@article {pmid39029739,
year = {2024},
author = {Nugent, K and Berdine, G},
title = {Dyspnea and long COVID patients.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjms.2024.07.024},
pmid = {39029739},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {Patients with prior COVID-19 infections often develop chronic post-COVID symptoms, such as fatigue and dyspnea. Some patients have residual pulmonary disorders with abnormal pulmonary function tests and/or chest radiographs to explain their dyspnea. However, other patients appear to have dyspnea that is out of proportion to any measurable change in lung function. Some of these patients have abnormal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with definite cardiac or respiratory limits. However, others have normal cardiopulmonary exercise testing based on VO2 measurement but pronounced dyspnea during this testing. These patients often have abnormal respiratory patterns, referred to as dysfunctional breathing, with irregular and variable respiratory rates and/or tidal volumes. Consequently, their control of breathing is impaired, and this may represent residual effects from prior COVID-19 infection involving the central nervous system. Alternatively, patients may have acquired "a memory" of respiratory symptoms during their infection which persists post-infection. These patients should participate in pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing retraining.},
}

@article {pmid39022666,
year = {2024},
author = {Zheng, C and Chen, JJ and Dai, ZH and Wan, KW and Sun, FH and Huang, JH and Chen, XK},
title = {Physical exercise-related manifestations of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of exercise science and fitness},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {341-349},
pmid = {39022666},
issn = {1728-869X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically assess physical exercise-related symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or long COVID) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors.

METHODS: Eight databases were systematically searched on March 03, 2024. Original studies that compared physical exercise-related parameters measured by exercise testing between COVID-19 survivors who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection over 3 months and non-COVID-19 controls were included. A random-effects model was utilized to determine the mean differences (MDs) or standardized MDs in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 40 studies with 6241 COVID-19 survivors were included. The 6-min walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold were impaired in COVID-19 survivors 3 months post-infection compared with non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing, while VO2 were comparable between the two groups at rest. In contrast, no differences were observed in SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure, fatigue, and dyspnea between COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest an underestimation of the manifestations of PASC. COVID-19 survivors also harbor physical exercise-related symptoms of PASC that can be determined by the exercise testing and are distinct from those observed at rest. Exercise testing should be included while evaluating the symptoms of PASC in COVID-19 survivors.},
}

@article {pmid39003005,
year = {2024},
author = {Broussard, CA and Azola, A and Rowe, PC},
title = {Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Impact on Adolescents and Young Adults.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {613-630},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.004},
pmid = {39003005},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This review discusses the varying definitions for post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection (PASC) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), symptom profiles of AYAs with PASC, and assessment and management strategies when AYAs present with symptoms concerning for PASC. Additionally, it reviews the impact that PASC can have on AYAs and includes strategies for providers to support AYAs with PASC. Finally, it concludes with a discussion around equity in the care of AYAs with possible PASC.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Adolescent
Young Adult
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38768451,
year = {2024},
author = {},
title = {Annals Video Summary - Long COVID Definitions and Models of Care: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {177},
number = {7},
pages = {eM240874},
doi = {10.7326/M24-0874},
pmid = {38768451},
issn = {1539-3704},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics

@article {pmid39002665,
year = {2024},
author = {Sun, G and Lin, K and Ai, J and Zhang, W},
title = {The efficacy of antivirals, corticosteroids, and mAbs as acute COVID treatments in reducing the incidence of long COVID: a Systematic Review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2024.07.006},
pmid = {39002665},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whether treatment during acute COVID results in protective efficacy against long COVID incidence remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between acute COVID treatments of antivirals, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and long COVID incidence, and their effects in different populations and individual symptoms.

DATA SOURCES: Searches were conducted up to Jan 29, 2024 in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Embase.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Articles that reported long COVID incidence post-acute COVID with a follow-up of at least 30 days with no language restrictions.

PARTICIPANTS: Patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis history.

INTERVENTIONS: Patients treated with antivirals, corticosteroids or mAbs.

ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF BIAS: Quality assessment was based on Newcastle-Ottawa scale, ROBINS-I and Cochrane risk of bias tool.

METHODS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Basic characteristics were documented for each study. Random forest model and meta-regression was used to evaluate correlation between treatments and long COVID.

RESULTS: Our search identified 2363 records, 32 of which were included in the qualitative synthesis and 25 included into the meta-analysis. Effect size from 14 papers investigating acute COVID antiviral treatment concluded its protective efficacy against long COVID (OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.79, p = 0.0002); however, corticosteroid (OR 1.57, 95% CI: 0.80-3.09, p = 0.1913) and mAbs treatments (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.56-1.56, p = 0.8012) did not generate such effect. Subsequent subgroup analysis revealed that antivirals provided stronger protection in the aged, male, unvaccinated and non-diabetic populations. Furthermore, antivirals effectively reduced eight out of the twenty-two analyzed long COVID symptoms.

DISCUSSION: Our meta-analysis determined that antivirals reduced long covid incidence across populations and should thus be recommended for acute COVID treatment. There was no relationship between mAbs treatment and long COVID, but studies should be conducted to clarify acute COVID corticosteroids' potential harmful effects on the post-acute phase of COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38988667,
year = {2024},
author = {Müller, L and Di Benedetto, S},
title = {Inflammaging, immunosenescence, and cardiovascular aging: insights into long COVID implications.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1384996},
pmid = {38988667},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {Aging leads to physiological changes, including inflammaging-a chronic low-grade inflammatory state with significant implications for various physiological systems, particularly for cardiovascular health. Concurrently, immunosenescence-the age-related decline in immune function, exacerbates vulnerabilities to cardiovascular pathologies in older individuals. Examining the dynamic connections between immunosenescence, inflammation, and cardiovascular aging, this mini-review aims to disentangle some of these interactions for a better understanding of their complex interplay. In the context of cardiovascular aging, the chronic inflammatory state associated with inflammaging compromises vascular integrity and function, contributing to atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and hypertension. The aging immune system's decline amplifies oxidative stress, fostering an environment conducive to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Noteworthy inflammatory markers, such as the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha emerge as key players in cardiovascular aging, triggering inflammatory signaling pathways and intensifying inflammaging and immunosenescence. In this review we aim to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inflammaging and immunosenescence, shedding light on their nuanced contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we explore the reciprocal relationship between immunosenescence and inflammaging, revealing a self-reinforcing cycle that intensifies cardiovascular risks. This understanding opens avenues for potential therapeutic targets to break this cycle and mitigate cardiovascular dysfunction in aging individuals. Furthermore, we address the implications of Long COVID, introducing an additional layer of complexity to the relationship between aging, immunosenescence, inflammaging, and cardiovascular health. Our review aims to stimulate continued exploration and advance our understanding within the realm of aging and cardiovascular health.},
}

@article {pmid38973985,
year = {2024},
author = {Dalmau, R and Alanazi, AM and Arora, M and Banerjee, A and Bianco, E and Gaalema, DE and Goma, FM and Hasegawa, K and Komiyama, M and Pérez Ríos, M and Willett, J and Wang, Y},
title = {A Complex Interplay: Navigating the Crossroads of Tobacco Use, Cardiovascular Disease, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A WHF Policy Brief.},
journal = {Global heart},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {55},
pmid = {38973985},
issn = {2211-8179},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Tobacco Use/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Risk Factors ; Health Policy ; },
abstract = {The Coronavirus Disease 2019, commonly referred to as COVID-19, is responsible for one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. The direct, indirect and lasting repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals and public health, as well as health systems can still be observed, even today. In the midst of the initial chaos, the role of tobacco as a prognostic factor for unfavourable COVID-19 outcomes was largely neglected. As of 2023, numerous studies have confirmed that use of tobacco, a leading risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases, is strongly associated with increased risks of severe COVID-19 complications (e.g., hospitalisation, ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, long COVID, etc.) and deaths from COVID-19. In addition, evidence suggests that COVID-19 directly affects multiple organs beyond the respiratory system, disproportionately impacting individuals with comorbidities. Notably, people living with cardiovascular disease are more prone to experiencing worse outcomes, as COVID-19 often inherently manifests as thrombotic cardiovascular complications. As such, the triad of tobacco, COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease constitutes a dangerous cocktail. The lockdowns and social distancing measures imposed by governments have also had adverse effects on our lifestyles (e.g., shifts in diets, physical activity, tobacco consumption patterns, etc.) and mental well-being, all of which affect cardiovascular health. In particular, vulnerable populations are especially susceptible to tobacco use, cardiovascular disease and the psychological fallout from the pandemic. Therefore, national pandemic responses need to consider health equity as well as the social determinants of health. The pandemic has also had catastrophic impacts on many health systems, bringing some to the brink of collapse. As a result, many health services, such as services for cardiovascular disease or tobacco cessation, were severely disrupted due to fears of transmission and redirection of resources for COVID-19 care. Unfortunately, the return to pre-pandemic levels of cardiovascular disease care activity has stagnated. Nevertheless, digital solutions, such as telemedicine and apps, have flourished, and may help reduce the gaps. Advancing tobacco control was especially challenging due to interference from the tobacco industry. The industry exploited lingering uncertainties to propagate misleading information on tobacco and COVID-19 in order to promote its products. Regrettably, the links between tobacco use and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain inconclusive. However, a robust body of evidence has, since then, demonstrated that tobacco use is associated with more severe COVID-19 illness and complications. Additionally, the tobacco industry also repeatedly attempted to forge partnerships with governments under the guise of corporate social responsibility. The implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control could address many of the aforementioned challenges and alleviate the burden of tobacco, COVID-19, and cardiovascular disease. In particular, the implementation of Article 5.3 could protect public health policies from the vested interests of the industry. The world can learn from the COVID-19 pandemic to better prepare for future health emergencies of international concern. In light of the impact of tobacco on the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative that tobacco control remains a central component in pandemic preparedness and response plans.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Tobacco Use/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Risk Factors
Health Policy

