@article {pmid39844868,
year = {2024},
author = {Ray, RR},
title = {Biofilm architecture and dynamics of the oral ecosystem.},
journal = {Biotechnologia},
volume = {105},
number = {4},
pages = {395-402},
pmid = {39844868},
issn = {2353-9461},
abstract = {The oral cavity, being a nutritionally enriched environment, has been proven to be an ideal habitat for biofilm development. Various microenvironments, including dental enamel, supra- and subgingival surfaces, salivary fluid, and the dorsal surface of the tongue, harbor diverse microbes. These biofilms typically consist of four major layers. Depending on the food, age, clinical state, and lifestyle of the patient, the microbial growth dynamics in oral biofilm varies significantly. The presence of pathogenic bacteria that disrupt the normal floral composition of the oral cavity can lead to plaque biofilm formation, which is a precursor to various diseases. Noteworthy pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans, often initiate biofilm formation. Undiagnosed and untreated oral biofilm can lead to severe diseases like periodontitis and eventual tooth loss. Therefore, studying the architecture and dynamics of oral biofilms is essential and can be achieved through image analysis and modern technologies, such as AI-enabled technologies and surface topography-adaptive robotic superstructures.},
}

@article {pmid39842734,
year = {2025},
author = {Jhandai, P and Mittal, D and Gupta, R and Kumar, M},
title = {An Insight into Newly Emerging Avian Pathogenic E. coli Serogroups, Biofilm formation, ESBLs and Integron detection and In Vivo Pathogenicity in chicken.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107309},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107309},
pmid = {39842734},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Bacterial diseases alone or in combination with other pathogens lead to significant economic losses in poultry globally including India. One of these diseases is avian colibacillosis which is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The present study sought to isolate and characterize using in vivo and in vitro assays E. coli recovered from poultry diagnosed with colibacillosis. A total of 55 E. coli isolates were recovered from tissues of 55 broiler flocks affected with colibacillosis by using standard microbiological techniques, Vitek 2 Compact system and polymerase chain reaction. Out of 55 E. coli isolates, 50 (90.9%) were characterized as APEC by multiplex PCR using a set of five virulence genes. On serotyping, 16 (32%) APEC isolates were serogrouped as O26 followed by O98 (28%), O120 (14%), O11 (12%), O135 (8%) and O17 (4%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates revealed high antibiotic resistance against imipenem, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (96% each). Interestingly all the 50 suspect APEC isolates were found to be multiple drug resistant (MDR) and the antimicrobial profiling indicated that these isolates could be classified into 38 resistotypes. Moreover, 10 (20%) isolates were ESBL producers as per phenotypic characterization using combined disk diffusion test. On genotypic characterization of ESBLs, 31 (62%) isolates were found positive for the blaTEM gene, whereas, 34 (68%) isolates carried intI1 gene. On assessment for biofilm formation at 72 h incubation, thirteen (26%) isolates were found to be strong biofilm producers, whereas nine (18%) and twenty-eight (56%) isolates were moderate and weak biofilm producers, respectively. Later, the LD50 of one MDR and strong biofilm producing isolate (APEC-P02) was calculated by in vivo oral challenge study in day old broiler chicks. The findings of this study demonstrated that LD50 of APEC-P02 isolate was 1.12×10[8] CFU/ml. The unexpectedly high prevalence of O11, O126, O98, O120 and O135 isolates suggest that there may be emergent serogroups causing colibacillosis in India. The current oral challenge study seems to be the first of its kind in India to estimate the LD50 of a multidrug resistant biofilm producer APEC isolate in day-old chicks.},
}

@article {pmid39842355,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, N and Li, X and Zhao, L and Lu, ZD and Liu, YW and Wang, N},
title = {Slow sand filters with variable filtration rates for rainwater purification: Microecological differences between biofilm and water phases.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {375},
number = {},
pages = {124210},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124210},
pmid = {39842355},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {Slow sand filters (SSFs) have been increasingly applied to rainwater purification in recent years, but the response of SSFs to fluctuating rainfall, as well as the biofilm- and water-phase microecology in SSFs are still poorly understood. This study systematically evaluated the rainwater purification performance of SSFs and compared the bacterial community structure, assembly processes and molecular ecological interactions between the biofilm and water phases. The activated carbon and activated alumina filters exhibited the best performance for NH4[+]-N (18.82%∼64.00%) and TP (>90%) removal, respectively. As the filtration rate increased from 0.1 m/h to 0.3 m/h, the rainwater purification efficiencies of the three SSFs deteriorated significantly, with the enrichment of Tolumonas, Desulfovibrio and Sulfurospirillum, and reduction in Klebsiella and Enterobacter. The community diversity of biofilm phase was significantly higher than that of water phase, and filtration rate was identified as a key factor in shaping the bacterial community in both phases. The interactions of filtration rate and water quality displayed the best and significant (p < 0.01) explanation for microbiome shift, with the higher values in biofilm phase (34.70%) than in water phase (24.02%). Bacterial community assembly in SSFs was determined by stochastic ecological processes, which played a more important role in water-phase communities, with 86.34% following predictions using a neutral community model. The molecular ecological network of biofilm phase exhibited more complexity, lower modularity and more cooperative relationships than that of water phase. Disadvantaged OTUs occupied core and notable positions in the network, with the highest degree and clustering coefficient. Different keystone species were identified in biofilm- (Runella, Aquabacterium, etc) and water-network (Terrimonas) respectively, despite they processed low relative abundances (<0.1%). These results enhance the understanding of microecology in SSFs, and shed new lights on the improvement and promotion of rainwater biological treatment technology.},
}

@article {pmid39842203,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, M and Bai, Y and Feng, M and Wang, X and Ni, L and Cai, L and Cao, Y},
title = {The synergistic antibacterial effects of allicin nanoemulsion and ε-polylysine against Escherichia coli in both planktonic and biofilm forms.},
journal = {Food chemistry},
volume = {472},
number = {},
pages = {142949},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.142949},
pmid = {39842203},
issn = {1873-7072},
abstract = {The synergistic effects of allicin nanoemulsion (AcN) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL) against Escherichia coli were investigated in this study. The combination of AcN and ε-PL synergistically inhibited the planktonic growth of E. coli, with a low fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.252. AcN/ε-PL treatment remarkably promoted the agent-cell contacts compared to AcN or ε-PL treatment, as evidenced by the larger cellular size and lower absolute zeta potential value. Analysis of membrane potential, intracellular ATP and superoxide dismutase activity revealed that the co-treatment induced membrane depolarization and intracellular metabolic disorders. Laser scanning confocal microscope, flow cytometer, and scanning electron microscope revealed that the membrane integrity and cell structure were severely degraded. Further, biofilm formation, cluster motility, and mature biofilm of E. coli were disrupted substantially by AcN/ε-PL. Finally, the application of AcN/ε-PL in raw beef preservation verified the synergy. Therefore, AcN/ε-PL can be used as a potential bacteriostatic agent in food preservation.},
}

@article {pmid39841058,
year = {2025},
author = {Gao, Q and Yang, H and Sheiber, J and Bartolomeu Halicki, PC and Liu, K and Blanco, D and Milhous, S and Jin, S and Rohde, KH and Fleeman, RM and Huigens Iii, RW},
title = {Identification of 6,8-ditrifluoromethyl halogenated phenazine as a potent bacterial biofilm-eradicating agent.},
journal = {Organic & biomolecular chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39841058},
issn = {1477-0539},
support = {R00 AI163295/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM153272/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD021758/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM136583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities consisting of non-replicating persister cells encased within an extracellular matrix of biomolecules. Unlike bacteria that have acquired resistance to antibiotics, persister cells enable biofilms to demonstrate innate tolerance toward all classes of conventional antibiotic therapies. It is estimated that 50-80% of bacterial infections are biofilm associated, which is considered the underlying cause of chronic and recurring infections. Herein, we report a modular three-step synthetic route to new halogenated phenazine (HP) analogues from diverse aniline and nitroarene building blocks. The HPs were evaluated for antibacterial and biofilm-killing properties against a panel of lab strains and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Several HPs demonstrated potent antibacterial (MIC ≤ 0.39 μM) and biofilm-eradicating activities (MBEC < 10 μM) with 6,8-ditrifluoromethyl-HP 15 demonstrated remarkable biofilm-killing potencies (MBEC = 0.15-1.17 μM) against Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Confocal microscopy showed HP 15 induced significant losses in the polysaccharide matrix in MRSA biofilms. In addition, HP 15 showed increased antibacterial activities against dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, MIC = 1.35 μM) when compared to replicating Mtb (MIC = 3.69 μM). Overall, this new modular route has enabled rapid access to an interesting series of potent halogenated phenazine analogues to explore their unique antibacterial and biofilm-killing properties.},
}

@article {pmid39840972,
year = {2025},
author = {Zavan, L and Hor, L and Johnston, EL and Paxman, J and Heras, B and Kaparakis-Liaskos, M},
title = {Antigen 43 associated with Escherichia coli membrane vesicles contributes to bacterial cell association and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0189024},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01890-24},
pmid = {39840972},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by all bacteria and contribute to numerous bacterial functions due to their ability to package and transfer bacterial cargo. In doing so, MVs have been shown to facilitate horizontal gene transfer, mediate antimicrobial activity, and promote biofilm formation. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a pathogenic Gram-negative organism that persists in the urinary tract of its host due to its ability to form persistent, antibiotic-resistant biofilms. The formation of these biofilms is dependent upon proteins such as Antigen 43 (Ag43), which belongs to the widespread Autotransporter group of bacterial surface proteins. In E. coli, the autotransporter Ag43 has been shown to contribute to bacterial cell aggregation and biofilm formation via self-association of Ag43 between neighboring Ag43-expressing bacteria. As MVs package bacterial proteins, we investigated whether MVs produced by E. coli contained Ag43, and the ability of Ag43-expressing MVs to facilitate cell aggregation and biofilm formation. We showed that Ag43 expressing E. coli produced MVs that contained Ag43 on their surface and had an enhanced ability to bind to E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the addition of Ag43-containing MVs to Ag43-expressing E. coli significantly enhanced biofilm formation. These findings reveal the contribution of MVs harboring autotransporters in promoting bacterial aggregation and enhancing biofilm formation, highlighting the impact of MVs and their specific composition to bacterial adaptation and pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEAutotransporter proteins are the largest family of outer membrane and secreted proteins in Gram-negative bacteria which contribute to pathogenesis by promoting aggregation, biofilm formation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Although the roles of bacterial autotransporters are well known, the ability of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) naturally released from the surface of bacteria to contain autotransporters and their role in promoting virulence remains less investigated. Our findings reveal that MVs produced by E. coli contain the autotransporter protein Ag43. Furthermore, we show that Ag43-containing MVs function to enhance bacterial cell interactions and biofilm formation. By demonstrating the ability of MVs to carry functional autotransporter adhesins, this work highlights the importance of MVs in disseminating autotransporters beyond the bacterial cell membrane to ultimately promote cellular interactions and enhance biofilm development. Overall, these findings have significant implications in furthering our understanding of the numerous ways in which MVs can facilitate bacterial persistence and pathogenesis.},
}

@article {pmid39838865,
year = {2025},
author = {Kumar, VB and Lahav, M and Gazit, E},
title = {Correction: Preventing biofilm formation and eradicating pathogenic bacteria by Zn doped histidine derived carbon quantum dots.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d5tb90012c},
pmid = {39838865},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {Correction for 'Preventing biofilm formation and eradicating pathogenic bacteria by Zn doped histidine derived carbon quantum dots' by Vijay Bhooshan Kumar et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 2855-2868, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TB02488A.},
}

@article {pmid39837152,
year = {2025},
author = {Panebianco, F and Alvarez-Ordóñez, A and Oliveira, M and Ferreira, S and Lovisolo, S and Vono, C and Cannizzo, FT and Chiesa, F and Civera, T and Di Ciccio, P},
title = {Effect of neutral electrolyzed water on biofilm formed by meat-related Listeria monocytogenes: Intraspecies variability and influence of the growth surface material.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {431},
number = {},
pages = {111064},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111064},
pmid = {39837152},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes raises major challenges for the food industry. Due to its capacity to form biofilms, this pathogen can persist in processing environments and contaminate the final products. Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) may offer a promising and eco-friendly method for controlling L. monocytogenes biofilms, though current in vitro studies on its antibiofilm activity are limited and often focused on reference strains. In this study, we assessed the effect of NEW on biofilms formed by meat-related and reference L. monocytogenes strains on polystyrene and stainless steel. Forty wild-type strains isolated from meat products and processing environments were firstly screened for their biofilm-forming abilities and classified as weak (30 %; 12/40), moderate (55 %; 22/40), and strong (15 %; 6/40) biofilm producers. Twenty-two wild-type and two reference strains were selected for the eradication assays, performed by treating the biofilms with NEW for 9 minutes of total contact time. In silico functional enrichment analysis and the visualization of biofilms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed. The NEW treatment resulted in a greater average reduction of viable cells in biofilms formed on polystyrene (4.3 ± 1.0 log10 CFU/cm[2]) compared to stainless steel (2.9 ± 2.0 log10 CFU/cm[2]), and a remarkable intraspecies variability was observed. SEM images revealed higher structural damage on biofilms formed on polystyrene. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated elements could be involved in resistance to the treatments. NEW could be a promising additional tool to mitigate L. monocytogenes biofilms in meat processing environments, although its effect varied with surface material and strain-specific characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid39836537,
year = {2025},
author = {Feng, H and Liang, S and Li, R and Wang, H and Cai, R},
title = {Jannaschia maritima sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the biofilm of concrete breakwater structures.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {75},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.006645},
pmid = {39836537},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {*RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Base Composition ; *Phylogeny ; *Fatty Acids/chemistry ; *DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Biofilms ; China ; *Bacterial Typing Techniques ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Seawater/microbiology ; *Ubiquinone ; Phospholipids/analysis ; Genome, Bacterial ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; },
abstract = {Marine biofilms were newly revealed as a bank of hidden microbial diversity and functional potential. In this study, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oval and non-motile bacterium, designated LMIT008[T], was isolated from the biofilm of concrete breakwater structures located in the coastal area of Shantou, PR China. Strain LMIT008[T] was found to grow at salinities of 1-7% NaCl, at pH 5-8 and at temperatures 10-40 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LMIT008[T] belonged to the genus Jannaschia and was closely related to the type strains Jannaschia aquimarina KCTC23555[T] (96.03%) and Jannaschia marina SHC-163[T] (95.31%). The draft genome size of the strain LMIT008[T] was 3.67 Mbp, and the genomic DNA G+C content was 69.83 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain LMIT008[T] and the closely related type strain J. aquimarina KCTC23555[T] was 74.82%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c) and C18 : 0, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) is the sole respiratory quinone. Further, genomic analysis of strain LMIT008[T] showed that the strain harbours abundant genes associated with biofilm formation and environmental adaption, explaining the potential strategies for living on concrete breakwater structures. Based on the morphological, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization, the strain LMIT008[T] was considered to represent a novel species in the genus of Jannaschia, for which the name Jannaschia maritima sp. nov. was proposed, with LMIT008[T] (=MCCC 1K08854[T]=KCTC 8321[T]) as the type strain.},
}

*RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Base Composition
*Phylogeny
*Fatty Acids/chemistry
*DNA, Bacterial/genetics
*Biofilms
China
*Bacterial Typing Techniques
*Sequence Analysis, DNA
*Seawater/microbiology
*Ubiquinone
Phospholipids/analysis
Genome, Bacterial
Nucleic Acid Hybridization

@article {pmid39836323,
year = {2025},
author = {Daungsupawong, H and Wiwanitkit, V},
title = {Regarding "Quantitative analysis of Streptococcus mutans, Bifidobacterium, and Scardovia wiggsiae in occlusal biofilm and their association with Visible Occlusal Plaque Index (VOPI) and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)".},
journal = {European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s40368-025-01004-x},
pmid = {39836323},
issn = {1996-9805},
}

@article {pmid39832775,
year = {2025},
author = {Zellner, AA and Wirtz, DC and Schildberg, FA},
title = {In Vitro Efficacy of Phage Therapy Against Common Biofilm-forming Pathogens in Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery.},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1055/a-2436-7394},
pmid = {39832775},
issn = {1864-6743},
abstract = {Formation of biofilms by bacteria is a major challenge in a clinical setting. The importance of these biofilms increases in specialties where foreign bodies and prosthetic material are used. Orthopaedics is such a speciality and phage therapy could offer additional therapeutic options when dealing with biofilm infections.We conducted a systematic literature review using the PubMed database. We searched for phage activity against biofilms of the most common pathogens found in orthopaedics.The results of the systematic review were broken down into different categories and discussed accordingly. We concentrated on the time the biofilms were allowed to mature, and the surface they were grown on. In addition, we checked the efficacy of bacteriophages compared to antibiotics and when applied simultaneously with antibiotics. We also investigated the source of the phages, how they were tested for sensibility against the biofilms, as well the conditions (pH, temperature) under which they remained active and stable.The data suggests that the in vitro efficacy of phages does not change under a wide spectrum of temperature and pH. To further explore the use of bacteriophages in orthopaedics, we need further studies that test biofilms which matured for several weeks on surfaces that are common in arthroplasty and traumatology.},
}

@article {pmid39832592,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, Y and Zheng, J and Tan, Y and Huang, L and Yan, Q and Wang, J and Weng, Q},
title = {Selection of biofilm-inhibiting ssDNA aptamers against antibiotic-resistant Edwardsiella tarda by inhibition-SELEX and interaction with their binding proteins.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {299},
number = {},
pages = {140041},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140041},
pmid = {39832592},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Biofilms can increase bacterial resistance to antibiotic therapies. Edwardsiella tarda with biofilm is highly resistant to antibacterial treatment, especially for the antibiotic-resistant strain. In this study, we obtained biofilm-inhibiting aptamers against antibiotic-resistant E. tarda via a novel systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique, called inhibition-SELEX. After four rounds of screening and validation, we identified aptamers IB1, IB2, and IB3, which demonstrated biofilm-inhibition and biofilm-degradation rates of 69 %, 75 %, and 62 % and 51 %, 63 %, and 45 % at 2 μmol/L, respectively, against antibiotic-resistant E. tarda. Magnetic separation, SDS-PAGE, and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that all three aptamers could bind to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), while IB2 could also bind to formate C-acetyltransferase (FA). Through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, it was found that the four complexes primarily interact through hydrogen bonding. Among them, IB1-GAPDH exhibited the strongest stability, followed by IB2-FA, then IB2-GAPDH, and IB3-GAPDH was the least stable. Our results suggest that IB1, IB2, and IB3 may inhibit and degrade E. tarda biofilm by interfering with the synthesis, secretion, and transportation of its extracellular polysaccharides and proteins by interacting with GAPDH and FA.},
}

