@article {pmid41235977,
year = {2025},
author = {Kolodkin-Gal, I and Murugan, PA and Mahapatra, S and Zanditenas, E and Ankri, S},
title = {Differential coping strategies exerted by biofilm and planktonic cells of Bacillus subtilis in response to a protozoan predator.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0159725},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01597-25},
pmid = {41235977},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis and interacts with both beneficial and harmful members of the microbiome. In previous studies, it was shown that E. histolytica can break down pre-established biofilms of Bacillus subtilis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibiting parasitic cysteine proteases impairs biofilm degradation. However, it is still unknown whether bacteria can sense this process and respond to the degradation of the biofilms. Here, our research demonstrates a multilayered response of probiotic bacteria to the parasite, which differs between planktonic bacteria and pre-established biofilms. Sensing the activity of cysteine proteases from E. histolytica, the bacteria activate the general stress response and, to a lesser extent, the cell wall stress response. This activation helps the surviving members of the biofilm become more resistant to mild stressors such as ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and sub-mic concentrations of ampicillin. On the other hand, planktonic cells exposed to the predators' lysate deactivate the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation while inducing their motility to avoid predation. Overall, our results indicate that bacteria have evolved to recognize amoeba predators capable of degrading biofilms. Furthermore, the partially digested biofilm cells may have unexpected disadvantages over bacteria that did not encounter a predator. These findings may be useful in developing more efficient probiotic strains that are resilient to amebiasis.

IMPORTANCE: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica feeds on intestinal microbiota to survive. To enhance the effectiveness of probiotics, we characterized how they respond to amoeba predators. We found that probiotics decrease the expression of biofilm-related genes to avoid predation while simultaneously inducing their stress response and increasing their motility. Our results can provide novel directions for engineering probiotic bacteria to overcome gastrointestinal-associated parasitic diseases. Additionally, it highlights a fundamental mechanism through which bacterial prey can evade predation in the gastrointestinal tract.},
}

@article {pmid41235794,
year = {2025},
author = {Marchesani, A and Taylor, CC and Li, Z and Hudson, W and Jiang, Y and Gilbert, ES},
title = {4-Ethoxybenzoic Acid Interferes with the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf282},
pmid = {41235794},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: Anti-virulence compounds can control pathogens with reduced selection for antimicrobial resistance. There is little understanding of how these compounds impact biofilm structure and development through time. We hypothesized that 4-ethoxybenzoic acid (4EB), an anti-virulence compound, disrupts normal growth for the four phases of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm development (attachment, multiplication, exodus and maturation).

METHODS AND RESULTS: Flow-cell grown biofilms were fed LB broth (control) or LB with 0.8 mg/mL 4EB (treatment). Treatment inhibited the progress of multiplication phase and caused a 6-hour delay in the onset of exodus phase. Transcriptional analysis showed patterns of nuc, saeS and saeR expression consistent with the delayed exodus phenotype. Imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by digital image analysis determined that 4EB interfered with biofilm structure formation, including reductions in height (57% / 44%) and biovolume (73% / 63%) during the multiplication and maturation phases, respectively, with statistically insignificant effects during exodus phase (1.9% / 15%). These measurements indicated that the occurrence of exodus phase was not impacted by 4EB. Gene expression analysis using flow cell effluent found significant downregulation of genes including atl (-3.1 fold change) during multiplication phase and agrA and saeR (-5.8 and -5.2 fold change respectively) during maturation. Principal component analysis (PCA) with 24 measured parameters confirmed that 4EB treatment primarily affected multiplication and maturation phases.},
}

@article {pmid41234539,
year = {2025},
author = {Pandi, S and Kathiresan, N and Kumar Subbaraj, G and Desai, D and Nagarajan, C and Kulanthaivel, L},
title = {Decoding the anticancer and biofilm-inhibiting efficacy of Adansonia digitata using experimental, AI-powered, and molecular modeling approaches.},
journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1666360},
pmid = {41234539},
issn = {2296-889X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Adansonia digitata, commonly known as the Baobab tree, is a highly multifunctional species with significant cultural and economic value across various regions of Africa. This study aims to investigate the anticancer and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extract derived from A. digitata (ADEE) on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, as well as its potential to inhibit biofilm formation.

METHODS: The study employs GNINA, a deep learning-based docking tool, to evaluate molecular interactions. This work integrates machine learning and molecular modeling methodologies, highlighting the potential of informatics-driven strategies to expedite the discovery of novel plant-based therapies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ADEE effectively inhibited biofilm formation and reduced cell viability at a concentration of 1.56 μg/mL. These findings suggest that ADEE disrupts quorum-sensing signaling pathways and compromises the structural integrity of the biofilm matrix. Further assessments of cytotoxicity revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, highlighting the potent anticancer properties of ADEE. The study also confirmed the pro-apoptotic effects of ADEE through Hoechst and AO/EB staining techniques. Validation utilizing GNINA-based deep learning techniques demonstrated an enhanced binding affinity and pose stability of compounds derived from ADEE. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the interactions of ADEE with pqsA and CK2, showing more favorable binding characteristics compared to the reference inhibitor. PCA/FEL analyses indicated stable conformations with significant interactions at critical residues. In summary, the phytocompounds identified in ADEE demonstrated enhanced binding affinity and structural stability, indicating promising therapeutic potential for targeting QS-regulated biofilm development and serving as potential anticancer agents.},
}

@article {pmid41233755,
year = {2025},
author = {Oschmann, AM and Konrat, K and Schaudinn, C and Sohl, G and Wagner, D and Lewin, A and Arvand, M},
title = {Biofilm formation by the global outbreak strain of Mycobacterium chimaera results in significantly reduced efficacy of standard disinfectants.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {738},
pmid = {41233755},
issn = {1471-2180},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology ; Peracetic Acid/pharmacology ; Glutaral/pharmacology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Humans ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection/methods ; Equipment Contamination/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2013, a global outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infections due to contaminated heater-cooler units emerged. This ongoing problem has highlighted the question of whether disinfection recommendations for medical devices containing water circuits are adequate for preventing contamination and possible recontamination by nontuberculous mycobacteria. The formation of biofilms in such devices exacerbates the problem. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of disinfectants on biofilms and suspensions of the M. chimaera strain ZUERICH-1, and to compare it with two unrelated M. chimaera strains obtained from different sources.

METHODS: Disinfection efficacy testing for biofilm was performed using a Bead Assay for Biofilms and for bacteria in suspension according to the European Standard EN 14348. Three different disinfectants, glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, were assessed. M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, two genetically unrelated M. chimaera isolates and M. avium subsp. avium ATCC 15769, which is included in European standards for disinfectant testing on mycobacteria, were analyzed. The biofilms' structure and composition were analyzed by chemical and molecular techniques and advanced imaging methods.

RESULTS: We found that peracetic acid and glutaraldehyde in standard concentrations were able to effectively inactivate (≥ 4 log10 reduction) suspended bacteria of all three strains, but chlorine failed in all cases. Formation of biofilm generally enhanced the tolerance of M. chimaera to disinfectants. Peracetic acid in standard concentration could not effectively inactivate biofilms of M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, but was effective against biofilms of the other M. chimaera strains tested. Similarly, glutaraldehyde in standard concentration could not inactivate biofilm of ZUERICH-1. Biomass analysis showed higher amounts of extracellular matrix of ZUERICH-1 when compared to the other two strains.

CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that current standard disinfection recommendations do not ensure sustained inhibition of M. chimaera when embedded in biofilm. Additional measures are needed to prevent nosocomial transmission of M. chimaera through contaminated heater-cooler units.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Disinfectants/pharmacology
*Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology
Peracetic Acid/pharmacology
Glutaral/pharmacology
Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology
Humans
Disease Outbreaks
Disinfection/methods
Equipment Contamination/prevention & control

@article {pmid41233473,
year = {2025},
author = {Valencia-Toxqui, G and Sugumar, S and Ramsey, J},
title = {Isolation and characterization of biofilm-disrupting proteus phage Premi.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {39780},
pmid = {41233473},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R35GM155289//National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology ; Genome, Viral ; Phylogeny ; Proteus Infections/microbiology/therapy ; Humans ; Phage Therapy ; },
abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is a biofilm-forming, multidrug-resistant bacterium and one of the most common causes of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Phage therapy is an alternative method that can be used to address the problem of multidrug-resistance. In this study, we report isolation and characterization of virulent phage Premi. The phage exhibits lytic activity against 4 out of 30 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis tested and is stable when exposed to pH values between 3 and 11. Phage Premi demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity against P. mirabilis, reducing 24-hour established biofilms by 59-68%. In the 42-kb Premi genome, functions were assigned for the 50 predicted protein-coding genes including those involved in DNA replication, DNA modification, and lysis. Structural proteins were verified using mass spectrometry of purified virions. A comparison of its genomic features and phylogenetic analysis revealed that phage Premi is a podophage member of the order Caudoviricetes sharing 96% nucleotide similarity with Proteus phage PM 85 and has a T7-like phage genomic organization. Our study shows that Premi effectively inhibits P. mirabilis biofilms and could be a promising antimicrobial agent for treating drug-resistant P. mirabilis infection.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology
*Bacteriophages/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology
Genome, Viral
Phylogeny
Proteus Infections/microbiology/therapy
Humans
Phage Therapy

@article {pmid41232710,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, ZC and Zhai, JL and Yu, JY and Wang, Z and Liu, HY and Yang, X and Wang, XW},
title = {Biofilm formation by Gallibacterium anatis depends on TolC-mediated initial attachment of cells.},
journal = {Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106488},
doi = {10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106488},
pmid = {41232710},
issn = {1532-2971},
abstract = {Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is an important pathogen for poultry, mainly causing a decrease of egg production rate in laying hens and an increase in the mortality rate in broilers. TolC, an outer membrane channel protein, has been implicated in the formation of biofilms by various pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to assess the role of TolC in mediating G. anatis biofilm formation by utilizing a ΔtolC mutant strain. Key findings revealed that TolC deletion reduced surface hydrophobicity and decreased biofilm biomass. Additionally, the mutant strain showed impaired secretion of extracellular polysaccharides and diminished autoaggregation capacity. Using both enzymatic treatments and confocal microscopy, biofilm composition and architecture were characterized. Compared against the wild-type (WT) strain，the ΔtolC mutant biofilm showed an increased relative content of DNA and protein, a significantly reduced polysaccharide content, and a higher proportion of dead bacteria during the early stages of biofilm development. The effect of tolC deletion on biofilm-associated gene expression were quantitatively analyzed using RT-qPCR, revealing altered expression of these genes at different stages of ΔtolC biofilm formation. Collectively, these findings preliminarily demonstrate that TolC is essential for G. anatis biofilm formation, particularly in early cell attachment. TolC positively regulates biofilm formation through multiple mechanisms, including the secretion of polysaccharides, quorum sensing, and two-component signaling systems. These insights provide a foundation for further exploration of TolC's role in G. anatis biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41228630,
year = {2025},
author = {Polat Sagsoz, N and Orhan, F and Baris, O and Sagsoz, O},
title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Plant Antimicrobials Against Candida albicans Biofilm on Denture Base Materials: A Comparison with Chemical Denture Cleansers.},
journal = {Polymers},
volume = {17},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {41228630},
issn = {2073-4360},
support = {TAB-2021-9807//Atatürk University/ ; },
abstract = {Denture hygiene is crucial for preventing oral infections, with Candida albicans being a common fungal pathogen that can colonize denture surfaces. This in vitro study evaluated the adherence of C. albicans on two denture base materials-polyamide and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-and assessed the antifungal efficacy of various chemical and natural cleansers. A total of 100 polished specimens were inoculated with C. albicans and treated with chemical agents (Listerine at 2%, 20%, 50%; Corega[®], Block Drug Company, Jersey City, NJ, USA); Protefix[®], Queisser Pharma, Flensburg, Germany and natural products (15% apple vinegar, 2% tea tree oil, 2% peppermint oil) for different durations (5, 15, 30, 480 min). Chlorhexidine (2%) and untreated samples served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Corega[®] and 15% vinegar eliminated C. albicans within 5 min on both materials. 50% Listerine was effective after 5 min on PMMA but required 480 min on polyamide. Protefix[®] showed full efficacy in 5 min on PMMA and 30 min on polyamide. Tea tree oil required 30-480 min for activity, while peppermint oil showed minimal effect throughout. Under the tested conditions, Corega[®] appeared most effective. Natural cleansers, particularly vinegar and tea tree oil, also showed considerable anticandidal potential, suggesting they may serve as alternative agents for denture hygiene applications.},
}

@article {pmid41227976,
year = {2025},
author = {Corrêa, PGL and Cruz-Araújo, SR and Freiria de Oliveira, CA and Silva, RRD and Oliveira, VC and Pagnano, VO and Silva-Lovato, CH and Galo, R and Stirke, A and Melo, WCMA and Macedo, AP},
title = {Evaluation of Colonization by Candida albicans and Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins.},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {41227976},
issn = {1996-1944},
support = {2024/19251-8//São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2024/07622-1//São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2024/06375-0//São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 2022/07162-5//São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)/ ; 405285/2021-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)/ ; },
abstract = {Beyond mechanical performance and aesthetics, the susceptibility of 3D-printed resins to microbial colonization and biofilm formation represent an important factor influencing dentures' longevity. Therefore, this study evaluated Candida albicans colonization and mature biofilm formation on three different 3D-printed denture base resins (Bio Denture-BD; Denture Base Cosmos-CD; Smart Print Bio Denture-SP) and compared them to heat-curing resin (HC). Before the microbiological evaluation, the surface roughness (Sa) was assessed. Biofilm viability was determined through colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and biofilm morphology was qualitatively examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was investigated by measuring the amounts of carbohydrates (µg/mL), proteins (ng/mL), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) (fluorescence unit). One-way ANOVA was performed for eDNA and Sa and Kruskal-Wallis for the other properties (α = 0.05). Higher surface roughness mean values (standard deviation) (p < 0.05) were observed in CD [0.111 (0.013)] compared to HC [0.084 (0.018) and BD [0.078 (0.015)]. For wettability, BD [63.2 (5.2)] and SP [65.2 (3.1)] resins showed a greater wettability (p < 0.05) than HC resin [73.0 (3.5)], while SP showed lower (p < 0.01) protein levels (425 ng/mL) compared to HC (568.6 ng/mL) and BD (554.8 ng/mL) in the EPS. Despite these differences, the 3D-printed denture base resins exhibited microbial load (CFU/mL), EPS composition (carbohydrates and eDNA), and morphological features of C. albicans biofilm comparable to those of conventional heat-cured PMMA. These findings suggest that, despite resin-specific variations, 3D-printed denture base materials exhibit a similar susceptibility to C. albicans colonization and biofilm formation as conventional denture bases, thereby directing future research towards developing new 3D-printed resins with enhanced antimicrobial properties to improve clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41227743,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, YM and Zhang, QY and Zhang, L and Bao, YL and Guo, YT and Huang, LR and He, RH and Ma, HL and Sun, DW},
title = {Inhibition of Quorum Sensing-Mediated Biofilm Formation and Spoilage Factors in Pseudomonas fluorescens by Plasma-Activated Water.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {41227743},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {32202227//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023M731380//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 21JDG044//Senior Talent Program of Jiangsu University/ ; },
abstract = {Plasma-activated water (PAW) is an emerging disinfectant; however, its potential as a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) for biofilm control remains underexplored, and its action mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study investigated the effects of PAW on biofilm formation and spoilage factors secretion in Pseudomonas fluorescens under sub-inhibitory conditions. PAW generated by treating water for 60 s (PAW-60) reduced biofilm biomass by up to 1.29 log CFU/mL after 12 h incubation. It also completely inhibited protease production (100%) and decreased siderophore production by 31.87%. N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) was identified as the dominant signaling molecule, with its production decreasing by 34.34-84.07% following PAW treatments. Meanwhile, C4-HSL activity was significantly suppressed by 42.58-65.38%. An FTIR analysis revealed the formation of a new C=O group, indicating oxidative degradation of acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). Exogenous C4-HSL progressively restored the biofilm biomass, spoilage factors production, and QS-related gene expression levels, with no significant difference observed compared with the control at 0.05 µg/mL (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of PAW are primarily due to the disruption of AHLs transduction in the QS pathway. Molecular docking showed that the long-lived reactive species in PAW could bind to AHLs' synthetic protein (FadD1) and receptor protein (LuxR) via hydrogen bonding. PAW-60 reduced the spoilage activity of P. fluorescens inoculated into fish muscle juice and extended its shelf life from 8 to 10 days during storage at 4 °C. A strong positive correlation was observed between AHLs accumulation and the spoilage process. These findings demonstrate that PAW mitigates biofilm formation and food spoilage by blocking signaling transduction, which involves suppression of AHLs production, oxidative degradation of AHLs molecules, and disruption of AHLs recognition.},
}

@article {pmid41227568,
year = {2025},
author = {Nan, A and Mituletu, M and Dumitrescu, G and Caraba, IV and Pet, I and Sinitean, A and Matica, MA and Liliana, PC and Pet, E and Popescu, R and Caraba, MN},
title = {Antimicrobial and Biofilm Inhibiting Potential of Two Romanian Linden Honeys.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {41227568},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {C161000000118537000015/07.09.2021//Increasing the economic yield of honey by implementing an analysis and quality system/ ; },
abstract = {Honey is a traditional remedy, with its biologically active compounds being responsible for its properties. The aim of this study was to characterize linden honey from a physico-chemical point of view as well as its antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. Two samples of linden honey with different origins were subjected to physico-chemical analyses, including the determination of water content, impurities, dry matter, acidity, pH, reducing sugar content, total phenol content, flavonoids, antioxidant potency by DPPH, and mineral content. The microbiological analysis involved determining the inhibition rates of microbial growth and the antibiotic capacity of linden honey against ten standardized bacterial strains and five bacterial strains isolated from patients. The analyzed linden honey can be characterized based on physico-chemical parameters as having a slightly increased water content, moderate acidity, rich in antioxidants, and a balanced pH. The average concentrations of macroelements and microelements in the honey samples showed that potassium was the dominant mineral element, followed by calcium and magnesium. The heavy metal content was consistent with European and international standards. The chemical content of linden honey influenced its antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. In Gram-positive bacteria, inhibition rates were between 70.83 and 91.28% (sample A) and 71.14-90.16% (sample B) when applying concentration c1. For Gram-negative bacteria, values ranged between 63.91 and 78.30% (sample A) and 46.56-90.92% (sample B) at concentration c1. In bacterial strains isolated from patients, the inhibition rate values were between 75.42 and 85.69% (sample A) and 78.31-86.22% (sample B) when applying concentration c1. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential was highlighted in all bacterial strains studied, with differences occurring depending on the concentration of honey tested and the type of bacterial strain studied.},
}

@article {pmid41227566,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, D and Lee, JE and Rhee, MS and Shim, SM and Om, AS and Yu, H and Kook, M},
title = {Isolation of Biofilm-Forming Bacteria from Food Processing Equipment Surfaces and the Biofilm-Degrading Activity of Bacillus licheniformis YJE5.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {41227566},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {RS-2022-RD010281//Rural Development Administration/ ; },
abstract = {Food processing environments are prone to microbial contamination, where biofilm formation by persistent bacteria reduces hygiene and food safety. In this study, 27 biofilm-forming bacterial strains were isolated from processing equipment surfaces, with the dominant strains identified as B. cereus LE3, B. cereus YJBR3, and P. cibi F25. An environmental isolate, B. licheniformis YJE5, exhibited no hemolytic activity and demonstrated strong enzymatic potential. Intracellular substances (ICS) extracted from B. licheniformis YJE5, isolated from a food processing environment, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by B. cereus LE3, B. cereus YJBR3, and P. cibi F25 by 47-53% and degraded pre-formed biofilms by 37-44%. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed pronounced structural degradation of biofilms following ICS treatment. API ZYM analysis further revealed multiple hydrolytic enzymes, indicating that enzymatic hydrolysis is central to biofilm degradation. Whole-genome sequencing showed a 4.3 Mbp chromosome with diverse metabolic pathways but no antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, confirming the strain's safety. These findings suggest that B. licheniformis YJE5 represents a safe and eco-friendly candidate for controlling biofilm-associated contamination in food processing facilities.},
}

