@article {pmid41314177,
year = {2025},
author = {Puerner, C and Morelli, KA and Kerkaert, JD and Jones, JT and Quinn, KG and DeMichaelis, N and Vellanki, S and Liao, C and Cramer, RA},
title = {Transcriptional and metabolic modeling analyses of developing Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms reveal metabolic shifts required for biofilm maturation.},
journal = {mSphere},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0075225},
doi = {10.1128/msphere.00752-25},
pmid = {41314177},
issn = {2379-5042},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus found in compost and soil that can cause invasive and/or chronic disease in humans. Diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis often occur when A. fumigatus has formed dense networks of hyphae within the lung. These hyphal networks are multicellular, encased in an extracellular matrix, and have reduced susceptibility to contemporary antifungal drugs, similar to bacterial biofilms. A model of these dense hyphal networks observed in vivo can be recapitulated in vitro using a static, submerged biofilm culture. The mechanisms underlying filamentous fungal cell physiology at different stages of biofilm development remain to be defined. Here, we utilized RNA sequencing, in silico metabolic modeling, and molecular genetics approaches to identify A. fumigatus genes and metabolic pathways critical for biofilm development. These analyses revealed that ethanol and butanediol fermentation pathways are important for the development of a mature A. fumigatus biofilm. Correspondingly, a predicted transcription factor (silG) was observed to be required for mature biofilm development. Taken together, these data define key genes and metabolic pathways critical for A. fumigatus biofilm development.

IMPORTANCE: Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common etiological agent of a collection of diseases termed aspergillosis. Chronic and invasive manifestations of aspergillosis are highlighted by the development of biofilm-like structures on and in tissue. These biofilm structures are resistant to contemporary antifungal drugs, even for strains that are susceptible by standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms by which A. fumigatus induces, develops, and maintains biofilms to evade antifungal therapies is expected to illuminate biofilm-specific therapeutic targets. Here, we identify genes involved in fungal fermentation and regulation of transcription as important mediators of A. fumigatus biofilm development.},
}

@article {pmid41313857,
year = {2025},
author = {Jin, X and Xing, M and Huang, M and Zhang, Y and Jin, X and Fang, Y and Xu, H and Liang, J and Yu, Y and Xu, X and Liu, S and Luo, Y and Zhang, H},
title = {Divergent biofilm colonization on plastics in wastewater: Accelerated maturation on polyamide versus growth inhibition on biodegradable polymers.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {500},
number = {},
pages = {140591},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140591},
pmid = {41313857},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Microplastic (MP)-associated biofilms in wastewater treatment plants affect ecosystem integrity and treatment stability, yet their stage-specific developmental dynamics remain unresolved. This study characterized 30 d biofilm assembly dynamics on polyethylene (PE), polyamide (PA), and biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/polylactic acid (BP) in simulated wastewater treatment systems. Integrated multi-parametric analyses revealed cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) as a key biomarker of biofilm maturity, peaking at 15-22 d alongside maximal biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Subsequent detachment was mediated by β-glucosidase and lysozyme, inducing autolysis. Stage-specific transitions included: Initial attachment (0-10 d); Microbial colonization (10-22 d); Maturation/Detachment (post-22 d). EPS-secreting and plastic-degrading taxa (Pseudomonas and Rhodotorula) facilitated initial attachment, followed by functional taxa mediating nitrogen transformation (Ochrobactrum, Aminobacter, and Cupriavidus) and potential biofilm-stabilizing fungi (Rozellomycota-gen-incertae-sedis). PA enhanced colonization via amide-driven nitrogen enrichment and elevated c-di-GMP levels, leading to robust biofilms with functional consortia (Zavarzinia, Sphingopyxis, and Rozellomycota-gen-incertae-sedis). Conversely, BP promoted initial bacterial recruitment (Pseudomonas and Enterobacter) but later inhibited sustained growth because of cytotoxic leachates and nutrient competition, causing biomass decline and fungal inhibition at 20 d. These findings elucidated plastisphere succession pathways, enabling more accurate assessment of their ecological impact and improved MP pollution management strategies in wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41313628,
year = {2025},
author = {Rissanen, AJ and Hestnes, AG and Khanongnuch, R and Didriksen, A and Urich, T and Tveit, AT and Svenning, MM},
title = {Methylobacter arcticus sp. nov. isolated from a coal mine biofilm in the high Arctic Svalbard.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {75},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.006984},
pmid = {41313628},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Base Composition ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Svalbard ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Methane/metabolism ; *Coal Mining ; },
abstract = {An aerobic methanotroph was isolated from a biofilm of coal mine Gruve 7 (Svalbard) and designated strain G7[T]. Cells of strain G7[T] were Gram-stain-negative, pink-pigmented and motile rods. Strain G7[T] could grow at pH 6.8 and at temperatures ranging from 4 to 21 °C. The genome size was 4.00 Mb with a (digital) DNA G+C content of 47.7 mol%. Strain G7[T] represents a member of the family Methylomonadaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. It displayed 94.6-99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of the genus Methylobacter. Whole-genome comparisons based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) confirmed that strain G7[T] represents a novel species. It showed 16S rRNA gene identity of 99.7%, 91.8% ANI and 46% dDDH to the closest type strain, Methylobacter svalbardensis LS7-T4A[T], with ANI and dDDH being much lower than the typically used 95 and 70% cutoffs, respectively, to delineate different species. For methane activation, strain G7[T] carries genes encoding particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoCAB). Also, genes of the methane utilization pathways, i.e. oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide and assimilation of methane-carbon to biomass, were encoded in the genome. Strikingly, compared to all other Methylobacter spp. strains, strain G7[T] did not have nitrogenase genes for nitrogen fixation. Strain G7[T] also possessed genes for ectoine production, which was not observed in the genomes of its closest relatives. Based on phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic data, strain G7[T] represents a novel species within the genus Methylobacter for which the name Methylobacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed, with strain G7[T] (DSM: 117899; LMG: 33632) as the type strain.},
}

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Phylogeny
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Base Composition
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Svalbard
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Genome, Bacterial
*Biofilms/growth & development
Methane/metabolism
*Coal Mining

@article {pmid41313359,
year = {2025},
author = {Rungruengkitkun, A and Nguyen, PK and Tunyong, W and Kong-Ngoen, T and Ampawong, S and Sricharunrat, T and Indrawattana, N and Chantratita, N and Pumirat, P},
title = {Transcriptomic profile of BpsR4 and its roles in stress response, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis in Burkholderia pseudomallei.},
journal = {Science progress},
volume = {108},
number = {4},
pages = {368504251394544},
doi = {10.1177/00368504251394544},
pmid = {41313359},
issn = {2047-7163},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Virulence/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; Humans ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Quorum Sensing/genetics ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Melioidosis/microbiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Profiling ; },
abstract = {ObjectiveThe study investigated the role of the quorum sensing (QS) regulator BpsR4 in the physiology and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain K96243.MethodsA B. pseudomallei bpsR4 knockout mutant (ΔbpsR4) was constructed, and its gene expression profile was compared with that of the wild-type (WT) K96243 strain using RNA sequencing. In vitro assays were conducted to assess growth rates, stress responses, antibiotic sensitivity, motility, and biofilm formation. Ex vivo pathogenicity was evaluated using a human skin fibroblast infection model, and in vivo virulence was assessed in the Galleria mellonella model.ResultsbpsR4 deletion led to significant transcriptional reprogramming, including the downregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition, sulfur metabolism, oxidative stress response, and redox homeostasis and upregulation of genes linked to motility, chemotaxis, and membrane transport. ΔbpsR4 exhibited reduced tolerance to oxidative and heat stress and impaired biofilm formation but no significant change in motility. Additionally, ΔbpsR4 displayed decreased susceptibility to meropenem. In both in vitro and invertebrate infection models, the mutant demonstrated lower virulence than the WT strain.ConclusionThis study highlighted the involvement of BpsR4 in stress response, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence in B. pseudomallei. Targeting QS pathways, particularly BpsR4 signaling, might represent a promising strategy to develop anti-virulence therapies that enhance antibiotic efficacy and improve clinical outcomes in melioidosis.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Burkholderia pseudomallei/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Animals
Virulence/genetics
*Transcriptome
Humans
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Quorum Sensing/genetics
*Stress, Physiological/genetics
Melioidosis/microbiology
Oxidative Stress
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Gene Expression Profiling

@article {pmid41312984,
year = {2025},
author = {Badawy, MH and Cooke, MG and Peldszus, S and Slawson, RM and Huck, PM},
title = {Monochloramine effects on biofilm growth with/without orthophosphate in high-residence time drinking water model distribution systems.},
journal = {Journal of water and health},
volume = {23},
number = {11},
pages = {1381-1396},
pmid = {41312984},
issn = {1477-8920},
support = {NSERC IRC PJ#147477-17//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Chloramines/pharmacology ; *Drinking Water/microbiology/chemistry ; *Phosphates/pharmacology ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Water Supply ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; },
abstract = {Orthophosphate is a common corrosion inhibitor used to control lead release in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). It may enhance monochloramine decay and promote biofilm growth. This study assessed the impact of two monochloramine dosages on biofilm growth and monochloramine decay in model distribution systems (MDSs), with/without orthophosphate, at a 10-day residence time. Four bench-scale MDSs were run for 15 weeks: two tested a low monochloramine dose (2 mg Cl2/L), with or without orthophosphate, and two a higher dose (3 mg Cl2/L), with and without orthophosphate. The feedwater was phosphorus-limited, which may have amplified microbial response to orthophosphate addition. At both monochloramine dosages tested, orthophosphate addition increased viable cell count, biofilm reformation potential, and metabolic activity, while biofilm genetic diversity was influenced by both orthophosphate and monochloramine dose. Communities subjected to high monochloramine without orthophosphate were the least diverse, whereas those exposed to low monochloramine with orthophosphate showed the greatest diversity. These findings suggest that high monochloramine exerts selective pressure, reducing diversity, while orthophosphate enhances it. First-order total chlorine decay coefficients were higher in MDSs with lower monochloramine doses, and at the same dose, MDSs with orthophosphate showed slightly higher monochloramine decay than those without orthophosphate.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Chloramines/pharmacology
*Drinking Water/microbiology/chemistry
*Phosphates/pharmacology
*Disinfectants/pharmacology
Water Supply
Bacteria/drug effects
Water Pollutants, Chemical

@article {pmid41312149,
year = {2025},
author = {Batchelor, DVB and Lad, A and Burr, KL and Hollie, K and McLaughlan, JR and Turnbull, WB and Sandoe, JAT and Evans, SD},
title = {S. aureus biofilm disruption using ultrasound and microbubbles: Influence of radiation force, bubble dynamics and biofilm growth conditions.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100327},
pmid = {41312149},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen and a major cause of bloodstream infections, which can readily form biofilms on implanted medical devices. Here, we utilise a combination of lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) and ultrasound (US) to physically disperse the biofilm from the growth surface. The effects of two peak negative pressures (PNPs) and the direction of the acoustic radiation force (ARF) were evaluated. At 1.1 MHz, a clinically relevant frequency, and low PNP of 360 kPa, no significant biofilm dispersal occurred regardless of ultrasound (US) orientation. In contrast, at a high PNP of 2500 kPa, directing the ultrasound beam upward (US↑) pushed microbubbles (MBs) toward the biofilm, resulting in near-complete dispersal of the biofilm (94 ± 2 %) within the focal zone. Reversing direction to US↓, which pushes MBs away from the biofilm, reduced biofilm dispersal to 81 ± 3 %. Pre-treatment of the biofilm growth surface with fibrinogen or human plasma significantly altered the biofilm morphology and thickness, but did not affect the efficiency of ultrasound and microbubbles (US + MB)-mediated dispersal. Furthermore, multiple consecutive US + MB treatments could be applied to treat larger areas of biofilm without requiring MB replenishment between treatments. High-speed imaging was used to observe MB behaviour (e.g. translation and destruction) during US exposure. We revealed that the near instantaneous destruction of smaller MBs (∼1 μm) at high pressure did not induce significant biofilm dispersal and hypothesise that the translational motion of larger MBs (>10 μm) across the surface of the biofilm was the dominant mechanism behind biofilm dispersal.},
}

@article {pmid41312148,
year = {2025},
author = {Destruel, L and Dahyot, S and Coquet, L and Barreau, M and Legris, S and Leoz, M and Grand, M and Argemi, X and Prevost, G and Nalpas, N and Dé, E and Chevalier, S and Pestel-Caron, M},
title = {Characterization of Staphylococcus lugdunensis biofilm reveals key differences according to clonal lineage and iron availability.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100329},
pmid = {41312148},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {To understand the mechanisms involved in the evolutionary success of Staphyloccocus lugdunensis clones, we compared the biofilm-forming ability of representative strains of the seven clonal complexes (CCs) in rich and iron-restricted conditions, and characterized the extracellular matrix (ECM) of two highly biofilm-forming strains under each condition. Over 90 % of the 49 S. lugdunensis strains produced biofilm in both conditions, with a level of production depending on the iron availability and clonal lineage. Two behaviors were observed: a significantly higher production in rich medium than in iron-restricted medium for CC1, CC2, and some CC3 strains, and the opposite phenomenon for CC6 ones. Analysis of the ECM of two representative strains using confocal microscopy showed that biofilm of the CC3 strain in rich medium contained similar amounts of proteins, eDNA and polysaccharides while that of CC6 strain was predominantly proteinaceous. Under iron-restricted conditions, biofilm structure and composition of both strains completely differed from those obtained in rich conditions. The proteomic analysis of their biofilm ECM by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry identified 321 proteins common to both strains, mainly intracellular and in particular ribosomal. Of note, 202 proteins differed between the strains in terms of abundance, with a higher proportion of membrane proteins in the CC3 strain. This study performed on a large cohort of strains shows that S. lugdunensis biofilm-forming capacity is strongly associated with CC and iron availability. This analysis of biofilm-associated proteins in S. lugdunensis opens the way to propose new molecular targets for anti-biofilm strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41312062,
year = {2025},
author = {Deng, YH and Lee, JH and Kim, MJ and Kong, H},
title = {Biofilm comes back: Controlling regrowth by mitigating the cell-matrix interaction.},
journal = {Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)},
volume = {508},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41312062},
issn = {1385-8947},
abstract = {Biofilms wield a notorious impact on biological infections and environmental sanitation in daily life. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop antimicrobial agents that effectively kill bacterial cells, but preventing biofilm reformation remains unsolved. For instance, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peracetic acid (PAA) mixture can inactivate almost 100 % of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a biofilm within 10 min, but why do cells regrow and recover the biofilm within a day? We hypothesize that interaction between bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) remaining during biofilm treatment is responsible for biofilm regrowth. This hypothesis is examined by quantifying the number of cells associated with a unit volume of EPS (Manders coefficient) and the mass of EPS associated with a cell in the P. aeruginosa biofilm by processing immunostained biofilm images with the BiofilmQ software. Interestingly, the H2O2 + PAA mixture increases the EPS mass associated with a single cell compared with untreated conditions while minimally affecting the Manders coefficient. To resolve this challenge, we devise a sequential strategy in which self-locomotive MnO2-doped diatoms are initially added to reduce the EPS volume, making bacterial cells more susceptible to the subsequently added H2O2 + PAA mixture. This strategy significantly reduces the mass of EPS associated with cells, thereby inhibiting biofilm regrowth over 2 months. Overall, the results of these studies provide valuable insights for developing advanced antibacterial strategies that can significantly improve an ability to control infection and biofouling across a diverse spectrum of household, healthcare, and industrial applications.},
}

@article {pmid41310389,
year = {2025},
author = {Admase, AT and Gesese, TN and Fanta, SW and Eshetie, BG},
title = {Correction: Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {42527},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-30032-2},
pmid = {41310389},
issn = {2045-2322},
}

@article {pmid41309948,
year = {2025},
author = {Marchan, D and Rubio, A and Pedraz, L and Hernández, JM and Admella, J and Blanco-Cabra, N and Torrents, E},
title = {FleQ-Dependent regulation of the ribonucleotide reductase repressor NrdR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm growth and infection.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-30003-7},
pmid = {41309948},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2020-FI-B-00175//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; 2021-FI-B-00118//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; PID2021-125801OB-100, PLEC2022-009356 and PDC2022-133577-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ ; 2021SGR01545//Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca/ ; },
abstract = {Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), a critical step in DNA synthesis and repair. While all organisms encode for at least one RNR class, Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors three, providing a competitive advantage that allows it to adapt and colonize various environments. Despite their importance, the mechanisms coordinating the expression of different RNRs in microorganisms with multiple RNR classes remain poorly understood. The transcriptional regulator NrdR controls the expression of all three RNR classes by binding to conserved motifs (NrdR boxes) in their promoters. However, the regulation of nrdR itself remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of nrdR using a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches we identified potential transcription factors (TF) involved in nrdR regulation. Our analysis identified four potential TF that could regulate nrdR, and we experimentally confirmed that specifically, FleQ is responsible for regulating nrdR expression under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, we explored nrdR regulation under biofilm-forming conditions and in the Galleria mellonella infection model to gain insights into how nrdR might be regulated in vivo.},
}

@article {pmid41309887,
year = {2025},
author = {Tao, W and Ma, W and Zhao, G and Zhang, Z and Xu, C and Wang, P and Jia, W},
title = {Characterization of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates from Ningxia, China.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-29451-y},
pmid = {41309887},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The global issue of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) resistance has become increasingly severe, with biofilm formation identified as a significant contributor to drug resistance and subsequent treatment failures. This study investigated 78 strains of H. pylori in the Ningxia province of China over a two-year period, focusing on infection rates, drug resistance, biofilm formation, and genetic characteristics. The results indicated that 56 strains (71.8%) exhibited resistance, and 48 patients (61.5%) were diagnosed with atrophic gastritis. Notably, metronidazole resistance was the most prevalent, accounting for 65.3%, and multidrug-resistant strains were also identified. Further investigation revealed that high biofilm-forming H. pylori demonstrated a higher proportion of resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin compared to low biofilm-forming H. pylori. Next-generation sequencing data demonstrated low homology among the strains, suggesting that this genetic diversity may drive the strains to evolve along distinct pathways, ultimately resulting in the emergence of more complex drug-resistant isolates within the studied population, despite the limited data size.},
}

@article {pmid41309395,
year = {2025},
author = {Moussa, HH and Sonibare, MA and Park, JS},
title = {Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Serratia marcescens AI-N-1 from Azadirachta indica.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {35},
number = {},
pages = {e2508044},
doi = {10.4014/jmb.2508.08044},
pmid = {41309395},
issn = {1738-8872},
mesh = {*Serratia marcescens/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Endophytes/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Azadirachta/microbiology ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects ; Nigeria ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; },
abstract = {The rising need for new antibiotics and antioxidants highlights endophytic bacteria as promising sources of bioactive compounds. Medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica harbour diverse endophytes, yet their potential in southwest Nigeria remains largely underexplored. This study investigated the antimicrobial, biofilm inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds produced by the bacterial endophyte Serratia marcescens AI-N-1, isolated from A. indica. Crude extracts of S. marcescens showed strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (79.79% inhibition) and Salmonella typhi (77.04% inhibition) at 5 mg/ml. In addition, most extracts also displayed potent biofilm inhibition (>80%) against both pathogens, comparable to the positive control baicalein (P < 0.05). Antioxidant assays revealed high radical scavenging activity, with the supernatant extract obtained after 2 days of culture exhibiting the strongest effect (DPPH: 86.61% at 0.1 mg/ml; ABTS: 99.64% at 0.1 mg/ml). Online HPLC-ABTS[+] analysis identified serranticin as a major contributor to these antioxidant effects. HR-MS/MS profiling further revealed prodigiosin, serratamolides, and serranticin, along with putative novel lipopeptides and other metabolites, as key bioactive compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Serratia endophyte from A. indica in southwest Nigeria with combined antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities, as well as the discovery of putative new lipopeptides. These findings highlight endophytic bacteria from Nigerian medicinal plants as promising sources of novel antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for pharmaceutical development.},
}

*Serratia marcescens/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification
*Endophytes/chemistry/isolation & purification
*Azadirachta/microbiology
Bacillus subtilis/drug effects
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Salmonella typhi/drug effects
Nigeria
Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry

@article {pmid41308930,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, S and Dai, B and Wang, Z and Yang, S and Xia, S and Rittmann, BE},
title = {S[0] powder as biofilm carrier and electron donor enhances autotrophic nitrogen removal in sulfur-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133707},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133707},
pmid = {41308930},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Sulfur-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox (SPD/A) has been proposed as an innovative strategy for nitrogen removal from wastewater. This study proposes a novel strategy that integrates 20-μm S[0] powders with anammox granules to establish S[0]-driven partial denitrification coupled with anammox (i.e., S[0]PD/A) for the simultaneous removal of NH4[+] and NO3[-] from wastewater. When the influent concentrations of NH4[+] and NO3[-] were maintained at 31 and 52 mg-N/L, respectively, the efficiency of total-nitrogen removal reached 92 %, with anammox, S[0]-driven denitrification, and sulfammox accounting for 71 %, 27.4 %, and 1.6 %, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that anammox bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were dominant functional genera involved in the S[0]PD/A. Anammox bacteria were enriched in anammox granules, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were enriched in microgranules of S[0] powders and Candidatus Brocadia. These findings highlight distinct microbial niche differentiation, elucidate nitrogen-sulfur metabolic interactions, and offer insights into an autotrophic process for total-nitrogen removal.},
}

