections as potential environmental triggers in disease onset and progression. This narrative review synthesizes current findings on the role of viral pathogens in T1DM pathogenesis. Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B strains, are the most extensively studied and show strong epidemiological and mechanistic associations with beta-cell autoimmunity. Large prospective studies-including Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD), The environmental determinans of diabetes in the young (TEDDY), Miljøfaktorer i utvikling av type 1 diabetes (MIDIA), and Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)-consistently demonstrate correlations between enteroviral presence and the initiation or acceleration of islet autoimmunity. Other viruses-such as mumps, rubella, rotavirus, influenza A (H1N1), and SARS-CoV-2-have been investigated for their potential involvement through direct cytotoxic effects, immune activation, or molecular mimicry. Interestingly, certain viruses like varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) may exert modulatory or even protective influences on disease progression. Proposed mechanisms include direct beta-cell infection, molecular mimicry, bystander immune activation, and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Although definitive causality remains unconfirmed, the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, immune responses, and viral exposure underscores the need for further mechanistic research. Elucidating these pathways may inform future strategies for targeted prevention, early detection, and vaccine or antiviral development in at-risk populations.},
}

@article {pmid40905595,
year = {2025},
author = {Débarre, F and Hensel, Z},
title = {Theories of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 in the light of its continuing evolution.},
journal = {Comptes rendus biologies},
volume = {348},
number = {},
pages = {189-209},
doi = {10.5802/crbiol.183},
pmid = {40905595},
issn = {1768-3238},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Humans ; *COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/transmission ; Animals ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Pandemics ; Evolution, Molecular ; China/epidemiology ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {The exact details of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19, remain unknown. Scientific publications using data available to date point to a natural origin linked to the wildlife trade at a market in Wuhan, China. Yet, theories postulating a research-related origin of SARS-CoV-2 abound, and currently dominate the public discussion of the origin of the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, we attempt to characterize the diversity of research-related origin scenarios, discuss their characteristics and evidence base, or the lack thereof, and highlight mutual incompatibilities between some scenarios. We then focus on a feature of SARS-CoV-2 that is central in today's leading research-related hypotheses, namely the insertion that led to the introduction of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike glycoprotein. We examine various scenarios put forward to explain this insertion in a research-related context, and we show how SARS-CoV-2's evolution in humans has provided examples demonstrating that such insertions happen naturally.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Humans
*COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/transmission
Animals
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
Pandemics
Evolution, Molecular
China/epidemiology
Animals, Wild/virology
Biological Evolution

@article {pmid40905188,
year = {2025},
author = {Bromfield, SG and Periyasamy, R and Babu, VR and Puenpatom, A and Hill, DD},
title = {Effectiveness of molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic literature review of real-world observational studies.},
journal = {Current medical research and opinion},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-22},
doi = {10.1080/03007995.2025.2551227},
pmid = {40905188},
issn = {1473-4877},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Molnupiravir (MOV), an oral antiviral, is prescribed to treat adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at risk of progressing to severe disease. Previous systematic literature reviews (SLRs) have evaluated the effectiveness of MOV in the general population; however, evidence on high-risk population is lacking. This SLR assessed the real-world effectiveness of MOV for reducing the progression to severe COVID-19 outcomes in clinical settings, including high-risk or special populations (such as patients with type 2 diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, immunocompromised conditions, older adults, and nursing home residents) who have limited alternative COVID-19 treatment options.

METHODS: We searched EMBASE and PubMed databases for studies published between 1 January 2021 and 24 May 2024, using predefined search terms related to MOV. Studies comparing MOV-treated with untreated groups of non-hospitalized adults at risk of progression to severe COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization, death, and the composite of hospitalization/death) were included. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.