@article {pmid39832544,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, Y and Wang, X and Liang, L and Yan, K and Huang, Y and Wang, Y},
title = {Community assembly and succession of the functional membrane biofilm in the anammox dynamic membrane bioreactor: Deterministic assembly of anammox bacteria.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {269},
number = {},
pages = {120893},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.120893},
pmid = {39832544},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {The anammox dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) exhibits potential for efficient nitrogen removal via anammox processes. The functional membrane biofilm in the anammox DMBR significantly enhances nitrogen removal, ensuring robust operation. Nevertheless, ecological mechanisms underpinning the nitrogen removal function of the membrane biofilm remain unclear. We investigated the community succession and assembly of the membrane biofilm communities in two anammox DMBRs utilizing distinct inoculated anammox sludges. Anammox bacteria displayed niche differentiation in both DMBRs. Anammox bacteria Candidatus Kuenenia was selectively enriched to 8.5% abundance in the membrane biofilm communities, contributing to 5.2-7.2% of the nitrogen removal load. Membrane biofilm communities were primarily assembled through deterministic processes. Specifically, the selective enrichment of Candidatus Kuenenia on the membrane biofilms was primarily governed by homogenous selection process, explaining 9.67-9.82% of the variance. The deterministic assemblies of anammox bacteria were mainly influenced by the high substrate affinity of Candidatus Kuenenia and the limited availability of substrates (NH4[+] and NO2[-]) in the membrane biofilms. Furthermore, the relatively weak permeate drag force during the DMBR filtration facilitated the preferential colonization of microbes from the anammox sludge to the membrane biofilm, resulting in the deterministic formation of the membrane biofilm communities with nitrogen removal function. Our findings offer insights into the ecological mechanisms driving the deterministic assembly of the functional membrane biofilm communities in the anammox DMBRs, informing the precise regulation of membrane biofilms for improved nitrogen removal in anammox applications of wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid39831829,
year = {2025},
author = {Xin, H and Cai, Z and Hao, J and An, J and Li, Y and Wen, M and Jia, Z},
title = {Macro/Microgel-Encapsulated, Biofilm-Armored Living Probiotic Platform for Regenerating Bacteria-Infected Diabetic Wounds.},
journal = {Advanced healthcare materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2403476},
doi = {10.1002/adhm.202403476},
pmid = {39831829},
issn = {2192-2659},
support = {52201303//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22205012//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JCYJ20220530145603007//Shenzhen Science and Technology Program/ ; JCYJ20220531091801003//Shenzhen Science and Technology Program/ ; 2023A1515012951//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2020B1212060077//Foundation of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument/ ; 20241A011039//Western Medicine-General Guide Item of Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission/ ; 202201020637//Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Infectious diabetic wounds pose an arduous threat to contemporary healthcare. The combination of refractory biofilms, persistent inflammation, and retarded angiogenesis can procure non-unions and life-threatening complications, calling for advanced therapeutics potent to orchestrate anti-infective effectiveness, benign biocompatibility, pro-reparative immunomodulation, and angiogenic regeneration. Herein, embracing the emergent "living bacterial therapy" paradigm, a designer probiotic-in-hydrogel wound dressing platform is demonstrated. The platform is constructed employing a "macrogel/microgel/biofilm" hierarchical encapsulation strategy, with Lactobacillus casei as the model probiotic. Alginate gels, in both macro and micro forms, along with self-produced probiotic biofilms, served as encapsulating agents. Specifically, live probiotics are enclosed within alginate microspheres, embedded into an alginate bulk matrix, and cultivated to facilitate biofilm self-encasing. This multiscale confinement protected the probiotics and averted their inadvertent escape, while enabling sustained secretion, proper reservation, and localized delivery of therapeutically active probiotic metabolites, such as lactic acid. The resulting biosystem, as validated in vitro/ovo/vivo, elicited well-balanced antibacterial activities and biological compatibility, alongside prominent pro-healing, vasculogenic and anti-inflammatory potencies, thus accelerating the regeneration of infected full-thickness excisional wounds in diabetic mice. Such multiple encapsulation-engineered "all-in-one" probiotic delivery tactic may shed new light on the safe and efficient adoption of live bacteria for treating chronic infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid39830521,
year = {2024},
author = {Nielsen, SM and Johnsen, KK and Hansen, LBS and Rikvold, PD and Møllebjerg, A and Palmén, LG and Durhuus, T and Schlafer, S and Meyer, RL},
title = {Large-scale screening identifies enzyme combinations that remove in situ grown oral biofilm.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {100229},
pmid = {39830521},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Bacteria in the oral cavity are responsible for the development of dental diseases such as caries and periodontitis, but it is becoming increasingly clear that the oral microbiome also benefits human health. Many oral care products on the market are antimicrobial, killing a large part of the oral microbiome but without removing the disease-causing biofilm. Instead, non-biocidal matrix-degrading enzymes may be used to selectively remove biofilm without harming the overall microbiome. The challenge of using enzymes to degrade biofilms is to match the narrow specificity of enzymes with the large structural diversity of extracellular polymeric substances that hold the biofilm together. In this study, we therefore perform a large-scale screening of single and multi-enzyme formulations to identify combinations of enzymes that most effectively remove dental biofilm. We tested >400 different treatment modalities using 44 different enzymes in combinations with up to six enzymes in each formulation, on in vitro biofilms inoculated with human saliva. Mutanase was the only enzyme capable of removing biofilm on its own. Multi-enzyme formulations removed up to 69 % of the biofilm volume, and the most effective formulations all contained mutanase. We shortlisted 10 enzyme formulations to investigate their efficacy against biofilms formed on glass slabs on dental splints worn by 9 different test subjects. Three of the ten formulations removed more than 50 % of the biofilm volume. If optimal enzyme concentration and exposure time can be reached in vivo, these enzyme combinations have potential to be used in novel non-biocidal oral care products for dental biofilm control.},
}

@article {pmid39830519,
year = {2024},
author = {Turner, AB and Zermeño-Pérez, D and Mysior, MM and Giraldo-Osorno, PM and García, B and O'Gorman, E and Oubihi, S and Simpson, JC and Lasa, I and Ó Cróinín, T and Trobos, M},
title = {Biofilm morphology and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on poly-D,L-lactide-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (PDLLA-PEG) coated titanium.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {100228},
pmid = {39830519},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biodegradable polymeric coatings are being explored as a preventive strategy for orthopaedic device-related infection. In this study, titanium surfaces (Ti) were coated with poly-D,L-lactide (PDLLA, (P)), polyethylene-glycol poly-D,L-lactide (PEGylated-PDLLA, (PP20)), or multi-layered PEGylated-PDLLA (M), with or without 1 % silver sulfadiazine. The aim was to evaluate their cytocompatibility, resistance to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, and their potential to enhance the susceptibility of any biofilm formed to antibiotics. Using automated high-content screening confocal microscopy, biofilm formation of a clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate expressing GFP was quantified, along with isogenic mutants that were unable to form polysaccharidic or proteinaceous biofilm matrices. The results showed that PEGylated-PDLLA coatings exhibited significant antibiofilm properties, with M showing the highest effect. This inhibitory effect was stronger in S. aureus biofilms with a matrix composed of proteins compared to those with an exopolysaccharide (PIA) biofilm matrix. Our data suggest that the antibiofilm effect may have been due to (i) inhibition of the initial attachment through microbial surface components recognising adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), since PEG reduces protein surface adsorption via surface hydration layer and steric repulsion; and (ii) mechanical disaggregation and dispersal of microcolonies due to the bioresorbable/degradable nature of the polymers, which undergo hydration and hydrolysis over time. The disruption of biofilm morphology by the PDLLA-PEG co-polymers increased S. aureus susceptibility to antibiotics like rifampicin and fusidic acid. Adding 1 % AgSD provided additional early bactericidal effects on both biofilm and planktonic S. aureus. Additionally, the coatings were cytocompatible with immune cells, indicating their potential to enhance bacterial clearance and reduce bacterial colonisation of titanium-based orthopaedic biomaterials.},
}

@article {pmid39829200,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, WD and Lin, F and Sun, Y and Zhu, ZJ and Luo, ML and Zeng, YQ and Lin, Z and Zhou, M},
title = {Effect of platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin on healing of burn wound with dual-species biofilm.},
journal = {The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e12940},
doi = {10.1002/kjm2.12940},
pmid = {39829200},
issn = {2410-8650},
support = {2022NZC008//Platelet Rich Plasma Gel Combined with Silver Ion in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases Feasibility Study of Wounds/ ; 20QNPY079//Development of Portable Emergency Blood Collection Function Box Group in Field Conditions/ ; B2021019//Inhibitory Effect of Platelet Rich Fibrin on Bacterial Biofilm of Scald Wound in Rats/ ; },
abstract = {This study evaluated the impact of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on burn wound with dual-species biofilm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were applied to infect the burn wound in rats to establish a dual-species biofilm model. After infection, the wound was treated with ionized silver (AG), PRF, and PRP. Silver scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess adhesion after infection. PRF and PRP reduced wound size from day 8 after burn injuries, while AG significantly promoted burn wound healing at day 12. New collagen was formed in the shortest time in PRF and PRP groups compared to AG and control groups. PRF and PRP greatly lowered the bacterial numbers in wounds with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm, whereas AG showed weak bacteriostatic effects. AG, PRF, and PRP treatments significantly reduced inflammatory mediators and induced VEGFA. However, AG treatment increased TNF-α. PRF and PRP accelerate wound healing in the presence of dual-species biofilm infection and show strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, indicating that PRF and PRP could be potential therapies for burn wounds with dual-species biofilm infection.},
}

@article {pmid39828459,
year = {2025},
author = {Cordisco, E and Serra, DO},
title = {Moonlighting antibiotics: the extra job of modulating biofilm formation.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2024.12.011},
pmid = {39828459},
issn = {1878-4380},
abstract = {The widespread use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has led to the common perception that their only function is to inhibit growth or kill bacteria. However, it has become clear that when antibiotics reach susceptible bacteria at non-lethal concentrations, they perform additional functions that significantly impact bacterial physiology, shaping both individual and collective behaviors. A key bacterial behavior influenced by sub-lethal antibiotic doses is biofilm formation, a multicellular, surface-associated mode of growth. This review explores different contexts in which natural and clinical antibiotics act as modulators of bacterial biofilm formation. We discuss cases that provide mechanistic insights into antibiotic modes of action, highlighting emerging common patterns and novel findings that pave the way for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39828045,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, D and Wang, S and Liu, G and Zeng, EY},
title = {Dual intermittent aerations enhance nitrogen removal via anammox in anoxic/oxic biofilm process for carbon limited wastewater treatment.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {419},
number = {},
pages = {132096},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132096},
pmid = {39828045},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Efficient nitrogen removal after organic capture is challenging through conventional nitrification-denitrification process. Two biofilm-based anoxic/oxic reactors, with a single intermittent zone (R1) or dual intermittent zones (R2), were compared in treating carbon-limited wastewater. Intermittent aeration integrated partial nitrification-anammox (PNA), partial denitrification-anammox (PDA), and denitrification, with anammox-related pathways contributing over 75% nitrogen removal in both reactors. As nitrogen loading rate increased from 0.14 to 0.19 kg-N m[-3] day[-1], nitrogen removal efficiency in R1 dropped from 74.3% to 46.0%, while R2 maintained 76.6% removal at low HRT of 6 h. The dual intermittent aeration strategy improved nitrogen removal capacity by enhancing PNA in the first intermittent zone and reducing effluent fluctuation in the second. Anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadia, relative abundance: 0.95-2.48%) were enriched across all zones, supporting efficient PNA and PDA. These findings suggested that dual intermittent aeration enhanced anammox in pre-anoxic processes for carbon limited wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid39828044,
year = {2025},
author = {Carluccio, M and Sabatino, R and Borgomaneiro, G and Cesare, AD and Rizzo, L},
title = {Bacterial community dynamics in a biofilm-based process after electro-assisted Fenton pre-treatment of real olive mill wastewater.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132095},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132095},
pmid = {39828044},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {In this work, the effect of the electro-assisted Fenton (EAF) process on the bacterial community of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for olive mill wastewater (OMW) co-treatment with urban wastewater (UWW) was investigated. According to metagenomic analysis, pre-treatment by EAF, while removing total phenols (TPHs) up to 84 % ± 3 % and improving biodegradability of OMW from 0.38 to 0.62, led to the emergence of bacterial genera in the MBBR (R2) that were not detected under conditions without pre-treatment (R1). Indeed, in that condition, Candidatus Competibacter replaced Amaricoccus as dominant denitrifying bacteria. In both cases, the bacterial community composition matched with high simultaneous nitrification-denitrification efficiency (up to 98 %). Finally, Chlorobium (2.5-4.1 %), sulphate-reducing bacteria and Geobacter (up to 1.6 ± 0.4 %), anaerobic bacteria that utilise iron oxides, were observed exclusively with EAF application, suggesting potential for the development of new integrated microbial electrochemical systems.},
}

@article {pmid39828003,
year = {2025},
author = {Xie, D and Xu, L and Yuan, S and Yan, J and Zhou, P and Dong, W and Ma, J and Chen, C},
title = {Synthesis and biofilm inhibitory activity of cyclic dinucleotide analogues prepared with macrocyclic ribose-phosphate skeleton.},
journal = {Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {130107},
doi = {10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130107},
pmid = {39828003},
issn = {1464-3405},
abstract = {Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is the key second messenger regulating bacterial biofilm formation related genes. Several c-di-GMP analogues have demonstrated biofilm inhibition activity. In this study, ribose-phosphate macrocyclic skeleton containing 1'-azido groups was constructed, and CDN analogues were prepared via click chemistry. The biofilm formation inhibition activity of the analogues was evaluated, and compound 17 illustrated better activity than c-di-GMP. This high-throughput strategy could be extended to synthesize cyclic analogues for biological research and immunotherapeutic development.},
}

@article {pmid39827797,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Gao, J and Wang, Z and Zhao, Y and Wang, H and Guo, Y and Yuan, Y and Chen, H},
title = {Unignorable environmental risks: Insight into differential responses between biofilm and plastisphere in sulfur autotrophic denitrification system upon exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {487},
number = {},
pages = {137231},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137231},
pmid = {39827797},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Concerns of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and microplastics (MPs) as emerging containments accumulating in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted much attention. Plastisphere with distinctive microbial communities might also be the repository for pathogens and resistance genes (RGs). Thus, the effects of three representative QACs with different concentrations on biofilm and plastisphere were studied in sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) system. Over 100 days, 1-5 mg/L QACs exerted few impacts on system stability, whereas 15 mg/L QACs seriously lowered the microbial activity and the inhibitory effects ranked: benzylalkyldimethylethyl ammonium compound > dialkyldimethyl ammonium compound > alkyltrimethyl ammonium compound. Dosing of QACs in SAD system not only altered the microbial community structure and assembly, but also induced higher levels of intracellular RGs and extracellular RGs in plastisphere than in biofilm. Although the free RGs abundances in water slightly lowered, they might also pose great ecological risks. Pathogens identified as the potential hosts of RGs were more prone to colocalizing in plastisphere. Mobile genetic elements directly contributed to the three-fraction RGs transmission in SAD system. This study offered new insights into the differential responses of biofilm and plastisphere under QACs stress and guided for the disinfectants and MPs pollution containment in WWTPs.},
}

@article {pmid39827548,
year = {2025},
author = {Kar, A and Mukherjee, SK and Hossain, ST},
title = {Regulatory role of PA3299.1 small RNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation via modulation of algU and mucA expression.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {748},
number = {},
pages = {151348},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151348},
pmid = {39827548},
issn = {1090-2104},
abstract = {Small RNAs (sRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of transcriptional factors and components within regulatory networks that govern bacterial biofilm formation. This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of the PA3299.1 sRNA in controlling biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Results showed that PA3299.1 expression was significantly elevated in both substratum-attached and colony biofilms compared to planktonic growth. Further investigation revealed that strains overexpressing PA3299.1 exhibited enhanced biofilm formation, while its deletion resulted in a substantial reduction in biofilm development. PA3299.1 was found to regulate the expression of AlgU and MucA, the sigma and anti-sigma factors, integral to the biofilm developmental network. In summary, this research identifies PA3299.1 as a critical regulator of biofilm formation and potentially a contributor to the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, that could help to develop new therapeutic strategies to manage biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid39827354,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, H and Wang, X and Wang, Z and Shen, Y},
title = {Evaluation of bacterial biofilm, smear layer, and debris removal efficacy of a hydro-dynamic cavitation system with physiological saline using a new ex vivo model: a CLSM and SEM study.},
journal = {BMC oral health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {95},
pmid = {39827354},
issn = {1472-6831},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Smear Layer ; *Microscopy, Confocal ; *Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Humans ; *Root Canal Irrigants/therapeutic use ; *Sodium Hypochlorite/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Dentin/microbiology ; Saline Solution ; In Vitro Techniques ; Root Canal Preparation/methods/instrumentation ; Edetic Acid/therapeutic use ; Needles ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the bacterial biofilm, smear layer and debris removal efficacy of a hydro-dynamic cavitation system with physiological saline using a new ex vivo model.

METHODS: Seventy-five dentin discs were prepared from fifty-four extracted teeth. Seventy-five artificial root sockets were prepared. Sixty dentin discs were used to grow 3-week-old bacterial biofilms, while smear layer and debris were produced on fifteen dentin discs. These dentin discs were adhered to the middle third of the artificial root canals. The sixty ex vivo models with biofilm-covered dentin discs were divided into six groups: control, needle with physiological saline, ultrasonic with physiological saline, Odne™ Clean with physiological saline, needle with 3% NaOCl, and ultrasonic with 3% NaOCl. Biofilm removal efficacy was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The fifteen ex vivo models with smear layer and debris-covered dentin discs were divided into three groups: control, Odne™ Clean with physiological saline, and 5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA. Smear layer and debris removal efficacy was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance for comparisons involving more than two groups. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Tukey test.

RESULTS: Odne[TM]Clean with physiological saline (98%) performed significantly better than needle irrigation (47%) or ultrasonic activation (54%) with physiological saline (P < 0.05). Odne[TM]Clean with physiological saline removed biofilms as effectively as needle irrigation (97%) or ultrasonic activation (98%) with 3% NaOCl (P > 0.05). Additionally, 5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA (score: 1.33) removed the smear layer significantly better than Odne[TM]Clean with physiological saline (score: 4.47) (P < 0.05). However, Odne[TM]Clean with physiological saline (score: 1.27) removed debris as effectively as 5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA (score: 1.13) (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Odne[TM]Clean with physiological saline can effectively remove bacterial biofilm and debris from the dentin surface but cannot effectively remove the smear layer. Utilizing Odne[TM]Clean during the final irrigation may enhance root canal cleaning efficacy.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Smear Layer
*Microscopy, Confocal
*Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Humans
*Root Canal Irrigants/therapeutic use
*Sodium Hypochlorite/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Dentin/microbiology
Saline Solution
In Vitro Techniques
Root Canal Preparation/methods/instrumentation
Edetic Acid/therapeutic use
Needles
Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology

@article {pmid39827346,
year = {2025},
author = {Mustafa, S and Meheissen, MA and Moussa, S and ElBackly, R},
title = {Effect of ultrasonically-activated irrigation protocols used for regenerative endodontics on removal of dual species biofilm in a three-dimensionally printed tooth model: in vitro study.},
journal = {BMC oral health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {98},
pmid = {39827346},
issn = {1472-6831},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Printing, Three-Dimensional ; *Therapeutic Irrigation/methods ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Regenerative Endodontics/methods ; *Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; In Vitro Techniques ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Models, Dental ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; Ultrasonics ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Eradication of residual biofilm from root canal dentine is critical for the success of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs).

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the influence of ultrasonically activated irrigants in concentrations used for REPs for removal of dual-species biofilm from three-dimensionally printed tooth models with attached dentine samples.

METHODOLOGY: Seventy-two three-dimensionally printed teeth models were fabricated with a standardized slot in the apical third of the root to ensure a precise fit with a human root dentine specimen. Dual-species biofilms (comprising Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans) were cultivated in the root canal for a period of three weeks. Models with dentine specimens were randomly assigned into 5 groups according to the irrigation protocol; G1(dis H2O): infected root canals irrigated with distilled water to serve as controls; G2(1.5% NaOCl): 1.5% NaOCl for five minutes; G3(1.5% NaOCl + PUI): 1.5% NaOCl + passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) for 30 s; G4(3% NaOCl): 3% NaOCl for five minutes; G5(3% NaOCl + PUI): 3% NaOCl + PUI for 30 s. Bacterial reduction was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting (n = 12/G), whilst biofilms were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy in additional samples.

RESULTS: The four experimental groups showed a significant reduction in CFU counts compared to the control group (p < 0.05). When compared with (dis H2O), the highest reduction in bacterial count was obtained in G5 (3% NaOCl + PUI) followed by G4 (3% NaOCl), then G3 (1.5% NaOCl + PUI), and finally G2 (1.5% NaOCl).