@article {pmid41225722,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, Y and Li, S and Xue, J and Zhang, L and Wang, L and Zhao, Y and Zhang, W and Ma, W and Liu, J and Sun, Y and Sun, Y},
title = {ROS-induced allosteric modulation of NikR promotes helicobacter pylori biofilm formation by attenuating FlgR-dependent inhibition of the molybdate transport system.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2589562},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2589562},
pmid = {41225722},
issn = {2150-5608},
abstract = {Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation is crucial for its persistence and transmission, constituting a notable public health concern. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms driving biofilm initiation is vital for developing effective control strategies. This study reveals a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism where reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote H. pylori biofilm formation by modulating the key flagellar regulator FlgR and the molybdate transport system ModABD. We demonstrate that FlgR acts as a repressor of biofilm development. Mechanistically, FlgR inhibits the transcription of the modABD operon, essential for biofilm formation, by suppressing the activity of sigma factor σ[28]. Crucially, we identify the nickel-responsive regulator NikR as a repressor of flgR expression. ROS induce a conformational change in NikR, converting it to its DNA-binding holo-form, which directly binds the flgR promoter and represses its expression. This repression alleviates FlgR-mediated inhibition of σ[28], thereby de-repressing the modABD operon and facilitating the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth. Our findings uncover a previously unknown ROS-NikR-FlgR-σ[28]-ModABD signaling axis governing H. pylori biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41224325,
year = {2025},
author = {Kono, A and Hobo, S},
title = {Inhibitory effect of fluoroquinolones against biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis.},
journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1292/jvms.25-0260},
pmid = {41224325},
issn = {1347-7439},
abstract = {Bovine mastitis may cause intractable, chronic infection in cases where the causative pathogen forms a biofilm; however, data are lacking on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilm in Japanese dairy herds, and the relative efficacy of antimicrobial agents to treat it. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the biofilm-forming potential of S. aureus isolates obtained from the milk of Holstein dairy cows with clinical mastitis, and to elucidate the effects of five clinically used antibiotic drugs against S. aureus biofilms. We found that 14/24 S. aureus isolates formed biofilm. All five antibiotic drugs demonstrated an inhibitory effect on S. aureus at the planktonic stage (based on minimum inhibitory concentrations); however, only the three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (orbifloxacin, enrofloxacin, and marbofloxacin) and cefazolin inhibited biofilm formation (based on minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations). However, none of the five antibiotics proved effective against formed biofilms (based on minimum biofilm-eradicating concentrations). Accordingly, we suggest that systemic fluoroquinolone antibiotic or intra-mammary cefazolin may prevent biofilm formation in mastitic cows infected with S. aureus, if administered at a sufficiently high concentration and a sufficiently early stage of the disease (before biofilms are actually formed), but that antibiotics may have little efficacy once the biofilm is established.},
}

@article {pmid41223465,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, J and Fang, Y and Gong, W and Zhang, K and Wang, G and Xia, Y and Yu, M and Yang, X and Tian, J and Li, H and Xie, W and Xie, J and Li, Z},
title = {Genetically engineered microbes: A novel bidirectional regulator for biofilm in combatting aquatic nitrogen pollution.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {500},
number = {},
pages = {140446},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140446},
pmid = {41223465},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Exogenously adding N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) can enhance the performance of wastewater biofilm, but their cost limits their use. In this study, four genetically engineered microbes (GEMs), including two quorum sensing (QS) GEMs (luxL and luxM) and two quorum quenching (QQ) GEMs (aiiA and aiiO), were constructed through genetic recombination technology. Sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) were employed to evaluate their bidirectional regulatory effects on biofilm formation. QS-GEMs could secrete various AHLs, increasing the biofilm formation index (BFI) amount by 42.4-171.5 %. Conversely, QQ-GEMs could degrade AHLs, reducing biofilm formation index amount by 45.8-65.6 %, thus limiting and balancing biofilm and QS mechanisms. QS-GEMs enhanced gene expression key to biofilm formation (algI and bapA), denitrification (NosZ, NirS and NapA), and AHLs synthesis (lasI, rpfF and rpfB), improving biofilm thickness and nitrogen pollutant removal, reducing start-up time by 42.85 %. In comparison with AHLs, QS - engineered bacteria not only exhibited a more persistent and stable biofilm - strengthening effect but also were able to delay biofilm aging. Preliminary environmental risk assessment of GEMs suggested manageable risks, but further investigation under real aquatic ecosystem conditions is necessary to substantiate their safety. This study presented a novel solution for replacing traditional exogenous AHLs methods and enhancing biofilm denitrification.},
}

@article {pmid41222309,
year = {2025},
author = {Hussein, M and Crawford, S and Baker, M and Floyd, H and Allobawi, R and Blaskovich, MAT and Rao, GG and Zuegg, J and Li, J and Velkov, T},
title = {Hyperforin potentiates polymyxin B against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens via membrane disruption, biofilm eradication, and oxidative stress.},
journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0100725},
doi = {10.1128/aac.01007-25},
pmid = {41222309},
issn = {1098-6596},
abstract = {The escalating spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, has severely undermined the efficacy of polymyxin B, one of the few remaining last-line antibiotics. Here, we identify hyperforin, a natural product derived from Hypericum perforatum, as a potent polymyxin B adjuvant capable of restoring its antibacterial activity against clinical Gram-negative isolates with high-level polymyxin resistance. Using a suite of in vitro assays, including fractional inhibitory concentration index, time-kill kinetics, biofilm eradication, membrane integrity assays, and ultrastructural imaging of the bacterial outer membrane, we show that hyperforin significantly enhances polymyxin B-mediated bacterial killing. Microscopy and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine uptake are consistent with membrane perturbation, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species is consistent with oxidative stress under combination treatment. Taken together, these orthogonal readouts support a working model of complementary membrane perturbation and oxidative stress. Remarkably, the observed synergistic effects occur at concentrations potentially achievable in the epithelial lining fluid of the lungs, providing a testable rationale for localized lung delivery (e.g., via a dry-powder inhaler). These findings unveil a promising therapeutic strategy that repurposes a bioactive phytochemical to potentiate polymyxins against otherwise untreatable polymyxin-resistant MDR Gram-negative infections.},
}

@article {pmid41221705,
year = {2025},
author = {Vijay, D and Bedi, JS and Dhaka, P and Singh, R and Arora, AK and Gill, JPS},
title = {Mapping Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Biofilm Production of Dairy Farm Associated Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus aureus From Punjab, India.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {133},
number = {11},
pages = {e70089},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70089},
pmid = {41221705},
issn = {1600-0463},
support = {ICAR/Edn.10(8)/2016-EP&HS//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is an increasing concern in dairy production. Using a One Health approach, this cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus from pooled bovine milk, animal handler hand swabs, and herd slurry collected from 405 farms across Punjab, India. The prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus was highest in hand swabs (43.7%), followed by milk (30.1%) and slurry (17.5%). Phenotypic resistance varied by source: milk isolates showed the greatest resistance to cefoxitin (37.7%) and penicillin (36.9%); hand swab isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (42.9%) and tetracycline (36.7%); and slurry isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (66.2%) and cefoxitin (59.2%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 45.9% of milk, 60.5% of hand swabs, and 92.9% of slurry isolates. MRSA was detected in 6.6% of milk, 2.8% of hand swab, and 1.4% of slurry isolates, with SCCmec type V as the most common type. Genotypic screening identified blaZ, mecA, tetK, ermC, and aacA-aphD, with the highest genotype-phenotype concordance for tetracycline resistance. Biofilm assays showed 94.9% of isolates formed biofilms; 28.4% were strong producers. MDR milk isolates showed the highest strong biofilm capacity (39.3%). This study underscores the need for integrated AMR surveillance and improved dairy biosecurity.},
}

@article {pmid41221326,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, Y and Lou, J and Fang, Y and Ying, S},
title = {Potential roles and mechanisms of bacterial peptidylarginine deiminase in dental biofilm mediated by Porphyromonas gingivalis.},
journal = {Journal of oral microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2578893},
pmid = {41221326},
issn = {2000-2297},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen, secretes the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), which catalyzes protein citrullination and is implicated in both dental biofilm formation and the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on PPAD, with a specific focus on its mechanistic roles in oral biofilm dynamics and its potential contribution to the development of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database up to August 2025, employing keywords including 'PPAD', 'Porphyromonas gingivalis', 'citrullination', 'dental biofilm', 'periodontitis', and 'rheumatoid arthritis'.

RESULTS: PPAD contributes critically to biofilm pathogenicity by modulating microbial pH, citrullinating virulence factors, and facilitating polymicrobial interactions. It promotes bacterial adhesion, disrupts host immunity, and sustains local inflammation. Systemically, PPAD-generated citrullinated antigens may trigger autoimmune responses, potentially linking periodontitis to RA.

CONCLUSION: PPAD represents a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for mitigating oral-systemic disease progression. Future research should prioritize elucidating its spatiotemporal regulation within biofilms and its immune-dysregulating effects to guide precision interventions.},
}

@article {pmid41220096,
year = {2025},
author = {Shadique, SA and Ferdous, FB and Ashraf, MN and Rimi, SS and Kabir, M and Rahman, MT and Islam, MS},
title = {Food Safety Threats: Molecular Surveillance, Antibiogram and Virulence Profiling of Biofilm Forming Enterococcus faecalis in Bangladeshi Restaurants.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {e70157},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70157},
pmid = {41220096},
issn = {2045-8827},
support = {//The authors extend their appreciation to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh for the National Science and Technology (NST) fellowship and Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES-2024)./ ; },
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a notable public health bacterium since it can thrive on high-touch surfaces in restaurants. This study aimed to isolate E. faecalis, conduct antibiogram to determine resistance patterns, explore the virulence profile and observe biofilm-forming properties. A total of 90 samples were collected from BAU restaurants, including high-touch surfaces and popular food items. Initial isolation employed culture-based method followed by Gram's staining technique and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation was achieved via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ddlE. faecalis gene specific for E. faecalis. Antibiogram was performed using the Disc Diffusion Test for commonly used antibiotics. Genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence profile were also explored by PCR. Lastly, the Congo Red (CR) test was done to examine the biofilm-forming isolates. Results indicated a prevalence (30%) of E. faecalis in both food and surface samples, with higher contamination rates in crowded areas. Antibiogram revealed high resistance to Penicillin (100%) and moderate to low resistance towards Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol. Shockingly, blaTEM gene was found in 81.48% of isolates, and 18.51% were detected as multidrug-resistant. We found a very high prevalence of the virulence genes fsrA, fsrB, fsrC, gelE, pil, agg, and ace. Finally, the CR test revealed 33.33% and 44.44% isolates as strong and intermediate biofilm formers respectively. This study reinforces the significance of routine surveillance in combating the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain and the prospective use of E. faecalis as a contamination marker.},
}

@article {pmid41219348,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahimbakhsh, A and Seyfahmadi, M and Souldozi, A and Hakimelahi, R and Alikhani, MY and Kafilzadeh, F},
title = {Effect of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles on expression of biofilm-associated bap gene in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {39543},
pmid = {41219348},
issn = {2045-2322},
}

@article {pmid41218696,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, T and Zhang, F and Liu, H and Ma, F and Yu, Y and Sun, D and Ren, J and Wang, W and Elsabahy, M and Gao, H},
title = {Fusobacterium nucleatum-targeted polymeric micelles disrupting biofilm-immune crosstalk for precision colorectal cancer immunotherapy.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114400},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114400},
pmid = {41218696},
issn = {1873-4995},
abstract = {Targeted eradication of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)-dominated biofilms within the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment emerges as a promising strategy to overcome bacterial resistance and reverse immunosuppression. Herein, pH-responsive biofilm-targeting polymeric micelles (ERPNPs) are developed to disrupt biofilm-immune crosstalk for CRC immunotherapy. The ERPNPs are constructed by co-loading rifampicin (RIF) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, a biofilm-dispersing agent) into self-assembled polymeric micelles incorporating a FadA-targeting peptide (Pep) for specific biofilm recognition. At physiological pH, the polyethylene glycol shell facilitates efficient tumor accumulation of ERPNPs, while in the acidic tumor microenvironment, protonation of poly(β-amino ester) (PAE) segments trigger conformational switching, exposing the Pep for specific recognition of Fn biofilms through FadA-Pep ligand-receptor interactions, accompanied by pH-responsive release of RIF and EGCG. In vitro experiments demonstrate that ERPNPs can efficiently scavenge Fn biofilms via pH-dependent and FadA-Pep-mediated targeted adhesion. In vivo studies further reveal their excellent biocompatibility, robust biofilm-scavenging, and antitumor activities. Mechanistically, ERPNPs eradicate Fn biofilms and reduce immunosuppressive polyamine metabolites, thereby eliciting systemic immune responses characterized by M1 macrophage polarization, suppressed recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and enhanced T-cell infiltration, ultimately potentiating anti-tumor efficacy. Overall, this study provides an innovative strategy for targeted elimination of intra-tumoral pathogens and reversal of CRC-related immunosuppression.},
}

@article {pmid41218072,
year = {2025},
author = {Iwuchukwu, NC and Costa, ACBPD and Law, C and Kim, MJ and Mitchell, AP and Whiteway, M},
title = {Characterization of ORF19.7608 (PPP1), a biofilm-induced gene of Candida albicans.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {e0335473},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335473},
pmid = {41218072},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans is an important cause of nosocomial infections, in large part because of its propensity to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices such as catheters. The formation of these biofilms is controlled by a complex transcriptional network and involves over a thousand genes, many of which are uncharacterized. We have investigated three genes (ORF19.4654, ORF19.7608, and PBR1), found only in C. albicans and closely related species, that are highly induced under biofilm conditions and encode small proteins with N-terminal signal sequences. Through the construction of fluorescent protein fusions, we have examined the location of the encoded proteins in both planktonic and biofilm cells. Orf19.4654-Scarlet and Pbr1-Scarlet were localized to the vacuole under both conditions. In contrast, the Orf19.7608-GFP fusion generated a punctate pattern only under biofilm conditions and was designated Ppp1 (Punctate Pattern Protein 1). The Ppp1-GFP puncta were similar in location, stability, and size to those formed by the eisosome subunit Sur7, but co-localization studies suggest that Ppp1 and Sur7 define separate elements. The PPP1 mutation does not cause a distinct phenotype under various stress conditions or in the presence of antifungals and does not impact biofilm formation and biomass. These data suggest that while the expression and cellular localization of Ppp1 appear controlled by conditions generating biofilms, and define a unique subcellular localization pattern, Ppp1 protein function is not essential for biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41217015,
year = {2025},
author = {Câmpelo Lago, E and Vasconcelos, AG and Rodrigues de Araújo-Nobre, A and Salmen Espindola, L and Quelemes, PV and Arcanjo, DDR and Lucarini, M and Durazzo, A and Leite, JRSA},
title = {Natural pigments as eco-friendly staining agents: evaluation of β-carotene-rich carrot and betanin-rich beetroot extracts for bacterial biofilm visualisation.},
journal = {Natural product research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2584437},
pmid = {41217015},
issn = {1478-6427},
abstract = {This study aimed to obtain a β-carotene-rich extract from carrot (CEC) and a betanin-rich extract from beetroot (BEB) and to assess their staining capacity on bacterial biofilms. The extracts were analysed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC. Strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were cultured to form biofilms, which were subsequently stained with the extracts. Photographs were taken after biofilm staining via optical microscopy. The UV-Vis spectrum of CEC revealed bands at 477 nm and 450 nm, whereas BEB exhibited at 534 nm and 482 nm. The HPLC chromatogram of CEC showed peaks at retention times (RT) of 14.13 and 15.07 min. In contrast, BEB displayed a relatively simple profile at an RT of 21.09 min. Images indicated that CEC had a more effective staining capacity than BEB, particularly in Gram-negative strains. These findings suggest that CEC could be further explored in microbial identification protocols.},
}

@article {pmid41215967,
year = {2025},
author = {Sureendar, B and Gunasekaran, V and Ganapathy, D and Sathishkumar, P},
title = {Possible applicability of flavonoid hesperetin for the treatment of dental biofilm-forming Candida glabrata.},
journal = {Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {1799-1805},
pmid = {41215967},
issn = {2212-4268},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor for Candida glabrata because it forms an extracellular matrix that prevents antifungal passage, which resists antifungal agents and causes treatment failure. To overcome this, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytocompounds as an alternative choice in eliminating dental biofilm-forming C. glabrata.

METHOD: The antifungal potential of various phytocompounds against C. glabrata was evaluated through zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies. The antibiofilm potential of phytocompounds was evaluated against C. glabrata and confirmed through CV staining, MTT assay and CLSM analysis. The biocompatibility of hesperetin was checked by hemocompatibility test on human RBCs.

RESULTS: Quercetin, morin, rutin, naringin, and hesperetin exhibits antifungal activity towards C. glabrata. Hesperetin shows slightly higher antifungal activity (ZOI: 14.6 ± 0.57 mm and MIC: 0.3 ± 0.01 mM) for C. glabrata, compared to other tested phytocompounds. The 100 % deadness of C. glabrata cells in biofilm was observed at 2MIC (0.6 mM) of hesperetin. Interestingly, hesperetin demonstrates acceptable level hemolysis (5 %) on RBCs up to 10 mM.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that hesperetin is a novel natural antifungal agent capable of effectively inhibiting the biofilm-forming C. glabrata, with the potential for development into safe, phyto-based therapeutics for managing dental infections.},
}

@article {pmid41215761,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Jiang, L and Liu, T and Zhang, Z and Gong, P and Yi, H},
title = {Polydopamine-chitosan coated biofilm-state Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SB27 as a living band-aid for targeted colitis therapy.},
journal = {Materials today. Bio},
volume = {35},
number = {},
pages = {102460},
pmid = {41215761},
issn = {2590-0064},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic intestinal inflammation and epithelial barrier disruption. While probiotics offer therapeutic potential, planktonic (PLA) forms suffer from poor viability, limited adhesion, and suboptimal efficacy. Biofilm-state (BIO) probiotics can exert probiotic functions effectively, yet inflammation impairs the conditions necessary for probiotics to form biofilm in the intestine. Direct delivery of biofilm-state probiotics offers a more effective strategy. Here, an innovative probiotic targeted delivery system is developed by integrating biofilm-state Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SB27 with a rationally designed dual-coating composed of polydopamine (PDA) and chitosan (CS) (BIO@PCS). This system enables pH-responsive release of probiotics and selective adhesion to ulcerated colonic sites, mimicking a biological "band-aid". In DSS-induced colitis model, BIO@PCS achieves superior mucosal targeting and prolonged retention compared to planktonic or uncoated forms. Upon reaching inflamed tissue, the biofilm-state L. paracasei SB27 rapidly forms a bacterial barrier that reinforces all four intestinal barriers and mitigates local inflammation. This approach effectively shields damaged mucosa from further injury and stabilizes the microenvironment. By enhancing both delivery efficiency and therapeutic performance, this strategy represents a dual-optimized, biofilm-based platform for IBD treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41214946,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, YM and Zhang, L and Bao, Y and Guo, Y and Ma, H and He, R and Bourke, P and Sun, DW},
title = {The inhibitory mechanisms of plasma-activated water on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens by disrupting quorum sensing.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 3},
pages = {117436},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117436},
pmid = {41214946},
issn = {1873-7145},
abstract = {The use of plasma-activated water (PAW) to inactivate microorganisms in the food industry has attracted wide attention, while the research of PAW as a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) to mitigate biofilm is quite limited, and the molecular mechanisms have not been reported. In this study, PAW treatments under sub-inhibitory conditions of Pseudomonas fluorescens were selected, and no inhibitory effects on bacterial viable counts or growth curves were observed. Whereas biofilm biomass was significantly reduced by 28.38 % to 43.53 % during the 12 to 72 h incubation after PAW-60 treatment (P < 0.05). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was decreased, with a maximal reduction of 57.38 % in extracellular proteins, 53.43 % in polysaccharides, and 86.71 % in extracellular DNA compared to the control. Microscopic analyses evidenced that the biofilm became looser and thinner after PAW treatment. The surface properties of P. fluorescens, including hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and surface potential, were significantly declined by 31.15 %, 25.67 %, and 47.3 % respectively, after PAW-60 treatment at 12 h. Both swarming and swimming abilities of P. fluorescens were completely repressed by PAW-60 at 12 h. Moreover, PAW-60 significantly reduced QS signaling molecules production of AHLs and AI-2 by 46.98 % and 35.72 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR demonstrated that PAW-60 suppressed chemotaxis and flagella assembly gene expression levels and downregulated genes related to the QS pathway, including the synthesis (FadD1) and receptor (LuxR) of AHLs, and transporter protein genes of AI-2 (RbsA, RbsC). This study revealed the molecular mechanisms of PAW inhibition on biofilm formation of P. fluorescens by interfering with the QS pathway.},
}

