@article {pmid42216470,
year = {2026},
author = {Champetier, P and Albero, C and Raposo Pereira, F and Herzog, R and Chaumon, M and Houot, M and Locatelli, M and Kas, A and Habert, MO and Teichmann, M and Epelbaum, S and Arnulf, I and Oudiette, D and Andrillon, T and , },
title = {Sleep-like slow waves during resting-state: A promising EEG biomarker of amyloid and neurodegeneration in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {e71514},
doi = {10.1002/alz.71514},
pmid = {42216470},
issn = {1552-5279},
support = {//INSERM/ ; //Paris brain institute - Institut du Cerveau (ICM)/ ; //Pfizer/ ; //Avid/ ; //Foundation Plan-Alzheimer/ ; ANR-10-AIHU-06//Investissement d'Avenir/ ; //Fondation Recherche Alzheimer/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/diagnosis ; *Electroencephalography ; Female ; Male ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Biomarkers ; Aged ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; *Sleep, Slow-Wave/physiology ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Rest ; Neuropsychological Tests ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Growing evidence supports a critical role of sleep slow waves (SW) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, wake SW (sleep-like SW potentially reflecting local intrusions of sleep) remain unexplored in AD.

METHODS: A total of 274 older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) (INSIGHT-preAD cohort, 76.6 ± 3.5 years) underwent (i) positron emission tomography (PET) scans for amyloid (A) and neurodegeneration (N), (ii) high-density resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings to detect wake SW, and (iii) cognitive assessments. PET biomarkers were reassessed 2 years later. We examined wake SW associations with (1) current A/N status, (2) cognition, and (3) amyloid conversion.

RESULTS: A+N-, A-N+, and A+N+ individuals exhibited lower delta wake SW density than A-N- participants. Wake SW amplitude (1) was higher in A+N+ than A-N- individuals, (2) correlated with poorer memory, and (3) predicted A- to A+ conversion (n = 157 A- stable individuals, n = 16 convertors).

DISCUSSION: Wake SW represent promising early EEG biomarkers for AD pathology and amyloid conversion, facilitating risk stratification before cognitive decline onset.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/diagnosis
*Electroencephalography
Female
Male
Positron-Emission Tomography
Biomarkers
Aged
*Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
*Sleep, Slow-Wave/physiology
Brain/diagnostic imaging
Rest
Neuropsychological Tests

@article {pmid42216479,
year = {2026},
author = {Porter, T and Armstrong, AM and O'Brien, EK and Doré, V and Bourgeat, P and Turner, M and Maruff, P and Rowe, CC and Brown, BM and Villemagne, VL and Rainey-Smith, SR and Laws, SM and , },
title = {Evidence for direct and sleep-moderated relationships between aquaporin-4 genetic variants and Alzheimer's disease phenotypes.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {e71516},
doi = {10.1002/alz.71516},
pmid = {42216479},
issn = {1552-5279},
support = {//Alzheimer's Association (USA)/ ; //Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation/ ; GNT1161706//the NHMRC/ ; GNT2001320//the NHMRC/ ; GNT1197315//NHMRC Investigator/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Aquaporin 4/genetics ; *Alzheimer Disease/genetics/pathology/complications/diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Phenotype ; Brain/pathology/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Aged ; *Sleep/genetics/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Genetic Variation ; Atrophy ; Australia ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Variants in the aquaporin-4 gene (AQP4) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis, cognition, and brain amyloid beta (Aβ) and may affect the sleep and Aβ relationship. Their association with other AD-related phenotypes/disease progression remain largely unknown.

METHODS: Associations between AQP4 variants, self-reported sleep measures, and AD-related phenotypes in cognitively unimpaired individuals with evidence of Aβ accumulation were examined using data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle study.

RESULTS: AQP4 variants were directly associated with regional brain volumes, atrophy, and cognition. They were also associated with differences in regional brain volumes and atrophy in interaction with sleep duration, latency, and quality. Finally, AQP4 variants were associated with cognitive decline in interaction with sleep disturbances.

DISCUSSION: These findings support a relationship between AQP4 and AD phenotypes, both directly and through their interaction with sleep.},
}

Humans
*Aquaporin 4/genetics
*Alzheimer Disease/genetics/pathology/complications/diagnostic imaging
Female
Phenotype
Brain/pathology/diagnostic imaging
Male
Aged
*Sleep/genetics/physiology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
*Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
Genetic Variation
Atrophy
Australia

@article {pmid42216554,
year = {2026},
author = {Veglianti, F and Di Vito Nolfi, M and Flati, I and Dall'Aglio, F and Di Giovanni, F and Verzella, D and Capece, D and Angelucci, A and Alesse, E and Zazzeroni, F and Vecchiotti, D},
title = {NF-κB Involvement in Glaucoma-Associated Neuroinflammation: Focus on Glial Cells.},
journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {45644},
doi = {10.31083/FBL45644},
pmid = {42216554},
issn = {2768-6698},
support = {DISCAB GRANT 2022 code 07_DG_2022_24//Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila/ ; 07_PROGETTO_RICERCA_ATENEO_2023_VECCHIOTTI//Progetto di Ricerca di Ateneo per l'avvio alla Ricerca/ ; F/310074/01-02/X56 CUP B19J23000180005//Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy/ ; CUP E11I23000130001, CODICE BORSA 39-411-55-DOT13SR6G7-7917//L'Aquila University Ph.D. program in Experimental/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Glaucoma/metabolism/pathology/immunology ; *NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; *Neuroglia/metabolism/pathology ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; Microglia/metabolism/pathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology/metabolism ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; },
abstract = {Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve damage. Both mechanical and vascular factors are believed to contribute to the etiology of glaucoma. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this article, although it is a single component of a multifactorial condition, we argue that neuroinflammation is a significant factor in glaucoma pathogenesis. Glaucoma, at present, is recognized as a neurodegenerative disorder sharing common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with classical neurodegenerative diseases. The involvement of classical immune signaling pathways, such as TLRs and NF-κB, as well as proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, aligns glaucoma with other neurodegenerative diseases where inflammation is pivotal (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases). As such, glaucoma should be considered not only an ocular pressure disorder but also a neurodegenerative condition with a strong immune component. This perspective opens new avenues for novel therapeutic intervention, including the targeting of glial cells or modulators of inflammatory signaling. However, the complexity of microglial phenotypes and the timing of their activation relative to astrocytes remain areas that require further clarification. The current M1/M2 paradigm is acknowledged as overly simplistic, highlighting the need for more refined and nuanced models. Although oxidative stress and other interconnected signaling, such as STAT3, are involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, here, we focus on the role of the NF-κB signaling pathway within the glaucomatous condition with a special focus on the main characters fostering the neuroinflammation.},
}

Humans
*Glaucoma/metabolism/pathology/immunology
*NF-kappa B/metabolism
Animals
Signal Transduction
*Neuroglia/metabolism/pathology
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/pathology
Microglia/metabolism/pathology
Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology/metabolism
Astrocytes/metabolism
Oxidative Stress

@article {pmid42216624,
year = {2026},
author = {Taha, MME and Abdelwahab, SI and Sahli, KA and Jeraiby, M and Qadri, M and Alarifi, A and Farasani, A and Moshi, JM},
title = {A century of coffee and tea research in cognitive health and Alzheimer's disease: Structural, thematic, and translational insights (1911-2025).},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261450996},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261450996},
pmid = {42216624},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundAlthough studies have explored tea and coffee in relation to Alzheimer's disease, no century-scale analysis has jointly examined both within a unified primary-evidence framework.ObjectiveThis study maps the structural, thematic, and temporal evolution of coffee and tea research in cognitive aging.MethodsScopus-indexed original English articles (1911-2025) were retrieved using a structured Boolean strategy under PRISMA guidance. Analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. Performance metrics, collaboration networks, co-citation mapping, Bradford's Law, co-word clustering, thematic evolution, and overlay visualization were applied to full-period and recent (2021-2025) datasets.ResultsA total of 2873 articles across 1285 sources demonstrated steady annual growth (4.96%) and substantial citation impact (mean 40.17 citations per document). Research productivity was concentrated in high-income countries, led by the United States, United Kingdom, and China, reflecting core-periphery stratification and citation asymmetry. Collaboration networks showed hub dominance with dense transatlantic-Eurasian linkages. Bradford analysis identified a limited core of highly productive journals. Thematic evolution revealed persistent anchoring in Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, and neuroprotection, with sustained prominence of coffee, caffeine, tea, and polyphenols. Recent years indicate translational expansion integrating microbiome science and computational methods. Overlay visualization demonstrated temporal stratification, highlighting emerging themes such as gut microbiota and deep learning alongside stable beverage-related cognitive frameworks.ConclusionsCoffee and tea research in cognitive aging has evolved into a mature, mechanistically grounded, and globally stratified field, increasingly integrating translational, microbiome, and computational approaches in dementia-related investigations.},
}

@article {pmid42216638,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Y and Tan, L and Lao, L and Huang, X and Zhang, S and Sun, H},
title = {Microenvironmental Regulation of Central Nervous System Myelination and Remyelination.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {43257},
doi = {10.31083/JIN43257},
pmid = {42216638},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {2023A1515030045//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2025A1515010528//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2023B110008//Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine/ ; yzjj2022ms4//Presidential Foundation of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University/ ; pdjh2024a088//Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students' Scientific and Technological Innovation/ ; 202512121005//Guangdong Students Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program/ ; 82201497//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025A1515010744//Guangdong Basic Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2023QN10Y775//Pearl River Talent Program/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Remyelination/physiology ; *Myelin Sheath/physiology ; *Central Nervous System/metabolism ; *Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism ; Microglia ; },
abstract = {Both myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) rely on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). However, the microenvironment and underlying mechanisms of these two processes are significantly different. Myelination is driven by intrinsic developmental programs, whereas remyelination is triggered as a response to demyelinating injury. These distinct origins shape unique microenvironmental conditions that critically influence the respective processes. The microenvironment comprises, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular components. Neurons, microglia, and astrocytes play stage-specific roles, ensuring proper myelin turnover under physiological conditions and regeneration after demyelination. Dysregulation of the microenvironment represents a critical driver of aberrant myelination and remyelination failure, as well as a key limitation of current pro-regenerative strategies. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis of microenvironmental regulation, recent advances in pathological microenvironmental alterations across demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder) and myelin-associated disorders (Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), and emerging pro-remyelination strategies targeting the microenvironment, such as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and microglia replacement strategies. We provide a non-cell autonomous perspective to advance the understanding of OLs differentiation and CNS remyelination.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Remyelination/physiology
*Myelin Sheath/physiology
*Central Nervous System/metabolism
*Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
Microglia

@article {pmid42216640,
year = {2026},
author = {Kong, Y and Lv, X and Yang, Y and Li, Q and Dai, C and Lin, X and Liu, J and Li, J},
title = {Lactobacillus mucosae Reduces Neuronal Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease via the Regulation of CB2 Signaling.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {48598},
doi = {10.31083/JIN48598},
pmid = {42216640},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {Y20240038//Science and Technology Funds of Wenzhou/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects/physiology ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/drug therapy ; Male ; *Probiotics/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism/drug effects ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mice ; *Neurons/metabolism/drug effects ; *Lactobacillus ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The probiotic Lactobacillus mucosae has been widely shown to have many positive effects. However, its neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive.

METHODS: Male APP/PS1 mice were treated for 4 weeks with L. mucosae WMU007, followed by the evaluation of cognitive function, neuronal damage, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, and Tau phosphorylation. RNA-seq coupled with Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis implicated L. mucosae WMU007 in modulating oxidative stress in this AD model. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and qPCR were performed to identify the specific mechanism by which this probiotic suppresses oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, we quantified the levels of classical oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). We also examined the expression of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) and its key downstream regulators in the redox pathway, namely nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), in both animal and cellular models.

RESULTS: Our results showed that treatment with L. mucosae WMU007 significantly decreased cognitive impairment, neuronal damage, Aβ deposits, and Tau phosphorylation in APP/PS1 mice. Activation of CB2 was identified as the key mechanism by which L. mucosae WMU007 reduces oxidative stress in AD. In addition, L. mucosae WMU007 reduced oxidative stress and increased the levels of CB2 pathway-related proteins in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that L. mucosae WMU007 confers neuroprotection in AD by targeting CB2-mediated oxidative pathways, highlighting its therapeutic potential as a novel probiotic intervention.},
}

Animals
*Oxidative Stress/drug effects/physiology
*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/drug therapy
Male
*Probiotics/pharmacology/administration & dosage
*Signal Transduction/drug effects
Disease Models, Animal
*Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism/drug effects
Mice, Transgenic
Mice
*Neurons/metabolism/drug effects
*Lactobacillus

@article {pmid42216664,
year = {2026},
author = {Wen, T and Zhu, T and Zhou, LY and Ran, Z and Chen, L and Wang, WJ},
title = {Bibliometric analysis of natural medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Trends, hotspots, and emerging research fields.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261451887},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261451887},
pmid = {42216664},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose global prevalence continues to rise, yet treatment options are still limited. Natural medicines, with their potential for multi-target intervention, have become a key direction in AD drug development. However, a systematic overview of research trends in this field based on bibliometric methods is currently lacking.ObjectiveThis study aims to summarize research progress on natural medicines for AD treatment using bibliometric analysis and to identify future research hotspots and trends.MethodsRelevant publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Data visualization and analysis were conducted using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R.ResultsA total of 3800 publications were included, involving contributions from 108 countries/regions, 4024 institutions, 18,729 authors, and 706 journals. Publication output showed steady growth, with China and India as the leading contributing countries. Institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Kyung Hee University demonstrated high productivity and influence. The research focus has shifted from initial clinical pharmacology and molecular pathology to exploring multi-target mechanisms of natural medicines through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Promising natural agents include Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, and Centella asiatica.ConclusionsResearch on natural medicines for AD has progressed steadily over the past two decades, with current emphasis on elucidating multi-target mechanisms using emerging technologies. However, clinical evidence remains limited. Future studies should strengthen multi-omics integration and clinical translation to foster innovative AD prevention and treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42216665,
year = {2026},
author = {Prasad, M and Pulukuri, S and Sampani, K and Yarala, R and Mittal, R and Xia, W and Stein, TD and Aytan, N and Chen, X and Ness, S and Siegel, NH and Subramanian, ML},
title = {Association of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain with retinal cell layer thickness: A cross-sectional study of ophthalmic surgical patients.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261452676},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261452676},
pmid = {42216665},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundRetinal thickness has been associated with neurocognitive conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveRetinal cell layer thickness was evaluated for associations with neurodegenerative protein biomarkers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in plasma, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 50 patients who underwent vitrectomy and optical coherence tomography imaging of the inner macular ring (IM) and outer macular ring (OM). Associations between inner retinal cell layer thicknesses and GFAP or NfL levels were evaluated with linear regression adjusted for demographic and clinical factors. p-values less than 0.05 and with a false discovery rate less than 10% were considered significant.ResultsHigher plasma GFAP levels were significantly associated with a thinner retinal nerve fiber layer at the superior, nasal, and inferior OM as well as a thinner ganglion cell layer at the superior IM, inferior IM, temporal IM, nasal OM, and temporal OM. Plasma GFAP was also associated with a thinner inner plexiform layer at the nasal IM, inferior IM, temporal IM, nasal OM, and temporal OM. Plasma NfL was negatively associated with GCL thickness only in the superior IM.ConclusionsHigher plasma GFAP levels were associated with thinner inner cell layers, whereas plasma NfL levels showed a more limited association. These findings suggest that systemic astroglial activation may be associated with retinal structural changes.},
}

@article {pmid42216668,
year = {2026},
author = {Dos Santos Silva, J},
title = {Cannabinoids for Alzheimer's disease: A promising trial, although not yet ready for the prescription pad.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261452183},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261452183},
pmid = {42216668},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {Cury et al. present the first randomized placebo-controlled trial of a low-dose balanced tetrahydrocannabinol-cannabidiol extract targeting cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study marks a milestone in a field long dominated by anecdotes and low-certainty evidence. While it demonstrated modest cognitive improvement on the Mini-Mental State Examination, the lack of functional and behavioral outcomes raises questions about real-world benefits. Methodological limitations, including a small sample size and limited power, temper interpretation but highlight the need for larger studies. For clinicians, this trial transforms speculation into evidence-based counseling, promoting informed dialogue while cautioning against premature clinical use of unregulated cannabis products in AD care.},
}

@article {pmid42216670,
year = {2026},
author = {Sibilia, F and Fotouhi, M and Lei, X and Cabeen, RP and Cen, S and Choupan, J and Hazany, S and Sheikh-Bahaei, N and , },
title = {Traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder on brain imaging markers and cognition in a war veterans population.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261450973},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261450973},
pmid = {42216670},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are emerging contributors to the development and progression of dementia.ObjectiveThis study examined how traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder relate to cognitive function and neuroimaging markers in U.S. veterans from the Department of Defense Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-DOD).MethodsTBI severity was quantified with a new scoring system, and PTSD symptoms and combat exposure were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Combat Exposure Scale (CES). Cognitive performance was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SOB). Neuroimaging included amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), vascular imaging, and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI).ResultsAs expected, higher Aβ and tau burden were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance on the MMSE, ADAS-Cog, and CDR-SOB. Greater PTSD symptom severity was also linked to poorer cognition measured by all three tests, and higher TBI severity correlated with lower MMSE scores. However, neither TBI severity nor PTSD symptoms were associated with neuroimaging biomarkers of neurodegeneration or vascular damage.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that cognitive impairment in veterans is related to the prior history of TBI and PTSD, but these risk factors may not affect the cognition directly through the accumulation of AD pathologies or vascular injuries. Although these results need further validation by other cohorts who have more recent trauma and wider range of cognitive impairment.},
}

@article {pmid42216672,
year = {2026},
author = {Rizzo, M and Oomens, JE and Jansen, WJ and Visser, PJ and Vos, SJB and , },
title = {Longitudinal amyloid PET changes by cerebrospinal fluid amyloid and tau profiles in individuals with normal cognition: Role of APOE ε4.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261453099},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261453099},
pmid = {42216672},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundIdentifying factors associated with early progression of cortical amyloid deposition is crucial for understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, yet these remain unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers with early longitudinal amyloid deposition on positron emission tomography (PET), and the impact of APOE ε4 carriership.MethodsWe selected cognitively unimpaired participants with baseline data on CSF amyloid and p-tau181, APOE ε4 carriership, and ≥ 2 consecutive amyloid PET assessments from the AMYPAD-PNHS cohort. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the associations of combinations of amyloid abnormality (A+) and tau abnormality (T+) in CSF (A+T+, A+T-, A-T+, A-T-), without and with stratification for APOE ε4 carriership, with longitudinal global cortical amyloid deposition on PET, measured in Centiloids.ResultsWe included 329 individuals (mean age 63.5 [SD 6.1], 58% female, 49% APOE ε4 carriers). Longitudinally, CSF profiles with abnormal amyloid levels (A+T+, A+T-) showed greater increases in cortical amyloid deposition than profiles with normal amyloid levels (A-T+, A-T-), irrespective of CSF tau abnormality (all p < 0.001). Only for CSF profiles with normal amyloid levels, longitudinal amyloid deposition depended on APOE ε4 carriership, with both A-T+ and A-T- showing increased deposition among APOE ε4 carriers (carriers versus non-carriers: A-T+ p = 0.006, A-T- p = 0.016).ConclusionsIn cognitively unimpaired individuals, longitudinal increase in cortical amyloid deposition was mainly associated with abnormal baseline CSF amyloid rather than tau. APOE ε4 carriership was associated with increased longitudinal cortical amyloid deposition only in individuals with normal baseline CSF amyloid. These findings inform early AD pathological progression and trial design.},
}

@article {pmid42216673,
year = {2026},
author = {Zheng, X and Zhao, P and Wang, N and Wang, X and Dong, Z and Gu, C and Sun, Y and Gu, X and Zhou, X},
title = {Multimodal machine learning for early risk stratification of post-stroke cognitive impairment.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261454538},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261454538},
pmid = {42216673},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundPost-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a major vascular contributor to dementia, significantly impacting long-term recovery and quality of life. Developing accurate prediction models are essential for early identification and timely intervention in high-risk individuals.ObjectiveTo develop and validate a stacking-based multimodal machine learning model integrating clinical, demographic, and neuroimaging features for early PSCI prediction in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 1070 AIS patients admitted to Lianyungang First People's Hospital from January 2020 to August 2023 were included. Demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging data were collected, and cognitive function was assessed 3-6 months post-stroke. PSCI was defined as a z-score ≤ -2.0 in at least one of four cognitive domains. A stacking ensemble model was developed, combining six base algorithms: XGBoost, Gradient Boosting Decision Trees, CatBoost, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, and LightGBM. The final prediction was generated by a meta-model trained on base model outputs.ResultsOf the 1070 patients (mean age 67.4 ± 9.3 years, 61.5% male), 37.2% developed PSCI. The stacking model achieved 98.13% accuracy, 0.9972 AUC, and 0.9744 F1-score in internal validation. External validation showed 81.00% accuracy, 0.9049 AUC, and 0.8780 recall. Key predictors of PSCI included infarct volume, cortical lesions, medial temporal lobe atrophy, and baseline NIHSS score.ConclusionsThis stacking-based multimodal machine learning model demonstrates robust predictive performance for PSCI risk in AIS patients, serving as a reliable tool for early detection that may inform personalized intervention strategies to prevent progression to post-stroke dementia.},
}

@article {pmid42216674,
year = {2026},
author = {Peeters, G and Fitzpatrick, RL and Mollayeva, T and Chen, Y and de Paula França Resende, E and Leon, T and Zapata-Restrepo, LM and Tituaña, K and Tsolaki, M and Arshad, F and Thapa, P and Farombia, T and Custodio, B and Ntokozo Ngcobo, K and O'Sullivan, R and Leroi, I and , },
title = {Setting research priorities around the impact of COVID-19 control measures on people with dementia and caregivers living at home: A 14-country perspective.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261451163},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261451163},
pmid = {42216674},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundThe global impact of COVID-19 restrictions on people with dementia (PWD) living at home and their informal caregivers has been described extensively. However, adoption of this knowledge into policy and practice is limited because of a lack of coordinated, inclusive, and regionally sensitive prioritization.ObjectiveTo establish key regional research priorities for Europe and the Global South.MethodsFollowing consensus-based prioritization methods, we applied a three-step approach: 1) a systematic literature review to derive a list of topics describing how PWD and caregivers were impacted by the COVID-19 restrictions; 2) an online survey distributed to PWD, caregivers and health care professionals (HCP) across 14 countries asking respondents to select the 10 most important topics; and 3) an iterative consultation process with stakeholders from each country to translate the top-ranked topics into a research agenda.ResultsWe identified 51 quantitative and 18 qualitative relevant publications, from which we derived 38 topics. 29 PWD, 110 caregivers and 117 HCP across 14 countries prioritized these topics, which largely overlapped across stakeholder groups and countries. The top ranked priorities cluster into four themes: daily routine and physical function, mental health, disease progression, and access to care. The consultancy process with stakeholders resulted in three lines of research to address these themes: understanding mechanisms, designing and improving education, and information access.ConclusionsThis research agenda offers a roadmap to guide future research and policy aimed at strengthening support for PWD and their caregivers in times of public health crises.},
}

@article {pmid42216701,
year = {2026},
author = {Trosborg, KK and Christensen, NV and Aastrup, M and Bøgh, N and Mortensen, JK and Gottrup, H and Borghammer, P and Kristensen, MH and Hansen, ESS and Christensen, SH and Miller, JJ and Schulte, RF and Vaeggemose, M and Bertelsen, LB and Laustsen, C},
title = {Atlas of Brain Glucose Metabolism Using Deuterium Metabolic Imaging at 3 T.},
journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/mrm.70451},
pmid = {42216701},
issn = {1522-2594},
support = {0084906//Novo Nordisk Fonden/ ; R272-2017-4023//Lundbeck Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) offers noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based assessment of metabolism in vivo, making it a relevant paraclinical tool for diseases with neurological metabolic alterations. This study aimed to establish a normative reference atlas of brain glucose metabolism accounting for age and sex.