@article {pmid38970055,
year = {2024},
author = {Löhn, M and Wirth, KJ},
title = {Potential pathophysiological role of the ion channel TRPM3 in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and the therapeutic effect of low-dose naltrexone.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {630},
pmid = {38970055},
issn = {1479-5876},
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/drug therapy ; *TRPM Cation Channels/metabolism ; *Naltrexone/therapeutic use/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease with a broad overlap of symptomatology with Post-COVID Syndrome (PCS). Despite the severity of symptoms and various neurological, cardiovascular, microvascular, and skeletal muscular findings, no biomarkers have been identified. The Transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) channel, involved in pain transduction, thermosensation, transmitter and neuropeptide release, mechanoregulation, vasorelaxation, and immune defense, shows altered function in ME/CFS. Dysfunction of TRPM3 in natural killer (NK) cells, characterized by reduced calcium flux, has been observed in ME/CFS and PCS patients, suggesting a role in ineffective pathogen clearance and potential virus persistence and autoimmunity development. TRPM3 dysfunction in NK cells can be improved by naltrexone in vitro and ex vivo, which may explain the moderate clinical efficacy of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) treatment. We propose that TRPM3 dysfunction may have a broader involvement in ME/CFS pathophysiology, affecting other organs. This paper discusses TRPM3's expression in various organs and its potential impact on ME/CFS symptoms, with a focus on small nerve fibers and the brain, where TRPM3 is involved in presynaptic GABA release.},
}

Humans
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/drug therapy
*TRPM Cation Channels/metabolism
*Naltrexone/therapeutic use/pharmacology/administration & dosage
Animals
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid38966504,
year = {2024},
author = {Sarfraz, A and Sarfraz, Z and Bano, S and Sarfraz, M and Jaan, A and Minhas, A and Razzack, AA and Patel, G and Manish, KC and Makkar, SS and Garimella, R and Pandav, K and Almonte, J and Paul, T and Almonte, T and Jimenez, L and Pantoga, JC and El Mazboudi, N and Yatzkan, G and Michel, G and Michel, J},
title = {Global Perspective on COVID-19 Therapies, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Implications for Long COVID: A State-of-the-Art Review.},
journal = {Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {58-66},
pmid = {38966504},
issn = {2000-9666},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in many therapies, of which many are repurposed and used for other diseases in the last decade such in Influenza and Ebola. We intend to provide a robust foundation for cardiovascular outcomes of the therapies to better understand the rationale for the clinical trials that were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to gain more clarity on the steps moving forward should the repurposing provide clinical benefit in pandemic situations. With this state-of-the-art review, we aim to improve the understanding of the cardiovascular involvement of the therapies prior to, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic to provide meaningful findings to the cardiovascular specialists and clinical trials for therapies, moving on from the period of pandemic urgency.},
}

@article {pmid38960014,
year = {2024},
author = {Oscoz-Ochandorena, S and Legarra-Gorgoñon, G and García-Alonso, Y and García-Alonso, N and Izquierdo, M and Ramírez-Vélez, R},
title = {Reduced Autonomic Function in Patients with Long-COVID-19 Syndrome is Mediated by Cardiorespiratory Fitness.},
journal = {Current problems in cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102732},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102732},
pmid = {38960014},
issn = {1535-6280},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-COVID-19 syndrome (LCS) exhibits neurological problems such as peripheral neuropathy and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Exercise intolerance and, consequently, low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are some of the most common symptoms of LCS. We describe a series of individuals exhibiting LCS symptoms compared to a control group and posit that this condition may be related to the exercise capacity-mediated disruption of the ANS resulting particularly in exercise intolerance.

METHODS: This study included 87 individuals with LCS and 71 control participants without COVID-19 diagnoses. Heart rate variability (HRV) in supine position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation and subsequently analyzed using the Kubios software (Kuopio, Finland). CRF (peak VO2), post-COVID-19 patient-reported symptoms, maximal muscle strength (grip strength, bilateral leg press, leg extension, pectoral press, and back press exercises), and body composition were also measured. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and mediation analysis were employed to assess the associations among LCS, peak VO2, and HRV indicators. Two-sided p < 0.05 was considered as significant.

RESULTS: The HRV parameters-RR interval, RMSSD, SDNN, PNS index, LF, HF, total power, SD1, and SD2-were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the control group when compared to the LCS patients. In contrast, the HR, stress index, and SNS index parameters were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the LCS group. When adjusted for RR intervals, these parameters remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). A mediation effect was found between peak VO2 and RMSSD (mediation effect = 24.4%) as well as peak VO2 and SDNN (mediation effect = 25.1%) in the LCS patients.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings contribute new insights on the interplay between CRF and HRV indicators as well as endorse that dysautonomia may be related to the low peak VO2 observed in long COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid38958890,
year = {2024},
author = {Chikopela, T and Mwesigwa, N and Masenga, SK and Kirabo, A and Shibao, CA},
title = {The Interplay of HIV and Long COVID in Sub-Saharan Africa: Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction.},
journal = {Current cardiology reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38958890},
issn = {1534-3170},
support = {AHA 967054//American Heart Association/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Long COVID affects approximately 5 million people in Africa. This disease is characterized by persistent symptoms or new onset of symptoms after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Specifically, the most common symptoms include a range of cardiovascular problems such as chest pain, orthostatic intolerance, tachycardia, syncope, and uncontrolled hypertension. Importantly, these conditions appear to have endothelial dysfunction as the common denominator, which is often due to impaired nitric oxide (NO) mechanisms. This review discusses the role of mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction in Long COVID, particularly in people living with HIV.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have reported that increased inflammation and oxidative stress, frequently observed in Long COVID, may contribute to NO dysfunction, ultimately leading to decreased vascular reactivity. These mechanisms have also been reported in people living with HIV. In regions like Africa, where HIV infection is still a major public health challenge with a prevalence of approximately 26 million people in 2022. Specifically, endothelial dysfunction has been reported as a major mechanism that appears to contribute to cardiovascular diseases and the intersection with Long COVID mechanisms is of particular concern. Further, it is well established that this population is more likely to develop Long COVID following infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, concomitant infection with SARS-CoV-2 may lead to accelerated cardiovascular disease. We outline the details of the worsening health problems caused by Long COVID, which exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as endothelial dysfunction. The overlapping mechanisms of HIV and SARS-CoV-2, particularly the prolonged inflammatory response and chronic hypoxia, may increase susceptibility to Long COVID. Addressing these overlapping health issues is critical as it provides clinical entry points for interventions that could improve and enhance outcomes and quality of life for those affected by both HIV and Long COVID in the region.},
}

@article {pmid38947233,
year = {2024},
author = {Dietz, TK and Brondstater, KN},
title = {Long COVID management: a mini review of current recommendations and underutilized modalities.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1430444},
pmid = {38947233},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Long COVID is a condition that develops in a subset of patients after COVID-19 infection comprising of symptoms of varying severity encompassing multiple organ systems. Currently, long COVID is without consensus on a formal definition, identifiable biomarkers, and validated treatment. Long COVID is expected to be a long-term chronic condition for a subset of patients and is associated with suffering and incapacity. There is an urgent need for clear management guidelines for the primary care provider, who is essential in bridging the gap with more specialized care to improve quality of life and functionality in their patients living with long COVID. The purpose of this mini review is to provide primary care providers with the latest highlights from existing literature regarding the most common long COVID symptoms and current management recommendations. This review also highlights the underutilized interventions of stellate ganglion blocks and low-dose naltrexone, both with well-established safety profiles demonstrated to improve quality of life and functionality for patients suffering with some symptoms of long COVID, and encourages prompt referral to interventional pain management.},
}

@article {pmid38945306,
year = {2024},
author = {Shafqat, A and Masters, MC and Tripathi, U and Tchkonia, T and Kirkland, JL and Hashmi, SK},
title = {Long COVID as a Disease of Accelerated Biological Aging: An Opportunity to Translate Geroscience Interventions.},
journal = {Ageing research reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102400},
doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2024.102400},
pmid = {38945306},
issn = {1872-9649},
abstract = {It has been four years since long COVID-the protracted consequences that survivors of COVID-19 face-was first described. Yet, this entity continues to devastate the quality of life of an increasing number of COVID-19 survivors without any approved therapy. Furthermore, there remains a paucity of clinical trials addressing the biological root causes of this disease. Notably, the symptoms of long COVID-including but not limited to exercise intolerance, cognitive impairment, orthostasis, and functional decline-are typically seen with advancing age. Leveraging this similarity, we posit that Geroscience-which aims to target the biological drivers of aging to prevent age-associated conditions as a group-could offer promising therapeutic avenues for long COVID. Bearing this in mind, this review presents a framework for studying long COVID as a state of effectively accelerated biological aging. Thus, we comprehensively review here the role of biological hallmarks of aging in long COVID, identifying research gaps and proposing directions for future preclinical and clinical studies.},
}