RESULTS: Twenty-one general and special population studies were included. General population studies (n = 16) showed that MOV reduced the risk of death, hospitalization, and hospitalization/death. Special population studies (n = 10; five additional and five general population articles with subgroups of interest) also showed that MOV reduced the risk of the same outcomes, with a more pronounced effect in older adults (≥60 years). The wide range of risk reduction observed might be attributed to variability in COVID-19 hospitalization guidelines and vaccination status.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this SLR suggest that MOV may reduce the risk of hospitalization, death, and hospitalization/death compared with untreated groups, including high-risk adults with underlying comorbidities. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of MOV in high-risk or special populations.},
}

@article {pmid40904859,
year = {2025},
author = {Klaudel, T and Pelczarski, M and Zaborska, M and Sadowski, J and Ostrowska, SA and Drzymała, A and Bułdak, RJ},
title = {The impact of diabetes and obesity on the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {195},
pmid = {40904859},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the study was to collect and summarise information available in the scientific literature on the probable reasons that lead to negative outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing obesity and /or type 2 diabetes mellitus and influence on their treatment as also mortality.

RECENT FINDINGS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that disease severity is often correlated with existing comorbidities, mainly in older obese male patients. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with chronic diseases required hospitalisation more often and their overall prognosis is worse. The following review describes the impact of obesity and diabetes on the SARS-CoV-2 infection course and mortality risk.

SUMMARY: Diabetes and obesity have a multifactorial impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as on the nature and dynamics of the development of the infection. In turn, the presence of these diseases significantly increased the risk of requiring intensified treatment, complications and ultimately death. Limited access to medical care systems due to the pandemic and the impact on everyday activities made it even more difficult to control diabetes and obesity, leading to the deterioration of patient's condition and the occurrence of new cases of disease. Therefore, it is necessary not only to appropriately modify treatment of those already infected, but also to use appropriate prevention to reduce the number of potential high-risk patients.},
}

@article {pmid40865289,
year = {2025},
author = {Malli, IA and Alqhtani, SA and Abid, HG and Alqhtani, NA and Alharbi, GE and Aboaljadiel, LH and Alharbi, RK and Aletani, TH and Alamri, TM},
title = {The outcomes of cryptococcal disease in HIV-positive individuals following COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {102941},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102941},
pmid = {40865289},
issn = {1876-035X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Cryptococcosis/epidemiology/mortality/complications ; *HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Coinfection/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; Female ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal disease is considered a major cause of morbidity in individuals with HIV in resource-limited settings. The long-term effects of COVID-19 and cryptococcal coinfection among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the incidence of cryptococcosis among HIV-positive individuals following COVID-19.

METHODS: A thorough search was conducted across five databases on November 14, 2023, and updated on May 7, 2024. Observational and case reports on the clinical and pathological outcomes of cryptococcosis in HIV-positive individuals with COVID-19 were eligible. The authors extracted the study characteristics and main outcomes: mortality, prevalence, AIDS-defining diseases, combined cryptococcosis, and COVID-19 impact on hospitalization, in a standard Excel sheet.

RESULTS: Of the 752 identified articles (40 in the initial search and six in the updated search), eight were selected. The minimum follow-up duration varied between the research periods, which was three months. The investigations comprised 5751 PLWHIV: 3830 were COVID-19-positive, 130 developed cryptococcosis, and two case reports revealed individuals with concomitant HIV, COVID-19, and cryptococcal infections. The meta-analysis pooled risk ratio (RR) for incidence was 0.21 (90 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.04-1.31) with high heterogeneity (I[2] = 98 %), while the pooled risk for mortality was 1.49 (95 % confidence interval: 0.60-3.72), with moderate heterogeneity (I[2] = 65 %). The chi-squared test for heterogeneity (X[2] = 125.62, p-value <0.00001) revealed considerable variation.

CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcosis remains a rare but significant complication for PLWHIV following the COVID-19 infection. The data suggests a decrease in incidence risk while a probable increase in mortality. The observed heterogeneity and variability address the importance of enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. Further research is essential to identify factors contributing to heterogeneity and develop effective strategies for managing cryptococcosis in PLWHIV.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Cryptococcosis/epidemiology/mortality/complications
*HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology
Incidence
*Coinfection/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence
Female
Male

@article {pmid40614684,
year = {2025},
author = {AlOmeir, O and Alhowail, AH and Rabbani, SI and Asdaq, SMB and Gilkaramenthi, R and Khan, A and Imran, M and Dzinamarira, T},
title = {Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in COVID-19: A systematic evaluation of adverse effects and therapeutic outcomes.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {102873},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102873},
pmid = {40614684},
issn = {1876-035X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Treatment Outcome ; COVID-19 ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While COVID-19 has transitioned from a pandemic to an endemic state, the management of its persistent complications continues to present substantial clinical challenges. Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for severe COVID-19 management, remains a critical therapeutic intervention. This systematic evaluation provides a comprehensive assessment of tocilizumab's safety and efficacy profile to inform clinical decision-making.