METHODS: DMI were obtained for 30 healthy adults (aged 51-84 years, 15 female) with a 3 T MRI scanner after ingestion of deuterated [6,6´-[2]H2]glucose. The images were parcellated to determine the regional distribution of deuterated water, glucose, lactate, and glutamate plus glutamine (Glx). Linear models were applied to investigate the effects of age, sex, and other exploratory adjustments. As a proof-of-concept example of atlas application, the normative atlas was compared with patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy subjects from a previous study.

RESULTS: Regional differences were significant for all metabolites (p < 10[-15]), with the highest values in the occipital lobes, except for lactate, whose regional distribution pattern was less consistent. While lactate production showed no overall age-dependency, global Glx production decreased 13% ± 4% per decade. Lactate production tended to be higher in males than females (p = 0.042), but this was not significant after regional adjustment (p = 0.084). Discriminating between health and Alzheimer's disease required additional adjustments for weight, blood glucose, and timing.

CONCLUSIONS: While regional and age effects explained a substantial part of the variability in Glx, reliable intersubject comparisons required additional adjustments. The normative atlas presented here provides a reference for future DMI studies of brain metabolism.},
}

@article {pmid42216879,
year = {2026},
author = {Pyun, J and Noor, A and Runwal, P and Mawal, C and Fuller, OK and Egan, CL and Febbraio, MA and Donnelly, PS and Short, JL and Bush, AI and Nicolazzo, JA},
title = {Cu(ATSM) Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Abundance of P-Glycoprotein and Improves Cognitive Function in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.},
journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00252},
pmid = {42216879},
issn = {1948-7193},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a key efflux transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays a crucial role in the clearance of Aβ. Using the APP/PS1 mouse model of familial AD, this study investigated the effect of copper diacetyl bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) (Cu(ATSM)) on brain microvascular abundance and function of P-gp and the associated effects on exogenous Aβ clearance, brain amyloid burden, and cognitive function. Compared to vehicle-treated 10 month-old APP/PS1 mice, Cu(ATSM) (30 mg/kg/day for 56 days) restored brain microvascular P-gp abundance (24.1%) and Cu concentrations (229.8%) as well as significantly reduced brain cortical concentrations of human Aβ42 (hAβ42) (42.1%) in APP/PS1 mice. Cu(ATSM) treatment led to a trend toward improved brain clearance (11.9%) of [125]I-Aβ42 that was cortically injected into APP/PS1 mice compared to vehicle-treated APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, Cu(ATSM) treatment led to significantly improved (43.8% p = 0.0087) learning and long-term spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice, assessed by the Barnes maze paradigm. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis revealed increased Cu concentrations in brain microvessel-enriched fractions. In APP/PS1 mice, Cu(ATSM) restored brain microvascular P-gp abundance, which was associated with lowered cortical hAβ42, and improved long-term spatial memory, indicating neurovascular target engagement accompanied by amyloid lowering and behavioral benefit. Together with established BBB penetration and ongoing safety and tolerability evaluation in neurodegenerative populations, these findings propose Cu(ATSM) as a potential therapeutic application of biometal modulation targeting neurovascular dysfunction and Aβ burden in AD.},
}

@article {pmid42216955,
year = {2026},
author = {Jones, TM and Hurst, S and Bround, MJ},
title = {Measuring Calcium Efflux in Isolated Primary Mitochondria.},
journal = {Current protocols},
volume = {6},
number = {6},
pages = {e70393},
doi = {10.1002/cpz1.70393},
pmid = {42216955},
issn = {2691-1299},
support = {R00AR07823 (MJB)//National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the NIH/ ; },
mesh = {*Calcium/metabolism/analysis ; Animals ; *Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mice ; *Fluorometry/methods ; Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial calcium (mCa[2+]) homeostasis promotes oxidative metabolism within the physiological range; however, dysregulation can trigger necrotic cell death in diseases such as cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, muscular dystrophy, and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. It is widely understood that mitochondria exhibit rapid Ca[2+] uptake primarily mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex, and that Ca[2+] is exported via a combination of Na[+]/Ca[2+] and H[+]/Ca[2+] exchange processes. However, the proteins which mediate mCa[2+] transport have only been partially identified. A particular challenge in determining which proteins mediate mCa[2+] efflux and their relative contributions to mCa[2+] homeostasis is the lack of a clear, reproducible assay for mCa[2+] efflux applicable across genotypes. Here, we provide instructions for an optimized fluorometric method to measure mCa[2+] efflux in isolated mitochondria that establishes robust Ca[2+] efflux signals, differentiates between total and Na[+]-independent Ca[2+] efflux modalities, and generates highly reproducible data, allowing comparisons across tissues and genotypes. © 2026 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Total Calcium Efflux Assay in Isolated Mitochondria Alternate Protocol 1: Na[+]-Independent Calcium Efflux Assay in Isolated Mitochondria Support Protocol 1: Isolation of Cardiac Mitochondria Support Protocol 2: Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Support Protocol 3: Isolation of Liver Mitochondria Support Protocol 4: Isolation of Cell Line Mitochondria Basic Protocol 2: Analysis of Calcium Efflux.},
}

*Calcium/metabolism/analysis
Animals
*Mitochondria/metabolism
Mice
*Fluorometry/methods
Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism

@article {pmid42216963,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Z and Inácio, V and de Carvalho, M},
title = {The underlap coefficient as a measure of a biomarker's discriminatory ability.},
journal = {Biometrics},
volume = {82},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/biomtc/ujag085},
pmid = {42216963},
issn = {1541-0420},
support = {RF-2025-200\9//Leverhulme Trust/ ; UID/4106/2025//FCT/ ; UID/PRR/4106/2025//FCT/ ; },
mesh = {*Biomarkers/analysis ; Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; Computer Simulation ; ROC Curve ; Models, Statistical ; Biometry/methods ; Stochastic Processes ; },
abstract = {The first step in evaluating a potential diagnostic biomarker is to examine how its values vary across disease stages. In a three-class disease setting, the volume under the receiver operating characteristic surface (VUS) and the three-class Youden index are commonly used summary measures of a biomarker's discriminatory ability. However, the VUS in its classical form and the three-class Youden index are typically defined under a stochastic ordering of biomarker distributions across groups, which can be restrictive and, when violated, may lead to misleading conclusions about a biomarker's discriminatory ability. Moreover, even when a stochastic ordering exists, it may differ across biomarkers, complicating ranking in studies involving multiple biomarkers. To address these challenges, we propose the underlap coefficient (UNL), a summary index free from stochastic ordering assumptions and classification rules, to quantify a biomarker's ability to distinguish between three (or more) disease groups. To account for patient heterogeneity, we develop the covariate-specific UNL. We further introduce Bayesian non-parametric estimators for both the unconditional and covariate-specific UNLs. An extensive simulation study demonstrates good performance of the proposed estimators. We illustrate the methodology by assessing how four Alzheimer's disease biomarkers distinguish between individuals with normal cognition, mild impairment, and dementia, examining the impact of age and gender on discriminatory ability. Data used in the preparation of this paper were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database.},
}

*Biomarkers/analysis
Humans
Bayes Theorem
Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
Computer Simulation
ROC Curve
Models, Statistical
Biometry/methods
Stochastic Processes

@article {pmid42216974,
year = {2026},
author = {Goutal, S and Caille, F and Piguet, F and Goislard, M and Amargier-Barrial, S and Leterrier, S and Marie, S and Bottlaender, M and Tournier, N},
title = {Head-to-head comparison of [[18]F]CHL2205 versus [[18]F]T008 as PET radioligands to study brain cholesterol homeostasis in rodent models and nonhuman primates.},
journal = {European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42216974},
issn = {1619-7089},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (C24H) is central to brain cholesterol metabolism and is thought to be altered in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Only two fluorinated C24H-targeting PET radioligands, [[18]F]CHL-2205 and [[18]F]T008, have recently entered clinical use. Direct comparison is needed to guide radiotracer selection for future translational studies.

METHODS: Dynamic PET imaging was performed using either [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 or [¹⁸F]T008 in parallel conditions in cynomolgus macaques, healthy rats, the TgF344-AD rat model, and C24H-overexpressing mice. Arterial blood sampling enabled full kinetic modeling in healthy rats and nonhuman primates. An image-derived input function was validated in rats, and the specific binding was evaluated under C24H saturation using soticlestat.

RESULTS: [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 and [¹⁸F]T008 showed similar metabolism profiles in either macaques or rats. In macaques, brain uptake values (VT, Logan plot analysis) were 1.6-fold higher for [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 relative to [¹⁸F]T008. Healthy rats showed a similar pattern, with [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 exhibiting 1.5-fold higher brain VT. In rats, soticlestat blockade revealed C24H-specific binding for both ligands, with an estimated binding potential (BPND) 1.3-fold higher for [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 compared to [¹⁸F]T008. In TgF344-AD rats, brain uptake increased by 1.9-fold with [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 versus 1.6-fold with [¹⁸F]T008 compared to wild-type controls. In C24H-overexpressing mice, [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 detected measurable increases in brain signal in several brain regions (up to 1.5-fold), while [¹⁸F]T008 did not in the same animals.

CONCLUSION: Across species and models, both radioligands demonstrated appropriate characteristics for imaging C24H in vivo. However, [¹⁸F]CHL-2205 generally displayed higher specific binding and appeared more sensitive to detect moderate increases in C24H expression.},
}

@article {pmid42217083,
year = {2026},
author = {Ganji, P and G, PR and N, BK and Bendre, RV and Ghosh, A and Prabhakar, S and K, RM and Manda, SV},
title = {A combined neuronal extracellular vesicle-haematology panel for clinical stratification of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.},
journal = {Metabolic brain disease},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42217083},
issn = {1573-7365},
support = {BT/SBIRI1844/40/19//Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council/ ; },
mesh = {*Alzheimer Disease/blood/diagnosis ; Humans ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Biomarkers/blood ; Aged ; *Dementia/blood/diagnosis ; *Neurons/metabolism ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cognitive Dysfunction/blood/diagnosis ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/blood ; Acetylcholinesterase ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (DEM) involve immunological, vascular, and neurological abnormalities. Circulating L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM/CD171)-enriched extracellular vesicles (NEVs), combined with haematological markers, may reflect multisystem changes associated with disease progression. We evaluated 412 individuals: Controls (n = 161), DEM (n = 61), AD (n = 132), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 27), and other neurological disorders (OND; n = 31). Plasma NEVs were enriched using L1CAM immunocapture and quantified by cluster of differentiation 81 (CD81) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, total vesicle protein, and lipid content were measured. Statistical analyses included non-parametric testing, correlations, and discriminant modeling integrating cognitive scores and haematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean platelet volume (MPV), and leukocyte subsets. NEV concentrations differed significantly (H = 25.7, p < 0.001): controls 49.0, MCI 63.6, AD 32.9, DEM 35.4, and OND 28.3 ng/mL. NEVs were reduced in AD and DEM but relatively elevated in MCI, indicating a possible early compensatory response, although interpretation is limited by the small MCI sample size. AD showed elevated MPV, neutrophil-lymphocyte imbalance, and mild normocytic anaemia. NEVs in AD had higher protein and reduced AChE activity. NEV-MPV correlations reversed across stages (MCI r = -0.42; AD r = 0.45). Classification accuracy reached 74-83%. Integrated NEV and haematologic changes suggest a continuum from early adaptive responses to progressive neurovascular-immune dysregulation during neurodegenerative disease progression. Findings should be interpreted in the context of L1CAM-enriched vesicles and require validation in larger cohorts.},
}

*Alzheimer Disease/blood/diagnosis
Humans
*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
Female
Male
Biomarkers/blood
Aged
*Dementia/blood/diagnosis
*Neurons/metabolism
Aged, 80 and over
Cognitive Dysfunction/blood/diagnosis
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/blood
Acetylcholinesterase

@article {pmid42217241,
year = {2026},
author = {Barker, MS and Joyce, JL and Waltrip, L and Chapman, S and Gu, Y and Sunderaraman, P and Huey, ED and Cosentino, SA},
title = {The Role of Apathy in the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Subjective Cognitive Complaints.},
journal = {International journal of geriatric psychiatry},
volume = {41},
number = {6},
pages = {e70223},
doi = {10.1002/gps.70223},
pmid = {42217241},
issn = {1099-1166},
support = {T32AG000037/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG054525/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG062268/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01MH120794/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U01AG79850/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Apathy/physiology ; Aged ; Male ; *Cognition Disorders/psychology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/psychology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; *Depression/psychology ; *Depressive Disorder/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Self-perceived cognitive difficulties are a potential early marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frequently co-occur with depressive symptoms. This has hindered consideration of these subjective cognitive difficulties as a risk factor for AD. However, accumulating evidence points to dissociations between specific depressive symptoms (i.e., apathy, affective or mood symptoms, and others), with some suggestion that apathy is particularly predictive of and more proximate to AD and may drive the relationship between depressive symptomatology and AD. This study examines whether apathy drives the association between depressive symptoms and subjective cognitive complaints (SCC).

METHODS: 151 cognitively normal older adults (68% female, mean age 73 ± 7 years) completed a 20-item SCC questionnaire, the Apathy Evaluation Scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).

RESULTS: Depressive symptoms (per GDS) were significantly associated with SCC (p = 0.008). However, affective symptoms (dysphoria, anxiety, hopelessness), were not statistically associated with SCC (p = 0.100), while apathy symptoms were (p < 0.001). In a mediation model, apathy mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and SCC, accounting for 53% of the total effect, indicating that apathy may drive the relationship between depressive symptoms and SCC. When stratified by sex, the results remained significant for women only.

CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the relevance of apathy in pre-clinical stages of AD, such as SCC, particularly in women. Understanding the complex associations between SCC and depressive symptoms will help refine conceptualization of SCC as a risk factor for AD.},
}

Humans
Female
*Apathy/physiology
Aged
Male
*Cognition Disorders/psychology
Aged, 80 and over
Alzheimer Disease/psychology
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
*Depression/psychology
*Depressive Disorder/psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Risk Factors

@article {pmid42217285,
year = {2026},
author = {Petersen, M and Walther, C and Borof, K and Heydecke, G and Beikler, T and Alawi, M and Müller, C and Nägele, FL and Zyriax, BC and Fiehler, J and Gallinat, J and Kühn, S and Twerenbold, R and Bang, C and Thomalla, G and Cheng, B and Aarabi, G},
title = {Subgingival microbiota composition is associated with brain health in the general population-the PAROMIND study.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {128},
number = {},
pages = {106312},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106312},
pmid = {42217285},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Periodontitis has gained attention as a key factor associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's dementia. However, the relationship between periodontitis-related oral microbiota shifts and brain health in the general population remains unclear.

METHODS: We investigated the oral microbiome-brain axis in 1026 participants from the population-based PAROMIND Study. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of subgingival crevicular fluid, we inferred via topological data analysis a microbiota similarity network. This network, which distills the complex high-dimensional data into an interpretable map of microbial similarity, revealed a continuous disease gradient mirroring the microbial pathogenicity spectrum, from taxa of low periodontal pathogenicity (e.g., Streptococcus) to periodontitis-associated taxa (e.g., Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium). Leveraging this network, we systematically examined associations between periodontal microbiota profiles and 40 brain health-related phenotypes, including cognition, brain structure, mental health, inflammatory biomarkers, diet, vascular risk factors, and demographics.

FINDINGS: Higher abundance of periodontitis-related bacterial taxa was associated with poorer cognitive performance, elevated leucocyte counts, and lower MIND diet adherence after covariate adjustment. Complementary forward model selection analysis supported the links to cognitive performance and inflammation, and additionally identified a significant association with brain structure (cortical thickness and subcortical volume). We identified associations with both established genera (Porphyromonas) and taxa not previously implicated in brain health (Fretibacterium, Tannerella, Dialister).

INTERPRETATION: These findings from a large cohort advance the understanding of the oral microbiome-brain axis, highlighting specific microbial profiles linked to subclinical cognitive, structural, and inflammatory brain health markers. By demonstrating these links in a non-demented population, our study suggests that monitoring the oral microbiome could inform early risk assessment for cognitive decline, positioning periodontal health as an accessible target for early intervention strategies.

FUNDING: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.},
}

@article {pmid42217307,
year = {2026},
author = {Sharma, S and Kumar, V and Arulsamy, S and Kumar, S and Wadhwa, P},
title = {An integrated in silico approach to identify pyridine-based AChE and BChE inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Computers in biology and medicine},
volume = {212},
number = {},
pages = {111765},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111765},
pmid = {42217307},
issn = {1879-0534},
abstract = {Among all the neural diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a major and critical global health challenge, along with limited diseases-altering therapeutic interventions efficacy. This study deploys collective approaches of in silico study which includes molecular docking, ADMET profiling, density functional theory (DFT), and MD simulations simulation to evaluate pyridine-based dual inhibitors which can target acetylcholinesterase (AChE PBD ID: 4EY7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE PDB ID: 6I0B). From a curated library of 55 ZINC-derived compounds, virtual screening using AutoDock Vina identified lead candidates exhibiting superior binding affinities (-11.5 to - 8.0 kcal/mol for AChE; - 10.9 to - 7.4 kcal/mol for BChE) compared to marketed drugs donepezil and tacrine. Compound 46 emerged as the top AChE inhibitor, while compound 49 demonstrated optimal BChE inhibition. DFT analysis at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level revealed distinct electronic properties: compound 46 exhibited a wider HOMO-LUMO gap (5.32 eV) correlating with enhanced kinetic stability, whereas compound 49 displayed a narrower gap (5.10 eV) and elevated dipole moment, supporting target-selective binding. Extended MD simulations with 200 ns of total duration confirmed that compounds 46 and 49 (two complexes) have structurally stable conformations compared with each other; however, compound 49 was found to be thermodynamically more stable according to MM-PBSA predicted binding free energy (-54.96 ± 4.36 kcal/mol) than compound 46 (-44.73 + 4.85 kcal/mol). ADMET predictions showed good intestinal absorption and CNS permeability; however, it will be necessary to improve both the solubility of these compounds as well as their CYP3A4-related liability. This multi-tiered computational strategy was able to identify both compounds 46 and 49 as highly promising candidates for further experimental validation as dual cholinesterase inhibitors that will be incorporated into efforts to develop new AD treatment approaches.},
}

@article {pmid42217311,
year = {2026},
author = {Tomash, A and Tazwar, M and Yasar, MT and Zhang, S and Evia, AM and Leurgans, SE and Bennett, DA and Schneider, JA and Arfanakis, K},
title = {Diffusion abnormalities associated with brain arteriolosclerosis: An in-vivo MRI and pathology study in community-based older adults.},
journal = {Neurobiology of aging},
volume = {166},
number = {},
pages = {82-89},
doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.05.007},
pmid = {42217311},
issn = {1558-1497},
abstract = {Brain arteriolosclerosis, a primary pathology of cerebral small vessel disease, is common in older adults and is associated with lower cognitive and motor function and higher odds of dementia. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that arteriolosclerosis is associated with lower diffusion anisotropy and higher trace of the diffusion tensor in white matter, independently of other age-related neuropathologies and visible white matter hyperintensities (WMH). In-vivo diffusion MRI and detailed postmortem neuropathologic examination were combined in 154 community-based older adults participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project, Religious Orders Study, Minority Aging Research Study, and Clinical Core of the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Voxel-wise analysis showed that brain arteriolosclerosis is associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher trace of the diffusion tensor throughout white matter, independently of associations with other neuropathologies or WMH. The associations were more pronounced in white matter connections to frontal lobe regions. Diffusion anomalies were statistically significant even in mild arteriolosclerosis (FA: β=-0.012, p = 0.02) and became progressively stronger with higher arteriolosclerosis severity (FA: β=-0.03, p < 0.001 for moderate, and β=-0.033, p < 0.001 for severe arteriolosclerosis; trace: β=114 ×10[-6] mm[2]/s, p < 0.001, and β=146 ×10[-6] mm[2]/s, p < 0.001). The findings of this study highlight the independent deleterious impact of arteriolosclerosis on brain tissue integrity and suggest that diffusion imaging may have an important role in the development of markers for early detection and progression of the pathology.},
}