@article {pmid38944141,
year = {2024},
author = {Joyce, MKP and Uchendu, S and Arnsten, AFT},
title = {Stress and inflammation target dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function: Neural mechanisms underlying weakened cognitive control.},
journal = {Biological psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.016},
pmid = {38944141},
issn = {1873-2402},
abstract = {Most mental disorders involve dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a recently evolved brain region that subserves working memory, abstraction and the thoughtful regulation of attention, action and emotion. For example, schizophrenia, depression, long-COVID and Alzheimer's disease are all associated with dlPFC dysfunction, with neuropathology often focused in layer III. The dlPFC has extensive top-down projections: e.g. to the posterior association cortices to regulate attention, and the subgenual cingulate cortex via the rostral and medial PFC to regulate emotional responses. However, the dlPFC is particularly dependent on arousal state, and is very vulnerable to stress and inflammation, which are etiological and/or exacerbating factors in most mental disorders. The cellular mechanisms by which stress and inflammation impact the dlPFC are a topic of current research, and are summarized in this review. For example, the layer III dlPFC circuits generating working memory-related neuronal firing have unusual neurotransmission, depending on NMDAR and nicotinic-α7R actions that are blocked under inflammatory conditions by kynurenic acid. These circuits also have unusual neuromodulation, with the molecular machinery to magnify calcium signaling in spines needed to support persistent firing, which must be tightly regulated to prevent toxic calcium actions. Stress rapidly weakens layer III connectivity by driving feedforward calcium-cAMP opening of potassium channels on spines. This is regulated by postsynaptic noradrenergic α2A-AR and mGluR3 signaling, but dysregulated by inflammation and/or chronic stress exposure, contributing to spine loss. Treatments that strengthen dlPFC, via pharmacological (the α2A-AR agonist, guanfacine) or rTMS manipulation, provide a rational basis for therapy.},
}

@article {pmid38941608,
year = {2024},
author = {Malireddi, RKS and Sharma, BR and Kanneganti, TD},
title = {Innate Immunity in Protection and Pathogenesis During Coronavirus Infections and COVID-19.},
journal = {Annual review of immunology},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {615-645},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043545},
pmid = {38941608},
issn = {1545-3278},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Animals ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology/prevention & control ; Immune Evasion ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the recently emerged β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has had a catastrophic impact, resulting in nearly 7 million fatalities worldwide to date. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections, including the detection and response to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discuss the innate immune mechanisms that sense coronaviruses, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 infection and how these protective responses can become detrimental in severe cases of COVID-19, contributing to cytokine storm, inflammation, long-COVID, and other complications. We also highlight the complex cross talk among cytokines and the cellular components of the innate immune system, which can aid in viral clearance but also contribute to inflammatory cell death, cytokine storm, and organ damage in severe COVID-19 pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss how SARS-CoV-2 evades key protective innate immune mechanisms to enhance its virulence and pathogenicity, as well as how innate immunity can be therapeutically targeted as part of the vaccination and treatment strategy. Overall, we highlight how a comprehensive understanding of innate immune mechanisms has been crucial in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infections and the development of novel host-directed immunotherapeutic strategies for various diseases.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate
*COVID-19/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology
Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
Cytokines/metabolism
Animals
Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology/prevention & control
Immune Evasion

@article {pmid38936313,
year = {2024},
author = {Gomes-Neto, M and Almeida, KO and Correia, HF and Santos, JC and Gomes, VA and Serra, JPC and Durães, AR and Carvalho, VO},
title = {Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta‑regression.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of physical therapy},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {101089},
doi = {10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101089},
pmid = {38936313},
issn = {1809-9246},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and its possible determinants in post-COVID-19 survivors has not been systematically assessed.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and summarize studies comparing cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors versus non-COVID-19 controls, as well as to determine the influence of potential moderating factors.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and SciELO since their inceptions until June 2022. Mean differences (MD), standard mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate potential moderating factors.

RESULTS: 48 studies (3372 participants, mean age 42 years, and with a mean testing time of 4 months post-COVID-19) were included, comprising a total of 1823 COVID-19 survivors and 1549 non-COVID-19 controls. After data pooling, VO2 peak (SMD=1.0 95% CI: 0.5, 1.5; 17 studies; N = 1273) was impaired in COVID-19 survivors. In 15 studies that reported VO2 peak values in ml/min/kg, non-COVID-19 controls had higher peak VO2 values than COVID-19 survivors (MD=6.2, 95% CI: 3.5, 8.8; N = 905; I[2]=84%). In addition, VO2 peak was associated with age, time post-COVID-19, disease severity, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness may be impaired in COVID-19 survivors, especially for those with severe disease, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity. Furthermore, the degree of reduction of VO2 peak is inversely associated with age and time post-COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38932130,
year = {2024},
author = {Elumalai, N and Hussain, H and Sampath, N and Shamaladevi, N and Hajjar, R and Druyan, BZ and Rashed, AB and Ramamoorthy, R and Kenyon, NS and Jayakumar, AR and Paidas, MJ},
title = {SPIKENET: An Evidence-Based Therapy for Long COVID.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {16},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v16060838},
pmid = {38932130},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {0000//University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department Obstetrics, Gynecology and Repro-ductive Sciences/ ; 0000//Muriel, Murray & Robert Smith Foundation COVID-19 Research Fund/ ; 0000//University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Team Science Award/ ; 0000//Charles M. Vallee Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/virology ; Animals ; *Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/genetics ; Mice ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Peptides/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the most impactful events in our lifetime, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants were reported globally, and a wide range of symptoms existed. Individuals who contract COVID-19 continue to suffer for a long time, known as long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). While COVID-19 vaccines were widely deployed, both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals experienced long-term complications. To date, there are no treatments to eradicate long COVID. We recently conceived a new approach to treat COVID in which a 15-amino-acid synthetic peptide (SPIKENET, SPK) is targeted to the ACE2 receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, which prevents the virus from attaching to the host. We also found that SPK precludes the binding of spike glycoproteins with the receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) of a coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1), and with all SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, SPK reversed the development of severe inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue edema, and animal death post-MHV-1 infection in mice. SPK also protects against multiple organ damage in acute and long-term post-MHV-1 infection. Our findings collectively suggest a potential therapeutic benefit of SPK for treating COVID-19.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/virology
Animals
*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/genetics
Mice
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Peptides/therapeutic use
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid38930148,
year = {2024},
author = {Nantakool, S and Sa-Nguanmoo, P and Konghakote, S and Chuatrakoon, B},
title = {Effects of Exercise Rehabilitation on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-COVID-19 Survivors: A Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm13123621},
pmid = {38930148},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: Poor cardiorespiratory fitness poses the highest risk of mortality. Long-COVID-19 survivors exhibit a reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). While exercise rehabilitation, such as cardiopulmonary exercise, is used for long-COVID-19 survivors, the effects of exercise on CRF in this population remain inconclusive. In this study, we aim to systematically summarise and synthesise whether exercise rehabilitation improves CRF among long-COVID-19 survivors. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed through PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (since their inception to November 2023) and study reference lists. Studies presenting the effects of exercise rehabilitation on CRF (peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and six-minute walk distance (6MWD)) in long-COVID-19 survivors were identified. The standardised mean difference (SMD), mean difference (MD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for analyses. The certainty of evidence was measured using a Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Twelve eligible studies (five RCTs and seven non-RCTs) with 682 participants were analysed. The meta-analysis showed significantly improved 6MWDs (MD 76.47, 95% CI 59.19-93.71, low certainty) and significantly greater 6MWDs (SMD 0.85, 95% CI 0.11-1.59, very low certainty) in the exercise rehabilitation group compared to the control group. A significantly improved 6MWD was found in subgroups of young to middle-aged adults and subgroups of patients who undertook aerobic exercise combined with resistance and respiratory exercise and centre-based training programs. Conclusions: Exercise rehabilitation is effective for improving CRF, as measured by the 6MWD in long-COVID-19 survivors. Improvements are likely to be more pronounced in specific subgroups of young to middle-aged adults and patients undertaking aerobic exercise combined with resistance and respiratory exercise and centre-based training programs. However, recommendations for clinical practice are limited due to the very low evidence certainty.},
}

@article {pmid38928587,
year = {2024},
author = {Rudroff, T},
title = {Long COVID in Brain Health Research: A Call to Action.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci14060587},
pmid = {38928587},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the long-term consequences of the virus, particularly the persistent symptoms that characterize long COVID. This syndrome, which can last for months after the initial infection, includes a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations that have significant implications for brain health and dementia research. This review explores the current understanding of long COVID's cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms and their potential impact on brain stimulation and neuroimaging studies. It argues that researchers must adapt their study designs and screening processes to account for the confounding effects of long COVID and ensure the accuracy and reliability of their findings. To advance the understanding of this condition and its long-term effects on brain health, the review proposes a series of strategies, including the development of standardized screening tools, the investigation of underlying mechanisms, and the identification of risk factors and protective factors. It also emphasizes the importance of collaborative research efforts and international data sharing platforms in accelerating the pace of discovery and developing targeted interventions for individuals with long COVID. As the prevalence of this condition continues to grow, it is imperative that the neuroscience community comes together to address this challenge and support those affected by long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38928096,
year = {2024},
author = {Gusev, E and Sarapultsev, A},
title = {Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms25126389},
pmid = {38928096},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {122020900136-4//Institute of Immunology and Physiology/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology/complications/virology/pathology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Inflammation ; },
abstract = {Long COVID (LC), also referred to as Post COVID-19 Condition, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), and other terms, represents a complex multisystem disease persisting after the acute phase of COVID-19. Characterized by a myriad of symptoms across different organ systems, LC presents significant diagnostic and management challenges. Central to the disorder is the role of low-grade inflammation, a non-classical inflammatory response that contributes to the chronicity and diversity of symptoms observed. This review explores the pathophysiological underpinnings of LC, emphasizing the importance of low-grade inflammation as a core component. By delineating the pathogenetic relationships and clinical manifestations of LC, this article highlights the necessity for an integrated approach that employs both personalized medicine and standardized protocols aimed at mitigating long-term consequences. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding of LC but also inform the development of therapeutic strategies that could be applicable to other chronic conditions with similar pathophysiological features.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology/complications/virology/pathology
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*SARS-CoV-2
*Inflammation

