@article {pmid320829,
year = {1977},
author = {Miceli, G and Caltagirone, C and Gainotti, G},
title = {Gangliosides in the treatment of mental deterioration. A double-blind comparison with placebo.},
journal = {Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica},
volume = {55},
number = {2},
pages = {102-110},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb00145.x},
pmid = {320829},
issn = {0001-690X},
mesh = {Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Evaluation ; Educational Status ; Gangliosides/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Mental Disorders/*drug therapy ; Neurocognitive Disorders/drug therapy ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Placebos ; Psychological Tests ; Spatial Behavior ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {Thirty patients showing signs of mental deterioration were submitted to a neuropsychological battery before and after treatment with gangliosides. Their performances were compared, in a double-blind study, with those obtained on the same tests by 30 patients affected by similar degrees of dementia and treated with placebo. The improvement shown on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and on Immediate Visual Memory by the active group was significantly higher than that shown by the placebo group. Furthermore, an evaluation of the overall effect of gangliosides therapy showed a highly significant difference between the active and placebo group, still in favour of the subjects treated with gangliosides. It is concluded that gangliosides may exert a positive effect in the treatment of demential syndromes.},
}

Clinical Trials as Topic
Drug Evaluation
Educational Status
Gangliosides/*therapeutic use
Humans
Intelligence Tests
Mental Disorders/*drug therapy
Neurocognitive Disorders/drug therapy
Neuropsychological Tests
Placebos
Psychological Tests
Spatial Behavior
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid655202,
year = {1978},
author = {Carlson, JS and Wiedl, KH},
title = {Use of testing-the-limits procedures in the assessment of intellectual capabilities in children with learning difficulties.},
journal = {American journal of mental deficiency},
volume = {82},
number = {6},
pages = {559-564},
pmid = {655202},
issn = {0002-9351},
mesh = {Child ; Feedback ; Form Perception ; Humans ; *Intelligence Tests ; Learning Disabilities/*psychology ; Perceptual Closure ; Problem Solving ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {Various testing-the-limits procedures were employed in administering the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices test to 108 subjects with learning difficulties (age range 8.4 to 12.9 years). Both the picture and the puzzle forms of the test were employed in a repeated-measures format. Results revealed significant improvement in performance due to testing condition, test version, and repeated testing. Testing conditions involving verbalization and feedback were most salient. Performance on the second testing was higher than on the first testing. Localization of these effects was made to subgroupings of items on the test. The results were discussed in theoretical and practical terms.},
}

Child
Feedback
Form Perception
Humans
*Intelligence Tests
Learning Disabilities/*psychology
Perceptual Closure
Problem Solving
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid773368,
year = {1976},
author = {Carter-Saltzman, L and Scarr-Salapatek, S and Barker, WB and Katz, S},
title = {Left-handedness in twins: incidence and patterns of performance in an adolescent sample.},
journal = {Behavior genetics},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {189-203},
pmid = {773368},
issn = {0001-8244},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Black or African American ; Child ; Cognition/*physiology ; Concept Formation/physiology ; Female ; *Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Projective Techniques ; Sex Factors ; Space Perception/physiology ; *Twins ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {Data on handedness and cognitive performance in an adolescent sample of same-sex twins were collected, and questions about incidence of left-handedness in twins and the relation between handedness and cognitive performance were considered. Same-sex twins have been found to have a higher incidence of left-handedness than that usually reported in the general population. There is a high incidence of handedness discordance (one twin right-handed and his cotwin left-handed) in both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. In this sample, males and Blacks had particularly high rates of left-handedness. Among the monozygotic and dizygotic discordant pairs, quite different patterns of cognitive performance were found. On the Raven Progressive Matrices, the Columbia Test of Mental Maturity, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the left-handers did better than their right-handed cotwins in the monozygotic pairs and the right-handers did better than their left-handed cotwins in the dizygotic pairs. Within subjects, no signficant differences were found for superiority of spatial or verbal abilities for either right-handers or left-handers. No general statements can be made about the performance of left-handed twins, since performance differs according to zygosity and handedness of cotwin configurations.},
}

Adolescent
Black or African American
Child
Cognition/*physiology
Concept Formation/physiology
Female
*Functional Laterality
Humans
Male
Pregnancy
Projective Techniques
Sex Factors
Space Perception/physiology
*Twins
Twins, Dizygotic
Twins, Monozygotic
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid956802,
year = {1976},
author = {Andreasen, NC},
title = {Do depressed patients show thought disorder?.},
journal = {The Journal of nervous and mental disease},
volume = {163},
number = {3},
pages = {186-192},
doi = {10.1097/00005053-197609000-00006},
pmid = {956802},
issn = {0022-3018},
mesh = {Adult ; Association ; *Depression/therapy ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Thinking ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {Twenty-one patients suffering from major depressive disorder are compared for evidence of thought disorder on admission and at the time of discharge. Two aspects of cognition are evaluated: the ability to abstract, and the quality of association. These aspects of cognition were tested using the Shipley-Hartford, the Raven Progressive Matrices, and the Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. Althouh the patients showed some improvement in ability to abstract, and although their associations became somewhat less underinclusive or improverished, these improvements did not achieve statistical significance. Consequently, this group of depressed patients did not appear to show any thought disorder of the type under investigation.},
}

Adult
Association
*Depression/therapy
Humans
Middle Aged
*Thinking
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid1218375,
year = {1975},
author = {Kertesz, A and McCabe, P},
title = {Intelligence and aphasia: performance of aphasics on Raven's coloured progressive matrices (RCPM).},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {387-395},
doi = {10.1016/s0093-934x(75)80079-4},
pmid = {1218375},
issn = {0093-934X},
mesh = {*Aphasia ; Brain Damage, Chronic ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Speech ; },
}

*Aphasia
Brain Damage, Chronic
Humans
*Intelligence
*Intelligence Tests
Language
Speech

@article {pmid1799130,
year = {1991},
author = {Larraguibel, M and Lolas Stepke, F},
title = {[Oral and written affective expression in children of low socioeconomic status].},
journal = {Acta psiquiatrica y psicologica de America latina},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {129-135},
pmid = {1799130},
issn = {0001-6896},
mesh = {Anxiety ; Child ; Chile ; Female ; Hostility ; Humans ; Male ; Psychological Tests ; *Psychology, Child ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Verbal Behavior ; *Writing ; },
abstract = {Descriptive data on affective expression of 58 children (33 girls and 25 boys) of low socioeconomic status (Graffar index), with ages between 8 and 12 are presented. Intelligence was assessed by means of Raven Progressive Matrixes Test, all subjects exhibiting mean level. Evaluated were the six forms of anxiety and the four hostility forms defined by the Gottschalk method of verbal content analysis. Hope scores, positive and negative, were also obtained from the same verbal samples. The oral sample consisted in speech produced spontaneously during 5 minutes, in response to a standard instruction, and the written sample consisted in brief stories produced under standardized conditions during 15 minutes. The most frequently expressed form of anxiety was separation anxiety, while the most frequently expressed form of hostility was directed outwards covert hostility. "Positive" hope was expressed more frequently than "negative" hope. Data are discussed in terms of their contribution to the establishment of population norms in Spanish-speaking populations for the psychological constructs explored. It is concluded that the method of content analysis of verbal behavior may represent a useful tool for the study of child psychology in different contexts.},
}

Anxiety
Child
Chile
Female
Hostility
Humans
Male
Psychological Tests
*Psychology, Child
Socioeconomic Factors
*Verbal Behavior
*Writing

@article {pmid1816594,
year = {1991},
author = {Sosnowski, T and Nurzynska, M and Polec, M},
title = {Active-passive coping and skin conductance and heart rate changes.},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
volume = {28},
number = {6},
pages = {665-672},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01011.x},
pmid = {1816594},
issn = {0048-5772},
mesh = {Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Arousal/*physiology ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response/*physiology ; Heart Rate/*physiology ; Humans ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Psychophysiology ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {Sixty subjects were administered 33 tasks, selected from the Raven Progressive Matrices, in conditions that differed by type of monetary reinforcement (reward, frustration, and control group). Subjects were tested in pairs. One subject, assigned as the active one, was asked to solve a problem while the other was only a passive observer. Heart rate level and the amplitude of evoked skin conductance responses were measured. Statistical analysis detected a higher heart rate level in active versus passive subjects at the beginning stage of the experiment, as well as a faster heart rate decrease in the former versus the latter group during subsequent blocks of four tasks. Changes in skin conductance response magnitude during the ensuing task phases exhibited a descending trend in passive subjects and an ascending trend in active subjects. The monetary reinforcement manipulation was not effective. The results support a concept put forward by Fowles (1988), who maintained that tonic heart rate and skin conductance response amplitude may serve as indices of the behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system, respectively, as postulated by Gray's model of arousal.},
}

Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology
Adolescent
Adult
Arousal/*physiology
Female
Galvanic Skin Response/*physiology
Heart Rate/*physiology
Humans
Problem Solving/physiology
Psychophysiology
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid1891123,
year = {1991},
author = {Bargagliotti, LA and Jones, DL and Trygstad, L and Hayward, M and Crow, G and Bower, FL},
title = {Joint venture arrangement for RN to BSN. A model of synergy between academia and service.},
journal = {Nursing & health care : official publication of the National League for Nursing},
volume = {12},
number = {7},
pages = {380-384},
pmid = {1891123},
issn = {0276-5284},
mesh = {Advertising ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/*organization & administration ; Education, Professional, Retraining/*organization & administration ; Humans ; *Interinstitutional Relations ; Multi-Institutional Systems/*organization & administration ; Program Evaluation ; San Francisco ; Schools, Nursing/*organization & administration ; },
abstract = {The joint venture between or among educational and practice institutions is fast becoming the norm in nursing education and practice. Authors Bargagliotti, Jones, Trygstad, Hayward, Crow, and Bower, describe one such program enabling RNs to pursue the BSN degree.},
}

Advertising
Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/*organization & administration
Education, Professional, Retraining/*organization & administration
Humans
*Interinstitutional Relations
Multi-Institutional Systems/*organization & administration
Program Evaluation
San Francisco
Schools, Nursing/*organization & administration

@article {pmid2863872,
year = {1985},
author = {Goldberg, SC},
title = {Negative and deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do respond to neuroleptics.},
journal = {Schizophrenia bulletin},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {453-456},
doi = {10.1093/schbul/11.3.453},
pmid = {2863872},
issn = {0586-7614},
mesh = {Antipsychotic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Arousal/drug effects ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Neurocognitive Disorders/drug therapy ; Schizophrenia/*drug therapy ; Schizophrenia, Disorganized/drug therapy ; Schizophrenic Language ; *Schizophrenic Psychology ; Social Environment ; Verbal Behavior/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Five large-scale placebo-controlled studies are cited to show that, contrary to the contention of Johnstone et al. (1976) and Crow (1980), negative and/or deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do indeed respond to neuroleptic treatment. Further evidence is given that it is the "organic-like" symptoms (visual and olfactory hallucinations, disorientation, and memory deficit) that do not respond to neuroleptics. This would more sensibly reformulate the hypothesis of Johnstone et al. (1976) and Crow (1980) to state that schizophrenic patients with enlarged ventricles tend to show symptoms of organicity and tend not to respond to neuroleptics.},
}

Antipsychotic Agents/*therapeutic use
Arousal/drug effects
Humans
Interpersonal Relations
Neurocognitive Disorders/drug therapy
Schizophrenia/*drug therapy
Schizophrenia, Disorganized/drug therapy
Schizophrenic Language
*Schizophrenic Psychology
Social Environment
Verbal Behavior/drug effects

@article {pmid3445809,
year = {1987},
author = {Bruck, JC and Baker, TJ and Gordon, H},
title = {Facial mimics and the coronal brow lift.},
journal = {Aesthetic plastic surgery},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {199-201},
pmid = {3445809},
issn = {0364-216X},
mesh = {Eyebrows/*surgery ; Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgery, Plastic/*methods ; },
abstract = {The classic rhytidectomy leaves the upper third of the face without improvement. Yet the eye-eyebrow region is the most influential in determining facial expressions. There is only a narrow range of positions of the eyebrows in which they are perceived as attractive. The influence of the coronal browlift on facial mimics is discussed as it seems to be a way to predictably reposition the eyebrows and improve crow's feet and forehead, and glabellar wrinkles at the same time. The results of 56 patients surveyed 1-3 years postoperatively are presented.},
}

Eyebrows/*surgery
Facial Expression
Facial Muscles/*surgery
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Surgery, Plastic/*methods

@article {pmid4784918,
year = {1973},
author = {Kertesz, A},
title = {Intelligence and aphasia. Performance of aphasies on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices.},
journal = {Transactions of the American Neurological Association},
volume = {98},
number = {},
pages = {126-128},
pmid = {4784918},
issn = {0065-9479},
mesh = {Adult ; *Aphasia/complications ; Brain Damage, Chronic ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Mental Disorders/etiology ; },
}

Adult
*Aphasia/complications
Brain Damage, Chronic
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Language
Mental Disorders/etiology

@article {pmid6483175,
year = {1984},
author = {Vocate, DR},
title = {Differential cerebral speech lateralization in Crow Indian and Anglo children.},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {487-494},
doi = {10.1016/0028-3932(84)90043-5},
pmid = {6483175},
issn = {0028-3932},
mesh = {Child ; *Dominance, Cerebral ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*psychology ; *Language ; Montana ; Phonetics ; Semantics ; *Speech Perception ; },
abstract = {Sixty pairs of dichotically presented CV syllables were administered to matched samples of bilingual Native American Crow and monolingual Anglo subjects. While sex and grade were not significant factors, a significant variance was found between the performance of the bilingual Native American Crow and the monolingual Anglo subjects. As predicted (1) the bilingual children demonstrated a more symmetrical cerebral representation for language processing than the monolingual children; and (2) the bilingual primary Crow speakers had a greater right hemisphere involvement in receptive language processing than the monolingual English speakers. Possible factors influencing these results are discussed.},
}

Child
*Dominance, Cerebral
Humans
Indians, North American/*psychology
*Language
Montana
Phonetics
Semantics
*Speech Perception

@article {pmid7193453,
year = {1980},
author = {Foch, TT and Plomin, R},
title = {Specific cognitive abilities in 5- to 12-year-old twins.},
journal = {Behavior genetics},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {507-520},
pmid = {7193453},
issn = {0001-8244},
mesh = {Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Memory ; Pregnancy ; Space Perception ; Twins/*psychology ; Twins, Dizygotic/psychology ; Twins, Monozygotic/psychology ; Verbal Behavior ; Visual Perception ; Wechsler Scales ; },
abstract = {Eleven tests of specific cognitive abilities were administered to 108 pairs of young twins (average age of 7.6 years). Internal consistencies are high for all measures except Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and Delayed Picture Memory. Two-month, test-retest reliabilities are also reported. The twin sample is representative in terms of both means and variances when compared to normative data from standardization samples, and twin correlations for height and weight are similar to those obtained in six other twin studies. Because all measures were highly correlated with age (average correlation with age was 0.64), scores were aged adjusted. Previous twin studies of specific cognitive abilities in adolescents and adults found genetic variance for nearly all tests. In contrast, our study of young twins yielded significant genetic influence for only 1 of the 11 measures, PIAT Reading Recognition, and suggested the possibility of genetic influence on 2 others (vocabulary and WISC-R mazes). Environmental influences seem to dominate, particularly for nonverbal measures, as children begin their education. In accord with other studies, we found that between-family environmental factors have an important influence on the development of nearly all of the measures of specific cognitive abilities. However, we found that our tests of perceptual speed and memory were substantially influenced by within-family environmental factors independent of error.},
}

Child
Child, Preschool
*Cognition
Environment
Female
Humans
Intelligence
Male
Memory
Pregnancy
Space Perception
Twins/*psychology
Twins, Dizygotic/psychology
Twins, Monozygotic/psychology
Verbal Behavior
Visual Perception
Wechsler Scales

@article {pmid7961050,
year = {1994},
author = {Mitrushina, M and Stamm, J},
title = {Task-induced differential cortical activation pattern.},
journal = {International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {15-23},
doi = {10.1016/0167-8760(94)90051-5},
pmid = {7961050},
issn = {0167-8760},
mesh = {Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; *Electroencephalography ; Fourier Analysis ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Space Perception/physiology ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {Measures of task-dependent cortical activation were assessed by bilateral EEG recordings from frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital areas. Two pictorial tests, the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices and the Space Relations Test were used for verbal and spatial conditions, respectively. Recordings were obtained for 20 trials of each task from 22 right-handed adult males and 16 s. trial epochs were subjected to Fast Fourier analyses. Averaged intensity values for the alpha band were compared between verbal and spatial tasks for all subjects and between subgroups of verbalizers and visualizers, allotted on the basis of subject's performance index, derived from response speed and accuracy on the two tasks. The results were as follows: (1) The most pronounced EEG discriminators between the two performance subgroups are the left and right parietal and the right frontal area; (2) The left parietal zone provides the most pronounced discrimination between two groups; (3) There were significant interactions between the left parietal and the right frontal region; (4) The two parietal areas show characteristic frequency shifts in opposite directions for the task conditions. The findings imply complex interplay among the two parietal and right frontal areas, associated with sequential and holistic strategies. The results urge researchers to take into consideration subjectively preferred cognitive strategy, which along with objective task demands influences the process of problem solving and accompanying physiological changes.},
}