@article {pmid42217399,
year = {2026},
author = {Rahman, S and Israel, AR and Ryan, A and Williams, RM},
title = {Screening molecular recognition element-based SWCNT optical sensors for the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.},
journal = {Biosensors & bioelectronics},
volume = {310},
number = {},
pages = {118861},
doi = {10.1016/j.bios.2026.118861},
pmid = {42217399},
issn = {1873-4235},
abstract = {TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor) is a proinflammatory cytokine that amplifies inflammatory response and promotes leukocyte recruitment. TNF-α is primarily produced by activated macrophages, among others, in response to infection, inflammation, or tissue damage. Given its central role in normal and abnormal immune responses, it is the target of several therapeutics, such as adalimumab and etanercept. TNF-α is also a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker associated with rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, several kidney diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, and others. Because TNF-α levels change dynamically during inflammatory responses, tools capable of sensitive and spatially resolved detection could enable improved monitoring of immune activity and disease progression. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are cylindrical carbon lattices that emit distinct near-infrared bandgap photoluminescence. In this work, we evaluated three aptamer-based sensor constructs, plus an additional two iterations of one aptamer sequence, and two antibody-based sensor constructs for TNF-α that use SWCNT near-infrared photoluminescence signal transduction. Several, but not all, of these aptamer and antibody-based sensors sensitively and selectively detected TNF-α in human and bovine serum in a physiologically relevant range, and we found that their sensing was impacted by both passivation and incorporating an exogenous quencher onto the aptamer sequence. This study highlights the importance and challenges of translating previously-validated molecular recognition elements to new detection conditions, in this case on the surface of SWCNT and in challenging serum conditions. It also validated a lead sensor, the VR11-SWCNT aptamer construct with or without quencher chemistry and with surface passivation, that builds upon constructs that failed in serum. These results demonstrate a strategy toward synthesis of nanoscale optical sensors capable of detecting TNF-α. We anticipate that the sensors evaluated here will have utility in both the diagnosis and study of inflammation-driven chronic disease, while the sensor assessment framework will help drive the broader field of molecularly specific diagnostics.},
}

@article {pmid42217474,
year = {2026},
author = {Bevington, CWJ and Dhaliwal, S and McKenzie, J and Stoessl, AJ and Sossi, V},
title = {Age-related changes to brain energetics revealed by PET/MRI imaging.},
journal = {NeuroImage. Clinical},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {104014},
doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2026.104014},
pmid = {42217474},
issn = {2213-1582},
abstract = {Aging is accompanied by several neurophysiological changes. Of recent interest are age-related changes in brain energetics-how the brain produces and uses energy. In vitro, preclinical, and genetic investigations point to a general decline in the efficiency of brain energetics in aging, which may help explain age-related changes in mood, cognition, movement, and behaviour, as well as an increased likelihood of developing neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesized that age-related alterations to brain energetics are observable using functional neuroimaging data from healthy individuals (N = 24, 35-80 years), and that alterations may occur in regions associated with neurodegenerative pathology. Specifically, we jointly analyzed cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow data, defining novel metrics that capture regional variability in processes related to relative energy production (rEP) and relative aerobic glycolysis (rAG), an energy production mechanism. By applying Scaled Subprofile Modeling Principal Component Analysis (SSM-PCA) to these metrics, we identified spatial covariance patterns that capture a widespread age-related restructuring of brain energetics. Broadly, an age-related rEP pattern (rage[2] = 0.72) consisted of rEP increases in frontal, basal ganglia, and brainstem regions, coupled with decreases in occipitoparietal regions, while an age-related rAG pattern (rage[2] = 0.65) revealed rAG increases in substantia nigra and occipitoparietal regions and decreases in caudate and frontal regions. Finally, by comparing these patterns to well-known metabolic patterns related to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, we identified the strongest topological similarity and covarying pattern expression between the age-related rEP pattern and the Parkinson's Disease Related Pattern (PDRP). These results provide in vivo support for altered brain energetics with age and potential neurophysiological similarities between aging and neurodegeneration.},
}

@article {pmid42217619,
year = {2026},
author = {Blankenborg, L and Anand-Apte, B and Biswas, S},
title = {The role of blood-retinal barrier in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {The American journal of pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajpath.2026.05.002},
pmid = {42217619},
issn = {1525-2191},
abstract = {Disruption of the blood-brain or blood-retinal barrier (BBB/BRB) is a common phenomenon in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). While many existing reviews focus on the link between BBB disruption and neuronal degeneration in the brain, a similar analysis of the BRB integrity in retinal degeneration is currently unavailable. Like the BBB, the inner BRB is established by retinal blood vessels encapsulated in a neurovascular unit (NVU). The retinal NVU and BRB are affected not only in retina-specific neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa etc.) but also in neurodegenerative diseases that primarily affect the brain (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease etc.). In this review, we will discuss the link between vascular abnormalities (including BRB disruption) and retinal neurodegeneration in these diseases to highlight the pivotal role of BRB integrity in neuronal homeostasis and health.},
}

@article {pmid42001005,
year = {2026},
author = {Bayar, E and Cengiz, T and Erdoğan, F and Coşkun, HS and Tomak, Y},
title = {Impact of comorbidities on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in hip fracture patients.},
journal = {BMC geriatrics},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42001005},
issn = {1471-2318},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hip fractures represent a major public health concern due to their increasing incidence in the aging population and their association with significant morbidity and mortality. Comorbidities are known to complicate both the surgical management and rehabilitation process, yet their specific impact on outcomes remains variable across studies.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of comorbidities in patients who presented with hip fractures and underwent surgical treatment, to evaluate perioperative and postoperative risk factors retrospectively, and to compare these findings with the existing literature.

METHODS: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted on 589 patients aged ≥ 60 years who were surgically treated for hip fractures between 2013 and 2024 at a tertiary university hospital. Demographic characteristics, surgical protocols, anesthesia types, revision rates, infection, dislocation, mobilization outcomes, hospital stay, intensive care admissions, and mortality were systematically analyzed in relation to comorbidity profiles and the number of comorbidities. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS: Hypertension (59.1%), diabetes mellitus (33.6%), coronary artery disease (21.4%), and Alzheimer’s disease (21.4%) were the most frequent comorbidities. Revision surgery was significantly associated with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. Diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and chronic renal failure were strong predictors of postoperative infection. While the mean hospital stay was significantly prolonged in patients with ≥ 3 comorbidities, mortality was significantly associated only with oncological diseases and chronic renal failure. Contrary to expectations, no significant association was found between overall mortality and the number of comorbidities.

CONCLUSION: Comorbidities, particularly diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, oncological diseases, and chronic renal failure, substantially influence surgical outcomes, postoperative complications, and hospitalization in hip fracture patients. However, the number of comorbidities alone was not a predictor of mortality, highlighting the importance of the type rather than the quantity of comorbid conditions. These findings underscore the need for individualized perioperative planning and comprehensive patient counseling to reduce risks and improve postoperative outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42215416,
year = {2026},
author = {Saeed, A and Trippi, J and Palta, P and Niotis, K and Maki, KC},
title = {JCL Roundtable: Lipid metabolism, brain health, and dementia prevention.},
journal = {Journal of clinical lipidology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jacl.2026.05.004},
pmid = {42215416},
issn = {1933-2874},
abstract = {One in 10 individuals 65 years and older has dementia. The most common form is Alzheimer's disease, followed by vascular dementia. There are myriad shared risk factors between brain health and cardiovascular health, including modifiable risk factors such as high cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and physical inactivity. Important nonmodifiable dementia risk factors include increasing age and the apolipoprotein E4 allele, which negatively alters brain cholesterol handling and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This Journal of Clinical Lipidology Roundtable presents a conversation between Drs Anum Saeed, James Trippi, Priya Palta, Kellyann Niotis, and Kevin C. Maki, who discussed the heart-brain connection in health and disease, including the epidemiology of dementia, lipids, and other shared risk factors between heart and brain health, and the lipid biology related to neurodegeneration with an emphasis on apolipoprotein E alleles. They also discussed the role of cognitive testing, biomarkers, including blood biomarkers, metabolomics, and brain imaging measurements, as well as the available evidence-based strategies to reduce risk and ongoing investigations of potential future therapies. Their conversation emphasized the importance of early prevention to decrease cardiovascular and dementia risks. Prevention is not just the best strategy to reduce the risk of dementia, but is virtually the only strategy available to clinicians at this time.},
}

@article {pmid42215451,
year = {2026},
author = {Mateo-Tórtola, M and Hochheiser, IV and Li, G and Funk, L and Hashemi, A and Liu, X and Torp, J and Erlebach, L and Szolek, A and Grga, J and Bork, F and Müller, JS and Kronenberg-Versteeg, D and Geyer, M and Weber, ANR and Tapia-Abellán, A},
title = {Non-decameric NLRP3 reveals a TGN/MTOC-distal pathway of inflammasome activation.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72627-x},
pmid = {42215451},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {The NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to a wide range of conditions from infections to Alzheimer's disease. NLRP3 forms an inactive decameric cage, that upon interaction with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and microtubule organization center (MTOC), leads to inflammasome activation, yet whether non-decamer NLRP3 species form functional inflammasomes remains unclear. Here, we design a NLRP3 exon 3 deletion variant that forms low molecular weight NLRP3 assemblies. Spatially and dynamically highly resolved microscopy in THP-1 and human macrophages shows that nigericin, a K[+]-dependent NLRP3 stimulus, can trigger two distinct activation pathways: (i) the rapidly engaged decameric cage-dependent pathway; and (ii) a decameric cage-independent, TGN/MTOC-distal, and slow-reacting pathway employed by low molecular weight NLRP3 species, that dominates in human neutrophils. Collectively, our results delineate two parallel yet biologically distinct NLRP3 activation pathways, thereby providing a framework to understand NLRP3-driven inflammation across a wide range of pathological context and cell types.},
}

@article {pmid42215639,
year = {2026},
author = {Zarea, A and Cassinari, K and Lecoquierre, F and Quenez, O and Charbonnier, C and Schramm, C and Lacour, M and Rousseau, S and Richard, AC and Rovelet-Lecrux, A and Lecourtois, M and Olaso, R and Boland, A and Deleuze, JF and Gilissen, C and Veltman, JA and Vissers, LE and Bellenguez, C and Dols-Icardo, O and Hardy, J and Holstege, H and Hulsman, M and Lambert, JC and Mead, S and Ramirez, A and Sims, R and van Swieten, J and Wagner, M and Williams, J and Bombois, S and Boutoleau-Bretonniere, C and Charmard-Witkowski, L and de la Sayette, V and Deramecourt, V and Etcharry-Bouyx, F and Gabelle, A and Gueriot, C and Le Guyader, G and Le Ber, I and Lebouvier, T and Martinaud, O and Michon, A and Quelin, C and Sarazin, M and Sévin, M and Thauvin-Robinet, C and Wallon, D and Nicolas, G},
title = {Assessing the de novo paradigm in sporadic early-onset Alzheimer disease trios.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42215639},
issn = {1476-5578},
abstract = {The genetic architecture of sporadic Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease (sEOAD, onset ≤65 years) remains largely unknown. To assess the de novo mutation (DNM) hypothesis, we performed a nationwide recruitment of 37 novel sEOAD patients-unaffected parents trios. After assessing known monogenic genes, we performed trio-based exome sequencing and jointly analyzed novel trios with 12 previously reported ones. Of these, we selected 16 trios for genome sequencing. We identified three patients with a pathogenic DNM in APP or PSEN1. Then, from the 46 remaining trios, we identified 38 non-synonymous coding DNM and 4 de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in exome data. Four DNM (2 novel, in SPHK2 and DDR1) and bi-allelic inherited variants in two genes affected Alzheimer disease-related genes. No significant burden of rare coding variants in exome/genome data from 5643 EOAD cases and 16097 controls was identified using nested windows centered on each DNM position, at the transcript level. From genome data, one non-coding DNM was predicted to affect splicing in an AD-associated gene, PINX1. Overall, 48% probands carried ≥1 inherited risk factor with odds ratio (OR) > 1.5 and GWAS-defined Genetic Risk Scores (GRS) distribution was more consistent with random distribution than enrichment in higher scores in probands. We confirm that DNMs in known monogenic genes explain sEOAD in a minority of cases, while candidate DNMs in other genes might account for a small proportion of additional cases. The majority of sEOAD patients may have a complex etiology including multiple inherited variants, however, GRS might not explain most of its genetic component.},
}

@article {pmid42215643,
year = {2026},
author = {Paradise, V and Konrad-Vicario, KD and Nguyen, C and Sharif, NA and Wang, X and Mukim, RD and Sabu, M and Corjuc, BT and Bafia, J and Fu, J and Maldonado, GC and Strickland, M and Grauman, SL and Figueroa, H and Hyman, BT and Holtzman, DM and Nuriel, T and Ramachandran, KV},
title = {Neuroproteasomes regulate endogenous tau paired helical filament formation in an APOE genotype- and age-dependent manner.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42215643},
issn = {1546-1726},
support = {7DP5OD028133//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; P30AG062421//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; RF1AG047644//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01NS090934//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; U19AG069701//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; W81ZWH-21-1-0093//U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)/ ; AARFD-23-1151195/ALZ/Alzheimer's Association/United States ; 2024369596//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 2024369596//NSF | Directorate for Biological Sciences (BIO)/ ; },
abstract = {In Alzheimer's disease (AD), endogenous tau undergoes a pathogenic transition to form paired helical filaments (PHFs), but the cellular mechanisms driving this process have been elusive. Here, we identify the neuron-specific plasma membrane proteasome ('neuroproteasome') as a critical determinant of tau proteostasis. Selective inhibition of neuroproteasome function rapidly triggers the de novo formation of endogenous, sarkosyl-insoluble tau PHFs in primary neurons and mouse brain, which share key biochemical and ultrastructural features with PHFs from human AD brains. The APOE gene has three isoforms (E2, E3 and E4), with APOE4 being the largest genetic risk factor for AD. Neuroproteasome abundance at the plasma membrane is differentially modulated by ApoE isoforms (E2 > E3 > E4) and declines with age. ApoE4 neurons accumulate tau aggregates following modest neuroproteasome disruption, whereas ApoE2 neurons remain resistant. Our findings delineate a neuron-specific mechanism linking genetic and age-related risk factors to the formation of AD-relevant tau pathology, and position neuroproteasome function as a potential target to preserve proteostasis.},
}

@article {pmid42215644,
year = {2026},
author = {},
title = {An unexpected molecular explanation for how tau aggregation begins in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42215644},
issn = {1546-1726},
}

@article {pmid42215876,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, L and Zhang, P and Gao, S and Liu, H and Qiu, X and Yang, S and Wei, L and Li, Y and Cai, Y and Yang, J},
title = {Correlation analysis of positive Alzheimer's disease plasma biological markers with plasma immune cell and clinical characteristics in mild cognitive impairment patients in China.},
journal = {BMC immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12865-026-00843-7},
pmid = {42215876},
issn = {1471-2172},
support = {2026PDWSYCBJ-14//This study was collectively supported by a fund of the Top-notch Talent Program of Pudong New Area/ ; PKJ2024-Y44//Pudong New Area Science and Technology Development Fund/ ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work was to investigate the correlation between positive Alzheimer's disease (AD) plasma biological markers and plasma immune cell content as well as clinical characteristics in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients.

METHODS: A total of 176 patients aged ≥ 65 years with MCI were followed up for two years. At baseline, AD plasma biomarkers (Aβ42, Aβ40, Aβ42/40, P-tau181 and PTau217) and immune cells (Treg cells, TH17 cells, lymphocytes) in MCI patients were detected, and their relevant clinical characteristics were recorded. Finally, the correlation between positive AD plasma biomarkers and immune cells, relevant clinical characteristics of MCI patients, and whether they would progress was analyzed.

RESULTS: Plasma Aβ42/40 levels are negatively correlated with age, a history of hypertension, constipation symptoms, and the TGF-β/Treg cell ratio. They are positively correlated with the TIM3+/Treg cell ratio, the number of CD19-positive cells, the CD4/CD8 ratio, and the number of CD8-positive cells. Plasma PTau217 levels are positively correlated with age, the proportion of B cells, and the proportion of NK cells, and negatively correlated with visual-spatial executive function and attention cognitive domain scores. Dual abnormalities of Aβ42/40 and PTau217 are positively correlated with age and the proportion of B cells, and negatively correlated with cognitive domain scores for executive ability, attention, and language ability.

CONCLUSION: Abnormalities in AD plasma biomarkers are associated with immune activation (particularly B cells and NK cells), aging, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risk factors, and cognitive decline. The concurrent abnormalities of multiple biomarkers may exacerbate these associations, although some immune regulatory pathways do not show significant effects.},
}

@article {pmid42215935,
year = {2026},
author = {Cantaş Türkiş, F},
title = {Explainable machine learning for the prediction of Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment: a consensus feature selection approach.},
journal = {BMC medical informatics and decision making},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12911-026-03585-z},
pmid = {42215935},
issn = {1472-6947},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early identification of Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment remains challenging, and existing machine learning (ML) models often suffer from feature instability and limited interpretability. This study developed robust and explainable ML models using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers by systematically comparing sparsity-based (LASSO), importance-based (Boruta), and consensus feature selection strategies.

METHODS: A publicly available cohort of 333 individuals (91 cognitively impaired, 242 cognitively normal) was analyzed. Data were split into training (70%) and independent test (30%) sets. Multiple classifiers, including Elastic Net-regularized logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest, XGBoost, and Naive Bayes (NB), were trained using repeated 5-fold cross-validation (10 repetitions; 10 × 5-fold cross-validation) with class weighting. Model performance was evaluated using discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility metrics, and interpretability was assessed using SHAP.

RESULTS: All models demonstrated strong discriminative performance on the test set (AUROC 0.861-0.958). LASSO-based models showed high specificity, Boruta-based models achieved higher sensitivity, and consensus-based models provided the most balanced performance. The consensus-LR and -SVM models achieved AUROC values of 0.954 and 0.951, respectively. Beyond discrimination, the consensus-LR model demonstrated good calibration and consistent net clinical benefit in decision curve analysis, analyses that remain relatively underreported in the Alzheimer's disease machine learning literature. SHAP analyses highlighted biologically plausible contributions from key biomarkers, including tau, Aβ42, NT-proBNP, pancreatic polypeptide, and IL-7.

CONCLUSIONS: In summary, stable and interpretable ML models for Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment can be developed using CSF-derived biomarkers obtained through lumbar puncture. The proposed consensus-based feature selection framework improves feature stability and model transparency, facilitating the discrimination between cognitively normal and impaired individuals and providing a foundation for future external validation studies.},
}

@article {pmid42215997,
year = {2026},
author = {Harmouch, J and Green, R and Mayilsamy, K and Tosi, K and Mohapatra, S and Mohapatra, SS},
title = {Convergence of neuroinflammation across major neurotropic viral exposomes in AD and ADRD.},
journal = {Journal of neuroinflammation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12974-026-03876-2},
pmid = {42215997},
issn = {1742-2094},
support = {AG086245, IK6BX004212, BX006456//National Institute of Health USA and Dept of Vet Affairs, USA/ ; AG086245, IK6BX006032, BX005757//National Institute of Health,USA and Dept of Veteran Affairs USA/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias (ADRD) are multifactorial neurodegenerative disorders driven by complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, aging, and environmental exposures. Growing epidemiological and mechanistic evidence implicates neurotropic viral exposomes, defined as cumulative lifetime viral infections, as significant contributors to AD risk. Viral encephalitis and common viral infections, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and influenza, have been associated with an increased incidence of AD/ADRD; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations remain incompletely understood.

METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar (1990-2025) to identify epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic studies linking viral infections to AD-related pathology. Systems biology approaches were applied using Cytoscape, STRING, KEGG, WikiPathways, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to construct protein-protein interaction networks and identify convergent biological processes shared between AD and viral host-response pathways. Functional enrichment analyses focused on neuroinflammation, amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, tau pathology, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity.

RESULTS: Across diverse viral infections, strong convergence was observed in innate immune activation pathways, including microglial priming and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, accompanied by chronic production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ). Multiple viruses modulated amyloidogenic APP processing, impaired Aβ clearance, promoted tau hyperphosphorylation, disrupted autophagy-lysosomal systems, and compromised BBB integrity. Systems-level analyses revealed overlapping signaling hubs, including NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and cGAS-STING that amplify neurodegenerative cascades, with effects most pronounced in genetically susceptible populations such as APOE4 carriers.

CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, current evidence supports a mechanistic link between viral exposomes and AD/ADRD mediated through convergent neuroinflammatory, and proteostatic pathways. Although viral infections alone are unlikely to be sufficient to cause AD, recurrent or persistent viral exposures may act as potent disease modifiers that accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Integrating viral biomarkers, genetic risk stratification, and systems biology approaches offers promising opportunities for early diagnosis, prevention, and development of mechanism-guided therapeutic strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42216001,
year = {2026},
author = {Mane, D and Bidwe, R and Shetty, R and Shinde, A and Shende, G and Sharma, V},
title = {A survey of deep learning techniques in detecting neurological disorders using MRI.},
journal = {Biomedical engineering online},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12938-026-01587-6},
pmid = {42216001},
issn = {1475-925X},
abstract = {Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely regarded as the most reliable non-invasive imaging modality for detecting neurological disorders. However, manual interpretation of MRI scans is often time-consuming and prone to inter-observer variability, which can lead to inconsistencies in diagnosis. The global burden of neurological disorders-including Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia-continues to increase, creating an urgent demand for accurate, scalable, and automated diagnostic solutions. In recent years, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for medical image analysis, enabling automated feature extraction and improved diagnostic performance in neuroimaging applications. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of deep learning approaches for MRI-based detection of neurological disorders. A systematic review of 47 research articles published between 2019 and 2025 is conducted, covering over 40 deep learning architectures evaluated on 34 publicly available and clinical datasets. The study categorizes and critically examines convolutional neural networks (CNNs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), hybrid CNN-Transformer models, and other specialized deep learning frameworks developed for neurological disease detection and classification. Comparative analyses are presented across different neurological conditions, highlighting model performance, dataset characteristics, evaluation protocols, and computational requirements. Furthermore, the survey identifies emerging architectural trends and evaluates the relative strengths and limitations of existing approaches with respect to generalization, interpretability, and clinical applicability. Key research gaps are highlighted, including limited cross-institutional validation, dataset heterogeneity, insufficient explainability, and challenges in real-world clinical deployment. Finally, the paper outlines promising research directions such as multimodal learning, self-supervised representation learning, and robust cross-domain generalization to enhance the reliability and clinical translation of MRI-based deep learning systems.},
}

@article {pmid42216028,
year = {2026},
author = {Jia, J and Xie, G and Zheng, W and Xu, C and Xia, Y and Hu, Q and Xiang, B and Zhou, X and Chen, A and Chen, X and Wang, Q and Zhou, Y and Xu, S},
title = {Physical exercise in combination with audiovisual stimulation alleviates cognitive and affective impairments in Alzheimer's disease model mice via restoring lysosomal membrane integrity.},
journal = {Alzheimer's research & therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-026-02075-8},
pmid = {42216028},
issn = {1758-9193},
support = {PPXK2024-01//Ningbo Medical and Health Brand Discipline/ ; 2023Z196//Ningbo Key Research and Development Plan Project/ ; 2023Z173//Ningbo Key Research and Development Plan Project/ ; LY23H090005//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 2025C02252//2025 Annual Zhejiang Province "Jianbing" and "Lingyan" Science and Technology Program Project/ ; 2022J118//Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo/ ; 2023YFF0724802//This work was supported by grants from National Key Research and Development Project of China/ ; No.2026-2//Li Dak Sum, Yip Yio Chin, Kenneth Li Marine Biomedical Development Fund of Ningbo University/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disorder characterized by cognitive decline. Physical exercise and audiovisual stimulation have gained increasing concern for their potential to mitigate AD pathology. However, the therapeutic advantages of combining these interventions and the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these strategies need further demonstration.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of physical exercise combined with audiovisual stimulation on cognitive and affective functions, as well as on pathological alterations in AD mice.

