@article {pmid41545695,
year = {2026},
author = {Melzi, A and Zecchin, S and Colombo, M and Borgonovo, G and Mazzini, S and Mondal, S and Arioli, S and Cavalca, L},
title = {Copper biosorption by Serratia plymuthica: crucial role of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances in planktonic and biofilm systems.},
journal = {Biodegradation},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {25},
pmid = {41545695},
issn = {1572-9729},
support = {PhD Food Systems, XXXVIII cycle//University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional sciences/ ; 2020-1069//Fondazione CARIPLO/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Copper/metabolism ; *Serratia/metabolism/physiology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Plankton/metabolism ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Wastewater/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Heavy metals in aquatic environments pose significant environmental and human health risks, highlighting the urgent need for innovative remediation strategies. This study explores the role of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances as active binding surfaces for copper, in planktonic cells and biofilm-based adsorption systems. Serratia plymuthica strain As3-5a(5) achieved 92% Cu(II) biosorption (from an initial concentration of 3.14 mM) within 4 min in a non-proliferating planktonic cell system, and 98% biosorption in a biofilm-based system on sintered glass. Maximum metal biosorption was achieved by late stationary phase grown cells (72 h), likely due to an increased protein fraction in the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances. When in the presence of real electroplating wastewater containing 40 mM Cu(II) at pH 1.9, planktonic cell system (10[11] cells mL[-1]) achieved 97% Cu(II) biosorption. These results highlight the strong potential of Serratia plymuthica strain As3-5a(5) for developing efficient biological systems for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater. Furthermore, this work provides valuable insights into sustainable biotechnological approaches for copper remediation, with potential applications in catalytic processes and metal recovery within a circular economy framework. Future studies should involve synthetic biology approach to improve copper sequestration and to investigate the scalability of these systems to higher technology readiness levels under real industrial wastewater conditions.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Copper/metabolism
*Serratia/metabolism/physiology
Biodegradation, Environmental
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
Adsorption
*Plankton/metabolism
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
Wastewater/chemistry

@article {pmid41544864,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Zhai, YR and Kong, XY and Wang, JH and Chi, ZY and Ren, JG},
title = {Differential robustness of microalgal-bacterial biofilm to once and consecutively changing multi-stressors: Combined impacts of salinity, nutrients, and hydrodynamic loads.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {134020},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134020},
pmid = {41544864},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Regarding estuary remediation using microalgal-bacterial biofilm, the ever-fluctuating salinity, nutrients, and hydrodynamics was under-researched. This study compared the influence of various combined fluctuating stresses via both parallel (identical initial condition) and consecutive experiments, and found the biofilm being most sensitive to salinity stress then hydrodynamic shear. Among parallel experiments, highest salinity plus highest hydrodynamic stress displayed most biofilm impairment, while sufficient nutrients failed to relieve the impairment, rendering up to 83 % chlorophyll reduction, 366 mg/g extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) over-secretion, least nitrogen removal efficiency, and most denitrification. Over consecutive multi-stressed phases, biofilm robustness was enhanced. Linear biofilm accumulation, stable chlorophyll profiles, and reduced oxidative stress were obtained even under highest stresses. Soluble EPS decrease favored nitrogen removal (up to 12.5 mg/L/d), while denitrification weakened over biofilm operation. Salinity-tolerant Oceanicaulis (up to 43.4 % relative abundance) supported biofilm robustness enhancement. This study provided valuable insights into microalgal-bacterial biofilm robustness against unpredictable fluctuations.},
}

@article {pmid41544975,
year = {2026},
author = {Wesgate, R and Maillard, JY},
title = {Impact of wiping materials on the elimination from surfaces of dry surface biofilm of bacteria of food safety concern.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100700},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2026.100700},
pmid = {41544975},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are common foodborne pathogens that easily contaminate food preparation surfaces. Salmonella's ability to form dry surface biofilms (DSBs) likely exacerbates surface persistence, making effective removal from food contact surfaces essential. This study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of food contact surface sanitizers against artificial L. monocytogenes DSBs, with comparisons to hydrated biofilms and dried planktonic cells. We hypothesized that the effectiveness of no-rinse, quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based sanitizers depends on both the wiping material used and the bacterial strain present. Two pre-formulated no-rinse QAC sanitizers and one QAC spray were tested with six commercial wiping materials against three dried planktonic Salmonella spp. and one L. monocytogenes, as well as their DSBs, on stainless steel surfaces. Dried planktonic cells were more easily eliminated than DSBs, achieving approximately 4 log10 versus 2 log10 reductions, respectively. Although no-rinse QAC sanitizers are designed to reduce bacterial levels to acceptable limits, formulation constraints may limit their cleaning efficacy, particularly against DSBs in the presence of organic matter. Pre-formulated QAC wipes were less effective than spraying the sanitizer followed by wiping. Wiping material type significantly influenced efficacy: paper towels significantly outperformed cloths, though performance varied among brands, and one sponge was the most effective overall. This study underscores the need to carefully select wiping materials and no-rinse food contact surface sanitizers to eliminate Salmonella and Listeria DSBs, ensuring effective sanitation practices in foodservice settings.},
}

@article {pmid41543686,
year = {2026},
author = {Mendes, SG and Combo, SI and Allain, T and Mó, I and Domingues, S and Buret, AG and Da Silva, GJ},
title = {Ciprofloxacin resistance enhances biofilm formation and modulates virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights into the role of efflux pumps and quorum sensing.},
journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41543686},
issn = {1435-4373},
support = {2021.06289.BD//Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/ ; Grant RT690446//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41543510,
year = {2026},
author = {Dumoulin, D and Ghrayeb, M and Côté, S and Garneau, D and Chai, L and Frost, EH and Fülöp, T and Beauregard, PB},
title = {Bidirectional relationship between the biofilm of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the amyloid-beta peptide.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0198125},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01981-25},
pmid = {41543510},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections are significant risk factors for the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the reliance of P. gingivalis on its biofilm for its survival and virulence, the impact of the extracellular matrix on AD's neuropathological hallmarks has never been examined. In this study, we report a bidirectional relationship between the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, which plays a central role in AD, and the biofilm of P. gingivalis. Using multiple fluorescent markers for biofilm components, we observed that Aβ1-40 inhibited biofilm formation while Aβ1-42 increased extracellular matrix production. Also, using thioflavin T staining and atomic force microscopy, we observed co-aggregation of the biofilm and monomeric Aβ1-40, resulting in faster aggregation and significant changes in aggregate structure. Our findings propose mechanistic explanations for the role of P. gingivalis as a risk factor for AD and offer potential mechanisms for microbial involvement in AD etiology.

IMPORTANCE: While the etiology of Alzheimer's disease has been studied extensively for the past 50 years, its exact causes remain unknown. Our current understanding is that the accumulation of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors would lead to the onset of the disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that produces biofilm and elicits periodontitis, a chronic infection of the gums that constitutes a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. While studies have looked at the effects of P. gingivalis in triggering Alzheimer's symptoms in animal models, none have explored the impact of the biofilm, which is essential in this bacterium. Our study seeks to bridge that gap by demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between P. gingivalis biofilm and amyloid beta, one of the brain lesions involved in Alzheimer's disease. By understanding the risk factors involved in Alzheimer's disease and their impact, we aim to provide valuable insights on prevention and treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41542414,
year = {2026},
author = {Fehrenbach, P and Kuhn, EMA and Gens, L and Tapia-Dean, J and Rangel-Moreno, J and Hangartner, A and Kwant, P and Zeiter, S and de Jong, EC and Muthukrishnan, G and Moriarty, TF},
title = {Beyond the skin barrier: commensal S. epidermidis imprint systemic immunity to invasive biofilm infection.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.01.08.698386},
pmid = {41542414},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis, a dominant human skin commensal that promotes microbial homeostasis from early life, can transition to an opportunistic pathogen under certain conditions, including invasive, biofilm-associated infections linked to medical devices. Neonatal exposure to skin commensals induces a lifelong immunological imprint in the skin, characterized by immunoregulatory responses. We therefore hypothesized that early life exposure to S. epidermidis influences immune responses to invasive biofilm-associated infections later in life. Using a murine model of biofilm-related S. epidermidis bone infection induced in adulthood, we show that mice previously colonized as neonates displayed substantially different immune responses to later-life invasive infection than those not colonized or those colonized as adults. Neonatal colonization led to greater numbers of NK cells and neutrophils than no colonization, along with reduced Tregs and Th1 cells, and consistent increase in immune checkpoint receptor PD-1[+] Tregs, T effector, Th1 and Th2 cells across infected bone marrow, blood and spleen. These PD-1-related immune modulations were absent in the adult-colonized group, which had the highest numbers of Tregs, Th1 and Th2 cells of all three groups. These findings reveal that early exposure to commensal bacteria strongly impacts the response to invasive infection later in life. Notably, the response depends on the timing of previous exposure. Neonatal colonization drives T cell modulation, resembling neonatal immunity, while adult-colonization increases specific T cell abundance. These differences highlight the essential role of skin commensal colonization in shaping the quality of pathogen immunity to protect against invasive, biofilm-associated infection later in life.},
}

@article {pmid41541020,
year = {2026},
author = {Verma, S and Khan, A and Venkatesh, V and Waliullah, S and Kumar, D and Rashmi, },
title = {Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Orthopaedic Implant Infections: A Molecular Analysis of icaA, icaD, and mecA Genes in an Indian Cohort.},
journal = {Indian journal of orthopaedics},
volume = {60},
number = {1},
pages = {100-109},
pmid = {41541020},
issn = {0019-5413},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Orthopaedic implant-related infections (OIRIs) are a major clinical challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalisation, and higher healthcare costs. This study investigated the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD) in Staphylococcus spp., antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the relationship between implant material, infection rates, and treatment outcomes.

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 200 clinical samples from patients with suspected OIRIs. Pathogens were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested according to CLSI 2023 guidelines. Biofilm formation was assessed by a modified microtiter plate assay, and icaA, icaD, and mecA genes were detected by PCR. Statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, was performed to explore associations between implant material, biofilm genes, and infection risk.

RESULTS: The mean patient age was 37.99 ± 18.17 years, with males comprising 74%. Fractures were the leading cause of OIRIs (72.5%), predominantly affecting the lower limb (62.5%). Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.2%) and Escherichia coli (15.1%) were the most frequent isolates, with 98% of infections being monomicrobial. Methicillin resistance was common, with 57% of MRSA and 45% of MRSE producing strong biofilms. The icaD gene was significantly associated with biofilm formation (79% in MRSA, 45% in MRSE), whereas icaA showed no such link. Steel implants had the highest infection rate (41.5%), though analysis indicated surgical and patient factors as primary drivers. MDR Gram-negative bacteria displayed high resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, with carbapenems and colistin remaining effective.

CONCLUSIONS: OIRIs are strongly influenced by biofilm formation and methicillin resistance. Management should prioritize biofilm-targeted therapies, precision antibiotic use, and implant surface innovations to reduce infection risk and improve outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41540957,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, J and Wang, Y},
title = {NIR-Activated Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Eradication in Root Canal Disinfection.},
journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/aej.70060},
pmid = {41540957},
issn = {1747-4477},
abstract = {Persistent bacterial infection remains the primary cause of root canal treatment failure, posing a significant challenge in endodontics. Enterococcus faecalis, with its ability to form biofilms and resist conventional disinfectants, is one of the most commonly isolated species in failed cases. Herein, we developed a novel polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticle-based phototherapy system activated by 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light for enhanced root canal disinfection. The PDA + NIR group exhibited a significantly superior antibacterial effect compared to 2.5% NaOCl, achieving a bactericidal rate of 97.87%. SEM and TEM observations revealed that PDA + NIR treatment caused complete bacterial cell disintegration and ultrastructural destruction, whereas 2.5% NaOCl only induced partial surface damage. Furthermore, PDA + NIR effectively eradicated mature E. faecalis biofilms in simulated root canal models. These findings demonstrate that PDA-mediated NIR phototherapy possesses powerful bactericidal and antibiofilm capabilities. This nanotechnology-based approach may offer a promising alternative strategy for clinical root canal disinfection.},
}

@article {pmid41540619,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, R and Li, H and Yi, B and Chen, S and Ling, Q and Jiang, T and Fu, H and Yang, X and Zhao, P and Bian, L},
title = {Enhanced Biofilm Infiltration by Drug-laden Coacervate for Treating Refractory Infections.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e21500},
doi = {10.1002/adma.202521500},
pmid = {41540619},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {2024YFA0919201//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 52473129//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52433010//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025A1515012036//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2024D03J0004//GJYC program of Guangzhou/ ; 2025ZYGXZR015//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2025zsyx01//Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Multi-disciplinary Translational Research/ ; },
abstract = {The effective treatments of biofilm-related refractory infections such as osteomyelitis are hampered by the limited drug coverage to large infected areas and infiltration into the biofilm at infection sites. Herein, guided by the hypothesis that liquid water-immiscible coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension could effectively infiltrate these barriers, it is systematically screened 7 representative coacervates for their biofilm infiltration performance. Coacervates with ultra-low interfacial tension (<0.5 mN m[-] [1]) showed markedly enhanced biofilm infiltration, whereas a high-interfacial-tension control (Gel-Nap coacervate) and aqueous controls failed to infiltrate biofilms. However, electrostatically assembled complex coacervates suffered from poor physiological stability and cytotoxicity. The physiologically stable and biocompatible PEG-alkyl coacervate is selected as a lead candidate for in vivo validation. In murine and canine osteomyelitis models, the selected drug-loaded PEG-alkyl coacervate system further demonstrated robust infiltration of microporous bone and dense biofilm, sustained local drug retention, effective eradication of Staphylococcus aureus, suppression of inflammatory cytokines, and accelerated bone regeneration. This study establishes low-interfacial-tension-driven infiltration as a generalizable principle for designing stable and biocompatible fluidic coacervate carriers to eradicate refractory biofilm infections.},
}

@article {pmid41539803,
year = {2026},
author = {Bernardi, AO and Fracari, JC and Soares, PO and Gós, LVB and da Costa, PFP and Furian, AF and Copetti, MV},
title = {Effect of culture medium composition, incubation time, and temperature on the biofilm-forming ability of Aspergillus westerdijkiae.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {226},
number = {},
pages = {118171},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118171},
pmid = {41539803},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Temperature ; *Aspergillus/physiology/growth & development ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; Biomass ; *Food Microbiology ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {This study quantified the biofilm-forming capacity of two Aspergillus westerdijkiae strains isolated from spoiled salami, focusing on the combined influence of nutritional and environmental variables. A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) 2[3] was applied to evaluate the effects of sugar type (glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose), sugar and peptone concentrations, temperature, and incubation time on fungal biofilm formation. Biofilms were developed in 96-well polystyrene microplates, and biomass was quantified using safranin staining followed by spectrophotometric reading. The strains exhibited distinct biofilm-forming behaviors. Overall, no statistical differences were observed among sugars; however, for one strain, sucrose promoted significantly greater biofilm-forming capacity than maltose at 48 h. Peptone showed a positive and synergistic effect, particularly at higher concentrations and when combined with sucrose. Temperature significantly affected biofilm formation, with an optimal range of 20-26 °C, while incubation time promoted progressive increases in biomass. The significant response surface models exhibited coefficients of determination (R[2]) ranging from 0.75 to 0.88, indicating satisfactory predictive performance. Higher relative errors were observed between experimental and predicted values under extreme factorial conditions. At the same time, the models were able to describe, in general terms, the combined effects of nutritional factors and temperature on biofilm formation, confirming its multifactorial dependence rather than control by isolated parameters.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Temperature
*Aspergillus/physiology/growth & development
*Culture Media/chemistry
Biomass
*Food Microbiology
Time Factors

@article {pmid41539775,
year = {2026},
author = {Muthuraman, S and Palmer, J and Flint, S},
title = {Air-liquid interface biofilm formation of pseudomonads and the impact of traditional clean-in-place on biofilm removal.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {226},
number = {},
pages = {118215},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118215},
pmid = {41539775},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Stainless Steel ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; Food Handling/methods ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonads are common psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria associated with dairy, poultry, and meat processing environments. They can multiply at low temperatures, 4-7 °C, producing thermostable spoilage enzymes. Pseudomonads form strong biofilms by producing higher EPS (Extracellular polymeric substances) at low temperatures. This study focused on the biofilm formation of pseudomonads at the air-liquid interface and their EPS removal. Two strong biofilm-forming isolates, (Pseudomonas lundensis) 3SM and (Pseudomonas cedrina) 20SM were allowed to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons in a CDC reactor under a continuous flow of nutrients at 4 °C over a week. The cell counts reached approximately 7.5 log CFU/cm[2]. The biofilms formed at the air-liquid interface showed more visible biofilms, polysaccharides, and higher cell counts than those submerged in liquid. Cleaning the biofilms using 1 % NaOH at 70 °C resulted in viable bacterial cells below the detection limit. However, residual material termed biofilm "footprints" was present after cleaning and were analysed with SEM and FTIR. The SEM observations showed tightly packed robust biofilm cells before cleaning. Coupons treated with 55 °C water showed an upper layer of degraded cells. After treatment with 70 °C NaOH, organic material was still visible under SEM. Based on the FTIR observations, the EPS extracted from the control and treated coupons showed that the amount of biomolecules reduced after cleaning with NaOH, but the footprints still existed. The biofilm footprints led to the early appearance of biofilms at the air-liquid interface compared to new coupons exposed to strong biofilm-forming isolates. Cleaning with caustic can eliminate the cells, but the EPS from biofilms of pseudomonads is not completely removed, resulting in a possibility of regrowth when the new inoculum is introduced.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Stainless Steel
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
Food Microbiology
Food Handling/methods

@article {pmid41539755,
year = {2026},
author = {Fang, Z and Mao, J and Chen, Z and Wu, Y and Zhao, X and Tian, R and Lv, Y and Xiao, X and Yan, J and Lou, X and Li, J},
title = {Deciphering the potential risks of Yersinia enterocolitica across multi-points in food chain: prevalence, biofilm, and cross-stage transmission routes.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {226},
number = {},
pages = {118107},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118107},
pmid = {41539755},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Yersinia enterocolitica/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Animals ; *Food Microbiology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Prevalence ; Humans ; Meat/microbiology ; *Yersinia Infections/transmission/epidemiology/microbiology ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology ; Poultry/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Yersinia enterocolitica, a major foodborne zoonotic pathogen with the capabilities of biofilm formation and psychrotolerance, poses critical risks to food transportation and cold-chain safety. This study investigated its prevalence, distribution, and biofilm traits across diverse food products and associated environments, and cross-stage transmission routes of this pathogen were inferred through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) based analysis. A total of 1550 food and 670 environmental samples were analyzed, yielding 402 and 160 isolates, with the overall prevalence rate of 25.9 % and 23.9 %, respectively. Elevated positive rates were detected in raw livestock (40.4 %) and poultry (37.0 %) meat, with meat-based quick-frozen products (72.0 %) and frozen duck meat (66.7 %) demonstrating the highest prevalence. Environmental samples revealed distinct spatial patterns, with slaughterhouses (40.2 %) and farmers' markets (34.8 %) as high-risk zones compared to household kitchens (6.4 %). Biofilm analysis of 562 isolates highlighted source-dependent differences, and 77.8 % (437/562) isolates formed biofilms, with 30.3 % (122/402) food-derived isolates lacking this trait versus only 1.9 % (3/160) environment-derived isolates. Moreover, a gradient increase of strong and extremely strong biofilm-forming isolates was observed along raw meat production, processing, retail, and consumption chain, with 20.5 % (16/78) of slaughterhouses, 31.7 % (20/63) of farmers' markets, and 36.8 % (7/19) of household kitchens. Phylogenetic integration of SNP and MLST data identified five dominant sequence types (STs) including ST3, ST563, ST157, ST536, ST338 associated with slaughterhouses, and farmers' markets, designating these sites as critical hotspots for persistence contamination. These STs exhibited relatively strong biofilm-forming abilities (81.1 % moderate to strong, and one strain extremely strong), underscoring their role in establishing persistent reservoirs, and thereby driving sustained contamination. Together, our novel findings highlights specific genetic and functional traits of Y. enterocolitica associated with cross-stage transmission risk, providing actionable insights for targeted mitigation in food safety management.},
}