Adult
Attention/physiology
Cerebral Cortex/*physiology
Cognition/*physiology
*Electroencephalography
Fourier Analysis
Functional Laterality/physiology
Humans
Male
Models, Neurological
Space Perception/physiology
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid7981593,
year = {1994},
author = {Bresolin, N and Castelli, E and Comi, GP and Felisari, G and Bardoni, A and Perani, D and Grassi, F and Turconi, A and Mazzucchelli, F and Gallotti, D},
title = {Cognitive impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.},
journal = {Neuromuscular disorders : NMD},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {359-369},
doi = {10.1016/0960-8966(94)90072-8},
pmid = {7981593},
issn = {0960-8966},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; Muscular Dystrophies/*complications/genetics/psychology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Psychomotor Performance ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; },
abstract = {Cognitive function and dystrophin gene mutations were investigated in 50 DMD patients (mean age 11.1 yr; range 3.5-20.3). General intelligence assessment showed 31% of patients with Wechsler full intelligence quotient (FIQ) lower than 75 (normal values: 100 +/- 14), and only 24% with appropriate FIQ level. Modal distribution of Wechsler verbal, performance, and FIQs, and Raven IQs was normal. Verbal IQ was more affected than performance IQ (PIQ) only in the younger group of subjects. Low PIQ correlated with the presence of macroglossia, detected in 13 out of 50 patients. Impairment of productive language was of non-dysphasic nature and correlated with defects of short-term memory, which was also affected in non-verbal skills. DMD patients shared the same spectrum of neuropsychological defects, regardless of whether they were or were not mentally retarded. The proportion of patients with dystrophin gene deletions was 64%. No statistically significant correlations were found between genetic data and psychometric assessment. Finally, (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies demonstrated cerebellar hypometabolism in all the DMD patients examined and variable involvement of associative cortical areas. These findings suggest a possible role of the cerebral and cerebellar hypometabolism in the cognitive impairment of DMD.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Animals
Child
Child, Preschool
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology
Gene Deletion
Humans
Intelligence
Language
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Memory
Muscular Dystrophies/*complications/genetics/psychology
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychometrics
Psychomotor Performance
Tomography, Emission-Computed

@article {pmid8037075,
year = {1994},
author = {Blennerhassett, L and Strohmeier, SJ and Hibbett, C},
title = {Criterion-related validity of Raven's Progressive Matrices with deaf residential school students.},
journal = {American annals of the deaf},
volume = {139},
number = {2},
pages = {104-110},
doi = {10.1353/aad.2012.0053},
pmid = {8037075},
issn = {0002-726X},
mesh = {Achievement ; Adolescent ; *Deafness ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; *Intelligence Tests ; Language ; Male ; *Reproducibility of Results ; *Residential Facilities ; *Schools ; *Students ; },
abstract = {Criterion-related validity of Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) was investigated using a sample of 107 deaf residential adolescents. Data collection involved retrieval of psychoeducational test scores (RPM; WISC-R Performance IQ; VMI-R; Bender-Gestalt; and SAT-HI Reading Comprehension, Spelling, and Language) from student files. Concurrent validity between the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and WISC-R PIQ was established, with significant (p .001) correlations of .598 (using WISC-R deaf norms) and .616 (using WISC-R hearing norms). Predictive validity was supported by significant correlations between the SPM and SAT-HI Reading Comprehension, Spelling, and Language scores.},
}

Achievement
Adolescent
*Deafness
Female
Humans
Intelligence
*Intelligence Tests
Language
Male
*Reproducibility of Results
*Residential Facilities
*Schools
*Students

@article {pmid8123260,
year = {1994},
author = {Bathurst, K and Kee, DW},
title = {Finger-tapping interference as produced by concurrent verbal and nonverbal tasks: an analysis of individual differences in left-handers.},
journal = {Brain and cognition},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {123-136},
doi = {10.1006/brcg.1994.1007},
pmid = {8123260},
issn = {0278-2626},
mesh = {Adult ; *Attention ; Dominance, Cerebral ; Female ; *Functional Laterality ; Humans ; *Individuality ; Male ; Mental Recall ; *Motor Activity ; *Motor Skills ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Orientation ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Problem Solving ; *Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {Verbal cerebral asymmetry was examined in 96 right- and left-handed college students using dual-task methods. The manual task was finger-tapping; verbal tasks were anagram-solution in silent and aloud conditions; nonverbal tasks were solution of Raven's Progressive Matrices and forms memory. Both handedness groups were sensitive to the task manipulation, i.e., verbal tasks produced a significant change in tapping rate from a no-change rate of zero; nonverbal tasks produced no significant change in tapping rate. Right-handers experienced the expected asymmetric manual performance indicative of left-hemisphere language laterality. Left-handers as a group experienced no asymmetric pattern but rather a percentage decrease in both hands which suggested bilateralization of language functions. Only when examining manual performance patterns within specific left-handed subpopulations (composed of a complete crossing of handwriting posture, familial sinistrality, and sex) did laterality patterns emerge. Specifically, asymmetric manual performance was found only in familial sinistral inverted posture females. Results demonstrate the advantage of controlling for subject characteristics when assessing cerebral laterality in left-handers.},
}

Adult
*Attention
Dominance, Cerebral
Female
*Functional Laterality
Humans
*Individuality
Male
Mental Recall
*Motor Activity
*Motor Skills
Neuropsychological Tests
Orientation
Pattern Recognition, Visual
Problem Solving
*Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid8618971,
year = {1996},
author = {Mogelvang, C},
title = {Brow lift by flap transposition in the glabrous brow area.},
journal = {Plastic and reconstructive surgery},
volume = {97},
number = {5},
pages = {1040-50; discussion 1051-2},
doi = {10.1097/00006534-199604001-00025},
pmid = {8618971},
issn = {0032-1052},
mesh = {Aged ; *Eyebrows ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Forehead ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Care ; Preoperative Care ; Rhytidoplasty/*methods ; Surgical Flaps/*methods ; Suture Techniques ; },
abstract = {In brow lift, if a direct approach is utilized, the suture line medially is placed in a normal frontalis crease, and then the lateral part of the suture line, by lateral transfer of a small superiorly based flap, is caused to fall into a natural "laugh line" or "crow's feet" crease, three improvements result: 1. Greater control and predictability of shaping and position than with other techniques; 2. A more normal appearance, including better lateral lift and a much more inconspicuous scar than with supraciliary direct lift; 3. A longer-lasting result. In approximately 150 patients, scar appearance has been very gratifying indeed, with only 3 limited segmental scar revisions and 2 secondary midforehead elliptical excisions. It is believed that the principle exhibited in the tightening of the upper suture line by flap transfer, referred to by analogy as the worm principle, accounts for much of the improvement, especially in durability. This principle is seen as an aid in thinking through the mechanics of several other plastic surgical situations as well.},
}

Aged
*Eyebrows
Facial Expression
Female
Forehead
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Postoperative Care
Preoperative Care
Rhytidoplasty/*methods
Surgical Flaps/*methods
Suture Techniques

@article {pmid8828394,
year = {1996},
author = {Elphick, R},
title = {Issues in comparing the speechreading abilities of hearing-impaired and hearing 15 to 16 year-old pupils.},
journal = {The British journal of educational psychology},
volume = {66 (Pt 3)},
number = {},
pages = {357-365},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01202.x},
pmid = {8828394},
issn = {0007-0998},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Female ; Hearing/*physiology ; *Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans ; *Lipreading ; Male ; },
abstract = {The speechreading skills of 57 hearing-impaired 15 to 16-year-olds were compared with a sample of 30 hearing pupils in the same school year. Previous comparative studies have included a complete population of hearing-impaired pupils or have been confined to those who are severely-profoundly deaf. In the present study only pupils who had sufficient verbal memory to be able to repeat up to six words in a sentence were included. The test stimuli consisted of two word lists, one from the AB isophonemic word lists and the other from the New Manchester Picture Test together with a sentence list from the Manchester Speechreading (Lipreading) Test. The hearing-impaired pupils were placed full time in mainstream units for the hearing impaired and special schools for the hearing impaired. The sample also contained a small group of five who were placed in schools for children with moderate learning difficulties. The hearing-impaired group scored significantly better than the hearing group in all of the lists. Intelligence factors assessed by the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices were not a major influence except for the MLD group. The superiority of the hearing-impaired sample is attributed to a greater need for speechreading and the practice derived from it. Evidence from this study supports the view that sufficient development in memory for spoken language needs to occur for a child to maximise speechreading skills.},
}

Adolescent
Female
Hearing/*physiology
*Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Humans
*Lipreading
Male

@article {pmid8833689,
year = {1996},
author = {Thomas, P and Kearney, G and Napier, E and Ellis, E and Leuder, I and Johnson, M},
title = {Speech and language in first onset psychosis differences between people with schizophrenia, mania, and controls.},
journal = {The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science},
volume = {168},
number = {3},
pages = {337-343},
doi = {10.1192/bjp.168.3.337},
pmid = {8833689},
issn = {0007-1250},
mesh = {Bipolar Disorder/*psychology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; Psychotic Disorders/*psychology ; *Schizophrenia ; Severity of Illness Index ; Social Class ; *Speech ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed linguistic differences between diagnostic groups. This study investigates the extent to which these differences are accounted for by factors such as chronicity, or disturbances in cognition associated with acute psychosis.

METHOD: Transcripts of interviews with patients suffering from RDC schizophrenia (n=38), mania (n=11) and controls (n=16) were examined using the Brief Syntactic Analysis (BSA). Patients were within two years of first onset of psychotic symptoms, and received tests of working memory and attention.

RESULTS: The speech of patients with schizophrenia was syntactically less complex than that of controls. Patients with schizophrenia and mania made more errors than controls. These differences were, to some extent, related to group differences in social class, working memory and attention, although significant group differences in language persisted after the effects of covariates were removed.

CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the existence of differences in the speech of psychiatric patients. Low complexity appears to be a particular feature of speech in schizophrenia, even in the earliest stages of the condition. The importance of this finding is discussed in relation to two recent theories of schizophrenia: Crow's evolutionary model, and Frith's neuro-psychological model.},
}

Bipolar Disorder/*psychology
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis
Educational Status
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
Psychotic Disorders/*psychology
*Schizophrenia
Severity of Illness Index
Social Class
*Speech

@article {pmid8867407,
year = {1996},
author = {Jay, SJ},
title = {A conversation with C. Everett Koop, M.D.. Interview by Stephen J. Jay.},
journal = {Indiana medicine : the journal of the Indiana State Medical Association},
volume = {89},
number = {2},
pages = {116-120},
pmid = {8867407},
issn = {0746-8288},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence ; Child ; Health Education/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Smoking/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Smoking Prevention ; United States ; },
}

Adolescent
Adult
Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence
Child
Health Education/legislation & jurisprudence
Humans
Smoking/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence
*Smoking Prevention
United States

@article {pmid9106083,
year = {1997},
author = {Ellis, DA and Tan, AK},
title = {Cosmetic upper-facial rejuvenation with botulinum.},
journal = {The Journal of otolaryngology},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {92-96},
pmid = {9106083},
issn = {0381-6605},
mesh = {Botulinum Toxins, Type A/*therapeutic use ; Contraindications ; Drug Monitoring ; Facial Expression ; Humans ; Neuromuscular Agents/*therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Rhytidoplasty/adverse effects/*methods ; Skin Aging/*drug effects/pathology ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A (Botox), which blocks the release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic neuromuscular junction leading to an irreversible, but temporary chemical denervation muscular paralysis and weakness. This produces a significant cosmetic improvement of wrinkling in the upper face due to hyperfunctional animation.

METHOD: A prospective clinical study representing our experience with this new technique is presented. Patient selection and evaluation, classification of animation lines, techniques, results and complications are discussed. In a 15-month period, 23 patients with seven anatomic sites were injected. Twenty-three patients had the lateral aspect and the inferior aspect of their squint lines injected, and 26 patients had their glabellar frownlines injected.

RESULTS: Significant improvement occurred to the average depth and length of the glabellar frownlines. The subjective improvement by the patients was also significant. Regarding the crow's feet, the lateral canthal lines showed more improvement than the inferior lateral canthal lines because the latter has a greater component of zygomaticus major and minor muscle, which contributes to the inferior lateral squint line.

CONCLUSION: Botox is a safe, easy-to-use, effective modality for the temporary elimination of hyperfunctioning upper-facial muscles.},
}

Botulinum Toxins, Type A/*therapeutic use
Contraindications
Drug Monitoring
Facial Expression
Humans
Neuromuscular Agents/*therapeutic use
Prospective Studies
Rhytidoplasty/adverse effects/*methods
Skin Aging/*drug effects/pathology
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid10507514,
year = {1999},
author = {Crow, TJ},
title = {Commentary on Annett, Yeo et al., Klar, Saugstad and Orr: cerebral asymmetry, language and psychosis--the case for a Homo sapiens-specific sex-linked gene for brain growth.},
journal = {Schizophrenia research},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {219-231},
doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00076-6},
pmid = {10507514},
issn = {0920-9964},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Cerebral Cortex/growth & development ; Developmental Disabilities/genetics ; Dominance, Cerebral/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Psychotic Disorders/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Annett, Yeo et al. and Klar have each proposed theories that relate the genetics of cerebral lateralization to predisposition to psychosis. These theories are considered in relation to the central paradox that psychosis is associated with a substantial biological disadvantage. Annett's heterozygote advantage hypothesis critically identified lateralization as a major determinant of ability, but it appears that what is inherited is degrees (as suggested by Yeo et al.) rather than (or as well as) direction of lateralization. Relative hand skill has been shown (Crow, T.J., Crow, L.R., Done, D.J., Leask, S.J., 1998. Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision. Neuropsychologia 36, 1275-1282.) to be a powerful predictor (interacting with sex) of academic ability but the greatest region of vulnerability (that includes reading disability and predisposition to psychosis) is close to the point of equal hand skill ('hemispheric indecision'). In contrast with Annett's single locus, Yeo's polygenic and Klar's strand-segregation hypotheses, each of which postulates an autosomal locus or loci, the hypothesis of a single gene for asymmetry located in a sex-specific region of homology on both X and Y chromosomes can account for sex differences, as observed in age of onset, and premorbid precursors of psychosis, as well as differences in the general population in relation to degrees of hand skill, verbal ability and cerebral asymmetry. The evolutionarily recent transposition to, and subsequent paracentric inversion in, the Y chromosome short arm of a 4-Mb block from Xq21.3 (the proximal long arm of the X) are candidates for speciation events in the lineage that led to Homo sapiens. A gene associated with a range of variation (that may be due to a high mutation site, or perhaps to epigenetic modification) on the Y that overlaps with, but differs quantitatively from, that on the X may explain the sex differences associated with psychosis, and may be relevant to its persistence. Such a gene could be the principal determinant in Man of the rate of brain growth, as suggested by Saugstad and by the findings of a recent study of adolescent onset psychosis (James, A., Crow, T.J., Renowden, S., Wardell, M., Smith, D.M., Anslow, P., in press. Is the course of brain development in schizophrenia delayed? Evidence from onsets in adolescence. Schizophr. Res.).},
}

*Biological Evolution
Cerebral Cortex/growth & development
Developmental Disabilities/genetics
Dominance, Cerebral/*genetics
Female
Genetic Linkage
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
Humans
Language
Language Development
Male
*Models, Genetic
Psychotic Disorders/*genetics
Selection, Genetic
Sex Chromosomes/*genetics
Species Specificity

@article {pmid10544420,
year = {1999},
author = {Blough, LK and Rittenhouse, RK and Dancer, J},
title = {Identification of gifted deaf children: a complex but critical educational process.},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
volume = {89},
number = {1},
pages = {219-221},
doi = {10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.219},
pmid = {10544420},
issn = {0031-5125},
mesh = {Attitude ; Child ; Child, Gifted/*classification/*education ; Deafness/complications/*psychology/rehabilitation ; *Education, Special ; Humans ; Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Sign Language ; Teaching ; },
abstract = {11 deaf students in a large midwestern school for the deaf were divided into gifted and nongifted groups by ratings of teachers and school administrators. There were six subjects in the gifted group (3 boys and 3 girls) and five subjects in the comparison group (3 boys and 2 girls). There was no statistically significant difference between mean raw scores of the two groups on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Also, teachers' rankings of the subjects identified as gifted did not correlate significantly with their Raven scores. Identification of gifted deaf students is too complex to be based only on teachers' ratings.},
}

Attitude
Child
Child, Gifted/*classification/*education
Deafness/complications/*psychology/rehabilitation
*Education, Special
Humans
Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data
Sign Language
Teaching

@article {pmid10577266,
year = {1999},
author = {Giovagnoli, AR},
title = {Verbal semantic memory in temporal lobe epilepsy.},
journal = {Acta neurologica Scandinavica},
volume = {99},
number = {6},
pages = {334-339},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb07361.x},
pmid = {10577266},
issn = {0001-6314},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition Disorders/physiopathology ; Concept Formation/*physiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory Disorders/classification/*physiopathology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; *Semantics ; Statistics as Topic ; Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Verbal Behavior/*physiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) may determine memory difficulties not explained by episodic memory impairment. The present study was aimed to verify the presence of specific semantic memory dysfunctions in TLE and to explore their relations to epilepsy variables.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with lateralized temporal (n = 26) or extra-temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 21) and 23 healthy subjects were compared. Picture Naming and Pointing to a Picture were used to explore expressive and receptive vocabulary and the Semantic Questionnaire evaluated semantic judgment of verbally presented items. The Selective Reminding Procedure for word list learning and Story Recall were used to assess episodic memory. Spontaneous speech and the Token Test controlled for language disturbances, and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were used to evaluate abstract reasoning ability.

RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance of test scores showed significant impairment of semantic memory in patients with left TLE compared to healthy controls, whereas episodic memory was impaired in left temporal and extra-temporal epilepsy (as measured by word learning) and all epilepsy groups (as measured by Story Recall). In the TLE groups, naming abilities were more compromised than single-word comprehension and semantic judgment - which were not significantly affected. No deficits in language abilities or in abstract reasoning were found in any patient group. Factor analysis of memory tests scores in the patients produced two factors, one semantic and the other episodic. Regression analysis revealed that the semantic factor was related to abstract reasoning, left hemisphere lateralization of seizures, and age of seizure onset; while the episodic factor was related to age.