METHODS: The study involved exhaustive search across multiple databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, WoS, BIOSIS) utilizing MeSH terms and Boolean operators to identify relevant studies. Methodological worthiness was rigorously evaluated utilizing the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. The statistical analysis of the findings incorporated one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with 95 % confidence intervals to quantify adverse effects and therapeutic outcomes.

RESULTS: The analysis of nine studies encompassing diverse demographic populations (ages ≥2 years, both sexes) established a clear safety profile for tocilizumab. The treatment demonstrated a statistically important association (P < 0.05) with mild adverse effects (nausea, diarrhea, headache, fatigue; r = 0.62, 95 % CI = 0.59-0.71) and moderate adverse effects (tremors, urinary difficulties, mood changes; r = 0.54, 95 % CI = 0.47-0.60). More concerning were the severe adverse effects, including hepatobiliary dysfunction and hypersensitivity reactions (r = 0.36, 95 % CI = 0.32-0.41), with rare but critical instances of acute liver failure (r = 0.18, 95 % CI = 0.15-0.22). Notably, despite this safety profile, tocilizumab exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy (P < 0.01) in ameliorating COVID-19 symptoms, particularly in cases complicated by cytokine storm syndrome.

CONCLUSION: This study confirms tocilizumab's position as a valuable therapeutic agent for COVID-19 complications while highlighting the necessity for judicious patient selection and vigilant monitoring due to its potential for significant adverse effects. The findings underscore the importance of pre-treatment screening, adherence to contraindications, and ongoing pharmacovigilance to optimize risk-benefit ratios.},
}

Humans
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Treatment Outcome
COVID-19
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
Middle Aged

@article {pmid40607689,
year = {2025},
author = {Becker, DJ and Vicente-Santos, A and Reers, AB and Ansil, BR and O'Shea, M and Cummings, CA and Roistacher, AJ and Quintela-Tizon, RM and Pereira, MMT and Rosen, J and Banerjee, A and Frank, HK},
title = {Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1550},
number = {1},
pages = {151-172},
pmid = {40607689},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {NFRFE-2023-00025//Government of Canada/ ; LT0017/2024-L//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; RGP002/2023//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; //Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation/ ; 5R21AI169548-02/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM134973/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI185127/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; RGPIN-2022-03010//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; DBI 2515340//National Science Foundation/ ; RAPID 2032157//National Science Foundation/ ; 5R21AI169548-02/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P20GM134973/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI185127/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Chiroptera/immunology/virology/classification/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Humans ; *Immune System/immunology ; Phylogeny ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; },
abstract = {The ability of multiple bat species to host zoonotic pathogens without often showing disease has fostered a growing interest in bat immunology to discover the ways immune systems may differ between bats and other vertebrates. However, interspecific variation in immunological diversity among bats has only begun to be recognized. The order Chiroptera accounts for over 20% of all mammalian species and shows extreme diversity in a suite of correlated ecological traits, such that bats should not be expected to be immunologically homogenous. We review the ecological and evolutionary diversity of chiropteran hosts and highlight case studies emphasizing the range of immune strategies thus far observed across bat species, including responses to SARS-CoV-2. Next, we synthesize and propose hypotheses to explain this immunological diversity, focusing on pathogen exposure, biogeography, host energetics, and environmental stability. We then analyze immunology-related citations across bat species to motivate discussions of key research priorities. Broad sampling is needed to remedy current biases, as only a fraction of bat species has been immunologically studied. Such work should integrate methodological advancements, in vitro and in vivo studies, and phylogenetic comparative methods to robustly test evolutionary hypotheses and understand the drivers and consequences of immunological diversity among bats.},
}

*Chiroptera/immunology/virology/classification/genetics
Animals
*Biological Evolution
COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Humans
*Immune System/immunology
Phylogeny
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology

@article {pmid39161203,
year = {2025},
author = {Voniati, L and Armostis, S and Georgiou, R and Tafiadis, D},
title = {Using telepractice for language sampling during COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of telemedicine and telecare},
volume = {31},
number = {9},
pages = {1239-1248},
doi = {10.1177/1357633X241273068},
pmid = {39161203},
issn = {1758-1109},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; *Language Therapy/methods ; Pandemics ; *Speech Therapy/methods ; },
abstract = {IntroductionLanguage sampling is a widely used means of language assessment; it is based on the collection and transcription of a child's language production in various communicative contexts. The need for social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted language sampling and speech and language therapy services in general. The in-person assessment became extremely challenging leading to the immediate increased use of telepractice in speech and language therapy. This scoping review aimed to identify the use of telepractice for language sampling in speech and language therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA scoping review of existing literature was performed to collect evidence on using language sample collection via telepractice. A database search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Mendeley, Electronic, and grey bibliography in 2022. Articles were included if they met the inclusion criteria. The quality of each selected study was assessed using the modified critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist.ResultsSystematic searches identified 51 studies with six studies in total meeting the inclusion criteria. The results showed that telepractice was a necessary tool during the pandemic of COVID-19 to conduct language sampling in speech and language assessment.ConclusionSpeech and language therapists (SLTs) effectively collected language samples through telepractice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, to date, the literature on language sampling via telepractice is limited. The need for SLTs to rely on telepractice for language sampling warrants further investigation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine
*Language Therapy/methods
Pandemics
*Speech Therapy/methods

@article {pmid40904653,
year = {2025},
author = {Rzymski, P and Dobrowolska, K and Brzdęk, M and Zarębska-Michaluk, D and Flisiak, R},
title = {Hepatic involvement in major respiratory viral infections.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental hepatology},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {121-128},
pmid = {40904653},
issn = {2392-1099},
abstract = {Common respiratory viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), can lead to extrapulmonary manifestations, including clinically significant liver involvement. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, mechanisms, and prognostic implications of hepatic injury associated with these viruses. We discuss the distinct mechanisms of liver dysfunction, ranging from the possibility of direct viral infection of hepatocytes to indirect effects of systemic inflammatory responses, hypoxic injury, preexisting liver disease, and drug-related hepatotoxicity. Liver involvement in COVID-19 has been explored to a much greater extent than in the case of influenza or RSV infections, highlighting the need for further studies. Clinically, recognizing liver involvement in respiratory viral infections is crucial, particularly in high-risk populations such as patients with chronic liver disease, transplant recipients, and children. We underscore the importance of integrating hepatic evaluation into the clinical approach to severe respiratory viral illnesses to improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40904575,
year = {2025},
author = {Shen, S and Zhao, X and Pei, J and Wang, B and Hou, J and Chai, R and Guo, Y and Li, F and Hao, J and Wu, Z},
title = {Exploring the psychological impact of long COVID: symptoms, mechanisms, and treatments.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1555370},
pmid = {40904575},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {Long COVID (LC) refers to a multisystem condition that persists after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to physical symptoms, the psychological impact is particularly pronounced. This review summarizes the manifestations, potential mechanisms, epidemiological characteristics, and current interventions related to psychological disorders in LC. Drawing on domestic and international literature, it highlights anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the primary psychological symptoms. These symptoms may be associated with neuroinflammation, immune abnormalities, vascular dysfunction, and psychosocial stress. Although research in this area is still developing, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and lifestyle interventions show promise as treatment approaches. This review aims to provide insights that can inform future research on clinical treatments and psychological care for individuals with LC.},
}