*Yersinia enterocolitica/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
Animals
*Food Microbiology
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Multilocus Sequence Typing
Prevalence
Humans
Meat/microbiology
*Yersinia Infections/transmission/epidemiology/microbiology
Food Contamination/analysis
Foodborne Diseases/microbiology/epidemiology
Poultry/microbiology

@article {pmid41538087,
year = {2026},
author = {Koskeroglu, K and Onmaz, NE and Gundog, DA and Gungor, C and Gungor, G and Imre, K and Morar, A},
title = {Tracking persistent and resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from farm to fork: biofilm-linked risks in antibiotic resistance of isolates.},
journal = {Veterinary research communications},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {100},
pmid = {41538087},
issn = {1573-7446},
mesh = {*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Farms ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Meat/microbiology ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming ability, virulence gene profiles, and associated risk levels of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated along the farm-to-fork meat production continuum in Kayseri, Türkiye. Out of 348 samples analyzed, Enterococcus spp. were detected in 209 (60%) of the samples, of which 41 (20%) were E. faecalis and 48 (23%) were E. faecium. Both strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 35 isolates (39%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the tested antibiotics, resistance rates were particularly high for tetracycline (66% in E. faecalis, 69% in E. faecium) and erythromycin (56% and 58%, respectively); resistance to vancomycin (10% in each species) and ciprofloxacin (12% in E. faecalis and 13% in E. faecium) was low but consistently occurred in combination with resistance to other antibiotics and exclusively within multidrug resistance patterns. All isolates formed biofilms, with 55% being strong producers, of which 88% carried the gelE and/or efa gene. Strong biofilm formation was correlated with higher MDR rates (51% in strong biofilm producers and 25% in weak producers), peaking at 58% in E. faecalis strong producers. Risk scoring classified up to 40% of isolates as high risk. These findings suggest that enterococci may contribute to food contamination and serve as potential reservoirs of resistance and virulence, underscoring the relevance of farm-level hygiene, rational antibiotic use, and targeted surveillance within a One Health framework.},
}

*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/physiology/genetics
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/physiology/genetics
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Animals
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Farms
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
*Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Meat/microbiology

@article {pmid41538061,
year = {2026},
author = {Moulick, S and Bhattacharya, T and Roy, DN},
title = {Bioflavonoid quercetin upregulates biofilm-degrading genes pslG and pelA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also alleviates pathogenicity through cytokine modulation in infected macrophages.},
journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41538061},
issn = {1432-1912},
abstract = {The escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and severe inflammation associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections emphasize the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigates quercetin, a naturally occurring bioflavonoid, for its dual anti-virulence and anti-inflammatory properties against P. aeruginosa. We hypothesized that quercetin disrupts bacterial biofilms through novel mechanisms beyond conventional quorum-sensing (QS) inhibition. At sub-MIC concentrations (32-128 µg/mL), quercetin effectively reduced the production of pyocyanin (71%), elastase (76%), protease (53%), and rhamnolipids (57%), while inhibiting swarming motility by 60% and biofilm formation by 47%. Molecular docking revealed that quercetin binds to QS regulators LasI (- 4.22 kcal/mol) and LasR (- 5.98 kcal/mol) with high affinity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that quercetin significantly upregulated the biofilm-degrading genes pslG (2.9-fold) and pelA (3.2-fold), which encode glycoside hydrolases responsible for biofilm matrix disassembly-a mechanism previously unreported for this compound. In P. aeruginosa-infected macrophages, quercetin (128 µg/mL) significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) (P < 0.001) by suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK signalling pathway. Importantly, quercetin exhibited no cytotoxicity toward macrophages at bioactive concentrations. Collectively, these findings elucidate quercetin's distinct dual modes of action, involving the disruption of biofilms via upregulation of matrix-degrading genes and the suppression of host inflammatory pathways, underscoring its potential as a novel adjunctive therapy against P. aeruginosa infections.},
}

@article {pmid41538733,
year = {2026},
author = {Lu, X and Wang, Z and Kong, Z and Duan, H and Zuo, Z and Hu, Z and Zheng, M and Batstone, DJ and Hu, S},
title = {Rapid Waste Activated Sludge Reduction and Stabilization via a Biofilm-Based Acidic Aerobic Digestion Process.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c08428},
pmid = {41538733},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Aerobic digestion is commonly used for waste activated sludge stabilization in small-to-medium wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but the long retention time (15-30 days) required for stability severely limits process intensification. Acidic conditions maintained by nitrification can enhance digestion efficiency, but at short hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrifiers are washed out. Here, we utilized a biofilm-based solution to retain nitrifiers and produce in situ free nitrous acid (HNO2) to expedite WAS stabilization and reduce pH. Two laboratory-scale sludge digesters were operated for over one year to evaluate this approach. This process reduced pathogen levels to well below the Class A biosolids standard within an extraordinarily short HRT of 1.75 days. Furthermore, it achieved a high volatile solids (VS) reduction rate of 0.87 ± 0.13 kg/m[3]/d. Model-based analysis indicated the biofilm-based digester achieved both a higher hydrolysis rate (k) (0.58 ± 0.07 d[-1] vs 0.51 ± 0.13 d[-1]) and a greater extent of VS degradability (fd) (31 ± 2% vs 21 ± 2%) compared to the suspended sludge digester. Microbial community analysis revealed that biofilms enriched ammonia oxidizers and acid-tolerant heterotrophs, underpinning enhanced HNO2 production and sludge degradation. Overall, this process provides a promising sludge management strategy for small-scale WWTPs.},
}

@article {pmid41535299,
year = {2026},
author = {Antypas, H and Schmidtchen, V and Staiger, WI and Yanhong, LI and Tan, RJW and Ng, KKF and Neo, CJY and Radhesh, SM and Tanoto, FR and da Silva, RAG and Colomer-Winter, C and Schütz, SD and Kloehn, J and Muthualagu Natarajan, L and Manzano, C and Wong, JJ and Pethe, K and Hasse, B and Brugger, SD and Wong, SL and Van Tyne, D and Zinkernagel, AS and Kline, KA},
title = {Loss of Fsr quorum sensing promotes biofilm formation and worsens outcomes in enterococcal infective endocarditis.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-68366-8},
pmid = {41535299},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {MOE2019-T2-2-089//Ministry of Education - Singapore (MOE)/ ; MOH-000645//MOH | National Medical Research Council (NMRC)/ ; },
abstract = {Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe heart infection caused predominantly by Gram-positive bacteria forming biofilm on heart valves. While biofilm formation is central to disease progression, the underlying bacterial mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the Fsr quorum sensing (QS) system of Enterococcus faecalis as an unexpected negative regulator of biofilm and pathogenesis in IE. Using microfluidic and in vivo models, we show that blood flow prevents Fsr activation in early IE, with Fsr induction occurring only later, once bacteria form biofilm microcolonies and become shielded from flow. Deletion of Fsr promotes robust biofilm growth, driven partly through the downregulation of GelE and SprE proteases, reprograms metabolism by upregulating lrgAB to enhance pyruvate utilization, and increases gentamicin tolerance in vivo. Furthermore, we show that GelE cleaves the human pro-IL-1β into an active form, suggesting a species-specific mechanism for inflammation modulation by QS. In support of these findings, analysis of IE patient cohorts shows that naturally occurring Fsr-deficient E. faecalis strains are associated with prolonged bacteremia. Overall, our findings provide insights into how host blood flow impacts QS activation, which, in turn, regulates pathogenesis in IE, and highlight the Fsr QS as a potential determinant of clinical disease course.},
}

@article {pmid41534443,
year = {2026},
author = {Shirgill, S and Begum, N and Kuehne, SA and Poologasundarampillai, G and Jabbari, S and Ward, J},
title = {A partial differential equation model of a novel treatment for chronic wound biofilm infections.},
journal = {Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)},
volume = {132},
number = {},
pages = {106744},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106744},
pmid = {41534443},
issn = {1879-1271},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic wounds, such as pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers, present a significant healthcare challenge due to their prolonged healing times and association with biofilm infections. This study introduces a mathematical model to investigate wound healing dynamics during the proliferative stage, focusing on chronic wound conditions characterised by poor vascularisation, clotting deficiencies, cellular senescence, and bacterial biofilms.

METHODS: The model examines the interactions between fibroblasts, keratinocytes, granulation tissue, nutrients, and signalling molecules under normal and impaired healing scenarios. The potential of bioactive glass fibres, doped with antimicrobial and wound healing ions, is also explored.

FINDINGS: Model results reflect the impairment of wound healing by biofilm infections, with larger bacterial populations leading to poorer outcomes. Simulations suggest that antimicrobial ions reduce bacterial populations and improve nutrient availability, supporting fibroblast and immune cell activity. Reapplication of bioactive glass fibres enhances ion concentrations, further promoting granulation tissue formation and wound closure under certain conditions.

INTERPRETATION: Results identify critical parameters that hinder healing in untreated wounds and demonstrate how bioactive glass fibre design can be optimised to enhance healing outcomes. This work provides a foundation for designing cost-effective treatments for chronic wounds, addressing a significant unmet clinical need.},
}

@article {pmid41533653,
year = {2026},
author = {Thames, HT and Pokhrel, D and Sukumaran, AT and Dinh, TTTN and Schilling, MW and White, S and Ramachandran, R and Macklin, K and Zhang, L},
title = {Environmental Stress Modulates Expression of Biofilm-Related Genes in Salmonella.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag018},
pmid = {41533653},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: Biofilms formed by Salmonella are a significant concern in the poultry industry due to their role in pathogen persistence. However, there is a lack of data observing the expression of biofilm related genes in different Salmonella serovars. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of key biofilm-associated genes across three Salmonella serovars, namely S. Typhimurium, Kentucky, and Reading, throughout their biofilm growth cycles.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The expressions of csgD, bapA, bcsA, adrA, and luxS were analyzed in cultures representing different biofilm growth phases: 12 h and 24 h planktonic cells, 4-day old biofilms, and 5-day old biofilms under nutrient deprivation. The findings from this study revealed that only S. Reading exhibited upregulation of these genes at the 24 h planktonic stage at a maximum of 9.58-fold. In contrast, a downregulation of all five genes was noted in the 4-day old biofilms for all serovars. Most notably, bapA was downregulated by 3,765-fold in S. Typhimurium. Upon subjecting the biofilms to nutrient deprivation, there was a notable recovery in the activity of these genes across all serovars with the exception of csgD in S. Typhimurium.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that expression of biofilm-associated genes is stimulated by nutrient availability even at biofilm maturity and may vary among different serovars.},
}

@article {pmid41533528,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Gao, X and Weng, A and Yin, T and Jia, Y and Xu, H and Zheng, X and Yang, W and Qu, Y and Zhang, Y and Yu, Q},
title = {A Natural Biomolecule-Based Coating with Antifouling and Quorum-Sensing Inhibition Properties for Preventing Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Biomacromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.biomac.5c02209},
pmid = {41533528},
issn = {1526-4602},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections present a critical healthcare challenge due to antibiotic resistance and frequent medical implant colonization. Preemptive surface coatings with antibiofilm properties are thus critical, yet conventional antifouling coatings only delay initial bacterial adhesion and poorly inhibit long-term biofilm formation. This study develops a versatile all-natural coating, combining phase-transited bovine serum albumin (PTB) as a structural matrix and a natural quorum-sensing inhibitor quercetin (Qe). The PTB framework delivers three core functions: stable adhesion to diverse substrates, immediate antifouling effects via reduced nonspecific protein/bacterial attachment, and sustained Qe release. Released Qe disrupts bacterial communication to inhibit biofilm maturation without bactericidal effects. Targeting both initial adhesion and maturation, this dual-action coating achieves broad-spectrum, prolonged antibiofilm activity against clinically significant pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Its all-natural components ensure excellent cytocompatibility, rendering this facilely fabricated coating a safe, promising solution for biomedical antibiofilm applications.},
}

@article {pmid41533232,
year = {2026},
author = {Eskova, AI and Yakovlev, AA and Obuhova, VS and Shchelkanov, MY},
title = {Effect of Marine Bacillus Metabolites on Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes.},
journal = {Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41533232},
issn = {1573-8221},
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes, a causative agent of sapronoses, can enter the human body through ingestion of contaminated marine hydrobionts, posing a significant public health risk. Mono- and polycultural biofilms of microorganisms were detected spectrophotometrically. The study demonstrated that metabolites from marine-origin Bacillus bacteria stimulate the formation of L. monocytogenes monocultural biofilms, as well as mixed biofilms of L. monocytogenes and the marine bacterium Micrococcus luteus. In mixed biofilms of L. monocytogenes and a marine Flavobacterium bacterium genus, Bacillus megaterium metabolites exhibited both stimulating and inhibitory effects, depending on concentration. These findings suggest that Bacillus-derived metabolites can enhance the growth and proliferation of L. monocytogenes in biofilms, potentially influencing the epidemic risks in recreational areas of Peter the Great Gulf.},
}

@article {pmid41531192,
year = {2026},
author = {Farina, R and Simonelli, A and Trombelli, L and Chew, RJJ and Tu, YK and Preshaw, PM},
title = {Clinical Efficacy of Interventions Based on Professional Mechanical Plaque Removal in the Treatment of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70083},
pmid = {41531192},
issn = {1600-051X},
abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) for treating naturally occurring dental biofilm-induced gingivitis (i) compared to no treatment or oral hygiene instructions (OHI) (FQ1), (ii) when performed through different modalities (FQ2) or (iii) when combined with professionally administered local adjuncts (FQ3).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A structured literature search was conducted for randomised or non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs and CTs) assessing gingival inflammation at patient level within 2-6 weeks after treatment in adults with gingivitis.

RESULTS: Heterogeneous evidence shows with low certainty that PMPR has no efficacy in patients continuing with ineffective self-performed oral hygiene regimens but enhances OHI outcomes (FQ1; three RCTs, one CT). Split-mouth RCTs consistently indicated with very low certainty that ultrasonic scaling (US) plus air polishing is as effective but less time consuming than US plus polishing with rubber cup and prophylaxis paste. Furthermore, diode laser shows no adjunctive benefit (FQ2; five RCTs). Although some professionally administered local adjuncts have shown positive outcomes in patients receiving PMPR, their broader clinical application is limited due to unresolved clinical issues and uncertain cost effectiveness (FQ3; two RCTs).

CONCLUSIONS: OHI should be the first-line treatment for dental biofilm-induced gingivitis. Combination of PMPR and OHI provides an adjunctive benefit over OHI alone. Air polishing may be combined with US to reduce the time for PMPR administration.},
}

@article {pmid41529970,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghosh, C and Bhowmik, J and Ghosh, R and Das, MC and Sandhu, P and Kumari, M and Acharjee, S and Daware, AV and Akhter, Y and Banerjee, B and Chandra De, U and Bhattacharjee, S},
title = {Corrigendum to "The anti-biofilm potential of triterpenoids isolated from Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud (2019)" [Microb. Pathog. 139 (2020) 103901].},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108288},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108288},
pmid = {41529970},
issn = {1096-1208},
}

@article {pmid41529797,
year = {2026},
author = {Cao, X and Zhang, L and Tu, H and Li, T and Wang, G and Xiao, L and Zhang, Y and Liu, P and Li, Y and Li, J and Li, X and Hu, B and Zhang, S and Li, B},
title = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactor for largely enhanced nitrogen removal in low carbon/nitrogen ratio municipal wastewater: integrating nitrification, partial denitrification, and anammox.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133994},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.133994},
pmid = {41529797},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {This study first established an integrated nitrification-partial denitrification-anammox (INPDA) process in a single-stage membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) under low dissolved oxygen concentrations (0.12-0.27 mg/L) and low carbon/nitrogen ratios (1.0-3.0), without the need for anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) inoculation. The optimal effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration reached below 5 mg/L, achieving a 92.7% TN removal efficiency. Nitrifiers (including Ellin6067 and Nitrospira) oxidized a portion of ammonium to nitrate, which was subsequently reduced to nitrite by partial denitrifier Thauera utilizing influent organic carbon. Subsequently, AnAOB Candidatus Brocadia converted remaining ammonium and available nitrite into nitrogen. Metagenomics further confirmed a 32.96-fold increase in anammox-associated gene (hdh) abundance during INPDA establishment. Notably, this elevated hdh abundance remained stable even as carbon/nitrogen ratio increased, demonstrating process robustness. This study established a promising single-stage MABR strategy to advance mainstream anammox application.},
}

@article {pmid41529483,
year = {2026},
author = {Tandi, A and Roy, DN},
title = {Andrographiside acts as a novel biofilm inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by modulating quorum-sensing proteins (LasR and RhlI), Pseudomonas quinolone signal regulator (PqsR) and Pellicle B of PEL Operon: An in silico and in vitro approach.},
journal = {Computational biology and chemistry},
volume = {122},
number = {},
pages = {108894},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.108894},
pmid = {41529483},
issn = {1476-928X},
abstract = {The persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm often renders antibiotic treatments ineffective, necessitating alternative approaches, such as biofilm inhibition by another drug molecule. In this study, andrographiside, a labdane diterpenoid glucoside, a secondary metabolite found in Andrographis paniculata, demonstrated potent antibiofilm activity. After an optimization study, andrographiside (0.1 mM) alone or combined with azithromycin (Sub-MIC 6 µg/mL) effectively inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation. The Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope study further confirmed this biofilm inhibition by observing a reduction in biofilm height from 132 µm to 42 µm in the drug-treated samples. Not only that, but swarming/swimming/twitching motility was also significantly reduced due to treatment with andrographiside, which indicates less pathogenicity in the infection cycle. Moreover, on account of the mechanism, andrographiside binds Qurum Sensing Proteins (LasR and RhlI), Pseudomonas quinolone signal regulator (PqsR) and Pellicle B of PEL Operon -42.011, 59.071, -29.296, -33.485 Kcal/mol, respectively. A gene expression study revealed that PelA and PelB expression were enhanced 9- and 12-fold, respectively, as a survival strategy. These pathways are mutually inclusive for biofilm development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, so molecular binding and simulation, along with altered gene expression, resulted in biofilm inhibition in the presence of andrographiside. Following this, the ADMET study of andrographiside confirmed the druggability of the molecule in both animal and human bodies.},
}

@article {pmid41527982,
year = {2025},
author = {Batarilo, I and Bedenić, B and Slade-Vitković, M and Maravić-Vlahoviček, G},
title = {Motility, biofilm, and endotoxin in Ralstonia pickettii isolates obtained from purified and ultrapure pharmaceutical water systems.},
journal = {Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)},
volume = {75},
number = {4},
pages = {597-612},
doi = {10.2478/acph-2025-0030},
pmid = {41527982},
issn = {1846-9558},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Ralstonia pickettii/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; *Endotoxins/metabolism ; *Water Microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to examine the motility, biofilm production, endotoxin release, and antibiotic resistance of 81 Ralstonia pickettii isolates collected from different pharmaceutical water systems in Croatia. Swimming and twitching motility were detected in all isolates, while swarming was not observed. Biofilm production was detected in approximately 40 % of the isolates under the tested conditions. Notably, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production was a common trait among all isolates. Endotoxin production was detected with the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed consistent resistance to colistin, as well as significant resistance rates to β-lactam antibiotics, ertapenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin and ampicillin. High susceptibility to first-generation cephalosporins, cephalexin, cefoxitin and chloramphenicol was observed. All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline and tetracycline. The isolates were grouped into three genetically closely related clusters, yet notable phenotypic diversity in biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility persisted within these groups. The study highlights R. pickettii's adaptability in pharmaceutical water systems, marked by its motility, biofilm-forming capabilities, and multidrug resistance. These results emphasise the importance of rigorous monitoring of water systems to reduce transmission risks and prevent the emergence of resistant strains in clinical environments.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Ralstonia pickettii/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods
*Endotoxins/metabolism
*Water Microbiology
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Drug Resistance, Bacterial