CONCLUSION: Results of the current study propose that a 3D-printed mature tooth model can be effectively used to analyze the antimicrobial effects of different irrigation protocols on dual-species biofilm. The use of NaOCl in concentrations used for regenerative endodontics can effectively remove bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, the use of PUI did not significantly enhance antibacterial effects of NaOCl.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Printing, Three-Dimensional
*Therapeutic Irrigation/methods
*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects
*Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Humans
*Regenerative Endodontics/methods
*Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology/therapeutic use
In Vitro Techniques
Streptococcus mutans/drug effects
Models, Dental
Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology
Ultrasonics

@article {pmid39826397,
year = {2025},
author = {Lakshminarasimman, N and Zamanzadeh, M and Schraa, O and Parker, W},
title = {Modeling nitrous oxide emission from full-scale hybrid membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR).},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {274},
number = {},
pages = {123128},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123128},
pmid = {39826397},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Current published models for nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) have several simplifications that are not representative of full-scale systems. This study developed an improved MABR N2O model that captured commonly overlooked phenomena such as back diffusion of generated N2O into MABR lumen gas and the recirculation of the N2O laden lumen gas for tank mixing and biofilm thickness control. The improved model was validated with measured N2O concentrations in the lumen gas phase and bulk mixed liquor in a full-scale hybrid MABR facility. The validated model was used to obtain insights into N2O bioconversion pathways. Model predictions revealed that in the inner layers of the biofilm were hotspots of N2O generation via the ammonium oxidizing organism activity. The N2O transported to the outer biofilm layers was reduced via the heterotrophic denitrification pathway. The N2O gas model predicted that up to 70 % of the N2O carried by the recirculated lumen gas was scrubbed into the mixed liquor which was further denitrified. An N2O emission ratio of 0.18 ± 0.01 % N2ON/N load was estimated for the full-scale MABR process which achieved up to 50 % removal of the influent N load, highlighting the potential of this technology to mitigate N2O emissions when compared to conventional activated sludge.},
}

@article {pmid39825489,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, X and Yang, R and Liu, K and Liu, M and Shi, Q and Yang, J and Hao, G and Luo, L and Du, F and Wang, P},
title = {From Natural Product Derivative to Hexagonal Prism Supermolecule: Potent Biofilm Disintegration, Enhanced Foliar Affinity, and Effective Management of Tomato Bacterial Canker.},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202416079},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202416079},
pmid = {39825489},
issn = {1521-3773},
abstract = {Clavibacter michiganensis (Cmm), designated as an A2 quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), incites bacterial canker of tomato, which presently eludes rapid and effective control methodologies. Dense biofilms formed by Cmm shield internal bacteria from host immune defenses and obstruct the ingress of agrochemicals. Even when agrochemicals disintegrate biofilms, splashing and bouncing during application disperse active ingredients away from target sites. Herein, we present a supramolecular strategy to fabricate a hexagonal prism-shaped material, BPGA@CB[8], assembled from an 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivative (PBGA) and host molecule-cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) via host-guest recognition. This positively charged material manifests multifaceted functionalities, notably the ability to surmount biofilm barriers, annihilate the encased pathogenic bacteria, and enhance foliar affinity of droplets. The strong in vitro potency and effective deposition of BPGA@CB[8] foster optimal conditions for robust in vivo efficacy, demonstrating superior protective and curative activities (56.9%/53.4%) against canker of tomato at a low-dose of 100 μg·mL-[1] compared to BPGA (44.6%/42.2%), kasugamycin (30.1%/28.4%), and thiodiazole copper (35.4%/31.0%). This supramolecular material, based on natural product derivatives, provides a potent treatment for high-risk canker of tomato, and exemplifies the utility of supramolecular strategies in optimizing the attributes of natural products for managing plant bacterial diseases.},
}

@article {pmid39824742,
year = {2025},
author = {Das, MC and Samaddar, S and Jawed, JJ and Ghosh, C and Acharjee, S and Sandhu, P and Das, A and Daware, AV and De, UC and Majumdar, S and Das Gupta, SK and Akhter, Y and Bhattacharjee, S},
title = {Corrigendum to "Vitexin alters Staphylococcus aureus surface hydrophobicity to obstruct biofilm formation" [Microbiol. Res. 263 (2022) 127126].},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {128058},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128058},
pmid = {39824742},
issn = {1618-0623},
}

@article {pmid39824400,
year = {2025},
author = {Ren, P and Dong, Q and Zhou, C and Chen, T and Sun, W and Chen, Y and Ying, H},
title = {Enhanced pullulanase production through expression system optimization and biofilm-immobilized fermentation strategies.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {139933},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139933},
pmid = {39824400},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Pullulanase (PUL) plays a crucial role in breaking down α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in starch, a key process in starch processing and conversion. Based on PulB with high enzymatic activity, the expression of PUL in Bacillus subtilis was enhanced by plasmid screening, double promoter optimization, and signal peptide engineering. Furthermore, we innovatively employed a mussel foot protein to enhance the cell adhesion to carriers and utilized biofilm-based cell immobilization technology to optimize the fermentation process and stimulate biofilm formation. This approach led to a notably elevated enzyme activity, reaching 2233.56 U mL[-1]. The PUL crude enzyme solution, capable of generating high glucose syrup and resistant starch, paves the way for new avenues of exploration and advancement in research and industrial biotechnology.},
}

@article {pmid39823805,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, J and Park, J and Baek, J and Lee, S and Seo, E and Kim, S and Choi, H and Kang, SS},
title = {Spent coffee ground disrupts Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation through inhibition of motility and adhesion via quorum sensing regulation.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {430},
number = {},
pages = {111066},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111066},
pmid = {39823805},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) have been explored for use as various bioresources, such as biofuels, and are known to possess biological functions, including antioxidant activity. However, the antibiofilm properties of SCGs against pathogenic bacteria have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to highlight the inhibitory effects of SCG extract (SCGE) on biofilm formation in Listeria monocytogenes and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Treatment with SCGE disrupted both biofilm formation and architecture in L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, SCGE reduced autoaggregation and surface hydrophobicity. However, SCGE did not affect the viability of planktonic L. monocytogenes, suggesting that the decrease in biofilm formation was not attributed to decreased viability. Instead, SCGE downregulated motility- and adhesion-related genes in L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, SCGE impaired the swimming motility of L. monocytogenes. It also impaired adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, SCGE suppressed the production of autoinducer-2, indicating the inhibition of quorum sensing signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that SCGE inhibits biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes by modulating quorum sensing signaling, which regulates bacterial motility and adhesion.},
}

@article {pmid39821607,
year = {2025},
author = {Santos Manzi de Souza, PF and Milanez, EPR and de Andrade, ARC and Silva, L and Silva, ML and Monteiro, RC and Rodrigues, AM and de Souza Collares Maia, DCB and de Melo Guedes, GM and de Aguiar Cordeiro, R},
title = {Antifungal susceptibility, clinical findings, and biofilm resistance of Fusarium species causing keratitis: a challenge for disease control.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39821607},
issn = {1678-4405},
support = {306295/2022-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {Fusarium keratitis (FK) is an important clinical condition that can lead to blindness and eye loss, and is most commonly caused by the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). This study evaluated the susceptibility of planktonic cells and biofilms of FSSC (n = 7) and non-FSSC (n = 7) isolates obtained from patients with keratitis from a semi-arid tropical region to amphotericin B (AMB), natamycin (NAT), voriconazole (VRZ), efinaconazole (EFZ), and luliconazole (LCZ). Analysis of clinical data showed that trauma was the most common risk factor for FK patients. Disease onset was longer in non-FSSC group (3-30 days) than in the FSSC group (3-7 days). FSSC strains were less susceptible to AMB and VRZ than non-FSSC strains (p < 0.05). Susceptibility to NAT, LCZ and EFZ was similar between isolates of FSSC and non-FSSC groups. Overall, patients infected with non-FSSC showed a better response to antifungal treatment. Corneal transplantation was more common in patients infected with FSSC (3/7) than in those infected with non-FSSC (1/7). Mature biofilms showed a poor response to antifungal treatment. Patients infected with Fusarium strains capable of forming antifungal tolerant biofilms had more complex therapeutic management, requiring two antifungals and/or corneal transplantation (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of mycological diagnosis and the antifungal susceptibility testing in the clinical management of FK. The ability of Fusarium to form antifungal tolerant biofilms poses a challenge to clinicians and urges the development of new antibiofilm therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid39820867,
year = {2025},
author = {Ertan, MB and Ayduğan, MY and Evren, E and İnanç, İ and Erdemli, E and Erdemli, B},
title = {Differences of microbial growth and biofilm formation among periprosthetic joint infection-causing species: an animal study.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39820867},
issn = {1618-1905},
support = {19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; 19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; 19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; 19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; 19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; 19L0230016//Ankara Universitesi/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: The most frequently used surgical procedures for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR), as well as single- or two-stage revision arthroplasty. The choice of surgery is made depending on the full maturation of the biofilm layer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biofilm formation and microbial growth using common PJI-causing agents and compare its development on the implant surface.

METHODS: The in vivo study was performed using 40 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five groups (n = 8/group): Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and control. Six standard titanium alloy discs were placed into the subcutaneous air pouches of the interscapular areas of the rats. After the inoculation of microorganisms, disc and soft tissue cultures were collected at 2-week intervals for 6 weeks, and the microbial load and the microscopic appearance of the biofilm were compared.

RESULTS: The disc samples from the S. aureus group had the highest infection load at all time points; however, in soft tissue samples, this was only observed at week 4 and 6. Electron microscopic images showed no distinctive differences in the biofilm structures between the groups.

CONCLUSION: S. aureus microbial burden was significantly higher in implant cultures at week 2 compared to other PJI-causing agents examined. These results may explain the higher failure rate seen if the DAIR procedure was performed at < 3-4 weeks after the PJI symptom onset and support the observation that DAIR may not be effective against PJIs caused by S. aureus.},
}

@article {pmid39820496,
year = {2025},
author = {Freire, A and Bento, VAA and Jussiani, EI and Andrello, AC and Marques, MCS},
title = {Resin composite aggregated S-PRG particles are not superior to non-S-PRG under microcosm biofilm.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {2173},
pmid = {39820496},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Composite Resins/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Toothpastes/pharmacology/chemistry ; Dental Caries/microbiology/prevention & control ; Dental Enamel/drug effects/microbiology ; Tooth Demineralization/prevention & control/microbiology ; Molar/drug effects/microbiology ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth & development ; Hardness ; Dentin/microbiology/drug effects ; },
abstract = {This study assessed the effect of composite resins, aggregated or not with S-PRG particles, and the use of toothpaste in controlling demineralization and bacterial growth. Human molars were distributed into 3 groups: control (CT) - sound teeth, Beautifil Bulk Restorative System (aggregated with S-PRG) (BB), Filtek One Bulk Fill (without S-PRG) (FB). Teeth destined for groups BB and FB previously received Class I preparations (4 × 4 × 4 mm), followed by single-increment restorations. All teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, with all specimens subjected to cariogenic challenge for 5 days, including microcosm biofilm formation. Half of each tooth was exposed to toothpaste (CTF, BBF, FBF). The loss of microhardness was assessed considering the initial microhardness as 100% on enamel, dentin, and composite resin substrates. Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) were counted in 3 media. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test, and paired t-test (α = 0.05). Toothpaste significantly reduced CFU/mL for total bacteria and genus Streptococcus (p < 0.05), with no significant difference for Streptococcus mutans. Enamel microhardness was positively affected by toothpaste. Both restorative systems controlled enamel demineralization, with FB and FBF outperforming BB and BBF. There was minor degradation of both composite resins, between 10% and 22%. Toothpaste effectively reduced microorganisms, irrespective of the composite resin. Regarding demineralization control, both restorative systems, with and without S-PRG particles, were effective on enamel.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Composite Resins/pharmacology/chemistry
Humans
Toothpastes/pharmacology/chemistry
Dental Caries/microbiology/prevention & control
Dental Enamel/drug effects/microbiology
Tooth Demineralization/prevention & control/microbiology
Molar/drug effects/microbiology
Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology/growth & development
Hardness
Dentin/microbiology/drug effects

@article {pmid39819481,
year = {2025},
author = {Guo, Y and He, J and Li, S and Zou, S and Zhang, H and Yang, X and Wang, J},
title = {Warm and humid environment induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and bacterial translocation leading to inflammatory state and promotes proliferation and biofilm formation of certain bacteria, potentially causing sticky stool.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {24},
pmid = {39819481},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {2320004000279//Zhuhai City Social Development Sector Science and Technology Plan Project/ ; 2023A03J0268//the financial support from Guangzhou City Science and Technology Plan Project/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Mice ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Feces/microbiology ; *Bacterial Translocation ; *Humidity ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification/genetics ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; China ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Temperature ; Female ; },
abstract = {Fluctuations in environmental temperature and humidity significantly affect human physiology and disease manifestation. In the Lingnan region of China, high summer temperatures and humidity often cause symptoms like diminished appetite, sticky tongue coating, sticky stool, unsatisfactory defecation, lethargy, and joint heaviness. These are referred to as "Dampness Syndrome" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Thick and greasy tongue fur and sticky feces are characteristic symptoms of "Dampness Syndrome" and serve as crucial diagnostic indicators in TCM for assessing health conditions. However, the specific mechanisms that lead to these symptoms, such as sticky feces and thick and greasy tongue fur, have not been fully elucidated. Understanding these external symptoms is essential, as they reflect internal health status. Warm, humid environments favor microorganism growth, potentially disrupting gut microbiota and bacterial translocation, which could induce an immune-inflammatory response. The primary objective of this study is to explore the potential significant role of immune response products in influencing the proliferation and biofilm formation of gut microbiota, which may subsequently lead to changes in fecal characteristics.

METHODS: In this study, mice were exposed to a controlled warm and humid environment (25 ± 3 °C with 95% humidity) for 16 days to simulate conditions associated with "Dampness Syndrome." After this period, Huoxiang Zhengqi Water, a traditional remedy, has been administrated for four days. On the one hand saliva and tongue coating samples were also taken from human subjects with "Dampness Syndrome" for microorganism culturing and to assess biofilm formation, on the other hand the co-culture products of a macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and Candida albicans and the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated for their impact on the proliferation and biofilm-forming abilities of different bacterial strains.

RESULTS: Compared to a control group, the treatment group exhibited significant changes in gut microbiota, including increased biofilm formation, which was mitigated by Huoxiang Zhengqi Water. In the model group, fungal translocation was observed, potentially triggering an inflammatory response. Intraperitoneal injections of various bacterial strains in mice reproduced the sticky stool characteristics. Both mice and human subjects with "Dampness Syndrome" displayed elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-17 A (IL-17A). Interestingly, Saliva samples from individuals with "Dampness Syndrome" showed elevated TNF-α levels, accompanied by thick and greasy tongue fur. Culturing samples from the tongue coating of individuals in the "Dampness Syndrome" group revealed an increased biofilm formation capability. C. albicans co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells increased TNF-α secretion, and the supernatant promoted pathogenic bacterial proliferation and biofilm formation. TNF-α specifically enhanced biofilm formation in microorganism like C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, with minimal effect on beneficial bacteria like Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in the tested conditions.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings provided new insights into the biological mechanisms of 'Dampness Syndrome' and support the therapeutic role of Huoxiang Zhengqi Water in treating symptoms associated with microbial dysbiosis and inflammation. Additionally, they indicate that TNF-α seems to have selective effects in promoting the proliferation and biofilm formation of different microbial species.},
}

Animals
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Dysbiosis/microbiology
Mice
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Feces/microbiology
*Bacterial Translocation
*Humidity
*Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification/genetics
Humans
Inflammation
Male
China
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Temperature
Female

@article {pmid39818194,
year = {2025},
author = {Ren, Y and Oleszkiewicz, JA and Uyaguari, M and Ferraz, F and Devlin, TR},
title = {Impact of fall ammonia fluctuations on winter nitrification in moving bed biofilm reactors.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {962},
number = {},
pages = {178499},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178499},
pmid = {39818194},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {This pilot-scale study investigated nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) in a post-lagoon treatment setup over two years to evaluate the impact of seasonal ammonia fluctuations on winter nitrification. In Year 2, reactors without fall ammonia starvation achieved significantly higher winter ammonia removal (97.2 ± 1.5 %) and surface area ammonia removal rates (SARR) (0.69 ± 0.06 g N/m[2]·d) compared to Year 1 (63.7 ± 2.5 % ammonia removal, SARR of 0.35 ± 0.04 g N/m[2]·d), demonstrating the critical role of fall ammonia availability for winter nitrification. Biofilms in Year 2 were thinner and denser, with higher biomass concentrations, potentially supporting more active biomass and improved substrate uptake. Seasonal shifts and diversity loss were observed within the biofilm microbial community, and nitrifiers were identified as Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospiraceae. Moreover, linear relationships were explored between winter ammonia removals and two ratios: (1) days with influent ammonia levels ≤ 5 mg N/L to days with temperatures above 5 °C, and (2) average ammonia concentration during fall to peak winter ammonia concentration. The modeling results indicated that winter ammonia removal performance could be enhanced by minimizing low-ammonia periods in the fall and maximizing pre-winter ammonia concentration. Overall, this study not only provided a deeper understanding of the year-round nitrifying MBBR process but also highlighted the importance of maintaining adequate substrate levels during fall to ensure sufficient biomass accumulation and activity for robust winter nitrification performance. These findings are essential for enhancing wastewater treatment performance in cold climates and offer practical guidance for optimizing biofilm-based nitrification systems.},
}

@article {pmid39817380,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghai, S and Shrivastava, R and Jain, S},
title = {Computational Model to Predict Potential Therapeutic Targets Employing Generative Adversarial Networks for Analysis of Proteins Involved in Mycobacterium fortuitum Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0109298673345515241122024326},
pmid = {39817380},
issn = {1875-533X},
abstract = {A planktonic population of bacteria can form a biofilm by adhesion and colonization. Proteins known as "adhesins" can bind to certain environmental structures, such as sugars, which will cause the bacteria to attach to the substrate. Quorum sensing is used to establish the population is dense enough to form a biofilm. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of our investigation into these processes, specifically focusing on Mycobacterium fortuitum, an emerging pathogen of increasing clinical relevance. In our study, we detailed the methodology employed for the proteomic analysis of M. fortuitum, as well as our innovative application of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). These advanced computational tools allow us to analyze complex data sets and identify patterns that might otherwise remain obscured. With a particular focus on the effectiveness of GAN, the identified proteins and their potential roles in the context of M. fortuitum's pathogenesis were discussed. The insights gained from this study can significantly contribute to our understanding of this emerging pathogen and pave the way for developing targeted interventions, potentially leading to improved diagnostic tools and more effective therapeutic strategies against M. fortuitum infection. The authors can achieve 95.43% accuracy for the generator and 87.89% for the discriminator. The model was validated by considering different Machine learning algorithms, reinforcing that integrating computational techniques with microbiological investigations can significantly enhance our understanding of emerging pathogens. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of exploring the molecular mechanisms behind biofilm formation and pathogenicity, providing a foundation for future research that could lead to innovative solutions in combating infections caused by M. fortuitum and other similar pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid39816633,
year = {2024},
author = {Abbass, J and Ashraf, M and Demirbilek, SK and Yıldız, M and Aner, H and Raza, A and Carlı, KT},
title = {Occurrence of biofilm forming fungal species and in vitro evaluation of anti-biofilm activity of disinfectants used in drinking water.},
journal = {Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {651-656},
pmid = {39816633},
issn = {2008-8140},
abstract = {Fungal contamination in drinking water has garnered considerable attention over the past few decades, especially considering the detrimental consequences of pathogenic fungal species on both human and animal health. The formation of biofilms by certain species is a considerable factor contributing to the emergence of severe fungal infections. This research was designed to isolate and identify fungi, particularly those capable of forming biofilms from 150 samples of drinking water sourced from various locations. The isolated fungal species were tested for them in vitro biofilm formation using a microtitration plate method and the crystal violet assay was applied to quantify the established biofilms. The effectiveness of three disinfectants, namely ozone, chlorine, and hydrogen peroxide, in preventing the formation of biofilms by the most isolated fungal species was monitored. The findings indicated that Aspergillus species were the most prevalent in drinking water, comprising 63.33% (95/150) of the total number of fungal species identified. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus were identified as the primary contributors to biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems with prevalence rates of 41.00 and 34.00%, respectively, among all Aspergillus species. The outcomes of the in vitro studies demonstrated that the ozone disinfectant exhibited promising results in inhibiting fungal biofilms compared to chlorine and hydrogen peroxide. In conclusion, these findings provided valuable insights for water distribution authorities to develop effective regimens for controlling biofilm-forming fungal species using suitable antifungal biofilm disinfectants.},
}

@article {pmid39814763,
year = {2025},
author = {Wittig, C and Wagner, M and Vallon, R and Crouzier, T and van der Wijngaart, W and Horn, H and Bagheri, S},
title = {The role of fluid friction in streamer formation and biofilm growth.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
pmid = {39814763},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {ERC-CoG-101088639//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; ERC-CoG-101088639//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; 2020-04714//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2020-04714//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Bacillus subtilis/physiology/growth & development ; *Friction ; Stress, Mechanical ; },
abstract = {Biofilms constitute one of the most common forms of living matter, playing an increasingly important role in technology, health, and ecology. While it is well established that biofilm growth and morphology are highly dependent on the external flow environment, the precise role of fluid friction has remained elusive. We grew Bacillus subtilis biofilms on flat surfaces of a channel in a laminar flow at wall shear stresses spanning one order of magnitude (τw = 0.068 Pa to τw = 0.67 Pa). By monitoring the three-dimensional distribution of biofilm over seven days, we found that the biofilms consist of smaller microcolonies, shaped like leaning pillars, many of which feature a streamer in the form of a thin filament that originates near the tip of the pillar. While the shape, size, and distribution of these microcolonies depend on the imposed shear stress, the same structural features appear consistently for all shear stress values. The formation of streamers occurs after the development of a base structure, suggesting that the latter induces a secondary flow that triggers streamer formation. Moreover, we observed that the biofilm volume grows approximately linearly over seven days for all shear stress values, with a growth rate inversely proportional to the wall shear stress. We develop a scaling model, providing insight into the mechanisms by which friction limits biofilm growth.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Bacillus subtilis/physiology/growth & development
*Friction
Stress, Mechanical

@article {pmid39814109,
year = {2025},
author = {Goswami, S and Ghosh, M and Roy, S and Basak, S and Bhattacharjee, S},
title = {Revised Title - Quercetin Combined with Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107297},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107297},
pmid = {39814109},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Biofilm formation, extracellular substance synthesis, and virulence factor production all have a major impact on drug tolerance and infection propagation caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Flavonoid compounds have been explored as potential solutions to enhance antibiotic efficacy against the biofilm formation of pathogenic microbes. Quercetin (QER) has previously demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. This study examines the potential of QER on enhancing the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulent potential of conventional antibiotics gentamicin (GEN), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) and aims to decipher the underlying mechanisms of action. Our research demonstrates that combining QER with GEN or CIP enhances their antibacterial activity, disrupts S. aureus cell membrane integrity, and increases reactive oxygen species production, leading to enhanced bacterial cell lysis. Furthermore, the combinatorial effect of QER with sub-MIC of GEN and CIP markedly inhibits biofilm formation, reduces viable cell counts, and diminishes the extracellular matrix components. The inhibition of biofilm after combinatorial treatment is confirmed through fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The study also found that QER-antibiotics combinations strongly reduce virulence characteristics in S. aureus, (spreading ability, protease, and hemolysin production) controlled by global key regulatory factors AgrA and SarA.Gene expression analysis revealed down regulation of key regulatory genes (sarA and agrA) and the virulence gene (hla). Molecular docking experiments have revealed the interaction between QER and the quorum sensing regulatory proteins SarA and AgrA, predicting another possible mechanism by which QER improves the anti-biofilm and antivirulence efficacy of GEN and CIP. Collectively, our findings indicate that QER enhances the efficacy of GEN and CIP antibiotics in reducing the antibiofilm and virulent characteristics of S. aureus, highlighting its potential as a broad-spectrum strategy for controlling S. aureus pathogenicity.},
}

@article {pmid39812721,
year = {2025},
author = {Chao, CA and Khilnani, TK and Jo, S and Shenoy, A and Bostrom, MPG and Carli, AV},
title = {Not All Antiseptic Solutions Are Equivalent in Removing Biofilm: A Comparison Across Different Orthopaedic Surfaces.},
journal = {The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume},
volume = {107},
number = {2},
pages = {127-133},
doi = {10.2106/JBJS.23.01118},
pmid = {39812721},
issn = {1535-1386},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Humans ; *Povidone-Iodine/pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention & control/microbiology ; Chlorhexidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Zirconium ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antiseptic solutions are commonly utilized during total joint arthroplasty (TJA) to prevent and treat periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The purpose of this study was to investigate which antiseptic solution is most effective against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Escherichia coli biofilms established in vitro on orthopaedic surfaces commonly utilized in total knee arthroplasty: cobalt-chromium (CC), oxidized zirconium (OxZr), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).