CONCLUSIONS: Left TLE may determine significant verbal semantic memory compromise, maybe due to impaired access to the semantic-lexical storage. In non-aphasic epilepsy patients, comparison of performance on semantic and episodic memory tests may be useful for assessing the nature of memory failures, and may complement clinical and neurophysiological means for defining the epileptic center.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age of Onset
Case-Control Studies
Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
Concept Formation/*physiology
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology
Female
Humans
Male
Memory Disorders/classification/*physiopathology
Neuropsychological Tests
*Semantics
Statistics as Topic
Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
Verbal Behavior/*physiology

@article {pmid10800626,
year = {2000},
author = {Pontón, MO and Gonzalez, JJ and Hernandez, I and Herrera, L and Higareda, I},
title = {Factor analysis of the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS).},
journal = {Applied neuropsychology},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {32-39},
doi = {10.1207/S15324826AN0701_5},
pmid = {10800626},
issn = {0908-4282},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Attention ; *Cognition ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Hispanic or Latino/*psychology ; Humans ; *Language ; Learning ; Male ; Memory ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {The Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS; Pontón et al., 1996) was developed to provide clinicians and researchers with appropriate tests and norms to assess the Latino population. However, the construct validity of the NeSBHIS is unclear, and its clinical utility is untested. This study provides data on the construct validity of this battery via factor analytic methodology. Five factors were identified: (a) a language factor, which included the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Pontón-Satz Boston Naming Test, and the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos (EIWA; Wechsler, Green, & Martinez, 1968) Digit Span; (b) a verbal learning factor, which included all the World Health Organization--University of California, Los Angeles Auditory Verbal Learning Test scores (Trials V, VII, and VIII); (c) an attentional-mental control factor, which included the EIWA Digit Symbol, Color Trails 1 and 2, and the EIWA Block Design; (d) a visuospatial factor, made up of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Copy and Memory and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices total score; and (e) a psychomotor factor, the Pin Test. This was a stable factor structure, suggesting that the NeSBHIS has a robust construct validity.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Attention
*Cognition
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Hispanic or Latino/*psychology
Humans
*Language
Learning
Male
Memory
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests/*standards
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid10840506,
year = {2000},
author = {Everatt, J and Smythe, I and Adams, E and Ocampo, D},
title = {Dyslexia screening measures and bilingualism.},
journal = {Dyslexia (Chichester, England)},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {42-56},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0909(200001/03)6:1<42::AID-DYS157>3.0.CO;2-0},
pmid = {10840506},
issn = {1076-9242},
mesh = {Child ; Dyslexia/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; *Multilingualism ; Verbal Learning ; },
abstract = {A series of measures used in a number of dyslexia screening tests was administered to groups of 7-8-year old English monolinguals and Sylheti/English bilinguals. Within these groups a subgroup of children was distinguished by poor spelling and reading in the absence of general ability, sensory, emotional or behavioural problems, i.e. specific literacy difficulties (SpLD). General ability (assessed by Raven's matrices), chronological age, male/female ratio and mono/bilingualism were controlled between SpLD and control groups. Screening measures assessed phonological skills, rapid naming, the ability to recite or repeat sequences of verbal and non-verbal stimuli, and visual and motor skills. Sample sizes were small owing to the selection criteria used and the small number of bilingual SpLD children identified. However, the results were encouraging in differentiating SpLD bilinguals from their peers, with the phonological measures in particular presenting consistent findings across bilingual and monolingual groupings. Those differences found between bilinguals and monolinguals are discussed in terms of a bilingual influence on the skills assessed or the reduced reliability of the measure.},
}

Child
Dyslexia/*diagnosis
Female
Humans
Language
Male
*Multilingualism
Verbal Learning

@article {pmid11574436,
year = {2001},
author = {McAulay, V and Deary, IJ and Ferguson, SC and Frier, BM},
title = {Acute hypoglycemia in humans causes attentional dysfunction while nonverbal intelligence is preserved.},
journal = {Diabetes care},
volume = {24},
number = {10},
pages = {1745-1750},
doi = {10.2337/diacare.24.10.1745},
pmid = {11574436},
issn = {0149-5992},
mesh = {Adult ; *Attention ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cognition Disorders/*etiology ; Female ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Hearing ; Humans ; Hyperinsulinism ; Hypoglycemia/*complications ; *Intelligence ; Male ; Memory ; Verbal Behavior ; Vision, Ocular ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Experimentally induced hypoglycemia in humans causes progressive but reversible cognitive dysfunction, but it is not known to what extent neuropsychological tests index abilities of cognitive functioning that are important in everyday life. This study examines the effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on attention and intelligence in nondiabetic humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp was used to achieve controlled euglycemia (4.50 [0.22] mmol/l) and hypoglycemia (blood glucose 2.59 [0.19] mmol/l) in 20 healthy volunteers. Subjects were studied on two occasions in a counterbalanced order. During each study condition, subjects completed parallel tests of cognitive function. Cognitive function was assessed by the Test of Everyday Attention and Raven's Progressive Matrices.

RESULTS: Hypoglycemia induced a significant deterioration in tests sensitive to both visual and auditory selective attention. During hypoglycemia, attentional flexibility deteriorated and speed of information processing was delayed. Sustained attention was preserved and intelligence scores did not deteriorate during hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS: During hypoglycemia, a significant deterioration occurs in attentional abilities, whereas fluid intelligence is preserved. On the basis of these results, it can be surmised that many complex attention tasks relevant to everyday life are impaired during moderate hypoglycemia.},
}

Adult
*Attention
Blood Glucose/analysis
Cognition Disorders/*etiology
Female
Glucose Clamp Technique
Hearing
Humans
Hyperinsulinism
Hypoglycemia/*complications
*Intelligence
Male
Memory
Verbal Behavior
Vision, Ocular

@article {pmid11656324,
year = {1993},
author = {Pellegrino, ED},
title = {Autonomy, beneficence, and the experimental subject's consent: a response to Jay Katz.},
journal = {Saint Louis University law journal},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {55-62},
pmid = {11656324},
issn = {0036-3030},
mesh = {*Altruism ; *Beneficence ; Decision Making ; *Disclosure ; Ethics Committees ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Federal Government ; *Freedom ; Government ; Government Regulation ; *Human Experimentation ; Human Rights ; Humans ; *Informed Consent ; Moral Obligations ; *Paternalism ; Patients ; Peer Review ; *Personal Autonomy ; Physician-Patient Relations ; *Physicians ; Privacy ; *Research Personnel ; *Research Subjects ; *Researcher-Subject Relations ; Social Control, Formal ; Social Responsibility ; *Social Values ; *Virtues ; },
}

*Altruism
*Beneficence
Decision Making
*Disclosure
Ethics Committees
Ethics Committees, Research
Federal Government
*Freedom
Government
Government Regulation
*Human Experimentation
Human Rights
Humans
*Informed Consent
Moral Obligations
*Paternalism
Patients
Peer Review
*Personal Autonomy
Physician-Patient Relations
*Physicians
Privacy
*Research Personnel
*Research Subjects
*Researcher-Subject Relations
Social Control, Formal
Social Responsibility
*Social Values
*Virtues

@article {pmid11962141,
year = {2002},
author = {Galloro, V},
title = {Unexpected turn of events. After a five-year battle, an appeals court overturns the fraud convictions of two former Columbia/HCA executives.},
journal = {Modern healthcare},
volume = {32},
number = {13},
pages = {6-7, 16, 1},
pmid = {11962141},
issn = {0160-7480},
mesh = {Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. ; Disclosure ; Florida ; Fraud/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Hospital Administrators/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Hospitals, Proprietary/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Medicare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; },
abstract = {For former Columbia/HCA executives Jay Jarrell and Robert Whiteside, the overturning of their 1999 fraud convictions was a get-out-of-jail-free card. A federal appeals court ruled that the government didn't prove its case against them and that the rules they were meant to follow were confusing. And if the government didn't prove its case here, what does this judgment mean for other fraud cases?},
}

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.
Disclosure
Florida
Fraud/*legislation & jurisprudence
Hospital Administrators/*legislation & jurisprudence
Hospitals, Proprietary/economics/legislation & jurisprudence
Medicare/*legislation & jurisprudence
United States

@article {pmid12475131,
year = {2002},
author = {Suutama, T and Ruoppila, I and Stig, B},
title = {Changes in cognitive functioning from 75 to 80 years of age: a 5-year follow-up in two Nordic localities.},
journal = {Aging clinical and experimental research},
volume = {14},
number = {3 Suppl},
pages = {29-36},
pmid = {12475131},
issn = {1594-0667},
mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*psychology ; *Cognition ; Demography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychometrics/methods ; Psychomotor Performance ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Thinking ; Verbal Behavior ; Visual Perception ; },
abstract = {The purpose of the study was to analyze changes and stability in cognitive functions among older persons aged from 75 to 80 years, as well as differences in this development between two Nordic localities. The number of subjects taking part in the follow-up phase was 188 in Jyväskylä, Finland, and 184 in Göteborg, Sweden. Cognitive functions were assessed using conventional memory tests (Digit Span Forward and Backward for assessing primary working memory; Visual Reproduction for visual memory) and intelligence tests (Digit Symbol for assessing psychomotor speed; Word Fluency for verbal ability; Raven's Matrices for non-verbal reasoning). With few exceptions, the mean test scores declined significantly among the retested men and women in both localities. Analyses showed that generally over half of the subjects maintained their level of performance over the 5-year period, while a part of the deteriorating minority had a steep decline. There were significant differences in the test performance between the localities both at the baseline and follow-up assessments, but few differences between women and men. On the whole, however, the groups of older women and men from the two Nordic localities had a similar pattern of cognitive development from 75 to 80 years of age.},
}

Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging/*psychology
*Cognition
Demography
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Intelligence
Male
Memory
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychometrics/methods
Psychomotor Performance
Scandinavian and Nordic Countries
Thinking
Verbal Behavior
Visual Perception

@article {pmid12592404,
year = {2003},
author = {Gray, JR and Chabris, CF and Braver, TS},
title = {Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {316-322},
doi = {10.1038/nn1014},
pmid = {12592404},
issn = {1097-6256},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Choice Behavior ; Cognition/physiology ; Conflict, Psychological ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/*physiology ; Intelligence Tests ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Reference Values ; Regression Analysis ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {We used an individual-differences approach to test whether general fluid intelligence (gF) is mediated by brain regions that support attentional (executive) control, including subregions of the prefrontal cortex. Forty-eight participants first completed a standard measure of gF (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices). They then performed verbal and nonverbal versions of a challenging working-memory task (three-back) while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Trials within the three-back task varied greatly in the demand for attentional control because of differences in trial-to-trial interference. On high-interference trials specifically, participants with higher gF were more accurate and had greater event-related neural activity in several brain regions. Multiple regression analyses indicated that lateral prefrontal and parietal regions may mediate the relation between ability (gF) and performance (accuracy despite interference), providing constraints on the neural mechanisms that support gF.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Attention/physiology
Brain/*physiology
Brain Mapping
Choice Behavior
Cognition/physiology
Conflict, Psychological
Female
Humans
Intelligence/*physiology
Intelligence Tests
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Memory, Short-Term/physiology
Multivariate Analysis
Parietal Lobe/physiology
Predictive Value of Tests
Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
Problem Solving/*physiology
Reference Values
Regression Analysis
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid12735938,
year = {2003},
author = {Noveck, IA and Posada, A},
title = {Characterizing the time course of an implicature: an evoked potentials study.},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {203-210},
doi = {10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00053-1},
pmid = {12735938},
issn = {0093-934X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Electrooculography ; Evoked Potentials/*physiology ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Language ; Reaction Time ; *Semantics ; Speech Perception ; },
abstract = {This work employs Evoked Potential techniques as 19 participants are confronted with sentences that have the potential to produce scalar implicatures, like in Some elephants have trunks. Such an Underinformative utterance is of interest to pragmatists because it can be considered to have two different truth values. It can be considered true when taken at face value but false if one were to treat Some with the implicature Not All. Two accounts of implicature production are compared. The neo-Gricean approach (e.g., Levinson, 2000) assumes that implicatures intrude automatically on the semantics of a term like Some. Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1985/1996) assumes that implicatures are effortful and not automatic. In this experiment, the participants are presented with 25 Underinformative sentences along with 25 sentences that are Patently True (e.g. Some houses have bricks) and 25 that are Patently False (e.g. Some crows have radios). As reported in an earlier study (Noveck, 2001), Underinformative sentences prompt strong individual differences. Seven participants here responded true to all (or nearly all) of the Underinformative sentences and the remaining 12 responded false to all (or nearly all) of them. The present study showed that those who responded false to the Underinformative sentences took significantly longer to do so that those who responded true. The ERP data indicate that: (a) the Patently True and Patently False sentences prompt steeper N400's--indicating greater semantic integration--than the Underinformative sentences and that (b) regardless of one's ultimate response to the Underinformative sentences, the N400's were remarkably flat, indicating no particular reaction to these sentences. Collectively, the data are taken to show that implicatures are part of a late-arriving, effort-demanding decision process.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Brain/physiology
Electroencephalography
Electrooculography
Evoked Potentials/*physiology
Functional Laterality/physiology
Humans
Language
Reaction Time
*Semantics
Speech Perception

@article {pmid12953359,
year = {2003},
author = {Howe, EG},
title = {Lessons from "Jay Carter".},
journal = {The Journal of clinical ethics},
volume = {14},
number = {1-2},
pages = {109-117},
pmid = {12953359},
issn = {1046-7890},
mesh = {Asperger Syndrome/psychology/therapy ; Beneficence ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent/*ethics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Narration ; Periodicals as Topic ; Personal Autonomy ; Physician-Patient Relations/*ethics ; Psychiatry/*ethics ; Publishing/*ethics ; },
}

Asperger Syndrome/psychology/therapy
Beneficence
Guidelines as Topic
Humans
Informed Consent/*ethics
Male
Middle Aged
*Narration
Periodicals as Topic
Personal Autonomy
Physician-Patient Relations/*ethics
Psychiatry/*ethics
Publishing/*ethics

@article {pmid14967548,
year = {2004},
author = {Langdon, R and Coltheart, M},
title = {Recognition of metaphor and irony in young adults: the impact of schizotypal personality traits.},
journal = {Psychiatry research},
volume = {125},
number = {1},
pages = {9-20},
doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2003.10.005},
pmid = {14967548},
issn = {0165-1781},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Metaphor ; Phobic Disorders/psychology ; *Recognition, Psychology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis/*psychology ; Semantics ; Severity of Illness Index ; *Speech Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wechsler Scales ; *Wit and Humor as Topic ; },
abstract = {Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate two dissociable impairments of pragmatic language comprehension: (1) an insensitivity to irony, which is associated with poor theory-of-mind (i.e. a difficulty with inferring other people's thoughts); and (2) poor recognition of metaphors, which may reflect degraded semantics. This study investigated whether non-clinical high-schizotypal adults show similar impairments of pragmatic language. Thirty-six university students completed the Raine Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical-Memories subtest, Raven's Progressive Matrices and a story comprehension task that tested the ability to discriminate between incongruous statements and appropriate uses of ironical, metaphorical or literal speech. Counter to the pattern found for patients, high-schizotypal adults were just as capable as low-schizotypal adults of identifying appropriate metaphors, suggesting a discontinuity between schizophrenia and schizotypy for the metaphor-recognition problem. This study's finding of intact metaphor recognition in high-schizotypal adults contrasts with previous findings of poor proverb comprehension in these individuals and is interpreted in terms of different semantic processes required for recognizing and interpreting metaphors. Consistent with the pattern found for patients, high-schizotypal adults were significantly impaired in their ability to appreciate when a literally contradictory utterance could be interpreted as ironical, suggesting continuity between schizophrenia and schizotypy for the irony-appreciation problem.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
*Metaphor
Phobic Disorders/psychology
*Recognition, Psychology
Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis/*psychology
Semantics
Severity of Illness Index
*Speech Perception
Surveys and Questionnaires
Wechsler Scales
*Wit and Humor as Topic

@article {pmid15533553,
year = {2004},
author = {Storms, G and Saerens, J and De Deyn, PP},
title = {Normative data for the Boston Naming Test in native Dutch-speaking Belgian children and the relation with intelligence.},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {91},
number = {3},
pages = {274-281},
doi = {10.1016/j.bandl.2004.03.005},
pmid = {15533553},
issn = {0093-934X},
mesh = {Belgium ; Child ; Culture ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Language ; Language Disorders/*diagnosis ; *Language Tests ; Male ; North America ; Semantics ; },
abstract = {This paper reports the results of a normative study of the 60-item version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in a group of 371 native Dutch-speaking Flemish children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Analysis of test results revealed that BNT performance was significantly affected by age and gender. The gathered norms were shown to be significantly lower than published norms for comparable North-American children. Error analysis disclosed remarkable similarities with data from elderly subjects, with verbal semantic paraphasias and 'don't know' responses occurring most frequently. Finally, BNT scores were shown to correlate strongly with general intelligence as measured with the Raven Progressive Matrices. The relation between both measures can be of help in the diagnosis of identification naming deficits and impaired word-retrieval capacities.},
}

Belgium
Child
Culture
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
*Language
Language Disorders/*diagnosis
*Language Tests
Male
North America
Semantics