@article {pmid40904531,
year = {2025},
author = {Sentell, T and Berreman, JM and Reichhardt, L and Grace, A and Yamauchi, J and Marshall, J and Withy, K},
title = {Quantifying the Public Health Workforce for Hawai'i: Current Data, Measurement Complexities, and Conceptual Frameworks for Next Steps.},
journal = {Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare},
volume = {84},
number = {7},
pages = {87-95},
pmid = {40904531},
issn = {2641-5224},
mesh = {Hawaii ; Humans ; *Public Health/methods/statistics & numerical data/trends ; *Health Workforce/statistics & numerical data/trends/standards ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The public health workforce is critical to community well-being and too often overlooked. The goal of public health is to prevent disease, promote health, and protect the public from current and emerging health threats. This work is vital to the health, safety, security, and prosperity of all communities and requires an adequate workforce. Despite the well-articulated gaps in the clinical health care workforce, Hawai'i's public health workforce needs and capacities are not as well understood. Public health workforce enumeration is complex. The field lacks a consistent definition of its full workforce and agreed-upon mechanisms for measuring it. Resolving these issues is an active area of scholarship and action, particularly given the COVID-19 pandemic-induced workforce capacity strain. This article reviews existing literature on public health workforce enumeration as a step toward filling this knowledge gap for practical use in the state of Hawai'i. Specifically, using a critical literature review method, this article (1) consolidates existing data about Hawai'i's public health workforce, (2) summarizes public health workforce measurement challenges, (3) shares existing frameworks and models for quantifying the public health workforce, and (4) discusses next steps to provide actionable information for ensuring Hawai'i's public health workforce can fulfill its mission. The article confirms that core public health functions as articulated in the (a) updated 10 Essential Public Health Services framework and (b) Foundational Public Health Services framework provide useful guidance for public health workforce enumeration in Hawai'i. The article also concludes that the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) definition of public health workers provides comprehensive framing for this enumeration. Based on this literature synthesis, a descriptive figure of the public health workforce in Hawai'i was developed to guide future work and prioritization.},
}

Hawaii
Humans
*Public Health/methods/statistics & numerical data/trends
*Health Workforce/statistics & numerical data/trends/standards
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid40903638,
year = {2025},
author = {Resende, GG and Sousa, LP and Teixeira, MM},
title = {Bridging worlds: a narrative review of IL-17 at the crossroads of inflammation and thrombosis.},
journal = {Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {118},
pmid = {40903638},
issn = {1420-908X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Interleukin-17/immunology/physiology/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Thrombosis/immunology ; *Inflammation/immunology ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/complications ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; Platelet Activation ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; },
abstract = {Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has emerged as a key cytokine at the intersection of inflammation and thrombosis, potentially playing a pivotal role in thromboinflammation. This review explores the mechanistic contributions of IL-17 to endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, monocytes activation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, which collectively promotes a pro-thrombotic state. We summarize findings from experimental models and clinical studies linking IL-17 to thrombosis in autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and infectious diseases such sepsis and COVID-19. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of IL-17 inhibition in mitigating thromboinflammatory complications. Understanding the role of IL-17 in this process may provide new avenues for targeted interventions in thromboinflammatory disorders.},
}

Humans
*Interleukin-17/immunology/physiology/antagonists & inhibitors
*Thrombosis/immunology
*Inflammation/immunology
Animals
COVID-19/immunology/complications
Extracellular Traps/immunology
Platelet Activation
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology

@article {pmid40903166,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdelkader, S and Voladri, DR and Kennedy, JL},
title = {Beyond respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus: The other viral respiratory bandits.},
journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology},
volume = {135},
number = {3},
pages = {249-260},
doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2025.06.012},
pmid = {40903166},
issn = {1534-4436},
mesh = {Humans ; *Asthma/virology/epidemiology/immunology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Rhinovirus ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology ; Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Respiratory Sounds ; },
abstract = {Asthma affects approximately 25 million people in the United States, with respiratory viruses playing a significant role in both the onset and exacerbations of the condition. Although rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the most well-known triggers, other iratory viruses playing a significant role in both the on, human parainfluenza virus, human bocavirus, enterovirus D68, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on asthma. These viruses contribute to both the development of asthma and exacerbations by inducing airway inflammation, disrupting epithelial barriers, and skewing immune responses-particularly toward type 2 inflammation. Human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus, members of the Paramyxoviridae family such as RSV, have been linked to early life wheezing and long-term airway changes. Although often co-detected with other viruses, human bocavirus has been associated with recurrent wheezing and asthma risk. Enterovirus D68, notably during the 2014 outbreak, caused severe exacerbations in children with asthma. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can cause significant morbidity in those with asthma, even if they are not the primary drivers of exacerbations or onset. As RSV vaccines become more widespread, shifts in viral ecology may lead to increased prevalence of these lesser known viruses due to viral interference and immunity gaps. Understanding their epidemiology and mechanisms is crucial for addressing the evolving asthma burden. Comprehensive surveillance, improved diagnostics, and mechanistic research are essential for developing effective preventive strategies. Broadening the focus beyond rhinovirus and RSV will be critical to fully understand and mitigate the impact of asthma on childrenng be critical to fth.},
}