METHODS: MSSA and E. coli biofilms were grown on CC, OxZr, and PMMA discs for 24 and 72 hours. Biofilm-coated discs were treated with control or various antiseptic solutions for 3 minutes. Solutions included 10% povidone-iodine, a 1:1 mixture of 10% povidone-iodine plus 3% hydrogen peroxide, diluted povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate, and a surfactant-based formulation of ethanol, acetic acid, sodium acetate, benzalkonium chloride, and water. Following treatment, discs were sonicated to quantify adherent bacteria or underwent imaging with scanning electron microscopy to identify biofilm. Antiseptic solutions were considered efficacious if they produced a 3-log (1,000-fold) reduction in colony-forming units compared with controls.

RESULTS: On both OxZr and CC, 10% povidone-iodine with hydrogen peroxide eradicated all MSSA, and it achieved clinical efficacy on PMMA at both 24-hour MSSA biofilm (p < 0.0002) and 72-hour MSSA biofilm (p = 0.002). On 72-hour MSSA biofilm, 10% povidone-iodine eradicated all bacteria on OxZr and CC, and it achieved clinical efficacy on PMMA (p = 0.04). On 24-hour MSSA biofilm, 10% povidone-iodine achieved efficacy on all surfaces (all p < 0.01). The surfactant-based formulation only achieved clinical efficacy on 72-hour MSSA biofilms on CC (p = 0.04) and OxZr (p = 0.07). On 72-hour E. coli biofilm, 10% povidone-iodine with or without hydrogen peroxide achieved clinical efficacy on all surfaces. No other solution achieved clinical efficacy on either MSSA or E. coli.

CONCLUSIONS: Antiseptic solutions vary considerably in efficacy against bacterial biofilm. The 10% povidone-iodine solution with or without hydrogen peroxide consistently removed MSSA and E. coli biofilms on multiple orthopaedic surfaces and should be considered for clinical use.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware of the differences in the efficacy of antiseptic solutions on different orthopaedic surfaces when treating MSSA or E. coli biofilms.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Escherichia coli/drug effects
Humans
*Povidone-Iodine/pharmacology
Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
Polymethyl Methacrylate
Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention & control/microbiology
Chlorhexidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Zirconium
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee

@article {pmid39812140,
year = {2025},
author = {Martí, ML and Cano Aristizábal, V and Motrich, R and Valenti, LE and Giacomelli, CE},
title = {Defending Ti6Al4V against Biofilm Formation with Albumin Biofunctionalization.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c04867},
pmid = {39812140},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {Surface biofunctionalization with structurally perturbed albumin, as well as with other plasmatic proteins, inhibits the initial bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, involved in numerous healthcare-associated infections. In fact, we have reported this protective effect with thermally treated plasmatic proteins, such as albumin and fibrinogen, adsorbed on flat silica surfaces. Here, we show that albumin biofunctionalization also works properly on flat Ti6Al4V substrates, which are widely used to fabricate medical devices. The protective effect is conserved even in biologically relevant fluids, containing other proteins that potentially adsorb onto and/or displace preadsorbed albumin from the biofunctionalized substrates. We further demonstrate that the presence of structurally perturbed albumin on the substrate does not trigger macrophage activation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Consequently, surface biofunctionalization with thermally perturbed albumin is a simple strategy to prepare antibacterial, nonimmunogenic medical devices.},
}

@article {pmid39811797,
year = {2025},
author = {Høiby, N},
title = {Cystic fibrosis and the clinical biofilm revolution A survey of the Danish CF Center's contribution.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100246},
pmid = {39811797},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilm infections are chronic infections which are difficult to diagnose. Biofilm infections are tolerant to antibiotics and the defense mechanisms of the host. Patients with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) produce viscid mucus in the respiratory tract and therefore suffer from chronic biofilm infections in their lungs and paranasal sinuses. The most important microorganism is the mucoid phenotype of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which causes chronic biofilm infections in the lungs of CF patients and untreated patients succumb as children if they contact this biofilm infection. Since CF patients are treated in CF Centers all over the world, it is possible to do longitudinal studies on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilm infection which is not possible if such patients are not followed in specialized centers. This survey describes the research through several decades in the Danish CF Center in Copenhagen which have changed the epidemiology, treatment, prophylaxis and prognosis of CF patients worldwide. Based on these results ESCMID Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of biofilm infections were published which have influenced biofilm research and treatment in other areas.},
}

@article {pmid39811371,
year = {2025},
author = {Mamun, FA and Kumar, R and Anwuta, KU and Das, S and Jaagura, M and Herodes, K and Kyrpel, T and Borzyszkowska, AF and Zielińska-Jurek, A and Vincevica-Gaile, Z and Burlakovs, J and Krauklis, AE and Azra, MN and Salauddin, M and Zhong, J and Tenno, T and Bester, K and Zekker, I},
title = {How resistant is anammox biofilm against antibiotics: A special insight into anammox response towards fluoroquinolones.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {e41339},
pmid = {39811371},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Elevated concentrations of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the water bodies are posing a serious threat to the aquatic microbiota and other organisms. In this context, anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria carry a great potential to degrade PhACs through their innate metabolic pathways. This study investigates the influence of short-term exposure to lower and higher concentrations (0.8 mg L[-1], 0.06 mg L[-1], respectively) of antibiotics on the anammox process under distinct operational conditions (starvation/non-starvation) in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). During batch operations that lasted for up to 6 h, the total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) and total nitrogen conversion rate (TNCR) reached a maximum of 93 ± 5 % and 6.97 ± 1.30 mg N g[-1] TSS d[-1], respectively. Evidently, at higher PhAC levels, the anammox process was active, and up to 75 % PhAC removal efficiency was obtained within 6 h of the batch cycle. Most importantly, the anammox biofilm effectively eliminated the PhACs compounds, i.e., ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFL), and norfloxacin (NOR) present at higher (0.8 mg L[-1]) and lower (0.06 mg L[-1]) total PhACs (sum of CIP, NOR, OFL) concentrations. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing analyses showed a mixture of nitrifying, denitrifying, and anammox bacterial commodities enriched on the carriers' surface with a high relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia, primarily responsible for catalyzing the anammox process. This study showed the intricate relationship between PhAC concentrations, TNCR, and antibiotic elimination in the wastewater treatment, and the results obtained set up a new breakthrough in wastewater treatment. Future research should investigate the mechanisms that underlie the anammox biofilms' resistance to various types of PhACs and investigate the long-term stability and scalability of this process with real wastewater influents.},
}

@article {pmid39810607,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, W and Gregory, RL and Yang, CC and Hamada, Y and Lin, WS},
title = {The effects of anodization and instrumentation on titanium abutment surface characteristics and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jopr.14009},
pmid = {39810607},
issn = {1532-849X},
support = {2022//ACP Education Foundation (ACPEF) Research Fellowship/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To assess the impact of anodization and instrumentation on titanium abutment surface characteristics (surface roughness and wettability) and biofilm formation (viability and mass).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Titanium discs were obtained from pre-milled abutment blanks made of titanium-6aluminum-7niobium alloy. Polished samples were divided into three groups: un-anodized, gold-anodized, and pink-anodized. Instrumentation methods included no-instrumentation, air polishing, and titanium scaling treatment. Surface roughness was measured using an optical profilometer, and wettability was determined by measuring the contact angles using the sessile drop method with an optical tensiometer. Biofilm formation by Streptococcus sanguinis was evaluated based on the biofilm viability and mass. The biofilm viability was evaluated through colony-forming unit counting (CFU/mL), and biofilm mass was assessed with crystal violet staining (mean absorbance measured at 490 nm, in optical density values). Sample surfaces before and after biofilm formation were also examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two-way ANOVA was performed to determine the group differences, and Spearman's correlation (ρ) was used to analyze the correlation among surface roughness, wettability, and CFU/mL (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: Pink anodization significantly increased surface roughness (0.38 ± 0.07 µm, p < 0.001) compared to un-anodized samples (0.25 ± 0.01 µm), while gold anodization did not (0.24 ± 0.03 µm, p = 0.301). Among pink-anodized groups, air polishing resulted in significantly lower surface roughness (0.33 ± 0.08 µm) compared to titanium scaling (0.51 ± 0.11 µm, p < 0.001) and no instrument treatment (0.38 ± 0.07 µm, p = 0.050). Anodization significantly increased wettability (p < 0.001), while instrumentation with a titanium scaling decreased it (p < 0.001). The combination of un-anodized samples and titanium scaling treatment showed the lowest wettability with the highest contact angle (70.72 ± 2.63°). The biofilm viability, measured by CFU/mL, was significantly inhibited by anodization (p < 0.001) and air polishing (p < 0.001) while promoted by titanium scaling (p < 0.001). Gold-anodized titanium discs subjected to air polishing exhibited the lowest CFU/mL (279,420 ± 16,300), while un-anodized samples instrumented with a titanium scaler had the highest CFU/mL (945,580 ± 13,580). Biofilm mass, quantified by optical density values, was significantly inhibited by anodization (p < 0.001) as well as air polishing (p = 0.001). A moderate negative correlation was observed between CFU and wettability (ρ = -0.55, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Gold- and pink-anodized titanium surfaces were more hydrophilic, leading to less biofilm formation than un-anodized ones. Biofilm formation was inhibited by air polishing while promoted by titanium scaling. Gold anodization combined with air polishing had the least biofilm formation and can be considered the preferred abutment anodization/instrumentation combination.},
}

@article {pmid39809829,
year = {2025},
author = {Holicheva, AA and Kozlov, KS and Boiko, DA and Kamanin, MS and Provotorova, DV and Kolomoets, NI and Ananikov, VP},
title = {Deep generative modeling of annotated bacterial biofilm images.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {16},
pmid = {39809829},
issn = {2055-5008},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Deep Learning ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are critical for understanding environmental processes, developing biotechnology applications, and progressing in medical treatments of various infections. Nowadays, a key limiting factor for biofilm analysis is the difficulty in obtaining large datasets with fully annotated images. This study introduces a versatile approach for creating synthetic datasets of annotated biofilm images with employing deep generative modeling techniques, including VAEs, GANs, diffusion models, and CycleGAN. Synthetic datasets can significantly improve the training of computer vision models for automated biofilm analysis, as demonstrated with the application of Mask R-CNN detection model. The approach represents a key advance in the field of biofilm research, offering a scalable solution for generating high-quality training data and working with different strains of microorganisms at different stages of formation. Terabyte-scale datasets can be easily generated on personal computers. A web application is provided for the on-demand generation of biofilm images.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
Bacteria/genetics/classification
Deep Learning

@article {pmid39809607,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghosh, C and Bhowmik, J and Ghosh, R and Das, MC and Sandhu, P and Kumari, M and Acharjee, S and Daware, AV and Akhter, Y and Banerjee, B and De, UC and Bhattacharjee, S},
title = {Corrigendum to "The anti-biofilm potential of triterpenoids isolated from Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaud" [Microbial. Pathogenes. 139 (2020) 103901].},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107284},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107284},
pmid = {39809607},
issn = {1096-1208},
}

@article {pmid39805164,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, L and Khan, A and Aqeel, SA and Alqahtani, A and AlSharif, L and Kijkla, P and Kumseranee, S and Punpruk, S and Gu, T},
title = {Distinguishing abiotic corrosion from two types of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) using a new electrochemical biofilm/MIC test kit.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {374},
number = {},
pages = {124093},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124093},
pmid = {39805164},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {Biofilms can cause biofouling, water quality deterioration, and transmission of infectious diseases. They are also responsible for microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) which can cause leaks, resulting in environmental disasters. A new disposable biofilm/MIC test kit was demonstrated to distinguish abiotic corrosion of carbon steel from MIC. It used two solid-state electrodes inside a standard 10 mL serum vial to form a miniature electrochemical cell. In this work, abiotic corrosion was exemplified using CO2 corrosion and acetic acid corrosion. Sulfate reducing Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, nitrate reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an oilfield biofilm consortium were grown anaerobically as examples of MIC systems. Tafel curves from dual-half scans and continuous upward scans did not differ significantly in each of the two abiotic corrosion systems. However, obvious distortions in Tafel curve shapes with corrosion potentials (Ecorr) shifts and corrosion current density (icorr) deviations (Tafel skews) were observed in each of the three MIC systems. The polarization resistance (Rp) trend from linear polarization resistance (LPR) for an MIC system decreased in several days due to biofilm buildup while an abiotic system did not have this delay. The abiotic corrosion systems did not respond to electron mediators or biocide injections with negligible Rp changes, while electron mediators accelerated extracellular electron transfer-MIC but not metabolite-MIC, and biocide injection reduced MIC rates as reflected by Rp changes. The results in this work demonstrated that the new kit is a useful tool in MIC diagnosis, biofilm/MIC monitoring and assessment of biocide efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid39803325,
year = {2025},
author = {Biswas, B and Asif, S and Puria, R and Thakur, A},
title = {A Novel and Robust Method for Investigating Fungal Biofilm.},
journal = {Bio-protocol},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {e5146},
pmid = {39803325},
issn = {2331-8325},
abstract = {Candida auris, labeled an urgent threat by the CDC, shows significant resilience to treatments and disinfectants via biofilm formation, complicating treatment/disease management. The inconsistencies in biofilm architecture observed across studies hinder the understanding of its role in pathogenesis. Our novel in vitro technique cultivates C. auris biofilms on gelatin-coated coverslips, reliably producing multilayer biofilms with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This method, applicable to other Candida species like C. glabrata and C. albicans, is cost-effective and mimics the niche of biofilm formation. It is suitable for high-throughput drug screening and repurposing efforts, aiding in the development of new therapeutics. Our technique represents a significant advancement in Candida biofilm research, addressing the need for consistent, reproducible biofilm models. We detail a step-by-step procedure for creating a substratum for biofilm growth and measuring biofilm thickness using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and ultrastructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This method provides consistent outcomes across various Candida species. Key features • The biofilm formed on gelatin surfaces mimics host conditions, replicating the multilayered structure and EPS, offering a more accurate model for studying C. auris biofilms. • This method is highly reproducible and suitable for drug screening and biofilm analysis through three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. • This in vitro technique aids in studying biofilm formation, related virulence properties, and drug tolerance of C. auris and other Candida species. • The simple, cost-effective technique is ideal for screening novel inhibitors and repurposed drug libraries, facilitating the design/identification of new therapeutics against Candida species.},
}

@article {pmid39802671,
year = {2024},
author = {Tang, Q and Zhang, H and Chandarajoti, K and Jiao, Z and Nie, L and Lv, S and Zuo, J and Zhou, W and Han, X},
title = {Design and synthesis of coumarin-based amphoteric antimicrobials with biofilm interference and immunoregulation effects.},
journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39802671},
issn = {2632-8682},
abstract = {Bacterial infections pose a threat to human and animal health, and the formation of biofilm exacerbates the microbial threat. New antimicrobial agents to address this challenge are much needed. In this study, several new amphoteric compounds derived from the natural product coumarin were designed and synthesized by mimicking the structure and function of antimicrobial peptides. Strong inhibitory effect of 8b was observed on S. aureus 29213 and five isolated clinically positive strains, with an MIC value of 1-4 μg mL[-1], accompanied by the potential advantages of rapid sterilization and no drug resistance. The in vivo activity of 8b was supported by good antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse wound infection model. More importantly, good immunomodulatory effects, inhibition of biofilm formation, and biofilm clearance were detected in the treatment using 8b, which makes it a potential candidate antibacterial for controlling S. aureus infections forming biofilm.},
}

@article {pmid39802281,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, N and Zeng, Y and Ye, J and Lin, C and Gong, X and Long, H and Chen, H and Xie, Z},
title = {RpoN mediates biofilm formation by directly controlling vps gene cluster and c-di-GMP synthetic metabolism in V. alginolyticus.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100242},
pmid = {39802281},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Vibrio alginolyticus is a prevalent pathogen in both humans and marine species, exhibiting high adaptability to various adverse environmental conditions. Our previous studies have shown that ΔrpoN formed three enhanced biofilm types, including spectacular surface-attached biofilm (SB), scattered pellicle biofilm (PB), and colony rugosity. However, the precise mechanism through which rpoN regulates biofilm formation has remained unclear. Based on the critical role of Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS) in biofilm formation, several genes related to the production and regulation of VPS were characterized in V. alginolyticus. Our findings from mutant strains indicated that VPS has complete control over the formation of rugose colony morphology and PB, while it only partially contributes to SB formation. Among the four transcriptional regulators of the vps gene cluster, vpsR and VA3545 act as promoters, whereas VA3546 and VA2703 function as repressors. Through transcriptome analysis and c-di-GMP concentration determination, VA0356 and VA3580 which encoded diguanylate cyclase were found to mediate the ΔrpoN biofilm formation. As a central regulator, rpoN governed biofilm formation through two regulatory pathways. Firstly, it directly bound to the upstream region of VA4206 to regulate the expression of the vps gene cluster (VA4206-VA4196). Secondly, it directly and indirectly modulated c-di-GMP synthesis gene VA3580 and VA0356, respectively, thereby affecting c-di-GMP concentration and subsequently influencing the expression of vps transcription activators vpsR and VA3545. Under conditions promoting SB formation, ΔrpoN was unable to thrive below the liquid level due to significantly reduced activities of three catalytic enzymes (ACK, ADH, and ALDH) involved in pyruvate metabolism, but tended to reproduce in air-liquid interface, a high oxygen niche compared to the liquid phase. In conclusion, both exopolysaccharide synthesis and oxygen-related metabolism contributed to ΔrpoN biofilm formation. The role of RpoN-mediated hypoxic metabolism and biofilm formation were crucial for comprehending the colonization and pathogenicity of V. alginolyticus in hosts, providing a novel target for treating V. alginolyticus in aquatic environments and hosts.},
}

@article {pmid39801747,
year = {2025},
author = {Hideaki Uyeda, F and Quilles Vargas, G and Matias Malavazi, L and Tiemi Macedo, T and Paim de Abreu Paulo Gomes, A and Rocha Bueno, M and Henrique Moreira Paulo Tolentino, P and Aguiar da Silva, LD and Cristina Figueiredo, L and Awad Shibli, J and Bueno-Silva, B},
title = {Platelet-rich fibrin obtained from different protocols affects the formation of the in vitro multispecies subgingival biofilm associated with periodontitis.},
journal = {Journal of oral microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2445598},
pmid = {39801747},
issn = {2000-2297},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of different portions of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) membranes and liquid-PRF, prepared by two distinct protocols/centrifuges each, on the multispecies subgingival biofilm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: PRF membranes and liquid-PRF were prepared using two protocols: centrifuge 1 uses fixed acceleration while centrifuge 2, progressive acceleration. PRF samples were introduced into device concurrently with 33-species bacterial inoculum. After seven days, biofilm metabolic activity (MA) and microbial profile were evaluated through colorimetric reaction and DNA-DNA hybridization, respectively.