METHODS: Both AD model mice established by injecting Aβ₄₂ oligomers into hippocampus and APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice were used. Mice were subjected to treadmill training, 40 Hz audio-visual stimulation, or a combination of these interventions, respectively. After the interventions, the cognitive and anxiety/depression-like behaviors were evaluated by novel object recognition, morris water maze, open field, tail suspension, or forced swimming, respectively. Quantitative proteomics combined with molecular analyses and transmission electron microscopy were used to systematically evaluate the underlying mechanism of multimodal interventions in AD model mice.

RESULTS: The multimodal intervention significantly prevented cognitive impairment and ameliorated anxiety/depression-like behaviors of APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice and AD model mice induced by injecting Aβ₄₂ oligomers, outperforming single-modality treatments. It markedly diminished hippocampal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau phosphorylation in AD mice. Multiple interventions also reversed synapse loss of AD mice. Proteomic analyses revealed that multimodal intervention exerted a more comprehensive restoration of dysregulated proteins in AD mice compared to single-modality interventions. The interventions have synergetic effects in decreasing inflammation reactions and restoring the autophagy-lysosomal function. Multimodal intervention upregulated the expression TFEB, and concurrently increased HSPA1L expression to restore lysosomal membrane integrity. The degradation function of lysosomes was also improved by multimodal intervention as revealed by the decreased LC3II/I ratio, reduced p62 level, as well as alleviated lysosome enlargement in AD mice. Upregulation of HSPA1L reversed the disruption of lysosome membrane integrity of AD transegenic mice, thereby reversed the increased accumulation of Aβ and cognitive defects of AD.

CONCLUSION: Physical exercise and audiovisual stimulation exert synergistic effects in decreasing the inflammation reaction and maintaining autophagy-lysosomal homeostasis by increasing the biogenesis of lysosomes and restoring the integrity of lysosome membrane, thereby reducing Aβ deposition and cognitive defect of AD mice. This study highlights the significant therapeutic potential of multimodal, non-pharmacological strategies for Alzheimer's disease.},
}

@article {pmid42216035,
year = {2026},
author = {Ibrahim, KS and Albaker, A and Abd-Elrahman, KS and Ferguson, SSG},
title = {Blocking estrogen receptors restores surface mGluR5 but not downstream signaling in female APP/PS1 Mice.},
journal = {Molecular brain},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13041-026-01314-1},
pmid = {42216035},
issn = {1756-6606},
support = {195977/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; 148656/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ), a hallmark of AD pathology, disrupts metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) regulation of autophagy and accelerates disease progression in male AD mouse models. Yet, mGluR5 contribution to Aβ pathology is not observed in female AD mice, suggesting a distinct sex-selective profile. Given that estrogen receptors (ERs) form functional complexes with mGluR5 selectively in females, we assessed the role of ER activity in mGluR5 expression and downstream signaling in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice. We report here that mGluR5 cell surface expression is elevated in male but reduced in female APP/PS1 cortex relative to sex-matched wildtype controls, with total receptor expression remaining unchanged in both sexes. Treatment with the ER blocker, ICI 182,780, restored mGluR5 cell surface expression in female APP/PS1 mice but failed to rescue GSK3β and ULK1-regulated autophagy signaling. These findings indicate that male and female mGluR5 are embedded within intrinsically distinct signaling interactomes that are independent of ER regulation.},
}

@article {pmid42216097,
year = {2026},
author = {Geng, Z and Song, W and Gao, C and Zhu, Y and Wu, Y and Song, B and Guo, H and Wu, J and Fang, M and Yan, Y and Zhou, S and Hu, P and Tian, Y and Wu, X and Wang, K and Wei, L},
title = {EEG biomarkers can predict early-stage Alzheimer's disease and correlate with intracerebral pathology: a multimodal machine learning study.},
journal = {Alzheimer's research & therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-026-02096-3},
pmid = {42216097},
issn = {1758-9193},
support = {82101498//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82371201//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82371201//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021kj19//The 2021 Youth Foundation training program of the First Affliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University/ ; 202204295107020006//The Anhui Province Clinical Medical ResearchTransformation Special Project/ ; XZZR202402048//The Natural Science Foundation of theXizang Autonomous Region Group Medical Aid Project to Xizang/ ; 2022zhyx-B11//Research Fund of Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early recognition of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for timely intervention and delaying disease progression. Electroencephalogram (EEG) technology provides a direct reflection of the brain's dynamic activity. However, the relationship between potential EEG features and cognitive function in early-stage AD patients, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathological biomarkers, remains unclear.

METHODS: This study included 101 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD, alongside 69 healthy controls (HC) matched for gender, age, and educational attainment. Extracting EEG power spectral density (PSD) and microstates analysis features as training features for machine learning (ML), we employed five ML algorithms-Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forests (RF), XGBoost, and LightGBM-for training and testing. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plots were employed to elucidate variable importance within the model, and sequential forward selection (SFS) was utilised to identify potential features. Correlation analysis and mediation analysis were conducted to investigate the relationships between EEG features, CSF pathological biomarkers, and cognitive function.

RESULTS: The LR model demonstrated the highest average predictive performance in the training set (mean AUC = 0.859 ± 0.059). The model incorporating PSD and microstates features demonstrated optimal predictive performance in the test set (AUC = 0.949, 95% CI: 0.877-1.000), outperforming any single-feature model. Based on SHAP and SFS analyses, six potential EEG indicators were identified: central region delta frequency band, central region theta frequency band, temporal region beta frequency band, microstate mean duration, microstate C duration, and the transition probability from microstate C to A. Mediation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between central region theta frequency band and CSF Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels (r = - 0.31, p = 0.015), and the central region theta frequency band mediated the relationship between Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (indirect effect = 0.0007, 95% CI: 0.0001-0.0013).

CONCLUSION: The combined application of EEG and ML enables efficient classification diagnosis of early-stage AD, and EEG is correlated with intracerebral pathological biomarkers and cognitive impairment.},
}

@article {pmid42216192,
year = {2026},
author = {Puspitasari, V and Ramli, Y and Lastri, DN and Prawiroharjo, P and Wijaya, JH},
title = {Multidimensional cognitive deficit in logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia: a case report.},
journal = {Journal of medical case reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13256-026-06137-1},
pmid = {42216192},
issn = {1752-1947},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) is a language-led presentation of Alzheimer's disease that is easily overlooked in older patients with vascular and systemic comorbidities.

CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 78-year-old right-handed Asian woman with hypertension, diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis, and coronary artery disease who developed insidious word-finding difficulty progressing to severe anomia, impaired sentence repetition, and multidomain cognitive decline. Serial Indonesian MMSE, MoCA-Ina, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), and Tes Afasia untuk Diagnosis, Informasi, dan Rehabilitasi (TADIR) assessments showed early amnestic and executive deficits followed by dominant phonological and naming impairment, while MRI revealed left-predominant temporo-parietal and medial temporal atrophy with small-vessel white matter disease, consistent with mixed Alzheimer and vascular pathology. She received donepezil, low-dose clobazam, and targeted speech-language and cognitive rehabilitation with partial symptomatic benefit.

CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of detailed language assessment and culturally adapted neuropsychological batteries to identify lvPPA within mixed dementia in resource-limited settings.},
}

@article {pmid42216384,
year = {2026},
author = {Fang, Y and Zhang, X and Zhan, G},
title = {Common biomarkers of Alzheimer disease and postoperative delirium.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {105},
number = {22},
pages = {e48921},
doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000048921},
pmid = {42216384},
issn = {1536-5964},
support = {2024CAYY004//Key Projects of the Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Chun'an County/ ; },
mesh = {*Alzheimer Disease/genetics/diagnosis/metabolism ; Humans ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; *Delirium/genetics/diagnosis ; *Postoperative Complications/genetics/diagnosis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Machine Learning ; Gene Ontology ; Protein Interaction Maps/genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer disease (AD) and Postoperative delirium (POD) may share a common mechanism, but their shared genes and potential novel therapeutic targets remains unknown. We selected datasets GSE48350, GSE4226, and GSE16759 containing AD and control samples from the GEO database for AD model development, and use the GSE63061 dataset for AD model validation. The GSE163943 dataset containing PODs and controls was used to identify common genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with POD and AD respectively, as well as common DEGs between 2 diseases were analyzed. Shared DEGs were assessed using gene ontology and KEGG enrichment and PPI interaction networks. Machine learning algorithms, nomogram and decision tree analyses were used to interpret top 5 genes and visualize the models. 259 DEGs in POD with 148 being up-regulated and 111 down-regulated, and 199 DEGs in AD with 25 up-regulated and 174 down-regulated were found, of which 23 were common to POD and AD. Gene ontology analysis indicated that DEGs were primarily concentrated in 9 distinct biological processes, while KEGG results revealed 3 major metabolic pathways. Five hub genes emerged as potential diagnostic biomarkers for both diseases, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), NCF2, CRH, FCGR3A, and SERPINA3. The LASSO model determined that the 23 common genes could serve as biomarkers for both POD and AD patients, and the Random Forest model is the the most suitable model. POD or AD decision trees showed BTK and NCF2 were sufficient to distinguish between POD or AD patients and healthy controls. BTK and NCF2 were identified common biomarkers of POD and AD. Further investigations are required to verify correlations between gene expression levels and pathological characteristics.},
}

*Alzheimer Disease/genetics/diagnosis/metabolism
Humans
Biomarkers/metabolism
*Delirium/genetics/diagnosis
*Postoperative Complications/genetics/diagnosis
Gene Expression Profiling
Machine Learning
Gene Ontology
Protein Interaction Maps/genetics
Databases, Genetic

@article {pmid42216420,
year = {2026},
author = {de Leeuw, SM and Emrani, S and Putter, J and Nuriel, T},
title = {The physiological effects of APOE genotype in healthy young/middle-aged individuals.},
journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/brv.70187},
pmid = {42216420},
issn = {1469-185X},
support = {AG070202/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG061264/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in healthy infants to adults, the encoded apolipoprotein E protein plays a role in many physiological functions, in both the periphery and in the brain, which can help us understand the biological contribution of this protein to disease. This review aims to describe the role of APOE genotype in a wide range of human physiological processes in healthy young/middle-aged individuals, including reproduction, cardiovascular health, inflammation, lipid metabolism, cognition, and brain structure/function, as well as how APOE genotype mediates the effects of external factors in these individuals, such as traumatic brain injury, pollution, lifestyle factors, and viral infections. The research covered in this review demonstrates that a person's APOE genotype affects a wide array of human physiological processes, from infancy to adulthood, with important differences observed in male and female study participants. We also discuss the evolutionary involvement and the 'antagonistic pleiotropy' hypothesis of APOE4. Understanding the biology and the mechanisms that are affected by APOE genotype in healthy young/middle-aged individuals is vital for understanding how this common allele contributes to the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and how these diseases can be prevented.},
}

@article {pmid41942597,
year = {2026},
author = {Sharef, H and Almoiqli, MS and Jalal, A and Mazi, W and Ibrahim, B and Alrehaili, A and Aljowni, MA and Alessa, AH and Fakhre, N and Alharbi, OA and Alsulami, RA and Albarqi, MM and Baata, M},
title = {Eco-engineered bio-imprinted polymer for selective aluminum sequestration in wastewater.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41942597},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Aluminum (Al) poisoning in wastewater poses a significant environmental and public health threat, with potential association to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Conventional remediation methods often rely on synthetic materials with environmental drawbacks. This study presents a sustainable alternative by synthesizing ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) from chia seed extract, a biobased resource rich in functional groups. Using Al (III) ions as a template and epichlorohydrin as a crosslinker, IIPs with specific sites for capturing aluminum. These IIPs demonstrated performance superior to non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 188.7 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 96.02%. Optimal conditions were found to be a pH of 5.5, a temperature of 30 °C, and a 30-minute contact time. Statistical analysis through ANOVA confirmed the significance of the findings (p < 0.001). The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Sips isotherm models, as well as the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich kinetic models, suggesting a monolayer, endothermic, and spontaneous characteristic. The IIPs also proved highly reusable, maintaining their effectiveness over 10 regeneration cycles. These results demonstrate that chia seed-based IIPs provide a biobased, selective, and reusable approach for aluminium removal from wastewater, offering a balance between sustainability and adsorption efficiency.},
}

@article {pmid41998752,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Z and Xu, C},
title = {Airborne pollutants and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Alzheimer's research & therapy},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41998752},
issn = {1758-9193},
support = {LZZX2025-02//Linzhi Science and Technology Program Project/ ; 2023ZD0503500//Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; O88RA205YA//Innovation Project of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between airborne pollutants and subtypes of neurodegenerative disorders remains poorly understood. This study aims to assess the associations between major air pollutants and the risk of multiple neurodegenerative disease outcomes.

METHODS: We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), with the most recent update on February 21st, 2026. We included studies involving adults (without the disease at baseline) with exposure to air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, and O3, and outcomes related to all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Data extracted included study details, population characteristics, and risk of bias, assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models.

RESULTS: Among 24,196 identified records, 49 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies covered populations from North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, providing a broad global perspective. A per-increment relationship was found between air pollution and incidence of all-cause dementia. For each 1 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5, the pooled HR for all-cause dementia was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02–1.12), with weaker but positive associations for AD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), PD (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and VaD (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05). PM10 exposure was positively associated with AD risk (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03, per 1 µg/m³ increase). In addition, NO2 was associated with increased risks of all-cause dementia (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.11) and VaD (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.28) per 10 µg/m³ increase.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that pollutants, particularly PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. These results provide strong evidence supporting the role of air quality in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 13, aiming to reduce the dementia burden and improve air quality globally.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-026-02050-3.},
}

@article {pmid42204869,
year = {2026},
author = {Donley, G and Hsiao, J and Balintfy, J and Silverberg, N},
title = {Four decades of Alzheimer's disease discoveries, data, and research resources: The NIH Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Program.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {e71511},
doi = {10.1002/alz.71511},
pmid = {42204869},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/history/diagnosis ; *Biomedical Research/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *National Institute on Aging (U.S.) ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States ; },
abstract = {The Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRC) program, funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), is a national network for conducting cutting-edge basic, clinical, and translational Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (ADRD) research. ADRCs collect clinical, biomarker, neuroimaging, and autopsy data on thousands of longitudinally followed research participants and the well-characterized data and samples generated by the ADRCs are readily available to the research community. Beyond conducting research, the primary objectives of the ADRC program are to train the next generation of multidisciplinary AD/ADRD researchers and share information with the public, including the latest findings and opportunities to participate in clinical studies. This article provides an overview of the 40-year history of the ADRC program, from its establishment by Congress in 1984 to now, highlighting the AD/ADRD scientific achievements enabled by the ADRCs, the data, samples, and resources that ADRCs provide, and future directions for the program.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/history/diagnosis
*Biomedical Research/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
*National Institute on Aging (U.S.)
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
United States

@article {pmid42204876,
year = {2026},
author = {Khorsand, B and Teichrow, D and Ghanbarian, E and Zheng, L and Sajjadi, SA and Glover, CM and Grill, JD and Rabin, LA and Ezzati, A},
title = {Scalable markers for early cognitive decline: Plasma p-tau217, subjective cognitive concerns, and digital testing: Results from the A4/LEARN studies.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {e71505},
doi = {10.1002/alz.71505},
pmid = {42204876},
issn = {1552-5279},
support = {//public-private philanthropic partnership/ ; //National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging/ ; //Eli Lilly and Company/ ; //Accelerating Medicines Partnership/ ; //GHR Foundation/ ; //Avid and Cogstate/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis/blood ; *tau Proteins/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; Female ; Male ; Aged, 80 and over ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; *Alzheimer Disease/blood ; Longitudinal Studies ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers confirm Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology but are impractical for large-scale screening. Plasma phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 (p-tau217), subjective cognitive concerns, and computerized cognitive testing are non-invasive, scalable, and feasible to implement in large populations. We assessed their separate and combined predictive value for cognitive decline.

METHODS: We analyzed 1064 cognitively unimpaired adults (ages 65-85 years) from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4; amyloid-positive) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN; amyloid-negative) studies. Baseline assessments included apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status, hippocampal volume, amyloid PET, plasma p-tau217, Cognitive Function Index (CFI), and Cogstate Computerized Battery (CCB). Cognitive impairment was defined as conversion from a Clinical Dementia Rating Global Score (CDR-GS) of 0 to ≥0.5 over 240 weeks.

RESULTS: During the follow-up, 34.1% developed cognitive impairment. Higher p-tau217, higher CFI, and lower CCB were associated with higher odds of converting to CDR-GS >0 across all cohorts.

DISCUSSION: P-tau217, CFI, and CCB each independently predict cognitive decline, offering practical, non-invasive tools for early AD risk stratification and trial enrichment.},
}

Humans
Aged
*Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis/blood
*tau Proteins/blood
Biomarkers/blood
Female
Male
Aged, 80 and over
Neuropsychological Tests
Positron-Emission Tomography
*Alzheimer Disease/blood
Longitudinal Studies

@article {pmid42205004,
year = {2026},
author = {Stefanacci, RG},
title = {Turning Compliance Into Action: An Augmented Intelligence-Enabled Framework for Advocacy Organizations to Drive Population Health Improvement.},
journal = {Population health management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {19427891261450800},
doi = {10.1177/19427891261450800},
pmid = {42205004},
issn = {1942-7905},
abstract = {Community Health Needs Assessments (CHNAs), mandated by the Affordable Care Act for tax-exempt hospitals, represent an underutilized yet rich data source for disease-specific advocacy. This commentary proposes a novel framework in which disease advocacy organizations-such as Alzheimer's Los Angeles, the American Heart Association, and the National Alliance on Mental Illness-deploy artificial intelligence (AI) agents to systematically analyze CHNAs, identify gaps in condition-specific care, generate personalized outreach to hospital leadership, and publicly score health systems on their responsiveness to identified needs. Using Alzheimer's disease and dementia care in Los Angeles County as a primary case example, this article describes how AI-driven automation of data collection, natural language processing of CHNA documents, and coordinated advocacy campaigns can transform the current passive CHNA cycle into an active mechanism for population health improvement. The framework combines reputational accountability through public scorecards with constructive, evidence-based recommendations, creating a "carrot-and-stick" dynamic that existing literature on public performance reporting suggests can achieve engagement rates of 40%-70% and meaningful institutional change in 30%-60% of targeted systems. This approach is adaptable across chronic conditions and disease advocacy organizations, wherever publicly reported community needs data intersect with organized patient advocacy. Implications for population health management, health system quality improvement, and the responsible integration of AI in public health advocacy are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid42205980,
year = {2026},
author = {Mirzai, M and Marouf, SP and Eslami, M and Nabian, MH},
title = {Metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance across major dementias: A comprehensive narrative review of the TyG index as a predictive marker.},
journal = {Metabolism open},
volume = {30},
number = {},
pages = {100474},
pmid = {42205980},
issn = {2589-9368},
abstract = {Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide, with Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and Lewy body dementias (LBD) representing the most common subtypes. Its rising prevalence, driven by population aging, underscores the urgent need for accessible biomarkers to support early risk identification and prevention. Insulin resistance (IR) has emerged as a key metabolic mechanism involved in cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, derived from routine fasting glucose and triglyceride levels, is a simple and cost-effective surrogate marker of IR. Evidence suggests that higher TyG values are associated with an increased risk of dementia, adverse neuroimaging and biomarker profiles, and cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative changes, although findings remain heterogeneous. This review summarizes the current evidence linking the TyG index to major dementia subtypes and discusses the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. A graphical abstract illustrating the proposed metabolic-neurodegenerative pathways is also provided.},
}

@article {pmid42206050,
year = {2026},
author = {Deng, HX and Cao, JL and Wu, Y and Jiang, SJ and Fang, QQ and Zhu, BY and Jiang, YJ},
title = {AI-driven insights into protein misfolding and innate immunity in neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1814357},
pmid = {42206050},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology/metabolism ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Protein Folding ; Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Proteostasis Deficiencies/immunology ; },
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a diverse group of disorders ranging from adult-onset conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease to pediatric forms including neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), all of which are characterized by protein misfolding and chronic neuroinflammation. During their occurrence and development, the innate immune system, especially the immune responses mediated by microglia in the central nervous system, plays a crucial regulatory role. Increasing evidence indicates that misfolded and abnormally aggregated proteins, such as β-amyloid (Aβ), Tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43, are not only neurotoxic factors but can also act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by innate immune receptors, thereby triggering persistent neuroinflammatory responses. However, traditional experimental and computational methods still have significant limitations in systematically analyzing the "protein misfolding-innate immune activation" mechanism. In recent years, artificial intelligence has made breakthrough progress in protein structure prediction, multi-conformation modeling, and integration of multi-omics data, providing a new research paradigm for revealing the intrinsic relationship between protein misfolding and innate immunity across the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. This article systematically reviews the latest applications of artificial intelligence in predicting the conformational characteristics of misfolded proteins, simulating the protein aggregation process, revealing the mechanism of innate immune perception, and reconstructing the regulatory network of neuroinflammation. It focuses on discussing the significance of deep learning models such as AlphaFold, I-TASSER, RoseTTAFold, Phyre2, and ESMFold in the field of protein structure prediction, as well as the related research on multi-modal AI technology in revealing the complex molecular mechanisms behind neurodegenerative diseases, such as combining AI with mathematical models to simulate the spread of misfolded proteins and further exploring the association with disease progression. The review also highlights the potential of AI to address the diagnostic challenges unique to pediatric neurodegenerative disorders, which, despite their rarity, collectively impose devastating lifelong burdens. In summary, AI tools not only deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying both adult and childhood neurodegenerative diseases but also open up new avenues for developing innovative diagnostic tools and treatment methods.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology/metabolism
*Immunity, Innate
*Protein Folding
Animals
*Artificial Intelligence
*Proteostasis Deficiencies/immunology

@article {pmid42206051,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, T and Guo, K and Ma, Y and Zhao, J and Cao, Y and Zhang, R and Li, X and Wei, J and Ma, Y and Zhu, Z and Zhao, D},
title = {Lipid metabolic regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1815719},
pmid = {42206051},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/immunology/pathology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Animals ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/etiology ; Microglia/metabolism/immunology ; Brain/metabolism/immunology ; Apolipoproteins E/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by β-amyloid deposition, tau pathology, and sustained neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated lipid metabolism is not merely a metabolic disturbance but a critical modulator of inflammatory responses driving AD pathogenesis. The brain, one of the most lipid-enriched organs, relies on tightly controlled lipid homeostasis to maintain neuronal function and synaptic integrity. Alterations in fatty acid composition, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms, lipoprotein lipase activity, and lipid-derived signaling mediators profoundly reshape microglial activation states and inflammatory cascades. Obesity, insulin resistance, and gut microbiota dysbiosis further exacerbate systemic and central lipid imbalance, amplifying neuroinflammatory signaling through cytokine networks and blood-brain barrier disruption. Notably, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators exert dual immunomodulatory effects, influencing β-amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, and microglial polarization. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding how lipid metabolism modulates neuroinflammation and microglia-neuron crosstalk in AD, highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies targeting lipid-inflammation axes as promising avenues for disease modification.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/immunology/pathology
*Lipid Metabolism
Animals
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/etiology
Microglia/metabolism/immunology
Brain/metabolism/immunology
Apolipoproteins E/metabolism

@article {pmid42206189,
year = {2026},
author = {De Jaegher, S and Pinzauti, D and D'Aguanno, M and Parkinson, E and Schofield, J and Strazzeri, F and Skipp, P and Penrice-Randal, R and Kunicki, A and McCausland, B and Kipps, C and Amin, J and Biazzo, M},
title = {Identifying microbial biomarkers of neurodegeneration: a comparative study in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {1831956},
pmid = {42206189},
issn = {2813-4338},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been increasingly linked to alterations of the gut microbiota, although reported microbial signatures remain heterogeneous and often lack taxonomic resolution.