@article {pmid15866326,
year = {2005},
author = {Jausovec, N and Jausovec, K},
title = {Differences in induced gamma and upper alpha oscillations in the human brain related to verbal/performance and emotional intelligence.},
journal = {International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology},
volume = {56},
number = {3},
pages = {223-235},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.12.005},
pmid = {15866326},
issn = {0167-8760},
mesh = {Adult ; Algorithms ; *Alpha Rhythm ; Brain/*physiology ; *Electroencephalography ; Emotions/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/*physiology ; Language ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Verbal Behavior/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Participating in the study were 30 respondents, who could be clustered as high-average verbal/performance intelligent (HIQ/AIQ), or emotionally intelligent (HEIQ/AEIQ). The EEG was recorded while students were performing two tasks: the Raven's advanced progressive matrices (RAPM), and identifying emotions in pictures (IDEM). Significant differences in event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) related to verbal/performance intelligence were only observed while respondents solved the RAPM. The HIQ and AIQ groups displayed temporal and spatial differently induced gamma band activity. Significant differences in ERD/ERS related to emotional intelligence were only observed for the IDEM task. HEIQ individuals displayed more gamma band ERS and less upper alpha band ERD than did AEIQ individuals. It can be concluded that HIQ and HEIQ individuals employed more adequate strategies for solving the problems at hand. The results further suggest that emotional intelligence and verbal/performance intelligence represent distinct components of the cognitive architecture.},
}

Adult
Algorithms
*Alpha Rhythm
Brain/*physiology
*Electroencephalography
Emotions/*physiology
Female
Humans
Intelligence/*physiology
Language
Male
Psychomotor Performance/*physiology
Sex Characteristics
Verbal Behavior/*physiology

@article {pmid16383072,
year = {2005},
author = {Abdel-Khalek, AM},
title = {Reliability and factorial validity of the standard progressive matrices among Kuwaiti children ages 8 to 15 years.},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
volume = {101},
number = {2},
pages = {409-412},
doi = {10.2466/pms.101.2.409-412},
pmid = {16383072},
issn = {0031-5125},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Child ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Developing Countries ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests/*standards/statistics & numerical data ; Kuwait ; Language ; Male ; Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {The Raven Standard Progressive Matrices was administered to a sample of 6,529 children in Kuwait ranging in age from 8 to 15 years. Test-retest reliability (N = 968) ranged between .69 and .85, while Cronbach coefficients alpha ranged from .88 to .93, showing from acceptable to good temporal stability and from good to high internal consistency. The loadings of the five sets of matrices on the only salient factor ranged from .73 to .89 indicating the good factorial validity of the scale. The rtest seems useful in the Kuwaiti context.},
}

Adolescent
Child
Cross-Cultural Comparison
*Developing Countries
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Female
Humans
Intelligence Tests/*standards/statistics & numerical data
Kuwait
Language
Male
Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data
Reference Values
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid16860451,
year = {2006},
author = {Leask, SJ and Crow, TJ},
title = {A single optimum degree of hemispheric specialisation in two tasks, in two UK national birth cohorts.},
journal = {Brain and cognition},
volume = {62},
number = {3},
pages = {221-227},
doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2006.06.001},
pmid = {16860451},
issn = {0278-2626},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition/*physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Functional Laterality/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Skills ; Normal Distribution ; Reference Values ; Sex Factors ; Task Performance and Analysis ; United Kingdom ; Verbal Behavior/*physiology ; },
abstract = {How differences between the two sides of the brain (or 'laterality') relate to level of function are important components of theories of the origin and purpose of hemispheric asymmetry, although different measures show different relationships, and this heterogeneity makes discerning any underlying relationships a difficult task. There are some exceptions, for example it has been concluded that increasing lateralization (eg of hand skill or planum temporale area) occurs at the expense of the non-dominant hemisphere. However, we have previously demonstrated this latter relationship to be an artefact: a consequence of plotting two variables against each other, that are not independent of each other [Leask, S. J., & Crow, T. J. (1997) How far does the brain lateralize? An unbiased method for determining the optimum degree of hemispheric specialisation. Neuropsychologia, 36, 1275-1282; Mazoyer, B. M., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. G. (2004). Title Planum temporale asymmetry and models of dominance for language: a reappraisal. Neuroreport, 15, 1057-1059]. Two approaches to discerning any underlying relationships are presented in data from over 20,000 10- and 11-year olds from the 1958 and 1970 UK national cohort studies. These demonstrate that maximal performance, both cognitive and hand function, is found in association with one particular degree of functional lateralization.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Brain/*physiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cognition/*physiology
Cohort Studies
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Functional Laterality/*physiology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Motor Skills
Normal Distribution
Reference Values
Sex Factors
Task Performance and Analysis
United Kingdom
Verbal Behavior/*physiology

@article {pmid16903131,
year = {2006},
author = {Schrauf, RW and Weintraub, S and Navarro, E},
title = {Is adaptation of the word accentuation test of premorbid intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States?.},
journal = {Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {391-399},
doi = {10.1017/s1355617706060462},
pmid = {16903131},
issn = {1355-6177},
support = {P30 AG13854/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology ; Dementia/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Emigration and Immigration/*statistics & numerical data ; Feasibility Studies ; Hispanic or Latino/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Language ; Multilingualism ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Phonetics ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Severity of Illness Index ; United States/epidemiology ; *Vocabulary ; },
abstract = {Adaptations of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) for assessing premorbid intelligence in languages other than English requires (a) generating word-items that are rare and do not follow grapheme-to-phoneme mappings common in that language, and (b) subsequent validation against a cognitive battery normed on the population of interest. Such tests exist for Italy, France, Spain, and Argentina, all normed against national versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Given the varieties of Spanish spoken in the United States, the adaptation of the Spanish Word Accentuation Test (WAT) requires re-validating the original word list, plus possible new items, against a cognitive battery that has been normed on Spanish-speakers from many countries. This study reports the generation of 55 additional words and revalidation in a sample of 80 older, Spanish-dominant immigrants. The Batería Woodcock-Muñoz Revisada (BWM-R), normed on Spanish speakers from six countries and five U.S. states, was used to establish criterion validity. The original WAT word list accounted for 77% of the variance in the BWM-R and 58% of the variance in Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, suggesting that the unmodified list possesses adequate predictive validity as an indicator of intelligence. Regression equations are provided for estimating BWM-R and Ravens scores from WAT scores.},
}

Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology
Dementia/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Emigration and Immigration/*statistics & numerical data
Feasibility Studies
Hispanic or Latino/*statistics & numerical data
Humans
*Intelligence
*Language
Multilingualism
Neuropsychological Tests
Phonetics
Predictive Value of Tests
Severity of Illness Index
United States/epidemiology
*Vocabulary

@article {pmid17313979,
year = {2007},
author = {van 't Wout, M and Aleman, A and Kessels, RP and Cahn, W and de Haan, EH and Kahn, RS},
title = {Exploring the nature of facial affect processing deficits in schizophrenia.},
journal = {Psychiatry research},
volume = {150},
number = {3},
pages = {227-235},
doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.010},
pmid = {17313979},
issn = {0165-1781},
mesh = {Adult ; Affect ; Automatism ; Decision Making ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*epidemiology ; *Recognition, Psychology ; Schizophrenia/*epidemiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {Schizophrenia has been associated with deficits in facial affect processing, especially negative emotions. However, the exact nature of the deficit remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether schizophrenia patients have problems in automatic allocation of attention as well as in controlled evaluation of facial affect. Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia were compared with 41 control subjects on incidental facial affect processing (gender decision of faces with a fearful, angry, happy, disgusted, and neutral expression) and degraded facial affect labeling (labeling of fearful, angry, happy, and neutral faces). The groups were matched on estimates of verbal and performance intelligence (National Adult Reading Test; Raven's Matrices), general face recognition ability (Benton Face Recognition), and other demographic variables. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia as well as control subjects demonstrate the normal threat-related interference during incidental facial affect processing. Conversely, on controlled evaluation patients were specifically worse in the labeling of fearful faces. In particular, patients with high levels of negative symptoms may be characterized by deficits in labeling fear. We suggest that patients with schizophrenia show no evidence of deficits in the automatic allocation of attention resources to fearful (threat-indicating) faces, but have a deficit in the controlled processing of facial emotions that may be specific for fearful faces.},
}

Adult
Affect
Automatism
Decision Making
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
*Facial Expression
Female
Humans
Male
Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*epidemiology
*Recognition, Psychology
Schizophrenia/*epidemiology
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid17330535,
year = {2007},
author = {Nejat, F and Kazmi, SS and Habibi, Z and Tajik, P and Shahrivar, Z},
title = {Intelligence quotient in children with meningomyeloceles: a case-control study.},
journal = {Journal of neurosurgery},
volume = {106},
number = {2 Suppl},
pages = {106-110},
doi = {10.3171/ped.2007.106.2.106},
pmid = {17330535},
issn = {0022-3085},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Attention/classification ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Educational Status ; Fecal Incontinence/complications ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Intelligence/*classification ; Male ; Meningomyelocele/complications/*psychology/surgery ; Parents/education ; Social Class ; Urinary Incontinence/complications ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt/adverse effects ; Verbal Behavior/classification ; },
abstract = {OBJECT: Meningomyelocele (MMC) is a common central nervous system birth defect. As one of many problems facing patients with MMC, learning disabilities are often overlooked. The aim of this study was to evaluate IQs in a group of children with MMCs and determine if a correlation exists between intelligence level and the presence of an MMC and/or its complications.

METHODS: A case-control study was conducted at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Tehran, Iran, from December 2004 through December 2005. The patient group included 50 children with MMC from 5 to 12 years of age who were referred to the authors' institution for treatment of complications or for follow up after surgery for MMC closure. The patient group was individually matched for age and sex with a control group of 50 children referred to the hospital for other reasons and who did not have MMC or other neurological abnormalities. The IQs in all children in this study were evaluated using the Ravens Progressive Matrices test. The children in both groups were similar in the socioeconomic status of the family (p = 0.347) and educational status of the father (p = 0.117) and mother (p = 0.439). Patient age at the time of surgery for MMC closure varied from 1 day to 96 months (mean 4.1 months). Only 20% of the patients with MMC could walk with a normal gait. Forty-six percent of the patients had undergone placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and half of these patients experienced shunt-related complications; 72% of the children in the patient group were completely incontinent for both urine and feces. The IQ results obtained in the patient group ranged from 73 to 134 with a mean (+/- standard deviation) of 96.62 +/- 13.01. In the control group the IQ range was 70 to 128, and the mean was 104.82 +/- 12.30. Compared with the control group there was a statistically significant correlation between having an MMC and having a lower IQ (p < 0.001, paired t-test).

CONCLUSIONS: Although the average IQ in the patient group was significantly lower than that in the control group, it is important to note that all children in the patient group had an average or above-average IQ. In contrast with the results reported in other studies, earlier repair of the MMC, the presence of a shunt or shunt-related complications, walking difficulty, and the spinal level of the lesion did not correlate significantly with IQs. Therefore, the lower IQ and reduced cognitive levels noted in these patients result from the disease process itself and not from the associated complications.},
}

Age Factors
Attention/classification
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Educational Status
Fecal Incontinence/complications
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Gait/physiology
Humans
Intelligence/*classification
Male
Meningomyelocele/complications/*psychology/surgery
Parents/education
Social Class
Urinary Incontinence/complications
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt/adverse effects
Verbal Behavior/classification

@article {pmid17342677,
year = {2007},
author = {Malloy-Diniz, LF and Bentes, RC and Figuereido, PM and Brandao-Bretas, D and da Costa-Abrantes, S and Parizzi, AM and Borges-Leite, W and Salgado, JV},
title = {[Standardisation of a battery of tests to evaluate language comprehension, verbal fluency and naming skills in Brazilian children between 7 and 10 years of age: preliminary findings].},
journal = {Revista de neurologia},
volume = {44},
number = {5},
pages = {275-280},
pmid = {17342677},
issn = {0210-0010},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Brazil ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; *Language Tests ; Male ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Verbal Behavior/*physiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The neuropsychological assessment of language requires instruments that evaluate its receptive and expressive aspects. Due to cultural discrepancies, the use of neuropsychological tests demands normalization studies to the population in which they will be used.

AIM: To provide normative data for Brazilian schoolchildren in relation to the Token Test, Semantic Verbal Fluency Test and the Minas Gerais Naming Test (animals, body parts and food categories).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 101 children (51 males, 50 females) with ages between 7 to 10 years (mean: 8 years and 8 months), with 2 to 4 years of formal education. Exclusion criteria included score below 25 percentile in the Raven Test. RESULTS. There were no differences between male and female performance. Age was significantly related to performance in all tests.

CONCLUSION: The results are compatible to the literature and, thought preliminary, they may be used as reference in research and clinical settings in our country.},
}

Age Factors
Brazil
Child
Female
Humans
*Language
*Language Tests
Male
*Neuropsychological Tests
Verbal Behavior/*physiology

@article {pmid17892392,
year = {2007},
author = {Shafto, MA and Burke, DM and Stamatakis, EA and Tam, PP and Tyler, LK},
title = {On the tip-of-the-tongue: neural correlates of increased word-finding failures in normal aging.},
journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
volume = {19},
number = {12},
pages = {2060-2070},
pmid = {17892392},
issn = {0898-929X},
support = {G19/27/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; R37 AG008835/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG 08835/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*psychology ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; *Language ; Language Disorders/*pathology/psychology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Middle Aged ; Reading ; },
abstract = {Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences are frustrating word-finding failures where people are temporarily unable to produce a word they are certain they know. TOT frequency increases with normal aging during adulthood, and behavioral evidence suggests that the underlying deficit is in retrieving the complete phonology of the target word during production. The present study investigated the neural correlates of this phonological retrieval deficit. We obtained 3-D T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) for healthy participants between 19 and 88 years old and used voxel-based morphometry to measure gray matter density throughout the brain. In a separate session, participants named celebrities cued by pictures and descriptions, indicating when they had a TOT, and also completed Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), a task that does not involve phonological production. The number of TOTs increased with age and also with gray matter atrophy in the left insula, an area implicated in phonological production. The relation between TOTs and left insula atrophy cannot be attributed to the correlation of each variable with age because TOTs were related to insula atrophy even with age effects removed. Moreover, errors on the RPM increased with age, but performance did not correlate with gray matter density in the insula. These results provide, for the first time, an association between a region in the neural language system and the rise in age-related word-finding failures and suggest that age-related atrophy in neural regions important for phonological production may contribute to age-related word production failures.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging/*psychology
*Brain Mapping
Female
Humans
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
*Language
Language Disorders/*pathology/psychology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
Male
*Mental Recall
Middle Aged
Reading

@article {pmid17980944,
year = {2008},
author = {Hayashi, M and Kato, M and Igarashi, K and Kashima, H},
title = {Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger's disorder.},
journal = {Brain and cognition},
volume = {66},
number = {3},
pages = {306-310},
doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2007.09.008},
pmid = {17980944},
issn = {0278-2626},
mesh = {Asperger Syndrome/*psychology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Male ; *Problem Solving ; Reference Values ; *Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {Asperger's disorder is one of autistic spectrum disorders; sharing clinical features with autism, but without developmental delay in language acquisition. There have been some studies of intellectual functioning in autism so far, but very few in Asperger's disorder. In the present study, we investigated abstract reasoning ability, whose form of intelligence has been labeled fluid intelligence in the theory of Cattell [Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.], in children with Asperger's disorder. A test of fluid intelligence, the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test, was administered to 17 children with Asperger's disorder and 17 age-, gender-, and FIQ-matched normal children. The results showed that children with Asperger's disorder outperformed on the test of fluid reasoning than typically developing children. We suggest that individuals with Asperger's disorder have higher fluid reasoning ability than normal individuals, highlighting superior fluid intelligence.},
}

Asperger Syndrome/*psychology
Case-Control Studies
Child
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Male
*Problem Solving
Reference Values
*Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid18042996,
year = {2007},
author = {Starr, JM and Deary, IJ and Fox, H and Whalley, LJ},
title = {Blood pressure and cognition in the Aberdeen 1936 birth cohort.},
journal = {Gerontology},
volume = {53},
number = {6},
pages = {432-437},
doi = {10.1159/000111696},
pmid = {18042996},
issn = {1423-0003},
support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; //Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Aged ; *Blood Pressure ; *Cognition ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Recall ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; United Kingdom ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between blood pressure and cognition in old age remains unclear. Some data indicate that elevated blood pressure causes cognitive deficits whilst others show that lower early life mental ability predicts high blood pressure in adulthood. Longitudinal studies in which mental ability earlier in life is known are needed to clarify the relationship.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of blood pressure on cognition in late adulthood after adjusting for early life mental ability.

METHODS: The sample comprised survivors of the 1947 Scottish Mental Survey who had validated IQ scores at age 11. Six cognitive tests - Mini-Mental State Examination, Raven's Progressive Matrices, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Uses of Common Objects Test, Digit Symbol Test and Block Design - were administered at ages 64, 66 and 68 years. Sitting and standing blood pressure was also measured at each wave of follow-up. Mixed general linear models were constructed with each cognitive test treated as a repeated measure of an underlying cognitive trait and with wave of testing also set as a repeated measure. Mental ability at age 11 was entered as a covariate.

RESULTS: 504 participants were tested at wave 1 with 368 returning at wave 2 and 300 at wave 3. Age 11 mental ability did not predict any of the blood pressure measures. There were several significant associations between blood pressure variables and cognitive test scores in univariate models. After adjusting for significant effects of wave of testing, type of cognitive test, the interaction between these, age 11 mental ability, age, gender and occupation in a multivariate model, the main effect of BP trait was no longer significant (p = 0.44) nor its effect over time (p = 0.26), though there was a significant interaction between blood pressure trait (BP) and test type with a distinctly negative effect of BP on Auditory Verbal Learning Test (p = 0.007, -0.13 points per mm Hg higher, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.033).