RESULTS: Among PRF membranes, the ones from centrifuge 1 led to better reduction in MA, total biofilm, and F. periodonticum, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia counts when compared to untreated/centrifuge 2 treated biofilms. However, centrifuge 2 liquid-PRF reduced MA, total biofilm and F. periodonticum counts when compared to untreated/centrifuge 1 treated-biofilms.

CONCLUSION: PRF membrane and exhibited comparable antibiofilm activity. However, PRF distinct forms, obtained by same centrifugation protocol, may present different antimicrobial properties.},
}

@article {pmid39801468,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, L and Wang, H and Zhang, X and Xue, T},
title = {Two-component system UhpAB facilitates the pathogenicity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli through biofilm formation and stress responses.},
journal = {Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/03079457.2024.2442704},
pmid = {39801468},
issn = {1465-3338},
abstract = {UhpAB increases the pathogenicity of APEC.UhpAB activates the expression of virulence genes fepG, ldrD, ycgV, and ydeI.UhpAB promotes biofilm formation and enhances stress tolerance.UhpAB contributes to APEC evading attack by the host immune system.},
}

@article {pmid39800325,
year = {2025},
author = {Takeda, PY and Paula, CT and Simões Dias, ME and Borges, ADV and Damianovic, MHRZ},
title = {Achieving stable nitrogen removal through mainstream partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) with a hybrid biofilm-granular reactor.},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {144105},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144105},
pmid = {39800325},
issn = {1879-1298},
abstract = {Simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) process offers a promising method for the effective removal of carbon and nitrogen from wastewater. However, ensuring stability is a challenge. This study investigated operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and biomass retention to stabilize SNAD operation, transitioning from synthetic to anaerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater (APMW) in an upflow hybrid biofilm-granular reactor (UHR). The incorporation of hybrid biomass in the form of biofilms and granules resulted in a significant improvement in ammonium oxidation, increasing the efficiency from 45% to 60%. This outcome underscores the significance of biomass retention as a crucial parameter in achieving optimal performance. Furthermore, extending the HRT resulted in a significant improved nitrogen removal, increasing it from 40% (8h) to 70% (12h), which was attributed to the enhanced specific activities of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria (AnAOB). Microbial characterization unveiled the emergence of partial denitrifiers (Thauera genus) and the suppression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (Nitrospira genus) at low aeration rates (0.35 L.min[-1].L[-1]reactor; estimated 0.5 mgDO.L[-1]). Notably, stable operation persisted throughout the experimental period, primarily due to the consistent nitrite supply from partial nitrification/denitrification. Our findings highlight the potential of innovative hybrid reactor configuration, for achieving stable and efficient SNAD performance in mainstream wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid39800299,
year = {2025},
author = {Pang, S and Cai, X and Yang, L and Zhou, J and Li, X and Xia, S},
title = {Microbial synergy mechanism of hydrogen flux influence on hydrogen-based partial denitrification coupled with anammox in a membrane biofilm reactor.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {268},
number = {},
pages = {120827},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.120827},
pmid = {39800299},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {The hydrogen-based partial denitrification coupled with anammox (H2-PDA) biofilm system effectively achieves low-carbon and high-efficiency biological nitrogen removal. However, the effects and biological interaction mechanism of H2 flux with the H2-PDA system have not yet been understood. This study assessed the effects of H2 flux on interactions among anammox bacteria (AnAOB), denitrifying bacteria (DB), and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) coexisting in a H2-PDA system. Results showed the simultaneous removal of 40 mg/L ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N) and 50 mg/L nitrate nitrogen (NO3[-]-N) in the H2-PDA system at a flux of 0.13-0.14 e[-] eq/(m[2]·d) without additional organic carbon. Candidatus_Brocadia was involved in H2 oxidation and was negatively associated with the heterotrophic Thauera genus (DB). The expression of nirS and dsrA was increased to 5.6 × 10[5] copies/gSS and 2.1 × 10[5] copies/gSS, respectively, with excessive H2 flux (0.17 e[-] eq/(m[2]·d). This study provides technical guidance for understanding and applying the H2-PDA technology for low-carbon wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid39800292,
year = {2025},
author = {Changlor, N and Inchana, C and Sabar, MA and Suyamud, B and Lohwacharin, J},
title = {Effects of Relative Microplastic-Biochar Sizes and Biofilm Formation on Fragmental Microplastic Retention in Biochar Filters.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {120834},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.120834},
pmid = {39800292},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) pose significant risks to aquatic life and human health. Conventional water treatment is ineffective in removing MPs, demanding alternative technologies. Biochar exhibits a potential for removing MPs through adsorption and filtration. The efficiency of biochar derived from macadamia (Macadamia Integrifolia) nutshells on MP removal from contaminated water was assessed in fixed-bed column tests at environmentally relevant MP concentrations in upward flowing regime. Fragmental polyethylene MPs (50-100 and 100-300 microns) were tested on the effects of the operating conditions, the relative MP-biochar size ratios (0.05-0.14 and 0.13-0.36 for small and large MPs), and biofilm formation on their retention in the biochar bed. The interactions between MPs and biochar are apparently electrostatically repulsive. Small biochar demonstrated >78% removal of the MPs at flow rates of 2.78 ×10[-5], 2.78 ×10[-4], or 1.39 ×10[-3] m/s. Increasing the MP influent concentrations significantly increased the MP removal by the filter. The lower flow rates increase the MP removal with both MP influent concentrations and MP sizes, showing a maximum of 96% removal of small MP. The removal of large MPs by biochar filters (i.e. MP-biochar size ratio: 0.13-0.36) is significantly different when the highest flow rate is used. This difference moderates as the flow rates and MP size decline. Biofilm formation at its early stage altered the porous characteristics and surface morphology of the biochar and enhanced the MP removal. Overall, this study provides insights into the application of biochar filters in tertiary wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid39798111,
year = {2024},
author = {Pradhan, S and Yadav, G and Saha, S and Dhinsa, K and Sharma, A and Rai, A},
title = {Comparison of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, acidogenicity, and buffering capacity among human breast milk, plain packaged bovine milk, sweetened bovine milk, and infant formula: An in vitro study.},
journal = {Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {328-335},
doi = {10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_373_24},
pmid = {39798111},
issn = {1998-3905},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Streptococcus mutans/physiology ; *Infant Formula/chemistry ; *Milk, Human/microbiology/chemistry ; Humans ; Cattle ; Animals ; *Milk/microbiology ; Buffers ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; In Vitro Techniques ; Sweetening Agents ; Sucrose ; },
abstract = {CONTEXT: Human milk provides nutrients for newborns, while breastfeeding is preferred, formula feeding can also provide necessary nutrition and after weaning, individuals of all ages frequently drink bovine milk. Bovine and human milk contain lactose as a carbohydrate source, and infant milk formulas are also designed the same. However, lactose is fermentable by Streptococcus mutans, much like sucrose but to a lower extent.

AIM: This study aims to compare the S. mutans biofilm formation, acidogenicity and buffering capacity among human milk, plain packaged bovine milk (PBM), sweetened PBM, and infant formula (IF).

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Microbiological assays, experiments on biofilm formation, acidogenicity and buffering capacity were conducted six times.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ten distinct solutions were used: Plain PBM, sweetened bovine milk (SBM), IF, human breast milk (HBM), brain-heart infusion (BHI) with added 10% sucrose (BHI), and five duplicate solutions containing S. mutans culture. Biofilm formation - Biofilm development was evaluated on 96-polystyrene flat bottom plates. Biofilm acidogenicity - pH of the biofilms was determined by dipping in pH meter. Buffering capacity -0.01 M hydrochloric acid was added to every sample until pH reduction of two units was achieved.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way ANOVA test, Tukey's post hoc test, independent Student's t-test were performed. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS: SBM had highest optical density (OD) value and HBM least. PBM had the highest pH and SBM least. PBM had highest B value (Buffering) and HBM least.

CONCLUSION: Cariogenicity of both HBM and PBM were shown to be just marginal although differing from sucrose.},
}

*Biofilms
*Streptococcus mutans/physiology
*Infant Formula/chemistry
*Milk, Human/microbiology/chemistry
Humans
Cattle
Animals
*Milk/microbiology
Buffers
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Infant
In Vitro Techniques
Sweetening Agents
Sucrose

@article {pmid39796259,
year = {2025},
author = {Renye, JA and Chen, CY and Miller, A and Lee, J and Oest, A and Lynn, KJ and Felton, SM and Guragain, M and Tomasula, PM and Berger, BW and Capobianco, J},
title = {Integrating Bacteriocins and Biofilm-Degrading Enzymes to Eliminate L. monocytogenes Persistence.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {39796259},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {8072-42000-093-000-D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 8072-42000-094-000-D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; 8072-41000-114-D//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; SCRI 2023-05675//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects ; *Bacteriocins/pharmacology/metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Streptococcus thermophilus/enzymology ; Listeriosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium causing listeriosis, a severe infection responsible for significant morbidity and mortality globally. Its persistence on food processing surfaces via biofilm formation presents a major challenge, as conventional sanitizers and antimicrobials exhibit limited efficacy against biofilm-embedded cells. This study investigates a novel approach combining an engineered polysaccharide-degrading enzyme (CAase) with a bacteriocin (thermophilin 110) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus. Laboratory assays evaluated the effectiveness of this combination in disrupting biofilms and inactivating L. monocytogenes on various surfaces. The results demonstrated that CAase effectively disrupts biofilm structures, while thermophilin 110 significantly reduces bacterial growth and viability. The preliminary trials indicate a dual-action approach offers a potential alternative to conventional treatments, enhancing food safety by effectively controlling Listeria biofilms in food processing environments.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects
*Bacteriocins/pharmacology/metabolism
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Streptococcus thermophilus/enzymology
Listeriosis/drug therapy/microbiology

@article {pmid39794652,
year = {2025},
author = {Das, T and Das, MC and Das, A and Bhowmik, S and Sandhu, P and Akhter, Y and Bhattacharjee, S and De, UC},
title = {Correction: Modulation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm: an in vitro study with new coumarin derivatives.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {41},
number = {2},
pages = {33},
doi = {10.1007/s11274-024-04221-6},
pmid = {39794652},
issn = {1573-0972},
}

@article {pmid39794383,
year = {2025},
author = {Khalefa, HS and Arafa, AA and Hamza, D and El-Razik, KAA and Ahmed, Z},
title = {Emerging biofilm formation and disinfectant susceptibility of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {1599},
pmid = {39794383},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/isolation & purification ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Animals ; *beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Klebsiella Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; *Chickens/microbiology ; Egypt ; Horses ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for various infections in humans and animals. It is known for its resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly through the production of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), and its ability to form biofilms that further complicate treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae from animal and environmental samples and assess commercial disinfectants' effectiveness against K. pneumoniae isolates exhibiting ESBL-mediated resistance and biofilm-forming ability in poultry and equine farms in Giza Governorate, Egypt. A total of 320 samples, including nasal swabs from equine (n = 60) and broiler chickens (n = 90), environmental samples (n = 140), and human hand swabs (n = 30), were collected. K. pneumoniae was isolated using lactose broth enrichment and MacConkey agar, with molecular confirmation via PCR targeting the gyrA and magA genes. PCR also identified ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1) and biofilm genes (luxS, Uge, mrkD). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed, and the efficacy of five commercial disinfectants was evaluated by measuring inhibition zones. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from poultry (13.3%), equine (8.3%), wild birds (15%), water (10%), feed (2%), and human hand swabs (6.6%). ESBL and biofilm genes were detected in the majority of the isolates, with significant phenotypic resistance to multiple antibiotics. The disinfectants containing peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were the most effective, producing the largest inhibition zones, while disinfectants based on sodium hypochlorite and isopropanol showed lower efficacy. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the effectiveness of disinfectants against K. pneumoniae isolates across various sample origins (P < 0.05). The presence of K. pneumoniae in animal and environmental sources, along with the high prevalence of ESBL-mediated resistance and biofilm-associated virulence genes, underscores the zoonotic potential of this pathogen. The study demonstrated that disinfectants containing peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are highly effective against ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. Implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, including the use of effective disinfectants, is essential for controlling the spread of resistant pathogens in farm environments.},
}

*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/isolation & purification
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Animals
*beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism
*Disinfectants/pharmacology
Humans
*Klebsiella Infections/veterinary/microbiology
*Chickens/microbiology
Egypt
Horses
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid39793676,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribeiro Lima, FR and Figueiredo, LC and Oliveira Braga, AR and Garcia, MAR and Carvalho, SG and Regasini, LO and Chorilli, M and Sardi, JCO},
title = {Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of a mucoadhesive hydrogel functionalized with aminochalcone on titanium surfaces and in Galleria mellonella model: In vitro and in vivo study.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {107286},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107286},
pmid = {39793676},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Peri-implantitis associated with dental implants shares characteristics with destructive periodontal diseases. Both conditions are multifactorial and strongly correlated with the presence of microorganisms surrounding the prostheses or natural dentition. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of a mucoadhesive hydrogel functionalized with aminochalcone (HAM-15) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Candida albicans. Various experiments were conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC), as well as the antibiofilm potential and toxicity in human gingival fibroblasts and a G. mellonella animal model. Infection and treatment studies were also performed in G. mellonella. The results demonstrated that both aminochalcone (AM-15) and the aminochalcone-functionalized hydrogel (HAM-15) exhibited antimicrobial activity, with MICs ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 μg/mL for the tested strains. Treatment with HAM-15 at 300 μg/mL reduced the monospecies biofilm of C. albicans and P. gingivalis by 7 log10 and 6 log10, respectively, and the mixed-species biofilm of these microorganisms by 7 log10 and 8 log10, respectively. Regarding toxicity, HAM-15 showed cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts at high concentrations, but in the G. mellonella model, survival was 70 % at a dose of 1 mg/mL. Additionally, AM-15, when administered after larval infection, protected 90 % of the animals (p < 0.05). These results suggest that AM-15 is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of anaerobic infections and yeasts, demonstrating significant antimicrobial efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in experimental models.},
}

@article {pmid39793452,
year = {2025},
author = {Śliwka, P and Moreno, DS and Korzeniowski, P and Milcarz, A and Kuczkowski, M and Kolenda, R and Kozioł, S and Narajczyk, M and Roesler, U and Tomaszewska-Hetman, L and Kuźmińska-Bajor, M},
title = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli-targeting phages for biofilm biocontrol in the poultry industry.},
journal = {Veterinary microbiology},
volume = {301},
number = {},
pages = {110363},
doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110363},
pmid = {39793452},
issn = {1873-2542},
abstract = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a principal etiologic agent of avian colibacillosis, responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to high mortality and disease treatment with antibiotics. APEC and its ability to form biofilms on food and processing surfaces contributes to its persistence within farms. Bacteriophages are promising antibacterial agents for combating APEC. This study focused on characterization of the newly isolated phages UPWr_E1, UPWr_E2, and UPWr_E4 as well as the UPWr_E124 phage cocktail containing these three phages. Methods included efficiency of plating assay, transmission electron microscopy, and characterization of their resistance to different pH values and temperatures. Moreover, phage genomes were sequenced, annotated and analyzed, and were compared with previously sequenced E. coli phages. All three phages are virulent and devoid of undesirable genes for therapy. Phage UPWr_E1 belongs to the genus Krischvirus within the order Straboviridae and both UPWr_E2 and UPWr_E4 belong to the genus Tequatrovirus within the subfamily Tevenvirinae, sharing over 95 % nucleotide identity between them. For their use on poultry farms, UPWr_E phages and the UPWr_E124 phage cocktail were tested for their anti-biofilm activity on two E. coli strains - 158B (APEC) and the strong biofilm producer NCTC 17848 - on two abiotic surfaces: a 96-well microplate, a stainless steel surface, and one biotic surface, represented by lettuce leaves. The reduction of biofilm formed by both strains in the 96-well microplate, on the stainless steel and lettuce leaf surface for bacteriophage treatment was very efficient, reducing biofilms by ranges of 50.2-83.6, 58.2-88.4 and 53-99.4 %, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that UPWr_E phages and the UPWr_E124 phage cocktail are promising candidates for APEC biocontrol.},
}

@article {pmid39788184,
year = {2025},
author = {LaPointe, G and Wilson, T and Tarrah, A and Gagnon, M and Roy, D},
title = {BIOFILM DAIRY FOODS REVIEW: Microbial Community Tracking from Dairy Farm to Factory: Insights on Biofilm Management for Enhanced Food Safety and Quality.},
journal = {Journal of dairy science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3168/jds.2024-25397},
pmid = {39788184},
issn = {1525-3198},
abstract = {This review aimed to assess the scope of the literature on tracking the microbial community of biofilms, focusing on the dairy farm and processing environments. The majority of studies focused on either production, storage, transport or processing of milk, while 5 combined the investigation of both production and processing facilities. Factors influencing short-term changes in dairy microbiota such as the occurrence of mastitis and season were distinguished from factors revealed through long-term studies, such as feed and weather, rather than the milking equipment. Knowledge gaps were identified in relation to the study design, methods, data analysis and interpretation. The application of DNA sequencing technologies is particularly challenging with respect to samples with low microbial load (milk, swabs). There are few studies on the microbial composition of in situ biofilms, which might require new technologies for detection before sampling. Fundamental studies on the structure of biofilms are needed to identify the on-farm practices impacting the cycle of biofilm development in milking systems.},
}

@article {pmid39787975,
year = {2025},
author = {Marasini, S and Dean, SJ and Swift, S and Hussan, JR and Craig, JP},
title = {In vitro anti-biofilm efficacy of therapeutic low dose 265 nm UVC.},
journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology},
volume = {263},
number = {},
pages = {113091},
doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113091},
pmid = {39787975},
issn = {1873-2682},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Preclinical studies have confirmed the safety and efficacy of narrowband low-intensity ultraviolet C light (UVC) in managing bacterial corneal infection. To further consolidate these findings, the present study aimed to explore in vitro anti-biofilm efficacy of low-intensity UVC light for its potential use in biofilm-related infections.

METHODS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was grown in chamber well slides for 48 h and exposed to one of the following challenges: UVC (265 nm wavelength, intensity 1.93 mW/cm[2]) for 15 s, 30 s, 60 s or 120 s duration, 70% propanol (positive control), or no exposure (negative control). Bacterial LIVE/DEAD staining was conducted at 1 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h after challenge exposures to assess the temporal pattern of biofilm inactivation, and slides were imaged using confocal microscopy. Treatment efficacy was quantified by dead biofilm biomass (volume/area - μm[3]/μm[2]) for different treatment groups at each time point.

RESULTS: At each time point post-exposure, dead biofilm biomass was consistently higher in the alcohol- and UVC-challenged groups than in the unchallenged control (p < 0.05), suggesting a sustained biocidal impact after a given challenge. The quantity of dead biofilm biomass did not differ between UVC groups at any time point (p > 0.05). Observed by confocal microscopy, UVC-exposed biofilm demonstrated predominantly intermediate-stage biofilm (i.e., dying state) at 1 h, which progressed to dead biofilm by 4 h.