@article {pmid41524898,
year = {2026},
author = {Tuan, DA and Masak, J},
title = {Natural-Compound Adjuvants Dismantle Candida Biofilms: Mechanisms, Design Rules, and Biofilm-Aware Pharmacology.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {2},
pages = {131},
pmid = {41524898},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Candida/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Device- and mucosa-associated candidiasis is difficult to cure because Candida biofilms shield cells from antifungals, leading to relapse and device failure. Standard treatment decisions are still largely guided by planktonic susceptibility tests, which poorly predict the drug exposure needed to clear mature biofilms. Here we synthesize evidence that natural-compound adjuvants can dismantle key biofilm defenses and outline design rules to rationalize biofilm-aware combination therapy. Across Candida albicans, non-albicans species and Candida auris, the most reproducible adjuvant effects fell into three themes: (1) reprogramming adhesion and morphogenesis, (2) disrupting membrane sterol homeostasis, and (3) weakening the extracellular matrix and efflux-mediated tolerance. When paired with standard antifungals, these actions frequently increase killing of established biofilms and reduce the exposures required for eradication. Local delivery approaches that concentrate actives at mucosal surfaces or device interfaces (nano- or surface-directed formulations) further improve intrabiofilm exposure while limiting systemic toxicity. We conclude that translation will require standardized biofilm assays, species-stratified testing and tighter links between biofilm pharmacology and clinically achievable exposure. The framework presented here is intended to help prioritize natural adjuvants and combinations most likely to benefit device-associated and mucosal candidiasis.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
*Candida/drug effects/physiology
Humans
*Candidiasis/drug therapy/microbiology
*Biological Products/pharmacology
Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid41524487,
year = {2026},
author = {Iglesias, J and Colla, D and Serrangeli, JS and Lozano, MJ and Falduti, O and Brignoli, D and Medici, I and Althabegoiti, MJ and Lodeiro, AR and Abdian, PL and Paczia, N and Becker, A and Soler-Bistué, A and Perez-Gimenez, J and Mongiardini, EJ},
title = {Role of Tad pili during the transition from planktonic to biofilm state in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0000825},
doi = {10.1128/jb.00008-25},
pmid = {41524487},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {Free-living soil bacteria can exist in two main states: planktonic, as motile single cells, or sessile, within biofilms. In biofilms, bacterial cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix that provides protection from environmental stresses and enhances long-term survival. The transition from planktonic to biofilm states sometimes involves surface sensing and attachment, processes commonly mediated by flagella and pili. In this study, we investigated the role of Type IVc Tad pili in surface sensing, adhesion, and biofilm formation in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Tad pili are widely distributed and highly conserved within the Bradyrhizobium genus. While pili deletion in other model organisms typically reduces biofilm formation, we found that deletion of the most conserved genomic cluster encoding Tad pili in B. diazoefficiens led to increased adhesion to abiotic surfaces and impaired motility-indicative of a physiological shift toward a biofilm-associated state. These findings suggest that Tad pili may play a sensory or regulatory role, potentially influencing cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. Furthermore, we identified a link between Tad pili and intracellular c-di-GMP levels. Together, these results highlight the critical role of Tad pili in the physiology of B. diazoefficiens and offer new insights into bacterial surface adaptation, with potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving biofilm management strategies and developing new approaches to enhance bacterial survival in soil and inoculant formulations, ultimately optimizing legume symbiosis.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is essential for bacterial survival in soil environments. In this study, we investigated the role of Tad pili in the biofilm-forming capacity of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and their connection to the second messenger c-di-GMP, a key regulator of the transition between planktonic and sessile states. Bacteria used in agricultural inoculants are typically in the planktonic state, yet survival and persistence are optimized in the sessile state. Our findings may contribute to the development of strategies that promote the transition to the biofilm lifestyle in inoculant formulations, thereby enhancing bacterial viability in storage and soil and improving symbiotic performance with host plants.},
}

@article {pmid41523617,
year = {2025},
author = {Sisopa, P and Lamlertthon, S and Kaomongkolgit, R and Chomchalao, P and Tiyaboonchai, W},
title = {Multitarget Anti-Candida Activity of Thai Plant Extracts and Essential Oils: Inhibiting Biofilm Formation, Denture Adhesion, and Germ Tube Formation.},
journal = {Scientifica},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {1766872},
pmid = {41523617},
issn = {2090-908X},
abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Thai plant extracts (PEs) and essential oils (EOs) against reference and clinical isolate strains of Candida albicans, focusing on their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, cell adhesion to denture acrylic, and germ tube formation. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined. The impact on adhesion to denture acrylic was determined by XTT assay, and germ tube inhibition was evaluated using the counting chamber. The results revealed that cinnamon bark oil exhibited the lowest MBIC90 and MBEC90 values (0.156 mg/mL and 0.313 mg/mL, respectively) against both C. albicans strains, followed by lemongrass oil, clove bud oil, Alpinia galanga extract, and Piper betle extract. A similar inhibitory trend was observed for cell adhesion to denture acrylic and germ tube formation. In particular, A. galanga extract (2.50 mg/mL) significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion to denture acrylic by over 80%. Additionally, cinnamon bark oil, lemongrass oil, and A. galanga extract could inhibit the germination of C. albicans at 0.5×MIC. In conclusion, this study indicates that all tested agents possessed anti-C. albicans biofilm activity through decreasing adhesion and yeast-hyphae transition of C. albicans cells. Therefore, these EO and PE could serve as alternative antifungals for treating oral candidiasis.},
}

@article {pmid41523583,
year = {2026},
author = {Ranjini, SS and Abinash, A and Sampath, S and Yuvaneka, S and Samiappan, SC},
title = {Tridax procumbens mediated silver nanoparticles synthesis against biofilm forming pyogenic bacteria associated with wound.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {66},
pmid = {41523583},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using leaf extract of Tridax procumbens, which served as a reducing, capping, and stabilising agent. The synthesized TP-AgNPs showed a reddish-brown color, with a surface plasmon resonance confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 420.32 nm. Morphological analysis by SEM revealed spherical nanoparticles, XRD patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. FT-IR spectroscopy identified the presence of various functional groups involved in stabilization, including phenolic, flavonoids, and proteins. DLS analysis showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 150.4 nm, with a zeta potential of -15.3 mV, indicating moderate colloidal stability. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TP-AgNPs were evaluated against wound associated pathogens: Acinetobacter radioresistens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella aerogenes. Biofilm-forming capacity, assessed via tube method and Congo red assay, varied among isolates A. radioresistens exhibited strong biofilm formation, K. aerogenes showed moderate activity, P. aeruginosa showed weak activity, and E. coli non-biofilm forming. Quantitative biofilm inhibition assays using crystal violet demonstrated dose-dependent effect, with the highest inhibition (up to 10% inhibition at 43.2 µg/mL) observed against K. aerogenes (), while A. radioresistens and P. aeruginosa showed limited susceptibility among the tested strains. These findings highlight the selective antibiofilm potential of TP-AgNPs and support their further development as topical agents for managing biofilm associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41523314,
year = {2026},
author = {Chakroborty, N and Fahim, NAI and Islam, MS and Rana, ML and Ferdous, FB and Atiq, MN and Sobur, MA and Ahammed, M and Saha, S and Rahman, MT},
title = {Biofilm Formation, Virulence Traits, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecalis in Layer Parent Stock in Bangladesh.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {4082070},
pmid = {41523314},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen of growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine due to its virulence traits, biofilm-forming ability, and resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence, virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of E. faecalis in layer parent stock birds in Bangladesh. Samples (n = 80) were collected from healthy (cloacal swabs, n = 60) and dead (liver tissues, n = 20) birds. PCR was used for E. faecalis confirmation and detection of virulence genes. Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion. E. faecalis was detected in 76.3% of samples, with higher detection in live birds (80%) than in dead birds (65%). Biofilm production was found in 75.4% of isolates, with a higher rate in dead birds (84.6%) than live birds (72.9%). Strong and intermediate biofilm-forming capacities were more prevalent in isolates from dead birds. All eight tested virulence genes were commonly distributed, particularly pil (95.8%), ace (93.4%), and agg (91.8%), with no significant differences between live and dead bird isolates. High resistance was observed against ampicillin (93.4%), ciprofloxacin (80.3%), erythromycin (78.7%), and tetracycline (72.1%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 79.2% of isolates from live birds and 69.2% from dead birds, with multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranging from 0.27 to 0.72. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh determining MDR and virulence determinants in E. faecalis isolates from layer parent stock. These findings highlight E. faecalis as a prevalent, multidrug-resistant, and virulent bacterium in breeder flocks, emphasizing the need for routine AMR monitoring in parent stock farms.},
}

@article {pmid41523070,
year = {2025},
author = {Topiwala, H and Dubey, S and Fernandes, B and Ramamurthy, J and Singh, SG and Das, AC},
title = {Biofilm Formation on Various Implant Surface Modifications: An In-Vitro Comparative Study.},
journal = {Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences},
volume = {17},
number = {Suppl 4},
pages = {S3195-S3197},
pmid = {41523070},
issn = {0976-4879},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation on dental implants plays a significant role in peri-implant infections, potentially leading to implant failure. Various surface modifications have been introduced to enhance osseointegration, but their role in biofilm resistance remains unclear.

METHODS: A total of 40 titanium discs (10 per surface group) were used. Each disc was inoculated with bacterial suspensions and incubated anaerobically for 48 h. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet staining for biomass quantification (Optical Density [OD] at 595 nm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test.

RESULTS: The mean OD values for biofilm biomass were significantly different across groups: machined (1.62 ± 0.18), sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) (1.31 ± 0.14), anodized (0.89 ± 0.11), and laser-treated (0.72 ± 0.09). Laser-treated surfaces showed the lowest biofilm formation (P < 0.001). SEM analysis confirmed dense and multilayered biofilms on machined surfaces, while laser-treated discs demonstrated sparsely, disrupted bacterial clusters.

CONCLUSION: Surface modifications significantly influence biofilm formation. Laser-treated and anodized titanium surfaces exhibit superior resistance to biofilm development compared to conventional machined and SLA surfaces. These findings may inform implant design strategies to reduce microbial colonization and enhance long-term clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41522587,
year = {2025},
author = {Singaravel, K and Balaji, CRK and Marimuthu, S and Sundaraman, A and Periasamy, P},
title = {Efficacy of Chlorhexidine in Disinfecting Biofilm-Contaminated Tracheostomy Tubes in Various Patient Conditions: A Prospective Observational Study.},
journal = {Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {211-213},
pmid = {41522587},
issn = {0976-4879},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy facilitates airway access by creating a stoma in the anterior tracheal wall but predisposes patients to recurrent respiratory infections. Biofilm formation on tracheostomy tubes-complex microbial communities embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix-plays a key role in such infections by shielding pathogens from antibiotics and host defenses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine in eradicating biofilms from tracheostomy tubes compared to normal saline.

METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of ENT, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, involving 68 patients with double-lumen tracheostomy tubes. After seven days of tube insertion, inner cannulas were tested for biofilm formation. Biofilm-positive cases were randomized into two groups: Group A (cleaned with normal saline) and Group B (cleaned with 2% chlorhexidine). After seven days, tubes were reassessed for biofilm presence and patient outcomes including secretion type, granulation, and decannulation were recorded.

RESULTS: Initial biofilm detection confirmed microbial colonization in most samples. After cleaning, Group B showed a significant reduction in biofilm presence (P < 0.001) compared to Group A. Chlorhexidine was particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clinical outcomes, including early decannulation and reduction in secretion thickness and granulation tissue, were superior in Group B.

CONCLUSION: 2% chlorhexidine is significantly more effective than normal saline in reducing biofilm formation on tracheostomy tubes, improving local infection control and patient recovery outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41521746,
year = {2026},
author = {Manikandan, S and Inbakandan, D and Madamuthu, M and Haripraba, M and Clarita, C and Naren Kumar, T and Anu, C and Kumar, C and Thirugnanasambandam, R},
title = {Insights into Spectroscopic Signatures of Substrate-Driven EPS Modulation in Diatom Biofilms: Implications for Biofilm Functionality.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c05333},
pmid = {41521746},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {Diatom biofilms represent a promising platform for industrial applications with extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) playing a pivotal role in adhesion, cohesion, and interfacial interactions with substrates. This study employs an integrated spectroscopic strategy to unravel substrate-induced EPS remodeling in two benthic diatoms, Amphora coffeiformis and Nitzschia microcephala, cultivated on hydrophilic glass and hydrophobic polyethylene. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed a functional group distribution shift in polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights on elemental bonding states and chemical-state distributions of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. [1]H NMR further captured a solution-state biochemical shift in EPS. The EPS of A. coffeiformis biofilm on the PE substrate is highly dominated by the strong -CH2 stretching and aliphatic carbon C-C/C-H (55.9%), indicating hydrophobic adaptation. Conversely, the N. microcephala biofilm on glass is dominated by hydroxyl and amide groups, reflecting carbohydrate- and protein-enriched EPS that promote hydrogen bonding with the polar substrates. XPS supported this biochemical shift by exhibiting balanced aliphatic (C-C/C-H) and oxygenated (C-O/C-H) functionalities with enriched carbonyl groups (C═O). [1]H NMR analysis corroborated these findings, with A. coffeiformis on PE displaying strong aliphatic proton signals, whereas N. microcephala on glass revealed strong glycosidic and sugar-ring resonances consistent with the polar adhesion. Together, all these results provide integrated spectroscopic evidence that diatom EPS is not static but actively modulated in response to substrate properties. These mechanistic insights advance the molecular understanding of biofilm-substrate interactions and establish a baseline framework for optimizing biofilm systems for industrial applications in bioprocessing, bioproduct recovery, and bioremediation approaches.},
}

@article {pmid41521657,
year = {2026},
author = {Demir, TD and Azechi-Ogawa, S and Ram-Mohan, N and Yang, S},
title = {Unravelling the noncanonical extracellular DNA structures in biofilm and NETosis.},
journal = {Nucleic acids research},
volume = {54},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/nar/gkaf1505},
pmid = {41521657},
issn = {1362-4962},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Extracellular Traps/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *DNA/chemistry ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Noncanonical secondary structures of DNA have been well characterized in vitro for their catalytic and sensory functions, as well as in vivo for their regulatory functions in the genome. However, their presence and functional significance in the extracellular DNA (eDNA), particularly within biofilms and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), have only recently begun to be appreciated and have yet to be fully understood. Emerging studies have identified these atypical DNA conformations as integral components that contribute to the structural stability of biofilms and antimicrobial activity of NETs. In this personal view, we advocate for a comprehensive investigation of these unconventional DNA structures within extracellular contexts, where their distinct physiochemical properties are exposed to dynamic and unpredictable microenvironments, with the potential to profoundly influence microbial behaviour, immune responses, and host-pathogen interactions. Considering the broad spectrum of diseases associated with biofilm and NETs, targeting noncanonical eDNA structures may offer novel therapeutic avenues and shed light on mechanisms of immune tolerance and dysregulation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Extracellular Traps/chemistry/genetics/immunology
Humans
*DNA/chemistry
Neutrophils/immunology
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
Animals

@article {pmid41521618,
year = {2026},
author = {Choudhury, SR and Sharma, C and Patel, SKS and Suman, SK and Mandal, M},
title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Extract on Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Natural Alternative to Combat Bacterial Resistance.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {134},
number = {1},
pages = {e70140},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70140},
pmid = {41521618},
issn = {1600-0463},
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation & purification ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Developing natural alternatives to antibiotics is an essential aspect for countering bacterial pathogens. This study focused on the influence of plant-derived extracts on biofilm and quorum-sensing (QS) inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On screening, the methanolic extract (ME) of Sapindus mukorossi (Sm-ME) effectively inhibited biofilm formation. The major bioactive groups present in Sm-ME were alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. These phytochemicals were validated by biochemical, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. Sm-ME significantly inhibits up to 82.5% of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and anti-QS activity in a dose-dependent manner. The microscopy analysis and the down-regulation of virulence genes (lasI, lasR, rhII, and rhIIR) validated the effectiveness of Sm-ME in P. aeruginosa inhibition. Additionally, Sm-ME retained good biocatalytic activity on exposure to high temperatures up to 90°C and higher antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid. These findings briefly demonstrated the potential influence of Sm-ME for combating biofilm and QS inhibitions in P. aeruginosa via a natural, sustainable alternative to antibiotics.},
}

*Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/isolation & purification
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Bacterial Proteins/genetics
Phytochemicals/pharmacology
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Antioxidants/pharmacology
Flavonoids/pharmacology

@article {pmid41519361,
year = {2026},
author = {Rahim, MI and Baseer, S and Paasch, D and Steglich, M and Waqas, SFH and Lachmann, N and Falk, CS and Stiesch, M},
title = {Commensal microflora coating endows implants with biofilm-repellent, immunomodulatory and osteogenic properties.},
journal = {Acta biomaterialia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2026.01.017},
pmid = {41519361},
issn = {1878-7568},
abstract = {Bacteria often form biofilms on biomaterials, and these biomaterial-associated infections then become highly resistant to antibiotics and the host immune system. Biofilm-driven implant failures underscore the urgent need for surface modifications that can concurrently prevent microbial colonization, modulate immune responses, and stimulate bone formation. Considering the competitive and osteo-immunomodulatory properties of commensal microflora, we developed Commensal Hybrid Materials (CHMs) by heat-anchoring multilayer assemblies of beneficial microbes onto titanium surfaces. A firmly adherent, carbon- and phosphorus-rich coating with micro-roughness and near-hydrophobic wettability (θ≈90°) suppressed Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation on implant surfaces ‒ even after human-saliva conditioning. The coating did not release antimicrobial agents or alter bacterial gene expression, thereby avoiding selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance. The coated surfaces were cytocompatible with murine cells, did not elicit an inflammatory response, and skewed macrophages toward an M1-like phenotype with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, CHMs first induced macrophages toward a balanced immune response by promoting pro-inflammatory M1 polarization with elevated TNF-α for infection control, followed by an IL-10-rich anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype that supports tissue repair. This polarization significantly upregulated expression of the osteoinductive factor oncostatin M (OSM), and conditioned media from CHM-stimulated macrophages upregulated type I collagen (Col1) expression in osteoblasts. Coated surfaces supported osteogenic potential in osteoblasts by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Although forthcoming in vivo studies will further validate performance, these findings position commensal microflora as a single, drug-free coating that integrates biofilm resistance, pro-host immune modulation, and osteogenic support to improve long-term implant outcomes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial-associated infections resist antibiotics and evade host immunity. We engineered commensal hybrid materials (CHMs) by heat-anchoring commensal microflora onto titanium, yielding a drug-free coating that repels biofilms without releasing antimicrobials or perturbing pathogen gene expression, thereby limiting resistance pressure. CHMs modulate macrophages‒eliciting an early M1/TNF-α phenotype for pathogen control followed by an IL-10-rich M2 phase that restores homeostasis. They also increase macrophage oncostatin M (OSM) and enhance osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization, promoting osteogenesis. By uniting biofilm resistance, immune modulation, and osteogenic support on a single surface, CHMs offer a promising route to extend implant longevity in orthopaedics and dentistry.},
}

@article {pmid41518211,
year = {2026},
author = {Subbaraya, VM and Shamanna, V and Kumar, KA and Nagaraj, G and Krishnappa, HG and Ravi, M and Aanensen, D and Lingegowda, RK and , },
title = {Lineage-Linked Biofilm Formation and Widespread Multidrug Resistance among Indian Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag007},
pmid = {41518211},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the diversity and determinants of biofilm formation among clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Indian isolates and assess their relationship with antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm-associated genes, and genetic lineages revealed through whole-genome analysis.