@article {pmid38912617,
year = {2024},
author = {Pietrzak, P and Hanke, W},
title = {The long COVID and its mental health manifestations - the review of literature.},
journal = {International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02373},
pmid = {38912617},
issn = {1896-494X},
abstract = {This article aims to present the overview of the situation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic about issues concerning the prevalence of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, rate of suicide attempts, and long COVID (LC) infections in the general population during COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the literature (in English, Polish and Spanish language) on topics related to COVID-19, mental disorders (suicide attempts, depression, anxiety) and LC infection published during the 4 years (2020-2023) was done using Pubmed and PubMed Central search engine. Keywords such as "COVID-19," "mental disorders," "long COVID infection," "depression," "anxiety," "suicide attempts" were used during the search. The conduct of this review/comment followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol, which corresponds to a checklist of 27 items designed to facilitate the development and reporting of a robust protocol for systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Overall 35 studies were selected and analyzed in the review on topics: including among others LC (14 studies), suicide attempts (7 studies), mental disorders (depression, anxiety) (14 studies). The main issues raised in the articles were: higher risk of LC symptoms in women, fatigue and brain fog listed as frequently encountered patient's complaints together with anxiety, depression, loneliness, especially in younger age groups and in women. Issues regarding LC, mental disorders and suicide attempts requires further research as the results vary in different countries. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(3).},
}

@article {pmid38911850,
year = {2024},
author = {Carvajal, JJ and García-Castillo, V and Cuellar, SV and Campillay-Véliz, CP and Salazar-Ardiles, C and Avellaneda, AM and Muñoz, CA and Retamal-Díaz, A and Bueno, SM and González, PA and Kalergis, AM and Lay, MK},
title = {New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1363572},
pmid = {38911850},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the respiratory distress condition known as COVID-19. This disease broadly affects several physiological systems, including the gastrointestinal, renal, and central nervous (CNS) systems, significantly influencing the patient's overall quality of life. Additionally, numerous risk factors have been suggested, including gender, body weight, age, metabolic status, renal health, preexisting cardiomyopathies, and inflammatory conditions. Despite advances in understanding the genome and pathophysiological ramifications of COVID-19, its precise origins remain elusive. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with a receptor-binding domain within angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This receptor is expressed in various organs of different species, including humans, with different abundance. Although COVID-19 has multiorgan manifestations, the main pathologies occur in the lung, including pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, and secondary bacterial pneumonia. In the post-COVID-19 period, different sequelae may occur, which may have various causes, including the direct action of the virus, alteration of the immune response, and metabolic alterations during infection, among others. Recognizing the serious adverse health effects associated with COVID-19, it becomes imperative to comprehensively elucidate and discuss the existing evidence surrounding this viral infection, including those related to the pathophysiological effects of the disease and the subsequent consequences. This review aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19 and its long-term effects on human health.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Pandemics

@article {pmid38904974,
year = {2024},
author = {Rocker, J and Weiss, C},
title = {COVID-19, MIS-C, and long COVID in pediatric patients: an update.},
journal = {Pediatric emergency medicine practice},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {1-28},
pmid = {38904974},
issn = {1549-9669},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy/diagnosis ; Child ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been disruptive worldwide. It was primarily a respiratory disease that affected many of the medically vulnerable, but the true impact of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), which has been demonstrated to involve all organ systems, is now coming to light. In addition, a new disease entity emerged, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which has had significant morbidity and mortality associated with it. This issue reviews the presentation, evaluation, and management of patients with COVID-19, MIS-C, and PASC. Additionally, the current literature supporting public health measures, as well as COVID-19 vaccinations and their complications are discussed.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/therapy
*Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy/diagnosis
Child
*SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid38900132,
year = {2024},
author = {Sunami, Y and Sugaya, K and Takahashi, K},
title = {G protein-coupled receptors related to autoimmunity in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.},
journal = {Immunological medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1080/25785826.2024.2370079},
pmid = {38900132},
issn = {2578-5826},
abstract = {Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by exaggerated orthostatic tachycardia in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. The pathophysiology of POTS may involve hypovolemia, autonomic neuropathy, a hyperadrenergic state, and cardiovascular deconditioning, any of which can co-occur in the same patient. Furthermore, there is growing evidence of the role of autoimmunity in a subset of POTS cases. In recent years, investigators have described an increased rate of autoimmune comorbidities as evidenced by the finding of several types of neural receptor autoantibody and non-specific autoimmune marker in patients with POTS. In particular, the association of the disease with several types of anti-G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antibodies and POTS has frequently been noted. A previous study reported that autoantibodies to muscarinic AChRs may play an important role in POTS with persistent, gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, POTS is recognized as one of the sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its frequency and pathogenesis are still largely unknown. Multiple autoantibody types occur in COVID-related, autonomic disorders, suggesting the presence of autoimmune pathology in these disorders. Herein, we review the association of anti-GPCR autoantibodies with disorders of the autonomic nervous system, in particular POTS, and provide a new perspective for understanding POTS-related autoimmunity.},
}

@article {pmid38893693,
year = {2024},
author = {Song, X and Song, W and Cui, L and Duong, TQ and Pandy, R and Liu, H and Zhou, Q and Sun, J and Liu, Y and Li, T},
title = {A Comprehensive Review of the Global Epidemiology, Clinical Management, Socio-Economic Impacts, and National Responses to Long COVID with Future Research Directions.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {38893693},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Background: Long COVID, characterized by a persistent symptom spectrum following SARS-CoV-2 infection, poses significant health, social, and economic challenges. This review aims to consolidate knowledge on its epidemiology, clinical features, and underlying mechanisms to guide global responses; Methods: We conducted a literature review, analyzing peer-reviewed articles and reports to gather comprehensive data on long COVID's epidemiology, symptomatology, and management approaches; Results: Our analysis revealed a wide array of long COVID symptoms and risk factors, with notable demographic variability. The current understanding of its pathophysiology suggests a multifactorial origin yet remains partially understood. Emerging diagnostic criteria and potential therapeutic strategies were identified, highlighting advancements in long COVID management; Conclusions: This review highlights the multifaceted nature of long COVID, revealing a broad spectrum of symptoms, diverse risk factors, and the complex interplay of physiological mechanisms underpinning the condition. Long COVID symptoms and disorders will continue to weigh on healthcare systems in years to come. Addressing long COVID requires a holistic management strategy that integrates clinical care, social support, and policy initiatives. The findings underscore the need for increased international cooperation in research and health planning to address the complex challenges of long COVID. There is a call for continued refinement of diagnostic and treatment modalities, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach to manage the ongoing and evolving impacts of the condition.},
}

@article {pmid38892479,
year = {2024},
author = {Jurek, JM and Castro-Marrero, J},
title = {A Narrative Review on Gut Microbiome Disturbances and Microbial Preparations in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Implications for Long COVID.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {38892479},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/therapy ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *Dysbiosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dietary Supplements ; Synbiotics/administration & dosage ; Brain-Gut Axis ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and long COVID are complex, multisystemic and long-term disabling conditions characterized by debilitating post-exertional malaise and other core symptoms related to immune dysregulation resultant from post-viral infection, including mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis. The reported associations between altered microbiota composition and cardinal symptoms of ME/CFS and long COVID suggest that the use of microbial preparations, such as probiotics, by restoring the homeostasis of the brain-immune-gut axis, may help in the management of symptoms in both conditions. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the implications of alerted gut microbiome and assess the evidence supporting use of microbial-based preparations, including probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics alone and/or in combination with other nutraceuticals in the management of fatigue, inflammation and neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with ME/CFS and long COVID.},
}

Humans
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/therapy
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*COVID-19/complications/immunology
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
*Dysbiosis
SARS-CoV-2
Dietary Supplements
Synbiotics/administration & dosage
Brain-Gut Axis

@article {pmid38892110,
year = {2024},
author = {Paroli, M and Gioia, C and Accapezzato, D and Caccavale, R},
title = {Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Infection in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {38892110},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Fibromyalgia/immunology ; Humans ; *Autoimmunity ; *Inflammation/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Female ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/complications ; },
abstract = {Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain of unknown etiology. The condition is commonly associated with other symptoms, including fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and depression. For this reason, FM is also referred to as FM syndrome. The nature of the pain is defined as nociplastic according to the latest international classification and is characterized by altered nervous sensitization both centrally and peripherally. Psychosocial conditions have traditionally been considered critical in the genesis of FM. However, recent studies in animal models and humans have provided new evidence in favor of an inflammatory and/or autoimmune pathogenesis. In support of this hypothesis are epidemiological data of an increased female prevalence, similar to that of autoimmune diseases, and the frequent association with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. In addition, the observation of an increased incidence of this condition during long COVID revived the hypothesis of an infectious pathogenesis. This narrative review will, therefore, discuss the evidence supporting the immune-mediated pathogenesis of FM in light of the most current data available in the literature.},
}

*Fibromyalgia/immunology
Humans
*Autoimmunity
*Inflammation/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Female
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/complications