CONCLUSION: The effects of blood pressure on cognition in old age are finely nuanced. Multivariate repeated measures models reveal a differential effect of blood pressure on verbal recall.},
}

Aged
*Blood Pressure
*Cognition
Cohort Studies
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Mental Recall
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests
United Kingdom
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid18052787,
year = {2008},
author = {Wendelken, C and Nakhabenko, D and Donohue, SE and Carter, CS and Bunge, SA},
title = {"Brain is to thought as stomach is to ??": investigating the role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex in relational reasoning.},
journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {682-693},
doi = {10.1162/jocn.2008.20055},
pmid = {18052787},
issn = {0898-929X},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; *Brain Mapping ; Concept Formation/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Semantics ; Verbal Behavior/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Brain imaging studies suggest that the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC), is involved in relational reasoning. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies involving Raven's Progressive Matrices or verbal propositional analogies indicate that the RLPFC is engaged by tasks that require integration across multiple relational structures. Several studies have shown that the RLPFC is more active when people must evaluate an analogy (e.g., Is shoe to foot as glove is to hand?) than when they must simply evaluate two individual semantic relationships, consistent with the hypothesis that this region is important for relational integration. The current fMRI investigation further explores the role of the RLPFC in reasoning and relational integration by comparing RLPFC activation across four different propositional analogy conditions. Each of the four conditions required either relation completion (e.g., Shoe is to foot as glove is to WHAT? --> "hand") or relation comparison (e.g., Is shoe to foot as glove is to hand? --> "yes"). The RLPFC was engaged more strongly by the comparison subtask relative to completion, suggesting that the RLPFC is particularly involved in comparing relational structures.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
*Brain Mapping
Concept Formation/*physiology
Female
Humans
Linear Models
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology
Problem Solving/*physiology
Semantics
Verbal Behavior/*physiology

@article {pmid18312310,
year = {2008},
author = {Pueyo, R and Junqué, C and Vendrell, P and Narberhaus, A and Segarra, D},
title = {Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices as a measure of cognitive functioning in Cerebral Palsy.},
journal = {Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR},
volume = {52},
number = {Pt 5},
pages = {437-445},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01045.x},
pmid = {18312310},
issn = {1365-2788},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Cerebral Palsy/complications/*psychology ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/etiology/psychology ; Color ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests/*standards/statistics & numerical data ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Severity of Illness Index ; Space Perception ; Spain ; Visual Perception ; Vocabulary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is frequent in Cerebral Palsy (CP). CP motor impairment and associated speech deficits often hinder cognitive assessment, with the result being that not all CP studies consider cognitive dysfunction. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices is a simple, rapid test which can be used in persons with severe motor impairment and speech limitations. We studied whether this test can offer a reliable measure of cognitive functioning in CP.

METHOD: Visuoperceptual, language, memory and frontal lobe functions were evaluated in 30 participants with severe motor impaired CP and a variety of speech difficulties. The relationship between Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and a variety of tests was analysed.

RESULTS: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices performance was associated with visuoperceptual, language, visual and verbal memory but not with frontal functions. Receptive vocabulary and visuospatial measures were the best predictors of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices raw scores.

CONCLUSIONS: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices is a fast, easy-to-administer test able to obtain a measure related with linguistic, visuoperceptual, and memory cognitive functioning in persons with CP despite their motor and speech disorders.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Cerebral Palsy/complications/*psychology
Cognition
Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/etiology/psychology
Color
Female
Humans
Language
Male
Memory
Neuropsychological Tests/*standards/statistics & numerical data
Predictive Value of Tests
Reproducibility of Results
Severity of Illness Index
Space Perception
Spain
Visual Perception
Vocabulary

@article {pmid18342341,
year = {2008},
author = {Denny, K},
title = {Cognitive ability and continuous measures of relative hand skill: a note.},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
volume = {46},
number = {7},
pages = {2091-2094},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.004},
pmid = {18342341},
issn = {0028-3932},
mesh = {*Achievement ; Aptitude/*physiology ; Child ; Cognition/*physiology ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Comprehension/physiology ; Functional Laterality/*physiology ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Motor Skills/*physiology ; Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reading ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {This note re-examines a finding by Crow et al. [Crow, T. J., Crow, L. R., Done, D. J., & Leask, S. (1998). Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: Global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision. Neuropsychologia, 36(12), 1275-1281] that equal skill of right and left hands is associated with deficits in cognitive ability. This is consistent with the idea that failure to develop dominance of one hemisphere is associated with various pathologies such as learning difficulties. Using the same data source but utilising additional data, evidence is found of a more complex relationship between cognitive ability and relative hand skill.},
}

*Achievement
Aptitude/*physiology
Child
Cognition/*physiology
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology
Comprehension/physiology
Functional Laterality/*physiology
Humans
Mathematics
Motor Skills/*physiology
Problem Solving
Psychomotor Performance/physiology
Reading
Task Performance and Analysis
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid18454005,
year = {2008},
author = {Knoll, BI and Attkiss, KJ and Persing, JA},
title = {The influence of forehead, brow, and periorbital aesthetics on perceived expression in the youthful face.},
journal = {Plastic and reconstructive surgery},
volume = {121},
number = {5},
pages = {1793-1802},
doi = {10.1097/PRS.0b013e31816b13fe},
pmid = {18454005},
issn = {1529-4242},
mesh = {Adult ; Aging/*physiology ; Emotions ; *Esthetics ; Eyebrows/*anatomy & histology ; Eyelids/*anatomy & histology ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Forehead/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Rhytidoplasty/*methods ; Skin Aging/physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Visual Perception ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative influence of eyebrow position and shape, lid position, and facial rhytides on perceived facial expression as related to blepharoplasty, with a specific focus on the perception of tiredness.

METHODS: A standardized photograph of a youthful upper face was modified using digital imaging software to independently alter a number of variables: brow position/shape, upper/lower lid position, pretarsal show, and rhytides. Subjects (n = 20) were presented with 16 images and asked to quantify, on a scale from 0 to 5, the presence of each of seven expressions/emotions as follows: "surprise," "anger," "sadness," "disgust," "fear," "happiness," and "tiredness."

RESULTS: Statistically significant values for tiredness were achieved by changes of increasing and decreasing the pretarsal skin crease, lowering the upper eyelid, and depressing the lateral brow. Happiness was perceived by elevation of the lower lid or the presence of crow's feet. Brow shape had a greater influence than absolute position on perceived expression. Elevation of the lateral brow was perceived as surprise, whereas depression of the medial brow and rhytides at the glabella were perceived as anger and disgust. Elevation of the medial brow elicited a minimal increase for sadness.

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the perception of tiredness is most affected by the length of pretarsal lid height (e.g., ptosis). Surprisingly, simulating the skin resection of an upper blepharoplasty results in a paradoxical increase in the perception of tiredness as well. Modifications of brow contour elicit profound changes in perceived facial mood to a greater degree than absolute brow position.},
}

Adult
Aging/*physiology
Emotions
*Esthetics
Eyebrows/*anatomy & histology
Eyelids/*anatomy & histology
*Facial Expression
Female
Forehead/*anatomy & histology
Humans
Male
Rhytidoplasty/*methods
Skin Aging/physiology
Surveys and Questionnaires
*Visual Perception

@article {pmid18569536,
year = {2008},
author = {Otto-Salaj, L and Reed, B and Brondino, MJ and Gore-Felton, C and Kelly, JA and Stevenson, LY},
title = {Condom use negotiation in heterosexual African American adults: responses to types of social power-based strategies.},
journal = {Journal of sex research},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {150-163},
pmid = {18569536},
issn = {0022-4499},
support = {P30 MH052776/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R03 MH058522/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P30-MH52776/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R03-MH58522/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Black or African American/*psychology ; Condoms/*statistics & numerical data ; Contraception Behavior ; Female ; Heterosexuality/psychology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Negotiating/*psychology ; Power, Psychological ; Safe Sex/*psychology ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Partners/*psychology ; Social Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {This study examined gender differences and preferences in the use of and response to six different styles of condom use negotiation with a hypothetical sexual partner of the opposite gender. Participants were 51 heterosexually active African American adults attending an inner-city community center. Participants completed a semistructured qualitative interview in which they were presented with six negotiation strategies based on Raven's 1992 Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence. Results showed that female participants responded best to referent, reward, and legitimate strategies, and worst to informational tactics. Male participants responded best to reward strategies, and worst to coercion to use condoms. Further, responses given by a subset of participants indicated that use of negotiation tactics involving coercion to use condoms may result in negative or angry reactions. Response to strategies may vary with the value of the relationship as viewed by the target of negotiation. Implications for HIV prevention efforts are discussed.},
}

Adult
Black or African American/*psychology
Condoms/*statistics & numerical data
Contraception Behavior
Female
Heterosexuality/psychology
Humans
Interpersonal Relations
Male
Negotiating/*psychology
Power, Psychological
Safe Sex/*psychology
Sex Factors
Sexual Partners/*psychology
Social Perception
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid18592042,
year = {2008},
author = {Spironelli, C and Angrilli, A and Stegagno, L},
title = {Failure of language lateralization in schizophrenia patients: an ERP study on early linguistic components.},
journal = {Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN},
volume = {33},
number = {3},
pages = {235-243},
pmid = {18592042},
issn = {1488-2434},
mesh = {Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Brain/*physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/*physiology ; Female ; Functional Laterality/*physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; Language Disorders/*etiology ; *Linguistics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reaction Time ; Schizophrenia/*complications/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In line with Crow's hypothesis, altered hemispheric lateralization of language would cause the main symptoms of schizophrenia. The present experiment aimed to demonstrate the loss of the hemispheric specialization for linguistic processing in schizophrenia patients at the level of early automatic evoked potentials (N150).

METHODS: A sample of 10 outpatients with schizophrenia treated with low levels of neuroleptics and 10 matched healthy control subjects were administered 3 linguistic tasks based on stimulus pair comparisons (phonological, semantic and word-picture matching tasks). Laterality scores of early evoked potentials were analyzed during 2 time windows corresponding to the N150- and N400-like components.

RESULTS: The patients failed to develop the typical left hemispheric N150 component evoked by the first word (S1), which was consistently achieved by the healthy control group in posterior sites (p < 0.01). The effect was specific and stable for linguistic stimuli. As well, for the N150 elicited by the target stimulus (S2), the patients exhibited a lack of linguistic lateralization. In the control task (word-picture matching task), in which S2 was a picture, the 2 groups revealed very similar bilateral recognition potentials.

CONCLUSION: The results point to a failure of language lateralization in patients with schizophrenia, a deficit involving those linguistic networks automatically activated in the earliest phase of word recognition (N150). Consistent with the current view of schizophrenia, this finding may be related to lack of integration among specific processes and reduced interconnection of underlying linguistic networks.},
}

Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use
Brain/*physiopathology
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials/*physiology
Female
Functional Laterality/*physiology
Humans
*Language
Language Disorders/*etiology
*Linguistics
Male
Middle Aged
Reaction Time
Schizophrenia/*complications/drug therapy/*physiopathology

@article {pmid18671882,
year = {2008},
author = {Bello, KD and Goharpey, N and Crewther, SG and Crewther, DP},
title = {A puzzle form of a non-verbal intelligence test gives significantly higher performance measures in children with severe intellectual disability.},
journal = {BMC pediatrics},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {30},
pmid = {18671882},
issn = {1471-2431},
mesh = {Attention/physiology ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis/psychology ; Female ; Form Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*psychology ; Intelligence Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Language Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data ; Reference Values ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Assessment of 'potential intellectual ability' of children with severe intellectual disability (ID) is limited, as current tests designed for normal children do not maintain their interest. Thus a manual puzzle version of the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) was devised to appeal to the attentional and sensory preferences and language limitations of children with ID. It was hypothesized that performance on the book and manual puzzle forms would not differ for typically developing children but that children with ID would perform better on the puzzle form.

METHODS: The first study assessed the validity of this puzzle form of the RCPM for 76 typically developing children in a test-retest crossover design, with a 3 week interval between tests. A second study tested performance and completion rate for the puzzle form compared to the book form in a sample of 164 children with ID.

RESULTS: In the first study, no significant difference was found between performance on the puzzle and book forms in typically developing children, irrespective of the order of completion. The second study demonstrated a significantly higher performance and completion rate for the puzzle form compared to the book form in the ID population.

CONCLUSION: Similar performance on book and puzzle forms of the RCPM by typically developing children suggests that both forms measure the same construct. These findings suggest that the puzzle form does not require greater cognitive ability but demands sensory-motor attention and limits distraction in children with severe ID. Thus, we suggest the puzzle form of the RCPM is a more reliable measure of the non-verbal mentation of children with severe ID than the book form.},
}

Attention/physiology
Autistic Disorder/diagnosis/psychology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology
Cross-Over Studies
Down Syndrome/diagnosis/psychology
Female
Form Perception/*physiology
Humans
Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*psychology
Intelligence Tests/*statistics & numerical data
Language Tests/statistics & numerical data
Male
Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data
Reference Values
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid18674626,
year = {2008},
author = {Koester, D and Schiller, NO},
title = {Morphological priming in overt language production: electrophysiological evidence from Dutch.},
journal = {NeuroImage},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {1622-1630},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.043},
pmid = {18674626},
issn = {1095-9572},
mesh = {Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Electroencephalography/*methods ; Evoked Potentials/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; Netherlands ; Semantics ; Speech/*physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The present study investigated morphological priming in Dutch and its time course in overt speech production using a long-lag priming paradigm. Prime words were compounds that were morphologically related to a picture name (e.g. the word jaszak, 'coat pocket' was used for a picture of a coat; Dutch jas) or form-related monomorphemic words (e.g. jasmijn, 'jasmine'). The morphologically related compounds could be semantically transparent (e.g. eksternest, 'magpie nest') or opaque (e.g. eksteroog, lit. 'magpie eye', 'corn', for a picture of a magpie, Dutch ekster). Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected in two sessions. The production of morphologically related and complex words facilitated subsequent picture naming and elicited a reduced N400 compared with unrelated prime words. The effects did not differ for transparent and opaque relations. Mere form overlap between a prime word and a target picture name did not affect picture naming. These results extend previous findings from German to another language and demonstrate the feasibility of measuring cognitive ERP components during overt speech. Furthermore, the results suggest that morphological priming in language production cannot be reduced to semantic and phonological processing. The time course of these priming effects as reflected in the ERP measure is in accordance with a meta-analytic temporal estimate of morphological encoding in speaking [Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W.J.M. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, 92, 101-144.] suggesting that morphological relations are encoded at the word form level.},
}

Adult
Brain/*physiology
Electroencephalography/*methods
Evoked Potentials/*physiology
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
Netherlands
Semantics
Speech/*physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid18715277,
year = {2008},
author = {Aragón, AS and Coriale, G and Fiorentino, D and Kalberg, WO and Buckley, D and Gossage, JP and Ceccanti, M and Mitchell, ER and May, PA},
title = {Neuropsychological characteristics of Italian children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.},
journal = {Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research},
volume = {32},
number = {11},
pages = {1909-1919},
pmid = {18715277},
issn = {1530-0277},
support = {AA014828/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AA014786/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; U24 AA014811/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; AA014811/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; U24 AA014828/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Attention ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology ; Educational Status ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/*psychology ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*psychology ; Intelligence ; Italy ; Language ; Learning ; Male ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Pregnancy ; Social Class ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) display many problems ranging from deficits in intelligence to behavioral difficulties. Thus, many studies have aimed at defining the neuropsychological characteristics of children with FASD. The current article describes the neuropsychological characteristics of Italian children with severe diagnosis within FASD and compares them with controls. It was expected that intellectual functioning, language comprehension, academic skills, and inattention/hyperactivity would discriminate children with FASD from randomly selected peers without FASD.

METHODS: This article presents data from a second cohort of children examined in 2005 as part of an in-school epidemiological study of FASD in Italy. Of 80 children, 23 diagnosed with a FASD, and 57 randomly selected control children from the same first-grade classes, participated. After screening for FASD via growth and dysmorphology, the children were administered a test of general intelligence (WISC-R) as well as tests of nonverbal reasoning (Raven Colored Progressive Matrices), language comprehension (Rustioni), academic achievement (IPDA), and problem behavior (Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale).

RESULTS: Children diagnosed with a FASD achieved lower scores than control children on Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ. Profile analysis of the WISC-R indicates overall differences between the groups. However, some intact functioning within the FASD group was found, as the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests were similar to the controls. After an alpha adjustment to 0.004, the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Mazes subtests were significantly different from controls. On tests of nonverbal reasoning, language comprehension, and academic achievement, the children with a FASD scored significantly lower. Moreover, teachers rated children with a severe diagnosis within FASD as showing more inattentive symptoms than controls, while hyperactive/impulsive characteristics among children with a FASD were comparable with the control children. Significant correlations between head circumference, child dysmorphology, WISC-R, and Raven CPM scores are also reported.

CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that a sample of Italian children with a FASD, when compared with control children, display poorer functioning on measures of general intelligence, nonverbal reasoning, academic achievement, and teacher-rated problem behaviors. The findings also contribute to the formulation of a neuropsychological profile of children diagnosed with a FASD.},
}

Attention
Case-Control Studies
Child
Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology
Educational Status
Female
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/*psychology
Humans
Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*psychology
Intelligence
Italy
Language
Learning
Male
*Neuropsychological Tests
Pregnancy
Social Class

@article {pmid18950549,
year = {2009},
author = {Mavroveli, S and Petrides, KV and Sangareau, Y and Furnham, A},
title = {Exploring the relationships between trait emotional intelligence and objective socio-emotional outcomes in childhood.},
journal = {The British journal of educational psychology},
volume = {79},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {259-272},
doi = {10.1348/000709908X368848},
pmid = {18950549},
issn = {0007-0998},
mesh = {*Character ; Child ; *Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Personality Inventory ; Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Self Efficacy ; Sex Factors ; *Social Behavior ; Socialization ; Sociometric Techniques ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self-efficacy) is a constellation of emotion-related self-perceptions and dispositions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies. This paper examines the validity of this construct, as operationalized by the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Child Form (TEIQue-CF), in primary schoolchildren.