@article {pmid41308591,
year = {2025},
author = {Jakhwal, P and Daneshvar, E and Bhatnagar, A},
title = {Nutrient removal, biomass accumulation, lipid production, and biostimulant activity of floating photosynthetic biofilm in synthetic wastewater.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {396},
number = {},
pages = {128073},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128073},
pmid = {41308591},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {This study applied an easily harvestable floating photosynthetic biofilm (FPB) for nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater (SW) supplied with organic carbon (SWO), inorganic carbon (SWI), and atmospheric carbon dioxide (SWC). The FPB dry biomass concentration was measured on day 22 and the highest biomass concentration was obtained as 0.97 g L[-1] in SWI, followed by 0.43 g L[-1] in SWO, and the lowest as 0.33 g L[-1] in SWC (day 22). The FPB exhibited maximum NH3-N, NO3[-]-N, and PO4[3-]-P removal of ca. 100% (day 22), 76% (day 14), and 73% (day 22) in SWI, SWO, and SWI, respectively. The lipid percentages of FPB biomass harvested from SWI, SWO, and SWC were 2.50%, 5.87%, and 5.00%, respectively. Furthermore, the cellular extract of defatted biomass from SWI and SWC improved the germination percentage of tomato seeds by 13% compared to the control (water). The highest germination improvement index (GII) and biomass improvement index (BII) values were obtained for defatted biomass from SWI. The GII and BII values for SWI were 1.32-fold on day 4 and 1.27-fold on day 8, compared to the control (water). The results indicated that FPB is effective for nutrient removal, facilitates biomass harvesting, and serves as a valuable feedstock for biomass biorefinery.},
}

@article {pmid41305442,
year = {2025},
author = {Liang, Y and Li, N and Wan, S and Li, Y and Li, Y and Qu, Y},
title = {Genomic and Biological Characterization of a Novel Proteus mirabilis Phage with Anti-Biofilm Activity.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v17111419},
pmid = {41305442},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {2024DA007//the Natural Science Support Program Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; CGZH202309//Shihezi University Technology Transfer and Promotion Program/ ; },
mesh = {*Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation & purification/classification/physiology ; *Genome, Viral ; Phylogeny ; Host Specificity ; Animals ; Sewage/virology ; Swine ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Genomics ; Feces/virology ; Base Composition ; Proteus Infections/microbiology ; },
abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus mirabilis poses a significant threat in porcine farming and public health, highlighting the need for alternative biocontrol agents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a lytic bacteriophage with therapeutic potential against MDR P. mirabilis. Using the clinical MDR P. mirabilis strain Pm 07 as host, a bacteriophage, vB_Pmc_P-07 (P-07), was successfully isolated from fecal and sewage samples via an enrichment protocol. Phage P-07 forms plaques surrounded by a distinct translucent "halo," suggesting the production of depolymerase. It achieved high titers of up to 1.40 × 10[8] PFU/mL and exhibited a narrow host range, high stability across a broad range of temperatures (40-60 °C) and pH (4-12), as well as considerable anti-biofilm activity. An optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 was determined. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 58,582 bp with a GC content of 46.91%, encoding 63 open reading frames. Crucially, no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected, supporting its safety profile. Phylogenetic analysis classified P-07 within the Casjensviridae family, closely related to phages PM87 and pPM01. These findings indicate that phage P-07 is a novel, safe, and effective lytic phage with strong potential as a biocontrol agent against biofilm-forming MDR P. mirabilis in swine.},
}

*Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation & purification/classification/physiology
*Genome, Viral
Phylogeny
Host Specificity
Animals
Sewage/virology
Swine
Whole Genome Sequencing
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Genomics
Feces/virology
Base Composition
Proteus Infections/microbiology

@article {pmid41304977,
year = {2025},
author = {Gonzalez, M and Tareau, AS and de Crozals, D and Layec, C and Broudic, N and Barreau, M and Forge, A and Lesouhaitier, O and Fruit, C and Chevalier, S and Besson, T and Tahrioui, A},
title = {Quinazoline-Derivatives of Imino-1,2,3-Dithiazoles Promote Biofilm Dispersion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph18111733},
pmid = {41304977},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Biofilm-associated infections pose a major clinical challenge since bacteria within biofilms exhibit highly antibiotic tolerance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms persistent biofilms that cause chronic infections in vulnerable patients, including those with cystic fibrosis, burns, or medical implants. Such biofilm-associated chronic infections require prolonged treatments that promote antimicrobial resistance. To address this, recent strategies focus on enhancing biofilm dispersion. Methods: Thirty-six N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazoles were screened for their biofilm dispersal activity using a crystal violet assay. Their cytotoxicity was assessed on A549 and HaCat eukaryotic cells. Moreover, their influence on bacterial growth and virulence was investigated. Lastly, fluorescence anisotropy was used to measure membrane fluidity to obtain the first insights on the mechanism of action of these chemicals. Results: Our results showed that quinazoline-derivatives of imino-1,2,3-dithiazoles display biofilm dispersion activity. These compounds do not increase virulence through pyocyanin production, do not modify the growth kinetics of P. aeruginosa, and do not show cytotoxicity towards eucaryotic cells. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential use of N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazole-derived compounds as safe and effective dispersal agents of P. aeruginosa biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid41304775,
year = {2025},
author = {Warakomska, A and Kępa, M and Fiegler-Rudol, J and Latusek-Kotyczka, K and Skaba, D and Wiench, R},
title = {In Vitro Antifungal Efficacy of Blue-Light Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin and Riboflavin Formulation Activated by 450 nm Diode Laser Against Candida albicans Biofilm on Titanium Implants.},
journal = {Pharmaceutics},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics17111437},
pmid = {41304775},
issn = {1999-4923},
abstract = {Background: Candida albicans is increasingly recognized in peri-implantitis due to its capacity to form resilient biofilms on implant surfaces, limiting treatment success. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may offer a non-invasive adjunct by leveraging photosensitizer activation to produce reactive oxygen species that disrupt microbial cells. This in vitro study assessed the antifungal efficacy of QroxB2, a dual-photosensitizer containing riboflavin and curcumin, activated by 450 nm blue light against C. albicans biofilms on titanium implants. Methods: C. albicans biofilms were formed on 63 titanium implants and randomly assigned to nine groups (n = 7): untreated control (GC), chlorhexidine (CHX), riboflavin (RIB), curcumin (CUR), QroxB2 (QBX), laser only (L), and three photodynamic therapy groups combining laser irradiation with each photosensitizer (L + RIB, L + CUR, L + QBX). Treatments were followed by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration. Results: The L + QBX group showed the strongest antifungal effect, achieving a 94% reduction in fungal load, with median CFU counts decreasing from 49,000 in the untreated control to 2800 CFU/mL. CHX eradicated all viable cells (0 CFU/mL). Among photosensitizer-only groups, QBX produced a moderate reduction (median 21,800 CFU/mL), whereas laser irradiation alone (L) exhibited no meaningful antifungal activity, with median counts comparable to the untreated control (49,000 CFU/mL). Conclusions: QroxB2-mediated aPDT achieved a significant reduction in Candida albicans colony-forming units on implant surfaces. While not as potent as chlorhexidine, this light-activated, biocompatible approach may serve as a complementary tool in managing peri-implant fungal infections. Clinical validation is warranted.},
}

@article {pmid41304276,
year = {2025},
author = {Mejia-Ventura, S and Soria-Bustos, J and Chimal-Cázares, F and Hernández-Martínez, G and Rosales-Reyes, R and De la Cruz, MA and Yañez-Santos, JA and Cedillo, ML and Castillo-Rojas, G and Georgellis, D and Ares, MA},
title = {The Nucleoid-Associated Protein Fis Represses Type 3 Fimbriae to Modulate Biofilm and Adherence Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112591},
pmid = {41304276},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The nucleoid-associated protein Fis functions as a global regulator that influences various cellular processes in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we examined the role of Fis in the transcriptional regulation of type 3 fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a notable opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital-acquired infections. Our transcriptional analyses revealed that deleting the fis gene caused a significant upregulation of mrkA and mrkH, the genes responsible for the structure and regulation of type 3 fimbriae, respectively. Additionally, phenotypic assays demonstrated that the Δfis mutant exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and greater adherence to A549 lung epithelial cells compared to the wild-type strain. These effects were restored to wild-type levels in the cis-complemented strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that Fis directly binds to the regulatory regions upstream of both mrkA and mrkH, indicating that repression occurs through direct interaction with the promoter. In summary, our findings show that Fis acts as a transcriptional repressor of mrkA and mrkH, thereby negatively regulating the expression of type 3 fimbriae, biofilm formation, and adherence. This study highlights Fis as a direct regulator of fimbrial expression and biofilm development in K. pneumoniae, deepening our understanding of its virulence regulatory network.},
}

@article {pmid41304253,
year = {2025},
author = {Sanchez, P and Vargas, E and Green, S and Greer, M and Yates-Alston, S and Esposito, M and Tan, L and Levi, N},
title = {Semiconducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposite for Photothermal Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112568},
pmid = {41304253},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {n/a//Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Advocate Health Wake Forest University/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm growth on silicone (Si) medical devices is routinely treated with antibiotics or device removal; however, new approaches are needed. The current work evaluates photothermal therapy (PTT) to augment antibiotic efficacy or directly ablate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The semiconducting polymer, Poly [4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4 b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt22,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4,7-diyl] (PCPDTBSe), with a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 53.2%, was formulated into nanoparticles (BSe NPs) and incorporated into Si. Nanocomposites were stimulated with 800 nm light to generate mild hyperthermic conditions of 42 °C, or ablative temperatures above 50 °C. PTT, with or without antibiotics, was deployed against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, Xen 29 and Xen 40, followed by an evaluation of bacterial survival, biofilm regrowth, and differential disruption of specific biofilm components. Mild hyperthermia was also used in an in vivo model of silicone implant infection. The results demonstrate a 55-59% reduction in S. aureus when PTT plus antibiotic was used in vitro, and a 51% reduction in vivo. Higher temperatures effectively eradicate both Xen 29 and Xen 40 strains, with a longer exposure time using lower laser power being optimal. Hyperthermia inhibited biofilm regrowth in both strains, resulting in a > 3 log reduction, plus increased dead cells, polysaccharides, and eDNA in treated Xen 40 biofilms. These experiments demonstrate that nanocomposite-based PTT can both reduce viable bacteria and alter individual biofilm components.},
}

@article {pmid41304235,
year = {2025},
author = {Smartnick, BK and Carlson, EA and Morse, CN and Dodson, TA and Wamer, NC and Horne, AM and Prestwich, EG},
title = {Identification of Three New Rugose Small Colony Variants from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112550},
pmid = {41304235},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {1R21AG091047-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01AI148570-05/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; deArce-Koch Memorial Endowment Fund in Support of Medical Research and Development//University of Toledo/ ; University of Toledo Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences//University of Toledo/ ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, pathogenic, bacterium that produces biofilms comprising phenotypically distinct cell subpopulations. When separating and characterizing a single P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm, three novel rugose small colony variants (RSCVs) (denoted RSCV_1, RSCV_2, and RSCV_3) were discovered. Characteristics of these stationary phase RSCVs differed between stationary phase wild-type (WT) PA14, between the PA14 biofilm subpopulations, and between the RSCVs themselves. The observed phenotypic changes in the RSCVs included differences in cellular morphology, exopolysaccharide production, biosynthesis of virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiotic tolerance. Stationary phase cell surface-associated molecules on the RSCVs were differently ionized as compared to WT PA14 using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Many RNA transcripts were differentially expressed between the RSCVs and WT PA14 as well as between RSCV_1 and RSCV_3. DNA sequencing revealed single-nucleotide deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the RSCVs and between the RSCVs and WT PA14. The levels of the intracellular signaling molecule bis-(3',5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic-di-GMP) were higher in the RSCVs compared to WT PA14 and significantly lower in RSCV_3 as compared to both RSCV_1 and RSCV_2. The detected differences in the RSCVs have significant implications for biofilm production, antibiotic tolerance, and virulence.},
}

@article {pmid41304208,
year = {2025},
author = {Lin, G and Li, Y and Qiao, Y and Pengsakul, T and Chen, G and Huang, L},
title = {Heavy Metal and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants Promote Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio Species from Shellfish.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112522},
pmid = {41304208},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2023YFD2402600//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People´s Republic of China/ ; 32173016//National Natural Science Foundation of the China/ ; },
abstract = {Shellfish are an essential component of the human diet, yet their safety is increasingly compromised by contamination with heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pathogenic microorganisms, such as Vibrio, which pose significant health risks. This study examined shellfish samples from seafood markets, assessing the levels of heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, copper) and petroleum hydrocarbons, while isolating and identifying Vibrio species carried by the shellfish. The antimicrobial resistance profiles, resistance genes, and biofilm-forming capacities of these strains were further characterized. Results revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in heavy metal concentrations, with some samples exceeding regulatory limits, indicating potential health risks for long-term consumers. Likewise, Vibrio abundance and resistance varied seasonally, with a notable prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, likely influenced by antibiotic misuse and environmental pressures in coastal regions. Correlation analyses suggested potential links between heavy metal contamination and Vibrio resistance, as well as biofilm formation, supporting the hypothesis that metal-induced stress may facilitate resistance gene transfer and enhance biofilm-mediated resistance. This study reveals the seasonal dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in shellfish-derived Vibrio species and elucidates the dose-response effects of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as their synergistic selection mechanisms. These findings provide a scientific foundation for assessing shellfish safety, deciphering AMR transmission, and developing ecosystem-based strategies for aquaculture monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41304162,
year = {2025},
author = {Adib Lesaux, A and Cunha, E and Ballet, N and Oliveira, M},
title = {Evaluation of Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Probiotics and Postbiotics Using In Vitro Biofilm Model of Canine Periodontal Disease.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112472},
pmid = {41304162},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {Phileo by Lesaffre, Marc en Baroeul, 59700, France//Phileo by Lesaffre, Lesaffre International/ ; },
abstract = {Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most widespread oral inflammatory diseases in dogs, with the potential to cause systemic consequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of yeast-derived postbiotics and probiotic bacterial strains by using a previously developed in vitro biofilm model mimicking canine PD-associated biofilm including five bacterial species: Neisseria zoodegmatis, Corynebacterium canis, Porphyromonas cangingivalis, Peptostreptococcus canis, and Enterococcus faecalis. After we confirmed the presence of these five bacterial species by employing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, the biofilm inhibitory and eradication activity of 11 yeast-derived postbiotics and probiotic bacterial strains, as well as selected dual biotic combinations, against the polymicrobial biofilm were determined using a modified version of the Calgary Biofilm Pin Lid Device and the crystal violet method; additionally, hemolytic activity was evaluated using canine red blood cells. The results show that the inhibitory activity against the polymicrobial PD biofilm ranged from 0% to 22.55%, and eradication ability varied between 0% and 17.28%; however, when combined, the biotics achieved a maximum inhibition rate of 71%. Probiotic strain BC-05 exhibited the lowest in vitro hemolytic activity. Overall, based on the results, four yeast-derived postbiotics and one probiotic bacterial strain were selected as promising candidates for further evaluation, aiming at in vivo application.},
}

@article {pmid41304158,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, J and Ebosa, O and Diarra, M and Nadon, C and McAllister, T and Sparling, R and Narvaez-Bravo, C},
title = {Genomic Drivers of Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Kentucky from Poultry Production.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112473},
pmid = {41304158},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {IT29351//Mitacs/ ; },
abstract = {Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) remains a leading cause of human illness worldwide, and its persistence in poultry environments might be partially attributed to their ability to form biofilm. This study compared the biofilm capacity of 15 SE and 24 Salmonella Kentucky (SK) isolates from poultry products and processing facilities to uncover genetic factors driving biofilm heterogeneity. Biofilm formation and curli/cellulose production were evaluated at 20-22 °C. Genomic analyses included phylogenetic reconstruction, comparative system profiling, SNP variation, and BLASTp v2.17.0 comparisons. Phenotypic assays showed that most SE isolates (73%) were strong biofilm formers, while the majority of SK isolates (62%) failed to form biofilms, despite many carrying the complete curli-cellulose gene set and other biofilm-associated genes. Genomic analysis identified 124 biofilm-related genes, 108 of which were conserved across all isolates, and revealed 24 variants with potential functional impact. Mutations in cellulose biosynthesis (bcs) genes were linked to weaker biofilms, whereas nonsynonymous variants in tol family genes may impair flagellar biosynthesis and matrix stability. These findings demonstrate that genetic variation, not just gene presence, shapes biofilm phenotypes and highlight key molecular targets that may explain why SE persists in poultry production while SK is less successful.},
}

@article {pmid41304145,
year = {2025},
author = {Schiopu, P and Toc, DA and Colosi, IA and Costache, C and Panaitescu, PȘ and Neculicioiu, VS and Gorcea, CM and Zăgărin, TI and Murarasu, AR and Todea, DA},
title = {Comparative Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Heated Tobacco Product Aerosols on Biofilm Production by Respiratory Pathogens.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112459},
pmid = {41304145},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {PCD nr. 776/56/13 January 2025//Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are involved in both acute and chronic respiratory infections. While cigarette smoke extract (CSE) has been shown to increase biofilm formation by certain respiratory pathogens, the impact of emerging heated tobacco products (HTPs) remains unclear. We compared the effects of CSE with two HTP aerosol extracts on biofilm biomass and metabolic activity of common respiratory pathogens. Reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), known respiratory pathogens, were grown as 24 h biofilms in 96-well plates (48 h for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa). These were exposed to CSE and HTP extracts from iQOS™ (Terea™ Turquoise, ILUMA™ device) and glo™ (neo™ Azure, HyperPro™ device), prepared in liquid culture media. Biofilm density was quantified by the crystal violet assay. Metabolic activity (planktonic and biofilm) was assessed by MTT reduction to formazan. At 24 h, CSE markedly reduced H. influenzae biomass versus iQOS™, glo™, and control, while K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa showed no significant biomass differences. At 48 h, CSE significantly increased biomass in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus versus other exposures. Biofilm MTT assay measured metabolic activity increased in CSE exposure for K. pneumoniae versus iQOS™ and control, and for S. aureus versus control. Overall, HTP extracts showed limited, inconsistent effects compared with CSE, indicating combustion-derived constituents more strongly promote biofilm maturation in this model.},
}

@article {pmid41304135,
year = {2025},
author = {Dančová, N and Király, J and Hajdučková, V and Hudecová, P and Hisirová, S and Nagyová, M and Fedáková, Z and Pilipčinec, E and Gregová, G},
title = {Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Biofilm Forming Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Skin Lesions.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112449},
pmid = {41304135},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {APVV-23-0488//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; KEGA 018UVLF-4/2025//Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; KEGA 009UVLF-4/2025//Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; VEGA 1/0446/22//the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Research, Development, and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen known for its versatility and ability to cause a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify S. aureus from skin lesions from human patients, to determine antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation potential at phenotypic and genotypic levels, as well as to verify the activity of efflux pump production. Out of 51 samples collected from skin lesions of various etiologies, 13 isolates were identified as S. aureus. All isolates showed the ability to form biofilms, which correlated with the presence of the icaABCD, agrA, srtA, clfAB, and fnbAB genes, while the bap gene was absent. The highest rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin (69.2%) and gentamicin (46.2%), as well as for erythromycin and clindamycin (38.5%). The mecA gene was present in two isolates, but phenotypic resistance to methicillin was confirmed in only one of them, suggesting possible heterogeneous expression or regulated activity of resistance mechanisms. The mecC gene was not present in any isolate. Efflux pump production was observed in only three isolates, showing weak to intermediate levels. These findings indicate the high biofilm potential and variable antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus clinical isolates, which pose a challenge for the treatment of emerging skin infections.},
}