@article {pmid41214944,
year = {2025},
author = {Katarina, MG and Mirjana, GŽ and Olgica, SD and Katarina, Ć and Ivana, R and Vojislav, D and Djilas, MD and Stefan, M},
title = {Microbial profiling of artisanal goat milk and cheese: Insights into virulence traits, metabolic activity, and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 3},
pages = {117434},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117434},
pmid = {41214944},
issn = {1873-7145},
abstract = {This study provides a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bacterial isolates from traditionally produced goat cheese and raw goat milk, with a focus on attributes relevant to food safety and public health. The isolates exhibited substantial physiological and metabolic diversity, notably in carbohydrate fermentation patterns and proteolytic activity. While Escherichia coli strains typically demonstrated complete sugar fermentation, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas spp. were characterized by proteolytic metabolism and, in some cases, hydrogen sulfide production. Molecular analysis identified virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hlyA) in several E. coli isolates, although the eaeA gene was absent. Hemolytic activity (α- and β-hemolysis) was detected in opportunistic species including P. mirabilis, Pseudomonas spp., and Raoultella aquatilis, reinforcing their pathogenic potential of this. Importantly, no isolates produced histamine from histidine, suggesting a lower risk of biogenic amine formation and associated food safety concerns. Biofilm formation, a critical factor in microbial persistence and resistance to sanitation, was influenced by temperature and time, with notably stronger biofilms at 37 °C. Strains such as Enterobacter cloacae GC-2 and E. coli GC-40 consistently demonstrated high biofilm-forming capacity, indicating their potential to survive in dairy processing environments. These results highlight significant microbiological risks in minimally processed artisanal dairy products and underscore the need for targeted preventive controls. Implementing integrated microbial monitoring, combining phenotypic assessment with molecular diagnostics, can improve the detection of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Such strategies are essential for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of traditional dairy products, ultimately supporting public health protection.},
}

@article {pmid41214926,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Z and Wang, J and Gao, Y and Zhang, H and Liu, Y and Xia, X and Li, W and Yan, L and Dong, Q},
title = {Impact of temperature fluctuation on biofilm formation and removal of different Listeria monocytogenes strains in ice cream processing environments.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 3},
pages = {117416},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117416},
pmid = {41214926},
issn = {1873-7145},
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive foodborne pathogen, can form biofilms on abiotic surfaces in food processing environments, thereby enhancing its persistence and contamination potential. In recent years, frequent outbreaks of L. monocytogenes contamination in ice cream have imposed significant burdens on public health and the economy. This study aimed to characterize biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes ST8 and ATCC 19112 on stainless steel (SS) surfaces at incubation temperatures of 5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C within an ice cream matrix, and to investigate the stress resistance of mature biofilms against thermal and chemical disinfectant treatments. Results showed that biofilm formation rates and viable cell counts in mature biofilms of L. monocytogenes at 5 °C were significantly lower than those at 15 °C and 25 °C. Bacterial motility increased with rising incubation temperature. Temperature and strain had no significant effect on extracellular DNA (eDNA) secretion, but induced differences in extracellular protein and exopolysaccharide production. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images revealed that mature biofilms formed at 5 °C exhibited more compact and uniform structures than those at 15 °C and 25 °C. Additionally, biofilm volume, roughness and porosity increased with increasing incubation temperature, while thickness decreased. In terms of stress resistance, low-temperature-formed mature biofilms showed enhanced tolerance to heat and chemical disinfectants. Clean-in-Place (CIP) procedures can effectively eliminate the majority of viable cells in mature biofilms. Additionally, strain-specific variations influenced biofilm characteristics, with ST8 generally demonstrating higher biofilm-forming capacity, motility, and stress resistance than ATCC 19112. Collectively, temperature and strain are primary determinants of L. monocytogenes biofilm properties and stress resistance. This study provides insights into safety issues related to L. monocytogenes biofilms in ice cream processing environments, facilitating the development of targeted control strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41214053,
year = {2025},
author = {Manna, T and Dey, S and Karmakar, M and Jana, D and Guchhait, KC and Hazra, S and Ballav, S and Paria, S and Zanchi, FB and Hossain, M and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C},
title = {Flavonoids interfere with biofilm formation by targeting diguanylate cyclases in multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {39312},
pmid = {41214053},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Rise of antibiotic resistance has led to increased treatment failures in severe cholera cases across the globe. The etiological agent Vibrio cholerae is known for its ability to persist in human gut and environmental settings through biofilm formation. Consequently, the targeting of biofilms is suggested as a viable alternative approach to address the pathogen alongside the rising challenge of drug resistance. Anti-biofilm efficacies of two flavonoids baicalein and fisetin were explored. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) were 40 and 30 µg/mL and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) were 70 and 50 µg/mL for baicalein and fisetin respectively against studied multidrug resistant high biofilm-forming V. cholerae strains. Additionally, both the flavonoids were able to reduce accessory adhesion factors like auto-aggregation abilities, cell surface hydrophobicity of V. cholerae. Disintegration of biofilm moieties post treatment with flavonoids were visualized by scanning electron and atomic force microscope. Fisetin displayed greater efficacy than baicalein in both the studied strains. Both the flavonoids could reduce gene expressions levels of biofilm regulatory DGCs viz., cdgA, cdgH, cdgK, cdgL, cdgM and vpvC and three important biofilm regulators vpsR, vpsT and aphA that correspond to intercellular cyclic-di-GMP levels in V. cholerae. Besides, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies also demonstrated superiority of fisetin over baicalein in targeting the DGC active site, potentially explaining its enhanced biofilm suppression. Presence of hydroxyl groups at C3, C4, C7, and C3' positions for fisetin could be the underlying reason as the therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids is significantly contributed by the arrangement of hydroxyl groups. The present study gains its prominence by documenting, maiden insights on the capacity of studied flavonoids to target DGCs and interfere c-di-GMP signalling pathways, to exert their anti-biofilm properties.},
}

@article {pmid41213994,
year = {2025},
author = {Yuan, J and Liu, Z and Xie, J and Yan, J},
title = {The dual-species biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited enhanced resistance to disinfectants.},
journal = {NPJ science of food},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {220},
pmid = {41213994},
issn = {2396-8370},
support = {No. SKLDB2023-007//the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology/ ; },
abstract = {Multi-species biofilms present a greater threat to the dairy industry than single-species biofilms due to their complex characteristics. This study examined the formation of biofilms by dairy contaminants Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens (single/co-culture) on stainless steel, and their resistance to chlorine dioxide and quaternary ammonium compounds. The findings indicated that the dual-species biofilm exhibited significantly higher biomass, cell activity, and extracellular polymeric substances production than single-species biofilms, along with a denser biofilm structure in dual-species biofilm and increased resistance to both disinfectants. Remarkably, relative quantification analysis using RT-qPCR revealed an interaction: the presence of P. fluorescens markedly upregulated the icaA and icaD genes in S. aureus. This genetic modulation was directly correlated with increased production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion and EPS, which are crucial for biofilm maturation and structural integrity. This study offers a theoretical foundation for the hazard control of multi-species biofilms in the dairy industry.},
}

@article {pmid41213229,
year = {2025},
author = {Su, J and Chen, S and Huang, Z and He, H and Zou, H and Huang, X and Xie, Y and Zhao, H and Xu, Z and Lei, T and Li, J and Zeng, H},
title = {Phage-conjugated chlorin e6: A strategy overcoming phage resistance in biofilm eradication and wound infection therapy of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.},
journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology},
volume = {273},
number = {},
pages = {113302},
doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113302},
pmid = {41213229},
issn = {1873-2682},
abstract = {Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) frequently causes biofilm-related infections that can exhibit extreme resistance to antibiotic therapy. Phage therapy shows promise as an alternative treatment, yet bacteria may develop resistance to it with prolonged use. Phage-photosensitizer combination therapy represents a novel antimicrobial strategy. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of chlorin e6-functionalized phage in eradicating biofilms and treating CRAB infections, and to assess its sustained after effect following the emergence of phage resistance. The A. baumannii phage (ABP)-chlorin e6 conjugate (ABP-Ce6) was successfully synthesized and characterized. It preserved the phage's absorptive capacity and lytic activity while enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, ABP-Ce6 demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity comparable to ABP while exceeding that of Ce6, and showed superior performance in both inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting existing biofilms in CRAB Ab1513. Significantly, although ABP exhibited no efficacy against the phage-resistant CRAB Ab1513-BIM12 due to its inability to achieve irreversible adsorption, the ABP-Ce6 maintained potent antibacterial and biofilm ablation effects against this strain, outperforming free Ce6. This sustained efficacy arises from ABP's reversible adsorption, which still enables proximity-driven Ce6 delivery to the target bacteria. In vivo, the ABP-Ce6 significantly enhanced mice wound healing for infections caused by CRAB Ab1513 and Ab1513-BIM12. In conclusion, ABP-Ce6 exhibits significant efficacy as a therapeutic agent against CRAB infections even after the bacteria develop resistance to phage therapy. This novel strategy may serve as a hopeful complementary strategy to phage therapy, thereby reducing delays in screening for new therapeutic phages.},
}

@article {pmid41212320,
year = {2025},
author = {Rabani, HM and Isazadeh, K and Ghasemi, MF and Habibi, A},
title = {Novel dual-targeting of biofilm formation and pyocyanin production in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates using glutamine-modified thiosemicarbazone-conjugated ZnO nanoparticles.},
journal = {Discover nano},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {202},
pmid = {41212320},
issn = {2731-9229},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with chronic and hard-to-treat infections, particularly in burn units and immunocompromised patients. Its intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics poses a major therapeutic challenge. While ZnO nanoparticles conjugated with thiosemicarbazone (TSC) have shown promise in general antimicrobial applications, their potential for simultaneously inhibiting biofilm formation and pyocyanin production-key virulence factors-in clinical P. aeruginosa strains remains unexplored. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal route and conjugated with a glutamine-modified TSC ligand (ZnO@Glu-TSC) to enhance their antimicrobial efficacy. The nanoconjugate was comprehensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Functional evaluations were conducted against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, biofilm inhibition, and pyocyanin suppression assays. ZnO@Glu-TSC nanoparticles exhibited a sharp UV-Vis absorption peak at 380 nm with a band gap of 3.26 eV, and XRD confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of ~ 19.8 nm. The nanoconjugate demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL and synergistic effects in 70% of clinical isolates (FIC ≤ 0.5, p < 0.01). Biofilm inhibition assays revealed an 80% reduction in biomass (OD values approaching those of the negative control), while pyocyanin production decreased by more than 75% at 512 µg/mL (p < 0.001). These results represent the first demonstration of ZnO@Glu-TSC's dual antivirulence action against clinical P. aeruginosa strains, underscoring its therapeutic promise as a potent, multi-targeted nanoantimicrobial candidate and warranting further development for translational nanomedicine applications in combating persistent infections.},
}

@article {pmid41212219,
year = {2025},
author = {Datta, D and Bhattacharjee, S},
title = {Biosurfactants as novel antibiofilm agents: mechanisms, biomedical applications, and applications in biofilm-associated infections.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {1},
pages = {6},
pmid = {41212219},
issn = {1432-072X},
abstract = {Biofilm-related infections represent a long-standing problem in clinical and industrial environments because of their innate resistance to standard antimicrobials. Biosurfactants, which are amphiphilic and biodegradable compounds made by microorganisms, are showing great promise as anti-biofilm agents due to their wide-ranging antimicrobial effects and minimal toxicity. They function by reducing bacterial adhesion, destabilizing the structural integrity of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, and enhancing membrane permeability, which may ultimately lead to cell lysis. The multifunctional characteristics of biosurfactants facilitate a wide range of biomedical applications such as medical device coatings, drug delivery systems, synergistic antimicrobial formulations, and vaccine adjuvants. Their compatibility with the environment makes them promising alternatives to synthetic surfactants. However, limitations such as low production yields, expensive purification, and regulatory uncertainties are deterring large-scale commercial usage at present. Future studies need to be directed towards metabolic and genetic engineering approaches to increase the yield of biosurfactants, utilize omics tools to define their specific mechanisms, and use nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for enhanced biofilm disruption. Biosurfactants thus represent a sustainable and innovative solution against biofilm-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance.},
}

@article {pmid41211371,
year = {2025},
author = {Fang, L and Herrera-Herrera, A and Harris-Ricardo, J and Olier-Castillo, D and Fortich-Mesa, N and Hoyos-Hoyos, V},
title = {Exploring the Oral Microbiome in the Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries from Vulnerable Communities in Cartagena, Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study.},
journal = {International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {1211-1216},
pmid = {41211371},
issn = {0974-7052},
abstract = {AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To explore the oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prevalence study that included 75 children aged 5-8 from three vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia. Taking into account the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), calibrated examiners diagnosed all participants with dental caries. Samples of dental biofilm were obtained from carious tooth surfaces; extraction of bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was performed, and sequenced V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene. Statistical analyses were conducted at the genus and species levels. Microbial diversity was analyzed using the Shannon diversity index.

RESULTS: The most prevalent bacterial genera identified were Streptococcus (probe 4), Lactobacillus (probe 5), Streptococcus (probe 1), and Fusobacterium (probe 4). The most abundant species identified were Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Leptotrichia sp. HOT 417. A comparison of relative species abundance showed a more significant presence of Parascardovia denticolens, S. mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus in extensive cavitated carious lesions (p < 0.001). The oral biofilm exhibited richness in bacterial species, as the α-Shannon index of 3.02 (SD 0.36) indicated.

CONCLUSION: The oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena shows high bacterial diversity, with specific species significantly associated with extensive cavitated lesions.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the microbial diversity and specific bacterial associations in carious lesions provides valuable insights for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Fang L, Herrera-Herrera A, Harris-Ricardo J, et al. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in the Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries from Vulnerable Communities in Cartagena, Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1211-1216.},
}

@article {pmid41210938,
year = {2025},
author = {Ahmad, AAM and El-Naenaeey, EY and Aloufi, AS and Khalifa, EK and Khamis, T and Elmowalid, GA and El-Hamid, MIA},
title = {Thymoquinone/β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, a novel plant-derived combination, inhibited quorum sensing signaling pathways and disrupted biofilm in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1686764},
pmid = {41210938},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disrupting Staphylococcus aureus S. aureusbiofilms is of utmost importance in the medical field. Identifying herbal compounds, especially those comprising enzymes, with antibacterial and biofilm-degrading properties offers a promising alternative to conventional biofilm inhibitors. The present study explored the novel effects of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), an enzyme derived from jack beans, in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting established biofilms. Furthermore, it investigated the potential effects of combining NAGase with thymoquinone (TQ) extracted from Nigella sativa seeds.

METHODS: S. aureus isolates with robust biofilm formation were selected using a quantitative microtiter plate method. The effect of TQ and/or NAGase on the growth and dispersion of existing biofilms was evaluated using a crystal violet staining assay in a microtiter plate. The study also investigated their impact on quorum sensing (QS) molecules (agrA, agrC, and sarA) and icaA, agr, and atl gene regulation using computational modeling and real-time PCR analysis, respectively.

RESULTS: Treatment with NAGase (2.5 U/mL) and TQ [1× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)] significantly reduced existing biofilms in multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates by 40.9%-65.6% and 30.9%-69.3%, respectively. Notably, combining TQ and NAGase led to a greater reduction of established biofilm (61.8%-73.8%) compared to the untreated controls. Computer simulations revealed that the TQ ligand was a potent inhibitor of QS molecules, binding tightly to agrA and sarA. Notably, NAGase, whether used alone or in conjunction with TQ, led to a decrease in the expression of the atl, icaA, and agr genes.

CONCLUSIONS: The combination of TQ and NAGase is a promising antibiofilm agent in S. aureus, offering several advantages over traditional options. It effectively targets both QS pathways and breaks down polysaccharide intercellular adhesins, in addition to exhibiting antibacterial properties to combat bacteria within existing biofilms. The presence of NAGase, a naturally occurring enzyme in cellular lysosomes, combined with the optimal pharmacokinetic properties of TQ, makes it a potential treatment for systemic and localized S. aureus infections.},
}

@article {pmid41210552,
year = {2025},
author = {Thurler, BA and Santos, TPDF and Motta, PC and Pereira, GLD and Chianca, GC and Povoa, HCC and Fontes, KBFDC and Iorio, NLPP},
title = {Activity of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against a cariogenic biofilm composed of a microbial consortium.},
journal = {Journal of biomedical optics},
volume = {30},
number = {11},
pages = {118001},
pmid = {41210552},
issn = {1560-2281},
abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: Dental caries is a polymicrobial condition derived from microbial biofilm. There is a lack of studies addressing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) activity against a cariogenic multispecies biofilm.

AIM: We aim to evaluate the activity of aPDT against a cariogenic biofilm composed of a microbial consortium.

APPROACH: Equal parts of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Candida albicans were used to form a microbial inoculum containing ∼ 10 7 colony-forming units/mL, which was placed on cellulose acetate membranes to form biofilm. After biofilm formation, the seven groups, each containing four membranes, were treated as follows: laser 1 J (G1); laser 4 J (G2); photosensitizer methylene blue (G3); photosensitizer + laser 1 J (G4); photosensitizer + laser 4 J (G5); chlorhexidine as positive control (G6); and distilled water (G7).

RESULTS: The number of viable microbial cells per biofilm varied between 1.40 × 10 8 (G5) and 7.28 × 10 8 (G1), whereas the negative control group (G7) reached 1.38 × 10 9 . Compared with G7, all groups presented a reduction, with the percentage varying from 47.05% (G1) to 89.85% (G5). However, G5 (photosensitizer + laser 4 J) was the only group to present a statistical reduction (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: aPDT represents an important antibiofilm adjunct therapy, resulting in a significant reduction in microbial cells within a cariogenic biofilm model.},
}

@article {pmid41209717,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, W and Xi, Y and Zhang, H and Li, X and Wang, W and Zhao, Z and Gao, M and Li, S and Han, P and Liu, Y},
title = {Simulated microgravity induces time-dependent enhancement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.},
journal = {Current research in microbial sciences},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100493},
pmid = {41209717},
issn = {2666-5174},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a significant opportunistic pathogen, causes severe infections. However, its pathogenic mechanisms under simulated microgravity (SMG) remain poorly understood. Biofilm formation, a critical virulence factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is tightly regulated by its quorum sensing (QS) system. To investigate the temporal dynamics of biofilm development under SMG, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was cultured under SMG conditions for defined time intervals (15, 30, 45, and 60 days). Phenotypic analysis revealed a distinct time-dependent pattern of biofilm formation. A critical transition point occurred at 30 days (SMG30d), characterized by significantly enhanced bacterial proliferation and robust biofilm architecture, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Transcriptomic analysis identified 219 genes specifically upregulated at SMG30d, enriched in virulence pathways, including key biofilm regulators (pel, pqs, rhl). Metabolomic profiling detected 149 significantly upregulated metabolites (e.g., betaine, pantothenic acid), enriched in pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. Crucially, transcriptomic comparison between SMG15d and SMG30d demonstrated upregulation of QS-associated biofilm regulatory genes, confirming the time-dependent biofilm formation under SMG. Notably, the key QS gene lasI was upregulated under SMG. Furthermore, deletion of lasIsubstantially impaired biofilm formation. These findings elucidate the time-dependent enhancement of biofilm virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under SMG, mediated through QS activation, and identify novel targets for space pathogen monitoring and infection prevention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41208863,
year = {2025},
author = {Muslim, MRF and Chabib, L and Suryaningsih, BE and Hayati, F and Annisa, V},
title = {Green-synthesized silver nanoparticle hydrogels for biofilm-infected wounds: Bridging sustainability and clinical translation.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1694144},
pmid = {41208863},
issn = {1663-9812},
}

@article {pmid41205471,
year = {2025},
author = {Amengor, CD and Gyan, P and Biniyam, PD and Amaning-Danquah, C and Harley, BK and Ohene-Adu, V and Adu-Adjei, K and Abudey, BM and Osei, M and Quansah, P and Amengor, CM and Borquaye, LS},
title = {Substituted chalcones inhibit biofilm formation and efflux pumps of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Antimicrobial, molecular docking, ADME and QSAR studies.},
journal = {Bioorganic chemistry},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {109077},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109077},
pmid = {41205471},
issn = {1090-2120},
abstract = {In this study, a library of 19 acetophenone-derived chalcones were synthesized via Claisen Schmidt Aldol condensation. Analytical and spectral instrumentation (FT-IR, [1]H NMR, [13]C NMR and HPLC-MS) were utilized for the structural elucidation. From the antibacterial evaluation against MRSA (clinical strain planktonic cells: ST152), compounds 3b and 3k were significantly active, demonstrating exceptional activity against the MRSA planktonic cells at an equipotent concentration of 3.9063 μg/ml, exceeding the efficacy of the reference drug clindamycin with MIC of 7.8125 μg/ml. Compound 3b demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of efflux pump at a sub-inhibitory concentration of 1.953 μg/ml out-performing the reference drug Verapamil. Notably, the most potent anti-biofilm compounds 3k and 3r bearing the indole moiety exhibited a percentage biofilm inhibition of 99.45 % and 96.70 % respectively. The molecular docking results showed compounds 3b, 3k, and 3r exhibited favorable binding energies and strong interactions with the SauPBP2a active site. From the ADME prediction using ADMETLAB 3.0, the compounds had good oral bioavailability, excellent membrane permeability according to the Caco-2 and PAMPA values, exhibited favorable safety profile and met drug-like features, however, further optimisation to improve toxicity is needed. The biological and in silico data available indicated 3k [(E)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one] and 3r [(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one] as promising clinical candidates. The optimal QSAR model, generated via generic algorithm multiple linear regression (GA-MLR): -24.6553 + 2.9442GATs7m + 0.2937VE3_Dze+14.2926spMin2_Bhp demonstrated robust predictive performance with an R[2] of 0.8926 and an adjusted R[2] of 0.8604.},
}