AIMS: The main aim was to examine the construct validity of trait EI in middle and late childhood by exploring its relationships with cognitive ability, emotion perception, and social behaviour.

SAMPLE: The sample comprised 140 children aged between 8 and 12 years (M=9.26 years, SD=1.00 year; 63 girls) from two English state primary schools.

METHOD: Pupils completed the TEIQue-CF, the standard progressive matrices (SPM), the guess who peer assessment, the social skills training (SST) test, and the assessment of children's emotion skills (ACES) during formal class periods. The procedure took approximately two hours with a short break between assessments.

RESULTS: Trait EI scores were positively related both to peer-rated prosocial behaviour and to overall peer competence. They also predicted emotion perception accuracy beyond overall peer competence. As hypothesized in trait EI theory, the construct was unrelated to IQ (Raven's matrices) and academic performance.

CONCLUSIONS: Trait EI is successfully operationalized through the TEIQue-CF and has important and multifaceted implications for the socialization of primary schoolchildren.},
}

*Character
Child
*Emotions
Facial Expression
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Male
Pattern Recognition, Visual
Personality Inventory
Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data
Reproducibility of Results
*Self Efficacy
Sex Factors
*Social Behavior
Socialization
Sociometric Techniques

@article {pmid19083571,
year = {2008},
author = {Har-Shai, Y and Gil, T and Metanes, I and Scheflan, M},
title = {Brow lift for the correction of visual field impairment.},
journal = {Aesthetic surgery journal},
volume = {28},
number = {5},
pages = {512-517},
doi = {10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.009},
pmid = {19083571},
issn = {1527-330X},
mesh = {Aged ; *Eyebrows/anatomy & histology ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rhytidoplasty/*methods ; *Visual Fields ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Eyebrow ptosis and hooding gives the eye a sad, heavy look that often disturbs the visual field.

OBJECTIVE: A direct extended scalpel-shaped brow lift is proposed to correct this functional and aesthetic disfigurement. This manuscript reviews our experience with the presented technique and evaluates the clinical results in the light of ongoing concerns regarding the appearance of the postoperative scar. In addition, the indications and patient selection criteria are elaborated.

METHODS: An incision was made along the superior border of the brow, extending laterally and downward, often within a "crow's feet" crease. The upper border of the incision joined the 2 extremities of the skin outline of the lower incision in a gentle convex curve. The general outline of the incision resembled the shape of a No. 20 scalpel blade, in which the maximal width is located laterally at the temple "crow's feet" area.

RESULTS: Fourteen patients, including 8 males (48-74 yrs of age) and 6 females (67-71 yrs of age) underwent this procedure. The surgical scar was hardly noticeable after 6 to 9 months, and often fell within a preexisting crow's feet crease. Elimination of some of the crow's feet occurred in all the patients. Subjective and objective functional relief with respect to the vision field and the heavy-feeling brow and satisfaction with the aesthetic result were reported by all patients.

CONCLUSIONS: The most appropriate candidates for the direct extended scalpel-shaped brow lift are patients older than 50 years of age, with eyebrow ptosis accompanied with lateral hooding, well developed crow's feet, and forehead skin laxity; long, dense eyebrows, and low transverse forehead wrinkles aid in concealment of the scar.},
}

Aged
*Eyebrows/anatomy & histology
Facial Expression
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Rhytidoplasty/*methods
*Visual Fields

@article {pmid19223971,
year = {2009},
author = {Angrilli, A and Spironelli, C and Elbert, T and Crow, TJ and Marano, G and Stegagno, L},
title = {Schizophrenia as failure of left hemispheric dominance for the phonological component of language.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {e4507},
pmid = {19223971},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Articulation Disorders/*physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Case-Control Studies ; *Dominance, Cerebral ; Evoked Potentials ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; *Language ; Schizophrenia/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: T. J. Crow suggested that the genetic variance associated with the evolution in Homo sapiens of hemispheric dominance for language carries with it the hazard of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Individuals lacking the typical left hemisphere advantage for language, in particular for phonological components, would be at increased risk of the typical symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and delusions.

Twelve schizophrenic patients treated with low levels of neuroleptics and twelve matched healthy controls participated in an event-related potential experiment. Subjects matched word-pairs in three tasks: rhyming/phonological, semantic judgment and word recognition. Slow evoked potentials were recorded from 26 scalp electrodes, and a laterality index was computed for anterior and posterior regions during the inter stimulus interval. During phonological processing individuals with schizophrenia failed to achieve the left hemispheric dominance consistently observed in healthy controls. The effect involved anterior (fronto-temporal) brain regions and was specific for the Phonological task; group differences were small or absent when subjects processed the same stimulus material in a Semantic task or during Word Recognition, i.e. during tasks that typically activate more widespread areas in both hemispheres.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We show for the first time how the deficit of lateralization in the schizophrenic brain is specific for the phonological component of language. This loss of hemispheric dominance would explain typical symptoms, e.g. when an individual's own thoughts are perceived as an external intruding voice. The change can be interpreted as a consequence of "hemispheric indecision", a failure to segregate phonological engrams in one hemisphere.},
}

Articulation Disorders/*physiopathology
Brain Mapping
Case-Control Studies
*Dominance, Cerebral
Evoked Potentials
Hallucinations
Humans
*Language
Schizophrenia/*physiopathology

@article {pmid19460119,
year = {2009},
author = {Chen, YJ and Ho, MY and Chen, KJ and Hsu, CF and Ryu, SJ},
title = {Estimation of premorbid general fluid intelligence using traditional Chinese reading performance in Taiwanese samples.},
journal = {Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences},
volume = {63},
number = {4},
pages = {500-507},
doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01970.x},
pmid = {19460119},
issn = {1440-1819},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian People/psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; *Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychometrics ; *Reading ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Taiwan ; Wechsler Scales/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {AIMS: The aims of the present study were to (i) investigate if traditional Chinese word reading ability can be used for estimating premorbid general intelligence; and (ii) to provide multiple regression equations for estimating premorbid performance on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM), using age, years of education and Chinese Graded Word Reading Test (CGWRT) scores as predictor variables.

METHODS: Four hundred and twenty-six healthy volunteers (201 male, 225 female), aged 16-93 years (mean +/- SD, 41.92 +/- 18.19 years) undertook the tests individually under supervised conditions. Seventy percent of subjects were randomly allocated to the derivation group (n = 296), and the rest to the validation group (n = 130).

RESULTS: RSPM score was positively correlated with CGWRT score and years of education. RSPM and CGWRT scores and years of education were also inversely correlated with age, but the declining trend for RSPM performance against age was steeper than that for CGWRT performance. Separate multiple regression equations were derived for estimating RSPM scores using different combinations of age, years of education, and CGWRT score for both groups. The multiple regression coefficient of each equation ranged from 0.71 to 0.80 with the standard error of estimate between 7 and 8 RSPM points. When fitting the data of one group to the equations derived from its counterpart group, the cross-validation multiple regression coefficients ranged from 0.71 to 0.79. There were no significant differences in the 'predicted-obtained' RSPM discrepancies between any equations.

CONCLUSION: The regression equations derived in the present study may provide a basis for estimating premorbid RSPM performance.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Age Distribution
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Asian People/psychology/*statistics & numerical data
Educational Status
Female
Humans
Intelligence Tests/*statistics & numerical data
*Language
Male
Middle Aged
Psychometrics
*Reading
Regression Analysis
Reproducibility of Results
Taiwan
Wechsler Scales/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid19657761,
year = {2010},
author = {Fox, MC and Charness, N},
title = {How to gain eleven IQ points in ten minutes: thinking aloud improves Raven's Matrices performance in older adults.},
journal = {Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {191-204},
doi = {10.1080/13825580903042668},
pmid = {19657761},
issn = {1744-4128},
support = {2P01 AG17211/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aged ; Aging ; Analysis of Variance ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; *Speech ; *Thinking ; Time Factors ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Few studies have examined the impact of age on reactivity to concurrent think-aloud (TA) verbal reports. An initial study with 30 younger and 31 older adults revealed that thinking aloud improves older adult performance on a short form of the Raven's Matrices (Bors & Stokes, 1998, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, p. 382) but did not affect other tasks. In the replication experiment, 30 older adults (mean age = 73.0) performed the Raven's Matrices and three other tasks to replicate and extend the findings of the initial study. Once again older adults performed significantly better only on the Raven's Matrices while thinking aloud. Performance gains on this task were substantial (d = 0.73 and 0.92 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), corresponding to a fluid intelligence increase of nearly one standard deviation.},
}

Aged
Aging
Analysis of Variance
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Male
Neuropsychological Tests
*Speech
*Thinking
Time Factors
Young Adult

@article {pmid19743648,
year = {2009},
author = {Crowley, J},
title = {Jay Crowley the FDA's perspective on the unique device identification system.},
journal = {Healthcare financial management : journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association},
volume = {63},
number = {9},
pages = {48-51},
pmid = {19743648},
issn = {0735-0732},
mesh = {Diffusion of Innovation ; *Equipment and Supplies ; *Equipment and Supplies, Hospital ; Materials Management, Hospital/*standards ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration ; },
}

Diffusion of Innovation
*Equipment and Supplies
*Equipment and Supplies, Hospital
Materials Management, Hospital/*standards
United States
*United States Food and Drug Administration

@article {pmid19760529,
year = {2010},
author = {Otto-Salaj, LL and Traxel, N and Brondino, MJ and Reed, B and Gore-Felton, C and Kelly, JA and Stevenson, LY},
title = {Reactions of heterosexual African American men to women's condom negotiation strategies.},
journal = {Journal of sex research},
volume = {47},
number = {6},
pages = {539-551},
pmid = {19760529},
issn = {1559-8519},
support = {P30 MH052776/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; P30-MH52776/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; R03-MH58522/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Black or African American/*psychology ; Cluster Analysis ; Condoms/*statistics & numerical data ; Contraception Behavior/*ethnology/*psychology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Heterosexuality/ethnology ; Humans ; Male ; Negotiating/methods/*psychology ; Video Recording ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {This study describes responses of 172 single heterosexual African American men, ages 18 to 35, to condom negotiation attempts. Strategies used included reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, referent, and informational strategies, based on Raven's (1992) influence model. The purpose was (a) to identify strategies influencing participant acquiescence to request and (b) to identify predictors of participant compliance/refusal to comply with negotiation attempts. Participants viewed six videotape segments showing an actress, portrayed in silhouette, speaking to the viewer as a "steady partner." After each segment, participants completed measures of request compliance, positive and negative affect, and attributions concerning the model and themselves. No significant differences were found in men's ratings across all vignettes. However, differences in response existed across subgroups of individuals, suggesting that, although the strategy used had little impact on participant response, the act of suggesting condom use produced responses that differed across participant subgroups. Subgroups differed on levels of AIDS risk knowledge, sexually transmitted disease history, and experience with sexual coercion. Also, the "least willing to use" subgroup was highest in anger-rejection and least likely to make attributions of caring for partner. Effective negotiation of condom use with a male sexual partner may not be determined as much by specific strategy used as by partner characteristics.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Black or African American/*psychology
Cluster Analysis
Condoms/*statistics & numerical data
Contraception Behavior/*ethnology/*psychology
Female
HIV Infections
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Heterosexuality/ethnology
Humans
Male
Negotiating/methods/*psychology
Video Recording
Young Adult

@article {pmid20206985,
year = {2010},
author = {Baldo, JV and Bunge, SA and Wilson, SM and Dronkers, NF},
title = {Is relational reasoning dependent on language? A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping study.},
journal = {Brain and language},
volume = {113},
number = {2},
pages = {59-64},
pmid = {20206985},
issn = {1090-2155},
support = {5 P01 NS040813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; P01 NS040813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; 5 R01 DC00216/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DC000216/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; M01 RR019975/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aphasia/etiology/physiopathology ; Brain/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Problem Solving/*physiology ; Stroke/complications/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Previous studies with brain-injured patients have suggested that language abilities are necessary for complex problem-solving, even when tasks are non-verbal. In the current study, we tested this notion by analyzing behavioral and neuroimaging data from a large group of left-hemisphere stroke patients (n=107) suffering from a range of language impairment from none to severe. Patients were tested on the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), a non-verbal test of reasoning that requires participants to complete a visual pattern or sequence with one of six possible choices. For some items, the solution could be determined by visual pattern-matching, but other items required more complex, relational reasoning. As predicted, performance on the relational-reasoning items was disproportionately affected in language-impaired patients with aphasia, relative to non-aphasic, left-hemisphere patients. A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) procedure was used to relate patients' RCPM performance with areas of damage in the brain. Results showed that deficits on the relational reasoning problems were associated with lesions in the left middle and superior temporal gyri, regions essential for language processing, as well as in the left inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, the visual pattern-matching condition was associated with lesions in posterior portions of the left hemisphere that subserve visual processing, namely, occipital and inferotemporal cortex. These findings provide compelling support for the idea that language is critical for higher-level reasoning and problem-solving.},
}

Aphasia/etiology/physiopathology
Brain/*physiology
*Brain Mapping
Female
Functional Laterality
Humans
*Language
Male
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests
Problem Solving/*physiology
Stroke/complications/*physiopathology

@article {pmid20479189,
year = {2010},
author = {Lewandowsky, S and Oberauer, K and Yang, LX and Ecker, UK},
title = {A working memory test battery for MATLAB.},
journal = {Behavior research methods},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {571-585},
doi = {10.3758/BRM.42.2.571},
pmid = {20479189},
issn = {1554-3528},
mesh = {Adult ; Asian People ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Models, Psychological ; Psychological Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Psychometrics/*instrumentation ; Software ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {We present a battery of four working memory tasks that are implemented using MATLAB and the free Psychophysics Toolbox. The package includes preprocessing scripts in R and SPSS to facilitate data analysis. The four tasks consist of a sentence-span task, an operation-span task, a spatial short-term memory test, and a memory updating task. These tasks were chosen in order to provide a heterogeneous set of measures of working memory capacity, thus reducing method variance and tapping into two content domains of working memory (verbal, including numerical, vs. spatial) and two of its functional aspects (storage in the context of processing and relational integration). The task battery was validated in three experiments conducted in two languages (English and Chinese), involving more than 350 participants. In all cases, the tasks were found to load on a single latent variable. In a further experiment, the latent working memory variable was found to correlate highly but not perfectly with performance on Raven's matrices test of fluid intelligence. We suggest that the battery constitutes a versatile tool to assess working memory capacity with either English- or Chinese-speaking participants. The battery can be downloaded from www.cogsciwa.com ("Software" button).},
}

Adult
Asian People
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
*Memory, Short-Term
Models, Psychological
Psychological Tests/*statistics & numerical data
Psychometrics/*instrumentation
Software
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid20942587,
year = {2010},
author = {Katsarou, Z and Bostantjopoulou, S and Zikouli, A and Kazazi, E and Kafantari, A and Tsipropoulou, V and Kourtesi, G and Peitsidou, E},
title = {Performance of Greek demented and nondemented subjects on the Greek version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. A validation study.},
journal = {The International journal of neuroscience},
volume = {120},
number = {11},
pages = {724-730},
doi = {10.3109/00207454.2010.518779},
pmid = {20942587},
issn = {1563-5279},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/*psychology ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Female ; Greece ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease/*psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {A translated version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) into Greek ((DRS-GR) was applied to a sample of Greek population (N = 356) comprising normal middle-aged and elderly subjects (controls), as well as patients suffering from Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) to test its reliability and validity. A well-known dementia screening instrument, the Mini Mental State Examination test (MMSE), and a nonverbal measure of abstract reasoning, the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, were employed as measures of DRS-GR concurrent validity. Reliability analysis was satisfactory with Cronbach's alpha reaching 0.82 and item to total correlations yielding high coefficients for most items. DRS-GR scores were influenced by age and education, but not by gender. Correlation between MMSE and the total DRS-GR score was significant in patients and normal controls, but correlation between DRS-GR and RCPM was significant in AD and nondemented PD only. Specificity and sensitivity for dementia screening, calculated on a Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, with a cut-off score the mean value minus two standard deviations, corrected for age and education, was 96% and 80%, respectively. Our preliminary findings show that DRS-GR is a reliable and well-adapted instrument for clinical application in the Greek population.},
}

Adult
Aged
Alzheimer Disease/*psychology
Cognition
Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology
Female
Greece
Humans
Language
Male
Middle Aged
*Neuropsychological Tests
Parkinson Disease/*psychology
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid21103918,
year = {2011},
author = {Kunda, M and Goel, AK},
title = {Thinking in Pictures as a cognitive account of autism.},
journal = {Journal of autism and developmental disorders},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {1157-1177},
pmid = {21103918},
issn = {1573-3432},
mesh = {Autistic Disorder/*psychology ; Child ; *Cognition ; Humans ; *Imagination ; Neuropsychological Tests ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; *Thinking ; *Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {We analyze the hypothesis that some individuals on the autism spectrum may use visual mental representations and processes to perform certain tasks that typically developing individuals perform verbally. We present a framework for interpreting empirical evidence related to this "Thinking in Pictures" hypothesis and then provide comprehensive reviews of data from several different cognitive tasks, including the n-back task, serial recall, dual task studies, Raven's Progressive Matrices, semantic processing, false belief tasks, visual search, spatial recall, and visual recall. We also discuss the relationships between the Thinking in Pictures hypothesis and other cognitive theories of autism including Mindblindness, Executive Dysfunction, Weak Central Coherence, and Enhanced Perceptual Functioning.},
}