@article {pmid41304118,
year = {2025},
author = {Prieto, KR and Valério, HP and Chaves-Filho, AB and Yoshinaga, MY and Miyamoto, S and Prado, FM and Zaizar-Castañeda, I and Montaño-Silva, P and Martinez-Rodriguez, A and Curiel, M and Medeiros, MHG and Winck, FV and Di Mascio, P and Beltran-Garcia, MJ},
title = {Outer Membrane Vesicles, Lipidome, and Biofilm Formation in the Endophyte Enterobacter Cloacae SEA01 from Agave Tequilana.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112432},
pmid = {41304118},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {10602-2023//COECYT-JAL/ ; 2025/05512-7//FAPESP/ ; 2023/00995-4//FAPESP/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) mediate stress tolerance, biofilm formation, and interkingdom communication, but their role in beneficial endophytes remains underexplored. We isolated 11 non-redundant isolates associated with Bacillus, Enterococcus, Kosakonia and Kocuria from Agave tequilana seeds, identified by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We focused on the catalase-negative Enterobacter cloacae SEA01, which exhibits plant-promoting traits and support agave growth under nutrient-poor microcosms. In addition, this endophyte produces OMVs. Time-resolved SEM documented OMV release and cell aggregation within 9 h, followed by mature biofilms at 24 h with continued vesiculation. Purified OMVs (≈80-300 nm) contained extracellular DNA and were characterized by dynamic light scattering and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS lipidomics. The OMV lipidome was dominated by phosphatidylethanolamine (~80%) and was enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (16:1, 18:1), while the stress-associated cyclopropane fatty acids (17:1, 19:1) were comparatively retained in the whole-cell membranes; OMVs also exhibited reduced ubiquinone-8. SEA01 is catalase-negative, uncommon among plant-associated Enterobacter, suggesting a testable model in which oxidative factors modulate OMV output and biofilm assembly. These may have implications for recognition and redox signaling at the root interface. Future works should combine targeted proteomics/genomics with genetic or chemical disruption of catalase/OMV pathways.},
}

@article {pmid41303920,
year = {2025},
author = {Kazimierczak, P and Balaha, M and Palka, K and Wessely-Szponder, J and Wojcik, M and di Giacomo, V and De Filippis, B and Przekora, A},
title = {Macroporous Hydroxyapatite-Based Bone Scaffolds Loaded with CAPE Derivatives: A Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {22},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ma18225074},
pmid = {41303920},
issn = {1996-1944},
support = {DS 630/2025//Ministry of Education and Science in Poland/ ; },
abstract = {Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a polyphenol from propolis, is well recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and osteogenic properties. This study aimed to develop macroporous bone scaffolds composed of a chitosan/agarose matrix reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite and enriched with stable CAPE derivatives to enhance their biomedical potential for applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A comprehensive evaluation of microstructural and biological properties of the produced scaffolds was conducted. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited high porosity (49-60%) with interconnected pores and compressive strength (1.2-1.8 MPa), closely resembling cancellous bone and indicating suitability for bone regeneration. They were biocompatible, promoted osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and supported apatite deposition on their surfaces, demonstrating strong bioactivity and potential for implant osseointegration. Importantly, the scaffolds did not trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, suggesting a low risk of inflammatory responses. Additionally, CAPE-enriched scaffolds inhibited biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, reducing the risk of implant-associated infections. In summary, these CAPE-modified scaffolds integrate optimal microstructural and biological features, such as reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting biofilm formation, and thus offer a promising strategy for enhancing bone repair and regeneration in clinical applications.},
}

@article {pmid41303410,
year = {2025},
author = {Ștefănescu, R and Laczkó-Zöld, E and Ciurea, C and Tero-Vescan, A and Ősz, B and Vancea, S and Sita, D and Mare, A},
title = {GC-MS Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity of Eight Essential Oils Against Opportunistic Pathogens with Biofilm-Forming Potential.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {22},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms262210928},
pmid = {41303410},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {163 /7/ 10.01.2023//George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania/ ; },
mesh = {*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Essential oils (EOs) are complex plant-derived products known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of eight essential oils-EOs (Caryophylli aetheroleum, Menthae aetheroleum, Origani aetheroleum, Rosmarini aetheroleum, Salviae aetheroleum, Melaleucae aetheroleum, Limonis aetheroleum, and Curcumae aetheroleum) and to evaluate their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against five opportunistic pathogens with biofilm-forming potential (methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the EOs, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Biofilm inhibition was assessed by a crystal violet assay. Oxygenated monoterpenes and phenolic compounds were dominant in Origani, Menthae, Rosmarinus, Melaleucae, and Caryophylli aetheroleum. Potent inhibitory effects against the tested bacterial strains were observed for clove, tea tree, oregano, and rosemary EOs. The antimicrobial efficacy of EOs is closely linked to their chemical composition. Tea tree and oregano EOs exhibited the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity, while peppermint and curcuma oils were the least potent. Cytotoxicity thresholds from the literature suggest that some effective EO concentrations exceed safe mucosal limits, particularly in continuous high-dose applications, but short-contact delivery systems or adjunctive use with different agents may mitigate safety concerns. These findings support further investigation into their therapeutic applications in oral health products.},
}

*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Bacteria/drug effects
Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects
Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry
Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Humans

@article {pmid41302114,
year = {2025},
author = {Oh, Y and Kim, TJ},
title = {Virulence Plasmid Modulates Glucose-Mediated Biofilm Regulation in Yersinia enterocolitica.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life15111689},
pmid = {41302114},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {2021R1F1A1061888//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen capable of biofilm formation and virulence modulation in response to environmental signals. Among these, glucose-present at physiologically relevant concentrations in the human body-may serve as a regulatory cue affecting infection-associated pathways, including those governed by the pYV virulence plasmid. Although the role of glucose has been investigated under host-mimicking conditions, its impact in non-host environments remains poorly understood. This study was designed to evaluate the glucose-dependent physiological responses of two isogenic Y. enterocolitica strains, KT0001 (pYV-negative) and KT0003 (pYV-positive), under non-host conditions (26 °C). Both strains were cultured in TYE medium containing 0-3% glucose. Comparative analyses were conducted under identical in vitro conditions to elucidate plasmid-associated phenotypic differences. Glucose elicited markedly divergent responses. In KT0001, growth remained unaffected; however, biofilm formation declined by 77.7%, accompanied by a 90% reduction in surface hydrophobicity, a 40% decrease in motility, and a 59% drop in intracellular cyclic AMP-suggesting classical carbon catabolite repression. Conversely, KT0003 exhibited 86% growth inhibition but maintained biofilm levels. This was associated with substantial extracellular polymeric substance induction (~20-fold increase in polysaccharides and ~4.7-fold in extracellular DNA) and nearly fivefold elevation in cyclic AMP levels, despite concurrent decreases in motility (64%) and hydrophobicity (40%). These findings indicate that glucose functions as a strain-specific modulator in Y. enterocolitica. In particular, KT0003's response suggests that the pYV plasmid enables the bacterium to interpret glucose as a host-associated cue, even under non-host conditions, potentially initiating virulence-related adaptations prior to host contact.},
}

@article {pmid41302110,
year = {2025},
author = {D'Oria, F and Petruzzella, G and Narvaez, D and Guerrero, M and Passidomo, F and D'Ambrosio, E and Pignatelli, F and Addabbo, G and Alessio, G},
title = {Inhibitory Effect of a Novel Ophthalmic Solution on Acanthamoeba castellanii Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Human Corneal Epithelium.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life15111685},
pmid = {41302110},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Background/Objectives:Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but sight-threatening corneal infection, often associated with contact lens wear and resistant to conventional therapies. Preventive strategies capable of reducing Acanthamoeba adhesion to corneal epithelium may represent an important tool for infection control. This study aimed to evaluate the amebicidal and preventive activity of CORNEIAL MED eye drops against Acanthamoeba castellanii adhesion and early adhesion layer on human corneal epithelium (HCE). Methods: Reconstructed HCE models were exposed to A. castellanii under four experimental conditions: negative control (HCE only), positive control (HCE + A. castellanii), co-incubation with CORNEIAL MED and A. castellanii (Study 1), and treatment with CORNEIAL MED after initial A. castellanii adhesion (Study 2). Adherent amoebae were quantified using EDTA detachment and Neubauer chamber counting. The early adhesion layer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis considered p < 0.05 as significant. Results: In Study 1, simultaneous application of CORNEIAL MED with A. castellanii reduced amoeba adhesion by 33.0 ± 11% compared with controls (p = 0.0529). In Study 2, when the product was applied 3 h after amoeba inoculation, adhesion was significantly reduced by 51.9 ± 6.5% (p < 0.05). SEM confirmed a decrease in amoebic colonization and biofilm density in treated samples. Conclusions: CORNEIAL MED demonstrated a measurable inhibitory effect on A. castellanii adhesion to HCE, particularly when applied after initial pathogen contact. These findings suggest a potential preventive role of CORNEIAL MED in reducing AK risk, although further in vivo studies are warranted.},
}

@article {pmid41300132,
year = {2025},
author = {Nazzaro, F and Coppola, F and Fratianni, F and Abdalrazeq, M and Ombra, MN and De Giulio, B and Coppola, R and Zengin, G},
title = {Polyphenols Bioactive Metabolites, and Their Anti-Biofilm and Neuroprotective Potential.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {22},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14223976},
pmid = {41300132},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {code n. IR0000005//European Commission-Next Generation EU, Project SUS-MIRRI.IT "Strengthening the MIRRI Italian Research In-frastructure for Sustainable Bioscience and Bioeconomy"/ ; },
abstract = {Polyphenols are widely studied phytochemicals with well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are commonly present in fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods. Beyond these classical roles, growing evidence shows that polyphenol-derived bioactive metabolites-produced or modified by the gut microbiota-can promote host health. These metabolites are increasingly recognized for shaping host-microbe interactions and influencing neurophysiological functions via the gut-brain axis. This review provides an overview of polyphenol transformation rates by the gut microbiome, highlighting their microbial transformation, anti-biofilm effects, and neuroprotective potential. In our opinion, a deeper understanding of the properties of these metabolites can significantly impact food science and biotechnology.},
}

@article {pmid41298409,
year = {2025},
author = {Thorpe, AC and Busi, SB and Warren, J and Hunt, LH and Walsh, K and Read, DS},
title = {National-scale biogeography and function of river and stream bacterial biofilm communities.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {10571},
pmid = {41298409},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; SC220034//Environment Agency (EA)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015777/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015777/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; NE/X015947/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; BB/X011089/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Rivers/microbiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/metabolism/isolation & purification ; England ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Metagenomics ; Metagenome ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Biofilm-dwelling microorganisms coat the surfaces of stones in rivers and streams, forming diverse communities that are fundamental to biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning. Flowing water (lotic) ecosystems face mounting pressures from changes in land use, chemical pollution, and climate change. Despite their ecological importance, the taxonomic and functional diversity of river biofilms and their responses to environmental change are poorly understood at large spatial scales. We conducted a national-scale assessment of bacterial diversity and function using metagenomic sequencing from rivers and streams across England. We recovered 1,014 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 450 biofilms collected across England's extensive river network. Substantial taxonomic novelty was identified, with ~20% of the MAGs representing novel genera. Here we show that biofilm communities, dominated by generalist bacteria, exhibit remarkable functional diversity and metabolic versatility, and likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling with the potential for contaminant transformation. Measured environmental drivers collectively explained an average of 71% of variation in the relative abundance of bacterial MAGs, with geology and land cover contributing most strongly. These findings highlight the importance of river biofilms and establish a foundation for future research on the roles of biofilms in ecosystem health and resilience to environmental change.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Rivers/microbiology
*Bacteria/genetics/classification/metabolism/isolation & purification
England
Ecosystem
Biodiversity
Metagenomics
Metagenome
Microbiota/genetics
Phylogeny

@article {pmid41297806,
year = {2025},
author = {Navarro-Pérez, ML and Casares-López, JM and Fernández-Calderón, MC and Hierro-Oliva, M and González-Martín, ML and Gallardo-Moreno, AM and Luque-Agudo, V},
title = {Preventing the harmful biofilm increase on the polylactic-acid/Mg surface by the addition of quercetin.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {149241},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149241},
pmid = {41297806},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Biodegradable composites with antimicrobials properties designed to reduce biofilm formation can sometimes produce the opposite effect to that expected. This is what happened with the antibacterial response of the biomaterial polylactic acid (PLA) doped with Mg: previous studies have shown that Mg is excellent for reducing early biofilm but enhances biofilm after 24 h. For this reason, a natural dopant, quercetin (Qr) is proposed in this work to prepare PLA/Mg/Qr matrices which not only prevent the increase in biofilm formation but also reduce it effectively. PLA crystallinity affects both the mechanical properties and the distribution of dopants inside the matrix and influences the degradation and release rate of the embedded compounds: a semicrystalline state places the dopants closer to the surface, it hardens less with time than the amorphous one, and it results in a higher release of the active compounds and a greater reduction of biofilm. The antibacterial character of Qr comes from its degradation products since, due to its high chemical instability, these derivatives are the ones that appear in the physiological-like environment after releasement. Exposure of the PLA/Mg/Qr matrix to physiological environments also alters its surface physicochemical properties, thus disfavouring bacterial colonization on the material. Therefore, the new sustainable antimicrobial biocomposite PLA/Mg/Qr is able to combine mechanical enhancement with antimicrobial performance.},
}

@article {pmid41297430,
year = {2025},
author = {Sindhu, S and Saini, T and Kumar, D and Ahmad, S and Mohan, H},
title = {Phytotherapeutic insights into Ageratum conyzoides for bovine mastitis: Antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and computational approaches.},
journal = {Computers in biology and medicine},
volume = {199},
number = {},
pages = {111317},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111317},
pmid = {41297430},
issn = {1879-0534},
abstract = {Bovine mastitis adversely affects dairy production by lowering milk yield, increasing culling rates, and raising treatment costs, while antibiotic overuse exacerbates antimicrobial resistance. Ageratum conyzoides, a medicinal plant with antimicrobial properties, offers a potential plant-based alternative for mastitis management. This study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of A. conyzoides aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts against S. aureus and E. coli from mastitic milk through in vitro assays, phytochemical profiling, and computational approaches. Antibacterial efficacy was determined using agar well diffusion, MIC, MBC assays, while antibiofilm potential was assessed via crystal violet assay. GC-MS identified bioactive compounds, and molecular docking examined interactions with S. aureus (type IIA topoisomerase, PBP4, enterotoxin B, SarA, BAP, DNA gyrase, TSST-1, and DHFR) and E. coli (DHPS, DNA gyrase, UPPS, AIDA-I, topoisomerase IV, and outer membrane protein A). The ethanolic extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones at 10-30 mg/mL, MIC values of 0.625 mg/mL for S. aureus and 1.25 mg/mL for E. coli, and biofilm inhibition of 90.13 % and 87.36 %, respectively, at 20 mg/mL. GC-MS detected 90 bioactive compounds, and docking identified five lead compounds with strong binding affinities and favorable ADME properties. Molecular dynamics simulations validated stable interactions with S. aureus PBP4 and DHFR and E. coli UPPS and AIDA-I. These findings suggest A. conyzoides as a promising natural alternative for mastitis treatment and AMR control. Further research should focus on bioactive compound isolation, in vivo validation, and large-scale extraction optimization for clinical application in dairy health.},
}

@article {pmid41297316,
year = {2025},
author = {de Souza, JA and Gomes, RF and Reginatto, P and Machado, GDRM and Fuentefria, AM},
title = {Nitroxoline and its combination with antifungals: An alternative for the treatment of fungal biofilm.},
journal = {Journal de mycologie medicale},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {101595},
doi = {10.1016/j.mycmed.2025.101595},
pmid = {41297316},
issn = {1773-0449},
abstract = {Fungal infections represent a significant public health challenge due to their high mortality rates, which can be exacerbated by the ability of fungi, especially Candida species, to form biofilms on medical devices. These opportunistic pathogens are causing candidemia in debilitated patients, contributing to increased hospitalization costs and prolonged recovery times. The existing antifungal therapy has some limitations, including high costs, significant toxicity and the emergence of fungal resistance. In this context, drug repositioning and combined therapy may be an alternative. The 8-hydroxiquinoline's derivatives, like nitroxoline (NTX), have shown biological activities, such as antibacterial and antifungal. This study evaluated the antibiofilm potential of NTX, both in its isolated form and in combination, as a new alternative against yeasts and biofilms of clinical interest. The combinations were tested using the checkerboard technique and the drugs were tested against Candida spp. and Trichosporon spp. biofilms at MIC, MICx2, MICx10 and MICx20. The triple combination of NTX, amphotericin B (AMB) and caspofungin (CSP) showed greater effectiveness, with synergic action, against most of the strains. NTX and its combination with AMB and CSP showed excellent action against Candida spp. and Trichosporon spp, being the most effective in reducing the metabolic activities of the biofilm cells. Hence, NTX and its combination showed a promising antifungal and antibiofilm potential, and its repositioning could represent an immediate and safe alternative in the routine of preventing and treating infections in patients using medical devices.},
}

@article {pmid41296667,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, L and Wang, L and Nong, H and Liu, B and Li, Y},
title = {Pharmacological Intervention for Refractory Biofilm Infection After Hemipelvic Replacement Surgery: Multidisciplinary Management of a Case of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.},
journal = {The American journal of case reports},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {e949210},
doi = {10.12659/AJCR.949210},
pmid = {41296667},
issn = {1941-5923},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Adult ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; *Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/surgery ; Vancomycin/therapeutic use ; Debridement ; *Bone Neoplasms/surgery ; *Pelvic Bones/surgery ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rifampin/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a potentially catastrophic complication after orthopedic surgery. Biofilm formation and infection with multidrug-resistant pathogens significantly increase the difficulty of achieving successful treatment. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of left hip pain. Three months prior to presentation, she had been definitively diagnosed with a pelvic giant cell tumor and undergone hemipelvic resection with custom prosthesis replacement. Chronic PJI developed postoperatively. Etiological examination revealed mixed infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient underwent 8 debridement procedures with targeted antibacterial treatment. Antibacterial dosing was guided by the ratio of the area under the curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin plus rifampicin for biofilm penetration, together with ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa. The treatment strategy emphasized antibiotic rotation based on dynamic microbiome monitoring, surgical debridement with negative pressure drainage, and optimization of vancomycin trough concentration to 15-20 μg/mL via therapeutic drug monitoring. Infection did not recur during nearly 4 years of follow-up. The infection was ultimately controlled, and the prosthesis was preserved. CONCLUSIONS Patients with giant cell tumors of the pelvis who undergo prosthesis replacement should be closely monitored for PJI. Combination therapy with vancomycin and rifampicin can eradicate biofilm infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, offering a potentially feasible non-revision treatment strategy for complex PJI in patients with financial constraints.},
}

Humans
Female
Adult
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/therapy
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
*Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/surgery
Vancomycin/therapeutic use
Debridement
*Bone Neoplasms/surgery
*Pelvic Bones/surgery
*Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rifampin/therapeutic use

@article {pmid41295079,
year = {2025},
author = {Alexa, VT and Obistioiu, D and Dumitrescu, R and Cretescu, I and Hulea, A and Bolchis, V and Balean, O and Jumanca, D and Galuscan, A},
title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Biofilm Formation by Oral Microorganisms on Clear Aligner Materials: Influence of Mouthwash Exposure.},
journal = {Journal of functional biomaterials},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jfb16110424},
pmid = {41295079},
issn = {2079-4983},
abstract = {Clear aligners have gained popularity in orthodontics due to their aesthetics, comfort, and removability; however, their prolonged intraoral wear and frequent removal-reinsertion cycles create favorable conditions for microbial colonization. This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of seven commercially available mouthwash formulations in inhibiting biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans formed on four different clear aligner materials. Standardized aligner fragments were incubated for 24 h with microbial suspensions to allow biofilm formation, treated for 1 min with one of the mouthwashes, and then assessed for residual viability through spectrophotometric optical density measurements after a further 24 h incubation. Biofilm inhibition varied according to both mouthwash composition and aligner material. The chlorhexidine-based rinse (MW-D) consistently showed the highest inhibition across microorganisms, while the fluoride-cetylpyridinium chloride rinse (MW-B) performed strongly for S. oralis and C. albicans. An essential oil-based formulation with xylitol (MW-G) showed notable antifungal activity against C. albicans. Monolayer polyurethane aligners generally achieved higher inhibition rates than multilayer or copolyester-based materials. These findings indicate that antimicrobial efficacy on aligners depends on both mouthwash type and material, supporting a tailored approach to biofilm management in clear aligner therapy to reduce the risk of caries, periodontal disease, and candidiasis.},
}