@article {pmid41205349,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Hou, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhang, Z and Dong, Z and Qiu, Y},
title = {Exploring the influence of key extracellular polymeric substances components on nanoplastic mobility in seawater-saturated porous media during biofilm formation.},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {258},
number = {},
pages = {115250},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115250},
pmid = {41205349},
issn = {1873-4367},
abstract = {Although the influence of biofilm formation on marine porous media and the associated secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on nanoplastic (NP) transport has been well studied, the roles of specific EPS subcomponents, such as loosely bound (LB-EPS) and tightly bound (TB-EPS) fractions, produced by bacteria at different growth stages remain poorly understood. Also unclear are the functions and mechanisms of certain chemical constituents within EPS, including proteins, polysaccharides, and humic substances. This study examines how biofilms and their EPS affect the transport of NPs through seawater-saturated sand columns. Our results show that biofilm age significantly affects the effluent recovery rate of NPs (Meff-BF). The highest recovery rates were observed in biofilms aged 24 h (68.18 %) and 144 h (68.45 %), compared to only 53.96 % in the uncolonized sand control. Similarly, the presence of EPS coatings on sand grains also enhanced NP mobility, with recovery rates of 64.67 % at 24 h and 61.51 % at 144 h. Further analysis separating EPS into LB-EPS and TB-EPS revealed that LB-EPS influences NP recovery in a manner similar to that of intact biofilms, and its effect is more pronounced than that of TB-EPS. Component analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between protein content and Meff-BF (P < 0.05, r = -0.9842), and a significant positive correlation with humic substances (P < 0.05, r = 0.9823). The protein-to-polysaccharide ratio, an indicator of sand surface hydrophobicity, was negatively correlated with Meff-BF (P < 0.05, r = -0.9869). Finally, proteins and humic substances within LB-EPS were identified as key factors regulating NP transport, showing strong correlations at P < 0.001 (r = -0.9994) and P < 0.01 (r = 0.9920), respectively.},
}

@article {pmid41205154,
year = {2025},
author = {Rader, A and Niezgoda, J and Kelso, MR and Gopalakrishnan, S},
title = {A comparative analysis of sharp debridement devices for biofilm management in hard-to-heal wounds: a clinical assessment.},
journal = {Journal of wound care},
volume = {34},
number = {Sup11},
pages = {S47-S56},
doi = {10.12968/jowc.2025.0074},
pmid = {41205154},
issn = {0969-0700},
mesh = {Humans ; *Debridement/instrumentation/methods ; *Biofilms ; Prospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; *Wound Healing ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Wound Infection/therapy/microbiology ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Hard-to-heal wound biofilms are increasingly recognised as a major barrier to healing, contributing to persistent inflammation, delayed re-epithelialisation, and reduced responsiveness to standard therapies. While traditional sharp debridement (TSD) is a standard treatment, its limitations include the need for specialised training, the potential for pain and bleeding, and degree-specific scope of practice restrictions. This study investigated a novel multifaceted, sharp debridement device as a potential addition to the current portfolio of debridement technologies.

METHOD: This prospective study enrolled patients with hard-to-heal wounds, randomised equally to either multifaceted, sharp debridement (EZ-Debride, MDM Wound Ventures, US (EZD)) or TSD (scalpels/curettes). Biofilm presence and extent were assessed pre- and post-debridement using a modified Alcian blue wound blotting technique, graded on a 0-3 scale. Biofluorescent imaging (BFI) and provider clinical assessments allowed additional evaluation of the biofilm removal efficacy.

RESULTS: The experimental cohort comprised 80 patients. Both EZD and TSD significantly reduced biofilm, as evidenced by decreased Alcian blue staining grades post-debridement (p<0.005 for both). However, EZD resulted in a significantly greater reduction in biofilm than TSD (85.0% versus 34.9%, respectively; p<0.0001). While BFI showed limited correlation with Alcian blue staining overall, in cases with positive pre-debridement BFI imaging results, EZD achieved a 100% reduction in bacterial fluorescence compared with 50% using traditional methods. Clinical assessment confirmed a higher rate of complete biofilm removal in the EZD group compared with the TSD group (60.0% versus 12.2%, respectively).

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the novel multifaceted, sharp debridement device, EZD, is a safe and effective tool for biofilm removal in hard-to-heal wounds, potentially surpassing TSD methods. EZD offers a less invasive, more efficient, and potentially less painful approach, suggesting its value in improving clinical wound management and patient outcomes. Further research should examine its impact on long-term healing and broader clinical applicability.},
}

Humans
*Debridement/instrumentation/methods
*Biofilms
Prospective Studies
Male
Female
*Wound Healing
Middle Aged
Aged
*Wound Infection/therapy/microbiology
Adult
Aged, 80 and over

@article {pmid41203086,
year = {2025},
author = {Boujnane, M and André, G and Jeannot, K and Boukerb, AM and Connil, N},
title = {A QseBC-like system is involved in motility and biofilm formation responses to catecholamines in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108162},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108162},
pmid = {41203086},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Catecholamines hormones, including epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (Dopa), are known to enhance Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 growth, motility, and biofilm formation. However, the bacterial sensing mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. In this study, adrenergic and dopaminergic inhibitors (phentolamine, propranolol and chlorpromazine) were used to investigate how P. aeruginosa PAO1 recognizes host-derived catecholamines. We found that phentolamine and propranolol inhibited Epi/NE-induced bacterial growth, motility and biofilm formation. In contrast, chlorpromazine selectively abolished Dopa-induced biofilm formation. These results suggest the involvement of at least one putative adrenergic/dopaminergic-like sensor in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Bioinformatics analysis identified PmrB, a QseC-like histidine sensor kinase in PmrAB two-component system (TCS), as a plausible candidate. Molecular docking using an AlphaFold3 model of PmrB, showed that catecholamines can bind to a cavity at the dimer interface. A ΔpmrAB mutant failed to respond to catecholamine exposure in motility and biofilm experiments, supporting a direct role of the PmrAB TCS in mediating PAO1 responses to host-derived catecholamines.},
}

@article {pmid41202900,
year = {2025},
author = {Choi, SR and Britigan, BE and Narayanasamy, P},
title = {Gallium Hematoporphyrin inhibits Mycobacteroides abscessus in vitro, including biofilm formation and stability.},
journal = {Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {130466},
doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130466},
pmid = {41202900},
issn = {1464-3405},
abstract = {The nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen, Mycobacteroides abscessus, can cause severe pulmonary infections. Emerging multidrug resistance to current antibiotics poses significant challenges for treatment of M. abscessus infections. Thus, new antibiotics are needed, preferably ones that target new microbial pathways. Earlier, we examined the in vitro inhibitory activities of several gallium compounds, Ga(NO3)3, GaCl3, gallium meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (GaTP) and gallium nanoparticles (GaNP), against intra- and extracellular M. abscessus. We have previously shown that these gallium compounds function by disrupting microbial iron/heme acquisition and utilization. Here, we explored an alternative therapeutic approach using gallium hematoporphyrin (GaHP), a toxic heme analogue. GaHP inhibited growth of clinical M. abscessus isolates, with MICs in range of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL. GaHP was more active than rifampin against M. abscessus, showed synergism with clarithromycin, and induced ROS formation in M. abscessus. GaHP also inhibited biofilm formation of both smooth and rough M. abscessus colony morphotypes. GaHP also disrupted preformed biofilms by both M. abscessus morphotypes. Hence, GaHP could be a potential lead compound for development of anti-NTM agents that targets heme-metabolism of M. abscessus.},
}

@article {pmid41202589,
year = {2025},
author = {Nesa, SR and Mizan, MFR and Meghla, NS and Kang, I and Ha, SD},
title = {Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds and essential oils in poultry: A sustainable strategy to combat Salmonella biofilm infections.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {104},
number = {12},
pages = {106056},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.106056},
pmid = {41202589},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {The rapid growth of the global chicken industry has raised concerns about food safety, particularly Salmonella, a significant zoonotic infection associated with poultry products. Salmonella's capacity to form biofilms in farm and processing environments (slaughter, chilling, cutting, and packaging areas) makes it more resistant to disinfectants, antibiotics, and environmental stresses, complicating control attempts. Natural antibacterial agents are attracting renewed interest due to the drawbacks of traditional control strategies, such as the potential for antibiotic resistance development and harmful residuals. Plant-based phenolic compounds and essential oils (EOs) have emerged as safe, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly alternatives for inhibiting Salmonella biofilm formation during the various stages of infection and contamination in poultry, such as biofilm maturation, gut colonization, and eggshell adhesion, while preserving beneficial microbiota. These compounds also promote poultry health, performance, and gut immunity. This review examines the prevalence and causes of Salmonella biofilm development in chicken, assesses the antibiofilm and antibacterial characteristics of phenolics and EOs, and highlights their potential stage-specific applications along the poultry production chain. Furthermore, it addresses current obstacles, such as stability and delivery issues, and it also outlines future research priorities, with a focus on enhanced delivery methods, in vivo validation, and integrative approaches to sustainable biofilm control. Moreover, by focusing on stage-specific applications and resolving practical problems, this review connects laboratory discoveries to real-world chicken production, highlighting phenolic compounds and EOs as unique, residue-free Salmonella biofilm management agents with possible advantages but also potential human health safety concerns.},
}

@article {pmid41202456,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, S and Wang, X and Huang, Y and Huang, J and Du, J and Huang, X},
title = {Stimuli-responsive piezoelectric orthodontic adhesives for smart biofilm control.},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {258},
number = {},
pages = {115233},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115233},
pmid = {41202456},
issn = {1873-4367},
abstract = {Biofilm accumulation on orthodontic appliances hinders oral hygiene, increasing risks of white spot lesions and other oral health issues. Here, we developed a piezoelectric adhesive containing silver-loaded barium titanate (BTO@Ag) nanoparticles that leveraged stimulus responsiveness to achieve controllable and sustained antimicrobial properties. The composite adhesive was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for safety. An oscillatory device simulating oral movements and an ultrasonic generator mimicking ultrasonic toothbrushes were used to activate the piezoelectric properties of the modified adhesive. Its antimicrobial effects were assessed by evaluating biofilm formation/removal, metabolic activity, and structural integrity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed that the incorporation of 5 wt% and 10 wt% of BTO@Ag had no significant effect on the adhesive properties and safety of the modified adhesive. It significantly inhibited biofilm formation and metabolic activity under motion-stimulation. Upon ultrasound activation, it further removed residual biofilm and reduced metabolic vitality, with the antimicrobial efficacy exhibiting a dose-dependent enhancement. The antimicrobial activity correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited sustained efficacy. The developed stimuli-responsive piezoelectric orthodontic adhesive exhibited dynamic antimicrobial activity, presenting a novel strategy for biofilm control during orthodontic treatments.},
}

@article {pmid41201733,
year = {2025},
author = {Saleh, RM and Hassan, OM},
title = {The infectome framework: linking polymicrobial ecology and biofilm dynamics to precision diagnostic approaches.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41201733},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {Chronic infections are a persistent global health problem and are frequently sustained by polymicrobial communities rather than by a single pathogen. This review brings together current evidence for the infectome concept, defined as the dynamic set of pathogenic or pathobiont taxa in the host, their shared functional capacities, and the interactions that connect them. We analyze how community-level processes promote persistence, cause diagnostic failure, and drive therapeutic resistance, with emphasis on multispecies biofilms, quorum sensing, horizontal gene transfer, metabolic cooperation, and immune modulation. We also highlight advances in multi-omics and computational integration that now permit high-resolution infectome profiling and reveal taxa and interspecies networks that are not captured by routine culture. Clinical examples such as periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, device-associated infections, and recurrent urinary tract infections show the translational value of this shift. On the therapeutic side, we discuss infectome-informed options including antivirulence agents, biofilm-disrupting enzymes, bacteriophages and lysins, community-wide susceptibility-guided regimens, and microbiome-restoration strategies. Finally, we identify the main requirements for the field: standardized sampling and analytic workflows, reproducible infectome signatures linked to clinical outcomes, and trial designs able to capture ecological dynamics and meet regulatory expectations for community-targeted interventions. Adopting an infectome perspective can enable precision infectiology and reshape the management of chronic and recurrent infections.},
}

@article {pmid41197556,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, G and Zhao, L and Li, R and Liu, R and Wang, Y and Bartlam, M},
title = {Coordinated host resistance and distinct phage strategies shape biofilm-phage dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {303},
number = {},
pages = {128385},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128385},
pmid = {41197556},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {Temperate and virulent phages coexist in natural environments and can collaboratively contribute to the lysis of bacterial biofilms. However, their therapeutic potential and the dynamics of phage-biofilm interactions, particularly in clinical contexts, remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated the strong biofilm-lysing capabilities of the temperate phage PaoP1 and virulent phage PaoP5 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, highlighting their potential for phage therapy. RNA-seq analysis revealed a shared host resistance mechanism involving the downregulation of flagellar biosynthesis and enhanced biofilm formation. Despite this common host response, the two phages exhibited distinct infection strategies: PaoP1 integrated quiescently into the host genome, while PaoP5 rapidly and abundantly expressed its genes, potentially hijacking the host transcriptional machinery through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. These findings deepen our understanding of phage-biofilm interactions and support the development of phage-based approaches to treat biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41197508,
year = {2025},
author = {Wen, M and Deng, C and Lei, J and Yang, X and Li, J and Al-Dhabi, NA and Wen, S and Tang, W and Feng, B and Zhang, P},
title = {Amoxicillin effects on pollutant removal, cyanophycin synthesis, and the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the algal-bacterial biofilm.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {500},
number = {},
pages = {140363},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140363},
pmid = {41197508},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {The algal-bacterial wastewater treatment process is characterized by its efficiency in water quality purification and bioresource recovery. This study investigated the effects of amoxicillin (AMX) on pollutant removal, cyanophycin synthesis, and the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the algal-bacterial biofilm. AMX significantly suppressed ammonia and phosphorus removal by inhibiting nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation in cyanobacteria. A total of 72 metagenomic assembled genomes carrying cyanophycin biosynthetic genes were identified, with Pantanalinema and Planktothrix being the primary cyanophycin-producing species. AMX concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/L suppressed both cyanobacterial growth and cyanophycin synthesis, with the inhibitory effect intensifying as AMX concentration increased. AMX also promoted the proliferation of sul1, OXA-101, VEB-3, and qacEdelta1, while decreased the abundance of OXA-36, erm(F), and tet types. Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota were the primary hosts for ARGs proliferation and dissemination, with bacA and tetX1 actively spreading within the algal-bacterial biofilm. Cyanobacteria played a negligible role in the propagation of ARGs. This study offers new insights into the spread of ARGs and bioresource recovery in algal-bacterial systems, focusing on both gene and strain levels.},
}

@article {pmid41196406,
year = {2025},
author = {Altunova, H and Kılıç, İH},
title = {Evaluation of the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures of intensive care unit patients.},
journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek},
volume = {118},
number = {12},
pages = {187},
pmid = {41196406},
issn = {1572-9699},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Intensive Care Units ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology ; Coagulase/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Blood Culture ; },
abstract = {Elucidating the relationship between biofilm formation and specific antibiotic resistance is important for understanding resistance mechanisms. In this study, the antibiotic resistance profiles of 64 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) strains isolated from intensive care patients were determined using the VITEK-2 compact system, and their biofilm production ability was assessed using the microtiter plate method to investigate the relationship between the two. Additionally, the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of vancomycin, linezolid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin were determined against isolates with varying biofilm production capacities. All the strains were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, while resistant to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, and rifampicin. Resistance rates to other antibiotics ranged between 1.6% (quinupristin/dalfopristin) and 96.9% (oxacillin). Overall, 48.4% of the isolates produced biofilm. The biofilm production potential of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains (62.1%) was significantly higher than that of non-S. epidermidis CoNS strains (37.1%) (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between biofilm production and specific antibiotic resistance (p > 0.05). Contrary to the general literature, non-biofilm-producing strains were resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than biofilm-producing strains (p < 0.05). Crucially, MBEC values demonstrated a strong positive correlation with biofilm density, increasing up to > 1024 μg/mL in strong biofilm producers. The results indicate that biofilm production does not predict specific antibiotic resistance, and that non-biofilm-producing strains may have compensated for the lack of biofilm production by developing specific antibiotic resistance. However, biofilm formation confers significant phenotypic tolerance, necessitating much higher antibiotic concentrations for eradication than those indicated by conventional susceptibility testing. In addition to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and quinupristin/dalfopristin were also found to be effective options for multidrug-resistant planktonic infections, though their efficacy against biofilm-embedded cells may be substantially limited.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Intensive Care Units
*Staphylococcus/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology
Coagulase/metabolism
*Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Blood Culture

@article {pmid41195452,
year = {2025},
author = {Anderson, MAJ and Thorpe, AC and Busi, SB and Gweon, HS and Warren, J and Walsh, K and Read, DS},
title = {Unlocking River Biofilm Microbial Diversity: A Comparative Analysis of Sequencing Technologies.},
journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70075},
doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.70075},
pmid = {41195452},
issn = {1755-0998},
support = {NE/S007261/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/X015947/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/X015777/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency/ ; },
abstract = {Freshwater ecosystems are under increasing pressure from pollution, habitat degradation and climate change, highlighting the need for reliable biomonitoring approaches to assess ecosystem health and identify the causes of biodiversity and ecosystem service loss. Characterisation of freshwater microbiomes has the potential to be an important tool for understanding freshwater ecology, ecosystem health and ecosystem function. High-throughput sequencing technologies, such as Illumina short-read and Pacific Biosciences long-read sequencing, are widely used for microbial community analysis. However, the relative performance of these approaches for monitoring freshwater microbiomes has not been well explored. In this study, we compared the performance of long- and short-read sequencing approaches to assess archaeal and bacterial diversity in 42 river biofilm samples across seven distinct river sites in England by targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Our findings demonstrated that longer reads generated by PacBio sequencing provide a higher taxonomic resolution, enabling the classification of taxa that remained unassigned in the short-read Illumina datasets. This enhanced resolution is particularly beneficial for biodiversity assessments because it improves species-level identification, which is crucial for ecological monitoring. Despite this, both sequencing methods produced comparable bacterial community structures regarding taxon relative abundance, suggesting that the sequencing approach does not profoundly affect the comparative assessment of community composition. However, while Illumina offers higher throughput and cost efficiency, PacBio's ability to resolve complex microbial communities highlights its potential for studies requiring precise taxonomic identification.},
}

@article {pmid41193864,
year = {2025},
author = {Yasbolaghi Sharahi, J and Fayyazi, A and Kodori, M and Hosseinpour, M and Hashemi, A and Mahmoudi, M and Rafiei, F},
title = {Dispersal Mechanisms in Biofilm Control: Characteristics, Induction, Impacts, and Therapeutic Potential.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {1},
pages = {3},
pmid = {41193864},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; },
abstract = {Biofilms represent intricate microbial consortia adhering to surfaces, posing substantial challenges in medical and industrial contexts due to their formidable resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. These communities exhibit enhanced resilience over planktonic cells, necessitating innovative control and eradication strategies. Inducing biofilm dispersion has emerged as a promising strategy, garnering significant research interest. This review synthesizes recent advancements in biofilm dispersion, delineating the characteristics of dispersed cells, elucidating the molecular and environmental triggers of dispersion, and examining the ramifications of dispersal events. Furthermore, it underscores the therapeutic potential of leveraging dispersion to manage biofilm-associated infections and mitigate biofilm formation. By dissecting the mechanisms and implications of biofilm dispersion, this review enriches our understanding of biofilm dynamics and offers novel avenues for addressing biofilm-related challenges across diverse environments. Ultimately, harnessing dispersal mechanisms presents a paradigm shift in biofilm control, offering a powerful strategy to overcome treatment failures in chronic infections and to enhance efficacy in industrial biofouling mitigation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Humans
*Bacteria/genetics/drug effects
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

@article {pmid41193518,
year = {2025},
author = {Sathiaseelan, A and Song, KP and Tan, HS and Choo, WS},
title = {Transcriptomic and in vitro analysis of red pitahaya betacyanin fraction as a natural anti-biofilm agent against oral Streptococcus mutans.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {38754},
pmid = {41193518},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Transcriptome/drug effects ; *Betacyanins/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Dental Plaque/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Macrolides ; Cactaceae ; },
abstract = {Dental plaque biofilms, primarily formed by Streptococcus mutans, contribute significantly to oral diseases, necessitating effective anti-biofilm strategies. This study investigates the anti-biofilm potential of red pitahaya betacyanin fraction (BF) using transcriptomic analysis and an in vitro denture plaque model. Stringent differential gene expression analysis (p < 0.01, log2 fold change > ± 2) revealed that BF significantly downregulates genes involved in sucrose metabolism, energy production, and cell wall biosynthesis, impairing bacterial adhesion and biofilm integrity. Notably, the suppression of pfkB (phosphofructokinase) and fructose-specific PTS transporters revealed BF's ability to disrupt carbohydrate metabolism, while the downregulation of ciaR/ciaH two-component system impairs stress response and biofilm formation. Simultaneous upregulation of genes linked to glycolysis, arginine metabolism, and oxidative stress defence suggest an adaptive response to BF-induced stress. Gene ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses further confirmed that BF disrupts multiple bacterial pathways, including ATP synthesis, quorum sensing, and cell wall integrity. In an in vitro denture biofilm model, BF treatment resulted in a 79% reduction in plaque accumulation, demonstrating efficacy comparable to chlorhexidine while avoiding adverse effects such as staining. These findings underscore the potential of BF as a natural anti-biofilm agent with broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on S. mutans. Given its efficacy and safety profile, BF holds promise for incorporation into oral hygiene formulations as a novel therapeutic for biofilm-associated dental diseases.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/genetics/physiology
*Transcriptome/drug effects
*Betacyanins/pharmacology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
Gene Expression Profiling
Dental Plaque/microbiology/drug therapy
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology
Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Macrolides
Cactaceae

@article {pmid41189707,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, S and Rajitha, K and Park, S and Lim, J and Jung, HY and Kim, J and Kim, D},
title = {Unveiling the impact of allulose on oral microbiota and biofilm formation via a cariogenic potential assessment platform.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1670139},
pmid = {41189707},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/growth & development/physiology ; Saliva/microbiology ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Humans ; *Dental Caries/microbiology ; Streptococcus oralis/drug effects/growth & development ; *Mouth/microbiology ; Sucrose/metabolism ; *Fructose/pharmacology/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Virulence ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, particularly sucrose, has contributed to metabolic disorders and oral diseases such as dental caries by promoting dysbiotic biofilm formation and reducing microbial diversity. Allulose, a rare sugar with physicochemical properties similar to sucrose, has been suggested to offer metabolic health benefits; however, its impact on oral biofilm ecology remains unclear.