METHODS AND RESULTS: 230 A. baumannii clinical isolates across India (2015-2022) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the VITEK 2 system. Biofilm formation was quantified via the Tissue Culture Plate method. Whole genome sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify biofilm-associated genes, antimicrobial resistance genes and sequence types. Statistical associations were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's, and Fisher's tests. 85.22% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 100% exhibited biofilm formation, with 52.17% strong, 39.57% moderate, and 8.26% weak biofilm producers. Genes including ompA, bfmR, pgaA, pgaB, and pgaD were universally present. No significant association was observed between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance (P = 0.55), specimen type (P = 0.54), or the presence of specific biofilm-related genes (P > 0.05). 21 sequence types (STs) were identified, with ST2 being the most prevalent (51.73%). Strong biofilm formation was more common in ST164, ST1, and ST575.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of MDR and strong biofilm-forming A. baumannii isolates in India. Biofilm formation appeared independent of resistance or gene carriage but showed lineage-linked variation across sequence types.},
}

@article {pmid41514851,
year = {2025},
author = {Janah, H and Ouagajjou, Y and Aghzar, A and Presa, P},
title = {Settlement and Growth of Mytilus galloprovincialis Pediveliger Larvae in Response to Biofilm-Based Microalgae and Chemical Neuroactive Compounds.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology15010010},
pmid = {41514851},
issn = {2079-7737},
support = {Excellence Research Scholarship grant #19UAE 2022 (2022-2024)//Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, and Innovation/ ; KA131 2022-2023 from University of Vigo//European Union strategic action Erasmus + KA131/ ; },
abstract = {The sustainability of mollusc aquaculture relies, in part, on overcoming the challenges of spat production in captivity, particularly during the metamorphosis and settlement stages. The optimization of rearing technologies at these stages would ensure possible solutions for sustainably producing mollusc spat while simultaneously improving stock performance. The current work represents a large-scale trial examining the effect of biological and chemical inducers on larval settlement in Mytilus galloprovincialis. For this purpose, one batch of pediveliger larvae was directly transferred to settlement on microalgae-based biofilm (mature cylinders), while another batch was pretreated with gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA (10[-4] M, 10[-5] M and 10[-6] M) and potassium chloride KCl (20 mM and 30 mM) according to two different exposure times (6 h and 24 h), before being transferred for settlement (immature cylinders). The impact of different treatments on larval performance was evaluated in terms of larval settlement rate (Sr), post-larval growth rate (Gr), and spat production rate (Pr). The biofilm treatment had the highest settlement rate and spat production (Sr = 65% and Pr = 46.4 spat/cm[2]) compared to chemical treatments. The highest settlement rate among chemical treatments occurred under short exposure times (6 h) to low GABA concentrations, i.e., Sr 40% and 45% at GABA 10[-5] M and 10[-6] M, respectively). GABA and KCl treatments ensured a faster post-larval growth rate than the biofilm, i.e., 15.54 ± 7.67 µm/day, 18.26 ± 9.39 µm/day, and 11.35 ± 6.73 µm/day, respectively, while control trials showed the lowest growth rate (6.80 ± 4.39 µm/day). These findings reveal a key trade-off: biofilm is the most effective measure for promoting spat production, while a targeted use of GABA and KCl at short exposure times (6 h) appears to significantly enhance post-larvae growth.},
}

@article {pmid41514820,
year = {2026},
author = {So-In, C and Piamalung, N and Kongkaew, A and Sriarun, P and Kammungkun, B and Phongchaiwasin, S and Somwaeng, B and Haputon, W and Wadmuang, T and Khankhum, S and Sunthamala, N},
title = {Microbial Distribution and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in the Reproductive Tract of Farm Ruminants.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ani16010133},
pmid = {41514820},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {//Mahasarakham University/ ; },
abstract = {Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes (n = 25), and goats (n = 33) in Northeastern Thailand. Samples collected from the vulva, urethral opening, and vagina were analyzed using bacterial culture, PCR, and a microtiter biofilm assay. Ten bacterial species were identified. H. trogontum and B. ovis were most common in water buffaloes and goats, while cows showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and L. acidophilus. Biofilm testing showed mostly weak or non-adherent biofilms, with mean absorbance values remaining low across species. Weak biofilms were especially common in goats, whereas cows showed predominantly non-adherent patterns. Biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, opp3AB) were more frequently detected in cows and buffaloes and were moderately correlated with weak biofilm formation. Overall, the results show that each ruminant species has a distinct microbial profile and biofilm behavior within its reproductive tract. These differences may influence susceptibility to reproductive infections and can guide future strategies for improving reproductive health and disease prevention in farm animals.},
}

@article {pmid41514810,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, P and Wang, Z and Gao, Z and Liu, J and Zhang, Y and Song, Y and Li, X and Song, H and He, X and Kong, F and Wang, C and Shen, B},
title = {Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ani16010123},
pmid = {41514810},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {LH2022C066//Natural Science Foundation of the Heilongjiang Province/ ; LBH-Q21157//Postdoctoral Research Startup Fund of Heilongjiang Province/ ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a key pathogen in bovine mastitis, and antibiotic therapy is challenged by resistance and residue concerns. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles emerge as promising natural antimicrobials. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and explore potential associated mechanisms of milk-derived extracellular vesicles against S. aureus. Milk-derived EV-enriched fractions (mEVs) from healthy (HmEVs) and mastitic (MmEVs) bovine milk suppressed S. aureus growth in vitro and were associated with oxidative imbalance, with MmEVs showing stronger inhibition. In addition, MmEVs significantly reduced biofilm biomass, extracellular matrix production, and the expression of key biofilm-associated genes (sarA, icaB, fnbA, clfB, cidA). Small RNA sequencing revealed distinct miRNA profiles between HmEVs and MmEVs; in particular, MmEVs were enriched in miRNAs predicted to target the S. aureus biofilm-associated gene clfB. Although we did not directly demonstrate uptake of mEV-derived miRNAs by bacteria or their regulation of bacterial gene expression in this study, our small RNA sequencing data together with subsequent bioinformatic predictions suggest that vesicular miRNAs should be regarded as candidate contributors, rather than demonstrated mediators, of the observed antibacterial and antibiofilm effects. Taken together, these findings indicate the potential of mEVs as residue-free adjuncts for controlling bovine mastitis, while recognizing that the present conclusions are mainly derived from in vitro experiments with S. aureus and bioinformatic analyses. Therefore, functional validation of candidate miRNAs, in vivo studies, and evaluation of activity against other mastitis-associated pathogens are still required to clarify the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and spectrum of activity of mEVs.},
}

@article {pmid41513695,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Y and Dai, Z and Li, X and He, A and Zheng, J and Ding, M and Li, Q and Mou, Y and Yang, D and Xiu, W and Dong, H},
title = {Emerging non-antibiotic strategies for implant-associated biofilm infections by reprogramming the dysregulated immune microenvironment.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00907-3},
pmid = {41513695},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {202401016//Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation/ ; 82301104//National Natural Sciences Foundation of China/ ; BK20230160//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; JSTJ-2025-740//Jiangsu Association for Science and Technology (JAST) Young Talents Lift-up Program/ ; 0224C027//High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University/ ; },
abstract = {Implant-associated infections (IAIs) arise from immune dysregulation and the resilience of bacterial biofilms, which create a permissive niche for persistent infection. Biofilms further suppress host immunity and impair repair. Advances in nanoengineered surfaces and multifunctional antimicrobial coatings, together with gas-releasing and stimulus-responsive nanoplatforms, offer effective non-antibiotic strategies to inhibit colonization, disrupt biofilms, and modulate local immunity. This review summarizes emerging immune-informed approaches for treating IAIs.},
}

@article {pmid41513689,
year = {2026},
author = {Heredia-Ponce, Z and Bailly, A and Eberl, L},
title = {High-resolution visualization of biofilm matrix development in space and time using fluorescent stains for cellulose.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00892-7},
pmid = {41513689},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {310030_192800/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 310030_192800/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; },
abstract = {The establishment of microbial biofilms, communities embedded in self-produced extracellular matrices, poses growing challenges for health and antimicrobial management. Understanding biofilm formation is crucial for developing control and eradication strategies. In response to environmental cues, planktonic bacteria adopt a sessile lifestyle, coordinating growth with matrix production. We monitored cellulose biofilm formation by Pseudomonas sp. IsoF in real time using single-step fluorescent stains. Live-tracking of polysaccharide synthesis revealed dynamic matrix arrangements shaping final biofilm structure. Cellulose determined substratum adherence, cell contacts, and colony patterning in IsoF. Biofilms formed in flow-cells and at air-liquid interfaces were remarkably similar in composition, progression, and architecture. Artificial elevation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels produced cellulose-dependent biofilms distinct from the wild type and induced a secondary exopolysaccharide. Our fluorescent probes provide real-time visualization of matrix development, enabling detailed analysis of biofilm architecture and regulation in standard laboratory conditions.},
}

@article {pmid41512027,
year = {2026},
author = {Park, JH and Kennedy, EN and Tripathi, S and Romp, AB and Rubin, SM and Bourret, RB and Yildiz, FH},
title = {Distinct PlzC mechanisms integrate chemotaxis and c-di-GMP signaling to regulate Vibrio cholerae motility and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {123},
number = {2},
pages = {e2511740123},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2511740123},
pmid = {41512027},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {R01AI189907//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R37AI102584//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; R01GM050860//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; R35GM145255//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; S10 OD023528/CD/ODCDC CDC HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Vibrio cholerae/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Bacterial motility and biofilm formation are essential for the adaptation and survival of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. In many bacterial species, the second messenger c-di-GMP regulates these processes through PilZ domain proteins, however the downstream mechanisms have remained poorly defined. Here, we identify the PilZ domain protein PlzC as a key positive regulator of motility and biofilm formation through distinct mechanisms. A suppressor screen for mutants restoring ΔplzC migration identified downstream regulators, including CheX, a CheY-3 phosphatase. Genetic and phenotypic analyses revealed that PlzC promotes motility by modulating CheX, thereby influencing the frequency of direction changes during swimming. Notably, the role of PlzC in motility regulation is independent of CheZ, another CheY-3 phosphatase, demonstrating that among the two CheY-3 phosphatases, only CheX is under PlzC control. This distinction suggests that CheY-3-P levels are regulated by at least two separate signaling pathways, one of which operates through PlzC. Despite its function in motility, CheX is not required for PlzC-mediated biofilm regulation, indicating pathway specificity. PlzC regulates biofilm formation through a mechanism that involves c-di-GMP binding, separating it from its CheX-dependent motility regulation. Together, our findings establish PlzC as a central regulator linking CheX-mediated motility and c-di-GMP signaling, thereby impacting motility and biofilm formation in V. cholerae.},
}

*Vibrio cholerae/physiology/genetics/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
*Chemotaxis/physiology
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Signal Transduction
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

@article {pmid41511503,
year = {2026},
author = {Ibrahim, S and Sarkar, A},
title = {Non-Antibacterial Mechanisms of Agave sisalana Saponins-Glycerol as a Green Inhibitor for Biofilm-Induced Corrosion on Copper Surfaces.},
journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation},
volume = {98},
number = {1},
pages = {e70273},
doi = {10.1002/wer.70273},
pmid = {41511503},
issn = {1554-7531},
support = {53/⁠14/⁠03/⁠2022-⁠BRNS//Department of Atomic Energy, Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), Government of India/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Saponins/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Agave/chemistry ; Corrosion ; *Copper/chemistry ; *Glycerol/pharmacology/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Green corrosion inhibitors have gained attention as natural and eco-friendly solutions for microbiologically induced corrosion in various industries. This study investigates the potential of Agave sisalana saponins (ASS) combined with glycerol, a green solvent, to control biofilm-induced corrosion on copper surfaces. Bacterial strains with strong biofilm-forming abilities were isolated from Koel River water and identified through 16S rRNA gene amplification. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Exiguobacterium sp. BFR12y, and Solibacillus sp. BFR13. Structural characterization of ASS using FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy confirmed the surfactant properties of extracted saponins. The Agave sisalana saponins-glycerol combination (ASSG) exhibited no antibacterial activity at the tested concentrations. However, colony-forming unit (CFU/biofilm) counts, CLSM, and SEM revealed a significant biofilm inhibition efficacy of 80.14%. Corrosion rate and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study demonstrated 76.42% corrosion inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ASSG was attributed to its adsorption onto metal surfaces, resulting in a reduction in bacterial motility and adhesion, and Cu2O formation, as confirmed by motility assay, contact angle measurement, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The findings suggest the potential use of the Agave sisalana saponins-glycerol combination as a green, prospective corrosion inhibitor, with promising applications in cooling water systems across various industries.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Saponins/pharmacology/chemistry
*Agave/chemistry
Corrosion
*Copper/chemistry
*Glycerol/pharmacology/chemistry
Plant Extracts/pharmacology

@article {pmid41511146,
year = {2025},
author = {Abduljabbar, M and Kareem, R and Taha, S and Hasan, R},
title = {CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHLORHEXIDINE IMPACT ON GINGIVAL TISSUE RESPONSE AND BIOFILM FORMATION RELATED TO MATERIAL COMPOSITION IN FIXED PROSTHODONTIC RESTORATIONS.},
journal = {Georgian medical news},
volume = {},
number = {368},
pages = {201-205},
pmid = {41511146},
issn = {1512-0112},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Chlorhexidine/pharmacology/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Male ; Female ; Zirconium/chemistry ; Adult ; *Gingiva/drug effects/microbiology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology/prevention & control/drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; Surface Properties/drug effects ; Mouthwashes ; },
abstract = {The success of FDP is dependent on the interplay between restorative materials, gingiva tissues, and oral biofilm. Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been accepted as the gold standard for chemical plaque control because of its effect on both plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Prosthetic materials' surfaces may be modified when in contact with CHX, which presents higher surface roughness, colour stability loss and more ion release. Thus, this study evaluated the clinical and microbiological effects of CHX on FDPs with metal-ceramic and monolithic zirconia restorations. Thirty participants were enrolled. Both plaque and gingival indices were recorded, and biofilm samples were collected at baseline and after 2 weeks of rinsing with 0.12%CHX mouthrinse. Surface characteristics and mechanical properties of the restoratives were assessed in vitro following CHX exposure using surface roughness measurements, color stability analysis, and standard mechanical testing. The study demonstrated that CHX lowered plaque and microorganism counts. Metal-ceramic restorations showed significant surface changes and reduction in strength, while zirconia retained stable surface roughness values and mechanical integrity. These results suggest that zirconia is more chemically stable in CHX than metal ceramic restorations.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Chlorhexidine/pharmacology/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Male
Female
Zirconium/chemistry
Adult
*Gingiva/drug effects/microbiology
*Dental Plaque/microbiology/prevention & control/drug therapy
Middle Aged
Surface Properties/drug effects
Mouthwashes

@article {pmid41510215,
year = {2026},
author = {Ganeyev, M and Morales-Laverde, L and Hoffman, M and Hultcrantz, M and Palmquist, A and Thomsen, P and Johansson, ML and Trobos, M},
title = {Staphylococcal persistence and biofilm resistance in bone-anchored hearing systems: Clinical impact.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {100342},
pmid = {41510215},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Persistent inflammation and infection, often linked to staphylococcal colonization, affect bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS) outcomes. Although antibiotics are often used to treat skin complications, the roles of biofilms and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical success remain unclear. This clinical prospective study characterized biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus spp. from BAHS patients, and examined associations with inflammation, pain, and hygiene. Adults eligible for BAHS were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary university hospital in Sweden during 2014-2015. Fifteen patients were followed clinically and microbiologically at surgery, 3- and 12- months. Abutment, peri-abutment exudate and soft-tissue samples were cultured. Fifty-seven Staphylococcus spp. isolates underwent biofilm phenotyping (Crystal Violet, Congo Red), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], minimum biofilm eradication concentration [MBEC]) and whole-genome sequencing (lineage, AMR and virulence genes). Clinical status was scored (Holgers, pain, debris). Individual patients harbored the same staphylococcal clone on abutment, exudate, and tissue for 12 months. S. aureus was more prevalent in patients with inflammation (Holgers score >0), S. epidermidis correlated with pain, and slime production was associated with debris accumulation. Overall, 56 % of isolates showed resistance to fusidic acid, and 11-34 % carried tetracycline resistance genes. S. epidermidis carried multidrug resistance genes (beta-lactams, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin), and resistance increased under biofilm conditions (MBEC > MIC). The ica operon was detected in all S. aureus and S. epidermidis ST7, ST297, ST749 and ST278. These findings indicate that staphylococci from BAHS exhibit persistent colonization, diverse clonal lineages, and high biofilm-associated AMR. Early microbial diagnostics and biofilm-targeted strategies, alongside cautious use of topical antibiotics, may improve outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41510038,
year = {2025},
author = {Al-Momani, H and Mashal, S and AlGhawrie, H},
title = {Investigation of the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {942-953},
pmid = {41510038},
issn = {2008-3289},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria limits the spectrum of effective antibiotics. Considerable focus has been placed on the identification of more contemporary and cost-effective antimicrobial drugs. In this study, the antibacterial properties of a commonly used solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), against P. aeruginosa were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The microtiter broth dilution technique was employed to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DMSO. The solvent's impact on bacterial growth, biofilm formation and eradication was assessed. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was carried out to assess the effect of varying DMSO concentrations ranging from 1% to 8% (v/v) on quorum sensing gene expression.

RESULTS: All P. aeruginosa strains exhibited a DMSO MIC of 25% v/v and MBC of 50% v/v. DMSO caused significant growth inhibition and suppression of biofilm formation in all P. aeruginosa strains at sub-inhibitory concentrations, i.e. 1%-8% v/v. At these concentrations, the samples showed a reduction in biomass and reduced metabolic activity. These effects were concentration-dependent. A DMSO strength of 8% v/v was associated with a statistically significant downregulation of most of the quorum sensing genes; at a DMSO titer of 1% v/v, this effect was modest with only a few genes being significantly affected.