@article {pmid41294469,
year = {2025},
author = {Dragos, B and Bratu, DC and Popa, G and Luca, MM and Bratu, RC and Neagu, C and Sinescu, C},
title = {Retrospective Assessment of Palatal Biofilm and Mucosal Inflammation Under Orthodontic Appliances in Young Adults (2022-2025): A Single-Center Cohort with Microbiologic Sub-Sampling.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {13},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/dj13110488},
pmid = {41294469},
issn = {2304-6767},
abstract = {Background and Objectives: Orthodontic auxiliaries create plaque-retentive niches that may amplify biofilm accumulation and inflame adjacent soft tissues. While cross-sectional comparisons suggest higher palatal burden beneath acrylic elements, less is known about real-world patterns accumulated across years of routine care. We retrospectively evaluated periodontal and palatal outcomes, and, in a microbiology sub-sample, site-specific colonization, across three device types: molar bands, Nance buttons, and removable acrylic plates. Methods: We reviewed 2022-2025 records from a university orthodontic service, including consecutive patients aged 18-30 years with documented pre-placement and 6-month follow-up indices. Groups were bands (n = 92), Nance (n = 78), acrylic (n = 76). Standardized charted measures were abstracted: Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP%), probing depth (PD), and palatal erythema grade (0-3). A laboratory sub-sample (n = 174 visits) had archived swabs cultured for total aerobic counts (log10 CFU/cm[2]) at the device, adjacent enamel, and palatal mucosa; Streptococcus mutans burden was available from qPCR (log10 copies/mL). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar, except for longer wear at follow-up in Nance (10.1 ± 4.0 months) vs. bands (8.7 ± 3.2) and acrylic (6.9 ± 3.0; p < 0.001). At 6 months, device type was associated with greater worsening of PI and GI (both p < 0.001) and with higher palatal erythema (bands 0.7 ± 0.5; Nance 1.6 ± 0.8; acrylic 1.9 ± 0.7; p < 0.001). Microbiologically, palatal mucosal colonization was lowest with bands (3.3 ± 0.5), higher with Nance (4.9 ± 0.6), and highest with acrylic (5.0 ± 0.7; p < 0.001); S. mutans mirrored this gradient (p < 0.001). Palatal CFU correlated with erythema (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001) and ΔGI (ρ = 0.5, p < 0.001). In adjusted models, acrylic (OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.5-12.8) and Nance (OR 4.9, 2.5-9.3) independently predicted erythema ≥2; recent prophylaxis reduced odds (OR 0.6, 0.3-0.9). Conclusions: In this single-center cohort, palate-contacting designs were associated with higher palatal biomass and erythema than bands. These associations support device-tailored hygiene considerations and proactive palatal surveillance, particularly for acrylic components.},
}

@article {pmid41293055,
year = {2025},
author = {Gharat, YP and Abdelhamid, AG and Yousef, AE},
title = {Enhancing the destruction of Burkholderia cepacia biofilm on stainless steel coupons by combining matrix-degrading enzymes with antimicrobials.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1662291},
pmid = {41293055},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Burkholderia cepacia/drug effects/physiology/growth & development ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Stainless Steel ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Burkholderia cepacia is an underexplored opportunistic pathogen and a food spoilage species. The bacterium may serve as an ideal model for biofilm formation and resilience. Herein, we explored the possibility of enhancing the destruction of preformed B. cepacia biofilm by combining enzymes (amylase, DNase, and protease) that potentially degrade biofilm matrices with diverse antimicrobials. Initially, the biofilm-forming ability of B. cepacia ATCC 25416 was assessed in two microbiological media. A nutrient-rich broth favored planktonic cell proliferation, whereas a nutrient-limited medium supported robust biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested antimicrobials against planktonic cells (MIC-Plank) was determined. Ciprofloxacin and meropenem gave the smallest MIC-Plank of 4.0 and 8.0 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC of the two antimicrobials, when applied against preformed biofilm (MIC-Bio), increased to 16 μg/mL. Enzyme-antimicrobial combinations decreased the MIC-Bio of the antimicrobials to 4.0-8.0 μg/mL in a synergistic or additive manner, as measured by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Among the tested combinations, α-amylase-ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic effect (FICI = 0.50), proteinase K-ciprofloxacin (FICI = 0.625), and α-amylase-meropenem (FICI = 0.750) showed an additive effect against B. cepacia biofilms. These combinations, at their MIC-Bio, were applied to preformed biofilms on stainless-steel coupons. Application of α-amylase, ciprofloxacin, and their combination significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the biofilm populations from 8.4 ± 0.2 (untreated coupons) to 6.03 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.3, and 4.5 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/coupon, respectively. Similarly, α-amylase, meropenem, and their combination significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) the biofilm populations from 7.5 ± 0.5 (untreated coupons) to 5.8 ± 0.1, 5.6 ± 0.1, and 3.8 ± 1.0 log10 CFU/coupon, respectively. These findings were confirmed when biofilms formed on stainless-steel coupons were examined through scanning electron microscopy. It is predicted that antimicrobial concentrations higher than MIC-Bio in the treatment combinations would eliminate residual biofilm on the coupons, but this needs to be studied. To conclude, enzyme-antimicrobial combinations offer a promising biofilm control strategy by mitigating B. cepacia preformed biofilm and minimizing risks associated with this potentially hazardous and spoilage bacterium. Such a strategy could be implemented in processing environments when food-grade antimicrobial additives are used instead of the currently tested antimicrobials.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Burkholderia cepacia/drug effects/physiology/growth & development
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Stainless Steel
Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid41291714,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, X and Huang, Z and Hu, C and Zhao, Y and Pan, H and Wu, Y and Fang, X and Chen, J and Liu, Y and Wang, G and Huang, P},
title = {Ultrasound-activated and P-selectin-targeted liposomes overcome biofilm barriers for surgical site infections therapy.},
journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12951-025-03821-0},
pmid = {41291714},
issn = {1477-3155},
support = {82371967//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82030048//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced biofilm-associated surgical site infections (BSSIs) pose a dual therapeutic challenge: the dense extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) barriers hinder drug enrichment and penetration, whereas the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the biofilm impedes infection clearance, leading to persistent bacterial colonization and recurrence. This study developed an ultrasound-activated P-selectin-targeted liposome (SPCMPL) integrating natural sulfatide ligands (targeting P-selectin overexpressed in inflamed BSSI vasculature), sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), meropenem prodrug, and perfluoropentane (PFP) to achieve efficient antibiotic delivery and BSSI treatment via breaking through the biofilm barriers and activating immunomodulation. SPCMPL employed ligand/receptor-mediated transcytosis for enrichment in BSSI lesions, where the PFP phase transition triggered by ultrasound disrupted the biofilm EPS structure. This process can both trigger the in-situ generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Ce6 and loosen the EPS matrix. This degradation then facilitated meropenem release, allowing it to penetrate the biofilm more effectively and achieve antimicrobial concentrations throughout. Furthermore, the mass-produced ROS polarized macrophages to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thereby enhancing phagocytosis, remodeling the microenvironment, and inhibiting biofilm persistence. Ultrasound-triggered spatial control localized antibiotic release and immunomodulation to the infection site, optimizing local delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity and reducing the risk of systemic cytokine storms. The results demonstrated that the SPCMPL with ultrasound manipulation integrated biofilm disruption, targeted drug release, and immunomodulation to completely eradicate both planktonic and biofilm-embedded bacteria and effectively treat BSSI.},
}

@article {pmid41288838,
year = {2025},
author = {Zecharia, E and Shalev, L and Sendersky, E and Benichou, JIC and Golden, SS and Schwarz, R},
title = {A homolog of methionine γ-lyase is required for biofilm development in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {41},
number = {12},
pages = {475},
pmid = {41288838},
issn = {1573-0972},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Synechococcus/enzymology/genetics/physiology/growth & development ; *Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Operon ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Mutation ; },
abstract = {Bacterial type IV pilus assembly systems are involved in diverse functions including motility, adhesion and DNA uptake. Studies of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC7942 revealed that this machinery is also involved in suppression of biofilm formation: inactivation of components of this complex results in robust biofilm development. EbsA, a unique component of cyanobacterial type IV pilus assembly complexes, immunoprecipitates with a homolog of methionine γ-lyase (MGL). Here we demonstrate that MGL is required for biofilm development. Based on immunoprecipitation experiments using MGL as a bait, we suggest that this enzyme associates with a large enzymatic hub and with the translation machinery. Inactivation of mgl in the biofilm-forming mutant pilBΩ abrogates biofilm formation. However, assessment of expression of the ebfG-operon, which encodes proteins that comprise the biofilm matrix, using yellow fluorescent protein reporter strains, indicated high induction in the double mutant pilB/mgl similar to the biofilm-forming pilB-mutant. Thus, induction of the ebfG-operon is insufficient to promote biofilm development when a downstream step in which MGL participates is blocked. Overall, data suggest that MGL activity or an enzymatic activity of its interactor(s) is required to promote biofilm formation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Synechococcus/enzymology/genetics/physiology/growth & development
*Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/metabolism/genetics
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Operon
Fimbriae, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics
Mutation

@article {pmid41285354,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghosh, M and Ghosh, D and Paul, S and Datta, D and Mukhopadhyay, SK and Pradhan, SK},
title = {Development of a biocompatible CuO-ZnO nanocomposite for targeting of Chloramphenicol with enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104080},
doi = {10.1016/j.xphs.2025.104080},
pmid = {41285354},
issn = {1520-6017},
abstract = {The extensive use and adverse side effects of standard antibiotics have imposed challenges for therapeutic treatment. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens need much higher concentrations of antimicrobial drugs, which kill the beneficial microflora of the human body. In these contexts, the development of novel drugs is urgently needed. Here, a biocompatible, soluble starch (Levoglucosan)-coated CuO-ZnO nanocomposite was successfully developed using a chemical synthesis route, followed by loading a standard antibiotic (Chloramphenicol) onto the surface of the nanocarrier. The nanocarrier (NP) and drug-loaded nanocarrier (NP-DC) were structurally and microstructurally characterised using various experimental techniques, including Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern, FESEM, TEM images, and EDX spectrum analysis. The bioactivities of both NP and NP-DC were explored in detail. Drug conjugation increased the antibacterial activity of the NP sample by lowering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the NP-DC sample prominently than the drug itself. Biocompatibility of NP was also increased significantly as NP-DC treatment allowed 94.41% viability of normal human fibroblast cells at 1×MIC. Spectrophotometric estimation indicated the bacterial plasma membrane rupturing capability of the NP-DC sample. Quantitative and microscopic studies confirmed significant anti-biofilm activity of NP-DC (p≤0.01) against B. cepacia. The NP-DC sample also reduced biofilm formation (p≤0.01) within an external medical device successfully up to 72 hours. As evident from the EDX spectrum, only ∼23% drug is present in the NP-DC sample, which confirms enhanced antimicrobial efficacy than the pure drug after its conjugation with the NP sample. Thus, the NP-DC sample can be used as a novel, biocompatible drug candidate. This shows a new perspective in the field of biomedical research for the development of new nanomedicine with higher efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid41285207,
year = {2025},
author = {Dornelles, HS and Silva, EL and Varesche, MBA},
title = {A novel carrier media for enhancing cell immobilization and methane metabolism in biofilm reactors.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133689},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133689},
pmid = {41285207},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {This study evaluates the feasibility of a novel patented carrier media for cell immobilization, developed within the scope of this research and named Henrique Dornelles 1 (HD1). The carrier was tested in an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) applied to municipal wastewater treatment and compared to a control AFBR filled with a conventional sand bed. Each HD1 carrier (11 mm internal diameter and 15 mm external diameter) consists of a synthetic polyaniline membrane cold-welded to two rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) rings, forming an open-ended structure that allows fluid to pass through the membrane and enables cell adhesion in the form of a biofilm. In terms of reactor performance, no significant difference was observed in the average COD removal efficiency between the two systems. However, the use of HD1 seems more viable due to its significantly lower material requirement (190.2 g) compared to sand (800 g), suggesting the potential for downsizing treatment facilities without compromising efficiency. The lower density of HD1 also may suggests a reduced recirculation flow rate and, consequently, lower pumping costs. Furthermore, HD1 promoted enhanced methanogenic activity and favored the selection of methanogenic archaea, particularly Methanothrix, which reached a relative abundance of 17.8 % in the HD1 system, compared to only 0.3 % in the sand bed. The geometric features and high specific surface area of HD1 provide optimized conditions for biomass development and improved substrate diffusion into the inner layers of the biofilm.},
}

@article {pmid41284194,
year = {2025},
author = {Mehboodi, M and Saffari, F and Hosseini-Nave, H and Ahmadi, B and Ahmadrajabi, R},
title = {Comparison of antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants, and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from intestinal carriers and clinical samples.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41284194},
issn = {1874-9356},
support = {402001020//Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunist pathogen responsible for community-acquired and nosocomial infections. The intestinal carriage of P. aeruginosa is likely due to its opportunistic nature. The aim of this study was to compare phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of P. aeruginosa recovered from stool of intestinal carriers with those isolated from various clinical specimens. Twenty- four fecal P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from 148 stool samples (74 healthy individuals and 74 patients with colonic disease) and 26 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from various clinical specimens other than stool, were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm-forming ability using phenotypic methods and presence the exoY, algD, toxA, exoS, exoU, lasB, exoT genes were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of fecal carriage of P. aeruginosa was determined 16.2%. All fecal isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime and colistin, whereas all clinical isolates were susceptible only to colistin. There were no significant differences in multidrug- resistant (MDR) phenotypes between the clinical and fecal isolates. No significant differences in biofilm production were observed among isolates from healthy individuals compared with those from patients with colonic disease. However, differences were observed between clinical and fecal isolates regarding the presence of the algD and exoU genes (P ≤ 0.05). A significant difference was also found in the present of the exoU gene between MDR fecal and MDR clinical isolates (P = 0.007). The high prevalence of virulence factors in both fecal and clinical isolates emphasizes the importance of fecal P. aeruginosa as same as clinical isolates.},
}

@article {pmid41282970,
year = {2025},
author = {Poursafar, A and Asadpour, L and Mokhtary, M},
title = {Investigating the effect of rosmarinic acid loaded magnetic nanoparticles against growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry meat.},
journal = {Iranian journal of veterinary research},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {161-169},
pmid = {41282970},
issn = {1728-1997},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus, one of the causes of food poisoning, plays an important role in causing gastrointestinal inflammation.

AIMS: Given the spread of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) loaded magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs@RA) on inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus isolated from meat samples.

METHODS: Fe3O4NPs@RA have been synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were investigated against S. aureus isolated from poultry meat by broth micro-dilution. The anti-biofilm effect of these nanoparticles and their effect on the expression level of biofilm-associated genes were investigated using microplate and real-time PCR methods. The killing properties of Fe3O4NPs@RA against test bacteria investigated by time-kill assay.

RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Fe3O4NPs@RA against S. aureus isolates ranged from 31.2-125 µg/ml. Also, the treatment with a sub-MIC concentration of Fe3O4NPs@RA prevented the formation of biofilm by 50-82%, in different isolates and downregulated the expression level of icaA and icaD. Also, the treatment with the MIC concentration of Fe3O4NPs@RA caused a 2.4-fold decrease in the population of living bacteria after 4 h and the number of living bacteria decreased more than 99% after 8 h. In the cytotoxicity assay, during 48 h, Fe3O4NPs@RA had no cytotoxic effect on HEK-293 cells at concentrations lower than of 300 µg/ml.

CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that Fe3O4NPs@RA were effective in inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates and could be further investigated as an option for controlling S. aureus in food samples.},
}

@article {pmid41282407,
year = {2026},
author = {Ni, Y and Huang, Y and Chen, Y and Li, Y and Liu, F and Ji, J and Jin, Q},
title = {An inhalable gallium-polyphenol nanoparticle blocks bacterial electron transport chain and signal transduction for anti-biofilm therapy.},
journal = {Bioactive materials},
volume = {57},
number = {},
pages = {1-15},
pmid = {41282407},
issn = {2452-199X},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms have become an escalating global health threat due to their persistent infections and antimicrobial resistance. Conventional antibacterial approaches often fail to eliminate biofilms due to biofilm complexity involving both metabolic activity and intercellular communications. Herein, gallium-quercetin nanoparticles (GEQ NPs) are designed as a multimodal nanoplatform to combat recalcitrant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections through concurrent electron transport chain (ETC) blockage and signal transduction disruption. GEQ NPs are prepared through coordination-driven self-assembly of Ga[3+], quercetin, and ε-poly-L-lysine, which specifically dissociate in acidic infection microenvironments. The released Ga[3+] acts as an iron analog to disrupt bacterial ETC by competitively inhibiting Fe-dependent enzymes, causing ATP depletion and protein synthesis arrest. Simultaneously, quercetin suppresses multiple biofilm-associated signal transduction systems including quorum sensing, chemotaxis system, and two-component system. This dual-targeting strategy synergistically disrupts biofilm-embedded bacterial energy metabolism and signal transduction. In a murine invasive lung infection model, nebulization-inhalable GEQ NPs demonstrates superior anti-biofilm efficiency in vivo.},
}

@article {pmid41281427,
year = {2025},
author = {Barrameda, MAB and Karganilla, MRM and Tan-Zafra, JU},
title = {The Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Streptococcus mutans Biofilm on Orthodontic Brackets: An In-vitro Study.},
journal = {Acta medica Philippina},
volume = {59},
number = {15},
pages = {77-87},
pmid = {41281427},
issn = {2094-9278},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Orthodontic brackets predispose dental biofilm accumulation causing caries and gingivitis. Chlorhexidine is an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal, but has side-effects (tooth staining, bacterial resistance) due to long term use. This study tested the efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy, which produces reactive oxygen species, to reduce Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilm on orthodontic brackets.

METHODS: A 5-day S. mutans biofilm was grown on forty enamel-bracket specimens. Thirty-nine specimens were randomized to three treatment groups: A. Distilled Water; B. 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX); C. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) as a photosensitizer, activated by red LED (630nm). After treatment, one random specimen from each group was viewed under Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM); the other 12 specimens, biofilms were collected, weighed, and cultured onto BHI agar plates to determine the number of CFU/mg. For baseline evaluation, one clean and one untreated specimens were preserved for ESEM.

RESULTS: Based on Tukey HSD test, group A had the most S. mutans (37.0573 CFU/mg) and was significantly different (p <0.05) from groups B (0.1712 CFU/mg) and C (1.1193 CFU/mg), where both showed less bacteria than group A. The statistical difference between groups B and C was insignificant. ESEM images showed specimen A covered with more abundant and denser S. mutans biofilm than specimens B and C, with almost similar morphology showing sparse, less dense, and disintegrated biofilm with unclear cellular walls and presence of amorphous masses.