METHODS: We evaluated the cariogenic potential of allulose using a multi-tiered in vitro platform consisting of single-species planktonic and biofilm models, a dual-species biofilm model involving Streptococcus mutans (pathogen) and Streptococcus oralis (commensal), and a saliva-derived microcosm biofilm model. Key virulence indicators, including bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and microbial community composition, were quantitatively assessed.

RESULTS: Compared to sucrose, glucose, and fructose, allulose supported reduced bacterial growth and acid production, showing a profile similar to non-fermentable sugar alcohols such as xylitol and erythritol. Biofilms developed under allulose conditions lacked the dense EPS-enmeshed microcolonies and dome-shaped architecture characteristic of sucrose-induced S. mutans-dominant biofilms. In the saliva-derived microcosm model, allulose-treated biofilms maintained higher microbial diversity and preserved health-compatible genera such as Neisseria, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Granulicatella.

DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate that allulose supports lower bacterial virulence activity and minimal biofilm formation compared to common dietary sugars while preserving microbial diversity. This highlights its potential as a non-cariogenic sugar alternative with microbiome-conscious benefits and provides ecological insight into how allulose may modulate oral biofilm structure and function.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/growth & development/physiology
Saliva/microbiology
*Microbiota/drug effects
Humans
*Dental Caries/microbiology
Streptococcus oralis/drug effects/growth & development
*Mouth/microbiology
Sucrose/metabolism
*Fructose/pharmacology/metabolism
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism
Virulence

@article {pmid41188864,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, H and Liang, Y and Yang, Z and Liu, L and Ran, L and Liu, J and Ma, C and Wei, W and Zhang, S and Zhu, M and Chen, H},
title = {Paeonol eradicates biofilm in porcine-source Escherichia coli by targeting the quorum sensing system.},
journal = {BMC veterinary research},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {644},
pmid = {41188864},
issn = {1746-6148},
support = {CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0373//Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing, Chongqing Science and Technology Commission/ ; SWU-KQ22045//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities/ ; (KJQN20240021)//Science and Technology Research Program Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission/ ; (SWUS24193)//Southwest University Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project/ ; NCTIP-XDB19//National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs/ ; NCTIP-XDB19//National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs/ ; (202403AC100013)//Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department key research and development plan/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41188718,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, P and Peng, Y and Liu, J and Li, T and Zhang, D and Gu, L and Wang, Q and Su, M and Wei, M and Wang, S},
title = {Clinical profiling, antifungal drug susceptibility, and biofilm formation ability in pulmonary mucormycosis.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {713},
pmid = {41188718},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {7234385//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality/ ; 82302551//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Ggyfz202425//Reform and Development Program of Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine/ ; },
abstract = {Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), a life-threatening infection caused by Mucorales, exhibits high mortality. Comprehensive data integrating clinical profiling, antifungal susceptibility, and biofilm formation ability are limited. This retrospective study characterized 26 adult PM patients at a Beijing tertiary-care hospital. Data on demographics, underlying diseases, co-infections, and outcomes were collected. Clinical Mucorales isolates underwent molecular identification via 18 S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In vitro susceptibility against nine antifungals (amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, 5-flucytosine) was determined using Sensititre YeastOne YO10 panels. Biofilm biomass was assessed (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) via the crystal violet staining assay. Patients were predominantly older males (median age 66 years, 65.4% male) with high comorbidity burden (92.3%). All-cause in-hospital mortality was 38.5%. Strikingly, 80.8% had co-infections. Temporal analysis revealed that viral (77.8%) and fungal (62.5%) co-infections often preceded the detection of Mucorales. Molecular identification confirmed Rhizopus spp. (54%) predominated, followed by Rhizomucor spp. (19%), Mucor spp. (19%), and Lichtheimia spp. (8%). Antifungal testing showed amphotericin B possessed the most consistent activity (MIC50/MIC90: 1/2 µg/mL). Posaconazole was the most potent azole (MIC50/MIC90: 0.25/1 µg/mL), but profound genus-level heterogeneity was observed. Biofilm assessment at the 48-h peak revealed biofilm formation in 84.6% (22/26) of isolates. This study highlights the high prevalence of antecedent viral/fungal co-infections preceding Mucorales detection and significant mortality, despite in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B/posaconazol. In addition, most of the strains demonstrated biofilm formation ability, with evident genus-level heterogeneity. These findings emphasize the imperative of species-level identification and consideration of genus-specific traits to guide effective management of this life-threatening infection.},
}

@article {pmid41188704,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Chen, X and Mao, Y and Wang, S and Yang, H},
title = {Punicalagin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation: integrated omics reveals potential mechanisms.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {711},
pmid = {41188704},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {31902317//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Approved in 2022//the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; 24KJA230001//Major Basic Research Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions/ ; NSF2024JB01//the Research Project of Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College/ ; Approved in 2022//the 333 High-level Talent Training Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41188680,
year = {2025},
author = {Falk, NW and Smith, H and Papudeshi, B and Martin, B and Qian, G and Gerson, AR and Prasad, A and Harmer, SL and Dinsdale, EA},
title = {Metagenomics reveals water, biofilm, and sediment microbial communities exhibit distinct responses and functions in neutral and metalliferous drainage (NMD).},
journal = {Environmental geochemistry and health},
volume = {47},
number = {12},
pages = {547},
pmid = {41188680},
issn = {1573-2983},
support = {CRC TiME project 3.10 and Teck Resources Limited//CRCTiME/ ; },
abstract = {Neutral and metalliferous drainage (NMD) poses an environmental risk for both operating and legacy mine sites. Near-neutral pH distinguishes NMD from more acidic conditions of acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD), however NMD contains elevated levels of metals that necessitate strict management. Microbial communities are key indicators of ecological conditions and play important roles in NMD biogeochemical cycling, often exhibiting distinct dynamics compared to AMD. Shotgun sequencing and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were used to characterize microbial diversity and functional potential across water, biofilm, and sediment microbiomes along a flow path at a historical lead-zinc mine in Western Australia. Zn levels peaked upstream and declined downstream, corresponding to shifts in microbial diversity. In water microbiomes, a Polynucleobacter MAG became dominant where Zn concentrations dropped below known toxicity thresholds. The genomic traits of Polynucleobacter, including a streamlined genome, Zn- (LpxC) and heat-responsive membrane genes, and enriched lipid metabolism pathways, enabled survival under metal and nutrient stress. Photosynthetic biofilms, dominated by cyanobacteria such as Synechococcaceae and Leptolyngbyaceae, played a central role in ecosystem function. These biofilms contained genes for photosynthesis, metal transport, and motility, and likely contributed organic carbon and sulfur intermediates that supported heterotrophs like Polynucleobacter and Sediminibacterium. Coordinated microbial sulfur metabolism across habitats was evident, with sulfur oxidation occurring in water and biofilms and sulfate reduction localized to sediment, evidenced with ZnS mineral phases associated with increased DsrMKJOP gene abundance. These findings are vital for mine closure and land reclamation, offering knowledge on key microbial adaption and syntrophy in NMD systems.},
}

@article {pmid41188565,
year = {2025},
author = {Nemchenko, UM and Belkova, NL and Klimenko, ES and Zugeeva, RE and Sukhoreva, MV and Savilov, ED},
title = {Effect of Tobramycin on the Biofilm-Forming Forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.},
journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41188565},
issn = {1573-8221},
abstract = {The biological properties of nine clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from five patients with cystic fibrosis were assessed. Six different sequence types of P. aeruginosa with different biofilm-forming abilities were detected. It was found that at the initial stage of adhesion, four isolates were tobramycin-resistant, while in the formed biofilm, almost 100% survival was recorded. The properties of the isolates were associated with the sequence type: when it changed, the biofilm-forming ability decreased, but the number of viable cells resistant to tobramycin at a concentration of 2 μg/ml increased. The study shows that the existence of a biofilm is a key factor ensuring, despite constant antimicrobial therapy, the long-term persistence of P. aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.},
}

@article {pmid41187561,
year = {2025},
author = {Bombelli, A and Crespo Tapia, N and Tempelaars, MH and Boeren, S and den Besten, HMW and Abee, T and Liu, Y},
title = {Evolution of Listeria monocytogenes to a strong biofilm producer via the overexpression of Lmo1799.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {303},
number = {},
pages = {128379},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128379},
pmid = {41187561},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {Biofilm formation is key in Listeria monocytogenes' transmission and persistence in food processing environments. To further understand the mechanisms contributing to biofilm formation, an experimental evolution system was used to isolate strong biofilm producing strains of L. monocytogenes EGDe (reference strain) and FBR16 (hypermutator food isolate). After cycles of plastic surface colonisation, biofilm formation, dispersal and attachment to new surfaces, evolved variants (EV) strains were isolated and found to produce up to seven-fold more biofilm than their respective ancestral (AN) strains. Phenotypic assays revealed an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity as a shared dominant feature of EGDe and FBR16 EV isolates. Proteomic analysis showed proteins Lmo1798, a predicted glucosyltransferase, and Lmo1799, a putative peptidoglycan binding protein with 226 Ala-Asp tandem repeats, to be the most upregulated proteins in both EV strains compared to the AN strains. Genomic analysis of the EGDe EV strain identified a single-nucleotide insertion in the upstream region of lmo1799 and an in-frame deletion of 42 nucleotides in lmo1799, conceivably resulting in high-level expression of a functional protein with 219 Ala-Asp repeats. To evaluate the impact of Lmo1799 on the EV phenotypes and the overall biofilm capacity of L. monocytogenes, EGDe EV mutants lacking lmo1799 and/or the upstream insertion were constructed. Notably, both constructed mutants showed reduced biofilm formation and lower surface hydrophobicity compared to the EV strain, indicating the importance of these mutations for the strong biofilm capacity. Overall, these observations indicate a critical role of Lmo1799 in L. monocytogenes cell surface characteristics and biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41187429,
year = {2025},
author = {Dai, C and Lou, S and Fan, X and Li, P and Xu, X and Chen, X},
title = {Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of kushenol N against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {790},
number = {},
pages = {152885},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152885},
pmid = {41187429},
issn = {1090-2104},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious clinical challenge due to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Here, we demonstrate that kushenol N (KN), a natural flavonoid, exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multiple MRSA isolates (MICs of 8-32 μg/mL), and anti-biofilm activity against MRSA USA300. KN disrupted bacterial membranes and inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, reducing biomass by ∼85 % at 1/2 MIC and lowering extracellular DNA to ∼18 % of control. Key biofilm-associated genes (sarA, atl, agrA, clfA) were downregulated by 0.39-0.69-fold in MRSA USA300. KN displayed low cytotoxicity and minimal hemolytic activity (<6 %). In vivo, KN improved survival in Galleria mellonella (up to 100 % at 12 h) and murine infection models (up to 83 % at 75 mg/kg), while reducing bacterial loads and tissue damage, approaching the efficacy of vancomycin. These results highlight KN as a promising dual-function antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent, while the antivirulence effects were specifically observed in MRSA USA300, supporting further preclinical development and evaluation across additional MRSA strains.},
}

@article {pmid41186216,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, J and Shen, L and Yang, J and Shi, J and Huang, Y and Shang, Y and Yu, F},
title = {Staphyloxanthin-enriched extracts promote biofilm formation and oxidative stress resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0099625},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00996-25},
pmid = {41186216},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of global health concern, presents a significant clinical challenge due to its escalating antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming capacity. The biofilm matrix of S. aureus is enriched with carotenoids, primarily staphyloxanthin (STX), which function as virulence factors by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we examined the impact of the methanol extract of S. aureus (MES) on biofilm formation. Our findings revealed that MES enhanced biofilm formation in S. aureus strains with inherently weak biofilm-forming ability by upregulating key adhesion genes (fibronectin-binding protein A/fnbB, serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein D, clumping factors A/B, elastin-binding protein, and fib) and downregulating autolysis-associated genes (lytR and lrgA). Furthermore, MES augmented the resistance of these strains to whole blood-mediated killing and improved their antioxidant capacity. To elucidate the role of STX, methanolic extracts were prepared from crtM and crtN mutants of the USA300 LAC strain and applied to biofilm-impaired strains. These experiments provided indirect evidence that STX in the methanolic extract is a critical mediator of biofilm promotion in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest a potential mechanistic link between STX in S. aureus methanolic extract and biofilm formation, offering novel insights for therapeutic strategies against S. aureus infections.IMPORTANCEOur findings demonstrate that the methanolic extract of S. aureus, predominantly comprising STX, augments biofilm formation and antioxidant capacity in vitro. These results not only offer novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies for S. aureus infections but also underscore the potential role of microbial secondary metabolites in interstrain interactions.},
}

@article {pmid41186175,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, W and Ge, M and Liu, Q and Yang, C and Wang, Q and Lin, H and Zhang, X},
title = {Cysteine Metabolism Reprogramming-Motivated Catalytic Immunotherapy for Orthopedic Biofilm Infections.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c04069},
pmid = {41186175},
issn = {1936-086X},
abstract = {Immunotherapeutic strategies have proven to be very promising in the treatment of drug-resistant infections. However, breakthroughs against medical implant infections have been hampered by the presence of sophisticated bacterial biofilm defense barriers and suppressive immune cells at the biofilm-immune interface. Herein, we developed a nanointerfering catalyst (niCatalyst) for targeted modulation of cysteine metabolic processes in the biofilm-immune microenvironment (BIME). By releasing aurin tricarboxylic acid, the niCatalyst effectively blocked key enzymes involved in cysteine metabolism, thus limiting the production of hydrogen sulfide and glutathione in the biofilm defense barrier. Light-triggered burst catalysis of singlet oxygen further exacerbated the oxidative stress damage within the biofilm. Additionally, interference with cysteine metabolism inhibited cellular glutathione synthesis, leading to the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and antigen-presenting cell functions in macrophages. This, in turn, costimulated the immune functions of antibiofilm adaptive helper T cells and cytotoxic NK cells. In summary, our emerging niCatalysts enable reprogramming of cysteine metabolism in the BIME, as well as costimulation of innate and adaptive immunotherapy. This approach effectively eliminates drug-resistant biofilm infections with low metabolic activity, providing an alternative for metabolic immunotherapy in the postantibiotic era.},
}

@article {pmid41185925,
year = {2025},
author = {Ivory, JD and Sezgin, D and Coutts, PM and Roshan, D and Hobbs, CM and Soriano, JV and O'Gara, JP and Gallagher, D and Gethin, G},
title = {Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Biofilm in Chronic Wounds. What Do Practitioners Think? Consensus Through an Electronic Delphi Survey.},
journal = {International wound journal},
volume = {22},
number = {11},
pages = {e70771},
doi = {10.1111/iwj.70771},
pmid = {41185925},
issn = {1742-481X},
support = {GOIPG/2020/535//Irish Research Council/ ; CDA-2019-007/HRBI_/Health Research Board/Ireland ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; *Consensus ; Delphi Technique ; *Wound Infection/diagnosis/therapy ; *Wound Healing/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Wounds and Injuries/therapy ; Adult ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to gain clinician consensus on which signs/symptoms reported to be indicative of biofilm in chronic wounds are likely to be so. An international, two-round eDelphi process including wound care clinicians ran from December 2023 to February 2024. Participants rated 26 items on a 9-point Likert scale. Consensus to include: ≥ 70% of respondents rate an item 7-9, ≤ 15% rate it 1-3. Consensus to exclude: ≥ 70% of respondents rate an item 1-3, ≤ 15% rate it 7-9. Eleven items (visual indicators [a shiny, slimy, persistent layer, easily removed, returns quickly without frequent intervention]; failure to respond to antimicrobials; infection > 30 days duration; poor quality granulation tissue; stalled wound despite optimal management; persistent/prolonged inflammation; wound > 6 weeks duration; soft tissue deterioration despite antimicrobials/debridement; signs of local infection; tunnelling/undermining; presence of slough) achieved consensus to include status. To our knowledge, consensus work on this topic has not previously been performed on such a wide scale. When examined alongside similar work, clinical opinion on the matter lacks coherence. We hope that these findings will help direct us toward greater cohesiveness. The work supports a need for research to quantify the predictive abilities of signs and symptoms reported to be indicative of biofilm in chronic wounds.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms
Chronic Disease/therapy
*Consensus
Delphi Technique
*Wound Infection/diagnosis/therapy
*Wound Healing/physiology
Male
Female
Middle Aged
Surveys and Questionnaires
*Wounds and Injuries/therapy
Adult

@article {pmid41185360,
year = {2025},
author = {Ye, J and Qiu, W and Xie, J},
title = {Quorum sensing systems in biofilm formation and the potential application of natural quorum sensing inhibitors in aquatic product preservation.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 4},
pages = {117623},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117623},
pmid = {41185360},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Bacteria/drug effects/growth & development ; *Food Preservation/methods ; Homoserine/analogs & derivatives ; *Food Microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Lactones ; },
abstract = {Aquatic products contain a variety of microorganisms, including spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The spoilage of aquatic products induced by bacteria is related to biofilm formation, relying on cell density, through a process known as quorum sensing (QS). This process involves cell communication by synthesizing, detecting, and responding to autoinducers (AIs), mainly including acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and autoinducer peptide (AIP). Disrupting QS systems can interfere with biofilm formation by bacteria in aquatic products. Natural quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been widely studied for their safety, environmental friendliness and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. In this comprehensive review, we examine the role of QS systems in biofilm formation by food-related bacteria in aquatic products and summarize the types of natural QSIs along with their mechanisms of action in inhibiting biofilm formation. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of natural QSIs in aquatic product preservation and provide perspectives for future research.},
}

*Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Bacteria/drug effects/growth & development
*Food Preservation/methods
Homoserine/analogs & derivatives
*Food Microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Lactones