Humans
*Asthma/virology/epidemiology/immunology
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology
Rhinovirus
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology
Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology
Influenza, Human/epidemiology
Respiratory Sounds

@article {pmid40903129,
year = {2025},
author = {Nascimento, ED and de Almeida, SV and Dos Santos Araújo, S and da Silva, PRL and Santos, VS and Faria, RC},
title = {A review of magnetic particles as separation tools in electrochemical detection of Biomarkers: Insights from COVID-19.},
journal = {Analytica chimica acta},
volume = {1372},
number = {},
pages = {344371},
doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2025.344371},
pmid = {40903129},
issn = {1873-4324},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biomarkers/analysis ; *Electrochemical Techniques/methods ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Magnetic particles (MPs) are widely used in bioanalytical systems to quickly separate specific targets from complex samples using a magnetic field. MPs can be easily functionalized with bioreceptors to capture, separate, and concentrate biomarkers like proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. Combining MPs-separation capabilities with electrochemical sensors can greatly enhance the sensitivity of these devices, helping achieve ultralow limits of detection for biomarkers. Thus, MPs-based electrochemical bioassays have led to the development of highly sensitive and selective detection platforms for biomedical applications, with promising results for early disease diagnosis.

RESULTS: Herein, we present a comprehensive critical review on the use of MPs for biomarker detection in complex samples by combining magnetophoretic force and electrochemical biosensing. MPs-based bioassays have been widely applied for the separation and detection of a broad spectrum of clinically significant biomarkers. We explored different strategies for using MPs for biomarker separation from complex biological samples and their integration with electrochemical platforms to achieve highly sensitive and selective analytical methods for application in clinical diagnosis.

SIGNIFICANCE: This review highlights the recent research on MPs-based electrochemical assays for ultrasensitive biomarker detection in complex samples. These findings suggest that MP-based electrochemical biosensing offers a cost-effective and straightforward option for developing point-of-care devices for the detection of diagnostic biomarkers. The key aspects involving the use of MPs in electrochemical bioassays are broadly discussed, which may benefit researchers interested in this field.},
}

Humans
*Biomarkers/analysis
*Electrochemical Techniques/methods
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Biosensing Techniques/methods
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification

@article {pmid40903042,
year = {2025},
author = {Eisenkraft Klein, D and Schouten, A},
title = {Equity in rhetoric and (in)action: a thematic analysis of Canada's approach to intellectual property rights in pandemics.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {40903042},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {*Intellectual Property ; Humans ; Canada ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Equity ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {The Canadian federal government has consistently emphasized its commitment to global health equity. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, Canada repeatedly resisted measures designed to promote equitable and timely global access to medicines through intellectual property (IP) sharing. This research study employs a qualitative, document-based thematic analysis to examine how Canada's rhetorical commitments to equity intersected with its policy actions across three key cases: Canada's Patent Act flexibilities surrounding the COVID-19 World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Waiver; Bolivia and Biolyse's efforts to navigate Canada's Access to Medicines Regime and the World Health Assembly's intergovernmental negotiating body's efforts to draft a treaty for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. Across these cases, we find that Canadian representatives strategically advanced a narrow conception of equity centred on inclusion and gender, while sidelining intellectual property reform and the structural conditions of access. We conclude by outlining three policy recommendations for Canada to better align its commitment to equity with action on encouraging access to life-saving medicines.},
}

*Intellectual Property
Humans
Canada
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Health Equity
*Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid40901914,
year = {2025},
author = {Müller-Polyzou, R and Reuter-Oppermann, M},
title = {Radiotherapy continuity for cancer treatment: Lessons learned from natural disasters.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {e0308056},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0308056},
pmid = {40901914},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/radiotherapy ; *Natural Disasters ; *Radiotherapy ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Continuity of Patient Care ; Disaster Planning ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The contemporary world is challenged by natural disasters accelerated by climate change, affecting a growing world population. Simultaneously, cancer remains a persistent threat as a leading cause of death, killing 10 million people annually. The efficacy of radiotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment worldwide, depends on an uninterrupted course of therapy. However, natural disasters cause significant disruptions to the continuity of radiotherapy services, posing a critical challenge to cancer treatment. This paper explores how natural disasters impact radiotherapy practice, compares them to man-made disasters, and outlines strategies to mitigate adverse effects of natural disasters. Through this analysis, the study seeks to contribute to developing resilient healthcare frameworks capable of sustaining essential cancer treatment amidst the challenges posed by natural disasters.