METHODS: In the present study, we applied full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize gut microbiota composition in 152 individuals, including patients with AD (n = 37), PD (n = 65), and age-matched healthy controls (n = 50), using a unified bioinformatic and statistical framework with adjustment for relevant demographic covariates.

RESULTS: Alzheimer's disease was associated with a modest but significant reduction in microbial richness and Shannon diversity compared with controls, whereas no alpha diversity differences were observed in PD. Beta diversity analyses revealed significant compositional differences across diagnostic groups, driven primarily by PD and modulated by sex but not age. Species-level differential abundance analysis identified a PD-associated microbial signature characterized by reduced abundances of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Agathobacter rectalis, Roseburia intestinalis, and Faecalicatena fissicatena, together with increased abundance of Ruminococcus sp. JE7A12. In contrast, AD exhibited minimal species-level changes, with only Bacteroidales bacterium CF showing reduced abundance compared with controls.

DISCUSSION: Overall, these findings indicate that Parkinson's disease is characterized by a targeted disruption of beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, whereas Alzheimer's disease exhibits subtler and less consistent microbiome alterations. Our results underscore the importance of species-level resolution for identifying disease-associated microbial signatures.},
}

@article {pmid42206324,
year = {2026},
author = {Muñoz, MH and Okine, J and Brown, EL and Ruggiano, N},
title = {Mapping Augmentative and Alternative Communication Applications for Dementia Care.},
journal = {Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {7334648261451134},
doi = {10.1177/07334648261451134},
pmid = {42206324},
issn = {1552-4523},
abstract = {Although augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technology has been proven to support communication for people living with dementia, a gap in the use of this technology for this population still exists. Therefore, this study reviewed, described, and evaluated 11 commercial applications and their appropriateness for people living with dementia, using an adapted instrument, the Mobile App Rating Scale. Findings indicated that most apps scored higher in ease of use and navigation features, and performed lowest in graphic visual appeal. In terms of credibility, only one app was created by a developer with expertise in speech-language pathology, and only one app reported any study findings in peer-reviewed literature.},
}

@article {pmid42206504,
year = {2026},
author = {Brandt, E and Koivisto, A and Pereira, P and Mustanoja, E and Auvinen, P and Saari, T and Rusanen, M and Leinonen, V and Scheperjans, F and Kärkkäinen, V},
title = {Gut Microbiome Differences Between Early Alzheimer Disease and Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.},
journal = {Alzheimer disease and associated disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/WAD.0000000000000726},
pmid = {42206504},
issn = {1546-4156},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer disease (AD) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) are neurodegenerative diseases causing memory decline. Previous studies have demonstrated an altered gut microbiome (GM) in both conditions. In this study, we compared the GM composition between the groups to find out how if the GM composition differed between the cognitively healthy individuals (CO) and AD groups, as well as between the AD and iNPH groups.

METHODS: Thirty-seven CO participants, 21 mild AD patients and 10 participants with shunted iNPH gave fecal samples, which were subjected to 16S amplicon sequencing. Then, genus-level differences were analyzed. Information about comorbidities and diet was collected, and cognitive function was evaluated.

RESULTS: Compared with the CO group, Anaerovorax and an unknown genus of the Comamonadaceae family increased, whereas Enterobacter, Absicoccus, Buttiauxella, Raoultella, and Lacticaseibacillus decreased in the AD group. Compared with the iNPH group, Paramuribaculum, an unknown genus of the Desulfovibrionaceae family, Ruficoccus and Mitsuokella increased, whereas Anaeromassilibacillus and Desulfovibrio decreased in the AD group.

CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated differences in the GM composition between the AD and CO groups, as well as between the AD and iNPH groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report to compare the 2 neurodegenerative diseases and demonstrate GM differences.},
}

@article {pmid42206603,
year = {2026},
author = {Hayes, AMR and Bashaw, AG and Klug, ME and Kanoski, SE},
title = {Neural mechanisms linking Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: a role for the vagus nerve.},
journal = {Clinical science (London, England : 1979)},
volume = {140},
number = {6},
pages = {1119-1135},
doi = {10.1042/CS20250034},
pmid = {42206603},
issn = {1470-8736},
support = {DK123423//HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)/ ; DK14526//HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)/ ; DK138777//HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)/ ; AG077932//HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (NIA)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Vagus Nerve/physiopathology/metabolism ; *Diet, Western/adverse effects ; Animals ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology/etiology/psychology/metabolism ; *Cognition ; *Brain/physiopathology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Consumption of a Western diet containing large proportions of calories from highly palatable foods that are high in fat and sugar is causally linked with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. In addition to these widely known deficits, Western diet consumption also negatively impacts various cognitive domains, including learning and memory function (e.g. Alzheimer's and related dementias), affective processes (e.g. anxiety, depression), and reward-related behaviors. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that link Western diets to impaired cognition are poorly understood. In this review, we highlight recent findings revealing the impacts of Western diet consumption on the molecular machinery and signaling of key central neuromodulators (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin) that contribute to the dysregulation of fundamental cognitive and behavioral processes. Based on emerging evidence, we propose that Western diet-associated perturbations in central neuromodulator signaling and associated neurocognitive impairments are driven, at least in part, by blunted gut-to-brain communication through the vagus nerve. While future research is necessary to fully elucidate this hypothesized connection, it provides a framework to advance our understanding of the mechanisms mediating diet-cognition interactions.},
}

Humans
*Vagus Nerve/physiopathology/metabolism
*Diet, Western/adverse effects
Animals
*Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology/etiology/psychology/metabolism
*Cognition
*Brain/physiopathology/metabolism
Signal Transduction
Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism

@article {pmid42206989,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, S and Kim, S},
title = {Interval From Cancer Diagnosis to Depression Onset and Risk of Dementia in Cancer Survivors.},
journal = {Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-26-0336},
pmid = {42206989},
issn = {1538-7755},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: To examine how the timing of depression after cancer diagnosis relates to the risk of all-cause dementia (ACD) and Alzheimer disease (AD), and to compare time-fixed and time-varying modeling approaches.

METHODS: We conducted a nationwide cohort study using Korean National Health Insurance Service data on 385,092 individuals aged ≥55 years diagnosed with cancer between 2009 and 2013, with no dementia or depression, followed through 2023. Depression was identified using ICD-10 codes F32-F33 and categorized by interval from cancer diagnosis. Depression was modeled as a baseline time-fixed or a time-varying exposure. The primary outcome was ACD and the secondary outcome was AD. Cox proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic factors.

RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 11.7 years, 71,600 participants (18.6%) developed ACD. Time-fixed models suggested increased dementia risk for depression diagnosed within 5 years after cancer, but an apparent inverse association for depression diagnosed >5 years after cancer (aHR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.93). In contrast, time-varying models showed consistently elevated risks across all depression-onset intervals, including >5 years after cancer (aHR, 2.09; 95% CI, 2.02-2.17). Results were similar for AD.

CONCLUSIONS: Depression at any time after cancer diagnosis is associated with increased dementia risk when modeled. Time-fixed analyses may introduce immortal time bias and mischaracterize risk, underscoring the importance of time-varying approaches in survivorship research.

IMPACT: Modeling post-cancer depression as a time-varying exposure clarifies dementia risk estimates and informs survivorship mental health strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42207225,
year = {2026},
author = {Ed-Day, S and Kacimi, FE and El Gui, R and Didou, L and Ibouzine-Dine, L and El Kourchi, C and Boulbaroud, S and Haddan, A and Harhar, H and Azzaoui, FZ},
title = {Erythrina caffra extract restores memory, modulates cholinergic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and attenuates oxidative stress in cadmium-induced alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rats.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42207225},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Animals ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Cadmium/toxicity ; Male ; *Erythrina/chemistry/metabolism ; *Memory/drug effects ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/metabolism ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is a well-established neurotoxic heavy metal. Several epidemiological studies have highlighted its involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a multifactorial disorder influenced by environmental factors such as heavy metals. Erythrina caffra (E. caffra) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties. However, its protective potential against Cd-induced neurodegeneration remains insufficiently explored. This study investigated the effects of Cd on memory, cholinergic function, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as key AD-related pathophysiological features, and evaluated the therapeutic potential of E. caffra seeds ethanolic extract.

METHODS AND RESULTS: AD-like alterations were induced in Wistar rats by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Animals were treated with E. caffra ethanolic extract (2.5 mg/kg) or memantine (20 mg/kg) by oral gavage. Behavioral, neurobiochemical, and histological analyses were performed to assess memory, cholinergic function, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal integrity. Cd exposure significantly impaired memory and disrupted cholinergic function, as evidenced by reduced acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the hippocampus. Moreover, it induced oxidative stress, marked by decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and non-protein thiols (NPSH), alongside increased proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and hippocampal neuronal loss. Treatment with E. caffra and memantine significantly ameliorated these alterations.

CONCLUSIONS: E. caffra extract demonstrates neuroprotective effects against Cd-induced AD-like pathology by modulating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic dysfunction. These findings suggest its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for mitigating neurodegenerative processes associated with AD.},
}

Animals
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology
*Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology
Rats
Rats, Wistar
Cadmium/toxicity
Male
*Erythrina/chemistry/metabolism
*Memory/drug effects
Antioxidants/pharmacology
Hippocampus/drug effects/metabolism
Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Acetylcholine/metabolism
Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid42207546,
year = {2026},
author = {Zanin, J and McNeil, JJ and Rance, G},
title = {Speech-in-Noise Ability and Longitudinal Cortical Thinning in Speech-Processing Networks.},
journal = {JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1001/jamaoto.2026.1050},
pmid = {42207546},
issn = {2168-619X},
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Age-related hearing loss is a major modifiable risk factor for dementia, yet the neural mechanisms linking auditory dysfunction to brain aging and cognitive decline remain unclear. In particular, it is unknown whether peripheral hearing loss, central auditory processing deficits, or hearing aid use best predict neurodegenerative change in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hearing thresholds, speech-in-noise ability, and hearing aid use are associated with longitudinal cortical atrophy and cognitive trajectories in cognitively normal older adults.

This population-based, longitudinal cohort study with baseline and 3-year follow-up assessments was conducted among community-dwelling older adults in Australia. Participants were selected from the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly trial and categorized as having normal hearing, unaided hearing loss, or using hearing aids based on audiometry and self-reported hearing aid use. Structural magnetic resonance imaging, auditory, and cognitive data were collected between 2012 and 2017. Data were analyzed from August to October 2025.

EXPOSURES: Peripheral hearing loss assessed using better-ear 4-frequency average thresholds, central auditory processing assessed using binaural speech-in-noise performance, and hearing aid use and duration of use.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Longitudinal change in cortical thickness and regional brain volumes derived from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, focusing on auditory and Alzheimer disease-vulnerable regions. Global cognition was assessed using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.

RESULTS: A total of 312 adults (mean [SD] age, 73.5 [3.3] years; 167 [54%] female) without dementia at baseline were included. At baseline, hearing loss groups showed poorer audiometric and speech-in-noise performance but did not differ in global cognition. Over 3 years, widespread age-related cortical atrophy was observed, and poorer baseline speech-in-noise performance was associated with faster cortical thinning in inferior parietal (β = -0.002; 95% CI, -0.003 to 0.001), precuneus (β = -0.001; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.000), middle temporal cortex (β = -0.001; 95% CI, -0.002 to -0.001), and superior temporal sulcus regions (β = -0.001; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.000), independent of hearing thresholds and hearing aid use. There was not a statistically significant association between hearing loss/hearing aid use and longitudinal neurostructural change or cognitive decline.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study of cognitively normal older adults, central auditory processing impairment, not peripheral hearing loss or hearing aid use, was associated with accelerated cortical thinning in speech-processing networks. Speech-in-noise performance may represent an early behavioral marker of neural vulnerability preceding measurable cognitive decline.},
}

@article {pmid42207606,
year = {2026},
author = {Papamicaël, C and Gembus, V and Gourand, F and Levacher, V},
title = {Redox Heterocyclic Platforms Engineered for Brain Drug Delivery and Beyond.},
journal = {Chemical record (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70162},
doi = {10.1002/tcr.70162},
pmid = {42207606},
issn = {1528-0691},
abstract = {Overcoming the blood-brain barrier remains one of the most formidable challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system disorders. In this account, we showcase our contributions to the field of redox-responsive heterocycles, most notably 1,4-dihydroquinolines and 1,4-dihydropyridines, designed as powerful platforms for targeted brain delivery. Our work builds on the chemical delivery system and bioprecursor prodrug strategies pioneered by Bodor et al. We have focused on the development of redox-activated drug carriers and "bio-oxidizable" prodrugs, which enable efficient transport of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and radiotracers for advanced brain imaging, as well as cholinesterase and kinase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Last but not least, these versatile heterocyclic systems offer unprecedented perspectives in synthetic methodology, driving breakthrough advances in peptide synthesis and atroposelective amide bond construction.},
}

@article {pmid42207731,
year = {2026},
author = {Queiroz, EM and Couto, CM and Ferreira, AR and de Souza, LC and Caramelli, P},
title = {Clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges of frontotemporal dementia in Brazil: A 15-year cohort study.},
journal = {Neuroepidemiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-23},
doi = {10.1159/000552730},
pmid = {42207731},
issn = {1423-0208},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) comprises heterogeneous neurodegenerative syndromes with limited data from low- and middle-income countries, where diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis are common.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 190 patients with FTD meeting criteria for behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA), or FTD-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS) who were evaluated at a publicly-funded Brazilian tertiary referral center (2009-2024). Clinical features, diagnostic trajectories, neuroimaging, genetic testing, and survival outcomes were analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using IBGE 2017 life tables as a reference.

RESULTS: The cohort comprised 95 bvFTD (50.0%; 73 probable and 22 possible), 79 PPA (41.6%), and 16 FTD-ALS (8.4%) patients. Accurate initial diagnosis was achieved in only 15.8% of bvFTD patients and 17.7% of PPA patients, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common misdiagnosis (36.8% and 34.2%, respectively). Survival differed significantly between subtypes (p < 0.001), with FTD-ALS having the shortest median survival (79.0 months) compared with PPA (119.0 months) and bvFTD (144.0 months). Compared with PPA, FTD-ALS was associated with increased mortality risk (HR: 4.01; 95% CI: 1.94-8.31; p < .001). FTD patients had approximately twice the expected mortality for age- and sex-matched individuals in the general population (SMR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.59-2.38), with the highest excess mortality in FTD-ALS patients (SMR: 4.08).

DISCUSSION: This Brazilian hospital-based cohort reveals alarming diagnostic delays despite typical clinical phenotypes and high mortality across all FTD subtypes relative to the general population. These findings highlight the need for improved FTD awareness and specialized training among healthcare providers in Brazil and similar Latin American countries, underscoring the value of hospital-based cohort studies in characterizing FTD in low- and middle-income countries.},
}

@article {pmid42207745,
year = {2026},
author = {Bhat, KMR and Lc, P and Thonse, NK and Potu, BK and Kateel, R},
title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Neurological Disorders: Integrating Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms.},
journal = {Complementary medicine research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-40},
doi = {10.1159/000552633},
pmid = {42207745},
issn = {2504-2106},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and ischemic stroke are major causes of global disability and mortality. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play central roles in their pathogenesis. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), particularly the standardized formulation EGb 761, contains flavonoids and terpenoids that exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial-protective effects. These pleiotropic actions position GBE as a promising candidate for neuroprotection.

SUMMARY: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from preclinical and clinical studies on the neuroprotective actions of GBE. Experimental data demonstrate that GBE attenuates oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses, while simultaneously downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators through NF-κB inhibition and NLRP3 inflammasome suppression. Additional benefits include stabilization of mitochondrial function, modulation of neurotransmission, and prevention of apoptosis. Preclinical models consistently show improvements in cognition, motor function, and neuronal survival across diverse disease contexts. Clinical findings, however, are mixed: some randomized trials report improved cognition and functional outcomes in dementia and Parkinsonism, whereas others show no superiority over placebo. Variability in study design, extract standardization, and treatment regimens contribute to these discrepancies.

KEY MESSAGES: GBE exerts multifaceted neuroprotective effects through combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial, and neurotransmitter-modulating actions. Preclinical evidence strongly supports its role in mitigating pathological processes underlying Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and ischemic injury. But clinical outcomes remain inconsistent. GBE holds potential as a safe, multi-target adjunctive therapy for complex central nervous system disorders, but translation into consistent clinical practice requires further validation.},
}

@article {pmid42208123,
year = {2026},
author = {Hsu, MH and Hwang, SY and Tsai, YH and Chang, YC and Liang, CK and Chang, CY},
title = {Advancing Alzheimer Disease Prediction With Large Language Model-Based Linguistic Feature Analysis: Development and Validation Study.},
journal = {JMIR medical informatics},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {e86965},
doi = {10.2196/86965},
pmid = {42208123},
issn = {2291-9694},
mesh = {Humans ; Large Language Models ; *Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; *Linguistics/methods ; Prediction Algorithms ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with rapidly growing global prevalence. Early detection is critical for timely intervention; yet, conventional diagnostic methods remain costly and invasive. Speech-based assessment has emerged as a noninvasive alternative, as AD characteristically impairs linguistic abilities including fluency, coherence, and informational content. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) offer new opportunities to extract structured linguistic features from transcribed speech for automated AD classification. However, existing LLM-based approaches often lack transparency and clinical interpretability, limiting their adoption in clinical workflows.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the influence of linguistic features extracted from transcribed speech, as analyzed by LLMs, on the accuracy and interpretability of AD prediction.

METHODS: We propose a framework that leverages LLMs to analyze linguistic features extracted from transcribed speech for AD classification. Our approach focuses on 4 key aspects, including readability, fluency, richness of detail, and keyword relevance. To enhance classification accuracy, the framework integrates transcript embeddings with feature explanation embeddings, forming a comprehensive linguistic representation. We conducted extensive ablation studies to evaluate the contributions of individual features and benchmarked our framework against existing LLM-driven methodologies through pairwise explainability evaluations. Output stability was assessed across 3 independent pipeline runs. A fully local configuration (Llama 3 8B + nomic-embed-text) was tested to evaluate privacy-preserving deployment feasibility. Explainability was assessed via LLM-based pairwise comparison (Gemini-3.1-flash-lite) against the method of Bang et al across 54 correctly classified cases and by blinded evaluation from 2 neurologists.