@article {pmid41185353,
year = {2025},
author = {Kim, GJ and Jin, YH and Mah, JH},
title = {Reduction of viability, heat resistance, and biofilm formation and persistence of Bacillus cereus spores in beef stew broth by herb and spice extracts.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 4},
pages = {117606},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117606},
pmid = {41185353},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Bacillus cereus/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Spores, Bacterial/drug effects/growth & development ; *Food Microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Spices ; *Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Hot Temperature ; *Red Meat/microbiology ; Thermotolerance ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {This study investigated the inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts from 16 plants (8 herbs and 8 spices) on the viability, heat resistance, biofilm formation, and persistence of two different toxigenic Bacillus cereus spores in beef stew broth. Two B. cereus strains, namely, B. cereus CH3 (diarrheal type) and B. cereus JCM 17690 (emetic type), were tested. Based on the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) both in vitro and in situ, the most effective herbs and spices were selected: rosemary (0.3125 mg/mL; identical in both strains and tests) and sage (0.3125 mg/mL) among herbs; mace (0.625 mg/mL) and turmeric (0.625 mg/mL) among spices. In addition, all extracts prepared from powdered forms of herbs and spices consistently exhibited equal or lower MICs than those prepared from dried forms. Meanwhile, all four selected extracts prepared from powdered forms significantly reduced spore viability (reduction rate of herbs: 50.46-90.91 %; spices: 52.36-86.01 %) and heat resistance (reduction rate of herbs: 16.64-48.63 %; spices: 9.69-45.41 %). All the extracts also completely inhibited the biofilm formation of B. cereus spores and effectively disrupted the preformed biofilms (i.e., reduction of biofilm persistence; reduction rate of herbs: 12.16-77.83 %; spices: 14.13-70.99 %). In addition, they significantly reduced the heat resistance (reduction rate of herbs: 9.45-35.67 %; spices: 8.90-28.27 %) of spores in biofilm. Such inhibitory effects of the extracts were shown in a concentration-dependent manner, and the intensity of inhibition appeared to be strain specific. These findings indicate that the application of natural plant extracts, in combination with conventional heat treatment, may provide a promising strategy for controlling B. cereus contamination in beef stew and other ready-to-eat meat products.},
}

*Bacillus cereus/drug effects/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology
*Spores, Bacterial/drug effects/growth & development
*Food Microbiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Spices
*Microbial Viability/drug effects
Hot Temperature
*Red Meat/microbiology
Thermotolerance
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Animals

@article {pmid41185294,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Z and Liu, Y and He, J and Pei, X and Lin, Y and Magnani, M and Liu, D and Ding, T and Feng, J},
title = {Milkfat influences thermal tolerance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during pasteurization.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 4},
pages = {117538},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117538},
pmid = {41185294},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Pasteurization/methods ; *Milk/microbiology/chemistry ; Animals ; *Salmonella typhimurium/physiology/growth & development ; *Food Microbiology ; *Thermotolerance ; Lipase ; },
abstract = {The bacterial contamination and failure of pasteurization are leading threats to the safety of dairy productions. Milk contains a large quantity of fat which supports bacterial growth but its influence on pasteurization efficacy and biofilm formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we first demonstrate that the inactivation of Salmonella during pasteurization is significantly less effective in whole milk compared to skim milk, with the D-value increasing from 0.60 min in skim milk to 0.67 min in whole milk (P = 0.0047). In whole milk, Salmonella biofilms form greater biomass and display a distinct architecture from biofilms in skim milk. Specifically, Salmonella in whole milk was embedded within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), while cells in skim milk biofilms were sparsely distributed. Raman spectroscopy showed that biofilms formed in whole milk possess a distinctly higher lipid content. Therefore, we hypothesized that the thermal tolerance of Salmonella in whole milk was directly linked to its physical interaction with milkfat. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed an increase from 26.1 % to 86.1 % of the fraction of Salmonella co-localizing with milkfat after 12 h of incubation in whole milk. Lipase treatment (200 units/mL) on whole milk reduced biofilm formation and improved the efficacy of thermal inactivation. Our findings demonstrate the milkfat acts as a physical scaffold, facilitating bacterial aggregation and the formation of a protective, lipid-rich biofilm matrix enhancing Salmonella survival during pasteurization. These insights should inform pasteurization strategies of high-fat dairy products to ensure food safety.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Pasteurization/methods
*Milk/microbiology/chemistry
Animals
*Salmonella typhimurium/physiology/growth & development
*Food Microbiology
*Thermotolerance
Lipase

@article {pmid41183698,
year = {2025},
author = {Jafarieh, D and Jafarieh, R and Bahrami, R and Pourhajibagher, M and Bahador, A},
title = {Improvement of antibacterial potency of riboflavin mediated photodynamic therapy by potassium iodide against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formed on orthodontic miniscrews: An in vitro study.},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105268},
doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105268},
pmid = {41183698},
issn = {1873-1597},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on the antibacterial efficacy of riboflavin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms formed on orthodontic miniscrews.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of riboflavin was 200 μg/mL. Biofilms were grown on orthodontic miniscrews and divided into ten groups (n = 6): PBS (negative control), 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX; positive control), LED, KI, PDT with riboflavin at ½ MIC (100 μg/mL), ¼ MIC (50 μg/mL), and ⅛ MIC (25 μg/mL), and the same PDT conditions combined with 100 mM KI. Biofilm viability was assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts.

RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced CFU/mL compared with PBS (P < 0.001). The addition of KI enhanced the antibacterial effect of riboflavin-mediated PDT at sub-MIC concentrations, with the strongest effect at 25 μg/mL riboflavin + KI (P = 0.001 vs. riboflavin alone). CHX and PDT with 100 μg/mL riboflavin + KI showed the highest inhibition, with 97.56% and 95.12% reductions, respectively. Notably, PDT with 50 μg/mL riboflavin (¼ MIC; LED 450 ± 5 nm, 1000-1400 mW/cm², 60-80 J/cm², 1 min) plus 100 mM KI achieved an antibacterial effect comparable to 0.2% CHX.

CONCLUSION: PDT mediated with riboflavin at 50 μg/mL combined with KI effectively reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms formed on orthodontic miniscrews.},
}

@article {pmid41182363,
year = {2025},
author = {Xie, H and Zhao, W and Li, J and Li, J},
title = {Microbial functional characteristics in a full-scale immobilized biochemical tank: focusing on the suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilm.},
journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41182363},
issn = {1615-7605},
support = {23JRRA888//Gansu Youth Science and Technology Fund/ ; 2024CXPT-14//Department of Education of Gansu Province: Major cultivation project of scientific research innovation platform in university/ ; },
abstract = {Although microbial immobilization has been widely applied in wastewater treatment, the functional differences between suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and potential metabolic differences between suspended sludge (MIS) and polyurethane foam (PUF)-attached biofilms (MIC) in an immobilized biochemical tank (MI) from a chemical fiber plant. Compared to the conventional activated sludge process (CAS), the MI demonstrated significantly enhanced removal efficiencies of 39.4% for COD and 83.3% for BOD. The richness, diversity and unique microorganisms of MIS were higher than those of MIC. The dominant genera in MIS were Aridibacter, Diaphorobacter, Nostocoida, Pirellulaceae, Mucilaginibacter, and Rhodanobacter, while the dominant genera in MIC were Mucilaginibacter, Aridibacter, Nostocoida, Gemmata, Meiothermus, and Mycobacterium. Although the major genera were consistent, their relative abundance varied. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that MIS showed stronger contributions to the transport of organic pollutants, while their role in nitrogen removal in the wastewater was greater than that of attached microorganisms. In contrast, carbon removal primarily occurred on the MIC. Moreover, the intensity of stochastic processes in shaping bacterial communities was observed as CAS (R[2] = 0.427) > MIS (R[2] = 0.261) > MIC (R[2] = 0.26), suggesting that the carriers enhanced the exposure of microbial communities to deterministic processes. These findings offer concrete theoretical support for the engineering application of microbial immobilization technology in treating industrial wastewater by elucidating key mechanistic insights.},
}

@article {pmid41180865,
year = {2025},
author = {Bahuguna, N and Venugopal, D and Rai, N},
title = {Biotherapeutic Potential of Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii Against Candida albicans Biofilm.},
journal = {Indian journal of microbiology},
volume = {65},
number = {3},
pages = {1534-1545},
pmid = {41180865},
issn = {0046-8991},
abstract = {The potential of innovative and alternative probiotic-based antifungal drugs to treat severe biofilm-associated infections has increased demand in recent years. A potentially fatal systemic fungal disease, candidiasis mostly affects the skin and mucous membranes lining inside body cavities such as the nose, mouth, lips, eyes, ears, and genital area. Candida-induced biofilms are densely arranged communities with specific structures that adhere to the surfaces of embedded devices, are covered by an extracellular matrix, and act as an essential virulent factor. It is crucial to explore innovative approaches to aid in treating such fungal illnesses because conventional medications are no longer effective in treating candidiasis. Researchers have been driven to identify the triggers that cause biofilm to grow and mature due to the difficulties involved with biofilm-related disorders. There are still several challenges in Candidasis disease management in clinical settings. A potentially effective approach involves utilising probiotic microorganisms and/or their metabolites, including probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. It has a significant role in the prevention or treatment of intestinal disorders. The virulence factors, hyphae production, adhesion, and biofilm development of Candida albicans, a significant human fungal pathogen, are influenced by S. boulardii cells and their metabolite, including capric acid. This article is exploring the biotherapeutic potential of probiotic, particularly S. boulardii against Candidiasis and highlighting the health benefits of probiotics on human health.},
}

@article {pmid41179641,
year = {2025},
author = {Sara, R and Mohadeseh, K and Mehdi, B and Hasan, E and Hediyeh, SS and Farhad, N},
title = {Assessment of the Last-Resort Antibiotics against Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase/Carbapenemase and Biofilm Producer Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), Iran.},
journal = {Archives of Razi Institute},
volume = {80},
number = {2},
pages = {451-462},
pmid = {41179641},
issn = {2008-9872},
mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/enzymology/isolation & purification ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Iran ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *beta-Lactamases/metabolism/genetics ; *Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Intensive Care Units ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/microbiology ; COVID-19 ; Tigecycline/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Colistin/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is regarded as one of the most prevalent etiologies of nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against K. pneumoniae isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of suspected cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The present study investigates the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against ESBL/carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. The investigation encompasses the phenotypic and genotypic screening of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and carbapenemase enzymes. Furthermore, an evaluation was conducted to ascertain the capacity of the biofilm to form. Consequently, the presence of virulence genes was identified through the implementation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The utilization of phenotypic detection tests resulted in the categorization of 27 (29.6%) out of 91 K. pneumoniae isolates as ESBL/carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae strains. Furthermore, molecular methods revealed that all 27 K. pneumoniae isolates possessed at least one of the ESBL/carbapenemase-related genes. ESBL-associated genes were detected in 91 K. pneumoniae isolates, including 19.7% blaTEM, 29.6% blaSHV, and 19.7% blaCTX-M. Carbapenemase-related genes were identified in 17.5% of the isolates, including blaOXA-48-like (15.4%) and blaNDM1 (2.1%). The investigation revealed that all 27 of the isolates demonstrated the capacity to form biofilms. In this study, the prevalence of specific genes among ESBL/carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae isolates was investigated. The genes analyzed included entB, mrkD, fimH, Irp2, wcaG, mrkA, rmpA, iutA, and magA. The results showed that 92.59%, 92.59%, 81.48%, 88.8%, 40.74%, 11.1%, 22.22%, 18.5%, 14.81%, and 33.33% of the isolates carried entB, mrkD, fimH, Irp2, wcaG, mrkA, rmpA, iutA, and magA genes, respectively. However, the iucA gene was not detected in any of the isolates examined. Tigecycline and colistin demonstrated higher efficacy against these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results for four colistin-resistant isolates revealed three distinct sequence types (ST): ST3500, ST273, and two cases of ST2558. The rapid emergence and subsequent dissemination of colistin-resistant and Beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae has led to a worrisome global situation. The effective antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against K. pneumoniae that produce these enzymes may be efficient in hospitalized patients in ICUs with suspected cases of VAP.},
}

*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/enzymology/isolation & purification
*Biofilms/drug effects
Iran
Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*beta-Lactamases/metabolism/genetics
*Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Intensive Care Units
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/microbiology
COVID-19
Tigecycline/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Colistin/pharmacology

@article {pmid41179148,
year = {2025},
author = {Folquitto, LRDS and Siqueira, FDS and Nunes, TR and de Souza, TB and Carvalho, DT and Machado, RP and Doriguetto, AC and Campos, MMA and Diniz, LF and Soares, MG and Chagas de Paula, DA and Dias, DF},
title = {Synthesis and Biological Assessment of New Thiazoles for Mycobacterial Infections and Biofilm Disruption.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {10},
number = {42},
pages = {50007-50018},
pmid = {41179148},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Sixteen thiazoles, of which nine are unprecedented substances (11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, and 24), were obtained by a cyclocondensation reaction between a thioamide and an α-bromoketone, via Hantzsch synthesis. All thiazoles (11-26), along with four thiosemicarbazone derivatives (7-10) and their precursors (1-6), were evaluated for their activity against Mycobacterium species Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium massiliense, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, as well as for their antibiofilm properties. Among them, compounds 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 showed promising results in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, demonstrating bactericidal activity within 48 h. Moreover, all these compounds inhibited biofilm formation. Notably, the unprecedented thiazole 17, along with 18 (MIC = 36 μmol L[-1]) and 21 (MIC = 65 μmol L[-1]), exhibited the lowest MIC values against all tested species, outperforming the reference drugs. Furthermore, these compounds showed a high degree of selectivity toward mycobacterial cells, as confirmed by cytotoxicity assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Vero cells. These findings highlight the strong antimycobacterial potential of the new thiazole derivatives, warranting further investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41179081,
year = {2025},
author = {Mistry, Y and Mullan, SA and Patel, M and Patel, P},
title = {Evaluation of In Vitro Biofilm Formation of Leptospira Isolates From Human Samples at Four Different Time Frames.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {9},
pages = {e93534},
pmid = {41179081},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilm is a group of bacterial cells that are formed through a complex network of intracellular communication, which gives new properties to those organisms, like increased protection and resistance to antimicrobial agents, and decreases the effectiveness of host immune responses. Detection of biofilm and evaluation of biofilm production at different time frames are important parameters for antimicrobial resistance, with no or delayed improvement in patient outcomes even after prolonged antimicrobial therapy.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was an experimental research using 33 human Leptospira isolates. Biofilm formation was checked by a quantification method using 96-well polystyrene U-well plates. Biofilm formation was checked on days 5, 7, 14, and 21.

RESULT: The biofilm optical density (OD) remained relatively low and stable on Day 5 (0.0703) and Day 7 (0.0674), with overlapping 95% Cls, suggesting no significant difference between these two time points. However, a marked increase was observed by Day 14, where the OD rose to 0.1189 (95%CI: 0.0986-0.1391), indicating a significant accumulation of biofilm. This upward trend continued through Day 21, with the highest mean OD recorded at 0.1826 (95% CI: 0.1596-0.2055). The widening confidence intervals on Days 14 and 21 reflect increased variability at later stages.

CONCLUSION: Human Leptospira isolates show potential for biofilm production in a time-dependent manner. In the present study, OD of biofilm remains low and stable on days 5 and 7, with a marked increase in OD seen on Day 14 and much on Day 21.},
}

@article {pmid41178148,
year = {2025},
author = {Jindal, S and Bisharat, M and Khamaisi, B and Ghosal, K and Nassar-Marjiya, E and Wu, Q and Daoud, S and Redenski, I and Srouji, S and Farah, S},
title = {Biofilm-Antagonist Ginger-Based 3D-Printable Photoresins for Complex Implant Designs Exhibiting Advanced Multifunctional Biomedical Applications.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e03351},
doi = {10.1002/adma.202503351},
pmid = {41178148},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {//Neubauer Family Foundation/ ; //Council for Higher Education, Israel/ ; //Aly Kaufman Fellowship Trust/ ; //Technion's Presidential Grant/ ; },
abstract = {Since the discovery of 3D-printing, it has revolutionized personalized drug delivery and implants by enabling intricate, customizable designs. However, key challenges remain, including complex design, host immune response, biofilm formation, and infection-induced inflammation at the implant site. This work offers, first-ever, unique ginger-based 3D-printable resins by chemically modifying Zingerol (Zing-OH, a ginger-based component) into photopolymerizable compositions that can print high-resolution complex designs via DLP 3D-printing. Briefly, the Zing-OH is amended via different functional group backbones, resulting in Zing-OH-based resins (ether, ester, and urethane) and their respective prints. Moreover, the Zing-OH prints' thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties can be fine-tuned by simply customizing the backbone. Furthermore, the shape memory efficacy and the human bone (nasal cartilage, vestibular, cortical, femur, etc.) mimicking mechanical properties (exhibiting 2-200 MPa compressive strength) makes them more enticing. In tandem, the prints are also hemocompatible as well as cyto-friendly against human skin (HaCaT) and lung (BEAS-2B) cells, and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cells. Concurrently, an in vivo biocompatibility study in a rat model indicates that the printed materials are biocompatible, showing no signs of severe inflammatory response over a 28-day period. More importantly, the outstanding anti-biofilm and antioxidant efficacies of the Zing-OH prints make them more appealing due to their potential to prevent implant rejection, thus making them promising tools for bone-tissue engineering (BTE) applications.},
}

@article {pmid41177785,
year = {2025},
author = {Chandramoorthy, HC},
title = {Ni-Fe Nanoparticles from Eugenia jambolana Extract Show Enhanced Anti-Biofilm, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0113816128394608251005230040},
pmid = {41177785},
issn = {1873-4286},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Metallic nanoparticles are of interest for their potent bactericidal and anti-biofilm effects within a favorable therapeutic index. This study reports the green synthesis of bimetallic nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) nanoparticles using Eugenia jambolana extract and evaluates their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

METHODS: Ni-Fe nanoparticles were synthesized using E. jambolana extract and characterized for crystalline structure, size, stability, zeta potential, and functional groups. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Grampositive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and Candida albicans. Anti-biofilm potential was assessed via inhibition and dispersion assays, EPS quantification, and in situ visualization. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured through protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging assays, while antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and H2O2 scavenging tests.

RESULTS: Crystalline, stable Ni-Fe nanoparticles with favorable functional groups were obtained. At 200 μg/mL, they showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Biofilm formation was reduced by 50% at 250 μg/mL, and dispersion occurred at 10-50 μg/mL, with S. aureus most susceptible. EPS inhibition at 50 μg/mL was 78% (E. coli), 70% (P. aeruginosa), 73% (B. subtilis), and 91% (S. aureus). Visualization confirmed strong adherence to biofilms. At 250 μg/mL, protein denaturation inhibition reached 45%, nitric oxide scavenging 42.6%, DPPH scavenging 44%, and H2O2 scavenging 49%.

DISCUSSION: Ni-Fe nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, notably against S. aureus. High EPS inhibition and biofilm dispersion suggest potential against biofilm- associated, drug-resistant infections.

CONCLUSION: Green-synthesized Ni-Fe nanoparticles from E. jambolana show multifunctional bioactivities, offering promise for therapeutic applications targeting resistant and biofilm-related infections.},
}

@article {pmid41177647,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, Y and Zou, K and Wang, X and Wang, Z and Song, W and Du, X and Lin, D},
title = {Water quality and biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems with the low-dose sodium hypochlorite disinfection after ultrafiltration pretreatment.},
journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
volume = {160},
number = {},
pages = {647-655},
doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.04.083},
pmid = {41177647},
issn = {1001-0742},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Sodium Hypochlorite ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; *Water Purification/methods ; *Water Quality ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Disinfectants ; Ultrafiltration ; Water Microbiology ; China ; },
abstract = {In this study, the effects of low-dose sodium hypochlorite disinfection on water quality and biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) after ultrafiltration pretreatment was investigated. The influence of pipeline hydraulic residence time (HRT) on disinfection efficiency, by-product formation, microbial activity, and biofilm growth were considered. The results show that both microbial activities and metabolite secretion were stimulated by increasing HRT, aggravating the potential risk of microbial pollution in DWDS. The enhanced microbial metabolism could further weaken disinfection efficiency by consuming extra residual Chlorine, after which the formation of disinfection by-products was facilitated. Residual Chlorine was found negatively correlated with HRT. With prolonging HRT from 5 to 40 h, the concentration of disinfection by-products (Chlorate, Chlorite, and Trichloromethane) was on a continuously increasing trend by 37 %, 140 %, and 75 %, respectively. But the water kept in pipeline still reliably satisfied the Standards for drinking water quality in China (GB5749-2022). Besides, more biofilm with denser morphologies developed on rubber pipeline gaskets rather than the iron/plastic ones. Rubber material was inappropriate for DWDS due to its potential risk of secondary biological pollution. Prolonging HRT also enhanced the accumulation of dominant bacteria (e.g. Bradyrhizobium and Obscuribacter) and decreased microbial diversity.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Sodium Hypochlorite
*Drinking Water/microbiology
*Water Purification/methods
*Water Quality
*Disinfection/methods
*Disinfectants
Ultrafiltration
Water Microbiology
China

@article {pmid41177267,
year = {2025},
author = {Harsent, R and Cattoir, V and Pascoe, M and Pertusati, F and Westwell, AC and Maillard, JY},
title = {Enterococcus spp. ability to form a dry surface biofilm: a route to persistence on environmental surfaces.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.09.008},
pmid = {41177267},
issn = {1532-2939},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) present a significant global burden, with resistant pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) being of particular concern. Dry surface biofilms (DSB) have recently emerged as critical reservoirs for multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare environments, yet little is known about enterococcal DSB formation and persistence.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of various Enterococcus species and clinical isolates to form DSB on healthcare-relevant materials, assess their long-term survival, and explore factors influencing DSB culturability.