CONCLUSION: Both Photodynamic Therapy and 0.12% Chlorhexidine showed a significant reduction of S. mutans in dental biofilm on orthodontic brackets. However, there is no significant difference between them in reducing S. mutans CFU/mg. Photodynamic therapy could be an alternative adjunctive tool to mechanical removal of plaque adhered to orthodontic brackets.},
}

@article {pmid41280504,
year = {2025},
author = {Ganguly, D and Roy, R and Mondal, P and Chakraborty, P and Paul, P and Das, S and Mallik, M and Maity, A and Trivedi, S and Tribedi, P and Sarkar, S},
title = {Nisin, a promising antimicrobial peptide, forestalls the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm network via reactive oxygen species generation.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {428},
pmid = {41280504},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Staphylococcal infections have been reported to be a significant global threat to the effective management of public healthcare due to their drug resistance property. This attribute has further been complicated by their robust biofilm-forming potential. This escalating threat of biofilm-associated infections necessitates innovative and promising therapeutic strategies. Hence, in the present study, the biofilm threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been challenged by Nisin, a natural lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis. This compound showed a promising antibacterial effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 150 µg/ml against MRSA. Furthermore, a series of experiments has been conducted to confirm the antibiofilm potential of Nisin against MRSA. Towards this direction, the sub-MIC dose of Nisin (40 µg/mL) was found to inhibit biofilm formation by ~ 51% for MRSA. To support this finding, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was measured under the Nisin-treated and untreated conditions of MRSA. It was observed that Nisin could destabilise the MRSA biofilm by reducing the EPS production to an extent of ~ 55%. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that Nisin was found to increase the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could lead to the alteration of cell membrane permeability. Additionally, Nisin attenuated staphyloxanthin production (~ 54%), hemolytic ability (~ 26%), and fibrinogen clumping ability (~ 27%) of MRSA, suggesting its interference in the virulence profile of MRSA. Collectively, these findings suggest Nisin's dual role as a promising Staphylococcal biofilm inhibitor and virulence factor suppressor, making it a viable option for the treatment of MRSA-linked infections.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04597-8.},
}

@article {pmid41279714,
year = {2025},
author = {Petersen, HA and Chan, CH and Carpenter, GO and Tabari, MZ and Fields, JL and Zia, A and Rich-New, ST and Hochbaum, AI and Bond, DR and Wang, F},
title = {A Bundled Antiparallel Cytochrome Nanowire Structure Suggests Roles in Cell-Cell Electron Transfer and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2025.10.22.684050},
pmid = {41279714},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Long-range extracellular electron transfer enables respiring microbes to use minerals, other organisms, or electrodes as electron acceptors by transporting electrons microns away from the cell surface. This process is primarily studied in Geobacter sulfurreducens , which produces at least three different micrometer-long, multi-heme cytochrome nanowires capable of electron transfer. However, the distribution and higher-order structure of these types of cytochrome nanowires remains largely unknown. Here, we employed cryo-electron microscopy to determine the atomic structure of a unique cytochrome nanowire from Desulfuromonas soudanensis WTL, a halophilic, iron- and electrode-reducing bacterium found in deep subsurface brine. These filaments are based on a homolog of the OmcE tetraheme cytochrome, which then assemble into highly ordered bundles of antiparallel filaments. This arrangement likely arises from the association of nanowires extending from adjacent cells. Furthermore, a similar cytochrome bundle structure was observed in Geobacter metallireducens , suggesting that this quaternary structure may be a common feature among nanowires secreted by electroactive microbes. Our findings demonstrate that cytochrome nanowires in diverse taxa can form specialized bundle interfaces, potentially facilitating conductive biofilm formation and representing a novel strategy for microbial electron exchange. More broadly, this work expands understanding of electron transfer mechanisms and demonstrates the production of multi-heme filaments across distinct lineages. These insights could guide future research into cytochrome nanowire secretion and conductive biofilm engineering, with potential applications in electrochemical technologies.},
}

@article {pmid41279305,
year = {2025},
author = {Holt, JD and Miller, KA and Hunter, OF and Zhang, E and Hinbest, AJ and Gerace, E and Olson, R and Kadouri, DE and Nadell, CD},
title = {Vibrio cholerae interaction with predatory bacteria on chitin suggests an alternative mode of biofilm formation in marine snow conditions.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2025.10.31.685833},
pmid = {41279305},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous marine microbe that solubilizes and consumes chitin in the marine water column. In both the marine environment and the intestinal track, V. cholerae forms biofilms; a key question regarding the lifestyle of V. cholerae is how do the diverse substrates that it encounters influence its biofilm formation and, in turn, shape its ecological interactions. Here, we use the predator-prey interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and V. cholerae as a model to explore how the environmental chitin substrate alters V. cholerae biofilm formation and predator-prey interactions. We find that glass-bound biofilms provide strong protection for V. cholerae against predation while also allowing a population of predatory B. bacteriovorus to remain in place. In contrast, chitin-bound biofilms offer less protection against B. bacteriovorus predation and do not maintain a stable population of B. bacteriovorus . Using percolation and population dynamics models, we predict that these changes in predator-prey dynamics can be mostly explained by alterations in biofilm architecture between the two conditions, which changes the fraction of prey available to B. bacteriovorus . Performing targeted biofilm matrix deletions, we confirm this prediction by recapitulating key features of the chitin predator-prey interactions on glass surfaces. Following on this observation, we show that V. cholerae biofilms grown on chitin produce much less of the canonical biofilm matrix components and instead rely on other extracellular structures. Overall, our experiments detail how growth substrate can alter biofilm matrix composition and how these changes in biofilm architecture and cellular arrangement can impact higher-order ecological interactions.},
}

@article {pmid41277962,
year = {2025},
author = {Afsharnia, A and Nauta, A and Groeneveld, A and Fernandez-Ciruelos, B and Asadpoor, M and Folkerts, G and Braber, S and Wösten, M},
title = {Identification of metabolic pathways modulated by GAM and NGAM in the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1689343},
pmid = {41277962},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat to global health. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms reduces the efficacy of antibiotics. Therefore, the need for innovative anti-biofilm strategies to improve the efficacy of antibiotic therapy is crucial, particularly when biofilms cause treatment failure. In this study, we investigated the effects of glucosamine (GAM) and its acetylated derivative, N-acetylglucosamine (NGAM), on the biofilm formation of the multidrug-resistant S. aureus strain Wood 46. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) assay was used to evaluate the inhibition of biofilm formation. The results indicated that 2-8% of GAM significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation. However, only a high concentration of NGAM (8%) showed partial inhibition of biofilm formation. The RNA sequencing analysis of the treated biofilms indicated that, compared to NGAM, GAM leads to a more pronounced downregulation of S. aureus adhesion genes (eno, ebps, and sraP) and genes involved in arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathways, which are essential for biofilm proteinaceous structure. The decreased pH in the biofilm environment treated with higher GAM concentrations supports its observed anti-biofilm activity and is likely linked to impaired pH homeostasis resulting from the downregulation of ureABC genes and disruption of urea metabolism, a process interconnected with arginine biosynthesis. In conclusion, unlike its acetylated form (NGAM), GAM is a potent anti-biofilm agent that effectively inhibits the biofilm formation of S. aureus Wood 46 and significantly alters the gene expression profile associated with biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41277763,
year = {2025},
author = {Joosstens, M and Valkenburg, C and Van der Weijden, F},
title = {Chemical agents to control biofilm formation in step 1 of care-Toothpastes and mouthwashes/concepts and challenges.},
journal = {Periodontology 2000},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/prd.70022},
pmid = {41277763},
issn = {1600-0757},
abstract = {Maintaining optimal oral hygiene is important for overall oral care, ensuring the well-being of teeth and their surrounding tissues. In addition, it promotes fresh breath and a pleasing smile. A key element of oral self-care is the daily use of toothpaste during regular brushing. This plays an important role in preventing tooth decay and addressing broader oral health concerns like periodontal diseases. Toothpaste ingredients offer significant benefits to oral health, particularly stannous fluoride, which contributes to the efficacy of toothpaste formulations by demonstrating notable anticariogenic and antibacterial properties. However, toothpaste has potential side effects, such as those caused by flavoring, and sodium lauryl sulfate, a foaming agent known for its potential to irritate mucous membranes. Beyond toothpaste, the integration of mouthwash into daily oral care routines offers the potential to further improve overall oral hygiene. Chlorhexidine in mouthwash formulations stands out as an active ingredient that is highly effective. This paper investigates the effects of chemical plaque inhibitors where possible through comprehensive systematic evaluations of existing literature. It aimed to provide an understanding of how chemical agents used in oral self-care contribute to promoting and maintaining optimal oral hygiene.},
}

@article {pmid41276198,
year = {2025},
author = {Sharifi, ME and Shahroudi, AS and Mirhashemi, A and Pourhajibagher, M},
title = {Photoactivated nano-graphene oxide enhanced polymethyl methacrylate: Mechanical and anti-biofilm properties for orthodontic applications.},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105291},
doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105291},
pmid = {41276198},
issn = {1873-1597},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigated the concentration-dependent effects of photoactivated nano-graphene oxide (nGO) on the mechanical properties and anti-biofilm efficacy of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for orthodontic applications, aiming to mitigate white spot lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty PMMA specimens were fabricated with nGO loadings of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% by weight (n=12/group). Rod-shaped samples (n=30) were evaluated for three-point flexural strength, while disc-shaped samples (n=30) underwent vickers microhardness testing and anti-biofilm assessment against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. All samples were photoactivated (380-515 nm, 1500 mW/cm², 5 minutes) prior to biofilm testing. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (P < 0.05).

RESULTS: The 1% nGO composite demonstrated optimal flexural strength (72.04 ± 18.85 MPa), comparable to control (70.90 ± 22.88 MPa), while the 10% nGO group showed catastrophic mechanical failure (18.81 ± 15.43 MPa; P < 0.001). Peak microhardness was observed at 2% nGO (20.08 ± 1.06 VHN vs 17.03 ± 2.50 VHN control). Anti-biofilm activity revealed a dose-dependent response, with bacterial reduction increasing from 42.9% (1% nGO) to 90.1% (10% nGO).

CONCLUSION: Photoactivated nGO-PMMA composites exhibit a critical trade-off between mechanical and anti-biofilm properties. The 1-2% nGO provide the optimal balance, maintaining ISO-compliant mechanical performance while delivering clinically significant biofilm reduction. Concentrations exceeding 5%, despite superior anti-biofilm efficacy, compromise mechanical integrity below clinically acceptable thresholds for orthodontic devices.},
}

@article {pmid41276197,
year = {2025},
author = {Nkune, NW and Abrahamse, H},
title = {Novel Nanoplatforms for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacterial Biofilm Infections.},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105297},
doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105297},
pmid = {41276197},
issn = {1873-1597},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections continue to pose a significant concern worldwide due to their inherent resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents and host immune defences. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising alternative to antibiotics, using photoactive molecules, photosensitisers (PSs), to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroy microbial cells. However, traditional PSs face challenges such as low solubility, limited biofilm penetration, and undesirable off-target toxicity, which limit their use in clinical settings. The utilisation of nanotechnology has revolutionised aPDI by overcoming these challenges, thereby enhancing PS solubility, stability, and intra-biofilm accumulation, while simultaneously enabling stimuli-responsive and actively targeted PS delivery. Various nanocarriers, such as polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, or hybrid types, have demonstrated significant potential to enhance ROS generation within the biofilm microenvironment and can be engineered to co-deliver antibiotics, chelators, DNase, or quorum-sensing inhibitors for synergistic antibacterial effects. The multifunctional systems also provide opportunities for photo-immunotherapeutic designs that combine ROS generation with immune stimulation. Although these developments have been successful, optimizing light dosimetry, PS quantum yields, biocompatibility, and large-scale translation remain significant challenges. Further progress in the development of mechanism-driven nanoplatforms and their standardization in clinical applications will be instrumental in establishing nano-aPDI as an effective treatment for resistant biofilm infections.},
}

@article {pmid41275965,
year = {2025},
author = {Rivero, C and Martínez, MMB and Picinin, NG and Martins, EG and Paolazzi, C and Capozzo, A and Oliveira, DDS and Becerra, J and Dos Santos, BM and de Freitas-Junior, LHG and Balan, A and Lincopan, N and Ferreira, RCC and Ferreira, LCS and Bentancor, LV},
title = {Antibacterial activity of recombinant endolysin LysNOVA-I against growing/non-growing and planktonic/biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus aureus strains.},
journal = {Journal of global antimicrobial resistance},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgar.2025.11.014},
pmid = {41275965},
issn = {2213-7173},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins have emerged as novel antibacterial strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We identified a bacteriophage-derived conserved sequence encoding an endolysin specific against Staphylococcus aureus. Then a recombinant endolysin (LysNOVA-I) was produced, characterized and evaluated against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

METHODS: Endolysin gene from phage ФvB_SauS-phiIPLA88was cloned, expressed, and successfully purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of pure recombinant endolysin (rLysNOVA-I) was subsequently evaluated against growing and non-growing planktonic cells and biofilm cultures of international clones of MRSA. A computational analysis was conducted to elucidate the protein folding and obtain insight into the molecular mechanism.

RESULTS: rLysNOVA-I exhibited bactericidal activity against both exponential growth and stationary growth phaseS. aureuscells. rLysNOVA-I also prevents biofilm formation and degradation of established S. aureus biofilms. Noteworthy, the rLysNOVA-I was active against the MRSA clone ST398 of veterinary and clinical relevance.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the clinical potential of rLysNOVA-Ias a therapeutic or complementary alternative to the use of antibiotics to multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections in human and veterinary medicine.},
}

@article {pmid41275682,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, Y and Jo, H and Cho, SK and Park, I},
title = {Investigations into the effects of biofilm formation on the transport behavior of microplastics in open channel flows.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {289},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {124982},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124982},
pmid = {41275682},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {The presence of biofilm on microplastics (MPs) influences their mobility in aquatic environments by modifying critical physical attributes such as size and density. This study examines how biofilm-induced alterations affect the transport characteristics of polyethylene (PE) and polyester in open-channel flow. A laboratory incubation experiment lasting 7 weeks was performed under a regulated light-dark cycle to observe biofilm growth on low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Findings revealed that biofilm thickness increased rapidly within the first 7 days and stabilized by day 21. Subsequently, an empirical growth equation was established from these observations and consistently applied to both PE and polyester particles. Employing this calibrated model, particle tracking simulations were implemented for MPs (25 to 200 μm) within fully developed open-channel flows. The simulation results demonstrate that biofilm accumulation markedly enhances the settling propensity of both polymers. Biofouled PE particles with an initial diameter of 100 μm showed increased vertical movement compared to smaller polyester particles, and PE particles below 50 μm also exhibited more pronounced settling than uncoated polyester despite having lower density. These findings reveal that biofilm development can intensify the sinking of inherently buoyant MPs, thereby altering their transport processes. The results underscore the importance of accounting for biofilm-mediated modifications in both particle size and density to enhance the accuracy of MP fate predictions in riverine systems.},
}

@article {pmid41272707,
year = {2025},
author = {Zarin, R and Shayegh, J and Hosseinzadeh, S},
title = {Comparative analysis of virulence genes, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from dogs and humans using rep-PCR.},
journal = {BMC veterinary research},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {678},
pmid = {41272707},
issn = {1746-6148},
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Virulence/genetics ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; Iran ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a major pathogen responsible for urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections in both humans and dogs and is of serious public health concern due to its potential for severe infections. The aim of this study was to compare the pathogenicity of E. coli strains isolated from dogs and humans using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR).

METHODS: A total of 30 fecal samples from visiting dogs and 30 samples from veterinarians and other animal-related personnel in Tehran and Qom, Iran was collected. The presence of E. coli was confirmed by phenotypic and biochemical methods (Gram staining, culture on MacConkey and EMB agar, TSI agar, and IMViC tests) followed by identification of virulence genes (bfpB, elt, stx1, hlyA, fimC) by PCR. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method and the ability to produce biofilm was assessed. Finally, all isolates were subjected to genomic fingerprinting using rep-PCR.

RESULTS: Out of 60 fecal samples, only one E. coli isolate per sample was selected for analysis. All 60 isolates were confirmed and the fimC gene was present in all samples, while the bfpB gene was found in 90% of human samples and 46.4% of animal samples. All isolates had the ability to produce biofilm, with 20% of human samples and 56.6% of animal samples produced strong biofilms. Antimicrobial testing showed high resistance to amikacin (96.6-100%) and fluoroquinolones, but susceptible to nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Over 90% of isolates were multidrug-resistant, indicating treatment challenges. Based on rep-PCR, the isolates are assigned to 12 different clusters. Of the 12 clusters identified, five contained isolates from both humans and dogs, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that E. coli from humans and dogs share the same pathogenic characteristics, with notable differences in biofilm production and antibiotic resistance. The genetic relatedness between some isolates highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and a One Health approach to control infections.},
}

Animals
Dogs
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/physiology
Humans
*Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology
Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
*Dog Diseases/microbiology
Virulence/genetics
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
Feces/microbiology
Iran
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Virulence Factors/genetics

@article {pmid41272294,
year = {2025},
author = {Almatroudi, A},
title = {Identification of potential anti-biofilm agents targeting LasR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through machine learning-driven screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-29151-7},
pmid = {41272294},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major worldwide health concern, with biofilm-forming bacteria playing an important role in the persistence of chronic infections and the evasion of host immune responses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common biofilm-forming bacteria, is notorious for causing a wide range of infections, particularly in immunocompromised people, and is highly resistant to standard treatment drugs. This work aims to find new anti-biofilm compounds that target the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR quorum-sensing system, which is an important regulator of biofilm development and pathogenicity. In this study machine learning-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations were combined. Initially, a selection of 324 decoys and 116 known LasR inhibitors were selected and used to train a number of machine learning models. Random Forest (RF) outperformed other models with an accuracy of 0.98. Leveraging the predictive power of the RF model, a library of 9000 phytochemicals was screened using RF model, predicting 367 active compounds as potential LasR inhibitors. After that compounds were evaluated for drug-likeness using Lipinski's Rule of Five and 155 potential candidates were identified. Following molecular docking experiments, PubChem 3,795,981, PubChem 42,607,867, and PubChem 6,971,066 emerged as the top candidates, with binding energy scores of -12.0, -12.0, and - 11.8 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds established persistent interactions with critical residues in the LasR binding site, mostly by hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Further molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA analysis indicate compounds PubChem 3,795,981 (-36.95 kcal/mol) and PubChem 42,607,867 (-38.58 kcal/mol) as the most favorable LasR inhibitor with minimal structural deviations, emphasizing their potential as anti-biofilm agent against resistant P. aeruginosa strains. This integrated pipeline helped to identify potential inhibitors providing theoretical basis for the development of anti-bacterial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further research is needed to determine the therapeutic usefulness of these findings.},
}

@article {pmid41272116,
year = {2025},
author = {Ducret, J and Manceau, A and Lacroix, C and Ménard, D and Dejoie, C and Barbeau, B},
title = {Role of biofilm during groundwater biofiltration of manganese.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {41330},
pmid = {41272116},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {RGPIN2020-0649//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Manganese (Mn) contamination in groundwater poses significant challenges for drinking water treatment. This study explores the mechanisms of Mn removal in a long-term oxygenated groundwater biofilter. The filter media coating primarily consists of abiotic disordered birnessite (δ-MnO2) with a microglobular structure and an average oxidation state of approximately 3.45. This material plays a key role in the effective adsorption and oxidation of Mn(II) dissolved in groundwater. The results indicate that Mn removal is predominantly abiotic, with biofilm activity contributing to less than 10% of Mn(II) oxidation. Biological colonization is minimal, as evidenced by the low microbial activity and protein-to-polysaccharide ratio. However, Mn-oxidizing and Mn-reducing bacteria were identified under aerobic conditions, suggesting that they play facultative or complementary roles in Mn cycling. The unexpected coexistence of the two types of bacteria highlights the need for further investigation into their role in δ-MnO2 transformation and regeneration. The study provides foundational insights into the dynamics of Mn(II) removal in biofilters and proposes an initial framework for understanding the Mn(II) biogeochemical cycle within such common engineered systems.},
}

@article {pmid41271585,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, H and Xu, Y and Xiong, Z and Wang, H and Wang, X and Kang, Y and Wang, Z and Zeng, X and Liu, Y and Zheng, Y and Chen, W and Li, M and Hu, Z and Xu, C and Wu, Y and Wang, Y and Yuan, Z and Yuan, S and Liu, H and Matthews, S and Qiao, N and Li, Y and Liu, B},
title = {Cinnamic-Hydroxamic-Acid Derivatives Exhibit Antibiotic, Anti-Biofilm, and Supercoiling Relaxation Properties by Targeting Bacterial Nucleoid-Associated Protein HU.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e09876},
doi = {10.1002/advs.202509876},
pmid = {41271585},
issn = {2198-3844},
support = {2021YFA1301201//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 32270151//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172299//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82272377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022CFA068//Hubei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; },
abstract = {Finding novel compounds and drug targets is crucial for antibiotic development. The nucleoid-associated protein HU plays a significant role in bacterial DNA metabolism, supercoiling, and biofilm formation, making it a promising new target. In this work, structure-based screening and identified cinnamic-hydroxamic-acid derivatives (CHADs) are conducted as HU inhibitors, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of as low as 12 µg mL[-1] against a range of pathogenic bacteria. CHADs induce nucleoid deformation, preventing bacterial division and inhibiting growth. They exhibit low toxicity in mice and effectively treat infections in mouse models. Additionally, CHADs possess anti-biofilm activity and supercoiling relaxation properties, countering bacterial stress responses to antibiotics. They suppress changes in gene expression required for optimal stress responses, resulting in synergistic effects with other antibiotics. Thus, CHADs represent a new class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial stress responses by co-targeting biofilm formation and DNA supercoiling.},
}

@article {pmid41271362,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahman, MA and Akter, S and Ashrafudoulla, M and Jung, SJ and Rapak, MT and Ha, SD},
title = {CRISPR-Cas systems as emerging tools for precision biofilm control for food safety: Mechanisms and applications.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {222},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {117803},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117803},
pmid = {41271362},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; *Food Safety/methods ; Gene Editing/methods ; *Food Microbiology/methods ; },
abstract = {Biofilms on food-contact surfaces pose persistent challenges to sanitation, safety, and product quality within food processing. Traditional cleaning methods and broad-spectrum antimicrobials often fail to disrupt the resilient matrix and multispecies communities characteristic of these biofilms. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems offer a transformative approach to enhancing food safety, enabling precise modulation of microbial gene networks with applications in diagnostics, programmable sanitation, and targeted microbial control. This review synthesizes recent advances in CRISPR-Cas technology, encompassing Cas9/Cas12-based gene editing, Cas13-mediated RNA targeting, and dead Cas9 (dCas9)-based transcriptional regulation (CRISPR interference/activation, CRISPRi/a), and evaluates their relevance to biofilm prevention and eradication in food environments. We critically assess delivery platforms, including plasmids, nanocarriers, phagemids, and conjugative systems, for their efficiency in complex biofilm settings. The review highlights innovations such as multiplexed repression of redundant pathways, activation of latent antibiofilm functions. These genetic strategies are increasingly being integrated with omics-based analytics (e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) to reveal systems-level cellular responses and regulatory shifts triggered by biofilm-targeted interventions. We also address the practical limitations, such as delivery barriers, off-target effects, regulatory hurdles, and ethical considerations specific to food applications. Ultimately, we propose a framework for translating CRISPR-Cas technology into scalable, safety-compliant tools for precision control of biofilms in food processing environments. This review aims to guide future research and inform stakeholders on leveraging CRISPR-Cas technology for safe, sustainable, and targeted management of food-associated biofilms.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*CRISPR-Cas Systems
*Food Safety/methods
Gene Editing/methods
*Food Microbiology/methods

@article {pmid41271354,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, H and Zhang, M and Wang, J and Xiong, S and Li, X and Luo, X and Yang, C and Lu, R and Zhang, Y},
title = {BfrR-mediated biofilm regulation in the seafood-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {222},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {117792},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117792},
pmid = {41271354},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major seafood-associated pathogen whose biofilm formation enhances environmental persistence, antibiotic resistance, and food safety risks. In this study, we identified a LysR-type regulator, BfrR (VPA1687), as a critical mediator of biofilm development in V. parahaemolyticus. Deletion of bfrR severely impaired biofilm formation, switching colony morphology from wrinkled to smooth and reducing extracellular matrix components (exopolysaccharides (EPS), proteins, and extracellular DNA). BfrR also modulated metabolic activity in biofilm-embedded cells and exhibited dual control over motility: it inhibited swimming while promoting swarming. Mechanistically, BfrR elevated intracellular c-di-GMP levels by regulating genes encoding GGDEF/EAL domain proteins. RNA-seq revealed BfrR influences 500 genes, including biofilm-related pathways (e.g., cps operon for EPS), virulence factors, and flagellar genes. Critically, BfrR was essential for biofilm formation on diverse food-contact surfaces (shrimp, crab, stainless steel, plastic, and glass). These findings establish BfrR as a global regulator that coordinates biofilm formation, motility, and c-di-GMP signaling, highlighting its potential as a target for mitigating V. parahaemolyticus biofilm-associated risks in the food industry.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics/physiology/pathogenicity
*Seafood/microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Food Microbiology

@article {pmid41270988,
year = {2025},
author = {Tabatabaei, F and McMahon, R and Estlack, L and Sanchez, TF and Medina, S and Bionda, N},
title = {The In Vitro Performance of Surgical Irrigation Solutions in Preventing Biofilm Formation on Implants.},
journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2025.11.026},
pmid = {41270988},
issn = {1532-8406},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Total joint arthroplasties (TJA) are widely performed in the United States. Although various intraoperative irrigation solutions have been studied, comprehensive in vitro comparisons of their efficacy in preventing biofilm formation across multiple implant materials remain limited. This study evaluated the effectiveness of nine commercially available irrigation solutions in preventing biofilm formation by two common pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-on four commonly used orthopaedic implant materials under clinically relevant conditions. Cytotoxicity was also assessed by evaluating human dermal fibroblast recovery following exposure.