@article {pmid38887284,
year = {2024},
author = {Arron, HE and Marsh, BD and Kell, DB and Khan, MA and Jaeger, BR and Pretorius, E},
title = {Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1386607},
pmid = {38887284},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/etiology ; Humans ; Neglected Diseases ; Dysbiosis ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; },
abstract = {Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, debilitating disease characterised by a wide range of symptoms that severely impact all aspects of life. Despite its significant prevalence, ME/CFS remains one of the most understudied and misunderstood conditions in modern medicine. ME/CFS lacks standardised diagnostic criteria owing to variations in both inclusion and exclusion criteria across different diagnostic guidelines, and furthermore, there are currently no effective treatments available. Moving beyond the traditional fragmented perspectives that have limited our understanding and management of the disease, our analysis of current information on ME/CFS represents a significant paradigm shift by synthesising the disease's multifactorial origins into a cohesive model. We discuss how ME/CFS emerges from an intricate web of genetic vulnerabilities and environmental triggers, notably viral infections, leading to a complex series of pathological responses including immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic disturbances. This comprehensive model not only advances our understanding of ME/CFS's pathophysiology but also opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic strategies. By integrating these disparate elements, our work emphasises the necessity of a holistic approach to diagnosing, researching, and treating ME/CFS, urging the scientific community to reconsider the disease's complexity and the multifaceted approach required for its study and management.},
}

*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/etiology
Humans
Neglected Diseases
Dysbiosis
Animals
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology

@article {pmid38874693,
year = {2024},
author = {Russell, SJ and Parker, K and Lehoczki, A and Lieberman, D and Partha, IS and Scott, SJ and Phillips, LR and Fain, MJ and Nikolich, JŽ},
title = {Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) in older adults.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38874693},
issn = {2509-2723},
support = {OT2HL161847/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R37AG020719/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R25AG076387/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R25AG076387/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Long COVID, also known as PASC (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2), is a complex infection-associated chronic condition affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Many aspects of this condition are incompletely understood. Among them is how this condition may manifest itself in older adults and how it might impact the older population. Here, we briefly review the current understanding of PASC in the adult population and examine what is known on its features with aging. Finally, we outline the major gaps and areas for research most germane to older adults.},
}

@article {pmid38868283,
year = {2024},
author = {Rathod, N and Kumar, S and Chavhan, R and Acharya, S and Rathod, S},
title = {Navigating the Long Haul: A Comprehensive Review of Long-COVID Sequelae, Patient Impact, Pathogenesis, and Management.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {e60176},
pmid = {38868283},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following a SARS-CoV-2 infection, presents a significant public health challenge with wide-ranging implications. This comprehensive review explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, patient impact, management strategies, and long-term prognosis of COVID. Despite a varied symptomatology that spans multiple organ systems, including respiratory, neurological, and cardiovascular systems, this condition is primarily associated with chronic inflammation and potential viral persistence. Prevalence varies, influenced by the initial infection severity, demographic factors, and pre-existing conditions. The review emphasizes the necessity for healthcare systems to adapt to the needs of long-COVID patients by developing standardized diagnostic criteria and personalized, multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Current research gaps and future directions are identified, highlighting the urgent need for further studies on pathophysiological mechanisms and effective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to inform healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers, enhancing patient care and guiding ongoing and future research initiatives. The continuing global focus and collaborative efforts offer hope for improved outcomes for those affected by long COVID, marking an essential step towards addressing this emergent condition comprehensively.},
}

@article {pmid38865966,
year = {2024},
author = {Hamlin, RE and Blish, CA},
title = {Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research.},
journal = {Immunity},
volume = {57},
number = {6},
pages = {1195-1214},
doi = {10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.010},
pmid = {38865966},
issn = {1097-4180},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology/immunology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Biomedical Research ; Biomarkers ; },
abstract = {Long COVID (LC) is a condition in which patients do not fully recover from the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection but rather have persistent or new symptoms for months to years following the infection. Ongoing research efforts are investigating the pathophysiologic mechanisms of LC and exploring preventative and therapeutic treatment approaches for patients. As a burgeoning area of investigation, LC research can be structured to be more inclusive, innovative, and effective. In this perspective, we highlight opportunities for patient engagement and diverse research expertise, as well as the challenges of developing definitions and reproducible studies. Our intention is to provide a foundation for collaboration and progress in understanding the biomarkers and mechanisms driving LC.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology/immunology
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Biomedical Research
Biomarkers

@article {pmid38863829,
year = {2024},
author = {Raj, ST and Bruce, AW and Anbalagan, M and Srinivasan, H and Chinnappan, S and Rajagopal, M and Khanna, K and Chandramoorthy, HC and Mani, RR},
title = {COVID-19 influenced gut dysbiosis, post-acute sequelae, immune regulation, and therapeutic regimens.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1384939},
pmid = {38863829},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*COVID-19/immunology/complications/therapy ; Humans ; *Dysbiosis ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has garnered unprecedented global attention. It caused over 2.47 million deaths through various syndromes such as acute respiratory distress, hypercoagulability, and multiple organ failure. The viral invasion proceeds through the ACE2 receptor, expressed in multiple cell types, and in some patients caused serious damage to tissues, organs, immune cells, and the microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Some patients who survived the SARS-CoV-2 infection have developed months of persistent long-COVID-19 symptoms or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Diagnosis of these patients has revealed multiple biological effects, none of which are mutually exclusive. However, the severity of COVID-19 also depends on numerous comorbidities such as obesity, age, diabetes, and hypertension and care must be taken with respect to other multiple morbidities, such as host immunity. Gut microbiota in relation to SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology is considered to evolve COVID-19 progression via mechanisms of biochemical metabolism, exacerbation of inflammation, intestinal mucosal secretion, cytokine storm, and immunity regulation. Therefore, modulation of gut microbiome equilibrium through food supplements and probiotics remains a hot topic of current research and debate. In this review, we discuss the biological complications of the physio-pathological effects of COVID-19 infection, GIT immune response, and therapeutic pharmacological strategies. We also summarize the therapeutic targets of probiotics, their limitations, and the efficacy of preclinical and clinical drugs to effectively inhibit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.},
}

*COVID-19/immunology/complications/therapy
Humans
*Dysbiosis
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid38693641,
year = {2024},
author = {Apostolou, E and Rosén, A},
title = {Epigenetic reprograming in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A narrative of latent viruses.},
journal = {Journal of internal medicine},
volume = {296},
number = {1},
pages = {93-115},
doi = {10.1111/joim.13792},
pmid = {38693641},
issn = {1365-2796},
support = {4.3-2019-00201 GD-2020-138//Swedish Research Council/ ; 211832Pj01H2//Swedish Cancer Society/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/genetics ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Virus Latency/genetics ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic disease presenting with severe fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and cognitive disturbances-among a spectrum of symptoms-that collectively render the patient housebound or bedbound. Epigenetic studies in ME/CFS collectively confirm alterations and/or malfunctions in cellular and organismal physiology associated with immune responses, cellular metabolism, cell death and proliferation, and neuronal and endothelial cell function. The sudden onset of ME/CFS follows a major stress factor that, in approximately 70% of cases, involves viral infection, and ME/CFS symptoms overlap with those of long COVID. Viruses primarily linked to ME/CFS pathology are the symbiotic herpesviruses, which follow a bivalent latent-lytic lifecycle. The complex interaction between viruses and hosts involves strategies from both sides: immune evasion and persistence by the viruses, and immune activation and viral clearance by the host. This dynamic interaction is imperative for herpesviruses that facilitate their persistence through epigenetic regulation of their own and the host genome. In the current article, we provide an overview of the epigenetic signatures demonstrated in ME/CFS and focus on the potential strategies that latent viruses-particularly Epstein-Barr virus-may employ in long-term epigenetic reprograming in ME/CFS. Epigenetic studies could aid in elucidating relevant biological pathways impacted in ME/CFS and reflect the physiological variations among the patients that stem from environmental triggers, including exogenous viruses and/or altered viral activity.},
}

Humans
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/genetics
*Epigenesis, Genetic
Virus Latency/genetics
Herpesvirus 4, Human

@article {pmid38855286,
year = {2024},
author = {Kim, S and Finlay, JB and Ko, T and Goldstein, BJ},
title = {Long-term olfactory loss post-COVID-19: Pathobiology and potential therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {148-155},
pmid = {38855286},
issn = {2589-1081},
abstract = {An acute loss of smell emerged as a striking symptom present in roughly half of the people infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In most COVID-19 patients, olfaction recovers over the course of a few weeks. However, a lasting partial or complete loss of smell, often associated with distorted olfactory perceptions termed parosmia, has emerged as a widespread problem impacting at least 5%-10% of those who experience anosmia due to COVID-19. Our inability to offer effective therapies to this hyposmic or anosmic population, comprising millions of patients, highlights an enormous unmet need for the medical system. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the pathobiology causing acute olfactory loss due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on how the virus interacts with the peripheral olfactory system, a major site of viral infection. We also explore the problem of long-COVID olfactory dysfunction, which may accompany other persistent systemic disorders collectively termed postacute sequelae of COVID-19. Specifically, we discuss an emerging model focused on unresolved immune cell activity driving ongoing dysfunction. Finally, we review current and future therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring olfactory function.},
}

@article {pmid38557961,
year = {2024},
author = {Namjoshi, SS and Mast, A and Patel, AS},
title = {Review of long COVID in pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, & nutrition.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition},
volume = {78},
number = {6},
pages = {1210-1212},
doi = {10.1002/jpn3.12199},
pmid = {38557961},
issn = {1536-4801},
support = {//None/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Gastroenterology/organization & administration/methods ; Child ; *Pediatrics/methods/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Gastroenterology/organization & administration/methods
Child
*Pediatrics/methods/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid38848177,
year = {2024},
author = {Tavares-Júnior, JWL and Ciurleo, GCV and Feitosa, EAAF and Oriá, RB and Braga-Neto, P},
title = {The Clinical Aspects of COVID and Alzheimer's Disease: A Round-Up of Where Things Stand and Are Headed.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3233/JAD-231368},
pmid = {38848177},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {The link between long COVID-19 and brain/cognitive impairments is concerning and may foster a worrisome worldwide emergence of novel cases of neurodegenerative diseases with aging. This review aims to update the knowledge, crosstalk, and possible intersections between the Post-COVID Syndrome (PCS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). References included in this review were obtained from PubMed searches conducted between October 2023 and November 2023. PCS is a very heterogenous and poorly understood disease with recent evidence of a possible association with chronic diseases such as AD. However, more scientific data is required to establish the link between PCS and AD.},
}