CONCLUSION: DMSO is a potential therapeutic agent against P. aeruginosa as it has been demonstrated that it exhibits antimicrobial characteristics. Moreover, the impact of DMSO on bacterial growth and biofilm formation complicates its use as a solvent in biologic and clinical research.},
}

@article {pmid41509296,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, X and Eastep, GN and Torres-Mejia, N and Zia, A and Ottemann, KM and Wang, F},
title = {Distinct flagellins differentially fine tune biofilm initiation via flagellar stator-associated proteins.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.30.697036},
pmid = {41509296},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Helicobacter pylori relies on flagellar motility to colonize the gastric niche. While H. pylori flagella serve multiple functions, including swimming motility, it has recently been appreciated that flagellar basal body properties also contribute to biofilm initiation. The H. pylori flagellar filament contains two spatially segregated flagellins, FlaA and FlaB, but their roles in the biofilm initiation process remained undefined. Here, we confirmed that both FlaA and FlaB are required for optimal motility, but found that they exert opposite effects on biofilm initiation: cells without FlaA display low biofilm initiation, while cells without FlaB display elevated initiation. To understand the molecular basis for this divergence, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of native flagellar filaments revealed that FlaA and FlaB have distinct supercoiled waveforms. We confirmed these intrinsic waveform curvatures by analyzing filaments from Δ flaA and Δ flaB mutants, providing a physical basis for their functional specialization. Genetic epistasis experiments further demonstrated that the enhanced early biofilm formation of the Δ flaB mutant depends on PilO, a stator-associated component of the flagellar motor recently shown to drive a reciprocal biofilm and motility response. Our findings establish that H. pylori has developed functionally specialized flagellins that work with motor-dependent signaling to dynamically balance surface colonization and motility.},
}

@article {pmid41509036,
year = {2026},
author = {Tolentino, PHMP and Dinelli, RG and Garzón, HS and Suárez, DR and Corral, MAT and Christoff, EP and Bueno, MR and Sandi, UM and Suárez, LJ and Bueno-Silva, B},
title = {Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in a multispecies subgingival biofilm model.},
journal = {Journal of oral microbiology},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {2603706},
pmid = {41509036},
issn = {2000-2297},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on a multi-species subgingival biofilm model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms were formed using 33 bacterial species on a Calgary device. Two protocols were tested: (A) biofilm in contact with CBD (125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX) for the entire period; (B) treatments with CBD (500 and 1000 µg/mL) and CHX started on day 3, twice a day, for 1 minute. The total biofilm counts, the proportion of complexes, and the counts of each species were evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridization (Checkerboard).

RESULTS: In Experiment A, CBD at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL, as well as CHX, significantly reduced the total biofilm count. At 500 µg/mL, CBD also decreased the proportion of the red complex and reduced the counts of 10 bacterial species, whereas CHX affected 20 species. In Protocol B, both CBD at 1000 µg/mL and CHX reduced the total biofilm count and the proportion of the red complex, while increasing the proportion of the green complex. Both protocols led to a reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia.

CONCLUSION: CBD reduced the total bacterial count and the red complex, inhibiting known periodontal pathogens. Within the limitations, the results provide exploratory evidence that CBD may reduce the total bacterial count in the proposed polymicrobial biofilm model, including the red complex bacteria, and may thus be postulated as an inhibitor of known periodontal pathogens. However, future in vivo studies with robust sample sizes and standardized CFU-based quantification are required to confirm these findings.},
}

@article {pmid41506787,
year = {2026},
author = {Muthukrishnan, G and Coraça-Huber, DC and Atkins, GJ and Abbaszadeh, A and Abedi, AA and Abuhussein, E and Bingham, JS and Cichos, KH and Coenye, T and Drago, L and Hamilton, J and Hickok, NJ and Iannotti, F and Jennings, JA and Jensen, LK and Li, B and Manzary, M and Moriarty, TF and McDonald, K and Nishitani, K and Norton, N and Oral, E and Parvizi, JM and Raafat, D and Saeed, K and Sallai, I and Schwarz, EM and Siverino, C and Sekar, A and Tate, J and Trobos, M and Tubbs, A},
title = {2025 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection: Summary From the Biofilm Workgroup on Biofilm Formation, Persistence, and Host-Environment Interactions.},
journal = {Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society},
volume = {44},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jor.70130},
pmid = {41506787},
issn = {1554-527X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology ; Animals ; *Musculoskeletal Diseases/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) remains a major problem after trauma and elective orthopedic surgery. Chronic MSKI is related to the formation of biofilm, which impairs diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, to understand and communicate global standards and best practices, the 2025 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on MSKI created a Biofilm Section to address crucial aspects of biofilm biology pertaining to its mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion, and potential approaches to overcome them. This featured a 2-year process, with final voting and discussion on May 8-10, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. This Consensus Article is the effort of the Biofilm Basic Mechanisms Workgroup, which interpreted the results on ICM questions related to (1) the infectious microenvironment; (2) appropriate inocula in preclinical research; (3) biofilm behavior in infected tissues; and (4) synergy within biofilms and with other comorbidities. Collectively, we find that this field has the necessary research tools to discover the pathophysiology of orthopedic implant-associated biofilm development and maturation, perform clinically relevant studies in animal models, and elucidate mechanisms that allow opportunistic infections in compromised tissues and patients with other health issues.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Humans
*Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology
Animals
*Musculoskeletal Diseases/microbiology

@article {pmid41506378,
year = {2026},
author = {Ye, YT and Xiao, X and Xia, HY and Li, J and Gong, ZZ and Chen, AZ and Wang, SB and Kankala, RK},
title = {Photo-controlled spatiotemporal sequential release of MXenes/NO gas from bilayer (clean-cure) hydrogel promotes healing of MRSA biofilm-infected diabetic ulcer wounds.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114611},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114611},
pmid = {41506378},
issn = {1873-4995},
abstract = {Despite the success of various intelligent materials in meeting the multiple needs of diabetic ulcer wounds (DUW) healing, it is often challenging to consider the entire healing process, from early antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects to late matrix remodeling and angiogenesis characteristics, by releasing multiple active ingredients in stages and on demand. Herein, we designed a versatile bilayer (GCM/Clean-GDA/Cure) hydrogel dressing with light-controlled, spatiotemporal sequential release of MXene nanosheets (MX NSs)/nitric oxide (NO) gas for the healing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-infected DUWs. Initially, the lower GCM layer comprised carboxymethyl chitosan-gelatin and cerium oxide (CeO2)-decorated MX NSs (CO-MX), and the upper GDA layer consisted of dopamine-modified methacrylated gelatin (GelMA-DA) with L-arginine (L-Arg) as a precursor. Under NIR irradiation, the GCM hydrogel releases photothermal-induced CO-MX NSs as self-regenerating antioxidants, exhibiting 98.25 % inhibition against MRSA and 96.37 % inhibition against Pneumonia aeruginosa. The abundant oxygen vacancies and reversible Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox pairs of the released Ce species from CO-MX NSs could attenuate inflammation and promote early macrophage polarization. The light-assisted gel-sol thermal transition of the lower GCM layer further exposes the upper GDA layer, providing a conducive microenvironment for angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. L-Arg in the GDA layer could enable light-controlled in situ release of NO gas activated by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), reaching 7.71 μM within 10 min of exposure to NIR light. Thus, the NIR-assisted bilayer treatment group achieved a 97.74 % wound closure rate. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis validated the activation of regenerative pathways and suppression of excessive inflammatory and metabolic stress signals. Together, the photo-controlled sequential release of MX NSs and NO gas from the bilayer could expand the application of light-responsive nanomaterials, providing an innovative therapeutic modality for in situ treatment of diabetic wounds infected by highly drug-resistant MRSA biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid41504840,
year = {2026},
author = {Ahmed, ME and Shaghaleh, H and Ahmed, AF and Alhaj Hamoud, Y},
title = {Eco-Friendly Selenium Nanoparticle Strategy Against Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41504840},
issn = {1559-0291},
support = {This research was sponsored by the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2023ZB869 and 2023ZB897), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 42277393), the Foreign Youth Talent Project (2019/423402), and China Postdoctor//This research was sponsored by the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2023ZB869 and 2023ZB897), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 42277393), the Foreign Youth Talent Project (2019/423402), and China Postdoctor/ ; },
abstract = {Biological synthesis of nanoparticles provides an eco-friendly method for producing bioactive materials characterized by low toxicity and enhanced bioavailability. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using the viable cell filtrate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Biosynthesis with bacterial cell filtrate uses extracellular enzymes, proteins, and metabolites as reducing and capping agents to convert a selenium precursor (commonly sodium selenite, Na2SeO3) into elemental selenium nanoparticles (Se[0]). Advantages include mild conditions, eco-friendliness, and often improved biocompatibility. Characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and zeta potential analysis. The antimicrobial potential of SeNPs was assessed against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus using a microdilution MIC assay. The SeNPs exhibited broad-spectrum activity, effectively inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. They also demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity, highlighting their safety profile. Furthermore, synergistic assays revealed that combining SeNPs with conventional antimicrobials enhanced their inhibitory effects, including against multidrug-resistant strains. At the molecular level, the clfB gene was detected by PCR, and real-time PCR revealed significant modulation of its expression following SeNP treatment, suggesting interference with biofilm formation. Cytotoxicity assays further indicated that SeNPs exhibited low toxicity toward normal fibroblast (HdFn) cells while showing improved anticancer activity against PC3 cells compared to free drug or neat selenium nanoparticles.},
}

@article {pmid41504460,
year = {2026},
author = {Susanto, FC and Wuisan, ZG and Spohn, M and Schäberle, TF and Marner, M},
title = {Exploring the anti-biofilm effect of darobactin B and colistin in static and dynamic environments.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0286825},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02868-25},
pmid = {41504460},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {The increasing challenges of treating biofilm-associated infections highlight the importance to develop new options against biofilm-embedded bacteria. In this study, we evaluated darobactin B-a promising pre-clinical antibiotic candidate targeting the outer membrane protein BamA-against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. First, a static biofilm assay was used for primary screening and showed that darobactin B reduced the viable cells within a biofilm by six orders of magnitude compared to the untreated control. Subsequently, a microfluidic model was conducted to allow real-time monitoring of biofilm development, treatment, and potential regrowth under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. In this assay, the reference compound colistin exhibited strong activity after single-dose administration. Although less effective after single dosing, darobactin B showed notable anti-biofilm activity by killing 85%-97% of biofilm cells and suppressing biofilm recovery for at least 48 h when applied repeatedly once daily for 5 days. When administered repeatedly in the multi-dose regimen, darobactin B caused biofilm disruption and cell detachment, leading to ~40% surface coverage reduction. Our findings highlight the potential of darobactin B as an anti-biofilm agent.IMPORTANCEBacterial biofilms pose serious healthcare challenges, contributing to chronic and device-related infections. Biofilm-embedded bacteria are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics and lead to growing reliance on last-resort drugs, thus underscoring the need for new therapeutic approaches. This study shows that darobactin B consistently disrupts Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and delays regrowth. The multi-dose microfluidic assay provides a flexible platform for real-time evaluation of biofilms, which may support the optimization of treatment regimens.},
}

@article {pmid41503523,
year = {2026},
author = {Rudolph, E and Li, S and Aguilar-Sanjuan, B and Ko, S and Raikwar, PS and Kobras, CM and Bettoni, S and Sheppard, SK and Laabei, M},
title = {Functional and comparative genomic characterization of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {100341},
pmid = {41503523},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. In the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, this can enhance resistance to antibiotics and immune responses, contributing significantly to chronic infections associated with medical devices. The underlying mechanisms include the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by the icaADBC operon, and surface proteins that mediate adhesion. However, it has been challenging to translate in vitro understanding to explain the molecular mechanisms governing biofilm formation in vivo. Here we combined functional and comparative genomics approaches to investigate genetic factors influencing biofilm formation in isolates belonging to the clinically important ST-8 clonal complex (CC8). Phenotypic and genomic screening of a closely related strain cohort (MRSA USA300 isolates) revealed considerable variability in biofilm formation. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several genes and polymorphisms linked to biofilm development. These included known biofilm genes and compensatory mutations that restored wild-type biofilm levels in hyper-biofilm forming mucoid isolates. Finally, contextualizing CC8 genomes within diverse S. aureus populations revealed the natural occurrence of biofilm-associated genomic variation as well as evidence for the conservation of the ica loci in CC8. This offers insight into the mechanisms and microevolutionary events that give rise to clinically relevant staphylococcal infections.},
}

@article {pmid41501811,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, C and Gao, C and Qian, L and Chen, M and Li, Y and Ye, S and Cai, W and Xu, T and Zheng, L and Liu, Y and Chen, Y and Shi, L and Zhao, L},
title = {Cocrystal-inspired glycyrrhizic acid-azole nanoassemblies for synergistic biofilm disruption and immune modulation in fungal infections.},
journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12951-025-04014-5},
pmid = {41501811},
issn = {1477-3155},
support = {22475156//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52422307//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52293383//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82305249//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Fungal biofilms represent a major therapeutic hurdle due to their drug resistance and immune evasion. Here, we report a cocrystal-inspired nano-assembly strategy that co-assembles glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpenoid saponin, with azole antifungal agents into multifunctional nanoparticles. The GA-azole co-assemblies, stabilized via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, exhibit cocrystal-like properties while preserving the bioactivities of both components. This hybrid nanoplatform improves azole solubility and permeability and leverages GA's intrinsic membrane-disrupting, ROS-scavenging, and immunomodulatory effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that the nanoparticles effectively disrupted Candida albicans biofilms by impairing matrix structure and suppressing hyphal formation. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated GA-azole co-assemblies downregulated genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, and morphogenesis. Additionally, GA-azole nanoparticles promoted macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and alleviated oxidative stress, by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, thereby modulating the excessive inflammation stimulated by fungal infection. In vitro and in vivo experiments, including a murine perianal infection model, showed significant reductions in fungal burden, biofilm thickness, and local inflammation without systemic toxicity. This work presents a multi-targeted nanotherapeutic strategy combining enhanced drug delivery, antifungal synergy, immune regulation to combat biofilm-associated fungal infections.},
}

@article {pmid41500357,
year = {2026},
author = {El-Sayyad, GS and Abdel-Fatah, SS and Mosallam, FM and El-Batal, AI},
title = {Facile synthesis of ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of some pathogenic microbes: Aspects of the gamma-irradiation effect.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108277},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108277},
pmid = {41500357},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {The present work has produced a successful way to create nanodrug formulations using cost-effective and environmentally friendly techniques. The impact of gamma rays on synthetic methods has been assessed using varying doses of gamma irradiation. To evaluate the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite and ascertain its structure and particle size distribution, we employed several analytical methods, including Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis.) spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-EDX mapping techniques, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite showed a particle size distribution in the nanometer range at 76.39 ± 1.4. According to the current work, the surface Zeta potential of the produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite remains negative at the pH of the synthesis under investigation. Furthermore, the preparation's Zeta potential at a neutral medium (pH 7.2) was -52.39 ± 1.3 mV due to the negative charge of ciprofloxacin. Bacillus subtilis (48.0 mm; zone of inhibition (ZOI) was the most effective target for the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite. Other targets included Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (45.0 mm ZOI), Staphylococcus aureus (42.0 mm ZOI), Escherichia coli (40.0 mm ZOI), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.0 mm ZOI), Candida albicans (30.0 mm ZOI), Candida tropicalis (24.0 mm ZOI), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.0 mm ZOI). The result of antibiofilm indicated that, after the exposure to 6.250 μg/mL ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite, the percentage of biofilm inhibition against C. tropicalis was 92.63%, followed by E. cloacae as 88.01%, P. aeruginosa (84.97%), S. epidermidis (84.62%), and B. subtilis (84.55%). In membrane leakage assay as a reaction mechanism determination, the amounts of C. tropicalis, E. cloacae, and S. epidermidis protein eliminated following treatment with ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite are 133.34, 90.34, and 101.23 μg/mL, respectively. The results obtained pave the way for the useful application of the promising nano-drug formulations for fighting pathogenic microbes causing serious problems in biomedical fields.},
}

@article {pmid41500279,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Bi, Z and Li, Q and Duan, S and Li, S and Zhu, T and Zhang, M and Yu, Y},
title = {Polysaccharide platforms for advanced anti-biofilm and anti-fouling applications.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {150098},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150098},
pmid = {41500279},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation present critical challenges across medical devices, wound interfaces, and biological surfaces, driving persistent infections and treatment failures. Conventional antibacterial strategies primarily target planktonic microorganisms, often overlooking the fundamental need to prevent surface fouling and biofilm establishment. In response, polysaccharides-natural biopolymers derived from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria-have emerged as advanced anti-fouling agents. These materials exhibit unique advantages including inherent biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and multifaceted mechanisms to deter bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. Unlike previous reviews, this work provides a novel design-oriented framework by systematically linking polysaccharide structural features to specific anti-biofilm mechanisms, offering a theoretical blueprint for developing intelligent anti-infection interfaces. This review explores the development of polysaccharides in combating surface dirt and biofilm proliferation, with a focus on their mechanisms of action-inhibition of bacterial attachment and aggregation, regulation of the host immune system, formation of a physical barrier, and induction of bacterial death. These characteristics establish polysaccharides as versatile platforms for developing next generation anti-fouling coatings, wound dressings, and medical device interfaces.},
}

@article {pmid41496643,
year = {2026},
author = {Caballero Gómez, N and Manetsberger, J and Terriente-Palacios, C and Vallarino, JG and Benomar, N and Abriouel, H},
title = {Pseudomonas psychrophila Biofilm Formation Inhibition by Thymol Adaptation.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09527},
pmid = {41496643},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {This study investigated the effects of thymol (TH) adaptation on biofilm formation and the metabolic profile of the multiresistant slaughterhouse isolate Pseudomonas psychrophila M33T02.2. After exposure to increasing sublethal concentrations of thymol, the adapted P. psychrophila M33T02.2 showed decreased biofilm-forming capacity, reduced swarming motility, and lower rhamnolipid production compared to the wild-type strain. Confocal microscopy further showed that the biofilms developed by the adapted strain were less homogeneous, confirming their inability to develop well-structured biofilms. To further understand these changes at the metabolic level, high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) identified redox metabolism intermediates and energy balance-related metabolites as most important variables. 20 metabolites were underexpressed for the TH-adapted strain, including glutathione disulfide, guanosine diphosphate, and flavin adenine mono- and di-nucleotide, among others. Therefore, we conclude that repeated exposure to TH prevents the emergence of resistance mechanisms associated with biofilm formation, acting at the level of redox state and energy imbalance.},
}

@article {pmid41496303,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, P and Wang, Y and Li, X and Lü, J},
title = {Research and application of gas therapy in preventing biofilm associated infections.},
journal = {Medical gas research},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {263-268},
doi = {10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00075},
pmid = {41496303},
issn = {2045-9912},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Gases/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Bacterial Infections/prevention & control/therapy ; },
abstract = {Conventional antibiotic therapies often fail to eradicate biofilms, which can lead to persistent infections and significant clinical challenges. Gas therapy, which utilizes the unique properties of gas molecules such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide, is emerging as a promising and innovative strategy to address these challenges. This review first highlights gas signaling in bacterial biofilms. It then goes on to list four types of gas therapy in detail: photothermal-enhanced gas therapy, photodynamic-activated gas therapy, micro/nanobubble-mediated gas therapy, and gas-based synergistic therapy. Their potential applications and future directions are also fully discussed. Due to its unique bioactivity, low resistance, and synergy with existing treatments, gas therapy has demonstrated significant potential in the prevention and treatment of biofilm-associated infections. However, overcoming delivery challenges, validating efficacy in large-scale trials, and developing standardized protocols are essential for its clinical translation. Future efforts should prioritize the integration of nanotechnology and mechanistic studies to unlock broader therapeutic utility.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
*Gases/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Animals
*Bacterial Infections/prevention & control/therapy