RESULTS: The proposed framework achieved a mean precision of 91.52%, a sensitivity of 91.08%, a specificity of 96.29%, and F1-score of 91.05% across 3 independent runs on the ADReSSo 2021 dataset, outperforming existing LLM-based approaches. A fully-local configuration (Llama 3 8B+nomic-embed-text, requiring no cloud application programming interface access) achieved an F1-score of 81.58%, demonstrating framework transferability to privacy-preserving deployment environments. Keyword relevance was the most influential feature (F1-score drop of 13.22 pp when removed). Explainability evaluations showed our method was preferred in 49 out of 54 cases via Gemini-3.1-flash-lite, with human experts preferring our method in 89 of 108 blinded assessments.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight that a structured linguistic feature analysis using LLMs provides a robust and interpretable framework for preliminary AD detection. Our approach offers a scalable and accessible solution that bridges artificial intelligence-driven text analysis with clinical applications, supporting early detection of cognitive decline through noninvasive assessment methods.},
}

Humans
Large Language Models
*Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
*Linguistics/methods
Prediction Algorithms

@article {pmid42208178,
year = {2026},
author = {Burstein, ES and Olsson, R and Skold, N and Jansen, KE and Azar, M and Sandiego, C and Ridler, K and Rabiner, EA and Rhodes, G and Dey, PM and Pathak, S},
title = {Nonclinical characterization of ACP-204, a novel selective serotonin receptor subtype 2A receptor inverse agonist.},
journal = {The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics},
volume = {393},
number = {6},
pages = {104932},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104932},
pmid = {42208178},
issn = {1521-0103},
abstract = {Pimavanserin was the first US Food and Drug Administration approved antipsychotic drug that does not block D2 dopamine receptors at therapeutic doses. Pimavanserin is a selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist that reduces the frequency of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson disease. Despite these attributes, pimavanserin prolongs the QT interval at therapeutic doses, limiting the dose to 34 mg. In addition, pimavanserin has a 57-hour half-life, and reaches steady state in approximately 12 days. ACP-204 was identified as a compound with subnanomolar affinity in radioligand binding assays, and subnanomolar inverse agonist and antagonist potency at 5-HT2A receptors in cell-based functional assays. ACP-204 had 13-fold less affinity for 5-HT2C receptors in radioligand binding, and 30- to 100-fold less potency at 5-HT2C in the functional assays, and was over 1000-fold selective against over 70 other targets. ACP-204 had 9-fold lower potency inhibiting human ether-à-go-go-related gene than pimavanserin, and lower potency at Cav1.2 L-type calcium and Nav1.5 sodium channels, all channels associated with cardiovascular function. ACP-204 was active in 3 rodent models of schizophrenia, was orally active, and potently engaged with central 5-HT2A receptors in nonhuman primates. Long-term toxicity studies demonstrated wide safety margins, and pharmacokinetic modeling predicted a 14.7 to 21.7 hours half-life in humans. It is anticipated that reducing the potential for QT prolongation will allow greater dosing flexibility with ACP-204 compared with pimavanserin; additionally, a shorter half-life may provide faster onset of action because of plasma concentrations reaching steady state sooner. ACP-204 is currently being evaluated for efficacy and safety in Alzheimer disease psychosis and Lewy body dementia psychosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychotic disorders remain a major source of burden and disability worldwide, with current treatments limited by inadequate efficacy or significant side effects. ACP-204 is a novel 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist/antagonist being evaluated clinically for its potential to treat Alzheimer disease psychosis and Lewy body dementia psychosis. Comprehensive nonclinical evaluations shown herein demonstrate that ACP-204 has optimized pharmacodynamic properties resulting in a favorable safety/tolerability profile, a broad therapeutic index, and promising effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid42208269,
year = {2026},
author = {Saxena, S and Kaur, J and Singh, TG and Kumar, M and Awasthi, A},
title = {Beyond the brain barrier: Hybrid nanoparticles orchestrating intelligent neuro-theranostics.},
journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science},
volume = {356},
number = {},
pages = {103954},
doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2026.103954},
pmid = {42208269},
issn = {1873-3727},
abstract = {Hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) that integrate organic and inorganic components have been recognized as one of the most sophisticated solutions in the field of nanomedicine to surpass the physiological limitations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). By the combination of biocompatibility, flexibility, and the capacity of functionalization of the organic shells with the magnetic, optical, or structural precision of the inorganic cores, HNPs provide receptor-mediated transport, controlled drug release, and multimodal imaging with high efficiency. This review details the molecular mechanisms of HNPs crossing the BBB, such as receptor-mediated, adsorptive, carrier-mediated, and biomimetic transcytosis, and also points to the role of the advanced conjugation chemistries like EDC/NHS coupling, thiol‑gold anchoring, click reactions, and redox-cleavable linkers in enhancing targeting fidelity. The therapeutic improvements in the major neurological diseases, i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and glioblastoma, are discussed with the help of figures, which illustrate enhanced bioavailability, gene silencing, mitochondrial targeting, and integrated photothermal or magnetic responsiveness. Moreover, the review discusses potential diagnostic applications such as multimodal MRI/PET/NIR-II imaging, molecular biosensing, and theranostic nanoplatforms, which link the real time visualization with the targeted treatment. To conclude, we point out the upcoming directions comprising biomimetic coatings, AI guided nanoparticle design, stimuli responsive logic-gated systems, and clinically scalable biodegradable hybrids. In sum, HNPs embody a radically different strategy to precision neuro-nanomedicine, thereby providing a seamless avenue for diagnosis, targeted therapy, and continuous disease monitoring within a single intelligent nanosystem.},
}

@article {pmid42208339,
year = {2026},
author = {Coulter, K and Dash, T and Best, T and Grant, N and Ansaldo, AI and Phillips, NA and , },
title = {Multilingualism and cognitive reserve in older adults with, or at risk for, Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from resting-state functional connectivity.},
journal = {Neurobiology of aging},
volume = {166},
number = {},
pages = {50-57},
doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.05.009},
pmid = {42208339},
issn = {1558-1497},
abstract = {Speaking more than one language is hypothesized to lead to greater brain resilience in aging and Alzheimer's disease, resulting in a delay in the symptom onset of Alzheimer's disease. While previous research has used structural neuroimaging measures to explore the neural underpinnings of this protective effect, few studies have used functional brain measures. Thus, we used functional connectivity measures of resting-state fMRI data to explore the association between multilingualism and brain resilience in older adults with, or at risk for, Alzheimer's disease. Participants were selected from The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia Study and The Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer's disease - Quebec, and included older adults who were cognitive unimpaired, those with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or mild Alzheimer's disease. Half of the participants in each diagnosis group were monolingual (i.e., reported knowledge of only one language) and half were multilingual (i.e., reported knowledge of 2 or more languages). Within diagnosis groups, monolinguals and multilinguals were strictly matched on age, sex, years of education, cognitive impairment, and memory function. We examined average within-network functional connectivity of the default mode network using the CONN Toolbox. We observed reduced connectivity within the default mode network for multilinguals compared to monolinguals with Alzheimer's disease. Our finding suggests greater Alzheimer's disease neuropathology for multilingual compared to monolingual participants, despite being matched on measures of cognitive impairment and memory function. Therefore, multilingual participants show evidence of greater brain resilience by way of greater cognitive reserve compared to their monolingual peers.},
}

@article {pmid42208351,
year = {2026},
author = {Martino, ED and Maduro, S and Luchicchi, A and Wilhelmus, MMM and Orefice, NS},
title = {Distinctive characteristics of dopamine neuron release mechanisms: Insights into Parkinson's Disease.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {119534},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119534},
pmid = {42208351},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, after Alzheimer's disease, and is characterized not only by progressive motor dysfunction but also by a wide array of non-motor symptoms that frequently emerge during the prodromal phase. These early manifestations, including cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments, autonomic dysfunction, and sleep disturbances, contribute substantially to disease burden and often precede the onset of motor impairments by years. Although degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology define the classical neuropathology of PD, the molecular basis of selective neuronal vulnerability remains incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that calcium (Ca[2 +]) dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired axonal transport converge to produce early synaptic and axonal failure. Importantly, disruptions in dopamine (DA) release, reuptake, and synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling arise well before overt nigrostriatal degeneration and long before clinically detectable DA depletion. These early presynaptic alterations are increasingly recognized as key drivers of motivational, affective, and reward-processing deficits that typify prodromal PD. In this review, we synthesize evidence supporting the hypothesis that axonal and synaptic dysfunction precedes dopaminergic cell body loss and represents a primary site of disease initiation. We focus on the molecular machinery governing presynaptic DA transmission and examine how its disruption contributes to early circuit dysfunction and progressive neurodegeneration. By looking at these early pathophysiological events, we aim to advance the understanding of PD initiation and identify potential avenues for early diagnosis and disease-modifying interventions.},
}

@article {pmid42208357,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, B and Tang, G},
title = {Aquaporin‑4 polarization and glymphatic function in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, modulators, and therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {Pathology, research and practice},
volume = {286},
number = {},
pages = {156564},
doi = {10.1016/j.prp.2026.156564},
pmid = {42208357},
issn = {1618-0631},
abstract = {Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is traditionally viewed as a disorder of cerebral amyloid‑β (Aβ) accumulation, emerging evidence has shifted attention toward impaired clearance mechanisms as a primary driver of sporadic disease. Central to this paradigm shift is the glymphatic system and its obligate facilitator, aquaporin‑4 (AQP4), whose polarized localization at astrocytic endfeet is essential for efficient interstitial solute clearance. Loss of AQP4 polarization, termed depolarization, is consistently observed in AD mouse models as a driver of glymphatic failure and in human postmortem tissue as a correlate of protein aggregation. This review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern AQP4 polarization. We discuss the dystrophin‑associated protein complex as the primary anchoring machinery, the role of orthogonal array particle assembly and isoform switching, and the impact of post‑translational modifications. We also examine how diverse factors, including proteases, kinase signaling pathways, circadian modulators, pathological proteins, astrocyte phenotypes, and lifestyle interventions, converge to regulate AQP4 polarity. Finally, we evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies that target this axis, including pharmacological AQP4 facilitators, upstream polarity regulators such as PERK inhibitors, and non‑invasive approaches like 40 Hz gamma stimulation and exercise. By repositioning AQP4 polarization as a modifiable homeostatic checkpoint, we propose that restoring perivascular AQP4 localization represents a biologically sound strategy to enhance endogenous brain clearance and modify AD progression.},
}

@article {pmid42208551,
year = {2026},
author = {Rosenberg, A and Ngandu, T},
title = {Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease among middle-aged individuals.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2146-2147},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00692-6},
pmid = {42208551},
issn = {1474-547X},
}

@article {pmid42208552,
year = {2026},
author = {Therriault, J},
title = {Advancing tau-PET imaging in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2148-2149},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00809-3},
pmid = {42208552},
issn = {1474-547X},
}

@article {pmid42208554,
year = {2026},
author = {Suárez-Calvet, M and Salvadó, G and de Fortuny, BB and Del Campo, M},
title = {Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: from detection to decisions.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2151-2154},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00909-8},
pmid = {42208554},
issn = {1474-547X},
}

@article {pmid42208558,
year = {2026},
author = {McLellan, F},
title = {Reisa Sperling: getting ahead of Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2164},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01033-0},
pmid = {42208558},
issn = {1474-547X},
}

@article {pmid42208562,
year = {2026},
author = {Jiang, X and Hoang, TD and Shaw, LM and Jacobs, DR and Nasrallah, IM and Bryan, RN and Yaffe, K},
title = {Alzheimer's disease neuropathology plasma biomarkers and cognition in midlife: a community-based cohort study.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2208-2216},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00515-5},
pmid = {42208562},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/blood/pathology ; Biomarkers/blood ; Male ; Female ; *Amyloid beta-Peptides/blood ; *tau Proteins/blood ; Middle Aged ; Cohort Studies ; *Cognition ; Peptide Fragments/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, characterised by amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) protein accumulation, has primarily been assessed with biomarkers in clinical samples of older adults. Less is known about plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and their associations with cognitive outcomes in midlife in diverse community-based samples. Our goal was to address these gaps.

METHODS: In this cohort study, we analysed participants who were retained in the US Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study with available plasma biomarkers at year 35 (2020-22). We excluded participants without cognitive measures and individuals with probable dementia. Cognition in five domains was measured with standardised tests at years 30 and 35; accelerated cognitive decline in each domain was defined as a 5-year decline at least 1·5 SD greater than the cohort mean change. Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, and p-tau217 concentrations were assayed with the use of the Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200 analyser and used to calculate the p-tau217-to-Aβ42 ratio (p-tau217/Aβ42) and Aβ42-to-Aβ40 ratio (Aβ42/40). Alzheimer's disease neuropathology status (ie, negative, intermediate, or positive) was defined based on amyloid PET-validated cutpoints for each biomarker (p-tau217/Aβ42, p-tau217, and Aβ42/40). Associations of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology with cognition (Z scores) and accelerated decline were evaluated with the use of multivariable linear and logistic regression.

FINDINGS: From the 2248 CARDIA participants who completed the year 35 visit, we randomly selected 1500 participants for plasma biomarker measurement. We excluded three participants with poor biomarker assay quality, 143 without cognitive measures, and four with probable dementia resulting in a final cohort of 1350. The mean participant age was 61 years (SD 3·6, range 53·0-69·0); 779 (58%) participants were women, 571 (42%) were men, 613 (45%) were Black, and 737 (55%) were White. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology positivity was present in 86 (6%) participants based on p-tau217/Aβ42, 196 (15%) based on Aβ42/40, and 48 (4%) based on p-tau217, and was associated with worse performance on processing speed (standardised cognitive difference comparing Alzheimer's disease neuropathology positive to negative for Aβ42/40, p-tau217, and p-tau217/Aβ42 -0·54 to -0·25; p values 0·0001 to 0·0048) and executive function (-0·42 to -0·19; p values 0·0070 to 0·049). Alzheimer's disease neuropathology positivity was also associated with increased odds of accelerated decline on verbal memory (Aβ42/40: odds ratio 4·31, 95% CI 1·71-10·9, p-tau217/Aβ42: 2·44, 1·16-5·13) and processing speed (p-tau217: 3·98, 1·71-9·3; p-tau217/Aβ42: 3·35, 1·77-6·35) compared with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology negativity. There was no association for global cognition or fluency. Although not consistent, some effect modification was observed, with stronger associations among women and Black participants and individuals with APOE ∈4.

INTERPRETATION: Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is relatively uncommon in midlife but associated with worse cognitive performance and accelerated decline and might have stronger association among some groups. Early Alzheimer's disease neuropathology detection with the use of plasma biomarkers might enable timely prevention and intervention in midlife adults including risk reduction and pharmacological therapies.

FUNDING: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92023D00002, 75N92023D00003, 75N92023D00004, 75N92023D00005, and 75N92023D00006), National Institute on Aging (R01AG063887, R01AG091431, R35AG071916, and K99AG083211), and the Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-23-1150636).},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/blood/pathology
Biomarkers/blood
Male
Female
*Amyloid beta-Peptides/blood
*tau Proteins/blood
Middle Aged
Cohort Studies
*Cognition
Peptide Fragments/blood

@article {pmid42208563,
year = {2026},
author = {Povala, G and Bellaver, B and Lussier, FZ and Amaral, L and Bauer-Negrini, G and Ferreira, PCL and Rocha, A and Ruppert, E and Medeiros, MS and Tissot, C and Jagust, WJ and Masdeu, JC and Fortea, J and Tudorascu, DL and Soleimani-Meigooni, DN and Lowe, V and Oh, H and Pascual, B and Gordon, BA and Rosa-Neto, P and Baker, S and Pascoal, TA and , },
title = {Comparison of [18F]flortaucipir and [18F]MK6240 for the detection of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (HEAD): a multicentre, prospective, cross-sectional, within-participant study.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2217-2226},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00417-4},
pmid = {42208563},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; *Carbolines ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fluorine Radioisotopes ; *Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; Prospective Studies ; *Pyridines ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; *tau Proteins/metabolism ; Isoquinolines ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tau PET imaging has emerged as a critical biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, informing diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic selection. We investigated whether PET tracer selection alters tau detection.

METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicentre, non-randomised, within-participant comparison of [[18]F]flortaucipir (Tauvid), currently used in clinical settings in the USA and Europe, and [[18]F]MK6240, an investigational tau PET tracer. Participants were recruited from eight north American sites and underwent tau PET, amyloid-β (Aβ) PET, and detailed cognitive assessments. Tau PET with both agents was acquired within a 45-day window. Coprimary outcomes were the discriminative accuracy for Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment and the frequency of tau positivity in early medial temporal lobe (MTL) and late neocortical regions. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05361382.

FINDINGS: Between March 2, 2022, and Aug 27, 2025, 775 individuals were enrolled, with 682 completing all procedures (373 [55%] female, 309 [45%] male; 38 [6%] aged 19-27 years, 214 [31%] aged 50-65 years, and 430 [63%] aged 65-89 years). 32 (5%) participants identified as Hispanic or Latino. 637 (93%) identified as White, 24 (4%) as Black or African American, 16 (2%) as Asian, and five (1%) as other. In addition, 49 (7%) individuals were identified as being from a rural area. [[18]F]MK6240 showed greater accuracy than [[18]F]flortaucipir in distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from non-Alzheimer's disease impairment (area under the curve 0·93, 95% CI 0·89-0·95 vs 0·86, 0·75-0·91; p<0·0001). Among the older adults, tau positivity status was concordant in 560 (87%) for MTL and 603 (94%) for neocortical regions. In cognitively unimpaired participants, [[18]F]MK6240 identified twice as many MTL-positive cases as [[18]F]flortaucipir (n=54 [15%] vs n=23 [6%]). Prevalence ratio in Aβ-positive was 2·43 (95% CI 1·50-3·94; p=0·0003), identifying 23 additional cases per 100. Among discordant cases, 75 (89%) were [[18]F]MK6240-positive only and had higher Aβ burden (p<0·0001), APOEε4 frequency (p<0·0001), and cognitive impairment (p=0·0043) than those negative on both tracers. Neocortical tau positivity was more frequent with [[18]F]MK6240 than with [[18]F]flortaucipir in cognitively impaired individuals (80 [28%] vs 46 [16%]). Prevalence ratio in Aβ-positive was 1·74 (95% CI 1·32-2·29; p<0·0001), identifying 15 additional mild cognitive impairment and 21 dementia cases per 100.

INTERPRETATION: Tau PET tracer selection influences the frequency of detection of tau pathology across the ageing and Alzheimer's disease spectrum. Compared with [[18]F]flortaucipir, [[18]F]MK6240 identified more individuals with tau pathology in cognitively unimpaired and cognitively impaired individuals, with direct implications for patient stratification in clinical trials and more precise guidance for therapeutic decision-making.

FUNDING: National Institute on Aging.},
}

Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
*Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
*Carbolines
Cross-Sectional Studies
Fluorine Radioisotopes
*Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
Prospective Studies
*Pyridines
Radiopharmaceuticals
*tau Proteins/metabolism
Isoquinolines

@article {pmid42208565,
year = {2026},
author = {Serrano-Pozo, A and Escott-Price, V and Grinberg, LT and Pascoal, T and Suárez-Calvet, M and Dubois, B and Sperling, RA},
title = {Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {407},
number = {10544},
pages = {2241-2262},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00198-4},
pmid = {42208565},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Biomarkers ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia and among the top ten leading causes of death in high-income countries. Exponential advances in epidemiology, genetics, diagnostic imaging and fluid biomarkers, treatment, and prevention in the last decade reinforce the notion that we are entering a new era in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease. However, far from triumphalism, this momentum should be accelerated to achieve the goals of preventing Alzheimer's disease and arresting its progression. In this Seminar, we summarise this progress and highlight unmet needs and areas of research priority.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control
Biomarkers

@article {pmid42208720,
year = {2026},
author = {Kulkarni, R and Kumari, S and Sharma, P and Dhapola, R and Medhi, B and HariKrishnaReddy, D},
title = {Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of ergosterol in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model: Insights into anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.},
journal = {Experimental neurology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {115853},
doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.115853},
pmid = {42208720},
issn = {1090-2430},
abstract = {Oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory processes constitute pivotal pathogenic mechanisms in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, as well as in other neurodegenerative conditions. This study is the first to integrate in-silico TLR4-targeted molecular docking of ergosterol with comprehensive in-vivo validation, thereby providing mechanistic insight into its potential role as a neuroprotective agent. The present experimental work aimed to explore the effects of ergosterol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) and its combination with the standard drug donepezil, as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD rat model. In silico docking studies were first performed, in which ergosterol and donepezil were docked to the TLR4 receptor (PDB ID: 2Z62). The docking scores of ergosterol and donepezil were - 3.318 and - 3.934, respectively, with MMGBSA ΔG bind scores of -36.9 and - 39.19, ergosterol demonstrated neuroprotective potential with supportive computational evidence suggesting possible TLR4 interaction. RMSD values for both ergosterol-TLR4 and donepezil-TLR4 complexes indicated stable binding interactions. In the in-vivo STZ model, ergosterol administration significantly improved memory and learning impairments, as assessed by the Morris water maze, Novel Object Recognition Test, and Elevated Plus Maze Test. It also reversed changes in glutathione and malondialdehyde levels and showed protective effects in the hippocampus. Moreover, ergosterol ameliorated neuroinflammation by reducing glial cell activation. These findings provide experimental evidence that ergosterol prevents memory loss, learning impairments, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in ICV-STZ rats. In conclusion, ergosterol, either alone or in combination with donepezil, may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy against AD through its dual action on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.},
}

@article {pmid42209252,
year = {2026},
author = {Jung, D and Seo, H and Yoo, L},
title = {Artificial intelligence in nursing practice for older adults with dementia: A narrative review informed by bibliometric mapping and implications for nurse-led research.},
journal = {Journal of Korean gerontological nursing},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {125-133},
doi = {10.17079/jkgn.2026.00143},
pmid = {42209252},
issn = {2383-8086},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This narrative review aimed to (1) map the global research landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) in dementia care, (2) characterize domestic Korean research, and (3) propose priority directions for nurse-led AI research.

METHODS: International literature was retrieved from PubMed (January 2015 to December 2025; n=5,710) and analyzed using VOSviewer with the Leiden algorithm. Korean literature from RISS (n=265) was synthesized narratively.

RESULTS: Publications increased substantially since 2015, with acceleration after 2024 driven by large language models. Five thematic clusters emerged: (1) care, daily living, and digital health; (2) aging and brain structure; (3) risk prediction and clinical data; (4) early screening and behavioral biomarkers; and (5) Alzheimer's diagnosis and deep learning. Four domains were most relevant to nursing: monitoring technologies, digital biomarkers, AI chatbots for caregivers, and clinical decision support systems. Korean research concentrated on emotional support robots with methodological limitations.