Autistic Disorder/*psychology
Child
*Cognition
Humans
*Imagination
Neuropsychological Tests
*Pattern Recognition, Visual
Photic Stimulation/methods
*Thinking
*Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid21109010,
year = {2011},
author = {Koester, D and Schiller, NO},
title = {The functional neuroanatomy of morphology in language production.},
journal = {NeuroImage},
volume = {55},
number = {2},
pages = {732-741},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.044},
pmid = {21109010},
issn = {1095-9572},
mesh = {Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Speech/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The present study investigated the neural correlates of morphological priming in overt Dutch language production using a long-lag priming paradigm. Compound words were read out loud as primes that were morphologically related to picture names (e.g. the word jaszak, 'coat pocket' was used for a picture of a coat; Dutch jas), or primes were form-related, but not morphologically related monomorphemic words (e.g. jasmijn, 'jasmine'). The morphologically related compounds could be semantically transparent (e.g. eksternest, 'magpie nest') or opaque (e.g. eksteroog, lit. 'magpie eye,' 'corn,' for a picture of a magpie, Dutch ekster). These four priming conditions were complemented by two matched, unrelated conditions. The production of morphologically related, complex words but not the production of form-related words facilitated subsequent picture naming. Also, morphologically related but not form-related words led to a neural priming effect in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). The effects did not differ for transparent and opaque relations. The results point to a functional role of LIFG in morphological information processing during language production contrary to previous meta-analytic findings. Specifically, morphological priming effects in language production seem to be independent from semantic overlap. However, further research should confirm the independence of morphological and phonological factors. It is suggested that LIFG subserves word form encoding in language production.},
}

Adult
Brain/*physiology
*Brain Mapping
Female
Humans
Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Speech/*physiology
Visual Perception/*physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid21271427,
year = {2011},
author = {Simonds, VW and Rudd, RE and Sequist, TD and Colditz, G},
title = {An assessment of printed diabetes-prevention materials available to a Northern Plains tribe.},
journal = {Journal of health communication},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {431-447},
doi = {10.1080/10810730.2010.546482},
pmid = {21271427},
issn = {1087-0415},
mesh = {Comprehension ; Diabetes Mellitus/*prevention & control ; *Health Literacy ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*education ; Montana ; *Pamphlets ; Patient Education as Topic/*standards ; Reading ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to characterize the literacy demands of print materials used to encourage diabetes prevention on the Crow Reservation. Diabetes-prevention materials included pamphlets, booklets, and fact sheets provided to Crow people. Readability was assessed using the SMOG formula. Diabetes related vocabulary was assessed to determine whether medical/scientific words were used and if they were defined. Numeracy demand was assessed by counting the number of times different numeracy concepts were used in each material. Lists, charts, and graphs were assessed using the PMOSE/IKIRSCH tool. We found that materials were written at a readability level higher than recommended. Across all materials, vocabulary terms were used often but not always defined. Numeric terms were not often used, but when used they were not defined. Most of the materials required the reader to read numbers or count. However, overall numeracy demand was relatively low. The PMOSE/IKIRSCH scores for materials were adequate. The authors found a mismatch between the level of skills required in some of the materials and the skills of the average person, including adults on the Crow Reservation. This study highlights the need for designing materials specifically for the intended audience, including rigorous pilot testing of materials.},
}

Comprehension
Diabetes Mellitus/*prevention & control
*Health Literacy
Humans
Indians, North American/*education
Montana
*Pamphlets
Patient Education as Topic/*standards
Reading

@article {pmid21324651,
year = {2011},
author = {Giovagnoli, AR and Bell, B},
title = {Drawing from memory in focal epilepsy: a cognitive and neural perspective.},
journal = {Epilepsy research},
volume = {94},
number = {1-2},
pages = {69-74},
doi = {10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.01.004},
pmid = {21324651},
issn = {1872-6844},
mesh = {Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Cognition Disorders/*etiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*complications/*pathology ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Memory Disorders/classification/*etiology ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychomotor Performance/*physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; },
abstract = {This study provides evidence of non-verbal cognitive functioning in temporal (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) patients by exploring the mechanisms and neural correlates of drawing abilities. Sixty-six patients with left (n=32) or right TLE (n=34), 30 patients with left (n=18) or right FLE (n=12), and 30 healthy subjects were compared. The Drawing from Memory (DfM) test required participants to design 16 living or non-living items; the total score was the sum of all scores blindly provided by three judges who had to identify the drawings. The verbal and visual Pyramid and Palm Trees Test (PPTT), Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (Raven CPM), Cube Analysis, Token Test, Word Fluency, Card Classification, and Rey Complex Figure Test Copy trial (Rey CFC) assessed different verbal and non-verbal functions. Non-parametric statistics indicated that, with respect to controls, both TLE groups and the left FLE patients had significantly lower DfM scores. In the TLE group, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the DfM score was predicted by the Raven CPM and PPTT scores, while, in the FLE group, it was predicted by the Rey CFC. Thus, drawing abilities may be impaired by TLE or FLE owing to different mechanisms that involve semantic or executive abilities. Implying cooperation between temporal and frontal areas that support these functions, DfM may be a sensitive index of integrity of cortical areas or neural pathways damaged by focal epilepsy.},
}

Adult
Analysis of Variance
Cognition Disorders/*etiology
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*complications/*pathology
Female
Functional Laterality/physiology
Humans
Male
Memory Disorders/classification/*etiology
Middle Aged
Neuropsychological Tests
Psychomotor Performance/*physiology
Regression Analysis
Verbal Behavior/physiology

@article {pmid21359204,
year = {2011},
author = {Dekleva, M and Dufour, V and de Vries, H and Spruijt, BM and Sterck, EH},
title = {Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fail a what-where-when task but find rewards by using a location-based association strategy.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {e16593},
pmid = {21359204},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Association Learning/*physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology/psychology ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Gestures ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/psychology ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; *Reward ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis ; },
abstract = {Recollecting the what-where-when of an episode, or episodic-like memory, has been established in corvids and rodents. In humans, a linkage between remembering the past and imagining the future has been recognised. While chimpanzees can plan for the future, their episodic-like memory has hardly been investigated. We tested chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with an adapted food-catching paradigm. They observed the baiting of two locations amongst four and chose one after a given delay (15 min, 1 h or 5 h). We used two combinations of food types, a preferred and a less preferred food that disappeared at different rates. The subjects had to base their choices on the time elapsed since baiting, and on their memory of which food was where. They could recover either their preferred food or the one that remained present. All animals failed to obtain the preferred or present foods above chance levels. They were like-wise unsuccessful at choosing baited cups above chance levels. The subjects, thus, failed to use any feature of the baiting events to guide their choices. Nonetheless, their choices were not random, but the result of a developed location-based association strategy. Choices in the second half of the study correlated with the rewards obtained at each location in the first half of the study, independent from the choices made for each location in the first half of the study. This simple location-based strategy yielded a fair amount of food. The animals' failure to remember the what-where-when in the presented set-up may be due to the complexity of the task, rather than an inability to form episodic-like memories, as they even failed to remember what was where after 15 minutes.},
}

Animals
Association Learning/*physiology
Choice Behavior/physiology
Feeding Behavior/physiology/psychology
Female
Food Preferences
Gestures
Male
Memory/*physiology
Models, Biological
Pan troglodytes/*physiology/psychology
Reinforcement, Psychology
*Reward
Space Perception/*physiology
Task Performance and Analysis

@article {pmid21503645,
year = {2011},
author = {Flouri, E and Panourgia, C},
title = {Adverse life events and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence: the role of non-verbal cognitive ability and negative cognitive errors.},
journal = {Journal of abnormal child psychology},
volume = {39},
number = {5},
pages = {695-709},
pmid = {21503645},
issn = {1573-2835},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Affective Symptoms/etiology/*psychology ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology/*psychology ; *Cognition ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; *Life Change Events ; Male ; Psychological Tests ; Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {The aim of this study was to test whether negative cognitive errors (overgeneralizing, catastrophizing, selective abstraction, and personalizing) mediate the moderator effect of non-verbal cognitive ability on the association between adverse life events (life stress) and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence. The sample consisted of 430 children (aged 11-15 years) from three state secondary schools in disadvantaged areas in one county in the South East of England. Total difficulties (i.e., emotional symptoms, peer problems, hyperactivity, and conduct problems) were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustment was made for gender, age, ethnicity, special educational needs, exclusion history, family structure, and family socio-economic disadvantage. Adverse life events were measured with Tiet et al.'s (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1191-1200, 1998) Adverse Life Events Scale. Non-verbal cognitive ability was measured with Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Plus. Non-verbal cognitive ability moderated the effect of adverse life events both on total difficulties and on emotional symptoms. Overgeneralizing mediated the moderator effect of non-verbal cognitive ability on the association between adverse life events and total difficulties. Adverse life events were related to a tendency to overgeneralize which was associated with emotional and behavioral problems, but particularly among those adolescents with lower non-verbal cognitive ability.},
}

Adolescent
Affective Symptoms/etiology/*psychology
Child Behavior Disorders/etiology/*psychology
*Cognition
Emotions
Female
Humans
*Life Change Events
Male
Psychological Tests
Verbal Behavior

@article {pmid21991394,
year = {2011},
author = {Soulières, I and Dawson, M and Gernsbacher, MA and Mottron, L},
title = {The level and nature of autistic intelligence II: what about Asperger syndrome?.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {6},
number = {9},
pages = {e25372},
pmid = {21991394},
issn = {1932-6203},
support = {MOP-84243//Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Algorithms ; Asperger Syndrome/*diagnosis ; Autistic Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology ; Child ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Speech ; Wechsler Scales ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {A distinctively uneven profile of intelligence is a feature of the autistic spectrum. Within the spectrum, Asperger individuals differ from autistics in their early speech development and in being less likely to be characterized by visuospatial peaks. While different specific strengths characterize different autistic spectrum subgroups, all such peaks of ability have been interpreted as deficits: isolated, aberrant, and irreconcilable with real human intelligence. This view has recently been challenged by findings of autistic strengths in performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), an important marker of general and fluid intelligence. We investigated whether these findings extend to Asperger syndrome, an autistic spectrum subgroup characterized by verbal peaks of ability, and whether the cognitive mechanisms underlying autistic and Asperger RPM performance differ. Thirty-two Asperger adults displayed a significant advantage on RPM over Wechsler Full-Scale and Performance scores relative to their typical controls, while in 25 Asperger children an RPM advantage was found over Wechsler Performance scores only. As previously found with autistics, Asperger children and adults achieved RPM scores at a level reflecting their Wechsler peaks of ability. Therefore, strengths in RPM performance span the autistic spectrum and imply a common mechanism advantageously applied to different facets of cognition. Autistic spectrum intelligence is atypical, but also genuine, general, and underestimated.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Algorithms
Asperger Syndrome/*diagnosis
Autistic Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology
Child
Cognition
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
Intelligence Tests
Male
Middle Aged
Speech
Wechsler Scales
Young Adult

@article {pmid22242144,
year = {2011},
author = {Brañas-Garza, P and Rustichini, A},
title = {Organizing effects of testosterone and economic behavior: not just risk taking.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {6},
number = {12},
pages = {e29842},
pmid = {22242144},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Adult ; Attitude ; *Economics ; Female ; Fingers/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Negotiating ; Regression Analysis ; *Risk-Taking ; Sex Characteristics ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Testosterone/*metabolism ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Recent literature emphasizes the role that testosterone, as well as markers indicating early exposure to T and its organizing effect on the brain (such as the ratio of second to fourth finger, [Formula: see text]), have on performance in financial markets. These results may suggest that the main effect of T, either circulating or in fetal exposure, on economic behavior occurs through the increased willingness to take risks. However, these findings indicate that traders with a low digit ratio are not only more profitable, but more able to survive in the long run, thus the effect might consist of more than just lower risk aversion. In addition, recent literature suggests a positive correlation between abstract reasoning ability and higher willingness to take risks. To test the two hypotheses of testosterone on performance in financial activities (effect on risk attitude versus a complex effect involving risk attitude and reasoning ability), we gather data on the three variables in a sample of 188 ethnically homogeneous college students (Caucasians). We measure a [Formula: see text] digit ratio, abstract reasoning ability with the Raven Progressive Matrices task, and risk attitude with choice among lotteries. Low digit ratio in men is associated with higher risk taking and higher scores in abstract reasoning ability when a combined measure of risk aversion over different tasks is used. This explains both the higher performance and higher survival rate observed in traders, as well as the observed correlation between abstract reasoning ability and risk taking. We also analyze how much of the total effect of digit ratio on risk attitude is direct, and how much is mediated. Mediation analysis shows that a substantial part of the effect of T on attitude to risk is mediated by abstract reasoning ability.},
}

Adult
Attitude
*Economics
Female
Fingers/anatomy & histology
Humans
Male
Negotiating
Regression Analysis
*Risk-Taking
Sex Characteristics
Task Performance and Analysis
Testosterone/*metabolism
Young Adult

@article {pmid22324495,
year = {2012},
author = {Whitehouse, AJ and Robinson, M and Newnham, JP and Pennell, CE},
title = {Do hypertensive diseases of pregnancy disrupt neurocognitive development in offspring?.},
journal = {Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {101-108},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01257.x},
pmid = {22324495},
issn = {1365-3016},
mesh = {Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology ; Child Development/physiology ; Cognition Disorders/*etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; *Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Language Development ; Language Development Disorders/*etiology ; Language Tests/standards ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests/standards ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Verbal Behavior/physiology ; Western Australia ; },
abstract = {The current study sought to determine whether hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) are associated with neurocognitive outcomes in middle childhood. Participants were members of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Data were available for 1389 children (675 females; mean age = 10.59 years; SD = 0.19). Twenty-five per cent of these participants were offspring of pregnancies complicated by either gestational hypertension (n = 279), or pre-eclampsia (n = 34). Verbal ability at age 10 years was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R), and non-verbal ability with Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Separate multivariable regression analyses, incorporating sociodemographic, antenatal, obstetric and postnatal covariates, investigated the effect of a two- (normotensive pregnancy vs. hypertensive pregnancy) and three-level (normotensive pregnancy vs. gestational hypertension vs. pre-eclampsia) predictor variable on PPVT-R and RCPM scores. Offspring of pregnancies complicated by maternal hypertension (gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia) had a mean PPVT-R score that was 1.83 ([95% confidence interval (CI) -3.48, -0.17], P = 0.03) points lower than children from normotensive pregnancies. Multivariable regression analysis also identified a significant inverse association between the three-level predictor variable and offspring PPVT-R scores (P = 0.02). Gestational hypertension (without pre-eclampsia) reduced offspring PPVT-R scores by 1.71 points [95% CI -3.39, -0.03] and pre-eclampsia led to a reduction of 3.53 points [95% CI -8.41, 1.35], although this latter association did not achieve statistical significance. There was no effect of the two- (P = 0.99) or three-level (P = 0.92) predictor variable on RCPM scores. Maternal hypertensive diseases of pregnancy are a risk factor for a small reduction in offspring verbal ability.},
}

Child
Child Behavior Disorders/etiology
Child Development/physiology
Cognition Disorders/*etiology
Cohort Studies
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
*Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
Language Development
Language Development Disorders/*etiology
Language Tests/standards
Male
Neuropsychological Tests/standards
Pregnancy
Regression Analysis
Risk Factors
Verbal Behavior/physiology
Western Australia

@article {pmid22344448,
year = {2012},
author = {Wei, W and Lu, H and Zhao, H and Chen, C and Dong, Q and Zhou, X},
title = {Gender differences in children's arithmetic performance are accounted for by gender differences in language abilities.},
journal = {Psychological science},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {320-330},
doi = {10.1177/0956797611427168},
pmid = {22344448},
issn = {1467-9280},
mesh = {*Aptitude ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {Studies have shown that female children, on average, consistently outperform male children in arithmetic. In the research reported here, 1,556 pupils (8 to 11 years of age) from urban and rural regions in the greater Beijing area completed 10 cognitive tasks. Results showed that girls outperformed boys in arithmetic tasks (i.e., simple subtraction, complex multiplication), as well as in numerosity-comparison, number-comparison, number-series-completion, choice reaction time, and word-rhyming tasks. Boys outperformed girls in a mental rotation task. Controlling for scores on the word-rhyming task eliminated gender differences in arithmetic, whereas controlling for scores on numerical-processing tasks (number comparison, numerosity estimation, numerosity comparison, and number-series completion) and general cognitive tasks (choice reaction time, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and mental rotation) did not. These results suggest that girls' advantage in arithmetic is likely due to their advantage in language processing.},
}