@article {pmid38846354,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, S and Tian, Y and Fu, X},
title = {Host factors of SARS-CoV-2 in infection, pathogenesis, and long-term effects.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1407261},
doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2024.1407261},
pmid = {38846354},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; *Virus Replication ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Host Microbial Interactions ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic that results in an unparalleled global health and economic crisis. Despite unprecedented scientific efforts and therapeutic interventions, the fight against COVID-19 continues as the rapid emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and the increasing challenge of long COVID-19, raising a vast demand to understand the pathomechanisms of COVID-19 and its long-term sequelae and develop therapeutic strategies beyond the virus per se. Notably, in addition to the virus itself, the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical severity of COVID-19 is also governed by host factors. In this review, we therefore comprehensively overview the replication cycle and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 from the perspective of host factors and host-virus interactions. We sequentially outline the pathological implications of molecular interactions between host factors and SARS-CoV-2 in multi-organ and multi-system long COVID-19, and summarize current therapeutic strategies and agents targeting host factors for treating these diseases. This knowledge would be key for the identification of new pathophysiological aspects and mechanisms, and the development of actionable therapeutic targets and strategies for tackling COVID-19 and its sequelae.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
*Virus Replication
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Host Microbial Interactions

@article {pmid38831970,
year = {2024},
author = {Dutra, LS and Shigaeff, N},
title = {Proposed protocol for post COVID-19 cognitive rehabilitation for attention and memory.},
journal = {Dementia & neuropsychologia},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {e20230109},
pmid = {38831970},
issn = {1980-5764},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people suffered from Long Covid Syndrome, in which affected individuals do not recover immediately after the end of the infectious and inflammatory process caused by the virus. The most common neuropsychological symptoms of this syndrome are: memory decline, lack of attention, anxiety and depression.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a proposed cognitive rehabilitation protocol for post-COVID individuals with cognitive symptoms.

METHODS: A rehabilitation proposed protocol focusing on attention and memory was developed, based on the tests used in the neuropsychological evaluation of affected patients. Researchers held weekly sessions for six months, each lasting 60 minutes. Homework activities were also assigned and corrected in the following session. The attention and memory sessions were conducted with activities based on the applied tests.

RESULTS: Despite the methodological separation of attention and memory, the activities indirectly affect other cognitive functions and abilities, such as executive function, language, reasoning, execution strategies, and cognitive flexibility. A computer, a sheet of paper, and a pen were used to present the slides for the activities. Attention training included all types of attention: sustained, alternating, selective and divided. Memory training sessions included activities that stimulated both short-term and long-term memory. With each session, the difficulty of the activities was gradually increased.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive rehabilitation already has more consolidated evidence about its effectiveness for the treatment of other pathologies, so it can be thought that it will also be a promising strategy for COVID-19 too.},
}

@article {pmid38831890,
year = {2024},
author = {Zou, XY and Liu, XH and Lu, CL and Jin, XY and He, BX and Liao, YL and Liu, T and Dai, YD and Qi, SH and Sheng, ZJ and Yan, ZF and Yang, GY and Stub, T and Liu, JP},
title = {Traditional Chinese medicine for post-viral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review.},
journal = {Integrative medicine research},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {101045},
pmid = {38831890},
issn = {2213-4220},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is the common symptoms of long COVID, lacking of effective treatments. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is claimed to be effective in treating olfactory dysfunction, but the evidence has not yet been critically appraised. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCM for PVOD.

METHODS: We searched eight databases to identified clinical controlled studies about TCM for PVOD. The Cochrane risk of bias tools and GRADE were used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95 % confidence interval (CI), were used for effect estimation and RevMan 5.4.1 was used for data analysis.

RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (545 participants), two non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCTs) (112 participants), and one retrospective cohort study (30 participants) were included. The overall quality of included studies was low. Acupuncture (n = 8) and acupoint injection (n = 3) were the mainly used TCM therapies. Five RCTs showed a better effect in TCM group. Four trials used acupuncture, and three trials used acupoint injection. The results of two non-RCTs and one cohort study were not statistically significant. Two trials reported mild to moderate adverse events (pain and brief syncope caused by acupuncture or acupoint injection).

CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence focus on acupuncture and acupoint injection for PVOD and suggests that acupuncture and acupoint injection may be effective in improving PVOD. More well-designed trials should focus on acupuncture to confirm the benefit.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The protocol of this review was registered at PROSPERO: CRD42022366776.},
}

@article {pmid38829253,
year = {2024},
author = {Julide, T and Cigdem, T and Baris, T},
title = {Cognitive impairment in long-COVID.},
journal = {Ideggyogyaszati szemle},
volume = {77},
number = {5-6},
pages = {151-159},
doi = {10.18071/isz.77.0151},
pmid = {38829253},
issn = {0019-1442},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/psychology ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology/virology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Long Covid is a complex con&shy;dition characterised by symptoms that per&shy;sist for weeks and months after the Co&shy;vid infection, accompanied by cognitive im&shy;pairment that negatively affects daily life. Understanding this complex condition is im&shy;portant for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cognitive impairment in long-COVID, including its definition, symptoms, pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment tools, imaging abnormalities, potential biomarkers, management strategies, long-term outcomes, and future directions for research.

The search methodology used in this review aimed to include a wide range of research on cognitive impairment related to both COVID-19 and long-COVID. Systematic searches of PubMed and Google Scholar databases were conducted using a mixture of MeSH terms and keywords including ‘cognition’, ‘cognitive impairment’, ‘brain fog’, ‘COVID-19’ and ‘long-COVID’. The search was restricted to studies published in English between 1 January 2019 and 11 February 2024, which presented findings on neurological manifestations in human participants.

Long-COVID is characterized by persistent symptoms following COVID-19 infection, with cognitive impairment being a prominent feature. Symptoms include brain fog, difficulties with concentration, memory issues, and executive function deficits. Pa&shy;tho&shy;physiological mechanisms involve vi&shy;ral persistence, immune responses, and vas&shy;cular damage. Risk factors include age, pre-existing conditions, and disease seve&shy;rity. Cognitive assessment tools such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are essential for diagnosis. Imaging studies, including MRI, PET, and SPECT, reveal structural and functional brain alterations. Potential biomarkers include C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and neuron-specific enolase. Management strategies encompass cognitive rehabilitation, occupational therapy, medications, and lifestyle modifications.

Long-COVID poses a multifaceted challenge, and cognitive impairment significantly impacts patients’ lives. A multi&shy;disciplinary approach, including cognitive rehabilitation and medication when appropriate, is essential for effective management. Future research should focus on validating biomarkers and understanding long-term cognitive outcomes.

Conclusion &ndash; Long-COVID is a global health concern, and cognitive impairment is a distressing symptom. While pharmacological interventions have potential, they require careful consideration. Continued research is crucial for improving the understanding and treatment of cognitive impairment in long-COVID.

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/psychology
*Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology/virology
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Factors

@article {pmid38827682,
year = {2024},
author = {Ranjan, A and Agarwal, R and Mudgal, SK and Bhattacharya, S and Kumar, B},
title = {Young hearts at risk: Unveiling novel factors in myocardial infarction susceptibility and prevention.},
journal = {Journal of family medicine and primary care},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {1200-1205},
pmid = {38827682},
issn = {2249-4863},
abstract = {The increasing incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among the young population represents a significant and emerging health concern, contributing substantially to both mortality and morbidity. Unlike myocardial infarctions occurring in older individuals, traditional risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension exhibit a weaker association in the younger demographic. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of novel risk factors that contribute to AMI in young patients. In this review, we explore distinct risk factor profiles associated with young-onset AMI in comparison to older patients. Special attention is given to novel risk factors, examining their susceptibility factors and exploring preventive measures. The comprehensive risk profile of extremely young South Asians who develop early coronary arterial disease is not yet fully understood. There are many novel evolving risk factors associated with young AMI which need intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality. It has been seen that established inflammatory markers like lipoprotein (a), dyslipidaemia, long COVID, and new emerging risk factors like air pollution (micro- and nanoplastics), periodontitis, acute stress, energy drinks, misuse of recreational drugs may increase risk and influence treatment, and outcomes of AMI in this young population. Screening of emerging novel risk markers and their optimization is important in preventing young patients with AMI. The role of conventional risk factors should not be overlooked and should be treated aggressively. Sex and geographic-specific base approaches are required to reduce risk factors and prevent AMI in young. More prospective studies are needed to evaluate the increasing incidence of young AMI and its associated novel risk factors.},
}

@article {pmid38826995,
year = {2024},
author = {Prusinski, C and Yan, D and Klasova, J and McVeigh, KH and Shah, SZ and Fermo, OP and Kubrova, E and Farr, EM and Williams, LC and Gerardo-Manrique, G and Bergquist, TF and Pham, SM and Engelberg-Cook, E and Hare, JM and March, KL and Caplan, AI and Qu, W},
title = {Multidisciplinary Management Strategies for Long COVID: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {e59478},
pmid = {38826995},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of infections to date and has led to a worldwide pandemic. Most patients had a complete recovery from the acute infection, however, a large number of the affected individuals experienced symptoms that persisted more than 3 months after diagnosis. These symptoms most commonly include fatigue, memory difficulties, brain fog, dyspnea, cough, and other less common ones such as headache, chest pain, paresthesias, mood changes, muscle pain, and weakness, skin rashes, and cardiac, endocrine, renal and hepatic manifestations. The treatment of this syndrome remains challenging. A multidisciplinary approach to address combinations of symptoms affecting multiple organ systems has been widely adopted. This narrative review aims to bridge the gap surrounding the broad treatment approaches by providing an overview of multidisciplinary management strategies for the most common long COVID conditions.},
}