CONCLUSION: Low doses of UVC demonstrated potent anti-biofilm activity, even in exposures as short as 15 s, the dose that has previously been deemed to be effective in managing corneal infection in vivo. These data support the potential for this UVC light-based technology to serve as an affordable, convenient, and effective means of treating ocular infections associated with bacterial biofilm.},
}

@article {pmid39787933,
year = {2024},
author = {Gulizia, AM and Bell, SC and Kuek, F and Santana, MMF and Edmunds, RC and Yeoh, YK and Sato, Y and Haikola, P and van Herwerden, L and Motti, CA and Bourne, DG and Vamvounis, G},
title = {Biofilm development as a factor driving the degradation of plasticised marine microplastics.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {487},
number = {},
pages = {136975},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136975},
pmid = {39787933},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Biodegradation of microplastics facilitated by natural marine biofouling is a promising approach for ocean bioremediation. However, implementation requires a comprehensive understanding of how interactions between the marine microbiome and dominant microplastic debris types (e.g., polymer and additive combinations) can influence biofilm development and drive biodegradation. To investigate this, polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (< 200 µm in diameter) were prepared either without any additives (i.e., virgin) or containing 15 wt% of the plasticisers diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) or bisphenol A (BPA). Each polymer-plasticiser microplastic combination was exposed to environmentally relevant conditions in a simulated seawater mesocosm representative of tropical reef waters over a 21-day period to allow for natural biofilm development. Following this, microplastic degradation and the colonising bacterial biofilm was assessed as a function of time, polymer and plasticiser type using infrared, thermal, gel permeation and surface characterisation techniques, as well as 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene sequencing, respectively. Together, these analyses revealed time-, polymer- and plasticiser-dependent degradation, particularly of the PS-BPA microplastics. Degradation of the PS-BPA microplastics also coincided with changes in bacterial community composition and an increased total relative abundance of putative biodegradative bacteria. These findings indicate that the metabolic potential and biodegradative capability of the colonising marine biofilm can be significantly impacted by the chemical properties of the microplastic substrate, even within short timeframes.},
}

@article {pmid39787875,
year = {2025},
author = {Coutaud, M and Viers, J and Rols, JL and Pokrovsky, OS},
title = {Copper and zinc isotope fractionation during phototrophic biofilm growth.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {960},
number = {},
pages = {178371},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178371},
pmid = {39787875},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are two trace metals that exhibit both limiting and toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms. However, in contrast to good knowledge of these metal interactions with individual microbial cultures, the biofilm, complex natural consortium of microorganisms, remains poorly understood with respect to its control on Cu and Zn in the aquatic environments. Towards constraining the magnitude and mechanisms of Cu and Zn isotope fractionation in the presence of phototrophic biofilms composed of different proportion of diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria, we studied long-term growth in a rotating annular bioreactor and quantified the uptake of metals and their isotope fractionation at environmentally-relevant Cu and Zn concentrations. An enrichment of the biofilm in heavy Cu isotope at the beginning of growth suggests the dominance of adsorption processes, followed by intracellular uptake leading to progressive enrichment in light isotope and an excretion of heavy isotope, likely linked to Cu(II) reduction. In the case of Zn, we evidenced only weak isotope fractionation which implies the presence of heavier isotope adsorption (notably in the case of cyanobacteria-dominated biofilm) followed by intracellular incorporation of lighter isotopes. The microbial community plays important role in overall magnitude and even direction of fractionation, suggesting sizable complexity of the processes controlling metal isotope fractionation during phototrophic biofilm growth. However, Cu and Zn isotopes during long-term metal accumulation in riverine biofilm can be used for monitoring the source of environmental pollution in aquatic systems, provided that variations within different sources exceed the natural isotopic fractionation between the biofilm and aqueous solution.},
}

@article {pmid39781092,
year = {2024},
author = {Adeboye, A and Onyeaka, H and Al-Sharify, Z and Nnaji, N},
title = {Understanding the Influence of Rheology on Biofilm Adhesion and Implication for Food Safety.},
journal = {International journal of food science},
volume = {2024},
number = {},
pages = {2208472},
pmid = {39781092},
issn = {2314-5765},
abstract = {Understanding biofilm rheology is crucial for industrial and domestic food safety practices. This comprehensive review addresses the knowledge gap on the rheology of biofilm. Specifically, the review explores the influence of fluid flow, shear stress, and substrate properties on the initiation, structure, and functionality of biofilms, as essential implications for food safety. The viscosity and shear-thinning characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids may impact the attachment and detachment dynamics of biofilms, influencing their stability and resilience under different flow conditions. The discussion spans multiple facets, including the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in biofilm formation, the impact of rheological attributes of biofilm on their adhesion to surfaces, and the influence of shear forces between biofilms and substrate's surface characteristics on biofilm stability. Analytical techniques, encompassing rheometry, microscopy, and molecular biology approaches, are scrutinized for their contributions to understanding these interactions. The paper delves into the implications for the food industry, highlighting potential risks associated with biofilm formation and proposing strategies for effective control and prevention. Future research directions and the integration of rheological considerations into food safety regulations are underscored as pivotal steps in mitigating biofilm-related risks. The synthesis of microbiology, materials science, and engineering perspectives offers a multidimensional exploration of rheology-biofilm interactions, laying the groundwork for informed interventions in diverse industrial settings.},
}

@article {pmid39779734,
year = {2025},
author = {Wardell, SJT and Yung, DBY and Gupta, A and Bostina, M and Overhage, J and Hancock, REW and Pletzer, D},
title = {DJK-5, an anti-biofilm peptide, increases Staphylococcus aureus sensitivity to colistin killing in co-biofilms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {8},
pmid = {39779734},
issn = {2055-5008},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Synergism ; Mice ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Humans ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Daptomycin/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Oligopeptides ; },
abstract = {Chronic infections represent a significant global health and economic challenge. Biofilms, which are bacterial communities encased in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix, contribute to approximately 80% of these infections. In particular, pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are frequently co-isolated from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis and are commonly found in chronic wound infections. Within biofilms, bacteria demonstrate a remarkable increase in resistance and tolerance to antimicrobial treatment. We investigated the efficacy of combining the last-line antibiotic colistin with a membrane- and stringent stress response-targeting anti-biofilm peptide DJK-5 against co-biofilms comprised of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Colistin lacks canonical activity against S. aureus. However, our study revealed that under co-biofilm conditions, the antibiofilm peptide DJK-5 synergized with colistin against S. aureus. Similar enhancement was observed when daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide against Gram-positive bacteria, was combined with DJK-5, resulting in increased activity against P. aeruginosa. The combinatorial treatment induced morphological changes in both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus cell shape and size within co-biofilms. Importantly, our findings also demonstrate synergistic activity against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in a murine subcutaneous biofilm-like abscess model. In conclusion, combinatorial treatments with colistin or daptomycin and the anti-biofilm peptide DJK-5 show significant potential for targeting co-biofilm infections. These findings offer promising avenues for developing new therapeutic approaches to combat complex chronic infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Colistin/pharmacology
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
Animals
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Synergism
Mice
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
*Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Humans
Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
Daptomycin/pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Oligopeptides

@article {pmid39778756,
year = {2025},
author = {Zehra, M and Asghar, S and Ilyas, R and Usmani, Y and Khan, RMA and Mirani, ZA and Ahmed, A},
title = {Relationship of biofilm formation with antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants and genetic diversity in clinically isolated Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Karachi, Pakistan.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {107283},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107283},
pmid = {39778756},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii causes nosocomial infections due to a plethora of virulence determinants like biofilm formation which are pivotal to its survival and pathogenicity. Hence, investigation of these mechanisms in currently circulating strains is required for effective infection control and drug development. This study investigates the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors and their relationship with biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Karachi, Pakistan. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC PCR) was used for observing genetic variations. The results revealed that 100 % A. baumannii strains were MDR and 74.4 % had multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARi) of 0.875-1. There were 27 biofilm forming strains with a moderate correlation between biofilm formation and MARi. A high prevalence of abaI (86.04 %), bfmR (95.3 %), bfmS (97.6 %), csuE (90.69 %), ompA (74.4 %), and pgaA virulence genes (95.3 %) and resistance genes adeF (53.4 %), adeJ (74.4 %), ampC (51.1 %), tem-1 (51.1 %), and vim (65.1 %)) were observed in these strains. ERIC PCR revealed that 5 of 22 genetic types had strong biofilm form strains with similar virulence genes profiles. Conclusively, the study shows escalated resistance and virulence in clinical strains which warrants consistent epidemiological studies to prevent infections spread and future outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid39777967,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohammed Aggad, FZ and Ilias, F and Elghali, F and Mrabet, R and El Haci, IA and Aifa, S and Mnif, S},
title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Some Algerian Essential Oils and Selection of Thymus vulgaris as a Potential Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Chemistry & biodiversity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202402691},
doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202402691},
pmid = {39777967},
issn = {1612-1880},
abstract = {Biofilm formation and virulence factor production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are identified as the main mechanisms of its antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. In this context, the study of the chemical composition of three Algerian essential oils (EOs) and the screening of their antibacterial, anti-biofilm and virulence factor inhibitory activities enabled us to select the Thyme EO as the best oil to control the P. aeruginosa strain isolated from hospital environments. This EO composed essentially of thymol (55.82%) associated with carvacrol, had an anti-adhesive activity of 69.8% at a concentration of 5µL/mL, and a biofilm eradication activity of 74.86% at a concentration of 2.5µL/mL. This EO was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa twitching motility by 100% at a concentration of 2.5µL/mL. Pyocyanin was inhibited by 99.33%, at a concentration of 1.25µL/mL. Rhamnolipids were significantly inhibited by 63.33% in the presence of Thyme EO at a concentration of 1.25µL/mL after 24h of incubation. Molecular docking showed that carvacrol and thymol can bind to the three QS receptors in P. aeruginosa, RhlR, LasR, and PqsR, with good affinities, which can inhibit or modulate biofilm formation and the production of certain virulence factors. Keywords antibiofilm, thymol, essential oil, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyocyanin, rhamnolipids, in silico study.},
}

@article {pmid39777149,
year = {2024},
author = {Yin, L and Guo, Y and Xv, X and Dai, Y and Li, L and Sun, F and Lv, X and Shu, G and Liang, X and He, C and Xu, Z and Ouyang, P},
title = {Cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion decorated with rhamnolipid for inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation: in vitro and in vivo assessment.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1514659},
pmid = {39777149},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilm associated infections are prevalent and persistent, posing a serious threat to human health and causing significant economic losses in animal husbandry. Nanoemulsions demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of bacterial biofilm associated infections due to their unique physical, chemical and biological properties. In this study, a novel cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion with the ability to penetrate biofilm structures and eliminate biofilms was developed.

METHODS: The formulation of cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (Cin-NE) combined with rhamnolipid (RHL) was developed by self-assembly, and the efficacies of this formulation in inhibiting S. aureus biofilm associated infections were assessed through in vitro assays and in vivo experiments by a mouse skin wound healing model.

RESULTS: The particle size of the selected Cin-NE formulation was 13.66 ± 0.08 nm, and the Cin-RHL-NE formulation was 20.45 ± 0.25 nm. The selected Cin-RHL-NE formulation was stable at 4, 25, and 37°C. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of Cin-RHL-NE against MRSA was two-fold lower than drug solution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed the superior efficacy of Cin-RHL-NE in eradicating MRSA biofilms while maintaining the Cin's inherent functional properties. The efficacy of Cin-RHL-NE in the mouse skin wound healing model was superior to other formulation.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the potential of the formulation Cin-RHL-NE for eradicating biofilms, and effective in treating notoriously persistent bacterial infections. The Cin-RHL-NE can used as a dosage form of Cin application to bacterial biofilm associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid39773469,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, D and Zeng, N and Li, C and Li, C and Wang, Y and Chen, B and Long, J and Zhang, N and Li, B},
title = {Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome profiling uncovers underlying mechanisms of the enhancement of the synthesis of biofilm in Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR under acidic conditions.},
journal = {Microbial cell factories},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {9},
pmid = {39773469},
issn = {1475-2859},
support = {31271818//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023-01//International Cooperation Project of Universities in Liaoning Province/ ; 2022030673-JH5/104//Liaoning Province Rural Science and Technology Special Action Project/ ; 22-319-2-13//Shenyang Science and Technology Project/ ; CSC202208850002//China Scholarship Council/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Transcriptome ; *Metabolome ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Burkholderiaceae/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sporobolomyces pararoseus is a well-studied oleaginous red yeast that can synthesize a variety of high value-added bioactive compounds. Biofilm is one of the important biological barriers for microbial cells to resist environmental stresses and maintain stable fermentation process. Here, the effect of acidic conditions on the biosynthesis of biofilms in S. pararoseus NGR was investigated through the combination of morphology, biochemistry, and multi-omics approaches.

RESULTS: The results showed that the acidic environment was the key factor to trigger the biofilm formation of S. pararoseus NGR. When S. pararoseus NGR was cultured under pH 4.7, the colony morphology was wrinkled, the cells were wrapped by a large amount of extracellular matrix, and the hydrophobicity and anti-oxidative stress ability were significantly improved, and the yield of intracellular carotenoids was significantly increased. Transcriptome and metabolome profiling indicated that carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism in S. pararoseus NGR cells were significantly enriched in biofilm cells under pH 4.7 culture conditions, including 56 differentially expressed genes and 341 differential metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS: These differential genes and metabolites may play an important role in the formation of biofilms by S. pararoseus NGR in response to acidic stress. The results will provide strategies for the development and utilization of beneficial microbial biofilms, and provide theoretical support for the industrial fermentation production of microorganisms to improve their resistance and maintain stable growth.},
}

*Biofilms
*Transcriptome
*Metabolome
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Gene Expression Profiling
Burkholderiaceae/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid39772813,
year = {2024},
author = {Maciel, JG and Gomes, ACG and Sugio, CY and Garcia, AA and Zani, IF and Fernandes, MH and Soares, S and Neppelenbroek, KH},
title = {Denture biofilm increases respiratory diseases in the elderly. A mini-review.},
journal = {American journal of dentistry},
volume = {37},
number = {6},
pages = {288-292},
pmid = {39772813},
issn = {0894-8275},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; Humans ; Aged ; Dentures/microbiology ; Acrylic Resins ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/microbiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: This mini-review discusses the clinical implication of respiratory pathogens in the biofilm on acrylic resin removable dentures in the elderly.

METHODS: A search was conducted using the keywords: "dentures", " acrylic resin", "biofilm", "pneumonia", "elderly", "respiratory pathogens", and "respiratory diseases" in databases PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and textbooks between 1999 and 2024.

RESULTS: The elderly are more susceptible to chronic diseases and/or life-threatening infections because of senescence itself and functional and degenerative alterations. Respiratory tract diseases (such as pneumonia) are of greater concern in the elderly because they have been associated with the aspiration of food and oral pathogens and with reflux. This relationship is more aggravating in the presence of removable dentures, common in the elderly after the sixth decade of life, since denture biofilm is a reservoir of respiratory pathogens. Lack of manual dexterity and visual acuity negatively interfere with denture cleaning and favor pathogenic denture biofilm maturation. Reduced salivary flow, a more acidic pH, and a reduced cough reflex associated with poor denture cleaning increase the potential of denture biofilm infections and aspiration pneumonia, which is related to a high mortality rate in the elderly. To prevent respiratory diseases in this population, measures to control denture biofilm should be adopted, such as the superficial or intrinsic modification of the acrylic resin denture bases and the use of effective methods of denture cleaning.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Respiratory pathogens colonizing denture biofilm can be aspirated into the respiratory tract, increasing the risk of respiratory infections, especially in the elderly. The knowledge of health professionals on methods of biofilm control can prevent respiratory diseases in elderly denture wearers.},
}

*Biofilms
Humans
Aged
Dentures/microbiology
Acrylic Resins
Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
Respiratory Tract Diseases/microbiology

@article {pmid39772812,
year = {2024},
author = {Shamieh, S and Ribeiro, AA and Sulaiman, T and Swift, EJ and Vasconcellos, AB},
title = {Biofilm attachment and mineralizing potential of contemporary restorative materials.},
journal = {American journal of dentistry},
volume = {37},
number = {6},
pages = {279-287},
pmid = {39772812},
issn = {0894-8275},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; *Composite Resins/chemistry ; Humans ; *Dental Restoration, Permanent/methods ; *Resin Cements/chemistry ; Dental Materials/chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Dentin/microbiology ; X-Ray Microtomography ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molar ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare: (1) the effect of the bacterial biofilm on the dentin mineral density at the restoration-tooth interface and (2) the mineralization potential of three resin-based restorative materials (RBRM).

METHODS: 16 extracted human molars free of caries and cracks were collected and stored for disinfection. Each tooth received two standardized Class II preparations with the cervical margin placed in dentin. Teeth were secured into a dentiform with adjacent natural teeth to ensure interproximal contact. All tooth preparations were hybridized using a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (OptiBond FL) and assigned randomly to three experimental groups according to the RBRM (n= 8): Group A - a nanofill resin composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra); Group B - a high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite (Tetric Powerfill); Group C - a low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite (SureFil SDR flow+ bulk-fill); and a positive control: Group D - bioactive resin composite (Activa Bioactive-Restorative). All materials were used according to manufacturers' instructions. All specimens were subjected to two distinct challenges: first, thermomechanical cycling was performed within 24 hours of restoring the specimens to simulate 1 year of masticatory function. Subsequently, the specimens were stored for 18 days in a laboratory biofilm model to promote biofilm formation and to mimic the effects of tooth demineralization. Two sessions of micro-CT imaging were conducted: the first immediately after the thermomechanical cycling and the second post-exposure to the biofilm model. All data on mineral profile measurements reconstructed in the Perkin-Elmer Quantum GX-II CT were transferred to Image J software for analysis and interpretation. The ANOVA test (P< 0.05) was used to analyze the mineral density values and mean mineral loss values for each group.

RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in mean mineral loss value (mean ΔZ) was found between the groups (P= 0.209). Regardless, increased mean ΔZ variation was found between SureFil SDR flow+ (-56.95) and the remaining groups, Filtek Supreme Ultra, Tetric Powerfill and Activa Bioactive (-1.17, -1.41, and -7.97, respectively), showing, within the limits of the present laboratory study, the remineralization potential of SureFil SDR flow+. All tested RBRM demonstrated some remineralization capacity under caries risk conditions.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The mineralization potential of some resin-based composites under caries-risk conditions can represent a paradigm shift in restorative material selection for moderate-to-high-risk patients.},
}

*Biofilms
*Composite Resins/chemistry
Humans
*Dental Restoration, Permanent/methods
*Resin Cements/chemistry
Dental Materials/chemistry
Materials Testing
Dentin/microbiology
X-Ray Microtomography
In Vitro Techniques
Molar

@article {pmid39770726,
year = {2024},
author = {Mendes, MB and Vidigal, PMP and Soto Lopez, ME and Hungaro, HM},
title = {Combined Effects of the Pijolavirus UFJF_PfSW6 Phage and Sodium Hypochlorite for Reducing Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {39770726},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {Inovaleite Group and Instituto Sua Ciência (ISC)//MilkFund/ ; CAG 00146-22//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; 200773/2024-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)/ ; Vicerrectoria de Investigación y Extensión and project entitled BPIN 2020000100697, funden By MinCiencias - Colombia//University of Córdoba/ ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas are significant spoilage bacteria in raw milk and dairy products, primarily due to their ability to form biofilms and resist disinfection. This study explored the effects of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with sodium hypochlorite in reducing Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms on stainless steel at various temperatures and ages. Biofilms were formed using P. fluorescens UFV 041 in UHT milk, incubated at 4 °C and 30 °C for 2 and 7 days. Two lytic phages were compared, with UFJF_PfSW6 showing superior activity, reducing cell counts by 0.8 to 2.0 logs CFU/cm[2] depending on conditions. Increasing the contact time of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage from 4 to 8 h did not significantly affect the reduction in mature biofilms. The individual treatments of the phage and sodium hypochlorite (100 mg/L) reduced bacterial counts by 0.9 and 0.6 log CFU/cm[2] at 30 °C, and 1.3 and 1.2 log CFU/cm[2] at 4 °C, respectively. However, their sequential application achieved greater reductions, reaching 1.3 and 1.8 log CFU/cm[2] for biofilms formed at 30 °C and 4 °C, respectively. These findings suggest a promising strategy for controlling P. fluorescens in the food industry. Our findings suggest that the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with chlorine improves the removal of P. fluorescens biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid39770699,
year = {2024},
author = {Horgan, C and Baccari, C and O'Driscoll, M and Lindow, SE and O'Sullivan, TP},
title = {BDSF Analogues Inhibit Quorum Sensing-Regulated Biofilm Production in Xylella fastidiosa.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms12122496},
pmid = {39770699},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {GOIPG/2017/1111//Irish Research Council/ ; GOIPG/2021/227//Irish Research Council/ ; 21/RI/9705/SFI_/Science Foundation Ireland/Ireland ; },
abstract = {Xylella fastidiosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for many plant diseases. The bacterium is the causal agent of Pierce's disease in grapes and is also responsible for citrus variegated chlorosis, peach phony disease, olive quick decline syndrome and leaf scorches of various species. The production of biofilm is intrinsically linked with persistence and transmission in X. fastidiosa. Biofilm formation is regulated by members of the Diffusible Signal Factor (DSF) quorum sensing signalling family which are comprised of a series of long chain cis-unsaturated fatty acids. This article describes the evaluation of a library of N-acyl sulfonamide bioisosteric analogues of BDSF, XfDSF1 and XfDSF2 for their ability to control biofilm production in X. fastidiosa. The compounds were screened against both the wild-type strain Temecula and an rpfF* mutant which can perceive but not produce XfDSF. Planktonic cell abundance was measured via OD600 while standard crystal violet assays were used to determine biofilm biomass. Several compounds were found to be effective biofilm inhibitors depending on the nature of the sulfonamide substituent. The findings reported here may provide future opportunities for biocontrol of this important plant pathogen.},
}