METHODS: Multiple Enterococcus strains, including epidemic and vancomycin-resistant isolates, were cultured using a standardised DSB formation model on a range of surfaces and materials commonly found in healthcare settings. Culturability was assessed through serial dilutions and colony enumeration. Structural characterisation was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.

FINDINGS: All Enterococcus strains formed DSB on stainless steel and other clinical materials. DSB maintained high culturability (5-6 log10) for up to 84 weeks at 20°C and 55% relative humidity. VRE strains exhibited lower culturability compared to non-VRE. No correlation was found between DSB formation and surface roughness or hydrophobicity. SEM, confocal imaging and flow cytometry confirmed heterogeneity in DSB structure and viability across surfaces.

CONCLUSION: Enterococcus spp. can form persistent, viable DSB on diverse healthcare surfaces, contributing to the environmental persistence of pathogens. The combination of mechanical removal with an effective disinfectant remains at present the best approach for DSB control on hard surfaces. As such, enhanced cleaning and disinfection might be, for the time being, the best approach to control DSB on hard surface.},
}

@article {pmid41177265,
year = {2025},
author = {Beaugelin, I and Bulot, S and Pineau, L},
title = {Comparison of three methods for biofilm disinfection claim.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.023},
pmid = {41177265},
issn = {1532-2939},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Biofilms are frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections. To reduce patient risks, disinfectant should be able to inactivate bacteria present within biofilms. Multiple methods are described in literature, but no consensus has been found for disinfection efficacy tests against biofilms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three published Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growing methods were characterized by measuring proteins, TOC (Total organic carbon) and bacterial concentration. The sensitivity of each biofilm to disinfectant was then evaluated according to a test method based on NF EN 14561 against a reference peracetic acid solution (PAA).

RESULTS: Biofilm obtained according to ISO 15883-5 showed higher protein and bacteria contents than biofilms formed using ASTM E2562 or Konrat et al. test methods. The results indicate that ISO 15883-5 biofilm was less sensitive to PAA disinfectant than the two other biofilms and that older biofilm presented a lower sensitivity to the disinfectant.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study show a direct correlation between the duration of growth and the maturity of a biofilm. ISO 15883-5 biofilm grown for 96 hours have greater levels of proteins, TOC and bacteria than the ASTM E2652 and Konrat et al. biofilms grown respectively for 48 hours and 24 hours. The importance of the biofilm maturation phase is confirmed by the disinfection efficacy tests. The results of these tests demonstrate that the biofilms less sensitive to the peracetic acid-based disinfectant are those with the longest maturation phase. Type tests performed on disinfectants to demonstrate that they can be used on medical devices or in healthcare facilities shall include tests against mature biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid41176173,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, R and Wan, Y and Zhang, X and Wang, G and Zhou, Q and Li, X and Li, T},
title = {Groundwater remediation powered by microbial electron transfer: From electrode-biofilm interactions to field deployment.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {441},
number = {},
pages = {133566},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133566},
pmid = {41176173},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Groundwater contamination is a pressing global issue driven by anthropogenic activities and intensified by climate change. Microbial electrochemical technology (MET) has emerged as a promising low-carbon approach that integrates microbial metabolism with electrochemical redox reactions for efficient remediation. However, its field-scale feasibility, long-term stability, and environmental impacts remain insufficiently understood. This review synthesizes recent advances in MET for subsurface pollutant removal and critically examines key barriers to practical deployment. Extracellular electron transfer and pollution conversion mechanisms are discussed, enabling METs to target diverse contaminants. Critical operational factors are analyzed alongside emerging strategies to enhance remediation outcomes. Sustainability, life cycle impacts, and technology readiness are also assessed to evaluate environmental viability. Overall, while challenges like long-term stability and scale-up persist, METs hold significant promise for site-specific pollutant control. This review bridges mechanistic insights with engineering strategies, providing an integrated framework for scalable and sustainable MET applications in groundwater remediation.},
}

@article {pmid41176112,
year = {2025},
author = {Krsak, M and Khaled, SA and Reyes Copello, JF and Karaytug, K and Tillander, JAN and Abedi, AA and Adjel, A and Ascione, T and Behle, TF and Belden, K and Berbari, EF and Bondarenko, S and Bozkurt, M and Certain, L and Cortes-Penfield, N and Del Lujan Sanchez, M and Demirkiran, ND and Farah, SN and Glynn, A and Gómez-Junyent, J and Hoveidaei, A and Jaramillo, R and Kallel, S and Munhoz Lima, AL and Manning, L and Marculescu, C and Metsemakers, WJ and Mitton, BC and Parizzia, W and Parvizi, J and Petrie, MJ and Rostagno, R and Schade, M and Scheper, H and Skyttä, E and Studers, P and Tunalı, O and Varnaserighandeali, M and Woc-Colburn, L and Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M},
title = {2025 ICM: Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) versus Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).},
journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.10.098},
pmid = {41176112},
issn = {1532-8406},
}

@article {pmid41175983,
year = {2025},
author = {Mehmood, F and Magsi, N and Tariq, H and Afaq, M},
title = {Unseen Reservoirs: Channel-Associated Biofilm in Reusable Endoscopes and a Low-Cost Reprocessing Framework for Resource-Limited Hospitals.},
journal = {American journal of infection control},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2025.10.026},
pmid = {41175983},
issn = {1527-3296},
}

@article {pmid41175227,
year = {2025},
author = {Vishwakarma, RK and Yadav, BS and Gautam, P and Sahu, M and Singh, A and Kumar, A and Nath, G},
title = {In-vitro analysis of biofilm formation and synergistic antibiotic-phage therapy for amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {207},
number = {12},
pages = {336},
pmid = {41175227},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/virology/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Amoxicillin/pharmacology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Coliphages/physiology/isolation & purification/genetics ; Escherichia coli Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli (E. coli) significantly enhances bacterial resistance to antibiotics, complicating treatment, particularly in amoxicillin-resistant strains. Bacteriophage therapy demonstrates potential in treating biofilm-related infections, and the combination of phages and antibiotics (phage-antibiotic synergy, PAS) further enhances efficacy. This is the first study to evaluate PAS using penicillin-class antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli. E. coli-specific lytic bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. PAS was evaluated in both planktonic and biofilm forms using sub-inhibitory concentrations of AMC. The viability of biofilm and planktonic forms was assessed not only by colony counts but also by flow cytometry. Moreover, morphological alterations were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and genomic alterations by PAS were analyzed through whole genome fingerprinting using ERIC PCR. In biofilm and planktonic form, phage first achieved effective bacterial killing after 24 h, when 10[6] PFU/mL was supplemented with amoxicillin clavulanic acid (AMC) combination after 7 h for optimal PAS killing. PAS treatment significantly reduced biofilm viability compared to phage therapy only, while AMC was not effective at all. SEM revealed disrupted cell walls, detachment of flagella, and rupture of bacterial cells, as well as changes in morphology and biofilm matrix in combination therapy. Phage-first treatment with ɸA3 followed by AMC after 7 h effectively eradicates multidrug-resistant E. coli, causing genomic changes that restore antibiotic sensitivity at subinhibitory doses, potentially addressing antimicrobial resistance. In PAS, a cocktail of phages may be advised to avoid the emergence of phage mutant strains.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/drug effects/virology/physiology/genetics
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Amoxicillin/pharmacology
*Phage Therapy/methods
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Coliphages/physiology/isolation & purification/genetics
Escherichia coli Infections/therapy/microbiology
Microbial Viability/drug effects

@article {pmid41174763,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhuang, ZM and Wang, Y and Xu, FW and Guo, K and Cao, LL and Feng, ZX and Zhong, XC and Chen, CY and Chen, J and Du, YZ and Zhang, HQ and Tan, MH and Zhang, T and Wang, Y and Lin, XY and Wu, ZR and Tan, WQ},
title = {Programmed nanozyme hydrogel enabling spatiotemporal modulation of wound healing achieves skin regeneration after biofilm infection.},
journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {694},
pmid = {41174763},
issn = {1477-3155},
support = {2023RC183//Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Healthy Science Foundation of China/ ; WKJ-ZJ-2530//Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Healthy Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172206//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41174425,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, J and Wang, J and Kang, Z and Xu, H and Tang, C and Chen, J and Hu, H},
title = {Mixed-species biofilm with Salmonella in food industry: Persistence, interspecies interaction, and control.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {221},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {117348},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117348},
pmid = {41174425},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Salmonella/physiology/drug effects/growth & development ; *Food Microbiology ; *Food Industry ; Humans ; Food Handling ; *Food-Processing Industry ; Food Contamination/prevention & control ; Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/prevention & control ; *Microbial Interactions ; },
abstract = {Salmonella-induced foodborne diseases pose a considerable threat to human health. In the food industry, Salmonella commonly forms biofilms with other microorganisms. When Salmonella exists within mixed-species biofilms, its tolerance to disinfectants and persistence are enhanced, e.g., increased biomass, difficulties in washing and disinfection processes, survival under the stress of food processing, development of antibiotic resistance, and elevated cytotoxicity to humans. This review systematically evaluates the current knowledge of Salmonella-microbe interactions within mixed-species biofilm models in food-processing environments. Studies have shown that Salmonella persists in food facilities by forming mixed biofilms with resident microbiota. This analysis emphasizes the contributions of biofilm architecture, Salmonella cell-surface appendages, metabolic crosstalk, and molecular signaling pathways in mediating interspecies relationships. Moreover, this review explores novel control strategies for mixed-species biofilms, including enzymatic treatments and antimicrobial delivery systems, to disrupt extracellular polymeric substance barriers, as well as the use of antagonistic microbes and phage therapy to counteract synergistic interactions. By elucidating the mechanisms of Salmonella persistence, interspecies interactions, and mitigation strategies, this review provides critical insights into reducing contamination risks and improving food safety in the food industry.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Salmonella/physiology/drug effects/growth & development
*Food Microbiology
*Food Industry
Humans
Food Handling
*Food-Processing Industry
Food Contamination/prevention & control
Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/prevention & control
*Microbial Interactions

@article {pmid41174295,
year = {2025},
author = {Afonso, AC and Simões, M and Saavedra, MJ and Simões, L and Lema, JM and Trueba-Santiso, A},
title = {Physicochemical, Structural, and Proteomic Insights into Drinking Water-Isolated Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Aggregation and Biofilm Dynamics.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {88},
number = {1},
pages = {113},
pmid = {41174295},
issn = {1432-184X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Proteomics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/physiology/isolation & purification/genetics ; *Drinking Water/microbiology ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Proteome ; },
abstract = {Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium, exhibits remarkable adaptability across diverse environments, including drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), where its biofilm-forming and coaggregation capabilities pose significant public health challenges. This study integrates physicochemical, structural, and proteomic analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying A. calcoaceticus aggregation and biofilm dynamics. Surface characterization through contact angle measurements, zeta potential, and co-adhesion energy assessments revealed a predominantly hydrophilic surface with strong electron donor properties and a highly negative charge, promoting intercellular adhesion. Transmission electron microscopy unveiled dense cellular aggregates with extracellular filamentous structures, indicative of enhanced cell-to-cell interactions and potential extracellular polymeric substance involvement. Proteomic profiling identified 2593 differentially expressed proteins between aggregation stages, highlighting metabolic shifts, stress response activation, and upregulation of biofilm-associated proteins, including chaperones and quorum-sensing regulators. Our multidisciplinary approach emphasizes the importance of surface characterization in understanding bacterial community and underscores the critical role of physicochemical properties and proteomic flexibility in A. calcoaceticus biofilm and aggregation ability.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Proteomics
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/physiology/isolation & purification/genetics
*Drinking Water/microbiology
*Bacterial Adhesion
Proteome

@article {pmid41173993,
year = {2025},
author = {Thakur, P and Singh, RN and Sani, RK},
title = {Long-read methylome analysis of Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 biofilm under copper stress.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {38250},
pmid = {41173993},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Copper/toxicity ; *DNA Methylation/drug effects ; *Stress, Physiological ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Epigenome ; },
abstract = {This study represents the first investigation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) DNA methylation patterns in sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) biofilms under copper (Cu) stress, utilizing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing. DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification that is dynamic and regulates the signals to modulate molecular mechanisms across biological systems. The regulatory roles of DNA methylation in prokaryotic systems remain comparatively understudied than in eukaryotes. Bacteria are highly sensitive to environmental changes and therefore may utilize additional mechanisms like DNA methylation to combat the stresses. Our previous studies, utilizing microscopy and growth analyses, revealed that Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 (OA G20) biofilms responded to Cu stress. However, the DNA methylation patterns associated with this response remain unexplored, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating OA G20 biofilms under Cu stress. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by identifying 5mC DNA methylation in biofilms of OA G20 under Cu stress. To achieve our goal OA G20 biofilms cultivated under 30 µM-Cu ion stress along with control and sequenced through ONT sequencing. DNA methylation analysis was performed using the MicrobeMod pipeline identifying three methylated motifs: TCCG, CCCGCCCG, and CGGGAT in control (0 µM-Cu). TCCG was identified as the predominant methylated motif, with analysis revealing 78,022 genomic positions in the control condition. Of these, 61.7% exhibited 5mC modifications, 33.9% remained unmodified, and 4.4% showed uncharacterized modifications. In contrast, the 30 µM-Cu biofilm showed methylation in only two motifs, TCCG and GCANCTGCGS. Analysis of TCCG revealed 63,315 genomic positions, with 62.7% (39,706 sites) showing methylation and 33.2% (20,990 sites) remaining unmethylated. A total of 1418 common methylated positions were identified for both conditions and there were 341 and 424 genomic positions identified for motif TCCG above 75% methylation in the 0 µM and 30 µM-Cu biofilm samples, respectively. Differential methylation analysis revealed significant variations in methylation patterns across several key genes of crucial molecular pathways, important for biofilm formation, including ATP-Binding Cassettes (ABC) transporters, phosphohydrolase, flagellar biosynthesis, chemotaxis, cobalamin synthase, histidine kinase, and uncharacterized proteins.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Copper/toxicity
*DNA Methylation/drug effects
*Stress, Physiological
Epigenesis, Genetic
*Epigenome

@article {pmid41172668,
year = {2025},
author = {Verma, K and Thattaramppilly, RM and Mishra, A and H S, R and Ramesh, H and Sundar, S and Kumar, PG and Prasad, V and Rao, L},
title = {Assessing microbial biofilm growth on textile media and its efficiency for wastewater treatment.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {1004},
number = {},
pages = {180784},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180784},
pmid = {41172668},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {The growing need for sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient wastewater treatment has spurred interest in the use of unconventional materials like synthetic textile media-based membranes in the Attached Growth Biological Reactor (AGBR). While conventional membranes are effective, their adoption is constrained by high costs, energy demands, and fouling issues. This study evaluates five different textile media: Braided Non-Braided (BNB), Broadly Braided (BB), Spiral Braided (SB), Non-Braided (NB), and Horizontal-Vertical Braided (HVB) for their capacity to support microbial biofilm formation and facilitate treatment of primary-treated municipal wastewater in AGBR systems. Among these, BNB and HVB demonstrated markedly superior biofilm development and were thus selected for further analysis in AGBRs. These systems achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 62-64 % and attained 85-87 % elimination of ammonia. Kinetic parameters such as maximum microbial growth rates, substrate utilization rates, and yield coefficients were quantified for both autotrophic and heterotrophic communities, providing insight into microbial functional behaviour under varied conditions. Furthermore, textile properties such as linear density and specific surface area were examined, revealing strong correlations with microbial attachment patterns, biofilm density, and reactor performance. These results confirm that textile architecture plays a pivotal role in guiding microbial colonization, mass transfer dynamics, and treatment efficiency. Given their affordability, scalability, and biological compatibility, textile-based media represent a promising alternative to conventional membranes in attached-growth wastewater treatment systems. The techno-economic analysis revealed that, compared to commonly adopted sequencing batch reactors (SBR), AGBR provides a more compact configuration (35 % reduction in footprint) and a cost-effective alternative (35 % lower costs), thereby offering a more sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41172648,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, W and Zhao, S and Xie, T and Zhang, Z and Du, Z and Sun, P and Huang, F and Liu, J and Sun, Y},
title = {Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin derivatives as Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inhibitors.},
journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {302},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {118294},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.118294},
pmid = {41172648},
issn = {1768-3254},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a critical global health burden. A promising strategy to deal with resistant P. aeruginosa infections is to interfere with biofilm formation and the production of virulence. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel coumarin derivatives by incorporating long alkyl chains from native QS signal molecules into the coumarin scaffold. Compound XDS-23 emerged as the hit compound with an IC50 of 1.26 ± 0.16 μM to inhibit biofilm in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Furthermore, XDS-23 still exhibited significant efficacy in reducing biofilm and virulence in clinically isolated resistant P. aeruginosa. Mechanistic studies revealed that XDS-23 mainly inhibited the las and pqs systems, thereby suppressing biofilm and multiple virulence factors. Notably, XDS-23 demonstrated synergistic activity with polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and tobramycin against P. aeruginosa both in vitro and in vivo, significantly increasing the survival rate of Galleria mellonella when combined with these antibiotics. Collectively, these findings highlight biofilm inhibitor XDS-23 as a promising biofilm inhibitor to combat resistant P. aeruginosa infections.},
}

@article {pmid41171461,
year = {2025},
author = {Nath, R and Sarkar, P and Bhattacharjee, A},
title = {Effect of Nitrosative Stress on Biofilm Formation and Upregulation of 2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {82},
number = {12},
pages = {588},
pmid = {41171461},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {2212/R-2021//University of North Bengal/ ; 2294/R-2022//University of North Bengal/ ; },
mesh = {*Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/enzymology/physiology/drug effects ; *Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Nitrosative Stress ; Butylene Glycols/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; },
abstract = {Nitrosative stress is a phenomenon where reactive nitrogen species (RNS), oxidizes different cellular macromolecules. In this study we investigated the effect of sub-toxic dose of different nitrosative stress agents on S. cerevisiae grown with 2% ethanol as sole carbon source. Our SEM analysis showed significant increase in biofilm production under stress with changes in cellular morphology. Genes responsible for biofilm formation like FLO11, BSC2 and MAC1 in S. cerevisiae upon treatment with ac. NaNO2 and SNP were also found to be upregulated. Redox enzymes like glutathione reductase (GR) showed an increase in specific activity in treated sets but catalase activity had no significant difference. Utilization of ethanol as sole carbon source was followed primarily by assessing the specific activity of Adh2p, which showed a significant 4-fold increase in both treated sets. This was also corroborated with gene expression analysis of ADH2. Together with this estimation of important enzymes of other associated metabolic pathways were also done to understand the changes in metabolic flux. Importantly both glyoxylate cycle and TCA cycle were found to be partially blocked under stress condition whereas, aldehyde reductase (Bdh2p) an important enzyme for 2,3-Butanediol production was found to have upregulated significantly. Altogether our study provides the first report on the effect of nitrosative stress on S. cerevisiae grown on ethanol as a carbon source with possibility to produce 2,3-Butanediol, an industrially important compound, that has a huge demand in the paint, drug and cosmetic industries.},
}

*Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/enzymology/physiology/drug effects
*Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism/genetics
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Nitrosative Stress
Butylene Glycols/metabolism
Up-Regulation
Ethanol/metabolism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