@article {pmid38827572,
year = {2021},
author = {Montes de Oca-B, P},
title = {Evidence of mitochondria origin of SARS-CoV-2 double-membrane vesicles: a review.},
journal = {F1000Research},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1009},
pmid = {38827572},
issn = {2046-1402},
abstract = {Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has infected in a year more than 200 million people and has killed almost 4.5 million people worldwide. This infection affects mainly certain groups of people that have high susceptibility to present severe COVID-19 due to comorbidities. Moreover, the long-COVID-19 comprises a series of symptoms that may remain in some patients for months after infection that further compromises health of individuals. Therefore, this pandemic poses a serious emergency worldwide. Thus, since this pandemic is profoundly affecting economic and social life of societies, a deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle could help to envisage novel therapeutic alternatives that limit or stop COVID-19. Several recent findings have unexpectedly found that mitochondria play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 cell infection. Indeed, it has been suggested that this organelle could be the origin of its replication niches, the double membrane vesicles (DMV), as its been observed with another virus. In this regard, mitochondria derived vesicles (MDV), involved in mitochondria quality control, were discovered more than 10 years ago and interestingly there is a population characterized by a double membrane. MDV shedding is induced by mitochondrial stress and it has a fast assembly dynamic, reason that perhaps has precluded their identification in electron microscopy or tomography studies. These and other features of MDV together with recent SARS-CoV-2 protein interactome with the host and other findings linking SARS-CoV-2 to mitochondria, support that these vesicles are the precursors of SARS-CoV-2 induced DMV. In this work, the celular, molecular, phenotypical and biochemical evidence that supports this hypothesis is reviewed and integrated into the current model of SARS-CoV-2 cell infection. In this scheme, some relevant questions are raised as pending topics for research that would help in the near future to test this hypothesis. The intention (abstract truncated).},
}

@article {pmid38819890,
year = {2024},
author = {Dalko, K and Elsuson, HA and Kalter, I and Zilezinski, M and Hofstetter, S and Stoevesandt, D and Paulicke, D and Jahn, P},
title = {Virtual Reality Applications for the Implementation of Domestic Respiratory Rehabilitation Programs for Patients With Long COVID and Post-COVID Condition: Scoping Review.},
journal = {JMIR serious games},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {e52309},
doi = {10.2196/52309},
pmid = {38819890},
issn = {2291-9279},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to a high number of patients affected by long COVID or post-COVID condition, an essential step to address the long-term effects of COVID-19 lies in the development and implementation of flexible and accessible rehabilitation programs. Virtual reality (VR) technologies offer the potential to support traditional therapies with individualized at-home programs.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide an overview of existing scientific evidence on the development and implementation of VR-assisted respiratory rehabilitation programs for patients with long COVID and post-COVID condition and to synthesize the results.

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of studies from 6 databases. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index, and PEDro were searched using an exploratory search strategy. The search, which was last updated in February 2024, included peer-reviewed studies on immersive VR applications providing respiratory rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long COVID or post-COVID condition. Exclusion criteria were studies in clinical or inpatient settings, telemedicine, nonimmersive VR applications, and gray literature. Nine publications were included in this review. Findings were extracted and summarized from the studies according to the JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) method and thematically categorized. Topics covered were study characteristics, physiotherapeutic concept, clinical parameters, as well as usability and acceptability.

RESULTS: The 9 publications included in the qualitative analysis were published in 2019-2023. Eight empirical studies were included: 4 followed a mixed methods design, 3 were qualitative studies, and 1 followed a quantitative method. One scoping review was included in the data analyses. Four of the included studies were on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 9 studies demonstrated that VR-supported respiratory rehabilitation programs result in positive initial outcomes in terms of physical as well as psychological parameters. Particularly noteworthy was the increased motivation and compliance of patients. However, adverse effects and lack of usability are the barriers to the implementation of this innovative approach.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, VR is a promising technology for the implementation of individualized and flexible respiratory rehabilitation programs for patients with long COVID and post-COVID condition. Nevertheless, corresponding approaches are still under development and need to be more closely adapted to the needs of users. Further, the evidence was limited to pilot studies or a small number of patients, and no randomized controlled trials or long-term studies were part of the study selection. The included studies were performed by 4 groups of researchers: 3 from Europe and 1 from the United States.},
}

@article {pmid38818469,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, J and Huang, Q and Liang, Y and Jiang, J and Yang, Y and Feng, J and Tan, X and Li, T},
title = {The Potential Mechanisms of Arrhythmia in Coronavirus disease-2019.},
journal = {International journal of medical sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {1366-1377},
pmid = {38818469},
issn = {1449-1907},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/virology ; *Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology/virology/physiopathology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which can cause severe cardiovascular complications including myocardial injury, arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome and others. Among these complications, arrhythmias are considered serious and life-threatening. Although arrhythmias have been associated with factors such as direct virus invasion leading to myocardial injury, myocarditis, immune response disorder, cytokine storms, myocardial ischemia/hypoxia, electrolyte abnormalities, intravascular volume imbalances, drug interactions, side effects of COVID-19 vaccines and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, the exact mechanisms of arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19 are complex and not well understood. In the present review, the literature was extensively searched to investigate the potential mechanisms of arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19. The aim of the current review is to provide clinicians with a comprehensive foundation for the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias associated with long COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/virology
*Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology/virology/physiopathology
*SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38802702,
year = {2024},
author = {Dehhaghi, M and Heydari, M and Panahi, HKS and Lewin, SR and Heng, B and Brew, BJ and Guillemin, GJ},
title = {The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38802702},
issn = {1439-0973},
support = {Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship//Macquarie University/ ; Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship//Macquarie University/ ; APP1176660//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders that can be acute, lasting days to weeks or months and possibly longer. The latter is known as long-COVID or more recently post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). During acute COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, known as the cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. The levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines are known to activate the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) leading to the production of several neurotoxic and immunosuppressive metabolites. There is already data showing elevation in KP metabolites both acutely and in PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it is likely that KP involvement is significant in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis especially neurologically.},
}

@article {pmid38800959,
year = {2024},
author = {Calvache-Mateo, A and Reychler, G and Heredia-Ciuró, A and Martín-Núñez, J and Ortiz-Rubio, A and Navas-Otero, A and Valenza, MC},
title = {Respiratory training effects in Long COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1080/17476348.2024.2358933},
pmid = {38800959},
issn = {1747-6356},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To date, it is unknown whether respiratory training interventions can benefit Long COVID-19 patients. The main objective was to analyze the effects of respiratory training on patients with Long COVID-19, concretely on respiratory muscle strength, lung function, dyspnea, and functional capacity.

METHODS: We performed a systematic review following PRISMA statement using PubMed, Scopus, and PEDro (last search November 2023). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. We included randomized controlled trials testing the effect of respiratory training interventions in Long COVID-19 patients versus no intervention, control, or placebo intervention. The data was pooled, and a meta-analysis was complete.

RESULTS: We selected 7 studies, which included 572 patients. Meta-analysis results show significant differences in favor of respiratory training in respiratory muscle strength (MD = 13.71; 95% CI = 5.41; 22; p = 0.001), dyspnea (SDM = 1.39; 95% CI = 0.33; 2.46; p = 0.01) and functional capacity (SDM = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.37; 1.43; p = 0.0009), but not in lung function (MD = 0.28; 95%CI = -0.27; 0.83; p = 0.32).

CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that respiratory training improves respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in Long COVID-19 patients, as well as dyspnea if combined with therapeutic exercise. However, respiratory training does not improve lung function in these patients.

CRD42022371820.},
}

@article {pmid38800038,
year = {2024},
author = {Sadowski, J and Klaudel, T and Rombel-Bryzek, A and Bułdak, RJ},
title = {Cognitive dysfunctions in the course of SARS‑CoV‑2 virus infection, including NeuroCOVID, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm (Review).},
journal = {Biomedical reports},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {103},
pmid = {38800038},
issn = {2049-9442},
abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cognitive impairment of varying degrees of severity began to be observed in a significant percentage of patients. The present study discussed the impact of immunological processes on structural and functional changes in the central nervous system and the related cognitive disorders. The purpose of the present review was to analyse and discuss available information from the scientific literature considering the possible relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection and cognitive impairment, including NeuroCOVID, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm. A systematic literature review was conducted using: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the PubMed database. When searching for materials, the following keywords were used: 'cognitive dysfunctions', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'COVID-19', 'Neuro-SARS2', 'NeuroCOVID', 'frontal syndrome', 'cytokine storm', 'Long COVID-19'. A total of 96 articles were included in the study. The analysis focused on the characteristics of each study's materials, methods, results and conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce or influence existing cognitive disorders of various nature and severity. The influence of immunological factors related to the response against SARS-CoV-2 on the disturbance of cerebral perfusion, the functioning of nerve cells and the neuroprotective effect has been demonstrated. Particular importance is attached to the cytokine storm and the related difference between pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, oxidative stress, disturbances in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the stress response of the body.},
}

@article {pmid38793710,
year = {2024},
author = {Kumar, A and Tripathi, P and Kumar, P and Shekhar, R and Pathak, R},
title = {From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {38793710},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.},
}