@article {pmid39770681,
year = {2024},
author = {Niu, B and Sun, Y and Niu, Y and Qiao, S},
title = {Ultrasound Treatment Combined with Rhamnolipids for Eliminating the Biofilm of Bacillus cereus.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms12122478},
pmid = {39770681},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {No. NL2022013//Henan University of Technology/ ; No. 32100041//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 21420188//the Cultivation Programme for Young Backbone Teachers in Henan University of Technology/ ; No. 2020BS067//Henan University of Technology/ ; No. 231100110300//the Major Science and Technology Project of Henan/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus is a major cause of secondary food contamination, leading to significant economic losses. While rhamnolipids (RLs) have shown effectiveness against Bacillus cereus, their ability to remove biofilms is limited when used alone. Ultrasound (US) is a non-thermal sterilization technique that has been found to enhance the delivery of antimicrobial agents, but it is not highly effective on its own. In this study, we explored the synergistic effects of combining RLs with US for biofilm removal. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of RLs was determined to be 32.0 mg/L. Using a concentration of 256.0 mg/L, RLs alone achieved a biofilm removal rate of 63.18%. However, when 32.0 mg/L RLs were combined with 20 min of US treatment, the removal rate increased to 62.54%. The highest biofilm removal rate of 78.67% was observed with 256.0 mg/L RLs and 60 min of US exposure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that this combined treatment significantly disrupted the biofilm structure, causing bacterial deformation and the removal of extracellular polymeric substances. This synergistic approach not only inhibited bacterial metabolic activity, aggregation, and adhesion but also reduced early biofilm formation and decreased levels of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins. Furthermore, US treatment improved biofilm permeability, allowing better penetration of RLs and interaction with bacterial DNA, ultimately inhibiting DNA synthesis and secretion. The combination of RLs and US demonstrated superior biofilm removal efficacy, reduced the necessary concentration of RLs, and offers a promising strategy for controlling biofilm formation in the food industry.},
}

@article {pmid39770562,
year = {2024},
author = {Tang, D and Liu, Y and Yao, H and Lin, Y and Xi, Y and Li, M and Mao, A},
title = {Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Y0-C10-HSL on Biofilm Formation and Motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph17121719},
pmid = {39770562},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {12065001//the Regional Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32160025//the Regional Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20JR10RA224//the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; },
abstract = {Background:Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a type of pathogen that takes advantage of opportunities to infect and form biofilm during infection. Inhibiting biofilm formation is a promising approach for the treatment of biofilm-related infections. Methods: Here, Y0-C10-HSL (N-cyclopentyl-n-decanamide) was designed, synthesized, and tested for its effect on biofilm formation, motility, and the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) survival assay. In addition, the molecular mechanism of Y0-C10-HSL on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation was explored using transcriptome analysis. Results: At a concentration of 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL, biofilm and exopolysaccharides were decreased by 38.5% and 29.3%, respectively; Y0-C10-HSL effectively dispersed the pre-formed biofilm and inhibited the motility ability of P. aeruginosa; and the C. elegans survival assay showed that Y0-C10-HSL was safe and provided protection to C. elegans against P. aeruginosa infection (the survival rates of C. elegans were higher than 74% and increased by 39%, 35.1%, and 47.5%, respectively, when treated with 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL at 24, 48, and 80 h). Transcriptome analysis showed that 585 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found after treatment with 200 μmol/L Y0-C10-HSL, including 254 up-regulated DEGs and 331 down-regulated DEGs. The genes involved in the quorum sensing system and biofilm formation were down-regulated. Conclusions: Y0-C10-HSL inhibited the biofilm formation and dispersed the pre-formed biofilm of P. aeruginosa through down-regulated genes related to quorum sensing pathways and biofilm formation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance in clinical and environmental microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa.},
}

@article {pmid39770514,
year = {2024},
author = {Geremia, N and Giovagnorio, F and Colpani, A and De Vito, A and Botan, A and Stroffolini, G and Toc, DA and Zerbato, V and Principe, L and Madeddu, G and Luzzati, R and Parisi, SG and Di Bella, S},
title = {Fluoroquinolones and Biofilm: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph17121673},
pmid = {39770514},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Background: Biofilm-associated infections frequently span multiple body sites and represent a significant clinical challenge, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery and antimicrobial therapy. These infections are commonly healthcare-associated and frequently related to internal or external medical devices. The formation of biofilms complicates treatment, as they create environments that are difficult for most antimicrobial agents to penetrate. Fluoroquinolones play a critical role in the eradication of biofilm-related infections. Numerous studies have investigated the synergistic potential of combining fluoroquinolones with other chemical agents to augment their efficacy while minimizing potential toxicity. Comparative research suggests that the antibiofilm activity of fluoroquinolones is superior to that of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. However, their activity remains less effective than that of minocycline and fosfomycin. Noteworthy combinations include fluoroquinolones with fosfomycin and aminoglycosides for enhanced activity against Gram-negative organisms and fluoroquinolones with minocycline and rifampin for more effective treatment of Gram-positive infections. Despite the limitations of fluoroquinolones due to the intrinsic characteristics of this antibiotic, they remain fundamental in this setting thanks to their bioavailability and synergisms with other drugs. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using online databases (PubMed/MEDLINE/Google Scholar) and books written by experts in microbiology and infectious diseases to identify relevant studies on fluoroquinolones and biofilm. Results: This review critically assesses the role of fluoroquinolones in managing biofilm-associated infections in various clinical settings while also exploring the potential benefits of combination therapy with these antibiotics. Conclusions: The literature predominantly consists of in vitro studies, with limited in vivo investigations. Although real world data are scarce, they are in accordance with fluoroquinolones' effectiveness in managing early biofilm-associated infections. Also, future perspectives of newer treatment options to be placed alongside fluoroquinolones are discussed. This review underscores the role of fluoroquinolones in the setting of biofilm-associated infections, providing a comprehensive guide for physicians regarding the best use of this class of antibiotics while highlighting the existing critical issues.},
}

@article {pmid39770495,
year = {2024},
author = {Kabotso, DEK and Neglo, D and Gaba, SE and Danyo, EK and Dayie, AD and Asantewaa, AA and Kotey, FCN and Dayie, NTKD},
title = {In Vitro Evaluation of Rosemary Essential Oil: GC-MS Profiling, Antibacterial Synergy, and Biofilm Inhibition.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph17121653},
pmid = {39770495},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {RZ07//The Fleming Fund/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become precarious, warranting investments in antimicrobial discovery. Aim: To investigate the antibacterial activity of rosemary essential oil (REO), alone and in combination with selected conventional antibiotics. Methods: REO was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination) and investigation of anti-pre-biofilm and antibiofilm activities. Results: The phytochemical composition of the REO was eucalyptol (42.68%), bornanone (33.20%), endo-borneol (9.37%), α-terpeneol (7.95%), linalool (2.10%), bornyl acetate (1.81%), caryophyllene (1.09%), 4-terpeneol (0.94%), and anethole (0.87%). The antibacterial inhibition zones generally increased with increasing REO concentration (i.e., 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL). The MIC and MBC ranges of REO for all bacteria were 3.13-6.25 mg/mL and 3.12-12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The MICs (in µg/mL) of ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, respectively, were Escherichia coli (0.98, 3.92, 1.96, 7.81, and 250), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.25, 7.81, 125, 7.81, and 1000), MRSA (62.5, 7.81, 3.91, 7.81, and 250), Streptococcus mutans and Bacillus subtilis (125, 15.68, 250, 31.25, and 1000), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125, 31.25, 500, 31.25, and 1000), and Salmonella Typhi (0.98, 15.68, 125, 1.96, and 1000). The MBC-MIC ratios of REO against all bacteria were in the range 1-2, indicating bactericidal effects. Mainly synergy (FICI = 0.16-0.37) was observed between REO and the conventional antibiotics. The IC50 values (in µg/mL) of REO against the bacteria, pre-biofilm vs. biofilm formation, were E. coli (1342.00 vs. 4.00), K. pneumoniae (106.00 vs. 3.00), MRSA (134.00 vs. 6.00), S. mutans (7259.00 vs. 7.00), B. subtilis (120.00 vs. 7.00), P. aeruginosa (4989.00 vs. 7.00), and S. Typhi (10.00 vs. 2.00). Conclusions: Rosemary essential oil had significant bactericidal effects on the bacteria tested, and its MIC and MBC values were low. Overall, it was synergistic with known conventional antibiotics and, thus, has encouraging prospects in combination therapy involving conventional antibiotics, even in the treatment of infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria, including biofilm-forming ones.},
}

@article {pmid39770454,
year = {2024},
author = {Atazhanova, GA and Levaya, YK and Badekova, KZ and Ishmuratova, MY and Smagulov, MK and Ospanova, ZO and Smagulova, EM},
title = {Inhibition of the Biofilm Formation of Plant Streptococcus mutans.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph17121613},
pmid = {39770454},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {АР23488250//MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN/ ; },
abstract = {This review is devoted to a systematic analysis of studies aimed at investigating plant extracts, essential oils and phytochemical compounds capable of inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. This paper investigates the effect of extracts, essential oils and individual plant compounds on inhibiting the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, one of the major pathogens responsible for the development of dental caries. Using cultural microbiology and molecular biology techniques, the authors describe the mechanisms by which plant samples reduce Streptococcus mutans adhesion and growth. The results show that several plant components have antibacterial properties, contributing to the reduction of Streptococcus mutans colony numbers and inhibiting the synthesis of extract-exopolysaccharide matrices required for biofilm formation. This work highlights the potential of botanicals in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, which can be applied as natural antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Views on the use of these plant extracts and their components in dental preparations such as toothpastes, rinses and gels aimed at preventing dental caries are evaluated. The review shows the relevance of the research to optimizing the use of plant extracts, essential oils, individual compounds and their active actions in the control of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid39770033,
year = {2024},
author = {Skeen, TL and Gresham, RL and Agamaite, KA and Molz, OM and Westlake, IF and Kregenow, SM and Romero, AK and Flood, BM and Mazur, LE and Hinkle, RJ and Young, DD},
title = {Elucidation of Antimicrobials and Biofilm Inhibitors Derived from a Polyacetylene Core.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {29},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules29245945},
pmid = {39770033},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {204-01-23//Commonwealth Health Resource Board/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Polyynes/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Molecular Structure ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Bacteria/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The development of new antibiotics with unique mechanisms of action is paramount to combating the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Recently, based on inspiration from natural products, an asymmetrical polyacetylene core structure was examined for its bioactivity and found to have differential specificity for different bacterial species based on the substituents around the conjugated alkyne. This research further probes the structural requirements for bioactivity through a systematic synthesis and investigation of new compounds with variable carbon chain length, alkynyl subunits, and alcohol substitution. Furthermore, the research examines the activity of the new compounds towards the inhibition of biofilm formation. Overall, several key new polyyne compounds have been identified in both decreasing bacterial viability and in disrupting pre-formed biofilms. These properties are key in the fight against bacterial infections and will be helpful in the further development of new antibiotic agents.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Polyynes/chemistry/pharmacology
*Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
Molecular Structure
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Structure-Activity Relationship
Bacteria/drug effects

@article {pmid39769141,
year = {2024},
author = {Alexa, VT and Fratila, AD and Oancea, R and Galuscan, A and Balean, O and Bolchis, V and Buzatu, BLR and Obistioiu, D and Suleiman, MA and Jumanca, D},
title = {Molecular Docking and Experimental Analysis of Essential Oil-Based Preparations on Biofilm Formation on Orthodontic Archwires.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms252413378},
pmid = {39769141},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Orthodontic Wires/microbiology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Good oral hygiene is crucial during treatment with fixed appliances, emphasising the need for additional or alternative oral health methods during orthodontic treatment. This study investigates the effect of essential oil (EO)-based preparations on biofilm adhesion to orthodontic archwires. Five identical-sized orthodontic archwires of different materials were tested using therapeutic and preventive applications of essential oils. This study also used molecular docking to explore how essential oil compounds interact with key proteins of common oral pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. We found that the constituent materials heavily influence the antimicrobial effects of essential oils on different orthodontic archwires. Stainless steel-based orthodontic archwires demonstrated the highest efficacy in antimicrobial protection against S. mutans strains (maximum BIP = 28.82% on the epoxy-coated SS). Conversely, inhibition effects in preventive applications against S. aureus were observed exclusively with titanium-molybdenum alloy orthodontic archwires across all tested emulsions (maximum BIP = 29.44%). CuNiTi alloys showed ineffectiveness in preventive treatments, as none of the EO mixtures inhibited biofilm development on this material. After biofilm contamination with S. mutans and S. aureuss strains, the ternary emulsion was most effective for four out of five orthodontic archwires. Computational analysis revealed strong binding interactions between essential oil compounds and key proteins of S. aureus and S. mutans, highlighting specific amino acid residues that are critical for these interactions. Based on the results, stainless steel with epoxy coating or TMA archwires, combined with BEO/CEO/OEO ternary mixture, are recommended for optimal antibacterial protection against biofilm formation on orthodontic archwires.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Molecular Docking Simulation
*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry
*Orthodontic Wires/microbiology
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects
Humans
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Stainless Steel/chemistry

@article {pmid39768840,
year = {2024},
author = {Tsikopoulos, A and Tsikopoulos, K and Sidiropoulos, K and Meroni, G and Triaridis, S and Drago, L and Papaioannidou, P},
title = {Development and Prevention of Biofilm on Cochlear Implants: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {60},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medicina60121959},
pmid = {39768840},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Cochlear Implants/standards/adverse effects ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention & control ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: Biofilm formation on cochlear implants (CIs) poses a major problem for surgeons, leading to a high incidence of explantation and revision surgery. Therefore, developing appropriate and cost-effective biofilm detection and prevention techniques is of the essence. In this systematic review, we sought to investigate the development of biofilm formation on CIs. We also elaborated on experimental preventative biofilm measures. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic search of both in vitro and in vivo literature published in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, until 15 June 2024, for published studies evaluating the biofilm formation and strategies for inhibiting biofilm formation on CIs. Depending on the type of the included study, we assessed quality with the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials tool, the Joanna Briggs Institute Case Reports Critical Appraisal Tool, a modified Delphi technique, and the ROBINS-I tool. We synthesized the available information on biofilm formation on CIs and the infection prevention capacity of the included antibiofilm agents. Results: A total of 26 studies were included in this systematic review. Biofilms in CIs are usually localized in their recesses such as their removable magnet pocket as opposed to their smooth surfaces. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most commonly isolated microorganisms, and they tend to be strong biofilm producers. The optimal treatment strategy for a biofilm-infected CI is explantation. Most of the examined biofilm prevention methods in CIs present sufficient antibiofilm activity. Conclusions: Biofilm formation in CIs is considered one of the most dreadful complications. There have been no specific guidelines for the treatment of those cases, with removal and/or replacement of the CI being the treatment of choice. Various experimental prevention methods provide promising antibiofilm activity both in vivo and in vitro.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Cochlear Implants/standards/adverse effects
Humans
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Prosthesis-Related Infections/prevention & control
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid39767046,
year = {2024},
author = {Yu, X and Li, Y and Yang, X and He, J and Tang, W and Chai, Y and Duan, Z and Li, W and Zhao, D and Wang, X and Huang, A and Li, H and Shi, Y},
title = {Chlorogenic Acid: A Promising Strategy for Milk Preservation by Inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods13244104},
pmid = {39767046},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {32302259//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202005AD160015//Yunnan Province Technology Innovation Talent Training Object/ ; XDYC-QNRC-2023-0413//the "Yunnan Province 'Xingdian Talent Support Plan' for young talent project"/ ; },
abstract = {Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a polyhydroxy phenolic acid, has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial properties. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) threatens food safety by forming biofilms. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of CGA against S. aureus and its biofilm. The anti-bacterial activity of CGA was assessed using crystal violet staining, TEM, SEM, a CLSM, and using metabolomics and molecular docking to elucidate the mechanism. The results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration of CGA against S. aureus was 2.5 mg/mL. CGA disrupts the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, leading to increased hydrophobicity, morphological changes, scattering, and reduced spreading. This disruption decreases biofilm adhesion and bacterial count. Metabolomics and molecular docking analyses revealed that CGA down-regulates key amino acids. It forms hydrogen bonds with penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4), Amidase, glutamate synthetase B, and glutamate synthetase A. By inhibiting amino acid metabolism, CGA prevents biofilm formation. CGA interacts with amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamate through hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (-C=O) groups. This interaction reduces cell viability and biofilm cohesion. The novel findings of this study, particularly the extension of the shelf life of pasteurized milk by inhibiting S. aureus growth, highlight the potential of CGA as a promising anti-biofilm strategy and preservative in the dairy industry.},
}

@article {pmid39766943,
year = {2024},
author = {Unal Turhan, E and Koca, EE},
title = {Predictive Modeling for Inactivation of Escherichia coli Biofilm with Combined Treatment of Thermosonication and Organic Acid on Polystyrene Surface.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods13244002},
pmid = {39766943},
issn = {2304-8158},
abstract = {The present study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm effect of combined sonication treatment with organic acids on polystyrene surfaces and to develop a predictive model for the inactivation of Escherichia coli biofilms. Polystyrene plates containing E. coli biofilms were subjected to sonication using different inactivation solutions (PBS, lactic acid, and acetic acid) at varying temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) and durations (2 and 5 min). The effects of temperature, treatment duration, and inactivation solution on E. coli biofilm removal were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of organic acids, along with increased treatment time and temperature, led to a significant reduction in viable cell counts (0.43-6.21 log CFU/mL) and optical density (0.13-0.72 at OD600) of E. coli biofilms (p < 0.05). The highest E. coli biofilm inactivation, with a reduction of 6.21 CFU/mL and 0.72 OD, was achieved by combining organic acid and thermosonication at 50 °C for 5 min. A significant positive correlation was observed between test methods based on viable cell count and optical density (OD) measurements. According to multiple linear regression analysis results, the R[2] values of the predictive models for biofilm inactivation, based on viable cell count and OD measurements, were 0.84 and 0.80, respectively. Due to its higher accuracy, the predictive model developed using viable cell count data is recommended for applications in the food industry and processing sectors.},
}

@article {pmid39766622,
year = {2024},
author = {Hofmeisterová, L and Bajer, T and Walczak, M and Šilha, D},
title = {Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of Arcobacter spp. and Other Bacteria.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121232},
pmid = {39766622},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background: In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. Methods: Thyme and clove essential oils (EOs) were subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of these EOs was tested in both the liquid and vapor phases using the volatilization method. The effect of the EOs on growth parameters was monitored using an RTS-8 bioreactor. However, the effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation of commonly occurring bacteria with pathogenic potential was also monitored, but for less described and yet clinically important strains of Arcobacter spp. Results: In total, 37 and 28 compounds were identified in the thyme and clove EO samples, respectively. The most common were terpenes and also derivatives of phenolic substances. Both EOs exhibited antimicrobial activity in the liquid and/or vapor phase against at least some strains. The determined antimicrobial activity of thyme and clove oil was in the range of 32-1024 µg/mL in the liquid phase and 512-1024 µg/mL in the vapor phase, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial effect are also supported by similar conclusions from monitoring growth curves using the RTS bioreactor. The effect of EOs on biofilm formation differed between strains. Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely suppressed in an environment with a thyme EO concentration of 1024 µg/mL. On the other hand, increased biofilm formation was found, e.g., in an environment of low concentration (1-32 µg/mL). Conclusions: The potential of using natural matrices as antimicrobials or preservatives is evident. The effect of these EOs on biofilm formation, especially Arcobacter strains, is described for the first time.},
}

@article {pmid39766618,
year = {2024},
author = {Yang, Z and Khan, SA and Walsh, LJ and Ziora, ZM and Seneviratne, CJ},
title = {Classical and Modern Models for Biofilm Studies: A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121228},
pmid = {39766618},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to various abiotic and biotic surfaces, where organisms are encased in an exo-polysaccharide matrix. Organisms within biofilms use various mechanisms that help them resist external challenges, such as antibiotics, rendering them more resistant to drugs. Therefore, researchers have attempted to develop suitable laboratory models to study the physical features of biofilms, their resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, and their gene and protein expression profiles. However, current laboratory models suffer from various limitations. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the various designs that have been used for laboratory biofilm models, presenting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we have provided insight into improving these models to more closely simulate real-life scenarios, using newly developed techniques in additive manufacturing, synthetic biology, and bioengineering.},
}

@article {pmid39766616,
year = {2024},
author = {Osta-Ustarroz, P and Theobald, AJ and Whitehead, KA},
title = {Microbial Colonization, Biofilm Formation, and Malodour of Washing Machine Surfaces and Fabrics and the Evolution of Detergents in Response to Consumer Demands and Environmental Concerns.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121227},
pmid = {39766616},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {N/A//Lubrizol Coporation/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are associated with the contamination and fouling at several locations in a washing machine, which is a particularly complex environment made from a range of metal, polymer, and rubber components. Microorganisms also adhere to different types of clothing fibres during the laundering process as well as a range of sweat, skin particles, and other components. This can result in fouling of both washing machine surfaces and clothes and the production of malodours. This review gives an introduction into washing machine use and surfaces and discusses how biofilm production confers survival properties to the microorganisms. Microbial growth on washing machines and textiles is also discussed, as is their potential to produce volatiles. Changes in consumer attitudes with an emphasis on laundering and an overview regarding changes that have occurred in laundry habits are reviewed. Since it has been suggested that such changes have increased the risk of microorganisms surviving the laundering process, an understanding of the interactions of the microorganisms with the surface components alongside the production of sustainable detergents to meet consumer demands are needed to enhance the efficacy of new antimicrobial cleaning agents in these complex and dynamic environments.},
}