METHODS: There were nine solutions that were assessed: a polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)-synergy solution, a benzalkonium chloride (BZK) solution, a PHMB-betaine solution, a chlorhexidine gluconate solution, a povidone-iodine solution, a hypochlorous acid solution, a citric acid solution, a triple antibiotic solution (bacitracin, cefazolin, gentamicin), and normal saline. The testing laboratory was blinded to solution identities. Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene coupons (n = four per group) were pretreated with each solution for two minutes. After aspiration, bacteria in simulated synovial fluid were added. Following 24-hour incubation at 37° C, adherent bacteria were recovered and quantified. For cytocompatibility, fibroblasts were exposed to selected solutions for two minutes, then incubated in fresh medium. Cell viability was assessed on days one and five using a colorimetric metabolic activity assay.

RESULTS: The PHMB-synergy and BZK solutions were the most effective in preventing biofilm formation, with microbial levels over 6.0-log lower than controls for both pathogens across all materials. Other solutions showed variable efficacy depending on the material and bacterial strain. A 1:10 dilution of the PHMB-synergy solution supported fibroblast recovery at day five, while the BZK solution remained cytotoxic at the same dilution.

CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with certain irrigation solutions for two minutes, reflecting clinical use, can significantly reduce biofilm formation on orthopaedic implant materials and may help prevent periprosthetic joint infections in TJA procedures.},
}

@article {pmid41270969,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, C and Chen, M and Wang, R and Liu, X and Tian, D and Xiao, M and Liu, H and Tian, T and Sun, Y and Tan, M and Xu, JY},
title = {Multi-omic analysis reveals lysine acylation and biofilm formation induced by central metabolites in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108198},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108198},
pmid = {41270969},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major multidrug-resistant pathogen responsible for severe infections, such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections. These infections are often associated with high mortality rates and pose a significant burden on public health. Studies have shown that biofilm formation is a key factor contributing to its enhanced drug resistance. Recent evidence also implicates core metabolites in biofilm regulation. However, their specific regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we initially assessed how key metabolites from glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle influenced MRSA physiology. Notably, glucose markedly enhanced bacterial proliferation and stimulated biofilm development. To further explore the molecular basis of glucose-induced changes in MRSA, we subsequently applied a multidimensional omics approach, including proteomics, acetylomics, succinylomics, and lactylomics. A total of 1,666 proteins, 3,761 lysine acetylated sites, 1,809 succinylated sites, and 128 lactylated sites were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis revealed that these modifications were significantly enriched in ribosome-associated functions and metabolic pathways. To further explore their functional relevance, in vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that glucose-induced lysine succinylation modulates the activity of arsenate reductase. Building upon this, functional validation at both the bacterial and host cell levels confirmed the physiological significance of glucose-induced lysine acylation. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the core metabolite glucose promotes MRSA biofilm formation and induces extensive lysine acylation, which in turn regulates metabolic functions and virulence. Therefore, this study provides new insights into MRSA pathogenesis and suggests potential targets for anti-infective therapy.},
}

@article {pmid41270087,
year = {2025},
author = {Shedleur-Bourguignon, F and Thériault, WP and Berthiaume, F and Doghri, I and Longpré, J and Thibodeau, A and Fravalo, P},
title = {Veillonella dispar and V. atypica increased the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in liquid culture and biofilm conditions.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {e0332852},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0332852},
pmid = {41270087},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {*Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Swine ; Animals ; Food Microbiology ; Abattoirs ; },
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen that causes severe illness in high-risk groups who face a mortality rate of 15% to 20% with exposure to this deadly bacterium. L. monocytogenes poses a significant food safety concern due to its ability to withstand the adverse conditions encountered in food production environments. Prevention of its entry into the ready-to-eat (RTE) processing environment is crucial, and consequently, preventing its establishment within the environmental microbiota of slaughterhouses-the preceding stage in the production chain-is essential. This can be a challenge because L. monocytogenes has the ability to create and persist in biofilms in association with microorganisms. The role of the accompanying microbiota in the survival and density of L. monocytogenes has been shown to range from having antagonistic to synergetic effects. The aim of the present study was to validate a positive association previously identified using bioinformatic tools between the presence of Veillonella spp. on conveyor belt surfaces of the cutting room of a swine slaughterhouse and the relative abundance of L. monocytogenes. Veillonella dispar (V. dispar) and Veillonella atypica (V. atypica) showed statistically significant positive effects on the growth and survival of the pathogen in both planktonic cultures and in biofilms tested under static and dynamic conditions. These effects of Veillonella appear to be mediated through compounds secreted or made available by the bacterium since contact with the supernatants of Veillonella cultures was sufficient to induce L. monocytogenes growth enhancement. This increase is primarily due to the live cell mass, suggesting that Veillonella acts at the L. monocytogenes cell population level rather than on the biofilm matrix. We believe that our results represent a step toward a better L. monocytogenes food safety risk assessment and could contribute to the development of better strategies against this pathogen.},
}

*Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development/physiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
Swine
Animals
Food Microbiology
Abattoirs

@article {pmid41269277,
year = {2025},
author = {Rathod, NV and Mishra, S},
title = {Strategies for biofilm inhibition: the role of synthetic drug- and nanotechnology-based agents.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {1},
pages = {37},
pmid = {41269277},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Nanotechnology/methods ; Humans ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism ; Nanoparticles ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are organized microbial communities that are surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which raises significant challenges to environmental, and medical applications. Their intricate architecture and adaptive behavior enable them to resist conventional antimicrobial therapies, primarily due to restricted drug diffusion, altered metabolic activity, and the emergence of resistance mechanisms. To address these challenges, synthetic drug-based strategies have emerged, focusing on the disruption of key stages in biofilm development, such as bacterial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS), EPS production, and biofilm maturation. Quorum sensing inhibitors, including synthetic furanones, peptide-based inhibitors, and nanoparticles, have shown promising results in interfering with biofilm signaling pathways and preventing biofilm maturation. EPS matrix, such as chelating agents and enzymatic treatments, weaken the biofilm matrix, rendering the microbial cells more susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Nanotechnology-driven approaches, utilizing metal nanoparticles, functionalized nanoparticles, and nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, enhance. These strategies enhance antimicrobial penetration and efficacy while reducing off-target effects; however, clinical translation is limited by cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic constraints, and microbial adaptation. Future work should prioritize multi-targeted therapies, personalized biofilm disruption, and advanced drug delivery systems to combat biofilm-related infections and industrial biofouling.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Nanotechnology/methods
Humans
Drug Delivery Systems
Bacteria/drug effects
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism
Nanoparticles
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects

@article {pmid41269261,
year = {2025},
author = {Hyderi, Z and Nagarajan, H and Saravanan, K and Ganesan, S and Jeyaraman, J and Ranganathan, S and Ravi, AV},
title = {Inhibition of MMP-2/MMP-9 and biofilm formation by 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (THF): a promising therapeutic approach against Enterococcus gallinarum endocarditis.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {1},
pages = {36},
pmid = {41269261},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {EBSB-RUSA 2.0, PhD fellowship//Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Animals ; Zebrafish ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Enterococcus/drug effects/physiology ; *Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism/genetics ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism/genetics ; *Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are critical global health concerns, necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic compounds. Enterococcus gallinarum, an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, is responsible for severe infections, often leading to endocarditis, bloodstream dissemination, immune dysregulation, and tissue damage. The limited efficacy of existing treatments underscores the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Recently, we reported the efficacy of 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (THF) as an exhibited potential antimicrobial agent. In this study, the antibiofilm activity of THF against E. gallinarum was examined. In addition, the role of THF in preventing infection and mortality in zebrafish was also analysed using histopathological studies. The host-drug interaction was investigated through a network pharmacology approach for bacterial endocarditis. The top hub genes found in this analysis were docked with THF using the Glide XP protocol, and simulations were performed by GROMACS version 2020. The results suggest the potential of THF in inhibiting bacterial adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) and the disruption of mature biofilms. The histopathological results showed significantly recovered tissues after THF treatment. Furthermore, the network pharmacology studies of bacterial endocarditis disease revealed the identification of top hub genes MMP-2 and MMP-9, which have the function of binding to ECM and causing inflammation. The molecular docking and dynamics simulations performed between MMP-2 & MMP-9 showed a strong binding score of -4.652 kcal/mol & -7.597 kcal/mol between THF and MMP-2 & MMP-9, suggesting the anti-inflammatory potential of THF as well. This significant influence on host-pathogen interactions, particularly in modulating immune responses and inflammation, makes it a promising drug candidate for bacterial infections and necessitates its consideration for future research and studies.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Animals
Zebrafish
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Enterococcus/drug effects/physiology
*Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy/microbiology
*Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism/genetics
Molecular Docking Simulation
*Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism/genetics
*Flavanones/pharmacology/chemistry
*Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
Humans
*Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology

@article {pmid41267528,
year = {2025},
author = {Ye, J and Wen, T and Liu, Q and Ma, B and Yang, Y and Wang, Y and Yu, S and Yan, J and Zhang, J and Liu, Y},
title = {Combination effects of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I on dual-species biofilm removal in a simulated lateral canal model: An in vitro study.},
journal = {European journal of oral sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70051},
doi = {10.1111/eos.70051},
pmid = {41267528},
issn = {1600-0722},
support = {TJWJ2022QN054//the Tianjin Health Research Project/ ; 2021KJ245//the Science & Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education/ ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a novel combination of the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser and deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in eliminating dual-species biofilms from dentinal surfaces using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed lateral canal model. A computational fluid dynamics model was used to assess the impact of needle insertion depth on irrigant flow within the lateral canal model. Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilms were cultured on dentin discs. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to investigate the influence of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I on the antimicrobial activity of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The CLSM results demonstrated a significant reduction in the formation of dual-species biofilms among viable bacteria treated with the combination of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I, compared to other treatment groups. As the needle insertion depth decreased, the irrigant velocity in the lateral canal decreased, resulting in the attachment of a greater number of viable bacteria. The combination of Nd:YAP laser and DNase I effectively addresses the limitations of single supplementary treatment by enhancing irrigant penetration and biofilm disruption within the lateral canal model, presenting a promising strategy for in vitro disinfection of lateral canal structures.},
}

@article {pmid41266360,
year = {2025},
author = {Wilksch, JJ and Tan, JWH and Nero, TL and Hocking, DM and Bennett-Wood, V and Wang, N and Zavras, SA and Schiesser, CH and Tauschek, M and Schembri, MA and Lithgow, T and Hartland, EL and Robins-Browne, RM and Parker, MW and Yang, J and Strugnell, RA},
title = {Chemical inhibition of MrkH-dependent activation of type 3 fimbriae synthesis and biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {212},
pmid = {41266360},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; APP1194263//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; APP1194263//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 606788//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; DP130100957//Australian Research Council/ ; DP130100957//Australian Research Council/ ; Ruth Bishop Fellow//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/drug effects/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Benzamides/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae is mediated by the type 3 fimbriae Mrk, and regulated by MrkH and 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP). We sought to identify specific chemical inhibitors of K. pneumoniae biofilm formation that reduced the activity of MrkH. A compound N-(3-cyano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thien-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide, JT71, reduced K. pneumoniae mrkA promoter activity and biofilm formation by 50% without affecting cell viability. Western blot analysis, hemagglutination assays, electron microscopy and qPCR showed that JT71 reduced type 3 fimbriae production, and transcription of mrkA and mrkH. JT71 demonstrated activity against other clinical and multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, and a type 3 fimbriate-positive Citrobacter koseri strain. In silico molecule docking was used to illustrate that JT71 could bind directly to the MrkH protein and block its activity. JT71 possesses promising drug-likeness properties and is non-toxic to mammalian cells. Chemical inhibition of transcriptional regulators that control fimbriae expression can inhibit bacterial biofilm formation.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology/genetics
*Fimbriae, Bacterial/drug effects/metabolism
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Molecular Docking Simulation
*Benzamides/pharmacology
Humans
*Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Klebsiella Infections/microbiology

@article {pmid41265798,
year = {2025},
author = {Anderson, GG and James, S and Kovvali, S and Dang, FW and Vishwakarma, A and Gagnon, MC and Goulet, N and Racine, F and Labrie, P and Eppihimer, M and Weeks, JW and Haas, B and Pandey, R},
title = {Comparison of Two Models of Biofilm Formation on Reusable Stainless Steel Medical Device Material.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.034},
pmid = {41265798},
issn = {1532-2939},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reusable medical devices require reprocessing before subsequent patient use. Inadequate reprocessing can create suitable conditions for contaminating microbes to form biofilm. Despite this threat, there is a lack of guidance for medical device manufacturers to make biofilm assessment on their device labelling and instructions for use. Currently, there are no FDA-recognized standardized models for biofilm formation on medical devices or device materials. This study was conducted to assess established standard methods for their suitability to be used as validation tools for medical device manufacturers and regulatory agencies.

METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were grown using a Drip Flow Reactor and a CDC Biofilm Reactor on stainless steel coupons as a medical device material surrogate surface. Growth duration, extraction procedure, and extraction medium were optimized within the parameters of the experiments. Suitability of the models was determined by the comparison of colony forming units, protein concentration, and total organic carbon.

FINDINGS: Data revealed that both the models developed similar levels of biofilm as quantified by colony forming units (CFU), despite different shear stress conditions. The results showed that protein and total organic carbon are potential analytes to quantify the biofilm biomass under the conditions tested. Additionally, results of each assay display low variability across multiple biofilm replicates.

CONCLUSIONS: Both models develop reproducible biofilm with a similar level of CFU but different levels of TOC and protein. Our findings indicate that the CDC-BR and DFR provide reliable platforms for studying biofilm growth on medical device materials.},
}

@article {pmid41265715,
year = {2025},
author = {Khan, F},
title = {Editorial: Special Issue: Bioinspired Nanomaterials: Controlling Biofilm and Virulence of Microbial Pathogens.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108197},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108197},
pmid = {41265715},
issn = {1096-1208},
}

@article {pmid41263815,
year = {2025},
author = {Hatamoto, M},
title = {Puribacter membranae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a biofilm of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating sewage.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {75},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {41263815},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {*Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Base Composition ; Fatty Acids/chemistry/analysis ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Japan ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Burkholderiaceae/classification/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile rods, designated HTMS2 and HTMS3[T], were isolated from a biofilm on the membrane of a municipal sewage treatment membrane bioreactor in Nagaoka, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes placed them in the family Burkholderiaceae, most closely related to Hydromonas duriensis A2P5 [T] (94.14% similarity). Genome sequencing (2.52 Mb, 48.2% G+C) and phylogenomic analysis affiliated them with the uncultured genus lineage CTSOIL-112 in the Genome Taxonomy Database. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values to related taxa were below species thresholds (ANI ≤77.0%, dDDH ≤54.9%). In addition, average amino acid identity values to related taxa were ≤68.6%. Both strains are catalase- and oxidase-positive, reduced nitrate and utilized various carbohydrates but not N-acetyl-glucosamine; they differed in sorbitol assimilation. The major respiratory quinone is Q-8, and the predominant fatty acids are summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/ω6c), summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c) and C_16:0. Genomic data supported a non-motile, Gram-stain-negative phenotype. Polyphasic analysis indicates that these strains represent a novel genus and species, Puribacter membranae gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain HTMS3[T]=NBRC 117344[T]=LMG 34133[T]).},
}

*Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Sewage/microbiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
Base Composition
Fatty Acids/chemistry/analysis
*Bioreactors/microbiology
Bacterial Typing Techniques
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Japan
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
*Burkholderiaceae/classification/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology
Genome, Bacterial

@article {pmid41263522,
year = {2025},
author = {Krzyżewska-Dudek, E and Dudek, B and Kapczyńska, K and Pasikowski, P and Brożyna, M and Paleczny, J and Mikołajczyk-Martinez, A and Junka, A and Rybka, J},
title = {The Influence of Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Chain Length on Biofilm Formation Capacity and Outer Membrane Proteome Shape of Salmonella Enteritidis.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology reports},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {e70211},
doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70211},
pmid = {41263522},
issn = {1758-2229},
support = {2017/25/N/NZ6/02295//National Science Centre Poland/ ; },
mesh = {*Salmonella enteritidis/genetics/physiology/chemistry/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *O Antigens/chemistry/metabolism ; *Proteome/analysis/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation is a phenomenon of great medical importance, also affecting food production. In the present work, we investigated the effect of the O-antigen length of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella Enteritidis on biofilm production and the physicochemical properties of Salmonella cells, using bacterial deletion mutants. We also analysed the influence of LPS O-antigen shortening on the composition of the outer membrane (OM) proteome of S. Enteritidis. We have shown that the shortening of the LPS O-antigen part is associated with decreased biofilm biomass formation in some mutants and that it also depends on the composition of the culture medium. Physicochemical properties of bacterial cells changed with the shortening of the O-antigen, promoting bacterial aggregation and influencing their hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, or hydrophobicity. We have also shown that shorter O-antigen alters the bacterial proteome in comparison to regular size O-antigen: flagellar FliC protein was down-regulated in most mutants, while the HptG as well as 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 protein were up-regulated, suggesting increased protein synthesis activity. In some mutants, proteins involved in LPS biosynthesis were also upregulated: lipopolysaccharide core heptose(II)-phosphate phosphatase, acyl carrier protein, and undecaprenyl-phosphate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase, implying that the increased LPS biosynthesis is aimed at the replacement of the lacking LPS modal fractions in the S. Enteritidis mutants.},
}

*Salmonella enteritidis/genetics/physiology/chemistry/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development
*O Antigens/chemistry/metabolism
*Proteome/analysis/metabolism
*Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry/metabolism
*Bacterial Outer Membrane/chemistry/metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid41262745,
year = {2025},
author = {Discepoli, N and De Rubertis, I and David, D and Ferrari, A and Mirra, R},
title = {Influence of Emergence Angle and Mucosal Tunnel Depth on Artificial Biofilm Removal Around Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study.},
journal = {International journal of dentistry},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {7500003},
pmid = {41262745},
issn = {1687-8728},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Implant-prosthetic characteristics jeopardize accurate diagnosis, professional and domiciliary plaque control around dental implants. Accurate prosthetic design planning and prosthetic features modifications are fundamental in peri-implant diseases' primordial prevention and active treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of prosthetic emergence angles (EAs) and mucosal tunnel depths (MTDs) on the efficacy of ultrasonic debridement in removing ink stain simulating artificial biofilm in an in vitro model.

METHODS: An in vitro model simulating biofilm around implant abutment, incorporating a 4 mm implant analog replicating a missing single tooth was designed. Titanium abutments with three MTDs (2, 4, and 6 mm) were associated with individualized crowns with different EAs (15°, 30°, and 45°), resulting in nine experimental groups. Abutments were stained with artificial biofilm and subsequently instrumented through ultrasonic debridement. The proportion of residual biofilm (ResB) was quantified and evaluated for the four surfaces.