*Aptitude
Child
Female
Humans
*Language
Male
*Mathematics
Sex Factors

@article {pmid22998145,
year = {2012},
author = {Shiba, M and Matsuo, K and Ban, R and Nagai, F},
title = {Evaluation of muscle hyperactivity of the grimacing muscles by unilateral tight eyelid closure and stapedius muscle tone.},
journal = {Journal of plastic surgery and hand surgery},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {318-325},
doi = {10.3109/2000656X.2012.696196},
pmid = {22998145},
issn = {2000-6764},
mesh = {Adult ; Eyelids/*physiology ; *Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles/innervation/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperkinesis/*physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Muscle Tonus/*physiology ; Oculomotor Muscles/innervation/*physiology ; Stapedius/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Muscle hyperactivity of grimacing muscles, including the orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles that cause crow's feet and a glabellar frown line with ageing, cannot be accurately evaluated by surface observation. In 71 subjects, this study investigated the extent to which grimacing muscles are innervated by the bilateral motor cortices, whether the corticofacial projection to the grimacing muscles affects the facially innervated stapedius muscle tone by measuring static compliance of the tympanic membrane, and whether unilateral tight eyelid closure with contraction of the grimacing muscles changes static compliance. Unilateral tight eyelid closure and its subsequent change in the contralateral vertical medial eyebrow position revealed that motor neurons of the orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles were innervated by the bilateral motor cortices with weak-to-strong contralateral dominance. The orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, and stapedius muscles innervated by the bilateral motor cortices had increased muscle hyperactivity, which lowered the vertical medial eyebrow position and decreased the static compliance of the tympanic membrane more than those innervated by the unilateral motor cortex. Unilateral enhanced tight eyelid closure with contraction of the grimacing muscles in certain subjects ipsilaterally decreased the static compliance with increased contraction of the stapedius muscle, which probably occurs to immobilise the tympanic membrane and protect the inner ear from loud sound. Evaluation of unilateral tight eyelid closure and the subsequent change in the contralateral vertical medial eyebrow position as well as a measurement of the static compliance for the stapedius muscle tone has revealed muscle hyperactivity of grimacing muscles.},
}

Adult
Eyelids/*physiology
*Facial Expression
Facial Muscles/innervation/physiology
Female
Humans
Hyperkinesis/*physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
Motor Neurons/physiology
Muscle Contraction/physiology
Muscle Tonus/*physiology
Oculomotor Muscles/innervation/*physiology
Stapedius/*physiology

@article {pmid23088375,
year = {2013},
author = {Barbeau, EB and Soulières, I and Dawson, M and Zeffiro, TA and Mottron, L},
title = {The level and nature of autistic intelligence III: Inspection time.},
journal = {Journal of abnormal psychology},
volume = {122},
number = {1},
pages = {295-301},
doi = {10.1037/a0029984},
pmid = {23088375},
issn = {1939-1846},
support = {//Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Autistic Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology ; Cognition/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Regression Analysis ; Speech/physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Across the autism spectrum, level of intelligence is highly dependent on the psychometric instrument used for assessment, and there are conflicting views concerning which measures best estimate autistic cognitive abilities. Inspection time is a processing speed measure associated with general intelligence in typical individuals. We therefore investigated autism spectrum performance on inspection time in relation to two different general intelligence tests. Autism spectrum individuals were divided into autistic and Asperger subgroups according to speech development history. Compared to a typical control group, mean inspection time for the autistic subgroup but not the Asperger subgroup was significantly shorter (by 31%). However, the shorter mean autistic inspection time was evident only when groups were matched on Wechsler IQ and disappeared when they were matched using Raven's Progressive Matrices. When autism spectrum abilities are compared to typical abilities, results may be influenced by speech development history as well as by the instrument used for intelligence matching.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Autistic Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology
Cognition/physiology
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
*Intelligence Tests
Male
Regression Analysis
Speech/physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid23432835,
year = {2013},
author = {Chow, BW and Ho, CS and Wong, SW and Waye, MMY and Bishop, DVM},
title = {Generalist genes and cognitive abilities in Chinese twins.},
journal = {Developmental science},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {260-268},
pmid = {23432835},
issn = {1467-7687},
support = {082498/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 082498/z/07/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Age Factors ; Asian People/*psychology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Language ; *Language Development ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Multivariate Analysis ; *Reading ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic ; Vocabulary ; },
abstract = {This study considered how far nonverbal cognitive, language and reading abilities are affected by common genetic influences in a sample of 312 typically developing Chinese twin pairs aged from 3 to 11 years. Children were individually given tasks of Chinese word reading, receptive vocabulary, phonological memory, tone awareness, syllable and rhyme awareness, rapid automatized naming, morphological awareness and orthographic skills, and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. Factor analyses on the verbal tasks adjusted for age indicated two factors: Language as the first factor and Reading as the second factor. Univariate genetic analyses indicated that genetic influences were substantial for nonverbal cognitive ability and moderate for language and reading. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that nonverbal cognitive ability, language and reading were influenced by shared genetic origins, although there were specific genetic influences on verbal skills that were distinct from those on nonverbal cognitive ability. This study extends the Generalist Genes Hypothesis to Chinese language and reading skills, suggesting that the general effects of genes could be universal across languages.},
}

Age Factors
Asian People/*psychology
Child
Child, Preschool
China
*Cognition
Female
Humans
Infant
Language
*Language Development
Male
Models, Genetic
Multivariate Analysis
*Reading
Twins, Dizygotic
Twins, Monozygotic
Vocabulary

@article {pmid23792265,
year = {2013},
author = {Hasegawa, N and Kitamura, H and Murakami, H and Kameyama, S and Sasagawa, M and Egawa, J and Endo, T and Someya, T},
title = {Neural activity in the posterior superior temporal region during eye contact perception correlates with autistic traits.},
journal = {Neuroscience letters},
volume = {549},
number = {},
pages = {45-50},
doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.067},
pmid = {23792265},
issn = {1872-7972},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Attention/*physiology ; Autistic Disorder/*physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Eye ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetoencephalography ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; *Social Perception ; Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The present study investigated the relationship between neural activity associated with gaze processing and autistic traits in typically developed subjects using magnetoencephalography. Autistic traits in 24 typically developed college students with normal intelligence were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). The Minimum Current Estimates method was applied to estimate the cortical sources of magnetic responses to gaze stimuli. These stimuli consisted of apparent motion of the eyes, displaying direct or averted gaze motion. Results revealed gaze-related brain activations in the 150-250 ms time window in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and in the 150-450 ms time window in medial prefrontal regions. In addition, the mean amplitude in the 150-250 ms time window in the right pSTS region was modulated by gaze direction, and its activity in response to direct gaze stimuli correlated with AQ score. pSTS activation in response to direct gaze is thought to be related to higher-order social processes. Thus, these results suggest that brain activity linking eye contact and social signals is associated with autistic traits in a typical population.},
}

Adolescent
Attention/*physiology
Autistic Disorder/*physiopathology
Brain Mapping
Eye
Facial Expression
Female
Humans
Magnetoencephalography
Male
Photic Stimulation
*Social Perception
Temporal Lobe/*physiopathology
Young Adult

@article {pmid23880509,
year = {2013},
author = {Halász, J and Áspán, N and Bozsik, C and Gádoros, J and Inántsy-Pap, J},
title = {The relationship between conduct symptoms and the recognition of emotions in non-clinical adolescents.},
journal = {Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {104-110},
pmid = {23880509},
issn = {0237-7896},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; Conduct Disorder/diagnosis/psychology ; *Emotions ; *Facial Expression ; Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Recognition, Psychology ; Sex Factors ; *Social Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In adult individuals with antisocial personality disorder, impairment in the recognition of fear seems established. In adolescents with conduct disorder (antecedent of antisocial personality disorder), only sporadic data were assessed, but literature data indicate alterations in the recognition of emotions. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between emotion recognition and conduct symptoms in non-clinical adolescents.

METHODS: 53 adolescents participated in the study (13-16 years, boys, n=29, age 14.7±0.2 years; girls, n=24, age=14.7±0.2 years) after informed consent. The parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess behavioral problems. The recognition of six basic emotions was established by the "Facial expressions of emotion-stimuli and tests", while Raven IQ measures were also performed.

RESULTS: Compared to boys, girls showed significantly better performance in the recognition of disgust (p<0.035), while no significant difference occurred in the recognition of other emotions. In boys, Conduct Problems score was inversely correlated with the recognition of fear (Spearman R=-0.40, p<0.031) and overall emotion recognition (Spearman R=-0.44, p<0.015), while similar correlation was not present in girls.

CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the recognition of emotions and conduct problems might indicate an important mechanism in the development of antisocial behavior.},
}

Adolescent
Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology
Conduct Disorder/diagnosis/psychology
*Emotions
*Facial Expression
Fear
Female
Humans
Male
*Recognition, Psychology
Sex Factors
*Social Perception
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid24010226,
year = {2013},
author = {Fantus, RJ},
title = {NTDB data points: As the crow flies.},
journal = {Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons},
volume = {98},
number = {7},
pages = {65-66},
pmid = {24010226},
issn = {0002-8045},
mesh = {Access to Information ; Aircraft ; *Databases, Factual ; General Surgery ; Humans ; Transportation of Patients/*methods ; United States ; *Wounds and Injuries ; },
}

Access to Information
Aircraft
*Databases, Factual
General Surgery
Humans
Transportation of Patients/*methods
United States
*Wounds and Injuries

@article {pmid24597991,
year = {2015},
author = {Rindermann, H and Stiegmaier, EM and Meisenberg, G},
title = {Cognitive ability of preschool, primary and secondary school children in Costa Rica.},
journal = {Journal of biosocial science},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {281-310},
doi = {10.1017/S0021932014000066},
pmid = {24597991},
issn = {1469-7599},
mesh = {Austria ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Costa Rica ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Literacy/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Parents/psychology ; Schools/statistics & numerical data ; Students/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {Cognitive abilities of children in Costa Rica and Austria were compared using three age groups (N = 385/366). Cognitive ability tests (mental speed, culture reduced/fluid intelligence, literacy/crystallized intelligence) were applied that differed in the extent to which they refer to school-related knowledge. Preschool children (kindergarten, 5-6 years old, N(CR) = 80, N(Au) = 51) were assessed with the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), primary school children (4th grade, 9-11 years old, N(CR) = 71, N(Au) = 71) with ZVT (a trail-making test), Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and items from PIRLS-Reading and TIMSS-Mathematics, and secondary school students (15-16 years old, N(CR) = 48, N(Au) = 48) with ZVT, Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) and items from PISA-Reading and PISA-Mathematics. Additionally, parents and pupils were given questionnaires covering family characteristics and instruction. Average cognitive abilities were higher in Austria (Greenwich-IQ M(CR) = 87 and M(Au) = 99, d(IQ) = 12 points) and differences were smaller in preschool than in secondary school (d(IQ) = 7 vs 20 points). Differences in crystallized intelligence were larger than in fluid intelligence (mental speed: d(IQ) = 12, Raven: d(IQ) = 10, student achievement tests: d(IQ) = 17 IQ points). Differences were larger in comparisons at the level of g-factors. Austrian children were also taller (6.80 cm, d = 1.07 SD), but had lower body mass index (BMI(CR) = 19.35 vs BMI(Au) = 17.59, d = -0.89 SD). Different causal hypotheses explaining these differences are compared.},
}

Austria
Body Height
Body Mass Index
Child
Child Behavior/psychology
Child, Preschool
*Cognition
Costa Rica
Family Characteristics
Female
Humans
*Intelligence
*Literacy/statistics & numerical data
Male
Parents/psychology
Schools/statistics & numerical data
Students/psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid24918939,
year = {2014},
author = {Korb, S and With, S and Niedenthal, P and Kaiser, S and Grandjean, D},
title = {The perception and mimicry of facial movements predict judgments of smile authenticity.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
pages = {e99194},
pmid = {24918939},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Adult ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Smiling ; *Social Perception ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The mechanisms through which people perceive different types of smiles and judge their authenticity remain unclear. Here, 19 different types of smiles were created based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), using highly controlled, dynamic avatar faces. Participants observed short videos of smiles while their facial mimicry was measured with electromyography (EMG) over four facial muscles. Smile authenticity was judged after each trial. Avatar attractiveness was judged once in response to each avatar's neutral face. Results suggest that, in contrast to most earlier work using static pictures as stimuli, participants relied less on the Duchenne marker (the presence of crow's feet wrinkles around the eyes) in their judgments of authenticity. Furthermore, mimicry of smiles occurred in the Zygomaticus Major, Orbicularis Oculi, and Corrugator muscles. Consistent with theories of embodied cognition, activity in these muscles predicted authenticity judgments, suggesting that facial mimicry influences the perception of smiles. However, no significant mediation effect of facial mimicry was found. Avatar attractiveness did not predict authenticity judgments or mimicry patterns.},
}

Adult
*Facial Expression
Female
Humans
Male
*Smiling
*Social Perception
Young Adult

@article {pmid25787714,
year = {2016},
author = {Gunnery, SD and Ruben, MA},
title = {Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: A meta-analysis.},
journal = {Cognition & emotion},
volume = {30},
number = {3},
pages = {501-515},
doi = {10.1080/02699931.2015.1018817},
pmid = {25787714},
issn = {1464-0600},
mesh = {Humans ; Photic Stimulation ; *Smiling ; *Social Perception ; },
abstract = {A meta-analysis was conducted to compare perceptions of Duchenne smiles, smiles that include activation of the cheek raiser muscle that creates crow's feet around the eyes, with perceptions of non-Duchenne smiles, smiles without cheek raiser activation. In addition to testing the overall effect, moderator analyses were conducted to test how methodological, stimulus-specific and perceiver-specific differences between studies predicted the overall effect size. The meta-analysis found that, overall, Duchenne smiles and people producing Duchenne smiles are rated more positively (i.e., authentic, genuine, real, attractive, trustworthy) than non-Duchenne smiles and people producing non-Duchenne smiles. The difference between Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles was greater when the stimuli were videos rather than photographs, when smiles were elicited naturally rather than through posing paradigms and when Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles were not matched for intensity of the lip corner puller in addition to other perceiver and methodological moderators.},
}

Humans
Photic Stimulation
*Smiling
*Social Perception

@article {pmid25876887,
year = {2015},
author = {Kalindi, SC and McBride, C and Tong, X and Wong, NL and Chung, KH and Lee, CY},
title = {Beyond phonological and morphological processing: pure copying as a marker of dyslexia in Chinese but not poor reading of English.},
journal = {Annals of dyslexia},
volume = {65},
number = {2},
pages = {53-68},
doi = {10.1007/s11881-015-0097-8},
pmid = {25876887},
issn = {1934-7243},
mesh = {Asian People/*psychology ; Awareness ; Child ; Dyslexia/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; *Imitative Behavior ; *Language ; Linguistics ; Male ; *Phonetics ; *Reading ; Reference Values ; *Semantics ; *Writing ; },
abstract = {To examine cognitive correlates of dyslexia in Chinese and reading difficulties in English as a foreign language, a total of 14 Chinese dyslexic children (DG), 16 poor readers of English (PE), and 17 poor readers of both Chinese and English (PB) were compared to a control sample (C) of 17 children, drawn from a statistically representative sample of 177 second graders. Children were tested on pure copying of unfamiliar stimuli, rapid automatized naming (RAN), phoneme deletion, syllable deletion, and morphological awareness. With children's ages and Raven's nonverbal reasoning statistically controlled, the PE and PB groups were significantly lower than the C group on phoneme deletion and RAN tasks, while the DG performed significantly better than the PB group on the RAN task. The copying task distinguished the DG group from the C group. Findings particularly highlight the importance of phoneme awareness for word reading in English (but not Chinese), the potential need for fluency training for children with reading difficulties in both Chinese and English, and the important role that copying skills could have specifically in understanding impairment of literacy skills in Chinese (but not English).},
}

Asian People/*psychology
Awareness
Child
Dyslexia/*diagnosis/*psychology
Female
Hong Kong
Humans
*Imitative Behavior
*Language
Linguistics
Male
*Phonetics
*Reading
Reference Values
*Semantics
*Writing

@article {pmid26216752,
year = {2015},
author = {Nordberg, A and Dahlgren Sandberg, A and Miniscalco, C},
title = {Story retelling and language ability in school-aged children with cerebral palsy and speech impairment.},
journal = {International journal of language & communication disorders},
volume = {50},
number = {6},
pages = {801-813},
doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12177},
pmid = {26216752},
issn = {1460-6984},
mesh = {Aptitude ; Cerebral Palsy/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Comprehension ; Disability Evaluation ; Female ; Humans ; Language Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; *Narration ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Quality of Life/psychology ; Speech Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy ; *Verbal Behavior ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Research on retelling ability and cognition is limited in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and speech impairment.

AIMS: To explore the impact of expressive and receptive language, narrative discourse dimensions (Narrative Assessment Profile measures), auditory and visual memory, theory of mind (ToM) and non-verbal cognition on the retelling ability of children with CP and speech impairment.

METHODS & PROCEDURES: Fifteen speaking children with speech impairment (seven girls, eight boys) (mean age = 11 years, SD = 1;4 years), and different types of CP and different levels of gross motor and cognitive function participated in the present study. Story retelling skills were tested and analysed with the Bus Story Test (BST) and the Narrative Assessment Profile (NAP). Receptive language ability was tested with the Test for Reception of Grammar-2 (TROG-2) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - IV (PPVT-IV). Non-verbal cognitive level was tested with the Raven's coloured progressive matrices (RCPM), memory functions assessed with the Corsi block-tapping task (CB) and the Digit Span from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III. ToM was assessed with the false belief items of the two story tests "Kiki and the Cat" and "Birthday Puppy".

OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The children had severe problems with retelling ability corresponding to an age-equivalent of 5;2-6;9 years. Receptive and expressive language, visuo-spatial and auditory memory, non-verbal cognitive level and ToM varied widely within and among the children. Both expressive and receptive language correlated significantly with narrative ability in terms of NAP total scores, so did auditory memory.

CONCLUSION & IMPLICATIONS: The results suggest that retelling ability in the children with CP in the present study is dependent on language comprehension and production, and memory functions. Consequently, it is important to examine retelling ability together with language and cognitive abilities in these children in order to provide appropriate support.},
}

Aptitude
Cerebral Palsy/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
Child
Child, Preschool
Comprehension
Disability Evaluation
Female
Humans
Language Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
Male
*Mental Recall
*Narration
Neuropsychological Tests
Quality of Life/psychology
Speech Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
*Verbal Behavior