CONCLUSION: Rigorous nurse-led trials with multidimensional outcomes are needed to establish AI's clinical value in dementia nursing.},
}

@article {pmid42209655,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, Y and Wang, H and Wang, Z and Zhang, J and Stancanelli, E and Xu, Q and Hou, Y and Wang, C and Zhang, P and Gearing, M and Liu, J},
title = {Quantitative LC-MS/MS profiling reveals aberrant chondroitin sulfate in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-10358-x},
pmid = {42209655},
issn = {2399-3642},
support = {AG087305//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER)/ ; GM142304//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER)/ ; AG069039, GM144019, GM148100, MH130476, AG078123, AG088409, and AG066511//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER)/ ; },
abstract = {Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an essential sulfated glycan in the brain, but standard LC-MS/MS disaccharide analysis provides only limited quantitative accuracy for detecting CS structural changes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we incorporated eight distinct [13]C-labeled CS disaccharide calibrants into the analytical workflow. Using this enhanced approach, we identified structural alterations in both sulfation patterns and total CS abundance in pre-clinical and clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples compared with controls. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients further revealed elevated levels of the CS-E disaccharide and reduced levels of hyaluronic acid. Functionally, we found that synthetic CS-E 19-mer-but not other synthetic CS 19-mer subtypes-impaired neuronal growth, underscoring the need to pinpoint specific CS structures that contribute to neurodegeneration. Because CS abnormalities are detectable in the pre-clinical AD brain, our findings raise the possibility that CS glycans could serve as early biomarkers for AD.},
}

@article {pmid42209703,
year = {2026},
author = {Yu, J and Xu, M and Wu, XR and Kang, WB and Zou, WY and Liu, Q and Zhang, DF and Yao, YG},
title = {Convergent mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis driven by simultaneous down-regulation of multiple genes at 11p11.2 in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42209703},
issn = {1476-5578},
support = {32230021//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32300826//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2024M763353//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and multi-omics analyses have identified numerous risk loci and thousands of potential causal genes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the synergistic pathogenic contributions of multiple low-risk causal genes within a single locus remain poorly understood. Polygenic synergism at the 11p11.2 locus was systematically examined in AD pathogenesis. Three causal genes (MTCH2, NDUFS3, and PSMC3) exhibited coordinated down-regulation in both AD patients and AD mouse models. Individual knockdown in cultured cells altered mitochondrial function and disrupted AD-associated pathways, as revealed by transcriptomic profiling. Integrated RNA-seq analysis and experimental validation demonstrated that the concurrent down-regulation of all three genes synergistically enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activated the caspase-7-mediated apoptotic pathway. Notably, pharmacological caspase inhibition with Q-VD-OPh attenuated neuronal apoptosis, ameliorated memory deficits, and reduced Aβ plaque deposition in APP/PS1 mice. Simultaneous down-regulation of multiple genes at the 11p11.2 locus contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in AD, highlighting polygenic synergism as a key pathogenic mechanism.},
}

@article {pmid42209819,
year = {2026},
author = {Ishii, K and Yamada, T and Hanaoka, K and Kojita, Y and Kono, A and Kaida, H and Nihashi, T and Sakurai, K and Kato, T and Nakamura, A},
title = {Stage-specific regional distribution of amyloid and tau deposition across the Alzheimer's disease continuum revealed by tau-to-amyloid ratio imaging.},
journal = {European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42209819},
issn = {1619-7089},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amyloid-β and tau deposition follow distinct spatial and temporal trajectories across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Amyloid accumulation occurs early in the disease course, whereas tau pathology is more closely associated with neurodegeneration and clinical progression. Characterizing stage-specific regional divergence between amyloid and tau deposition may refine biomarker-based disease staging and improve prognostic assessment.

METHODS: We analyzed participants from the BATON study who underwent amyloid PET with [18]F-flutemetamol, tau PET with [18]F-MK-6240, and 3D MRI within a three-month interval. Participants were classified into cognitively normal amyloid-negative controls (CNA, n = 101) and the AD continuum (n = 102), comprising preclinical AD (PCA, n = 47), mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCA, n = 24), and AD dementia (ADD, n = 31). Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated using the Centiloid and CenTauR frameworks, and voxel-wise tau-to-amyloid ratio (TAR) images were generated. Voxel-wise and region-of-interest analyses were performed to compare regional patterns of amyloid deposition, tau accumulation, and TAR across disease stages.

RESULTS: Amyloid deposition was already widespread at the PCA stage, involving the frontal, posterior cingulate/precuneus, and temporal cortices. In contrast, tau deposition in PCA was largely confined to the medial temporal lobe. With progression to MCA and ADD, tau burden increased substantially and extended to the lateral temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices. TAR analysis demonstrated high values in the medial temporal cortex at the PCA stage, followed by decreasing TAR in frontal regions during MCA and a tau-dominant neocortical pattern in ADD.

CONCLUSIONS: Amyloid and tau exhibit distinct and stage-dependent regional dissociation across the AD continuum. TAR imaging effectively captures this divergence, reflecting early medial temporal tau predominance and subsequent neocortical tau expansion. These findings support the utility of integrated amyloid-tau PET metrics for refined disease staging and longitudinal therapeutic monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid42209955,
year = {2026},
author = {Reid, GA and DeBay, DR and Macdonald, IR and Laouz, AB and Pottie, IR and Darvesh, S},
title = {Molecular Imaging of Butyrylcholinesterase Associated with Amyloid-β Plaques Distinguishes 5XFAD from Wild-Type Mice: A Proof-of-Concept.},
journal = {Molecular imaging and biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42209955},
issn = {1860-2002},
support = {MOP-82798//Institute of Aging/ ; RNS- 117795//Institute of Aging/ ; MOP-119343//Institute of Aging/ ; PJT - 153319//Institute of Aging/ ; Grant No. 37854//Canadian Foundation for Innovation/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires symptoms of dementia and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau in the brain. Molecular imaging of Aβ or tau in AD, though informative, is complicated by the finding that similar changes are found in brains of ~ 30% of cognitively normal older individuals. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), normally present in low levels in the cerebral cortex, is found in high levels associated with Aβ plaques in AD. When associated with plaques, the biochemical properties of BChE are altered. The aim of the present study was to determine if the BChE ligand, [[18]F]1-methyl-4-piperidinyl p-fluorobenzoate ([[18]F]BMP), can image BChE-associated plaques in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD and distinguish it from its wild-type (WT) counterpart.

PROCEDURES: [[18]F]BMP was synthesized and evaluated in wild-type (WT), 5XFAD and BChE knock-out (BChE-KO) mouse models for in vivo dynamic PET imaging of BChE. Time-activity curves were generated and [[18]F]BMP clearance parameters were determined. Brain, liver and urine homogenates were evaluated for [[18]F]BMP and its metabolites. Ex vivo autoradiography mapped the distribution of [[18]F]BMP brain retention.

RESULTS: In vivo PET imaging following injection of [[18]F]BMP demonstrated significantly greater brain retention of activity in 5XFAD mice compared to WT, while BChE-KO mice appeared similar to WT levels. Metabolite analysis confirmed [[18]F]BMP was metabolized in the periphery but survived in sufficient quantity to enter the brain. Ex vivo autoradiography showed [[18]F]BMP retention in the 5XFAD brain where BChE-associated plaques were prominent.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that PET imaging of BChE-associated plaques is feasible, offering an avenue to evaluate the role(s) of BChE in AD pathogenesis and progression to complement the existing AD biomarker framework.},
}

@article {pmid42210035,
year = {2026},
author = {Weerawarna, PM and Jesudason, CD and Lobb, KL and Mason, ER and Gu, X and Chu, S and Richardson, TI},
title = {Curated set of tool compounds to probe PYK2 and FAK signaling in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {e71508},
doi = {10.1002/alz.71508},
pmid = {42210035},
issn = {1552-5279},
support = {U54AG065181//National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/drug therapy ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Humans ; Animals ; *Microglia/drug effects/metabolism ; *Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; *Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics ; Mice ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their functional role in microglia remains understudied. Selective pharmacological tools are required for preclinical studies leading to translational therapeutic development.

METHODS: We evaluated potent and selective inhibitors described in publications and patents, synthesized or procured representative compounds, and profiled them in kinase assays. In vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties were assessed, and functional effects were studied in microglial phagocytosis assays using HMC3 and BV2 microglia cellular models.

RESULTS: Biochemical profiling confirmed potent and selective inhibition, consistent with reported data, though assay-dependent differences in apparent selectivity were observed. Most compounds showed favorable physicochemical and PK properties. In HMC3 assay, the PYK2-selective tool compounds showed that strong stimulation of phagocytosis and parallel cell counts declined at non-toxic concentrations.

DISCUSSION: This curated set of well-characterized inhibitors provides a validated toolkit to probe PYK2/FAK biology in AD-relevant models.},
}

*Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/drug therapy
*Signal Transduction/drug effects
Humans
Animals
*Microglia/drug effects/metabolism
*Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
Phagocytosis/drug effects
*Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics
Mice

@article {pmid42210251,
year = {2026},
author = {Langness, VF and Simmons, DA and Kaur, S and Massa, SM and Longo, FM},
title = {Taming the "death receptor": translating the first-in-class p75[NTR] modulator LM11A-31 from basic biology, across broad preclinical models, to clinical proof-of-concept.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12967-026-08276-x},
pmid = {42210251},
issn = {1479-5876},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75[NTR]) is a critical regulator of diverse biological processes. Depending on the cellular context, p75[NTR] can promote trophic or degenerative signaling, which can influence a broad spectrum of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory/infectious conditions, and various central and peripheral nervous system injuries. These attributes of p75[NTR] and its widespread, frequently upregulated expression on affected cells and tissues, make it a compelling therapeutic target. Among various therapeutic targeting strategies, the first-in-class small molecule p75[NTR] modulator, LM11A-31, has emerged as a leading candidate and has been evaluated in 62 published preclinical studies spanning 26 distinct disease and injury models.

MAIN BODY: This review covers the foundational biology of p75[NTR] signaling and expression and all published mechanistic and preclinical studies evaluating LM11A-31, focusing on outcomes that have been reproduced across multiple studies and independent labs. Beyond its therapeutic potential, we also explore how LM11A-31 has served as a powerful pharmacological probe, significantly advancing our knowledge of p75[NTR] biology. LM11A-31 consistently reduced elevated JNK/c-Jun, NFκB, and RhoA signaling, and normalized reduced PI3K/AKT signaling in a variety of pathological conditions. It also mitigated associated disease processes, including inflammation, degeneration of neurites, synapses, and dendritic spines, and cell death. These protective effects against pathologies often improved functional outcomes, including cognitive and motor measures. Studies using LM11A-31 also uncovered emerging molecular and cellular functions of p75[NTR] by demonstrating its ability to improve autophagy, calcium and redox homeostasis, and blood-brain barrier function. Finally, a Phase 2a clinical trial applying LM11A-31 for Alzheimer's disease demonstrated a favorable safety profile and significantly slowed the progression of biomarkers related to neurodegenerative mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS: Together, these studies expand our understanding of p75[NTR] function and support p75[NTR] modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy across diverse pathological conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42210271,
year = {2026},
author = {Guan, Y and Cheng, CH and Khanna, SD and Fader, C and Ohene, Y and Wells, JA and Koo, BB},
title = {Integrated imaging and molecular profiling reveals APOE4-associated neurovascular and glial disruptions in young adult mice.},
journal = {Journal of neuroinflammation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12974-026-03888-y},
pmid = {42210271},
issn = {1742-2094},
support = {HT94252410934//Department of Defense / Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP) TERP/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Apolipoprotein-E ε4 (APOE4) allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and may contribute to neurodegeneration through a multi-hit hypothesis, in which vascular dysfunction, glial activation, and impaired lipid metabolism play central roles. Alterations in neurovascular unit (NVU) have emerged as an early APOE4-related phenotype, independent of amyloid and tau pathology. Astrocytes, as the primary source of APOE in the brain and key regulators of NVU homeostasis, may play a central role in these processes. This study investigates APOE4-associated NVU water exchange dynamics and astrocyte-vascular interactions using integrated in vivo MRI, ex vivo histology, and transcriptomic profiling.

METHODS: Non-contrast multimodal MRI, including multi-echo time arterial spin labeling (multi-TE ASL), T1-weighted imaging, and diffusion-weighted MRI, were applied in 6-9-month-old APOE3-KI and APOE4-KI mice. Multi-TE ASL was used to estimate regional NVU water exchange dynamics, while diffusion MRI assessed tissue microstructural alterations. Immunohistochemistry evaluated perivascular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity, vascular-associated markers, astrocytic AQP4 expression, and glial reactivity. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) characterized cell-type-specific transcriptional profiles, and inferred cell-cell communication analysis between astrocytes, pericytes, and other NVU components. Integrated analyses compared MRI-derived measures with molecular and cellular findings.

RESULTS: APOE4-KI mice showed regionally specific alterations in NVU water exchange dynamics, particularly in the hippocampus, accompanied by trends toward altered microstructural complexity. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased perivascular MMP9 expression and evidence of extracellular matrix remodeling without prominent structural disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) markers in APOE4 mice. Astrocytes showed increased AQP4 expression, heightened proinflammatory gene signatures, and morphological reactivity. Molecular findings aligned with MRI, supporting the sensitivity of non-contrast MRI to early NVU alterations. Exploratory snRNAseq suggested an APOE4-enriched astrocyte subpopulation associated with immune activation and matrix-related pathways and suggested potential glial-vascular interactions that require validation in larger samples.

CONCLUSIONS: This integrated imaging and molecular analysis suggests that non-contrast multimodal MRI detects early APOE4-related changes in NVU exchange dynamics and glial-vascular interactions. By providing converging multiscale neuroimaging and cellular observations, this work provides a foundation for developing non-invasive biomarkers to monitor neurovascular vulnerability and guide early intervention strategies in individuals at risk for LOAD.},
}

@article {pmid42210357,
year = {2026},
author = {Behzad, F and Leili, FR and Ebrahimi, MJ and Moafi, M and Kenari, PB and Alizadeh, A and Adeli, S and Khosravani, M and Jadidi Kouhbanani, MA and Fahanik-Babaei, J},
title = {Plant-mediated green nanoparticles: combining nanometal and biometabolite potential for Alzheimer's treatment.},
journal = {Biomedical engineering online},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12938-026-01572-z},
pmid = {42210357},
issn = {1475-925X},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) can cause cognitive and memory dysfunction due to insufficient acetylcholine (ACh). In principle, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyzes ACh into acetic acid and choline, rendering the latter inactive. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) are currently the main treatment strategy used to increase ACh availability and decrease the effects of cholinergic loss. The FDA has currently approved donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine (GAL) as AchEI drugs to treat AD. Among these drugs, only the alkaloid galantamine is found naturally among the AChEIs. The synergistic effect of plant metabolites and metal nanoparticles (MNPs) presents a promising avenue for AD treatment. Green synthesis approach leverages the unique properties of MNPs combined with the therapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds. In the present review, recent developments in nanotechnology, including the green synthesis of MNPs, have been discussed in relation to the treatment of AD. Given the recent advancements, we hope that the combination of nanotechnology and medicinal plants will eventually result in the development of highly successful strategies for the treatment of AD.},
}

@article {pmid42210358,
year = {2026},
author = {Clark, AL and Valocchi, E and McGill, MB and Lopez, FV and Chanfreau-Coffinier, C and Thomas, KR and Jester, DJ and Logue, MW and Merritt, VC},
title = {Examining the additive risk of TBI and comorbid conditions on dementia in military veterans: a retrospective cohort study.},
journal = {Alzheimer's research & therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-026-02086-5},
pmid = {42210358},
issn = {1758-9193},
support = {IK2 CX001952/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), not all studies have shown a clear link between TBI and ADRD, suggesting that the relationship between TBI and ADRD is complex, nuanced, and likely influenced by a multitude of factors. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to examine interactions between TBI history and co-occurring health conditions and health behaviors on 10-year incidence of ADRD among Veterans enrolled in the VA Million Veteran Program (MVP).

METHODS: Participants (N = 245,949) included Veterans aged ≥ 65 years at study enrollment who completed the MVP Baseline Survey and had VA electronic health record (EHR) data. Participants were followed from the date of MVP enrollment until the earliest ADRD diagnosis, death, or last visit date before the end of the observation period (January 2011 through September 2021). TBI status (TBI + vs. TBI-) and health conditions/health behaviors were characterized using a combination of MVP survey and EHR data. ADRD status (ADRD + vs. ADRD-) was based on a validated algorithm using EHR-extracted ICD codes. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and education were used to assess the association between each health condition/health behavior and the hazard of ADRD in the TBI + and TBI- groups. Additive interactions between TBI and health conditions/health behaviors were tested using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) statistic.

RESULTS: Among Veterans with a TBI history (n = 7,613), 12.16% developed ADRD over 10 years of follow-up; among those without TBI (n = 238,336), 4.32% developed ADRD. RERI analyses showed significant additive TBI by health condition/health behavior interactions for depression (RERI = 1.55, 95% CI = 0.96-2.15), heart attack/coronary artery disease (RERI = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.29-1.24), and physical inactivity (RERI = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.10-1.05), such that ADRD risk in Veterans with TBI was increased for those with these health conditions/health behaviors compared to those without.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that ADRD risk following TBI may be heightened in the presence of certain health conditions/health behaviors, highlighting targeted areas of intervention for potentially mitigating adverse late-life outcomes in Veterans with a history of TBI.},
}

@article {pmid42210396,
year = {2026},
author = {Romero-Murillo, S and Lachén-Montes, M and Cartas-Cejudo, P and Anaya-Cubero, E and de Miguel, M and Extramiana, L and Ferrer, I and Fernández-Irigoyen, J and Santamaría, E},
title = {Early, sex-dependent and progressive proteomic imbalance in the amygdala during Alzheimer´s disease continuum.},
journal = {Biology of sex differences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13293-026-00930-9},
pmid = {42210396},
issn = {2042-6410},
support = {PID2023-152593OB-I00 funded by MCIU/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ ; 0011-1411-2023-000028//Gobierno de Navarra/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The amygdala is involved in the emotional expression, memory processing and managing stimulatory input. Although amygdala atrophy is early evidenced in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the molecular mechanisms disrupted in initial neuropathological stages are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the proteomic impairment of the amygdaloid region from AD-Braak stage I-II and III-IV subjects to better understand the neuropathological processes occurred early in this area and to identify potential targets that may face AD from the beginning of the disease.

METHODS: Label-free quantitative proteomics was applied using an Orbitrap Exploris 480 mass-spectrometer in 24 postmortem amygdala specimens derived from non-demented (n = 3F/5M), AD-Braak stage I-II (n = 4F/4M) and AD-Braak stage III-IV (n = 4F/4M). Data analysis was performed using MaxQuant and Perseus software (two-way Student T-test; p < 0.05). Metascape and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis softwares were considered for biological interpretation. Connectivity map platform was used for drug repurposing analyses. Transcriptomic/proteomic data of other brain regions were obtained from AlzData, Neuropro, and Agora repositories.

RESULTS: Amygdaloid proteome of AD-Braak stage I-II and III-IV subjects compared to controls revealed a progressive proteomic impairment with a minimal overlap across Braak stages. Some of the amygdaloid DEPs were known interactors of human Aβ plaques, APP, or Tau proteins or were previously identified at transcriptional or translational level in other brain regions affected by AD. Interestingly, amygdaloid proteome was more severely affected in women than in men with a particular protein expression profile associated to each AD stage. Comparing our sex-dependent differential proteome datasets with transcriptomic data of different brain regions, we identified potential sex-specific proteins related to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Finally, data-driven drug repositioning using amygdaloid omics profiles unveiled that most of the small molecule candidates were neuropathological stage and/or sex-specific.

CONCLUSIONS: Early and sex-specific amygdaloid proteome dysregulation in AD highlights the consideration of a deliberate stratification by sex in future research and clinical trials to develop effective therapeutic strategies in AD for both sexes. The amygdala is a brain region involved in the expression of emotions, memory processing and managing incoming stimulus. Atrophy of this area is evidenced at the first stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), pointing out a potential involvement of amygdala in the pathology of this disease. However, the molecular changes occurred early in this area are not fully understood. To this end, we interrogated the proteome of amygdala postmortem samples came from subjects of early AD stages. By applying data and functional analyses, we observed a stage-dependent and progressive proteomic impairment in this area. We detected proteins differentially expressed that were already known to interact with well-stablished neuropathological proteins or were altered in other brain areas. Importantly, data stratification by sex revealed that protein expression changes of amygdala were more abundant in women than men across AD progression. After comparing our results with published data in different brain regions affected by AD, we identified sex-specific proteins that could be used as biomarkers of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Finally, a drug repositioning-based approach proposed candidates with the potential to reverse amygdaloid malignant AD signature more effectively in one sex than in other or just in one sex. These observations highlight the consideration to include sex differences in future research to develop more precise and effective treatments in AD.},
}

@article {pmid42210397,
year = {2026},
author = {Wan, MD and Liu, XX and Wan, TF and Liu, YW and Jiang, YL and Zou, JT and Jiao, B and Liu, QQ and Jin, L and Duan, R and Wang, Z and Hong, CG and Wang, X and Hu, XY and Liao, XX and Cao, J and Shen, L and Xie, H and Wang, ZX},
title = {Epigenetic brain reprogramming rejuvenates neuro-immune circuits to reverse Alzheimer's disease pathology and systemic bone loss.},
journal = {Journal of neuroinflammation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12974-026-03854-8},
pmid = {42210397},
issn = {1742-2094},
support = {1053320231248//Postgraduate Innovative Project of Central South University/ ; 82301625//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U22A20300, 82571373//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82125023, 82072504//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82272562//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020YFC2008500//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2023RC3075//Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province/ ; },
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and systemic comorbidities, yet disease-modifying therapies remain elusive. Here, we show that partial epigenetic reprogramming via brain-restricted expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK) restores neuronal and neuroimmune homeostasis without loss of cellular identity. In APP/PS1 mice, OSK reprogramming improves cognitive performance across disease stages, reduces amyloid-β deposition, attenuates microglial activation, preserves synaptic integrity, and limits neuronal apoptosis. Mechanistically, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing reveals widespread reversal of AD-associated DNA methylation patterns, which is dependent on Tet2-mediated demethylation, establishing epigenetic rejuvenation as a key driver of functional recovery. Unexpectedly, brain-restricted OSK reprogramming also ameliorates systemic bone loss by reshaping brain-derived extracellular vesicle signaling, including modulation of miR-483-5p, thereby restoring osteogenic capacity. Together, these findings identify partial epigenetic reprogramming as a strategy to rewire neuro-immune circuits and link central nervous system rejuvenation to peripheral tissue homeostasis, providing a conceptual framework for targeting both neurodegeneration and its systemic consequences in AD.},
}

@article {pmid42210401,
year = {2026},
author = {Escamilla, S and Avilés-Granados, C and Márquez-Marco, C and Keller, M and Sánchez-Domínguez, I and Cuchillo-Ibáñez, I and Aguado, F and Zetterberg, H and Pietrzik, CU and Sáez-Valero, J},
title = {Meprin-β levels are increased in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients.},
journal = {Alzheimer's research & therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13195-026-02092-7},
pmid = {42210401},
issn = {1758-9193},
support = {PI22/01329//Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias/ ; CIAICO/2024/313//CIBERNED/ ; CEX2021-001165-S//"Severo Ochoa" Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D/ ; PID2022-142187OB-I00//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MICINN/FEDER/ ; },
abstract = {The aim of this study is to assess the levels of meprin-β, an alternative β-secretase in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of subjects suffering Alzheimer's disease. The full-length zymogen and the active species of meprin-β were characterized by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation using ectodomain N-terminal and C-terminal antibodies. We examined meprin-β changes in extracts from Alzheimer's frontal cortex (n = 13, Braak stages I-II; n = 12, Braak stages III-IV; n = 12, Braak stages V-VI) compared with controls (n = 14), as well as in cerebrospinal fluid samples from Alzheimer's patients (n = 15) or non-Alzheimer's controls (n = 15). Cerebrospinal fluid meprin-β levels were also determined in 19-month old TgF344-AD and wild-type rats. Brain and cerebrospinal fluid from a Mep1b-null mouse served to characterize the specificity of the immunoreactive bands for meprin-β. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal cultures were treated with 2 μM Aβ42 for 24 h. We found that meprin-β is present in human brain extracts and cerebrospinal fluid as several distinct species, attributed to the zymogen and the mature species. These species were absent in brain and cerebrospinal fluid from a Mep1b-null mouse. No fragments of meprin-β were detected in brain extract, either in cerebrospinal fluid. Only the mature forms of meprin-β are increased in frontal cortex extracts (from Braak V-VI), but not the zymogen. The MEP1-B mRNA levels are increased in Braaks III-IV and V-VI compared with controls. The meprin-β species are increased in human neuronal cultures treated with Aβ42. Finally, we demonstrated elevated levels of the mature meprin-β in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in TgF344-AD rats. Our data support a role of meprin-β in Alzheimer's pathology.},
}

@article {pmid42210602,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruan, JY and Qi, X and Su, J and Mao, W and Xie, Y and Yu, J and Wang, J and Wu, B},
title = {Understanding Oral Health Management for People Living With Dementia: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis.},
journal = {Gerodontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ger.70091},
pmid = {42210602},
issn = {1741-2358},
support = {P30AG083257/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; P50MD017356/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: People living with dementia often experience oral health problems, and managing oral health in this population presents numerous challenges. Although qualitative data have presented these challenges from multiple perspectives, there remains a lack of qualitative evidence synthesis. This paper aimed to synthesize available qualitative evidence on the perceptions and experiences of oral health management for people living with dementia from the perspectives of patients, their caregivers, healthcare professionals, and social workers across diverse contexts.