METHOD: We conducted a Structured Literature Review to investigate this matter comprehensively, gathering and evaluating relevant academic publications. We explored how natural disasters affected radiotherapy practice and examined the experience of radiotherapy centres worldwide in resuming operations after such events. Subsequently, we validated and extended our research findings through a global online survey involving radiotherapy professionals.

RESULTS: The Structured Literature Review identified twelve academic publications describing hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes as the primary disruptors of radiotherapy practice. The analysis confirms and complements risk mitigation themes identified in our previous research, which focused on the continuity of radiotherapy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work describes nine overarching themes, forming the basis for a taxonomy of 36 distinct groups. The subsequent confirmative online survey supported and solidified our findings and served as a basis for developing a conceptual framework for natural disaster-resilient radiotherapy as well as a checklist for practitioners.

DISCUSSION: The growing threat posed by natural disasters underscores the need to develop business continuity programs and define risk mitigation measures to ensure the uninterrupted provision of radiotherapy services. By drawing lessons from past disasters, we can better prepare for future hazards, supporting disaster management and planning efforts, particularly enhancing the resilience of radiotherapy practice. Additionally, our study can serve as a resource for shaping policy initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of natural hazards.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/radiotherapy
*Natural Disasters
*Radiotherapy
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Continuity of Patient Care
Disaster Planning

@article {pmid40901740,
year = {2025},
author = {Raza, A and Zhang, R and Lu, R and Wen, J and Wu, W},
title = {Emerging lipid nanoparticle systems capable of efficient intramuscular RNA delivery.},
journal = {Nanomedicine (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-25},
doi = {10.1080/17435889.2025.2555507},
pmid = {40901740},
issn = {1748-6963},
abstract = {Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) enable RNA delivery, primarily via intramuscular (IM) injection, catalyzing breakthroughs like the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. LNPs encapsulate RNA, using ionizable lipids for endosomal escape and PEG-lipids for stability. IM administration leverages muscle tissue's immune-rich environment, enabling localized antigen production, reduced systemic toxicity, and scalability. Challenges include cold-chain dependence, RNA instability, and immunogenicity from PEG/lipids. Future advancements, driven by AI (e.g. AGILE platform), hybrid lipid-polymer systems, and stimuli-responsive formulations, aim to enhance controlled release and stability. Innovations like thermostable lyophilized LNPs and biodegradable materials promise improved accessibility and safety. Beyond pandemics, LNPs hold potential for accelerating vaccines against HIV and malaria, and advancing personalized medicine through CRISPR therapies and cancer neoantigen vaccines. Interdisciplinary efforts in chemistry, immunology, and AI are poised to expand RNA therapeutics for genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and precision oncology. Evolving from emergency tools to mainstream platforms, LNPs herald a paradigm shift toward equitable access and tailored treatments for unmet clinical needs.},
}

@article {pmid40901683,
year = {2025},
author = {Miteva, DG and Gulinac, M and Peruhova, M and Velikova, T},
title = {Exploring the oncogenic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {31},
number = {31},
pages = {105665},
pmid = {40901683},
issn = {2219-2840},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; *Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/virology/pathology/etiology ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/virology/pathology ; *Carcinogenesis ; },
abstract = {Recent research has increasingly highlighted the potential oncogenic effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within the gastrointestinal tract. Growing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal malignancies through several mechanisms, including sustained chronic inflammation, disruption of normal cellular homeostasis, and potential viral integration into host cells. These pathological processes have the potential to dysregulate critical cellular pathways, thereby promoting cancer development in vulnerable populations. A thorough understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the development of gastrointestinal cancer is essential for optimizing patient care and establishing comprehensive, long-term monitoring protocols. This review highlighted the pressing need for ongoing research into the complex relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
*Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/virology/pathology/etiology
*Gastrointestinal Tract/virology/pathology
*Carcinogenesis