@article {pmid41494999,
year = {2026},
author = {Mallick, S and Debnath, B and Ray, RR},
title = {Insights of Bacterial Biofilm Suppression by Cucurbita moschata Seed-Mediated ZnO Nanorods.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {134},
number = {1},
pages = {e70135},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70135},
pmid = {41494999},
issn = {1600-0463},
support = {//All India Council for Technical Education/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Zinc Oxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Nanotubes/chemistry ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Seeds/chemistry ; *Cucurbita/chemistry ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Pyocyanine ; },
abstract = {Biogenically synthesized ZnO nanorods using Cucurbita moschata seed have demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Building on our previous findings, the current study extends to investigate the interactions of the nanorods during the pre- and postbiofilm formations. The pre-biofilm investigations include monitoring the changes in cellular zeta potential and hydrophobicity upon nanorod treatment. The post-biofilm assessments focus on the inhibition of cellular revival, extracellular polymeric substance components, and vital virulence factors-staphyloxanthin and pyocyanin; loss of cellular viability and biofilm architecture; and loss of cellular integrity and observation of the alterations in the pH of biofilm cultured media. Notably, the cellular hydrophobicity decreases to 5% and 17% for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. Meanwhile, staphyloxanthin was inhibited by 48.49% ± 1.3% (250 μg/mL), and pyocyanin reduction hit a dose-dependent plateau at 500 μg/mL with 89.78% ± 0.47%. Further propositions on the strain-specific mechanistic insights by evaluating the relative mode of interaction with the green-synthesized ZnO nanorods have been discussed. Interestingly, the antibacterial modes of action by 1D-biogenic ZnO nanorods offer a novel approach and insight into the use of eco-friendly resources for an integrated approach towards antibiofilm strategies.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Zinc Oxide/pharmacology/chemistry
*Nanotubes/chemistry
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Seeds/chemistry
*Cucurbita/chemistry
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Pyocyanine

@article {pmid41494972,
year = {2026},
author = {Rane, D and Zantye, P and Kerkar, S and Kowshik, M and Ramanan, SR},
title = {Impact of Ag-SiO2 Nanocomposite on Metal Corrosive Desulfovibrio Biofilm.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {134},
number = {1},
pages = {e70137},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70137},
pmid = {41494972},
issn = {1600-0463},
support = {//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Silver/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology/chemistry ; Corrosion ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Desulfovibrio/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Steel/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a significant issue causing material damage of metals in pipelines, storage tanks, and marine infrastructure, leading to significant industrial damage and maintenance costs. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the main causative agent for MIC. Their capacity to form biofilms facilitates SRB to cause high corrosion rates. In this study, Ag-SiO2 nanocomposite with silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) dispersed in the silicon dioxide (SiO2) matrix was synthesized using a one-pot sol-gel method. Ag-SiO2 NC was evaluated for its capacity to deter biofilm formation and impact the transcript gene expression of key markers HydA and DVU1817 Cytochrome c553 genes for the SRB biofilm-formation and metal corrosion in Desulphovibrio gigas strain. The effect of Ag-SiO2 NC on the SRB mediated Carbon steel corrosion was also examined using potentiodynamic polarization electrochemical corrosion testing. The findings from our study validate the antibacterial and corrosion inhibitory characteristics of nanocomposite Ag-SiO2 NC against D. gigas. A simple and reproducible Ag-SiO2 NC synthesis will significantly boost the industrial production of silver-doped silica products for controlling SRB population, enabling development of advanced high-performance protective metal coatings with enhanced antimicrobial properties.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Silver/pharmacology/chemistry
*Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology/chemistry
Corrosion
*Nanocomposites/chemistry
*Desulfovibrio/drug effects/physiology/genetics
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Steel/chemistry

@article {pmid41494587,
year = {2026},
author = {Bachlechner, C and Zand, E and Eisenrauch, V and Mauermann, M and Jäger, H and Schottroff, F},
title = {BIOFILM PROPERTIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CLEANING PROCESSES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY - A REVIEW.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100695},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100695},
pmid = {41494587},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Cleaning operations are carried out regularly throughout the food industry to remove deposits and microorganisms. Still, biofilms may persist in production plants, with potential negative implications for food safety and quality as well as economic disadvantages for companies. Consequently, the elimination of biofilms is crucial to ensure unrestricted operations. However, mechanisms involved in biofilm removal are still poorly understood, limiting the development of corresponding countermeasures. Therefore, this review focuses on biofilm properties and their implications for the removal process, as a basis for identifying and deeper understanding the key factors relevant to cleaning strategies. In terms of rheological biofilm characterization, parameters such as elastic modulus and critical strain indicate the stress a biofilm can withstand. Biofilms with lower elastic modulus and crossover points are generally easier to remove. Assessing binding forces is crucial, as effective removal requires overcoming these forces. Further investigation of biofilm porosity may ultimately contribute to the development of targeted removal strategies. Multispecies biofilms grown dynamically show the highest cleaning resistance, with flow characteristics significantly influencing biofilm properties. Parameters from structural characterization methods cannot be directly translated into cleaning practices, however, are still relevant to obtain deeper information on biofilm systems and their behavior. Exemplarily, modelling and simulation rely on precise material properties, enabling further conclusions relevant to cleaning and disinfection applications. Therefore, deeper insights into the microscopic and macroscopic properties of biofilms will contribute to the development of more targeted and efficient cleaning strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41493724,
year = {2026},
author = {Krishna, S and Dahiya, S and Chauhan, N and Goyal, R},
title = {Beyond the biofilm: KLF2 as a molecular gatekeeper in periodontal health and disease.},
journal = {Odontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41493724},
issn = {1618-1255},
abstract = {Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting from complex interactions between microbial dysbiosis and host immune responses, leading to progressive destruction of the periodontium. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a zinc-finger transcription factor, has emerged as a key regulator of immune modulation and tissue homeostasis. KLF2 orchestrates anti-inflammatory pathways, controls immune cell activation, and influences periodontal tissue integrity. Dysregulation of KLF2 is implicated in enhanced inflammation and periodontal tissue breakdown. This review summarizes the molecular biology of KLF2, its role in immune regulation, and its emerging significance in periodontal health and disease. We also discuss potential therapeutic applications targeting KLF2 pathways for improved periodontal disease management.Please confirm the author names and initials are correct. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.oth Authors details are correct, but in the previous submission we had modified and added 2 more coauthors as 3rd and 4th co-author respectively, ieDr Neelima Chauhan (Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, Email - drneelima158@gmail.com)Dr Radhika Goyal (Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rayat Bahara Dental College and Hospital, Mohali, Punjab India, Email Id- radhikagoyal538@gmail.com).},
}

@article {pmid41493501,
year = {2026},
author = {Datta, S and Nag, S and Roy, DN},
title = {Papain: an antimicrobial enzyme of Papaya latex inhibits the production of biofilm and disrupts pre-formed biofilm matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {2},
pages = {83},
pmid = {41493501},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Carica/enzymology/chemistry ; *Papain/pharmacology/isolation & purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Latex/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {In this study, papain (also known as papaya proteinase I; EC 3.4.22.2), a cysteine protease derived from Carica papaya, a tropical fruit cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, is used. Biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a major therapeutic challenge due to its heightened antibiotic tolerance and ability to persist in chronic infections. This study reports that the enzyme papain inhibits approximately 80% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm production at a sub-MIC dose of 80 µg/mL, along with reduced levels of pathogenic molecules, including 87% of total acyl-homoserine lactones, 83% of LasA, 85% of LasB, 89% of pyocyanin, 87% of rhamnolipids, and 86% of exoprotease activity. FE-SEM results have confirmed the absence of new biofilm and the disruption of preformed biofilm due to papain treatment of the bacterial cells. AFM results also indicate the lowering of height in papain treated bacterial biofilm. By targeting both preformed and newly formed biofilms, papain offers a promising, sustainable therapeutic strategy derived from a plant source to manage biofilm-associated infections, addressing a critical gap in current antimicrobial approaches. Therefore, papain, a natural antimicrobial protein, has the potential to eradicate biofilms at infected sites.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Carica/enzymology/chemistry
*Papain/pharmacology/isolation & purification
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Latex/chemistry
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid41492644,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhan, X and Li, Y and Yang, C and Zhang, W and Han, Z and Li, Y and Meng, Q and Feng, Y and Yu, Y and Zhao, B and Li, F},
title = {NO-driven self-propelled nanomotors with deep biofilm penetration for synergistic therapy of peri-implantitis.},
journal = {Materials today. Bio},
volume = {36},
number = {},
pages = {102658},
pmid = {41492644},
issn = {2590-0064},
abstract = {Phototherapy as an adjuvant treatment for peri-implantitis (PI) still faces multiple challenges in clinical translation, including weak targeting capability of photosensitizers, poor biofilm penetration, and lack of immunomodulatory and osteogenic functions. To address these limitations, a core-shell nanomotor (IHPS) was constructed, whereby a hollow mesoporous polydopamine core encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) was coated with S-nitrosothiol-modified ε-polylysine. Under near-infrared light excitation, the IHPS utilizes the positive surface charge provided by ε-polylysine to actively target plaque biofilms, and employs the photothermal effect of ICG to trigger burst release of nitric oxide (NO), thereby enhancing its penetration capacity into the deep regions of the biofilm through a self-propelled mechanism. The released NO can react with reactive oxygen species generated by ICG-mediated photodynamic therapy to form peroxynitrite, further synergistically improving antibacterial and biofilm eradication efficacy. Moreover, under physiological conditions, the IHPS enables sustained and slow release of NO, effectively promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype to suppress inflammation, and enhancing osteogenic differentiation via activation of the sGC-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Ultimately, this approach achieves synergistic antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and bone regeneration effects at the infection site. This study provides a novel multifunctional therapeutic strategy with promising clinical translation potential for the treatment of PI.},
}

@article {pmid41489462,
year = {2026},
author = {Alvarado-Vallejo, A and Alvarado-Lassman, A and Snell-Castro, R},
title = {Potential enhancement of syntrophic metabolism with two carrier materials for biofilm formation during anaerobic digestion of tomato liquid fraction.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf314},
pmid = {41489462},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: This study evaluated the influence of two carrier materials, a nylon pad (NP) and a nylon-silicon carbide pad (NSCP), on fixed-bed reactor (FBR) and microbiomes performances during the anaerobic digestion of tomato liquid fraction.

METHODS AND RESULTS: FBR performance was evaluated during start-up, biofilm formation, and biodegradability tests, applying principal components analysis (PCA) to correlate biological, physicochemical, and operating variables. PCA results showed two positive interactions, the first one between facultatively-syntrophic fermenters and CO2-reducing methanogens in both carriers, increasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and methane yield through interspecies formate/H2 transfer. The second interaction was associated with Geobacter daltonii and Methanosarcina spelaei in NSCP, suggesting a direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to acetotrophic methanogens.

CONCLUSIONS: Biodegradability tests revealed positive microbial interactions to enhance COD removal and methane yield via sugars→butyrate→acetate→methane pathway in both pads. The use of NP and NSCP carrier materials enhanced syntrophisms, impacting FBR performance. In NSCP syntrophic relationships were associated with the acetotrophic pathway that was increased by a DIET; while in NP a competitive exclusion mechanism where the fermenter Trichococcus alkaliphilus successfully competed against obligately-syntrophic acetogens for sugars and fatty acids was observed.},
}

@article {pmid41489387,
year = {2026},
author = {},
title = {Correction to "Strontium-Containing Piezoelectric Biofilm Promotes Dentin Tissue Regeneration".},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e72048},
doi = {10.1002/adma.72048},
pmid = {41489387},
issn = {1521-4095},
}

@article {pmid41488228,
year = {2025},
author = {Alghamdi, N and Alshamrani, L and Alboryah, S and Alsenan, JF and Alshehri, T and Abogazalah, NN and Balhaddad, AA},
title = {The Effect of Coconut and Frankincense Oils on the Biofilm Growth of Streptococcus mutans.},
journal = {F1000Research},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {846},
pmid = {41488228},
issn = {2046-1402},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth & development ; *Coconut Oil/pharmacology ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; *Cocos/chemistry ; *Frankincense/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Plant Oils/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm effect of coconut and frankincense oils.

METHODS: Different types of coconut (organic refined, cocos nucifera, organic virgin, and organic extra virgin) and frankincense (frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and uplifting frankincense pure essential) oils were investigated. Serial dilutions (1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, 1:96, and 1:192) were created from each oil and incubated with an overnight culture of S. mutans. The total growth and biofilms absorbance were measured at 595 and 490 nm, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis.

RESULTS: The greatest biofilm inhibition was observed in the uplifting frankincense pure essential oil at 1:3 dilution (0.67±0.12), which was significantly lower (p<0.01) than the control (1.51 ± 0.07). In addition, organic refined (0.96±0.13), organic virgin (1.21±0.28), and organic extra virgin (1.07±0.17) were associated with less biofilms compared to the control, but without a statistical significance. Frankincense pure essential oil in fractionated coconut oil and cocos nucifera coconut oil did not show biofilm inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS: Organic refined, organic virgin, and extra virgin coconut oils, and uplifting frankincense essential oil, effectively reduced S. mutans levels in vitro, with the highest amount of biofilm reduction associated with uplifting frankincense essential oil.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth & development
*Coconut Oil/pharmacology
*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology
*Cocos/chemistry
*Frankincense/chemistry/pharmacology
*Plant Oils/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid41487702,
year = {2025},
author = {Toyooka, M and Kaneki, M and Ohira, C and Nakamura, Y and Yamamoto, M and Fukuyama, T},
title = {Cyclodextran prevents Porphyromonas gulae and Porphyromonas gingivalis induced halitosis and cytokine secretion via direct inhibition of biofilm formation.},
journal = {Frontiers in oral health},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {1713668},
pmid = {41487702},
issn = {2673-4842},
abstract = {Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth, initiated by bacterial biofilm formation. Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae) and P. gingivalis are key pathogens in canine and human PD, respectively, producing biofilms, volatile sulfur compounds, and proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to halitosis and tissue destruction. Cyclodextran (CI), a cyclic oligosaccharide, has previously been shown to inhibit glucan synthesis in Streptococcus mutans, but its effects on periodontal bacteria remain unexplored. This study investigated the influence of CI on P. gulae and P. gingivalis in vitro. Bacterial cultures were co-incubated with varying concentrations of a CI-dextran mix (0.313%-5%) for up to 24 h. Biofilm formation and insoluble glucan production were assessed via fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan levels were measured by gas chromatography, and cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6) was quantified in murine and canine macrophage cell lines using ELISA. CI had limited bactericidal activity but significantly inhibited biofilm formation and glucan production in both bacterial species. Consequently, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan generation were markedly reduced, although CI did not directly neutralize these compounds. Furthermore, CI treatment significantly suppressed P. gulae and P. gingivalis-induced IL-1β and IL-6 secretion in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that cyclodextran prevents PD-related halitosis and inflammation primarily by inhibiting biofilm formation rather than bacterial killing or direct deodorization. CI represents a promising candidate for preventive oral care in humans and companion animals, with potential to reduce the onset and progression of PD.},
}

@article {pmid41486853,
year = {2026},
author = {Mo, D and Wei, Y and Pan, M and Chen, W and Yang, Y and Li, K and Li, X and Li, J and Liu, Q and Deng, H and Zhu, M and Zhang, Z and Xiao, Z and Qian, Z},
title = {NIR Light-Driven Photocatalytic Antibacterial Hydrogels for Synergistic MRSA Biofilm Eradication and Wound Regeneration.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e18215},
doi = {10.1002/advs.202518215},
pmid = {41486853},
issn = {2198-3844},
support = {U21A20417//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32530059//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024NSFSC0046//Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province/ ; CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0034//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing/ ; ZYGD24003//West China Hospital, Sichuan University/ ; },
abstract = {The treatment of drug-resistant bacterial biofilm infections remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. To address this challenge, 3D oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich iron-doped Bi2O2S (Fe-Bi2O2-XS, Fe-BOS) nanoflowers (NFs) are synthesized for the first time via an ion-exchange method. The resulting material exhibits a small band gap, abundant OVs, and favorable charge-transfer properties. It also shows robust photothermal performance and strong photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generation ability. Fe-BOS@C/H Gel is subsequently prepared by crosslinking hydrazide-modified chondroitin sulfate, the Fe-BOS NFs, and oxidized hyaluronic acid via a dynamic Schiff reaction. Fe-BOS@C/H Gel not only shows good hemostasis and injectability, but also achieves 97% methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm elimination. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that Fe-BOS@C/H Gel operates through multiple antibacterial mechanisms, including the destruction of bacterial membranes and the regulation of oxidative stress pathways and metabolic networks. In vitro cell experiments show that Fe-BOS@C/H Gel promotes cell proliferation and migration. In a mouse model of MRSA biofilm-infected wounds, Fe-BOS@C/H Gel under NIR light eliminates MRSA biofilm through localized high temperature and ROS storms, and promotes collagen deposition and angiogenesis without NIR light. This study provides an innovative solution that utilizes the synergistic strategy of "light-driven antibacterial performance and pro-regeneration" to treat drug-resistant bacterial-infected wounds.},
}

@article {pmid41486680,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, L and Wang, L and Zhang, D and Tan, D and Hao, M and Guo, Y and Li, J and Ma, X and Tian, S},
title = {Combining GC-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to explore the biofilm inhibition and antibacterial effects of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-20},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2610350},
pmid = {41486680},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {The essential oil of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss (HC B) exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, yet its antibacterial mechanisms remain underexplored. This study identified 59 compounds, predominantly ketones, via GC-MS analysis, and demonstrated potent anti-Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) activity with an MIC of 7.8125 mg/mL and an MBC of 62.5 mg/mL. The essential oil significantly suppressed acid production, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and biofilm formation in S. aureus. Crystal violet staining confirmed the disruption of preformed biofilms at MIC concentrations. Through molecular docking and kinetic simulations, key bioactive components (e.g. α-gurjunene, cuminal, terpineol) were predicted to target inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes (PTGS2, MAOA/B, RELA, HSP90AA1), suggesting a multimodal antibacterial mechanism. These findings reveal the novel potential of HCB essential oil as a natural anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agent against S. aureus.},
}

@article {pmid41485724,
year = {2026},
author = {Corbett, LN and de Vogel, FA and van der Mark, PBJ and Zettler, ER and Mandemaker, LDB and Weckhuysen, BM and Meirer, F and Amaral-Zettler, LA},
title = {Impact of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Biodegradation of a Polyhydroxyalkanoate and its Associated Biofilm.},
journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {127634},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127634},
pmid = {41485724},
issn = {1873-6424},
abstract = {Biodegradable polymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been proposed as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. Their environmental biodegradation is influenced by complex microbial interactions, particularly within biofilms. The presence of nanoplastics in marine environments has unknown impacts on biodegradation processes. This study investigated the effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) on the biodegradation extent of PHA, biofilm spatial organization, and microbial community composition over 35 days using a natural seawater inoculum from the Wadden Sea off the coast of the Netherlands. The results indicated that PS NPs do not significantly impact the biodegradation extent of PHA at the concentrations tested. The spatial organization of the biofilm revealed the presence of large PS NP aggregates, indicating that microbial biofilms may serve as a temporary 'sink' for NPs in the water column. Biofilms exposed to the lowest NP concentration exhibited greater microbial diversity than those at the highest concentration at 21 days. However, by the end of the experiment, no significant differences in relative microbial abundances were detected across treatments, though differences in absolute cell counts within the biofilm were observed. These findings provide new insights into how PS NPs interact with marine biofilms and influence biofilm dynamics and functionality.},
}

@article {pmid41485558,
year = {2026},
author = {Polat, İ and Kazan, GK and Şen, B and Konyalı, Ö},
title = {Preliminary Detection and Characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Chicken Nuggets in Türkiye: Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100692},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100692},
pmid = {41485558},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {This study presents the preliminary detection and characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from retail chicken nugget samples in Türkiye. A total of 150 samples were collected from retail markets and analyzed following ISO 6579-1:2017 and ISO 6579-3:2014 standards for isolation and serotyping. S. Enteritidis was recovered from two samples, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.33%, indicating a low but confirmed presence in processed poultry products. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. Both isolates exhibited resistance to cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while one isolate was additionally resistant to cefoxitin. No multidrug resistance was observed among the isolates. Biofilm-forming ability was evaluated at 20 °C and 37 °C after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation using the microtiter plate assay. While weak biofilm formation was observed at early incubation times, both isolates demonstrated strong biofilm production after 72 h at 20 °C, suggesting enhanced persistence under suboptimal temperature conditions relevant to food processing environments. Given the limited number of isolates, the results should be interpreted as preliminary. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable baseline data on the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and biofilm-forming capacity of S. Enteritidis in chicken nuggets in Türkiye, and highlight the need for larger-scale surveillance studies and molecular-level investigations to better assess public health risks.},
}