RESULTS: A total of 360 images of 90 instrumented abutments was evaluated. The overall means described a consistent increase of ResB in relation to the progressive increment of both MTD and EA. Mesial and distal surfaces presented more biofilm across all EA-MTD combinations (p  < 0.05). Logistic regression models pinpointed MTD and EA as significant predictors. The 6 mm MTD and 45° EA combination demonstrated as the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR] = 134,33).

CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a progressively wider prosthetic EA and a deeper mucosal tunnel significantly reduced the efficacy of submucosal instrumentation. Narrower EA (<30°) and shallower MTD (<4 mm) yielded significantly better results in terms of ResB.},
}

@article {pmid41262282,
year = {2025},
author = {Pandhi, D and Gaurav, V and Anand, GRP and Das, S and Khan, AM},
title = {A Cross-sectional Study Comparing the in vitro Biofilm Optical Density of Dermatophytic Isolates with Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Antifungal Susceptibility.},
journal = {Indian journal of dermatology},
volume = {70},
number = {6},
pages = {320-329},
pmid = {41262282},
issn = {1998-3611},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In India, Trichophyton mentagrophytes has emerged as the dominant cause of dermatophytosis, surpassing Trichophyton rubrum, contributing to an epidemic-like surge in cases. The Indian genotype "T. mentagrophytes ITS genotype VII" exhibits widespread resistance to terbinafine due to mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Rising instances of recurrent and chronic dermatophytosis highlight the urgent need to explore factors like host profiles, environmental influences, and antifungal resistance, including the role of biofilms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate biofilm formation in dermatophyte isolates and explore its correlation with demographic factors, disease duration, steroid misuse, and antifungal resistance to facilitate future management strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 65 patients with clinically diagnosed dermatophytosis were included in this tertiary care center-based study. Detailed clinical histories were documented, and biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI M38-A2 guidelines. Clinical improvement was assessed using the Clinical Assessment Severity Score, and statistical analysis was performed to explore associations between biofilm formation, clinical response, and antifungal resistance.

RESULTS: T. mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale complex was identified in 98.46% of cases, with significant antifungal resistance to fluconazole and griseofulvin. The mean biofilm optical density was significantly higher in isolates from patients using oral antifungal treatments, especially those with poor clinical responses. Biofilm density was also significantly associated with antifungal resistance, particularly against fluconazole and griseofulvin (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the role of biofilm formation in contributing to chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis, particularly in patients with a history of oral antifungal use. Biofilm density correlates significantly with antifungal resistance, which may hinder clinical outcomes. These results highlight the need for tailored treatment strategies targeting biofilm-associated resistance to improve the management of chronic dermatophytosis.},
}

@article {pmid41262223,
year = {2025},
author = {Alharbi, OS and Alhazmi, KA and Gazzaz, M and Almuhayya, S and Aldehalan, FA and Sharif, AT and Redwan, B and Alzain, MA and Alhazmi, W and Altarawneh, H and Hasan Alfreahat, HA and Bani Abdel-Rahman, S and Halabi, WS and Altalhi, R and Saleh, BH and Alhussainy, NH and Alsaedi, A and Niyazi, HA and Niyazi, HA and Juma, NA and Zubair, MA and Alqarni, M and Helmi, N and Ibrahem, K},
title = {A Review Vancomycin Role in Gram Positive Biofilm-Associated Infections: Challenges and Emerging Solutions.},
journal = {Therapeutics and clinical risk management},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {1569-1578},
pmid = {41262223},
issn = {1176-6336},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections pose a significant challenge in clinical settings due to their increased resistance to antibiotics and evasion of host immune responses. These infections are responsible for a large proportion of chronic and recurrent infections, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and elevated morbidity and mortality rates. Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, has long been a cornerstone in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) represents an important group of biofilm-forming pathogens, further complicating treatment strategies. However, its efficacy against biofilms remains a subject of ongoing research and debate. The ability of vancomycin to target biofilm-embedded bacteria is often hindered by multiple resistance mechanisms, including poor antibiotic penetration, metabolic adaptation of biofilm-associated cells, and the presence of persister cells. The aim of this review is to evaluate vancomycin's antibiofilm activity by examining its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, limitations, and potential strategies to enhance its therapeutic outcomes. Several novel approaches have been explored to augment vancomycin's antibiofilm activity, including combination therapies, adjuvant strategies, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and overcoming the persistent challenge of biofilm-related infections. This review synthesizes current evidence and highlights areas requiring further research to enhance vancomycin's efficacy against biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41259952,
year = {2025},
author = {Pourmahdi-Torghabeh, N and Mohammadzadeh, R and Izadi, N and Farsiani, H},
title = {Biofilm formation, biofilm-associated genes, and antibiotic resistance in clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates in Northeastern Iran.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {103060},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2025.103060},
pmid = {41259952},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen due to its ability to form biofilms and its antibiotic resistance, posing significant clinical challenges. This study assessed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm formation in S. maltophilia isolates from various clinical samples and their antibiotic resistance profiles.

METHODS: For this cross-sectional analysis, 93 S. maltophilia suspected isolates were collected from patients at three hospitals in Northeastern Iran. Bacterial isolates were identified through conventional microbiological and biochemical assays. The confirmation of S. maltophilia species was further verified by evaluating its intrinsic carbapenem resistance and performing 23S rRNA-targeted PCR. To assess biofilm formation, we utilized the microtiter plate method, and biofilm-associated genes (spgM, rmlA, rpfF, and smf-1) were evaluated by PCR. The disk diffusion method was employed to assess antibiotic susceptibility.

RESULTS: All 93 isolates were verified to be S. maltophilia. Phenotypically, 75.3 % exhibited strong biofilm formation, 22.6 % moderate, 1.1 % weak, and 1.1 % could not form biofilms. Genotypically, the frequencies of biofilm-associated genes were: smf-1 (100 %), spgM (94.6 %), rpfF (83.9 %), and rmlA (35.5 %). Genotype 1 (spgM+/rmlA+/rpfF+/smf-1+) demonstrated significantly higher OD570, indicating stronger biofilm formation than genotype 3 (spgM+/rmlA-/rpfF+/smf-1+), with a positive correlation between rmlA and biofilm production (P = 0.03). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed 17.2 % resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 2.15 % intermediate susceptibility to minocycline, and no resistance to levofloxacin.

CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the prevalence of biofilm production and associated genes in S. maltophilia, but further validation is needed to confirm their clinical significance. Ongoing monitoring remains essential for guiding effective treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41258899,
year = {2025},
author = {Ilias, F and El Haci, IA and El Ghali, F and Mrabet, R and Aifa, S and Mnif, S},
title = {The effect of some Algerian plant essential oils on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and quorum sensing: in vitro and in silico studies.},
journal = {Natural product research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2588794},
pmid = {41258899},
issn = {1478-6427},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it is more likely to cause illness in individuals with weakened immune systems or other compromised defences. An increase in the prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa in hospitals is thus a worldwide problem. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of four Algerian essential oils (EOs). The GC-MS analyses showed high contents of perillaldehyde (83.28%) in Ammodaucus leucotrichus (Coss. & Dur.) EO. While, Daucus carota (L.) contained geranyl acetate (40.75%) and α-pinene (25.13%) as major constituents. The main components of Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) were α-thujone (25.40%), chrysanthenone (15.68%), camphe (14.31%), and β-thujone (12.58%). Whereas Juniperus phoenicea (L.) was mainly characterised by α-pinene (47.76%). A. leucotrichus EO showed the strongest antibacterial activity. This EO presented interesting activities for anti-biofilm and anti-virulence factors production. The docking results confirmed the experimental finding. These results suggest that A. leucotrichus EO warrants further exploration for its potential applications.},
}

@article {pmid41258760,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, R and Sun, D and Liu, J and Yang, J and Zhu, J and Liu, C and Liu, W},
title = {Ampicillin promotes the biofilm formation of Shewanella putrefaciens through the c-di-GMP-regulated BpfAGD system.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0290625},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02906-25},
pmid = {41258760},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Although many Shewanella strains are naturally resistant to some β-lactam antibiotics, research into the effect of these antibiotics on Shewanella biofilm formation is scarce. Shewanella putrefaciens is not only known as an important seafood spoilage bacterium but can also cause infection in several aquatic animals. In addition, it is a rare opportunistic human pathogen. The present study found that although some antibiotics from cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams repress the biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens CN32, multiple penicillin antibiotics increase its biofilm formation. Further experiments showed that ampicillin can increase intracellular c-di-GMP levels by regulating 16 DGCs/PDEs. This increases biofilm formation of S. putrefaciens CN32 by controlling the BpfAGD system. These penicillin antibiotics were also found to increase biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In addition, the biofilm formation by S. oneidensis MR-1 was increased by carbapenem antibiotics but repressed by cephalosporins and monobactam antibiotics. This study provides a theoretical foundation for future research into the impact of β-lactam antibiotics on the biofilm formation of Shewanella, as well as the mechanisms that regulate this process.IMPORTANCEThe resistance of bacteria in biofilms to antibacterial agents is much higher than that of planktonic bacteria. Bacterial antibiotic resistance in biofilms and bacterial biofilm formation induced by certain antibiotics are now key concerns. Many Shewanella strains are naturally resistant to some β-lactam antibiotics. However, research into whether β-lactam antibiotics induce Shewanella biofilm formation is scarce. This study examined the impact of various β-lactam antibiotics on the biofilm formation of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, as well as the mechanism by which ampicillin promotes biofilm formation. This provides guidance on the correct use of antibiotics and improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial resistance and antibiotic-induced biofilm formation. This could lay theoretical groundwork for controlling biofilms in the future.},
}

@article {pmid41258757,
year = {2025},
author = {Saini, TC and Randhawa, S and Bathla, M and Nisha, A and Teji, N and Acharya, A},
title = {Nanoengineered Polyphenol-Quantum Dot Conjugates Inhibit Biofilm Protein-Aβ42 Heterotypic Fibrillogenesis, Restore Synaptic Transmission, and Suppress Apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease.},
journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00467},
pmid = {41258757},
issn = {1948-7193},
abstract = {The gut microbiota influences neurodegenerative disease progression, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), through microbial metabolites like amyloids in bacterial biofilms, such as the curli protein in Eshcherichia coli biofilm. In this context, the study focuses on two key aspects, namely, (i) how cross-kingdom bacterial biofilm proteins accelerate Aβ42 aggregation and induce neurotoxicity and (ii) whether a nanochaperone with hydrophobic sheets and hydrophilic polyphenolic moieties could inhibit cross-seeded aggregation. Considering this, we chemically synthesized and further characterized gallic acid-conjugated molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (GA@MoS2 QDs, ∼9.6 ± 4.2 nm) using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, which showed ∼1.84-fold reduction in E. coli biofilm thickness, indicating interaction with biofilm components. The presence of the curli protein in E. coli was confirmed by dot blot and MALDI-TOF studies. Subsequent biophysical studies showed that isolated E. coli biofilm protein accelerated Aβ42 aggregation (heterotypic) by ∼6.76-fold, while GA@MoS2 QDs reduced this heterotypic aggregation by ∼9.49-fold reduction in Aβ42+ECBFP fluorescence relative to Aβ42 aggregates. In vitro studies with SH-SY5Y cells showed that heterotypic protein aggregation led to increased ROS production, intracellular calcium influx, and apoptosis induction, which were mitigated by GA@MoS2 QDs. The neuroprotective effect of GA@MoS2 QDs was also studied on Caenorhabditis elegans. Overall, the present studies suggested that the bacterial amyloid proteins may play a crucial role in Aβ42 aggregation, suggesting that targeting coaggregation could provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of early onset AD.},
}

@article {pmid41258593,
year = {2025},
author = {Ahmad, A and Senaidi, AS and Almohamadi, H and Alnasser, AS},
title = {Correction: Electroactive biofilm enhanced microbial electrolysis for sewage sludge-to-energy conversion.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {41},
number = {12},
pages = {461},
doi = {10.1007/s11274-025-04682-3},
pmid = {41258593},
issn = {1573-0972},
}

@article {pmid41258437,
year = {2025},
author = {Romaní, AM and Núria, P and Marta, P and Giulia, G},
title = {Drought Drives Extracellular Polymeric Substances Accumulation and Functional Shifts in Streambed Biofilm Communities.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02649-3},
pmid = {41258437},
issn = {1432-184X},
abstract = {This study investigates the adaptive response of streambed microbial biofilms to water scarcity, focusing on the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production across a gradient of hydrological conditions. Sediment samples from 37 streams in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula, encompassing both permanent and intermittent flow regimes, were analysed for EPS-polysaccharide content, microbial biomass, chlorophyll-a, and biofilm function (carbon substrate utilization profiles). Drought conditions were characterized based on the number of dry days over the eight months preceding sampling. Results revealed that EPS production increased significantly in intermittent streams, particularly under long-term drought, reaffirming that EPS synthesis is a key microbial strategy to mitigate desiccation stress. Notably, when normalized to prokaryotic density, EPS content exhibited a significant positive correlation with drought duration, emphasizing the dominant role of heterotrophic bacteria over algae in EPS secretion. However, EPS content alone was not a universal indicator of water scarcity, which showed a large variability in permanently flowing streams. Functional profiling showed clear shifts in carbon substrate utilization associated with stream hydrology. Intermittent streams exhibited a broader metabolic range, and particularly a capacity to use phenolic compounds, suggesting an adaptation to terrestrial organic matter inputs. Contrary to expectations, functional diversity increased in drier conditions, challenging assumptions derived from controlled experiments and underscoring the resilience of Mediterranean microbial biofilm communities to drought. These findings provide empirical support for EPS-mediated drought adaptation in natural biofilms and highlight functional diversity as a potential mechanism maintaining ecosystem processes under increasing aridity due to climate change.},
}

@article {pmid41255249,
year = {2025},
author = {Yuan, H and Lu, M and Shi, C and Li, C and Yao, Z and Shang, H and Li, X and Yu, H and Bie, S},
title = {Plumbagin disrupts the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2589802},
pmid = {41255249},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Plumbagin, also known as 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (PLB), is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone molecule that has demonstrated strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). However, the potential of PLB to eradicate mature biofilms and the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study explored the effects of PLB on disrupting mature S. aureus biofilms, focusing on its impact on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and potential mechanisms of action. Crystal violet (CV) and XTT assays demonstrated that PLB significantly reduced both the biomass and metabolic activity of mature S. aureus biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. High-content screening (HCS) imaging demonstrated that PLB treatment induced significant alterations in the biofilm EPS architecture, leading to a substantial reduction in overall biomass and average thickness, with disruption severity correlating positively with PLB concentration. Using molecular fluorescence probing techniques, this study found that treatment with PLB resulted in a marked reduction in EPS components, including extracellular polysaccharides (PIA), proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), compared to untreated controls. Molecular docking analysis revealed that PLB strongly interacts with several key S. aureus proteins involved in EPS production, such as IcaA, IcaD, IcaB, IcaC, Bap, ClfB, and CidA, particularly binding strongly to the active sites of IcaA and Bap. Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that PLB downregulated genes associated with biofilm EPS production. Overall, these findings suggest that PLB effectively disrupts S. aureus biofilms by targeting the EPS. These results highlight PLB as a promising candidate for targeting mature S. aureus biofilms in chronic infections.},
}

@article {pmid41253625,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, J and Huo, X and Liu, J and Bu, F and Zhang, P},
title = {Corrigendum to "Multifunctional NIR-II nanoplatform for disrupting biofilm and promoting infected wound healing" [Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 245 (2025), 114330].},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {115255},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115255},
pmid = {41253625},
issn = {1873-4367},
}

@article {pmid41250896,
year = {2025},
author = {He, Y and Cao, X and Wu, J and Wang, X},
title = {Characterization of Biofilm Wrinkles Based on the Composite Bilayer Model.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70128},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.70128},
pmid = {41250896},
issn = {1521-4028},
support = {//This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award 12372321 and 11972074./ ; },
abstract = {The study of the biofilm mechanical stability is important in the fields of biomedical and environmental engineering. In this paper, we present an innovative simplified bilayer model, which is obtained based on a simplification of the complex four-layer model. We simplify the model and reduce the computational complexity by ignoring the top layer of the biofilm and treating the middle layer and the substrate layer as a spring system connected in series. In finite element analysis, we used a simplified two-layer model to simulate the bending behavior of biofilm wrinkles and found the influence of elastic modulus ratio (Ef/Es) and biofilm thickness (h) on biofilm wrinkles and critical stress (ε $\varepsilon $). We simulated the wrinkle morphology changes of biofilm in regions II and III on three low, medium, and high agar substrates, and compared the simulated wrinkle wavelengths with experimental data for verification, providing a new perspective for understanding the mechanical behavior of biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid41249920,
year = {2025},
author = {Khaddam, W and Durgham, B},
title = {Comparative analysis of biofilm detection methods and antibiotic resistance in catheter-associated uropathogens: a cross-sectional study from Syria.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {760},
pmid = {41249920},
issn = {1471-2180},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification/growth & development ; *Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology ; Syria ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; },
abstract = {Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a major healthcare challenge due to bacterial biofilm formation, which protects pathogens from antibiotics and host immune responses. Three phenotypic biofilm detection methods-Microplate assay, Tube Method, and Modified Congo Red Agar (MCRA)- were compared using bacterial isolates from catheter tips and urine samples. The Microplate assay, considered the reference standard, detected biofilm in 88.6% of catheter isolates and 78.6% of urine isolates. Notably, 44% of urine samples showed no microbial growth, likely due to prior antibiotic use. In catheter-derived samples, CRA showed higher sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (61.5%) than the Tube method (72.7% and 46.2%, respectively). PPV and NPV were 87.0% and 46.2% for CRA, and 82.2% and 22.7% for Tube. Both methods performed less reliably in urine isolates. Strong biofilm formation was more prevalent in catheter isolates (62.5%) than in urine isolates (44.6%) and was associated with higher antimicrobial resistance. Gentamicin was most effective against urine isolates (85.7%), whereas Imipenem showed highest efficacy in catheter isolates (47.7%). These findings provide practical guidance for microbiology laboratories, especially in low-resource settings, by identifying reliable phenotypic methods for biofilm screening. Overall, sensitive biofilm detection combined with targeted antibiotic susceptibility testing is crucial for effective CAUTI management and antimicrobial stewardship.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Humans
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification/growth & development
*Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology
Syria
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Sensitivity and Specificity

@article {pmid41248935,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Xu, K and He, X and Kang, X and Tang, C and Niu, C and Li, Z and Weng, J and Li, J and Chen, X},
title = {Stage-Responsive Multifunctional Microneedle Patches for Enhanced Biofilm Penetration and Accelerated Healing of Bacterial Infected Skin Wounds.},
journal = {ACS applied materials & interfaces},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c20107},
pmid = {41248935},
issn = {1944-8252},
abstract = {Biofilms, formed by microorganisms and surrounding substances, hinder traditional drug delivery and delay wound healing. Microneedles, with their excellent mechanical properties, minimally invasive nature, and ability to penetrate biofilms for rapid drug delivery, offer a promising solution for biofilm eradication. In this study, we developed an intelligent, responsive bilayer microneedle system (CurMN@RRH) based on photodynamic therapy to accelerate wound healing caused by bacterial infections. Cur@ZIF-8 nanoparticles are synthesized in a one-pot process and embedded in gelatin and hyaluronic acid to form the microneedle tips. The microneedle substrate consists of ROS-responsive boronate-ester-based hydrogels (TSPBA-PVA), loaded with the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In the early stages of wound healing, the acidic environment triggered by bacterial infection prompts the release of curcumin from Cur@ZIF-8 nanoparticles, which generates hydroxyl radicals under blue light to promote bacterial death. In later stages, the CurMN@RRH microneedles release GSH, clearing excessive reactive oxygen species and reducing inflammation, thus accelerating healing. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the intelligent CurMN@RRH microneedles exhibited strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, promoted cell proliferation, and accelerated tissue wound healing. This approach offers a novel strategy for treating bacterial infection-induced wounds.},
}

@article {pmid41247508,
year = {2025},
author = {Wenten, IG},
title = {Rethinking Biofilm Engineering and Fouling Resistance in Membrane Bioreactors.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c03864},
pmid = {41247508},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are increasingly recognized as a key technology in sustainable wastewater treatment, offering a high effluent quality through the integration of biological degradation and membrane filtration. Among the critical factors influencing their performance are biofilm dynamics and membrane fouling. This article critically examines recent advances in biofilm engineering and antifouling strategies for MBRs, with an emphasis on microbial community modulation, quorum quenching, and hydrodynamic control to improve biofilm stability. In parallel, the review examines material-based and biological methods to mitigate membrane fouling, emphasizing multifunctional surfaces and emerging biocontrol strategies. Key operational challenges, such as energy consumption, cleaning frequency, and membrane aging, are evaluated alongside future research directions in materials design, microbial ecology, and real-time system optimization. The integration of these innovations is essential for advancing MBR technologies that are robust, resource-efficient, and aligned with circular economy principles.},
}

@article {pmid41244698,
year = {2025},
author = {Ferretti, J and Zegers, MAJ and Zeppilli, M and Jourdin, L},
title = {A two-stage strategy for methanogenesis suppression and rapid acetogenic biofilm formation in microbial electrosynthesis.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1655259},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1655259},
pmid = {41244698},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The practical implementation of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is currently limited by the slow microbial colonisation of the electrode and the need to suppress methanogenic activity. This study investigates a two-stage strategy to suppress methanogenesis and promote the rapid formation of an acetogenic biofilm in a directed-flow-through bioelectrochemical reactor. Four start-up regimes were compared: mixotrophic without heat pre-treatment (M), mixotrophic with heat pre-treatment (MT), heterotrophic without heat pre-treatment (H), and heterotrophic with heat pre-treatment (HT), each followed by a common autotrophic phase. Mixotrophy outperformed heterotrophy by accelerating and increasing acetate accumulation. However, adding heat pre-treatment (MT) introduced a short lag phase and resulted in less sustained chain elongation than mixotrophy alone (M). Under the mixotrophic regime, microbial analysis showed an enrichment of genera with acetogenic representatives such as Clostridium sensu stricto 12 and Sporomusa, alongside a reduction in facultative anaerobic and fermentative bacteria. Full biofilm colonisation of the electrode was achieved within 55 to 65 days, while acetate, butyrate, and caproate production was initiated within the first week, reaching concentrations typically observed only after approximately 70 days under autotrophic conditions. Methane remained undetectable for about 40 days and, when detected later, exhibited low coulombic efficiencies (< 1%). Taken together, these results indicate that mixotrophic start-up provides a promising route to accelerate electrode colonisation and enhance early-stage productivity in MES, while highlighting the need for further optimisation and a deeper understanding of microbial interactions.},
}

@article {pmid41244668,
year = {2025},
author = {Cheng, Y and Hu, H and Huang, T and Luo, X and Chen, F and Shi, P and Ma, W and Lu, Y and Lan, S and Cui, G and Qi, X and Liu, YJ and Hong, W},
title = {Pig-L mediates virulence, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress tolerance in Clostridioides difficile.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1691769},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1691769},
pmid = {41244668},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents a significant global public health concern. The Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Class L (pig-L) gene in C. difficile encodes an enzyme critical for the biosynthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which play a vital role in bacterial surface protein localization and function.