METHOD: This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Registered Number: CRD420251110648). This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research statement. We searched 11 databases and grey literature sources from inception to July 2025. We included qualitative designs or mixed-methods designs in which qualitative data were analysed separately from quantitative data and that addressed oral health management for people living with dementia. Studies published in English or Chinese were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies. Data were analysed through thematic synthesis, and confidence in the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research.

RESULTS: Sixteen studies were synthesized, yielding three themes: (1) recognizing the importance of oral health for people living with dementia as a process, (2) oral health management for people living with dementia having unique requirements, and (3) learning to manage oral health for people living with dementia across multiple domains.

CONCLUSION: This review highlights critical gaps in oral health management for people living with dementia, emphasizing the need for oral health continuity of care, shared decision-making in oral health, and creating dementia-friendly oral health practice environments. These findings provide direction for practice and research aimed at improving person-centered oral care.},
}

@article {pmid42210608,
year = {2026},
author = {Torii, Y and Sekiguchi, H and Habuchi, C and Miwa, A and Arafuka, S and Takeda, K and Fujishiro, H and Yoshida, M and Iwasaki, Y and Iritani, S and Ikeda, M},
title = {Exploring the neuropathological basis of lateral ventricular enlargement in elderly patients with schizophrenia.},
journal = {Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pcn.70079},
pmid = {42210608},
issn = {1440-1819},
support = {JP21wm0425019//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JP25wm0625126//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JP19K17059//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP22K07595//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP26K10511//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {AIM: Lateral ventricular enlargement is a robust morphological finding in schizophrenia. However, its characteristics and neuropathological basis in elderly patients remain poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the impact of neuropathologically confirmed neurodegenerative pathologies on lateral ventricular size in elderly patients with schizophrenia and explore other clinical factors potentially influencing ventricular morphology.

METHODS: We examined 31 postmortem brains from patients with schizophrenia with an onset age of <40 years. The ventricular-brain ratio (VBR) was measured using computed tomography within 3 years before death. Neuropathological evaluations of various neurodegenerative pathologies were performed according to the current diagnostic criteria, and the relationship between these pathologies, clinical factors, and VBR was examined.

RESULTS: Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology increased with age, VBR did not differ significantly according to the severity of AD pathology in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, patients with aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) in the medial temporal lobe exhibited a significantly higher VBR than those without. In elderly schizophrenia patients without neurodegenerative diseases, VBR was significantly correlated with illness duration but not with age at computed tomography scanning.

CONCLUSION: Lateral ventricular enlargement may occur in elderly patients with schizophrenia regardless of conventional neurodegenerative pathologies, such as AD pathology. This enlargement may be related not only to ARTAG but also to illness duration, suggesting a progressive process intrinsic to schizophrenia. This finding warrants further studies with a detailed histological assessment beyond conventional neurodegenerative pathologies to clarify the basis of ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia.},
}

@article {pmid42210804,
year = {2026},
author = {Devanand, DP and Huey, ED and Qian, M and Wei, R and Motter, JN and Nedic, L and Andrews, HF and Deliyannides, DA and Maayan, L and Graff, J and Deehan, E and Acosta, EP and Zanderigo, F and Goldberg, TE},
title = {Valacyclovir Treatment in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The VALMCI Randomized Clinical Trial.},
journal = {Alzheimer disease and associated disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/WAD.0000000000000735},
pmid = {42210804},
issn = {1546-4156},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Evidence from neuroscience, epidemiology, and electronic health records studies implicates herpes simplex viruses (HSV) as potentially etiologic for Alzheimer disease (AD).

METHODS: The VALMCI study was conducted in a research outpatient clinic specializing in memory disorders. The efficacy and side effects of valacyclovir 4 g/day were compared with placebo in a 12-month pilot, randomized, double-blind trial of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), seropositivity to HSV1 or HSV2, and positive 18F-florbetapir PET scan.

RESULTS: Totally, 42 of 50 participants (84%) completed the trial. In linear mixed-effects model analyses with age, sex, and apolipoprotein E e4 genotype as covariates, change in the primary outcome of 18F-florbetapir PET mean SUVR was not significant with least-squares mean difference -0.01 (95% CI: -0.12 to 0.10; P=0.82). For secondary cognitive and functional outcomes, PACC composite z-score showed the least square mean difference 0.16 (95% CI: -0.17 to 0.49; P=0.32), and ADCS-ADL-PI score showed the least square mean difference 1.96 (95% CI: -0.43 to 4.34; P=0.11).

CONCLUSION: The results do not support the use of valacyclovir in the treatment of individuals with MCI with HSV seropositivity and PET amyloid positivity.},
}

@article {pmid42210866,
year = {2026},
author = {Talukdar, B and Verma, D and Packirisamy, G},
title = {Xerogel-Engineered Graphitic Carbon Nitride Interfaces Enable Aptamer-Based Detection of Salivary Lactoferrin for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.},
journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.5c00824},
pmid = {42210866},
issn = {1948-7193},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that requires early diagnosis using noninvasive biosensing strategies. Salivary lactoferrin has consequently emerged as a compelling early-stage AD biomarker, as its dysregulated expression reflects underlying neuroinflammatory mechanisms associated with disease initiation and progression. Accordingly, we report an innovative aptamer-based electrochemical aptasensor for noninvasive and accurate biosensing of salivary lactoferrin (Lf). The design approach involves fabricating gold screen-printed electrodes (gSPEs) with in situ prepared porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) xerogel using coprecipitation with the amino acid l-cysteine (l-Cys), followed by surface immobilization of the Lf aptamer and subsequent blocking with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) via drop-casting. Structural and electrochemical characterizations indicate successful xerogel synthesis, where l-Cys acts as an interlayer-bridging agent, achieving high specificity and superior performance within a broad detection range of 0.5-500 μg mL[-1] based on the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The aptasensor exhibits a significantly high sensitivity of 89.22 μA (log10 μg mL[-1])[-1] cm[-2] and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 μg mL[-1] in the artificial saliva samples. Furthermore, our fabricated sensor shows good reproducibility and repeatability with %RSD values well below 5%, thereby strengthening the utility of our novel biosensor design for applications in the timely detection of AD biomarker in body fluids, both within clinical settings as well as in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics.},
}

@article {pmid42211091,
year = {2026},
author = {Dempsey, DA and Unverzagt, FW and Xu, H and Moser, L and Gao, S and Avena-Koenigsberger, A and Chumin, EJ and Yoder, KK and Agarwal, P and Tangney, CC and Clark, DO and Saykin, AJ and Risacher, SL},
title = {MIND diet moderates the associations between cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease burden and cognition.},
journal = {Frontiers in nutrition},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1837406},
pmid = {42211091},
issn = {2296-861X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is associated with reduced dementia risk, but its role in moderating pathology-cognition relationships in high-risk populations remains unclear. This study examined associations of the MIND diet and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) with cognition and tested whether diet quality modifies the impact of brain pathology on cognitive performance.

METHODS: Sixty-six older adults (aged 60-82 years; mean education of 12 years, 65% Black, 73% female) completed MRI and the VioScreen food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable linear regression models examined associations between diet scores (MIND, HEI-2020) and cognitive outcomes (cognition composite, memory, executive function), adjusting for age, sex, and education level. Interaction analyses cross-sectionally tested whether diet moderated relationships between structural brain pathology-white matter hyperintensity (WMH), hippocampal, and cortical volumes-and cognition, followed by post-hoc simple slopes analyses.

RESULTS: Higher MIND diet scores were independently associated with better memory performance (p < 0.05). These were significant interactions between WMH volume and MIND diet score across cognitive outcomes (all p-interactions < 0.05). Greater WMH volume was associated with worse cognitive performance at low (all p < 0.01), but not mean or high MIND diet scores (all p > 0.05). Similarly, cortical volume-cognition associations were present in those with low MIND diet scores and attenuated in those with mean or high scores. In contrast, the HEI-2020 score did not modify the effects of brain pathology on cognition, and neither diet quality measure modified hippocampal volume-cognition relationships.

CONCLUSION: The MIND diet may buffer the cognitive consequences of cerebrovascular pathology and cortical atrophy in older adults at elevated dementia risk and promote cognitive resilience over general healthy eating guidelines.},
}

@article {pmid42211120,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, H and Yang, M and Wu, S and Dai, Q and Qin, W and Xie, W and Chen, Y and Jiang, X and Zhang, X and Deng, X and Ouyang, C and Zhang, Y and Liu, X and Zhu, Y and Huang, G},
title = {Andrographolide attenuates microglial senescence in Alzheimer's disease mice by suppressing the STAT3 signaling.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {29},
number = {6},
pages = {116033},
pmid = {42211120},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {Andrographolide (AP), a diterpenoid extracted from Andrographis paniculata, has emerged as a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in preclinical studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrated that AP treatment improved cognition performance and reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque accumulation in 5×FAD transgenic mice of both sexes, by mitigating microglial senescence. Proteomic analysis revealed that AP markedly decreased cholesterol content in the cerebral cortex. Using an in vitro low-density lipoprotein-induced senescence model, we found that AP significantly alleviated senescence in BV2 microglia while enhancing their phagocytic capacity. Mechanistically, AP mitigated microglial senescence by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. Overall, these findings identify a previously unrecognized immunometabolic mechanism for AP in the treatment of AD.},
}

@article {pmid42211344,
year = {2026},
author = {Modali, VA and Pavanya, M and Arjunan, V and Cenitta, D and Sampathila, N and Kamath, R and Chadaga, K},
title = {AlzStack: Forecasting early-onset Alzheimer's with an explainable AI system using multiple data balancing techniques.},
journal = {Global epidemiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {100261},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloepi.2026.100261},
pmid = {42211344},
issn = {2590-1133},
}

@article {pmid42211438,
year = {2024},
author = {Gangas, P and Lennox-Chhugani, N and Alvarez, A and Aldasoro, E and Can Semerci, Y and Judica, E and Louro, C and Proença, JP and Marin, M and Calarota, E and Meidlinger, S},
title = {PROCare4Life integrated care model validation.},
journal = {Open research Europe},
volume = {4},
number = {},
pages = {3},
doi = {10.12688/openreseurope.16678.3},
pmid = {42211438},
issn = {2732-5121},
abstract = {This article focuses on reporting the methodology and results of the EU funded project PROCare4Life, whose main goal has been to develop an integrated, personalised, IT system, to empower and improve the Quality of Life of elderly people living with Parkinsons', Alzheimer's or another dementia. Research has been implemented to evaluate the results against the PROCare4Life integrated care strategy. Multimethod, quantitative, and qualitative research has been performed, benefiting from the Pilot 3 results gathered by consortium members. The article has been organised according to the research questions, which were based on the expected results by PROCare4Life that might support the future integration of care when the system is further developed and implemented into healthcare provision organisations. The PROCare4Life system is a digital tool that includes features that might support the advance of the integration of care, such as data sharing among multidisciplinary healthcare professionals and with patients and caregivers, the enhancement of direct communication among them or the constant sharing of the data monitored by the PROCare4Life system. Technology readiness levels (TRLs) 7 was achieved by the final prototype of the PROCare4Life system. Pilot representatives consider the PROCare4Life idea and underlying model of care very innovative and promising and believe it can certainly improve care practice through more enhanced integrated care. It is usable for people of different ages, conditions, and socioeconomic levels. It has been assessed to be more effective for elderly people living with Parkinson's than with dementia. Patients and caregivers indicated that the system helped them reduce their anxiety and increase their quality of life. Although overall assessment of the system by healthcare professionals was positive, divided opinions were shared on its capability to save time. Requirements for future scalability have been included in the last section.},
}

@article {pmid42211564,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, Z and Xue, Y and Zheng, Y and Wu, B},
title = {Dementia diagnostic deserts: workforce and geographic inequities in the diagnostic pathway for cognitive impairment.},
journal = {Health affairs scholar},
volume = {4},
number = {5},
pages = {qxag109},
pmid = {42211564},
issn = {2976-5390},
abstract = {As disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease become available, ensuring equitable access to timely and accurate diagnosis of cognitive impairment is critical. This article conceptualizes "dementia diagnostic deserts," defined as geographic areas where rurality, primary care professional shortages, and high social deprivation converge to exacerbate access to the diagnostic continuum, from initial screening and comprehensive evaluation to the appropriate referral for specialist-based diagnostic confirmation. Using a multidimensional framework, we identify "Triple Disadvantage Zones" where these barriers intersect most severely, leading to diagnostic errors, characterized by failure to differentiate subjective complaints from objective impairment. This diagnostic failure produces 2 distinct forms of diagnostic inequity: delayed diagnosis for those with true pathology, and inappropriate over-testing for those who do not meet clinical criteria. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants are frontline providers in these underserved regions but face significant training gaps and practice-level infrastructure barriers. Addressing these disparities requires a multidimensional policy approach that targets the convergence of geographic, workforce, and socioeconomic barriers rather than rurality alone. We propose a coordinated policy agenda focused on comprehensive clinical triage training, appropriate reimbursement for clinician time, financial assistance for diagnostic testing, and investments in practice-level capacity for the entire diagnostic pathway and subsequent care.},
}

@article {pmid42211832,
year = {2026},
author = {Zholshybek, N and Abdurakhmanova, E and Bimakhan, A and Jumadilova, D and Baiturlin, Z and Almazan, J and Bolla, SR},
title = {Reliability and diagnostic performance of an automated MRI-based classifier compared with radiologists in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroinformatics},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1821249},
pmid = {42211832},
issn = {1662-5196},
abstract = {Reliable imaging biomarkers are essential for improving early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated whether an automated MRI-based classifier provides diagnostic performance comparable to expert radiologists in differentiating cognitively normal (CN) individuals from patients with AD using standardized ADNI data. Thirty-eight structural MRI datasets (20 CN, 18 AD) were analyzed. An automated multi-class volumetric classifier and two board-certified radiologists independently assigned probability scores across seven diagnostic categories. Performance was evaluated using a partial-credit scoring rule to account for probabilistic ties. Diagnostic performance for CN-AD discrimination was assessed using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, inter-observer agreement metrics, Brier scores for calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA) for clinical utility. The automated classifier achieved an accuracy of 0.66, sensitivity of 0.56, and specificity of 0.75. Radiologists demonstrated comparable performance with inherent inter-observer variability. Agreement between automated and human assessments was fair at the categorical level, with low concordance for continuous probability estimates. ROC analysis based on continuous AD probabilities demonstrated high discrimination performance for the automated model (AUC = 0.90), exceeding that of radiologists (AUC = 0.71 and 0.62). DCA indicated that the automated pipeline provides a positive net benefit as a second-opinion tool. This exploratory study emphasizes the impact of evaluation frameworks on performance metrics and supports further validation using multi-modal data in larger cohorts.},
}

@article {pmid42211838,
year = {2026},
author = {Drago, L and De La Motte, LR and Deflorio, L and Sansico, DF and Salvatici, M and Micaglio, E and Biazzo, M and Giarritiello, F},
title = {Correction: Systematic review of bidirectional interaction between gut microbiome, miRNAs, and human pathologies.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1872999},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1872999},
pmid = {42211838},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1540943.].},
}

@article {pmid42211879,
year = {2026},
author = {Komedera, M and Wojda, U and Kiryk, A},
title = {Cannabinoids in Alzheimer's disease: animal-human evidence and clinical pharmacology challenges.},
journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1833021},
pmid = {42211879},
issn = {1662-5153},
abstract = {Cannabinoids have emerged as potential modulators of pathological processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and protein aggregation. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa, interact with the endocannabinoid system and may influence neuronal and glial signaling pathways relevant to AD pathology. This mini review summarizes evidence from transgenic animal models and clinical studies evaluating CBD, THC, and their combination in AD. Preclinical studies show that CBD and THC reduce β-amyloid accumulation, attenuate tau phosphorylation, and regulate neuroinflammatory responses, often associated with improvements in learning and memory. Cognitive outcomes appear to depend on cannabinoid composition, with CBD or THC administered individually showing more consistent effects, while combined CBD + THC effects appear dose- and ratio-dependent. Clinical evidence in AD patients remains limited and primarily reports improvements in neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as reductions in agitation, nighttime activity, and behavioral disturbances, whereas cognitive improvements are modest. Cannabinoid-based treatments are generally well tolerated, with mild sedation, somnolence, or disorientation as the most reported adverse effects. Overall, current data support the biological plausibility of cannabinoids as modulators of neuroinflammatory and synaptic processes in AD. However, heterogeneity in formulations, dosing, and study design limits firm conclusions. Future research should focus on dose optimization, biomarker-guided clinical trials, and long-term safety assessments to better define their therapeutic potential in AD.},
}

@article {pmid42212001,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, B and Zhang, J and Li, CH and Huang, X and Gao, RB and Peng, Y and Xie, Q and Ning, YL and Zhao, Y and Yang, N and Chen, X and Xie, YL and Zhou, YG and Lin, S and Chen, L and Li, P},
title = {Nuclear accumulation of PANK4 in hippocampal astrocytes aggravates cuproptosis in association with mild cognitive impairment in aged mice.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {1816702},
pmid = {42212001},
issn = {1663-4365},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that falls somewhere between normal aging and severe cognitive dysfunction (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), is a common manifestation of the neurocognitive function decline that seniors encounter as they age. The fundamental processes causing its beginning are still not well understood yet.

METHODS: We employed aged (18-month-old) male C57BL/6J mice, including astrocyte-specific Pantothenate kinases 4 (PANK4) conditional knockout (Pank4 [f/f] ;Gfap-Cre, Pank4-CKO) mice. Cognitive function was assessed using the Barnes maze, Y-maze (spatial novelty preference, spontaneous alternation), novel object recognition (NOR) test, and open field test (OFT). Hippocampal PANK4 localization was analyzed via immunofluorescence (IF) and subcellular fractionation/western blotting (WB). Cuproptosis markers (FDX1, LIAS, DLAT), copper transporters (ATP7A, ATP7B, SLC31A1), and copper content (ICP-MS) were quantified in hippocampal tissue. In vitro studies used LPS-stimulated primary astrocytes for RNA-seq and qPCR validation.

RESULTS: Aged wild-type (18M+WT) mice exhibited specific deficits in Barnes maze retention and reversal learning, indicative of mild cognitive impairment, while Pank4-CKO mice showed significant rescue. We discovered a novel age-dependent nuclear accumulation of PANK4 in hippocampal cells, which was absent in Pank4-CKO mice. Aged hippocampi displayed upregulated pro-cuproptotic factors (FDX1, LIAS) and reduced DLAT, alongside decreased expression of the copper exporter ATP7A, ATP7B, SLC31A1 and increased copper accumulation. Astrocyte-specific Pank4 knockout reversed these changes: it suppressed FDX1/LIAS upregulation, restored ATP7B expression and DLAT levels, and normalized hippocampal copper content. In vitro, LPS-induced neuroinflammation triggered PANK4 nuclear translocation and selectively downregulated Atp7b expression in astrocytes. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Pank4 significantly upregulated Atp7b expression.

CONCLUSION: This study identifies a novel pathological mechanism in age-related MCI: the nuclear accumulation of PANK4 in hippocampal exacerbates cuproptosis susceptibility by specifically impairing ATP7B-dependent copper efflux, leading to copper overload. Astrocyte-specific PANK4 ablation mitigates these effects, highlighting PANK4 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing or treating age-associated cognitive decline.},
}