@article {pmid41485376,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, L and Cui, C and Liang, C and Qin, W and Si, Y},
title = {Unveiling the role of hematite crystal facets: {001}-
facet enhances vanadium(V) reduction via optimizing biofilm electroactivity and extracellular electron transfer.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {398},
number = {},
pages = {128521},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128521},
pmid = {41485376},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {Semiconducting mineral facets, when utilized as anodes, influence the electron transfer and redox processes within microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, the mechanisms of V(V) reduction via semiconductor facet-modified MFCs, particularly the interfacial mineral-microbe interactions and electron transfer pathways, remain unclear. This study investigated the V(V) reduction performance of MFC anodes modified with {001},
{100},
and {214}
facets of hematite. Concurrently, the electron transfer pathways and microbial metabolic routes involved in V(V) reduction were explored. The results indicated that V(V) reduction was effectively promoted by facet-hematite-modified anodes. Notably, the {001}
facet exhibited optimal V(V) reduction performance, with a reduction rate reaching 87.16 %. Electrochemical analysis confirmed that the {001}
facet possessed the lowest charge transfer impedance and optimal electrocatalytic activity, significantly enhancing extracellular electron transfer, as evidenced by NADH and ETSA levels, which were 2.2 times and 1.54 times higher than the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the {001}
facet facilitated robust biofilm formation and stimulated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the {001}
facet specifically upregulated the expression of key functional genes, including those encoding cytochrome c, riboflavin, NADH, and nitrate/nitrite reductases. This upregulation accelerated electron transfer and significantly improved the V(V) bioreduction efficiency. This research offers novel insights into electron transfer mechanisms at the mineral-microbe interface and advances the understanding of vanadium bioremediation, holding significant importance for developing highly efficient bioelectrochemical technologies for heavy metal remediation.},
}

@article {pmid41485351,
year = {2025},
author = {Akter, S and Rahman, MA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Mahamud, AGMSU and Reem, CSA and Chowdhury, MAH and Rapak, MT and Yoon, HJ and Ha, SD},
title = {Targeting biofilm resistance in meat production: Postbiotics as a clean-label alternative, a bibliometric analysis review.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {105},
number = {3},
pages = {106362},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.106362},
pmid = {41485351},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {Biofilm-mediated contamination poses a persistent threat in the global meat industry, facilitating the survival of foodborne pathogens and reducing the effectiveness of conventional sanitation methods. This review highlights postbiotics, non-viable microbial derivatives and cellular components, including metabolic byproducts, peptides, organic acids, bacteriocins, biosurfactants, and exopolysaccharides which are emerging as multifunctional agents for biofilm control and meat preservation. Postbiotics exert their effects through diverse mechanisms including disrupting adhesion via surface conditioning and gene suppression, impairing EPS matrix formation by interfering with cyclic-di-GMP signaling, and inducing oxidative and metabolic stress in biofilm-forming cells. Unlike probiotics and prebiotics, postbiotics are stable under harsh processing conditions and deliver immediate antimicrobial action without requiring host interaction. Case studies demonstrate their efficacy in reducing Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli on meat surfaces, packaging materials, and equipment. In addition to microbial safety, postbiotics contribute to product quality by enhancing lipid stability, protein integrity, and color retention. A VOSviewer-based bibliometric analysis further maps global research trends, thematic evolution, and knowledge gaps in postbiotic applications within meat systems. By integrating bibliometric analysis with mechanistic insights, this review evaluates postbiotics as sustainable tools for biofilm control in the meat industry, while emphasizing the need to overcome challenges related to standardization, delivery systems, and regulatory approval to support their effective adoption in clean-label preservation strategies that safeguard meat safety, quality, and consumer acceptance.},
}

@article {pmid41484511,
year = {2026},
author = {Isaac, SL and Song, AA and Wan Ahmad Kamil, WNI},
title = {The Biofilm Plight in Healthcare: Orchestration and Control by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.},
journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41484511},
issn = {1867-1314},
support = {GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; GP-IPM/2021/9695400//Universiti Putra Malaysia/ ; },
abstract = {The clinical consequences of biofilm-related infections are on the rise. Biofilm-related infections represent a mounting burden on healthcare worldwide, posing a significant challenge to patient care and health infrastructure. Another notorious function that needs to be underlined is the association of biofilms with medical devices. Considering the fact that bacteria under biofilm make them virulent and resistant to antibiotics, targeting the biofilms is a crucial area of investigation. Therefore, alternative approaches that extend beyond conventional antibiotic therapies are necessary to overcome biofilm-related infections. In this regard, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a probiotic bacterium, has lately shown promising outcomes as an antibiofilm agent. Largely renowned for its antimicrobial metabolite production, L. plantarum could be a potential alternative to improve biofilm-related treatment and its cost associated with biofilm infections. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and implications of L. plantarum as an antibiofilm agent regardless of its biological form against pathogens in healthcare. Additionally, the potential of L. plantarum as a biofilm producer and its engineered applications in clinical applications and therapeutic use will also be discussed in this review.},
}

@article {pmid41483605,
year = {2026},
author = {Alava, JJ and Zoveidadianpour, Z and Kazmiruk, TN and Douglas, T and Schuerholz, G and Calle, N and Juurlink, BHJ and Heath, WA and Drever, MC and Bendell, L},
title = {Assessing fiberglass particles in intertidal biofilm and sediments at an anthropogenically impacted estuary in Canada's west coast.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {119187},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119187},
pmid = {41483605},
issn = {1879-3363},
abstract = {Fiberglass particles are anthropogenic micropollutants of emerging concern for marine-coastal ecosystems and biodiversity. To investigate the occurrence of fiberglass, samples of intertidal sediment and biofilm matrices were collected in 2020, 2023 and 2024 from mudflats on the anthropogenically influenced Cowichan Estuary in British Columbia, Pacific Canada. Samples were analyzed using density separation and extraction methods, stereomicroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM 3 Explore and FE-SEM) to identify fiberglass particles. Fiberglass concentrations in sediments were observed across most sampling stations (frequency of occurrence: 64.3 % in 2020 and 96.15 % in 2023), ranging from 6 to 286 particles/kg dw, with the highest levels detected near a log transport channel and marinas of Cowichan Bay Village. Intertidal biofilm samples showed localized presence of fiberglass abundance, ranging from 30 to 62 particles/kg dw, particularly in areas near industrial, boat, and marina activity. The finding of trimellitic anhydride (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride) via FTIR and FE-SEM in biofilm samples as a potential tracer further corroborates fiberglass presence since this compound is a binder in glass fiber aggregates. Glass fiber fragments having a higher density than seawater were more prone to be deposited deeper in sediments rather than onto surface biofilm, constituting the top layer of 3-5 mm of surficial mudflats. These results highlight the need for better regulation of public access to slipways and commercial boat maintenance facilities, as well as improved waste and of end-of-life boat management practices, with mitigation efforts to minimize the release and further exposure and spread of fiberglass reinforced plastic micropollutants in aquatic environments.},
}

@article {pmid41483287,
year = {2026},
author = {Ismet, MS and Aprilia, S and Bengen, DG and Radjasa, OK},
title = {Exploring the interaction between symbiotic bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and biofilm-forming bacteria.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41483287},
issn = {1618-1905},
abstract = {Marine sponges rely on their intricate and varied bacterial communities to sustain their ecological balance and health. The structure and role of bacterial communities are affected by environmental factors and sponge species. One ecological function of symbiotic bacteria is to prevent the formation of biofilms by pathogenic bacteria that could potentially compromise sponges' health. This study investigates the antibiofilm activities of symbiotic bacteria isolated from seagrass associated sponges residing under dynamic conditions. Bacteria were isolated from various sponge species from seagrass ecosystem and assessed for their capacity to inhibit biofilm-forming bacteria discovered on submerged wood and fiber panels in contaminated marine habitats. A double-layer experiment was conducted utilizing Zobell 2216E media to evaluate antagonism among 44 bacterial isolates derived from nine sponge species. Twenty-five isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against five biofilm-forming bacteria, with FP2 being the most substantially inhibited strain. Eight symbiotic bacteria exhibited high to very high antibiofilm activity. Statistical analysis revealed groupings of bacteria with similar inhibition patterns, indicating a potential association with specific inhibitory mechanisms. The 16 S rRNA sequencing research revealed that the symbiotic bacteria are categorized into the Firmicutes and α- and γ-Proteobacteria groups, with potential unique strains identified. The findings suggest that bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and their secondary metabolites could aid in the development of compounds for biofilm prevention and management.},
}

@article {pmid41483072,
year = {2026},
author = {Darwish, MM and Omar, NN and Farouk, R and Ibrahim, K and Attia, R and El-Moussely, LM},
title = {Detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and biofilm formation among dental patients and dental health care workers: cross sectional study.},
journal = {Clinical oral investigations},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {36},
pmid = {41483072},
issn = {1436-3771},
}

@article {pmid41478690,
year = {2026},
author = {Vaz, VSA and de A F F Finger, J and Pereira, RF and Derami, MS and Maillard, JY and Nascimento, MS},
title = {Dry surface biofilm of Salmonella and Cronobacter sakazakii: a real concern for the low moisture food industry.},
journal = {Food microbiology},
volume = {136},
number = {},
pages = {105013},
doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105013},
pmid = {41478690},
issn = {1095-9998},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cronobacter sakazakii/physiology/growth & development ; *Salmonella/physiology/growth & development ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; Food Microbiology ; Polypropylenes/chemistry ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Water/analysis ; Desiccation ; Food Industry ; Food Contamination/analysis ; },
abstract = {Salmonella and Cronobacter sakazakii have been associated with outbreaks linked to low-moisture foods (LMF), and their persistence under desiccation stress can contribute to biofilm formation. This study evaluated different dry surface biofilm (DSB) formation protocols on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP), which differ with the combination of their hydrated (from 24 to 48h) and dry phase (from 48 to 120h). By the end of the protocols (C2), culturable sessile cells (CSC) reached counts up to 7.2 and 7.4 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella and C. sakazakii, respectively. In general, T5 (8/48 h) resulted in the lowest CSC counts (p < 0.05), ranging from 3.7 to 5.5 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella and 4.5 to 6.3 log CFU/cm[2] for C. sakazakii. In addition, by the end of C2 there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the surface materials. After catalase resuscitation, the culturability of the DSB increased between 1.1 log CFU/cm[2] and 2.8 log CFU/cm[2] for Salmonella, and 0.6 and 2.2 log CFU/cm[2] for C. sakazakii, indicating cells in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the DSB thickness was impacted by the protocol type, being greatest in T1 and T4 (10.4-12.7 μm) and lowest in T3 (3.3-7.1 μm). Morphological changes such as elongation, spherical shape, desiccation, and cell lysis were observed in all biofilms. Overall, the duration of the hydrated phase was the main factor influencing DSB formation and the transition to VBNC state for both pathogens. It highlights the importance of strict moisture control and effective sanitation in LMF plants.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cronobacter sakazakii/physiology/growth & development
*Salmonella/physiology/growth & development
Stainless Steel/chemistry
Food Microbiology
Polypropylenes/chemistry
Colony Count, Microbial
Water/analysis
Desiccation
Food Industry
Food Contamination/analysis

@article {pmid41478686,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, J and Xu, Z and Huang, T and Soteyome, T and Li, Y and Luo, Y and Mao, Y and Yuan, L and Xu, A and Zeng, Z and Huang, S and Premarathna, M and Ye, Y},
title = {Salmonella enterica biofilm is capable of VBNC state formation and virulence gene expression during low temperature food storage.},
journal = {Food microbiology},
volume = {136},
number = {},
pages = {105009},
doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105009},
pmid = {41478686},
issn = {1095-9998},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Salmonella enterica/genetics/physiology/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Food Storage ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence/genetics ; Cold Temperature ; Food Microbiology ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Oryza/microbiology ; Microbial Viability ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Food Contamination/analysis ; },
abstract = {As a frequently identified foodborne pathogen, Salmonella enterica can enter into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and form biofilm, thereby posing high risk to food safety. In this study, 4 types of rice and flour foods, 4 microbial growth status including different biofilm formation stages in comparison with planktonic state, and 2 storage temperatures (4 °C and -20 °C), were applied to explore the VBNC state formation within S. enterica biofilms during low temperature food storage. The ability of S. enterica cells to express virulence gene invA during low temperature storage was also determined. Partial or all S. enterica cells could enter into the VBNC state depending on food type and storage temperature, leading to false negative detection results by culture-based methods. Mature biofilms acquiring high resistance were easier to enter into the VBNC state. Comparing food composition and storage conditions in different food samples, temperature and nutrient were assumed as major factors for the induction of VBNC state. In addition, decreased but continuous invA gene expression was recorded during storage, and the entry into the VBNC state did not influence invA gene expression. The combination of both biofilm and VBNC state which are hard to remove and detect and have high persistence could increase the risks posed by the contamination of S. enterica in food products. Persistence of virulence-associated gene expression in VBNC cells causes further safety issues. These findings provided risk warning for contamination of S. enterica VBNC cells within biofilms during low temperature food storage.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Salmonella enterica/genetics/physiology/growth & development/pathogenicity
Food Storage
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Virulence/genetics
Cold Temperature
Food Microbiology
*Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
Oryza/microbiology
Microbial Viability
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Food Contamination/analysis

@article {pmid41478685,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, R and Rasschaert, G and Van Rossum, U and Willems, S and Steenackers, H and De Reu, K},
title = {Biofilm formation and intra-pulsotype variability of Listeria monocytogenes at temperatures relevant to food processing environments.},
journal = {Food microbiology},
volume = {136},
number = {},
pages = {105008},
doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2025.105008},
pmid = {41478685},
issn = {1095-9998},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/genetics/growth & development/classification/isolation & purification ; Temperature ; Food Handling ; Food Microbiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; },
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes can persist for longer periods in the food production environment. Studies show that certain L. monocytogenes strains are more persistent and others more transient. One of the persistent strategies mentioned in literature is biofilm protection. We studied the difference in biofilm formation of persistent and transient L. monocytogenes isolates at lower temperatures, which better reflect realistic conditions in food production environments. First, the dynamic changes in biofilm biomass and planktonic cell numbers over nine days at 10 °C and 18 °C were studied for nine isolates randomly selected from 40 persistent isolates. Results showed that biofilm production was highest on day three, with an optical density ranging from 0.18 to 0.62 at 10 °C and from 0.29 to 0.94 at 18 °C for the nine L. monocytogenes isolates. Next, the biofilm formation capacity of 40 persistent and 36 transient isolates was studied using the crystal violet staining method after 3 days of incubation at both temperatures. Temperature proved to be an influential factor, with the higher temperature supporting increased biofilm production. Additionally, persistent L. monocytogenes isolates produced significantly more biofilm than transient isolates at 10°C and 18°C, with a more pronounced difference at 18 °C. Finally, the effect of intra-pulsotype variation in biofilm-forming potential was analyzed. Seventeen pairs of isolates exhibited significant differences at least at one temperature (p < 0.05). These findings improve further insights into the factors contributing to L. monocytogenes persistence and offer valuable information for controlling contamination in the food industry.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Listeria monocytogenes/physiology/genetics/growth & development/classification/isolation & purification
Temperature
Food Handling
Food Microbiology
Colony Count, Microbial

@article {pmid41477724,
year = {2026},
author = {Dias, GR and Monteiro, ES and de Oliveira, BFR and Laport, MS},
title = {Microbial bioemulsifiers as tools in biofilm disruption and prevention: state-of-the-art and emerging frontiers.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-18},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2611085},
pmid = {41477724},
issn = {1549-7828},
abstract = {Although biofilms pose significant challenges in healthcare and in different industries, main antibiofilm agents currently used for surface disinfection and clinical applications often exhibit harmful side effects and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this challenge many biomolecules have been studied as alternatives, including bioemulsifiers, amphiphilic polymers that exhibit low toxicity and high biodegradability yet remain largely unexplored to date. By covering publications from 1983 to early 2025, this review aims to compile the current knowledge on bioemulsifiers from different microbial sources with a focus on their relevant properties as promising antibiofilm agents. Research on probiotics, often involving producer strains isolated from dairy products and animal microbiomes, focusing on marine-derived microorganisms were the most prominent fields benefiting from these molecules. Among different molecules, polysaccharides stood out, especially those from cultivable bacteria. This review focuses on key physico-chemical properties, such as their ability to alter surface hydrophobicity and to inhibit quorum sensing, while providing a comprehensive overview of their putative antibiofilm mechanisms. Finally, we highlight several identified bottlenecks and discuss key strategies and recent advances in metabolic and molecular engineering to instigate the research appetite on unlocking the full potential of microbial bioemulsifiers for biofilm control and prevention.},
}

@article {pmid41477707,
year = {2026},
author = {Caf, M and Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani, P and Kolosnjaj-Tabi, J and Sabotič, J and Berlec, A and Zaveršek, N and Pajk, S and Zahirović, A and Golzio, M and Milosevic, I and Kralj, S},
title = {Magnetic Field-Driven Strategies for Biofilm Disruption: From Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Adaptive Swarms of Magnetic Microrobots.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c14390},
pmid = {41477707},
issn = {1936-086X},
abstract = {Biofilms, structured communities of microbial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, are notorious for their resilience against conventional antimicrobial treatments. They contribute significantly to chronic infections and industrial biofouling, necessitating innovative strategies for their eradication. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool in combating biofilms due to their biocompatibility and unique physicochemical properties, which enable magnetic delivery of antibacterial agents, magnetic hyperthermia, magneto-mechanical actuation including mechanical biofilm disruption, and reversible dynamic magnetic assembly into hierarchical structures. This review describes developing stages of magnetic nanoscale weapons against biofilms ranging from individual iron oxide nanoparticles to complex hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies in the form of magnetic robots and their swarms. A vast array of possible antibiofilm and antibacterial functionalities originating from iron ions, individual iron oxide nanoparticles, spherical nanoparticle assemblies, magnetic robots, and swarms of robots are presented. Magnetic nanotools offer significant improvements and advantages over conventional methods for biofilm eradication, yet their successful future applications depend on addressing and overcoming critical material, biological, and engineering challenges.},
}

@article {pmid41477505,
year = {2025},
author = {Lo Bello, G and Dellacasa, E and Damonte, G and Caviglia, D and Schito, AM and Raiteri, R and Monticelli, O and Sartini, M and Cristina, ML and Pastorino, L},
title = {Green-based anti-biofilm nanoformulations against bacterial contaminations in nosocomial environments.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {e42934},
pmid = {41477505},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {α-amylase enzyme molecules were conjugated to biocompatible and biodegradable ad-hoc synthetized polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, in order to fabricate an effective and innovative nanoplatform for the treatment of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus contaminations. Indeed, PCL was chosen as the polymer matrix due to its features and the easy scalability of its synthesis, which enables to obtain a linear or star-shaped architecture with high functionality as in the polymer used. The developed nanoformulation underwent extensive structural and functional characterization to evaluate nanoparticles size and morphology before and after enzyme immobilization. Its antibiofilm effectiveness was then validated against bacterial strains isolated from hospital surfaces, demonstrating its potential for practical anti-biofilm applications. The obtained results demonstrated that the system prepared from the enzyme-conjugated nanoparticles exhibited a significant enzymatic activity and an efficient ability to degrade the protective bacterial biofilm. The proposed nanoformulation can therefore be considered an effective and completely environmentally friendly material for surface disinfection in healthcare facilities, which can be safely used in different environment (e.g. sinks and pipes) or medical equipment surfaces (e.g. touch screens).},
}