@article {pmid39766538,
year = {2024},
author = {van Leuven, N and Lucassen, R and Dicks, A and Braß, P and Lipski, A and Bockmühl, DP},
title = {Does Antibiotic Use Contribute to Biofilm Resistance in Sink Drains? A Case Study from Four German Hospital Wards.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121148},
pmid = {39766538},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Backgound. As biofilms are known to harbour (multi-)resistant species, their presence in health settings must be considered critical. Although there is evidence that bacteria spread from drains to the outside, there is still a lack of research data focusing on drain biofilms from hospitals. Methods. We sampled biofilms from various wards of Helios Hospital Krefeld (Germany), where comprehensive antibiotic consumption data were available. Biofilms were analysed by cell counting, isolation of relevant bacterial groups and genetic and phenotypical resistance parameters. Data were correlated with the prescribed antibiotics of the respective ward. Furthermore, an ex situ biofilm model was employed to investigate the influence of sub-inhibitory antibiotics on the bacterial community and the prevalence of class 1 integrons. Results. Our results show that every ward harboured medically relevant bacterial species. While no significant differences were found in cell counts, the median prevalence of the resistance marker gene intI1 correlated with the amount of prescribed antibiotics. In contrast, phenotypical resistances showed no similar tendency. In addition, melting curve analysis data and changes in intI1 prevalence show that the composition of the bacterial community shifted depending on the biofilm and antibiotic. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first considering possible correlations between the consumption data of hospital wards and resistances in drain biofilms the way we did. Based on our results, we conclude that sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics have no general effect on biofilms in terms of bacterial community shift and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant species. Amongst other things, the effect depends on the initial composition of the bacterial community, the antibiotic used and the intrinsic bacterial resistance, e.g., prevalence of class 1 integrons.},
}

@article {pmid39766522,
year = {2024},
author = {Kaushik, A and Kest, H and Sood, M and Thieman, C and Steussy, BW and Padomek, M and Gupta, S},
title = {Infective Endocarditis by Biofilm-Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121132},
pmid = {39766522},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition with increasing global incidence, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Biofilm formation by S. aureus is a critical factor in pathogenesis, contributing to antimicrobial resistance and complicating the treatment of infections involving prosthetic valves and cardiovascular devices. Biofilms provide a protective matrix for MRSA, shielding it from antibiotics and host immune defenses, leading to persistent infections and increased complications, particularly in cases involving prosthetic materials. Clinical manifestations range from acute to chronic presentations, with complications such as heart failure, embolic events, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis relies on the Modified Duke Criteria, which have been updated to incorporate modern cardiovascular interventions and advanced imaging techniques, such as PET/CT (positron emission tomography, computed tomography), to improve the detection of biofilm-associated infections. Management of MRSA-associated IE requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy, often with vancomycin or daptomycin, needing a combination of antimicrobials in the setting of prosthetic materials and frequently necessitates surgical intervention to remove infected prosthetic material or repair damaged heart valves. Anticoagulation remains controversial, with novel therapies like dabigatran showing potential benefits in reducing thrombus formation. Despite progress in treatment, biofilm-associated resistance poses ongoing challenges. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including combination antimicrobial regimens, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, offer promising approaches to overcoming biofilm-related resistance and improving patient outcomes. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis, current management guidelines, and future directions for treating biofilm-related MRSA IE.},
}

@article {pmid39766503,
year = {2024},
author = {Oh, JW and Shin, MK and Park, HR and Kim, S and Lee, B and Yoo, JS and Chi, WJ and Sung, JS},
title = {PA-Win2: In Silico-Based Discovery of a Novel Peptide with Dual Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics13121113},
pmid = {39766503},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {NIBRE202411//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; NIBR202402105//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; },
abstract = {Background: The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) have become a serious global threat, as the morbidity and mortality associated with ARB infections are continuously rising. The activation of quorum sensing (QS) genes can promote biofilm formation, which contributes to the acquisition of drug resistance and increases virulence. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents to control ARB and prevent further development. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring defense molecules in organisms known to suppress pathogens through a broad range of antimicrobial mechanisms. Methods: In this study, we utilized a previously developed deep-learning model to identify AMP candidates from the venom gland transcriptome of the spider Pardosa astrigera, followed by experimental validation. Results: PA-Win2 was among the top-scoring predicted peptides and was selected based on physiochemical features. Subsequent experimental validation demonstrated that PA-Win2 inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MRPA) strain CCARM 2095. The peptide exhibited strong bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa, and MRPA CCARM 2095 through the depolarization of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and alteration of gene expression associated with bacterial survival. In addition, PA-Win2 effectively inhibited biofilm formation and degraded pre-formed biofilms of P. aeruginosa. The gene expression study showed that the peptide treatment led to the downregulation of QS genes in the Las, Pqs, and Rhl systems. Conclusions: These findings suggest PA-Win2 as a promising drug candidate against ARB and demonstrate the potential of in silico methods in discovering functional peptides from biological data.},
}

@article {pmid39764613,
year = {2025},
author = {Xiong, T and Ning, F and Chen, Y and Gu, M and Li, M and Chen, X and Wang, L and Fan, J and Peng, X},
title = {Charge Regulation-Enhanced Type I Photosensitizer-Loaded Hydrogel Dressing for Hypoxic Bacterial Inhibition and Biofilm Elimination.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.4c15730},
pmid = {39764613},
issn = {1936-086X},
abstract = {Biofilm-induced chronic bacterial infections represent a significant challenge in modern medicine due to their resistance to conventional antibiotic treatments. Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising antibiotic-free antibacterial strategy, the hypoxic condition within biofilms and the lack of an effective local drug delivery system have limited the clinical effectiveness of photosensitizer (PS) agents. Herein, we propose a type of charge regulation-enhanced type I PS-loaded hydrogel dressing for treating biofilm infection. The charge regulation enables the multiple alkylation Nile blue (EB series) to exhibit substantially improved absorbance (∼2-fold), alkaline tolerance, and superoxide anion yield (2.2-4.2-fold) compared to the representative type I PS, sulfur-substituted Nile blue. Specifically, the enhanced electronic push-pull capabilities promote a more efficient electron recycling process, significantly boosting the efficiency of type I PDT. The superior PDT effect and enhanced bacterial uptake via charge regulation render the EB series more pronounced in hypoxic bacterial inhibition under red light or sunlight irradiation. Moreover, the hydrogel, constructed from oxidized dextran and quaternized chitosan, facilitates the localization and sustained retention of type I PSs, accelerating the healing of biofilm-infected wounds. This type I PS-based hydrogel could provide an efficient and user-friendly wound dressing for the clinical treatment and prevention of biofilm infections.},
}

@article {pmid39764404,
year = {2024},
author = {Sengupta, B and Alrubayan, M and Wang, Y and Mallet, E and Torres, A and Solis, R and Wang, H and Pradhan, P},
title = {An AI-directed analytical study on the optical transmission microscopic images of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in planktonic and biofilm states.},
journal = {ArXiv},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39764404},
issn = {2331-8422},
abstract = {Biofilms are resistant microbial cell aggregates that pose risks to health and food industries and produce environmental contamination. Accurate and efficient detection and prevention of biofilms are challenging and demand interdisciplinary approaches. This multidisciplinary research reports the application of a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model for detecting biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high accuracy. Aptamer DNA templated silver nanocluster (Ag-NC) was used to prevent biofilm formation, which produced images of the planktonic states of the bacteria. Large-volume bright field images of bacterial biofilms were used to design the AI model. In particular, we used U-Net with ResNet encoder enhancement to segment biofilm images for AI analysis. Different degrees of biofilm structures can be efficiently detected using ResNet18 and ResNet34 backbones. The potential applications of this technique are also discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39764008,
year = {2024},
author = {Zarate, D and Isenberg, RY and Pavelsky, M and Speare, L and Jackson, A and Mandel, MJ and Septer, AN},
title = {The conserved global regulator H-NS has a strain-specific impact on biofilm formation in Vibrio fischeri symbionts.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2024.12.19.629378},
pmid = {39764008},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Strain-level variation among host-associated bacteria often determines host range and the extent to which colonization is beneficial, benign, or pathogenic. Vibrio fischeri is a beneficial symbiont of the light organs of fish and squid with known strain-specific differences that impact host specificity, colonization efficiency, and interbacterial competition. Here, we describe how the conserved global regulator, H-NS, has a strain-specific impact on a critical colonization behavior: biofilm formation. We isolated a mutant of the fish symbiont V. fischeri MJ11 with a transposon insertion in the hns gene. This mutant formed sticky, moderately wrinkled colonies on LBS plates, a condition not known to induce biofilm in this species. A reconstructed hns mutant displayed the same wrinkled colony, which became smooth when hns was complemented in trans , indicating the hns disruption is causal for biofilm formation in MJ11. Transcriptomes revealed differential expression for the syp biofilm locus in the hns mutant, relative to the parent, suggesting biofilm may in part involve SYP polysaccharide. However, enhanced biofilm in the MJ11 hns mutant was not sufficient to allow colonization of a non-native squid host. Finally, moving the hns mutation into other V. fischeri strains, including the squid symbionts ES114 and ES401, and seawater isolate PP3, revealed strain-specific biofilm phenotypes: ES114 and ES401 hns mutants displayed minimal biofilm phenotypes while PP3 hns mutant colonies were more wrinkled than the MJ11 hns mutant. These findings together define H-NS as a novel regulator of V. fischeri symbiotic biofilm and demonstrate key strain specificity in that role.

IMPORTANCE: This work, which shows how H-NS has strain-specific impacts on biofilm in Vibrio fischeri , underscores the importance of studying multiple strains, even when examining highly conserved genes and functions. Our observation that knocking out a conserved regulator can result in a wide range of biofilm phenotypes, depending on the isolate, serves as a powerful reminder that strain-level variation is common and worthy of exploration. Indeed, uncovering the mechanisms of strain-specific phenotypic differences is essential to understand drivers of niche differentiation and bacterial evolution. Thus, it is important to carefully match the number and type of strains used in a study with the research question to accurately interpret and extrapolate the results beyond a single genotype. The additional work required for multi-strain studies is often worth the investment of time and resources, as it provides a broader view of the complexity of within-species diversity in microbial systems.},
}

@article {pmid39763928,
year = {2024},
author = {Glowacki, RWP and Engelhart, MJ and Till, JM and Kadam, A and Nemet, I and Sangwan, N and Ahern, PP},
title = {Identification of strain-specific cues that regulate biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2024.12.20.629428},
pmid = {39763928},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Members of the gut microbiome encounter a barrage of host- and microbe-derived microbiocidal factors that must be overcome to maintain fitness in the intestine. The long-term stability of many gut microbiome strains within the microbiome suggests the existence of strain-specific strategies that have evolved to foster resilience to such insults. Despite this, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this resistance. Biofilm formation represents one commonly employed defense strategy against stressors like those found in the intestine. Here, we demonstrate strain-level variation in the capacity of the gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to form biofilms. Despite the potent induction of biofilm formation by purified bile in most strains, we show that the specific bile acid species driving biofilm formation differ among strains, and uncover that a secondary bile-acid, lithocholic acid, and its conjugated forms, potently induce biofilm formation in a strain-specific manner. Additionally, we found that the short-chain fatty acid, acetic acid, could suppress biofilm formation. Thus, our data defines the molecular components of bile that promote biofilm formation in B. thetaiotaomicron and reveals that distinct molecular cues trigger the induction or inhibition of this process. Moreover, we uncover strain-level variation in these responses, thus identifying that both shared and strain-specific determinants govern biofilm formation in this species.

IMPORTANCE: In order to thrive within the intestine, it is imperative that gut microbes resist the multitude of insults derived from the host immune system and other microbiome members. As such, they have evolved strategies that ensure their survival within the intestine. We investigated one such strategy, biofilm formation, in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , a common member of the human microbiome. We uncovered significant variation in natural biofilm formation in the absence of an overt stimulus among different Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strains, and revealed that different strains adopted a biofilm lifestyle in response to distinct molecular stimuli. Thus our studies provide novel insights into factors mediating gut symbiont resiliency, revealing strain-specific and shared strategies in these responses. Collectively, our findings underscore the prevalence of strain-level differences that should be factored into our understanding of gut microbiome functions.},
}

@article {pmid39763852,
year = {2024},
author = {Liu, Y and Gates, AD and Liu, Z and Duque, Q and Chen, MY and Hamilton, CD and O'Toole, GA and Haney, CH},
title = {In vitro biofilm formation only partially predicts beneficial Pseudomonas fluorescens protection against rhizosphere pathogens.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1101/2024.12.17.628960},
pmid = {39763852},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Plant roots form associations with both beneficial and pathogenic soil microorganisms. While members of the rhizosphere microbiome can protect against pathogens, the mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the ability to form a robust biofilm on the root surface is necessary for the exclusion of pathogens; however, it is not known if the same biofilm formation components required in vitro are necessary in vivo. Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 is a beneficial strain that is phylogenetically closely related to an opportunistic pathogen P. fluorescens N2C3 and confers robust protection against P. fluorescens N2C3 in the rhizosphere. We used this plant-mutualist-pathogen model to screen collections of P. fluorescens WCS365 increased a ttachment m utants (iam) and s urface a ttachment d efective (sad) transposon insertion mutants that form increased or decreased levels of biofilm on an abiotic surface, respectively. We found that while the P. fluorescens WCS365 mutants had altered biofilm formation in vitro , only a subset of these mutants, including those involved in large adhesion protein (Lap) biosynthesis, flagellin biosynthesis and O-antigen biosynthesis, lost protection against P. fluorescens N2C3. We found that the inability of P. fluorescens WCS365 mutants to grow in planta , and the inability to suppress pathogen growth, both partially contributed to loss of plant protection. We did not find a correlation between the extent of biofilm formed in vitro and pathogen protection in planta indicating that biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces may not fully predict pathogen exclusion in planta . Collectively, our work provides insights into mechanisms of biofilm formation and host colonization that shape the outcomes of host-microbe-pathogen interactions.},
}

@article {pmid39761772,
year = {2025},
author = {Padmavathi, AR and Karthikeyan, B and Rao, TS and Senthil Kumar, J and Murthy, PS},
title = {Polydimethylsiloxane loaded capsaicin afflicts membrane integrity, metabolic activity and biofilm formation of nosocomial pathogens.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {107282},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107282},
pmid = {39761772},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Biofilms constitute 80 % of all nosocomial infections associated with invasive medical devices. Polydimethylsiloxane, a highly elastic, inert, non-reactive, biocompatible silicone polymer is widely used as implant biomaterial due to its non-toxic and low-immunogenic nature. Owing to its hydrophobicity, PDMS suffers from microbial adhesion. Inhibition of biofilm formation on PDMS surfaces is imperative to prevent morbidity, mortality and replacement of implants. The present study investigates the efficacy of capsaicin (0.5 % w/v) loaded PDMS as a broad spectrum antimicrobial surface against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Capsaicin exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration of 1024 μg mL[-1] for S. aureus, E. coli and 256 μg mL[-1] for C. albicans. Capsaicin inhibited biofilms of S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans at much lower concentrations of 2, 64 and 8 μg mL[-1] respectively. The minimum capsaicin concentrations required for total biofilm eradication was found to be 256, 512, 128 μg mL[-1] for S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans respectively. Probing sub-lethal concentrations of capsaicin revealed 38, 32, 30 % reduction in metabolic activity of S. aureus, E. coli & C. albicans planktonic cells respectively. Similarly, there was an increase in permeability of cells to propidium iodide compared to control. By reducing the metabolic activity and perturbing membrane integrity, capsaicin could prevent biofilm formation and this was also observed with capsaicin-PDMS surfaces that exhibited 1 log (∼90 %) reduction of viable bacterial counts.},
}

@article {pmid39761771,
year = {2025},
author = {Benahmed, A and Seghir, A and Dergal, F and Chiali, A and Boucherit-Otmani, Z and Ziani-Chérif, C},
title = {Study of interaction in dual-species biofilm of Candida glabrata and Klebsiella pneumoniae co-isolated from peripheral venous catheter using Raman characterization mapping and machine learning algorithms.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {199},
number = {},
pages = {107280},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107280},
pmid = {39761771},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Polymicrobial biofilm infections, especially associated with medical devices such as peripheral venous catheters, are challenging in clinical settings for treatment and management. In this study, we examined the mixed biofilm formed by Candida glabrata and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which were co-isolated from the same peripheral venous catheter. Our results revealed that C. glabrata can form mixed biofilms with K. pneumoniae in vitro on peripheral venous catheters and the bottom of microplate wells, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, using Raman mapping, we showed the distribution of both species in mono- and dual-species biofilms and suggested the type of microbial interaction in this polymicrobial biofilm. Finally, with the assistance of appropriate machine learning (ML) algorithms, based on identified peaks of bacteria, yeast, catheter, and Microplate mapping spectra, we develop a dedicated Raman database to detect the presence of these elements in an unknown spectrum in the future.},
}

@article {pmid39758814,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribeiro, PDS and Stasko, J and Shircliff, A and Fernandes, LG and Putz, EJ and Andreasen, C and Azevedo, V and Ristow, P and Nally, JE},
title = {Investigations into the growth and formation of biofilm by Leptospira biflexa at temperatures encountered during infection.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100243},
pmid = {39758814},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {The genus Leptospira comprises unique atypical spirochete bacteria that includes the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a globally important zoonosis. Biofilms are microecosystems composed of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix that offers protection against hostile factors. Leptospires form biofilms in vitro, in situ in rice fields and unsanitary urban areas, and in vivo while colonizing rodent kidneys. The complex three-dimensional biofilm matrix includes secreted polymeric substances such as proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and saccharides. The genus Leptospira comprises pathogenic and saprophytic species with the saprophytic L. biflexa being commonly used as a model organism for the genus. In this study, the growth and formation of biofilms by L. biflexa was investigated not just at 29 °C, but at 37 °C/5 % CO2, a temperature similar to that encountered during host infection. Planktonic free-living L. biflexa grow in HAN media at both 29 °C and 37 °C/5 % CO2, but cells grown at 37 °C/5 % CO2 are longer (18.52 μm ± 3.39) compared to those at 29 °C (13.93 μm ± 2.84). Biofilms formed at 37 °C/5 % CO2 had more biomass compared to 29 °C, as determined by crystal violet staining. Confocal microscopy determined that the protein content within the biofilm matrix was more prominent than double-stranded DNA, and featured a distinct layer attached to the solid substrate. Additionally, the model enabled effective protein extraction for proteomic comparison across different biofilm phenotypes. Results highlight an important role for proteins in biofilm matrix structure by leptospires and the identification of their specific protein components holds promise for strategies to mitigate biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid39758150,
year = {2024},
author = {Yadav, P and Shrestha, S and Basyal, D and Tiwari, A and Sah, R and Sah, AK and Yadav, B and Willcox, M and Mishra, SK},
title = {Characterization and Biofilm Inhibition of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2024},
number = {},
pages = {5749982},
pmid = {39758150},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii poses a significant therapeutic challenge due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics and its ability to form biofilm. This study aimed to characterize MDR A. baumannii isolates for their biofilm-forming capabilities and the presence of common biofilm-related genes at a tertiary care university hospital in Nepal. In addition, it assessed the efficacy of various compounds, particularly essential oils, in inhibiting biofilm formation. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of A. baumannii isolates from clinical specimens were conducted according to the guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology. Isolates were screened for motility profiles, biofilm production in a microtiter plate assay, and the presence of biofilm-related gene(s) by conventional polymerase chain reaction. The ability of cinnamaldehyde, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Tween 80, amino acids (glycine and glutamic acid), and natural plant extracts to inhibit biofilm formation was also tested using the microtiter plate system. Out of the total 200 A. baumannii isolates, 195 were MDR, with 192 able to produce biofilms. Among them, 83.1% were strong biofilm producers. In this study, 42.0% and 66.2% of the isolates exhibited twitching motility and surface-associated motility, respectively. Thirty MDR A. baumannii isolates from medical devices contained biofilm-related genes csuE, ompA, bap, and bla PER-1, in 90.0%, 53.3%, 46.6%, and 26.6% of strains, respectively. Cinnamaldehyde (0.875 mg/mL) was the most effective compound, inhibiting biofilm formation by 77.3%, followed by ethanolic extract of onion (77.2%), 0.5% Tween 80 (76.8%), and essential oil of ginger (70.8%). The majority of A. baumannii clinical isolates were strong biofilm producers and often possessed the biofilm-related genes csuE and ompA. Essential oils at 200 mg/L, along with Tween 80, were the most effective (≥ 67%) at inhibiting the formation of biofilms. These findings help to understand biofilm production and provide valuable insights into MDR A. baumannii isolates in this clinical setting.},
}