@article {pmid41171348,
year = {2025},
author = {Jin, HW and Eom, YB},
title = {Biochanin A Suppresses Growth and Biofilm Formation of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {82},
number = {12},
pages = {591},
pmid = {41171348},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {SCH-20130328//Soonchunhyang University/ ; RS-2023-NR076438 (NRF-2023R1A2C1003486)//Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Fluconazole/pharmacology ; *Genistein/pharmacology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; *Candida auris/drug effects/growth & development/physiology/genetics ; Humans ; Candidiasis/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Invasive fungal infections, especially from Candida auris (C. auris), are a serious threat to immunocompromised patients because of multidrug resistance. Therefore, research into novel antifungal agents or adjuvants for pre-existing treatments is necessary. This study examined the therapeutic potential of biochanin A as an antifungal and anti-biofilm agent against fluconazole-resistant C. auris (FRCA). Its efficacy was determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. The fungal metabolic activity in biofilms was measured using the XTT reduction assay and the results were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We also evaluated the effect of biochanin A on C. auris adhesion and the expression of resistance and virulence-associated genes. Biochanin A inhibited the growth of several C. auris strains, with MIC90 values ranging from 16 to 64 µg/mL, as well as a dose-dependent reduction in MBIC and MBEC. The XTT assay and CLSM confirmed a significant inhibition of metabolic activity and viability. In addition, biochanin A reduced C. auris adherence to epithelial cells and downregulated the expression of the azole resistance gene ERG11 and the extracellular matrix gene KRE6. The results suggest that biochanin A is an effective alternative for managing fluconazole-resistant C. auris infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Fluconazole/pharmacology
*Genistein/pharmacology
*Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Drug Resistance, Fungal
*Candida auris/drug effects/growth & development/physiology/genetics
Humans
Candidiasis/microbiology

@article {pmid41170592,
year = {2025},
author = {Laurent, JM and Kan, A and Steinacher, M and Studart, AR},
title = {Self-organization of cellulose-producing microbial communities during biofilm spreading.},
journal = {Soft matter},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d5sm00720h},
pmid = {41170592},
issn = {1744-6848},
abstract = {Matrix-secreting microorganisms form self-organizing biofilms that provide protection and mechanical robustness to the embedded microbial communities. Biofilms made by cellulose-producing bacteria from Komagataeibacter species are widely used for food and bio-manufacturing, but their self-organization in mixed microbial communities has not yet been reported. Here, we investigate the self-organization and spreading of biofilm communities comprising distinct cellulose-producing variants of K. sucrofermentans. Using fluorescently labeled strains grown on solid culture medium, mixed pairs of variants produced striking spatial patterns, with distinct strains dominating the inner and outer regions of the biofilm. The experiments reveal that pattern formation and the enrichment of one strain in the microbial biofilms are affected by the growth rate, cellulose-production rate, and expansion rate of the constituent bacterial strains. Friction between the cellulose-producing bacteria and the underlying substrate was found to be an important phenotype governing cell segregation in the microbial communities, while cell dominance within the biofilm was linked to the cellulose-producing ability of each strain. Understanding the effect of these traits on the cell composition and structure of microbial communities provides new control parameters to tune the formation of biofilms made by mixed cellulose-producing variants.},
}

@article {pmid41170052,
year = {2025},
author = {Sharma, P and Sharma, R and Nadkerny, V and Sohi, HK and V S, B and Rebello, AA and Mehta, M},
title = {Effect of toothbrush type on biofilm and periodontal health in orthodontic patients.},
journal = {Bioinformation},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {2171-2175},
pmid = {41170052},
issn = {0973-2063},
abstract = {The sonic brush lowered the growth of biofilm on orthodontic brackets more successfully than both powered and manual toothbrushes did. We show that the subjects in Group C (Sonic tooth brushes) achieved the most substantial progress in plaque index and gingival index scores as well as bleeding on probing results. The biofilm formation on orthodontic brackets was least prominent on metallic brackets as opposed to ceramic or composite resin brackets. People using sonic or powered toothbrushes followed their oral hygiene instructions correctly. Thus, Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should use sonic toothbrushes for achieving their best periodontal health.},
}

@article {pmid41165309,
year = {2025},
author = {Ortiz, J and Álvarez, S and Aguayo, S},
title = {Unraveling novel insights into dual-species cariogenic biofilm formation on aged teeth: a comparative analysis on natural vs artificial bioengineered dentin models.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0172125},
doi = {10.1128/aem.01721-25},
pmid = {41165309},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Dental caries is the most prevalent biofilm-associated disease affecting billions of people worldwide, including elderly individuals. Conventional biofilm study methods rely on human or animal-derived samples, posing challenges regarding accessibility, cost, and ethical considerations. While in vitro systems offer a promising alternative, they often fail to replicate the structural characteristics of dentin, which play a crucial role in bacterial adhesion. To bridge this gap, a bioengineered dentin construct has recently been developed as a reproducible and accessible model for studying biofilm formation specifically associated with dental aging. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans biofilm formation on bioengineered dentin substrates and compare it to biofilm formation on natural human aged dentin. For this, S. mutans UA159 and C. albicans (ATCC 90028) were co-cultured on bioengineered and natural dentin slabs, and polymicrobial biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharide matrix production were characterized via high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy. Following biofilm formation, image processing was conducted using COMSTAT software to determine biofilm growth parameters. Additionally, fluorescence intensity was quantified via microplate readings, and cell viability was assessed using a Live/Dead viability kit. Overall, results showed comparable biofilm formation patterns between the bioengineered and aged dentin, with no significant differences found in biofilm physical properties or viability. These findings suggest that this bioengineered dentin construct provides a reliable platform for studying biofilm formation in the context of dental aging, making it a valuable tool for investigating microbial adhesion and cariogenic biofilm development under controlled conditions, potentially facilitating future research in biofilm-related oral diseases.

IMPORTANCE: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is driven by complex microbial biofilms formed on the tooth's surface. However, existing models for studying these biofilms in the laboratory often rely on human or animal tissues, which are difficult to standardize and present ethical challenges. In this study, we validate a bioengineered dentin-like model that accurately mimics the microarchitecture of aged human dentin, a key site for root caries in the elderly. By comparing biofilms formed by the clinically significant Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on both artificial and natural substrates, we show that the engineered model supports biofilm development under comparable parameters and enables detection of changes in microbial virulence. Overall, this platform provides a reproducible and scalable alternative for studying oral biofilms with potential applications in understanding disease pathogenesis, novel treatment testing, and integration into next-generation organ-on-a-chip systems.},
}

@article {pmid41162816,
year = {2025},
author = {Prabhakaran, M and Prabakaran, M and Kanagaraja, A and Gopinath, SCB and Raman, P},
title = {Disruption of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by plant-based O-methylated flavonoids.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41162816},
issn = {1618-1905},
abstract = {Anti-virulence strategies are gaining recognition as promising alternatives for bacterial infection control. They act by suppressing quorum sensing circuits, disrupting biofilm formation, and inhibiting toxin production. However, the emergence of resistant bacterial mutants highlights the need for anti-virulence agents that do not induce resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces autoinducers like N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), which enhance cell-population and coordinate gene expression. Plant-derived compounds, particularly O-methylated phenolic flavonoids, have shown promise in overcoming antibiotic resistance. Herein, compounds such as formononetin (isoflavone) and 4'-methoxyflavonol (flavonol) possess pharmacological properties beneficial for human health and have been found to inhibit AHL-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. These flavonoids effectively reduced the production of virulence factors like exopolysaccharides, elastase, protease, pyocyanin, and rhamnolipids assessed by biochemical assays. Motility assays demonstrated a reduction in bacterial movement, and biofilm formation was quantified and visualized using Zeiss Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR revealed that the flavonoids suppressed las and rhl circuits associated with virulence factor synthesis. Among the selected two compounds, 4'-methoxyflavonol exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa. Overall, this study underscores the dual role of dietary phenolic flavonoids in supporting biological functions and serving as natural anti-quorum sensing agents, offering promising strategies to mitigate bacterial virulence.},
}

@article {pmid41162170,
year = {2025},
author = {Bhattarai, B and Christopher, GF},
title = {Using Exogenous Polymers to Engineer Biofilm Viscoelasticity.},
journal = {ACS applied bio materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c01502},
pmid = {41162170},
issn = {2576-6422},
abstract = {Biofilms are increasingly found in applications in which their viscoelasticity influences the outcomes. In this study, the use of exogenous charged polymers as a means of engineering biofilm viscoelasticity is explored. Commercially available, neutral, anionic, and cationic polymers are added to the growth medium at concentrations that do not impact the growth rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilms grown from these media in microfluidic channels are then mechanically tested via microrheology and compared to control systems grown without the presence of polymers. Both anionic and cationic polymers result in stiffening of biofilms, whereas neutral polymers have little to no discernible effect, indicating that charge plays an important role in allowing polymers to incorporate into the biofilm matrix. Increasing the molecular weight of the polymer appears to increase the disruption of the biofilm matrix, reducing biofilm stiffness. The mechanism of enhanced stiffness is attributable to the polymer backbone stiffness, providing increased mechanical rigidity to the biofilm matrix after it is incorporated.},
}

@article {pmid41161505,
year = {2025},
author = {Grenho, A and Buterin, A and Pallitto, PM and Alizade, C and Arts, JJ and Bernaus, M and Birinci, M and Bondarenko, S and Cooper, J and Dantas, P and de Beaubien, BC and Giordano, G and Gonçalves, S and Iñiguez, M and Long, WJ and Mazzola, MA and Parvizi, N and Piuzzi, NS and Romano, CL and Sadek, F and Schlatterer, DR and Shannon, MF and Urish, KL and Wong, VR and Yusuf, E},
title = {ICM 2025: New Technologies Like Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Anti-Biofilm.},
journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.08.041},
pmid = {41161505},
issn = {1532-8406},
}

@article {pmid41159917,
year = {2025},
author = {Kumari, S and Das, S},
title = {Regulatory network of nucleotide second messenger in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1 and intercellular signaling molecules for functional amyloid fibrillation in biofilm and stress response.},
journal = {Research in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104350},
doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2025.104350},
pmid = {41159917},
issn = {1769-7123},
abstract = {Biofilm formation is governed by quorum sensing (QS) and intracellular signaling, with cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) acting as a key regulator that modulates biofilm stability in response to environmental cues. The present study aims to explore the regulatory network between QS, c-di-GMP signaling, and amyloid production in the marine biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFL-P1 under various physicochemical stressors. P. aeruginosa PFL-P1 demonstrated adaptability to diverse conditions typical of marine habitats, attributed to the activity of diguanylate cyclase (dgc86) and phosphodiesterase (pde94) genes regulating c-di-GMP turnover. Gene expression analysis revealed a coordinated regulatory network during biofilm development, with significant upregulation of dgc86, pde94, fapC (functional amyloid synthesis), lasI, rhlI (QS), and nahAc [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation] at 48 h, indicating a mature biofilm. Under acidic condition (pH 4), all genes except pde94 exhibited an adaptive response (p<0.0001). Salinity ≤1 % enhanced gene expression, whereas salinity ≥5 % suppressed it due to osmotic stress (p<0.0001). At 40 °C, dgc86 (p=0.0457) and fapC (p=0.0444) were upregulated, promoting biofilm stability. Pyrene exposure induced significant upregulation of dgc86, lasI, rhlI, and nahAc (p<0.05), enhancing biofilm formation and PAH degradation while downregulating pde94. Supplementation with C4-HSL and 3OC12-HSL upregulated these genes, reinforcing the role of QS in biofilm regulation. Terrein, a QS and c-di-GMP inhibitor downregulated fapC and nahAc, disrupting biofilm formation and PAH degradation. The strong correlation between c-di-GMP levels, amyloid production, and its high binding affinity to FapC (-11.8 kcal/mol) suggests a dual role for c-di-GMP as a signaling molecule and molecular chaperone in amyloid assembly.},
}

@article {pmid41158846,
year = {2025},
author = {Dghoughi, Y and Varin-Simon, J and Gangloff, SC and Colin, M and Reffuveille, F},
title = {Toward an improved in vitro model of prosthetic joint infection for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm characterization.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100325},
pmid = {41158846},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilm formation on orthopedic implants is often implicated in chronic prosthetic and joint infections (PJI) that are complex to manage. To date, no current bacterial in vitro model can fully simulate the PJI environment leading to a lack of knowledge to develop diagnosis tool and adapted treatment. Our project aims to set up an innovative in vitro model to characterize Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains biofilms in a PJI context, focusing on several parameters: culture media, incubation time, atmospheric conditions and support for biofilm growth. Biofilm formation was evaluated in various culture media, by counting both planktonic and adherent bacteria (CFU) and quantifying biofilm biomass using crystal violet staining. A mature biofilm was obtained after 72 h of incubation with a similar proportion of planktonic and adherent bacteria whereas a variable dispersion was observed at 96 h. Comparing two different oxygen concentrations (Hypoxia 2.5 % like in bone site vs Anoxia) revealed that a slight variation had a strong impact on biofilm formation, underlining the fact that the physiological conditions are highly necessary to set a mimetic model. A medium has therefore been developed, the modified Bone-Like Environment (BLE+) allowing a consistent biofilm growth. When studying bacterial adhesion, planktonic bacteria can gather and form aggregates that are distinct from mature biofilms. To avoid this phenomenon, a suspended pegs was used. By holding the pegs in the medium, we specifically drove active bacterial adhesion related to biofilm formation, eliminating interference from sedimented aggregates. Moreover, to limit the interaction between planktonic bacteria and biofilm over the 72 h, a medium renewal was applied at 8 h of incubation with a low impact on biofilm biomass. This method allowed the observation of differences between the USA300 (MRSA) and SH1000 (MSSA) strains: the MSSA showed more adherent bacteria and bigger aggregates than the MRSA strain. In conclusion, the parameters for an in vitro biofilm model simulating PJI context have been validated. These parameters include 2.5 % dioxygen, BLE + supplementation, and 72-h incubation on suspended titanium pegs with a renewal media after a primo bacteria adhesion of 8 h.},
}

@article {pmid41158054,
year = {2025},
author = {Kendil, W and Dergal, F and Mediouni, RM and Ghannoum, M and Roberts, K and Chiali, A and Belhocine, M and Bassou, D and Benahmed, A and Amrouche, AI and Ziani-Cherif, C and Seddiki, SML},
title = {Effect of phosphonium-based ionic liquid against mixed biofilm of Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from hemodialysis catheter: assessment using confocal raman mapping and microscopic imaging.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2578762},
pmid = {41158054},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens linked to mixed biofilm infections is a significant concern due to limited therapeutic options. This health risk has renewed interest in developing new antibiofilm alternatives. In this study, the antibiofilm potential of a phosphonium-based ionic liquid against a mixed-species biofilm of Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH) was assessed preliminarily using the microbroth dilution assay. The ionic liquid inhibitory profiles were further explored by confocal Raman mapping, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy (FM). A substantial antibiofilm effect was demonstrated. Raman mapping showed a modified biofilm distribution following ionic liquid treatment, demonstrating the differential inhibitory effects between strains in mixed biofilm. Additionally, FM revealed that the morphological switching of Candida albicans was inhibited, while SEM revealed a disruption of biofilm integrity. On the other hand, the hemolysis test showed the safety profile of the ionic liquid by exhibiting low cytotoxicity at active concentrations.},
}

@article {pmid41157853,
year = {2025},
author = {Seto-Tetsuo, F and Ashizawa, H and Sasaki, Y and Yukitake, H and Shoji, M and Iwanaga, N and Mukae, H and Naito, M},
title = {DNase Activity of Prevotella intermedia Impairs Biofilm Development and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {e70102},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70102},
pmid = {41157853},
issn = {2045-8827},
support = {//This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23K15980 (F. S-T.) and JP23K09151 (M.N.)./ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Extracellular Traps/metabolism ; *Prevotella intermedia/enzymology/genetics/physiology ; *Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; *Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Chronic periodotitis is caused by the formation of biofilms. Prevotella intermedia, a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium residing in periodontal pockets is involved in the formation of biofilms and secrets a highly potent DNA-degrading activity. Biofilm contains extracellular DNA as a structural component, suggesting that DNase activity may influence P. intermedia's own biofilm development. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have mesh-like structures and composed of DNA, histone and antibacterial proteins. NETs play an important role in protecting against infection, but it is possible that DNase of P. intermedia disrupts NETs. The lack of established genetic manipulation has significantly delayed the analysis of DNase pathogenic factors. Recently, we have succeeded in establishing a genetic manipulation technique for P. intermedia. In this study, we created strains lacking two DNase candidate genes, nucA (PIOMA14_I_0621) and nucD (PIOMA14_II_0624), that were highly conserved among P. intermedia strains. We examined biochemical analysis of DNase activity, their effection on biofilm formation, and their evasion of NETs. Here, we showed both of them possessed DNase activities which appeared to account all of DNase activities of the bacterium. The mutant analysis further demonstrated that NucA and NucD destroyed biofilm and NETs formations. Neither one was perfectly responsible for DNase activity, but rather they take turns depending on the conditions. In conclusion, the nucA and nucD genes encode DNases that cooperatively function on biofilm formation and suppress NETs formation in P. intermedia.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Extracellular Traps/metabolism
*Prevotella intermedia/enzymology/genetics/physiology
*Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism/genetics
Humans
*Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid41157634,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, M and Song, Q and Liu, Z and Clokie, MRJ and Sicheritz-Pontén, T and Petersen, B and Wang, X and Zhang, Q and Xu, X and Luo, Y and Lv, P and Liu, Y and Li, L},
title = {Design of Lytic Phage Cocktails Targeting Salmonella: Synergistic Effects Based on In Vitro Lysis, In Vivo Protection, and Biofilm Intervention.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v17101363},
pmid = {41157634},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {2023YFE0107600//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Animals ; *Salmonella Phages/physiology/genetics ; *Salmonella typhimurium/virology/physiology ; *Phage Therapy/methods ; *Salmonella enteritidis/virology/physiology ; *Salmonella Infections/therapy/prevention & control/microbiology ; Moths/microbiology ; *Salmonella/virology/physiology ; Bacteriolysis ; Larva/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen and phage cocktails offer a novel strategy against its infections. This study aimed to characterize Salmonella phages and assess the efficacy of various phage combinations, both in vitro and in vivo. Three phages (PJN012, PJN042, PJN065) were isolated, showing stability across a broad range of temperatures and pH values, and lacking genes associated with lysogenicity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Combined with two known phages (PJN025, vB_SalS_JNS02), they formed cocktails tested for lytic activity against S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Phage cocktails (comprising 2-5 phages) that demonstrated efficacy in vitro were validated using Galleria mellonella models. For S. Enteritidis strain 015, prophylactic cocktail C18 increased larval survival to 90% at 48 h (vs. 3% control). For S. Typhimurium strain 024, phage cocktail 26 showed the best therapeutic effect when co-injected with the bacterium, with a survival rate of up to 85% at 96 h, compared to 30% in the positive control group. Biofilm assays showed cocktails inhibited formation more effectively (e.g., at 24 h, C14 and C17 reduced biofilm formation by 93.74% and 94.21%, respectively) than removed established ones. The cocktails depended on bacterial type, phage genera, combinations, and incubation time. Robust in vitro screening remains crucial for optimizing phage formulations despite potential in vivo discrepancies.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Animals
*Salmonella Phages/physiology/genetics
*Salmonella typhimurium/virology/physiology
*Phage Therapy/methods
*Salmonella enteritidis/virology/physiology
*Salmonella Infections/therapy/prevention & control/microbiology
Moths/microbiology
*Salmonella/virology/physiology
Bacteriolysis
Larva/microbiology

@article {pmid41156870,
year = {2025},
author = {Vidaković Knežević, S and Knežević, S and Milanov, D and Vranešević, J and Pajić, M and Kocić-Tanackov, S and Karabasil, N},
title = {Essential Oils as a Novel Anti-Biofilm Strategy Against Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Chicken Meat.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13102412},
pmid = {41156870},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {451-03-136/2025-03/200031//Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia/ ; },
abstract = {Salmonella Enteritidis is a serious foodborne threat, being the most reported Salmonella serovar in the past several years. Biofilm formation contributes significantly to its persistence and resistance in food processing environments, making it harder to eliminate using conventional disinfectants. Recently, essential oils have emerged as promising natural alternatives due to their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. In this study, the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella Enteritidis, isolated from chicken meat, was evaluated under various nutrient conditions and temperatures. Furthermore, the anti-biofilm activity of essential oils derived from oregano, cinnamon, rosemary, clove, and thyme was assessed against strong and moderate biofilms formed by Salmonella Enteritidis. The isolates demonstrated the capacity to form biofilms in tryptic soy broth, meat broth, and Luria-Bertani broth at 37 °C, 15 °C, and 5 °C. All selected essential oils, at their minimum bactericidal concentrations, effectively reduced preformed biofilms by between 36.98% to 74.83%. The destructive effect of essential oils on Salmonella Enteritidis bacterial cells was further confirmed through scanning electron microscopy analysis. In conclusion, the selected essential oils exhibited promising anti-biofilm potential and may serve as effective natural agents for controlling biofilm-associated contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis.},
}