@article {pmid41477192,
year = {2025},
author = {Medel-Plaza, M and Arenas, MA and Aguilera-Correa, JJ and De Bleeckere, A and Mediero, A and García, I and De Damborenea, JJ and Esteban, J and Coenye, T and Conde, A},
title = {Evaluation of bacterial adherence and biofilm development on an anodized stainless-steel surface for the prevention of osteosynthesis-associated infections.},
journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {581-595},
pmid = {41477192},
issn = {2206-3552},
abstract = {Background: Implant-associated infections remain a major challenge in orthopaedic surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-adherent and anti-biofilm properties of a novel anodized 316L stainless-steel (A 316L SS) surface against common pathogens in osteosynthesis-associated infections (OAIs). Methods: Bacterial adherence and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assessed on A 316L SS and non-anodized 316L stainless steel (Ref 316L SS). Adherence was evaluated after 90 min using fluorescence microscopy. Biofilm development was examined after 24-48 h in synthetic synovial fluid (SSF) using colony counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: A 316L SS significantly reduced bacterial adherence and surface coverage for all species tested compared to Ref 316L SS. In biofilm assays, A 316L SS exhibited notable anti-biofilm properties, with significantly reduced biofilm formation for all species. E. faecalis and C. acnes also showed lower planktonic bacterial counts. Imaging confirmed decreased bacterial presence and extracellular matrix on A 316L SS. Conclusions: A 316L SS shows strong anti-adherent and anti-biofilm properties against common orthopaedic pathogens, even under in vivo-like conditions. This surface modification strategy holds significant potential for reducing implant-associated infections and warrants further investigation for clinical applications.},
}

@article {pmid41476722,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, L and Yu, T and Wang, H and Zhu, X and Liao, L and Zhu, J and Wang, X and Yang, A and Yang, C and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Zou, K and Yang, X and Li, M},
title = {Virulence arresting drug discovery by strategies targeting bacterial virulence: Mainly focusing on quorum-sensing interference and biofilm inhibition.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {101310},
pmid = {41476722},
issn = {2214-0883},
abstract = {The rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses a substantial threat to global healthcare systems, demanding urgent therapeutic interventions. Microorganisms exhibit diverse resistance mechanisms against various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the urgent need to discover novel antimicrobial agents for combating bacterial infections. Anti-virulence therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy that neutralizes pathogens by targeting their virulence determinants. The strategies for screening virulence arresting drugs (VADs) in bacteria represent a multifaceted approach that involves elucidating molecular pathogenesis mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, identifying evolutionarily conserved virulence factors across different pathogens, and employing integrated approaches combining in silico prediction with experimental validation. Recent technological advancements have established standardized protocols for effective identification and validation of anti-virulence compounds. This review systematically examines contemporary screening methodologies, primarily focusing on quorum-sensing disruption and biofilm suppression strategies, including in silico screening, activity-based screening with bioassays, in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, we emphasize the imperative for standardized preclinical validation through physiologically relevant animal models, while proposing framework recommendations for developing next-generation VAD screening platforms. This synthesis not only outlines current best practices but also proposes innovative avenues for future antimicrobial discovery research.},
}

@article {pmid41475116,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, YX and Zhang, CB and Xu, Q and He, YX and Li, S and Deng, QY and Jing, FJ and Leng, YX},
title = {Interfacial engineering of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics: Unveiling cu ion-mediated bio-film formation mechanism.},
journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy},
volume = {350},
number = {},
pages = {127394},
doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2025.127394},
pmid = {41475116},
issn = {1873-3557},
abstract = {Cu-doped zirconia-toughened alumina (Cu-ZTA) ceramics demonstrate exceptional mechanical strength and biocompatibility, making them ideal materials for artificial hip joint replacements. The albumin and globulin, which are primary biomacromolecules in joint fluid, have unclear effects on the Cu-ZTA surface during wear. To elucidate these effects, ZTA, 3 wt% Cu-ZTA, and 5 wt% Cu-ZTA samples were synthesized using a fast hot pressing sintering furnace. Wear tests were then conducted in albumin and globulin solutions to investigate the protein film formation mechanism. During wear, Cu ions were released and interacted with albumin and globulin, breaking disulfide bonds and causing albumin to transition from α-helix to β-sheet structure, while globulin transformed from β-sheet to α-helix and random coil structures. This change exposed hydrophobic groups, which caused protein agglomeration. This mechanism enhanced protein adsorption at the ceramic tribological interface, leading to the formation of viscous bio-protein films that effectively reduced wear.},
}

@article {pmid41474477,
year = {2025},
author = {Macedo, MJP and Hamann, PRV and Polikarpov, I},
title = {Revisiting the endo and exo mode of action of dextran hydrolyzing enzymes, and their significance for Streptococcus mutans biofilm eradication.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {15},
pmid = {41474477},
issn = {1573-0972},
support = {2023/10037-0//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 2023/07897-8//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 2021/08780-1 and 2024/00533-3//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 306852/2021-7 and 440180/2022-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41473215,
year = {2025},
author = {Bhandari, R and Amatya, NM and Bogati, P and Sulu, P and Baniya, P},
title = {Unveiling Hidden Threats: Bacterial Contamination of Frequently Touched Objects and the Biofilm Property of Staphylococcus aureus as a Threat to Antibiotic Success.},
journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {9929263},
pmid = {41473215},
issn = {1712-9532},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Frequently touched objects within hospital premises acts as a potential reservoir for healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), significantly amplifying the risk when biofilm-producing bacteria are involved. These bacteria often exhibit multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns, complicating the antimicrobial treatments. So, this study intended to determine the bacterial contamination level on frequently touched objects and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to determine the relation between biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistance patterns.

METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at different intensive care units (NICU and MICU) and operation theatre of Frontline Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Aseptically, 297 swab samples were collected and cultured, and the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotics susceptibility test done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and biofilm detection was done by the microtiter plate method at 570 nm by using an ELISA reader. For data analysis, SPSS Version 23 was used.

RESULTS: Of total 297 swab samples processed, 31.3% (93/297) showed bacterial growth, yielding a total of 108 isolates. Mixed growth was reported on 16.1% (15/93) samples. The frequency of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 95.4% (103/108) and 4.6% (5/108), respectively. The main isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) 50.9%, followed by S. aureus (36.1%), Gram-positive bacilli (8.3%), Pseudomonas species (2.8%), and Klebsiella species (1.9%). Out of 39 S. aureus isolates, 53.8% (21/39) were MDR and 25 (64.10%) were biofilm producers. Similarly, 35.9% (14/39) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), among which majority 71.4% (10/14) of MRSA recovered as biofilm producers.

CONCLUSION: A frequently touched object within different intensive care units and operation theatre was found to be contaminated with potential pathogens and normal flora. Bacterial contamination of such objects can contribute to HCAIs and the hands of health professionals can be the mode of cross-contamination.},
}

@article {pmid41472837,
year = {2025},
author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Irigoyen, Á and Palomo, M and Escribano, P and Guinea, J and Burillo, A and Galar, A and Muñoz, P and Guembe, M},
title = {Corrigendum to "In vitro study to assess modulation of Candida biofilm by Escherichia coli from vaginal strains" [Biofilm 5 (2023) 100116].},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100297},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100297},
pmid = {41472837},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100116.].},
}

@article {pmid41472834,
year = {2025},
author = {Barbosa, A and Azevedo, NF and Goeres, DM and Cerqueira, L},
title = {Erratum to "Ecology of Legionella pneumophila biofilms: The link between transcriptional activity and the biphasic cycle" [Biofilm 7 100196].},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100291},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100291},
pmid = {41472834},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100196.].},
}

@article {pmid41472578,
year = {2025},
author = {Kozłowska, A and Piłat-Rożek, M and Raczkiewicz, A and Sierniawska, J and Jaromin-Gleń, K and Babko, R and Jamka, K and Łagód, G},
title = {Application of biofilm community structure analysis for assessing the impact of a stormwater system on the aquatic environment.},
journal = {Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM},
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {461-468},
doi = {10.26444/aaem/213803},
pmid = {41472578},
issn = {1898-2263},
mesh = {Poland ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Rivers/microbiology/chemistry ; *Rain ; *Periphyton/physiology ; Ecosystem ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Industrial, agricultural and construction development has brought improvements in living conditions, but have also increased the amount of pollution in the environment. Atmospheric precipitation collects pollutants from urban surfaces, which then end up in stormwater systems, contaminating surface waters. These pollutants are also linked to the similar effects of agriculture, as biogenic pollutants originate from over-fertilized crops. Contaminated surface water forces flora and fauna to adapt to new conditions, and affecting the structure and extent of ecosystems. Monitoring the environment with bio-indication methods is important because it enables identification of the areas in need of protection, in an inexpensive and environmentally harmless way. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using biocenotic indices to assess the impact of a stormwater system on the aquatic environment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bio-indicative studies were conducted on periphyton sampled at 4 points on the Bystrzyca River in Lublin, eastern Poland, under the influence of stormwater discharge and 1 reference point localized before the stormwater system outflow. The quantitative data concerning the number of chosen algae species was analyzed using indices for the examination of community structure.

RESULTS: Considered the indices, i.e. taxonomic richness, Shannon, MacArthur, Menhinick and McIntosh were calculated, evaluated, and shown in various types of graphs showing the fluctuation of indices at measurement points.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of bioindication and classic biocenotic indices allowed for the description, analysis of changes in the periphyton biocenosis under the influence of point source stormwater discharges, and linking measurements from tested samples with environmental conditions and biodiversity in the analyzed study sites and periods.},
}

Poland
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Environmental Monitoring/methods
*Rivers/microbiology/chemistry
*Rain
*Periphyton/physiology
Ecosystem

@article {pmid41472038,
year = {2025},
author = {Musilová, I and Kozlová, K and Šilha, D},
title = {Biofilm Formation in Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Food and Environmental Isolates.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41472038},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus are emerging foodborne and waterborne pathogens associated with enteritis and extraintestinal infections in humans. Their persistence in the environment and resistance to antimicrobial treatment are closely related to their ability to form biofilms, which provide protection against adverse conditions and support survival on food contact surfaces. This study evaluated both the genotypic and phenotypic aspects of biofilm formation among A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates from food and environmental sources. Six biofilm-associated genes (flaA, flaB, fliS, luxS, pta, and spoT) were detected by multiplex PCR, and biofilm production was assessed using the Christensen microtiter plate assay and Congo Red Agar (CRA) test. All A. cryaerophilus isolates carried the same gene set as A. butzleri, suggesting conserved genetic determinants of motility and Quorum sensing. However, phenotypic assays revealed interspecific variability: while most A. butzleri isolates formed strong biofilms, 70% of A. cryaerophilus strains showed moderate to strong formation despite all being CRA-negative. No direct correlation between gene presence and biofilm intensity was observed, indicating complex regulation of biofilm development. This study provides a comparative overview of biofilm formation in A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus and highlights their adaptive potential and persistence in food-related environments.},
}

@article {pmid41471999,
year = {2025},
author = {Hindieh, P and Yaghi, J and Assaf, JC and Chokr, A and Atoui, A and Tzenios, N and Louka, N and Khoury, AE},
title = {Emerging Multimodal Strategies for Bacterial Biofilm Eradication: A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471999},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms pose significant challenges in clinical, industrial, and environmental settings due to their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. Encased within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, these structured microbial communities demonstrate exceptional resilience, resisting conventional antimicrobial treatments and adapting to, as well as recovering from, environmental and therapeutic stresses, necessitating the development of novel anti-biofilm strategies. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of biofilm formation, resistance mechanisms, and current and emerging approaches for controlling biofilms, with a primary focus on advancements made over the last decade. Chemical, physical, and biological strategies, including enzymatic degradation, natural compounds, chelating agents, nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy, and probiotics, have demonstrated promising antibiofilm activity. Additionally, combination therapies and targeted drug delivery systems have emerged as viable solutions to enhance the eradication of biofilms. Despite these advancements, challenges such as cytotoxicity, bacterial adaptation, and clinical applicability remain. Addressing these hurdles requires interdisciplinary research to refine existing strategies and develop innovative solutions for effective biofilm management.},
}

@article {pmid41471972,
year = {2025},
author = {Belfihadj, F and Elkolli, M and Boussoualim, N and Bourouba, A and Mouffok, C and Kraouia, M and Milanovic, V and Osimani, A and Aquilanti, L and Raish, M and Jeon, BH and Ahn, HJ and Benguerba, Y},
title = {Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Poultry in Algeria: Implications for Public Health.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471972},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne pathogen, posing significant concern due to the emergence of its multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles in S. aureus isolated from raw poultry, the associated resistance genes, and their ability to form biofilms. S. aureus was isolated and identified using conventional microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed using the disk diffusion method, and biofilm-forming ability was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes was determined by PCR. A total of 45 isolates were isolated. High resistance rates were observed against penicillin (88.9%), tetracycline (86.7%) and doxycycline (66.7%). Of the isolates, 71.1% were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, and 60% exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. PCR analysis revealed the presence of the resistance genes blaZ (86.7%), mecA (27.3%), tet(M) (46.2%), tet(K) (35.9%), tet(S) (59%), erm(B) (51.9%), and erm(C) (59.3%). A total of 44 isolates were biofilm producers: 46.7% were weak producers, 46.7% were moderate producers, and 4.4% were strong producers. These findings highlight a significant public health concern, emphasizing the need for stringent hygiene practices and continuous monitoring to limit the spread of resistant pathogens through the food chain.},
}

@article {pmid41471964,
year = {2025},
author = {Jotic, A and Cirkovic, I and Jovicic, N and Bukurov, B and Krca, N and Savic Vujovic, K},
title = {Biofilm Formation and Its Relationship with the Microbiome in Pediatric Otitis Media.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471964},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {451-03-65/2025-03/200110//Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia/ ; },
abstract = {Otitis media is among the most common pediatric illnesses globally, constituting a leading cause of antimicrobial prescriptions, recurrent medical consultations, and preventable hearing loss in early childhood. Traditionally regarded as a sterile cavity intermittently invaded by pathogens, the middle ear is now recognized as a dynamic ecological niche influenced by anatomical immaturity of the Eustachian tube, host immune development, and the composition of resident microbial communities. Increasing evidence demonstrates that microbial dysbiosis and the establishment of biofilms are central to the persistence and recurrence of disease. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the pediatric middle ear microbiome, highlighting how commensal organisms contribute to mucosal resilience and colonization resistance, whereas pathogenic bacteria exploit ecological disruption to establish biofilm communities. Biofilm formation provides bacteria with enhanced survival through immune evasion, altered microenvironments, and antibiotic tolerance, thereby transforming acute otitis media into recurrent or chronic states. Furthermore, studies demonstrate how adenoids act as reservoirs of biofilm-forming organisms, seeding the middle ear and perpetuating infection. The emerging ecological perspective emphasizes the limitations of conventional antibiotic-centered management and directs attention toward innovative strategies, including microbiome-preserving interventions, probiotic or live biotherapeutic approaches, and antibiofilm agents. By defining pediatric otitis media as a disorder of disrupted host-microbe equilibrium, future research may pave the way for precision-based preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the global burden of this pervasive disease.},
}

@article {pmid41471930,
year = {2025},
author = {Hernández-Huerta, MT and Pérez-Campos, E and Pérez-Campos Mayoral, L and Vásquez Martínez, IP and Reyna González, W and Jarquín González, EE and Aldossary, H and Alhabib, I and Yamani, LZ and Elhadi, N and Al-Suhaimi, E and Cabrera-Fuentes, HA},
title = {Proactive Strategies to Prevent Biofilm-Associated Infections: From Mechanistic Insights to Clinical Translation.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471930},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces embedded in an autonomous extracellular matrix. These structures contribute to persistent infections, especially in patients with indwelling medical devices, due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents; they have evolved to evade host immune responses. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, biofilm-associated infections remain a major challenge in clinical infectious diseases. This perspective explores the underlying mechanisms of biofilm resilience and immune evasion, emphasizing the limitations of conventional treatments and the need to develop pre-emptive measures that focus on preventing biofilm formation rather than implementing a treatment. This work discusses emerging strategies, such as quorum-sensing inhibition, hormonal modulation, matrix-degrading enzymes, anti-adhesive surface modifications, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery, that offer promising avenues to disrupt biofilm formation and maturation. Also offers a shift from the paradigm, looking into proactive prevention rather than treatment, emphasizing clinical translation, scalability, and biocompatibility. Embedding these strategies into routine care could significantly reduce healthcare-associated infections, improve patient outcomes, and mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance. Our analysis highlights biofilm prevention as a critical frontier in the future of infectious disease management.},
}

@article {pmid41471892,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, J and Li, Y and Wei, Y and Li, K and Lu, J and Liu, X and Li, W},
title = {HtrA Contributes to Biofilm Formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis by Downregulating the Cell Wall Amidase Ami3.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471892},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {32470034//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022JJG130005//Guangxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 32360013//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32500161//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Ba-Gui Youth Talent Support Program of Guangxi (to Weihui Li and Xiaolin Liu)/ ; },
abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, utilizes biofilm formation as a key mechanism to withstand host-derived stresses. To identify novel factors involved in this process, we performed a CRISPRi screen in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. This screen identified trypsin HtrA as a critical factor for growth and biofilm formation. Deletion of htrA led to a profound upregulation of the cell wall amidase Ami3. We demonstrated that Ami3 is a crucial negative regulator of biofilm formation, as overexpression of ami3 recapitulated the biofilm and growth defects of the ΔhtrA strain. Furthermore, we found that the essential role of periplasmic protease HtrA for normal growth could be suppressed by novel mutations in pmt, a gene encoding a phosphomyoinositol mannosyltransferase, at residues F53 and N55, distinct from the previously reported D68 site. Our findings establish a novel regulatory pathway in which HtrA modulates mycobacterial biofilm formation by controlling the levels of Ami3 and reveal new genetic interactions within this network.},
}

@article {pmid41471871,
year = {2025},
author = {Kiousi, DE and Kyriakou, S and Efstathiou, C and Didaskalou, S and Koffa, M and Pappa, A and Panopoulou, M and Panayiotidis, MI and Galanis, A},
title = {Lacticaseibacillus casei Combats Biofilm Formation and Exhibits Antibacterial Activity Against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471871},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {MIS Code 5047285//EPAnEK/ ; Telethon Cyprus//Telethon Cyprus/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm-forming pathogens are a major cause of persistent infections, showing limited response to antibiotic treatment. The search for alternative strategies has therefore driven extensive research into the antimicrobial potential of beneficial microorganisms. In the present study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the commercial probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393 (Lc393) was examined against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Lc393 reduced pathogen viability and attachment to the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29, with maximal effects recorded against S. aureus. Confocal microscopy visualization of the lactobacilli-pathogens-host interface revealed that Lc393 binds loosely to both host cells and pathogens. The Lc393 cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) significantly reduced planktonic growth, biofilm mass, and viability of cells in biofilm (>2 logCFU reduction, p < 0.05) and downregulated genes involved in the early stages of biofilm formation in S. aureus (i.e., icaA, fnbpA, eno). In silico analysis of the Lc393 genome identified two bacteriocin clusters, along with genes related to ethanol and organic acid production. Based on in silico predictions and a bacteriocin zymogram, the strain cannot produce functional antimicrobial peptides. Untargeted metabolomics based on UPLC/MS further revealed the presence of putative antimicrobial metabolites. Collectively, our findings highlight the antimicrobial potential of Lc. casei ATCC 393 and support its further investigation for combating clinically relevant human pathogens.},
}