METHODS: To investigate the role of pig-L in C. difficile pathogenesis, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to generate a pig-L knockout strain and a complementation strain in the wild-type (WT) background. Phenotypic characterization of these strains was performed through a suite of assays, including virulence assays, biofilm formation assays, oxidative stress sensitivity testing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Proteomics analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins in the knockout strain.

RESULTS: Deletion of the pig-L gene resulted in a significant reduction in C. difficile virulence, decreased biofilm formation, and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in protein expression, with 170 proteins exhibiting upregulation and 101 proteins demonstrating downregulation in the knockout strain. Complementation of the pig-L gene partially restored the phenotypes observed in the deletion strain.

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the pig-L gene functions as a crucial regulator of C. difficile virulence, biofilm formation, and peroxide resistance. Targeting the pig-L gene or its downstream effectors represents a promising avenue for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to effectively control C. difficile infection.},
}

@article {pmid41243857,
year = {2025},
author = {Rajalakshmi, E and Chandrasekhar, B and Saranya, E and Madhavan, T and Ramya, M},
title = {Exploring Eugenol as a Growth and Biofilm Inhibitor in Leptospira interrogans by a Combined Experimental and Computational Approach.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {133},
number = {11},
pages = {e70088},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70088},
pmid = {41243857},
issn = {1600-0463},
mesh = {*Eugenol/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Leptospira interrogans/drug effects/growth & development/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; Lipoproteins ; },
abstract = {Leptospira interrogans, known for its association with environmental biofilms, poses significant challenges in managing leptospirosis due to its persistent virulence and resistance to antimicrobial agents. Addressing the biofilms in infection and resistance necessitates novel anti-leptospiral agents and strategies, with bioactive compounds offering better biomolecules to combat leptospiral biofilms. This study investigates the role of eugenol against L. interrogans, which has been unexplored. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of eugenol on the growth and biofilm formation of L. interrogans. Eugenol inhibited 70% of biofilm formation at its MBIC70 (10 mM). These findings were further validated through fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to assess cell viability and morphological changes. Furthermore, the expression levels of key genes, csrA and lipL32, associated with bacterial growth and biofilm formation, were analyzed using qRT-PCR. To complement these findings, molecular docking, c-DFT, and ADME profiles were performed to investigate the interaction of eugenol with the transpeptidase/penicillin-binding protein. The results strongly correlate with the biological outcomes observed in the experimental studies, supporting the efficacy of eugenol against L. interrogans.},
}

*Eugenol/pharmacology/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Leptospira interrogans/drug effects/growth & development/genetics/physiology
Molecular Docking Simulation
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Lipoproteins

@article {pmid41242988,
year = {2025},
author = {Tondu, F and Moeller, K and Sdiri, K and Oberhansli, F and Metian, M and Alonso Hernandez, C},
title = {Biofilm Formation on Polyethylene Microplastics Affects Brevetoxin Adsorption and Desorption.},
journal = {Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology},
volume = {115},
number = {6},
pages = {71},
pmid = {41242988},
issn = {1432-0800},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Marine Toxins/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Oxocins/analysis/metabolism/chemistry ; *Microplastics/chemistry ; *Polyethylene/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Dinoflagellida ; Polyether Toxins ; },
abstract = {Microplastics can serve as sites for microbial attachment, however their role in facilitating biotoxin entry into marine food webs remains poorly understood. This study quantified the adsorption and desorption kinetics of brevetoxin 3 (PbTx-3), a neurotoxin produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, on polyethylene (PE) surfaces in relation to the presence of biofilms using radiolabeled [3]H-PbTx-3. It was hypothesized that the presence of biofilms would enhance toxin retention on PE. Contrary to this hypothesis, results revealed significantly reduced adsorption of brevetoxin on biofilm-coated PE (0.035 ± 0.007 nmol mg[-1], p < 0.001) compared to virgin PE (0.59 ± 0.076 nmol mg[-1]). Furthermore, toxin desorption from biofilm-coated PE occurred rapidly, with less than 20% activity remaining after 24 h, whereas virgin PE retained over 80% activity over the same period. Complete toxin depuration was not observed within one week under either condition. These findings demonstrate that biofilms not only reduce brevetoxin adsorption on PE but also accelerate desorption. Further research is needed to elucidate the broader ecological and health implications of microplastic-mediated biotoxin transport, albeit the results of this study suggest that biofilm-coated PE likely plays a minor role as vector for biotoxins in marine food webs, at least compared to its virgin counterpart.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Marine Toxins/analysis/chemistry/metabolism
Adsorption
*Oxocins/analysis/metabolism/chemistry
*Microplastics/chemistry
*Polyethylene/chemistry
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/chemistry/metabolism
Dinoflagellida
Polyether Toxins

@article {pmid41242559,
year = {2025},
author = {Parde, D and Ankit, and Behera, M and Roshan, R},
title = {Anammox-Moving Bed biofilm reactor Data-Driven optimization: Insights into anammox process stability and performance.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133655},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133655},
pmid = {41242559},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Anammox-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) was evaluated for energy-efficient organic and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater under varying Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 250-450 mg/L, Ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N): 30-80 mg/L, and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 8-16 h. The results reveal that lower COD concentrations favour anammox activity, achieving the highest Total Nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency (92.2 %) at 250 mg/L COD, 80 mg/L NH4[+]-N, and 16 h HRT, while excessive COD (450 mg/L) led to a shift toward denitrification, reducing anammox contribution below 5 %. Microbial analysis confirmed a higher relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia (14.1 %). This study identifies a stable operational window (COD 350 mg/L, NH4[+]-N 55 mg/L, HRT 12 h) with consistent COD and TN removal (around 90 %). These findings provide a novel framework for optimizing anammox-MBBR in wastewater treatment, ensuring high nitrogen removal efficiency while addressing the limitations of previous studies in handling variable organic loads.},
}

@article {pmid41241300,
year = {2025},
author = {Santos, VRD and Caiaffa, KS and Souza, ACA and Pereira, JA and Abuna, GF and Ribeiro, TC and Bottino, MC and Chorili, M and Duque, C},
title = {Phenolic Acids-Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Intracanal Biofilm Management.},
journal = {Journal of dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106231},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106231},
pmid = {41241300},
issn = {1879-176X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In search of an inter-appointment intracanal medication capable of promoting root canal disinfection while preserving the viability of periapical cells, this study synthesized and characterized chitosan-poloxamer hydrogels (CPH) containing phenolic acids and evaluated their effects on multispecies biofilms and cell viability for potential endodontic use.

METHODS: Cinnamic acid (CI), caffeic acid (CA) and controls (calcium hydroxide [CH] and chlorhexidine [CHX]) were incorporated into the CPH matrix. The hydrogels were characterized by flow and oscillatory rheometry, sol-gel transition temperature, compounds release profile and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The effect of hydrogels on multispecies biofilms formed in radicular dentin specimens was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, while cytotoxicity of CPH containing or not the compounds was assessed using resazurin assays on fibroblasts and macrophages cultures. Statistical analysis was performed with significance determined at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: CPHs demonstrated pseudoplastic flow behavior and established a strong gel network at 37° C. Furthermore, hydrogels exhibited thermoresponsive behavior and sustained released of incorporated compounds. All formulations reduced bacterial loads in dentinal multispecies biofilms in dentin tubules, notably, CPH+CA (77.8%) and CPH+CI (73.2%) outperformed CPH+CH (53.6%) and CPH+CHX (39.9%). Overall, all CP hydrogels were cytocompatible when diluted at ratios over 1:4. CPH + CI showed lower cytotoxicity compared to CPH + CA, for both cell lines analyzed.

CONCLUSION: CPH demonstrated suitable thermoreversible and physicochemical characteristics to be applied as an injectable temporary medication. When particularly combined with cinnamic acid, it markedly reduced intra-radicular multispecies biofilms and exhibited better cytocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cinnamic-acid loaded chitosan-poloxamer hydrogel could be an effective intracanal medication for the management of infected root canals in endodontics.},
}

@article {pmid41238133,
year = {2025},
author = {Cao, YS and Cheng, YQ and Liu, Y and Zhou, XR and Tang, CC and He, ZW and Wang, WQ and Tian, Y and Wang, XC},
title = {Roles of vertical light-conducting carriers applied in microalgal-bacterial biofilm for enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133633},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133633},
pmid = {41238133},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {The microalgal-bacterial biofilm (MABB) system holds promise for wastewater treatment, yet uneven light distribution limits its efficiency. This study introduced vertical light-guiding plates (LGP) as bio-carriers to expand the light reception range of microalgae. Compared with the control group (Rc), the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the experimental group (Re) increased by 9.9%, 20.9%, and 11.1% respectively. The content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), volatile suspended solids (VSS), Chl-a/VSS ratio, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Re were 4.2 times, 3 times, 1.9 times, and 2.6 times higher than those of Rc, respectively. The abundance of Flavobacterium with nitrogen and phosphorus removal functions and Chlorella with strong light adaptability in Re reached 2.1% and 39.2% respectively, which was higher than that in Rc. In summary, LGP provides an effective path for expanding the application of MABB and achieving low-carbon sewage treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41235977,
year = {2025},
author = {Kolodkin-Gal, I and Murugan, PA and Mahapatra, S and Zanditenas, E and Ankri, S},
title = {Differential coping strategies exerted by biofilm and planktonic cells of Bacillus subtilis in response to a protozoan predator.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0159725},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01597-25},
pmid = {41235977},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebiasis and interacts with both beneficial and harmful members of the microbiome. In previous studies, it was shown that E. histolytica can break down pre-established biofilms of Bacillus subtilis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibiting parasitic cysteine proteases impairs biofilm degradation. However, it is still unknown whether bacteria can sense this process and respond to the degradation of the biofilms. Here, our research demonstrates a multilayered response of probiotic bacteria to the parasite, which differs between planktonic bacteria and pre-established biofilms. Sensing the activity of cysteine proteases from E. histolytica, the bacteria activate the general stress response and, to a lesser extent, the cell wall stress response. This activation helps the surviving members of the biofilm become more resistant to mild stressors such as ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and sub-mic concentrations of ampicillin. On the other hand, planktonic cells exposed to the predators' lysate deactivate the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation while inducing their motility to avoid predation. Overall, our results indicate that bacteria have evolved to recognize amoeba predators capable of degrading biofilms. Furthermore, the partially digested biofilm cells may have unexpected disadvantages over bacteria that did not encounter a predator. These findings may be useful in developing more efficient probiotic strains that are resilient to amebiasis.

IMPORTANCE: The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica feeds on intestinal microbiota to survive. To enhance the effectiveness of probiotics, we characterized how they respond to amoeba predators. We found that probiotics decrease the expression of biofilm-related genes to avoid predation while simultaneously inducing their stress response and increasing their motility. Our results can provide novel directions for engineering probiotic bacteria to overcome gastrointestinal-associated parasitic diseases. Additionally, it highlights a fundamental mechanism through which bacterial prey can evade predation in the gastrointestinal tract.},
}

@article {pmid41235794,
year = {2025},
author = {Marchesani, A and Taylor, CC and Li, Z and Hudson, W and Jiang, Y and Gilbert, ES},
title = {4-Ethoxybenzoic Acid Interferes with the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf282},
pmid = {41235794},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: Anti-virulence compounds can control pathogens with reduced selection for antimicrobial resistance. There is little understanding of how these compounds impact biofilm structure and development through time. We hypothesized that 4-ethoxybenzoic acid (4EB), an anti-virulence compound, disrupts normal growth for the four phases of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 biofilm development (attachment, multiplication, exodus and maturation).

METHODS AND RESULTS: Flow-cell grown biofilms were fed LB broth (control) or LB with 0.8 mg/mL 4EB (treatment). Treatment inhibited the progress of multiplication phase and caused a 6-hour delay in the onset of exodus phase. Transcriptional analysis showed patterns of nuc, saeS and saeR expression consistent with the delayed exodus phenotype. Imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by digital image analysis determined that 4EB interfered with biofilm structure formation, including reductions in height (57% / 44%) and biovolume (73% / 63%) during the multiplication and maturation phases, respectively, with statistically insignificant effects during exodus phase (1.9% / 15%). These measurements indicated that the occurrence of exodus phase was not impacted by 4EB. Gene expression analysis using flow cell effluent found significant downregulation of genes including atl (-3.1 fold change) during multiplication phase and agrA and saeR (-5.8 and -5.2 fold change respectively) during maturation. Principal component analysis (PCA) with 24 measured parameters confirmed that 4EB treatment primarily affected multiplication and maturation phases.},
}

@article {pmid41234539,
year = {2025},
author = {Pandi, S and Kathiresan, N and Kumar Subbaraj, G and Desai, D and Nagarajan, C and Kulanthaivel, L},
title = {Decoding the anticancer and biofilm-inhibiting efficacy of Adansonia digitata using experimental, AI-powered, and molecular modeling approaches.},
journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1666360},
pmid = {41234539},
issn = {2296-889X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Adansonia digitata, commonly known as the Baobab tree, is a highly multifunctional species with significant cultural and economic value across various regions of Africa. This study aims to investigate the anticancer and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extract derived from A. digitata (ADEE) on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, as well as its potential to inhibit biofilm formation.

METHODS: The study employs GNINA, a deep learning-based docking tool, to evaluate molecular interactions. This work integrates machine learning and molecular modeling methodologies, highlighting the potential of informatics-driven strategies to expedite the discovery of novel plant-based therapies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ADEE effectively inhibited biofilm formation and reduced cell viability at a concentration of 1.56 μg/mL. These findings suggest that ADEE disrupts quorum-sensing signaling pathways and compromises the structural integrity of the biofilm matrix. Further assessments of cytotoxicity revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, highlighting the potent anticancer properties of ADEE. The study also confirmed the pro-apoptotic effects of ADEE through Hoechst and AO/EB staining techniques. Validation utilizing GNINA-based deep learning techniques demonstrated an enhanced binding affinity and pose stability of compounds derived from ADEE. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the interactions of ADEE with pqsA and CK2, showing more favorable binding characteristics compared to the reference inhibitor. PCA/FEL analyses indicated stable conformations with significant interactions at critical residues. In summary, the phytocompounds identified in ADEE demonstrated enhanced binding affinity and structural stability, indicating promising therapeutic potential for targeting QS-regulated biofilm development and serving as potential anticancer agents.},
}

@article {pmid41233755,
year = {2025},
author = {Oschmann, AM and Konrat, K and Schaudinn, C and Sohl, G and Wagner, D and Lewin, A and Arvand, M},
title = {Biofilm formation by the global outbreak strain of Mycobacterium chimaera results in significantly reduced efficacy of standard disinfectants.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {738},
pmid = {41233755},
issn = {1471-2180},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; *Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology ; Peracetic Acid/pharmacology ; Glutaral/pharmacology ; Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology ; Humans ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disinfection/methods ; Equipment Contamination/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2013, a global outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infections due to contaminated heater-cooler units emerged. This ongoing problem has highlighted the question of whether disinfection recommendations for medical devices containing water circuits are adequate for preventing contamination and possible recontamination by nontuberculous mycobacteria. The formation of biofilms in such devices exacerbates the problem. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of disinfectants on biofilms and suspensions of the M. chimaera strain ZUERICH-1, and to compare it with two unrelated M. chimaera strains obtained from different sources.

METHODS: Disinfection efficacy testing for biofilm was performed using a Bead Assay for Biofilms and for bacteria in suspension according to the European Standard EN 14348. Three different disinfectants, glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, were assessed. M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, two genetically unrelated M. chimaera isolates and M. avium subsp. avium ATCC 15769, which is included in European standards for disinfectant testing on mycobacteria, were analyzed. The biofilms' structure and composition were analyzed by chemical and molecular techniques and advanced imaging methods.

RESULTS: We found that peracetic acid and glutaraldehyde in standard concentrations were able to effectively inactivate (≥ 4 log10 reduction) suspended bacteria of all three strains, but chlorine failed in all cases. Formation of biofilm generally enhanced the tolerance of M. chimaera to disinfectants. Peracetic acid in standard concentration could not effectively inactivate biofilms of M. chimaera ZUERICH-1, but was effective against biofilms of the other M. chimaera strains tested. Similarly, glutaraldehyde in standard concentration could not inactivate biofilm of ZUERICH-1. Biomass analysis showed higher amounts of extracellular matrix of ZUERICH-1 when compared to the other two strains.

CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that current standard disinfection recommendations do not ensure sustained inhibition of M. chimaera when embedded in biofilm. Additional measures are needed to prevent nosocomial transmission of M. chimaera through contaminated heater-cooler units.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Disinfectants/pharmacology
*Mycobacterium/drug effects/physiology
Peracetic Acid/pharmacology
Glutaral/pharmacology
Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology
Humans
Disease Outbreaks
Disinfection/methods
Equipment Contamination/prevention & control

@article {pmid41233473,
year = {2025},
author = {Valencia-Toxqui, G and Sugumar, S and Ramsey, J},
title = {Isolation and characterization of biofilm-disrupting proteus phage Premi.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {39780},
pmid = {41233473},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R35GM155289//National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology ; Genome, Viral ; Phylogeny ; Proteus Infections/microbiology/therapy ; Humans ; Phage Therapy ; },
abstract = {Proteus mirabilis is a biofilm-forming, multidrug-resistant bacterium and one of the most common causes of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Phage therapy is an alternative method that can be used to address the problem of multidrug-resistance. In this study, we report isolation and characterization of virulent phage Premi. The phage exhibits lytic activity against 4 out of 30 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis tested and is stable when exposed to pH values between 3 and 11. Phage Premi demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity against P. mirabilis, reducing 24-hour established biofilms by 59-68%. In the 42-kb Premi genome, functions were assigned for the 50 predicted protein-coding genes including those involved in DNA replication, DNA modification, and lysis. Structural proteins were verified using mass spectrometry of purified virions. A comparison of its genomic features and phylogenetic analysis revealed that phage Premi is a podophage member of the order Caudoviricetes sharing 96% nucleotide similarity with Proteus phage PM 85 and has a T7-like phage genomic organization. Our study shows that Premi effectively inhibits P. mirabilis biofilms and could be a promising antimicrobial agent for treating drug-resistant P. mirabilis infection.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Proteus mirabilis/virology/physiology
*Bacteriophages/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology
Genome, Viral
Phylogeny
Proteus Infections/microbiology/therapy
Humans
Phage Therapy