@article {pmid38791759,
year = {2024},
author = {Gebremeskel, TG and Romeo, F and Shama, AT and Bonevski, B and Trigg, J},
title = {Facilitators and Barriers to Lung Cancer Screening during Long COVID: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Study Synthesis of Qualitative Research.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {38791759},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis/psychology ; *COVID-19/psychology ; *Early Detection of Cancer/psychology ; *Qualitative Research ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Background: Participation in targeted screening reduces lung cancer mortality by 30-60%, but screening is not universally available. Therefore, the study aimed to synthesize the evidence and identify facilitators and barriers to lung cancer screening participation globally. Methods: Two reviewers screened primary studies using qualitative methods published up to February 2023. We used two-phase synthesis consistent with a meta-study methodology to create an interpretation of lung cancer screening decisions grounded in primary studies, carried out a thematic analysis of group themes as specific facilitators and barriers, systematically compared investigations for similarities and differences, and performed meta-synthesis to generate an expanded theory of lung cancer screening participation. We used the Social Ecological Model to organize and interpret the themes: individual, interpersonal, social/cultural, and organizational/structural levels. Results: Fifty-two articles met the final inclusion criteria. Themes identified as facilitating lung cancer screening included prioritizing patient education, quality of communication, and quality of provider-initiated encounter/coordination of care (individual patient and provider level), quality of the patient-provider relationship (interpersonal group), perception of a life's value and purpose (cultural status), quality of tools designed, and care coordination (and organizational level). Themes coded as barriers included low awareness, fear of cancer diagnosis, low perceived benefit, high perceived risk of low-dose computerized tomography, concern about cancer itself, practical obstacle, futility, stigma, lack of family support, COVID-19 fear, disruptions in cancer care due to COVID-19, inadequate knowledge of care providers, shared decision, and inadequate time (individual level), patient misunderstanding, poor rapport, provider recommendation, lack of established relationship, and confusing decision aid tools (interpersonal group), distrust in the service, fatalistic beliefs, and perception of aging (cultural level), and lack of institutional policy, lack of care coordinators, inadequate infrastructure, absence of insurance coverage, and costs (and organizational status). Conclusions: This study identified critical barriers, facilitators, and implications to lung cancer screening participation. Therefore, we employed strategies for a new digital medicine (artificial intelligence) screening method to balance the cost-benefit, "workdays" lost in case of disease, and family hardship, which is essential to improve lung cancer screening uptake.},
}

Humans
*Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis/psychology
*COVID-19/psychology
*Early Detection of Cancer/psychology
*Qualitative Research
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38785750,
year = {2024},
author = {Calcaterra, V and Zanelli, S and Foppiani, A and Verduci, E and Benatti, B and Bollina, R and Bombaci, F and Brucato, A and Cammarata, S and Calabrò, E and Cirnigliaro, G and Della Torre, S and Dell'osso, B and Moltrasio, C and Marzano, AV and Nostro, C and Romagnuolo, M and Trotta, L and Savasi, V and Smiroldo, V and Zuccotti, G},
title = {Long COVID in Children, Adults, and Vulnerable Populations: A Comprehensive Overview for an Integrated Approach.},
journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {38785750},
issn = {2079-9721},
abstract = {Long COVID affects both children and adults, including subjects who experienced severe, mild, or even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have provided a comprehensive overview of the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of persistent COVID-19 symptoms in both children and adults, encompassing vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and oncological patients. Our objective is to emphasize the critical significance of adopting an integrated approach for the early detection and appropriate management of long COVID. The incidence and severity of long COVID symptoms can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients and the course of disease in the case of pre-existing pathologies. Particularly, in fragile and vulnerable patients, the presence of PASC is related to significantly worse survival, independent from pre-existing vulnerabilities and treatment. It is important try to achieve an early recognition and management. Various mechanisms are implicated, resulting in a wide range of clinical presentations. Understanding the specific mechanisms and risk factors involved in long COVID is crucial for tailoring effective interventions and support strategies. Management approaches involve comprehensive biopsychosocial assessments and treatment of symptoms and comorbidities, such as autonomic dysfunction, as well as multidisciplinary rehabilitation. The overall course of long COVID is one of gradual improvement, with recovery observed in the majority, though not all, of patients. As the research on long-COVID continues to evolve, ongoing studies are likely to shed more light on the intricate relationship between chronic diseases, such as oncological status, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and the persistent effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This information could guide healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers in developing targeted interventions.},
}

@article {pmid38779550,
year = {2024},
author = {Tunnell, NC and Corner, SE and Roque, AD and Kroll, JL and Ritz, T and Meuret, AE},
title = {Biobehavioral approach to distinguishing panic symptoms from medical illness.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1296569},
pmid = {38779550},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {Panic disorder is a common psychiatric diagnosis characterized by acute, distressing somatic symptoms that mimic medically-relevant symptoms. As a result, individuals with panic disorder overutilize personal and healthcare resources in an attempt to diagnose and treat physical symptoms that are often medically benign. A biobehavioral perspective on these symptoms is needed that integrates psychological and medical knowledge to avoid costly treatments and prolonged suffering. This narrative review examines six common somatic symptoms of panic attacks (non-cardiac chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, dizziness, abdominal distress, and paresthesia), identified in the literature as the most severe, prevalent, or critical for differential diagnosis in somatic illness, including long COVID. We review somatic illnesses that are commonly comorbid or produce panic-like symptoms, their relevant risk factors, characteristics that assist in distinguishing them from panic, and treatment approaches that are typical for these conditions. Additionally, this review discusses key factors, including cultural considerations, to assist healthcare professionals in differentiating benign from medically relevant symptoms in panic sufferers.},
}

@article {pmid38776716,
year = {2024},
author = {Svensson Akusjärvi, S and Zanoni, I},
title = {Yin and yang of interferons: lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.},
journal = {Current opinion in immunology},
volume = {87},
number = {},
pages = {102423},
doi = {10.1016/j.coi.2024.102423},
pmid = {38776716},
issn = {1879-0372},
abstract = {The host immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 includes the induction of a group of natural antiviral cytokines called interferons (IFNs). Although originally recognized for their ability to potently counteract infections, the mechanistic functions of IFNs in patients with varying severities of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have highlighted a more complex scenario. Cellular and molecular analyses have revealed that timing, location, and subtypes of IFNs produced during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection play a major role in determining disease progression and severity. In this review, we summarize what the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us about the protective and detrimental roles of IFNs during the inflammatory response elicited against a new respiratory virus across different ages and its longitudinal consequences in driving the development of long COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid38775379,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, AY and Li, WX and Li, J},
title = {Emerging trends in management of long COVID with a focus on pulmonary rehabilitation: A review.},
journal = {The clinical respiratory journal},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {e13777},
pmid = {38775379},
issn = {1752-699X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/rehabilitation ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Quality of Life ; Telemedicine/trends ; Dyspnea/etiology/rehabilitation ; Exercise Therapy/methods ; Critical Illness ; },
abstract = {Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), represents a complex condition with persistent symptoms following SARS-Cov-2 infection. The symptoms include fatigue, dyspnoea, cognitive impairment, decreased quality of life in variable levels of severity. Potential mechanisms behind long COVID include vascular damage, immune dysregulation and viral persistence. Diagnosing long COVID involves medical evaluation by multidisciplinary team and assessment of persistent symptoms with scoring systems in development. Treatment strategies are symptom-focused, encompassing multidisciplinary care, rehabilitation and tailored exercise programmes. Pulmonary rehabilitation, an effective and critical component of long COVID management, has shown promise, particularly for patients with respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea. These programmes, which combine exercise, breathing techniques, education and psychological support, improve symptoms, quality of life and overall recovery. Innovative technologies, such as telemedicine, wearable devices, telerehabilitation, are transforming long COVID management. Telemedicine facilitates consultations and interventions, eliminating healthcare access barriers. Wearable devices enable remote and continuous monitoring of patients during their rehabilitation activities. Telerehabilitation has proven to be safe and feasible and to have high potential for COVID-19 recovery. This review provides a concise overview of long COVID, encompassing its definition, prevalence, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management approaches. It emphasizes the significance of multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment of long COVID, with focus on pulmonary rehabilitation and innovative technology advances to effectively address the management of long COVID.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/rehabilitation
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*SARS-CoV-2
Quality of Life
Telemedicine/trends
Dyspnea/etiology/rehabilitation
Exercise Therapy/methods
Critical Illness

@article {pmid38774167,
year = {2024},
author = {Olumuyide, E and Agwuegbo, CC and Ahmed, EN},
title = {Exploring the Heart Failure Connection in Long COVID Patients: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {e58694},
pmid = {38774167},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {In this narrative review, we explore the relationship between long COVID patients and their risk of developing heart failure (HF). Patients with long COVID face a heightened risk of HF, a critical cardiovascular complication linked to the prolonged effects of COVID-19. Clinical manifestations of long COVID-associated HF present diagnostic challenges, complicating patient management. Multidisciplinary care is essential to address these complexities effectively. We found that long COVID can result in various cardiovascular issues including HF. The current view is long COVID leads to HF by activating systemic inflammation by causing endothelial dysfunction, which leads to activation of the complement pathways, tissue factor pathways, and Von Willebrand factor; activation of all these factors leads to venous and arterial thrombosis, which could lead to clogging of blood vessel of the heart leading to cardiovascular complications. The association between long COVID and HF can be challenging despite being recognized as comorbidity because biomarkers are not dependable in determining whether a patient had HF before or after contracting COVID-19. Emerging therapeutic modalities offer hope for improving outcomes, but further research is needed to refine management strategies and mitigate long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid38772083,
year = {2024},
author = {Silva-Passadouro, B and Tamasauskas, A and Khoja, O and Casson, AJ and Delis, I and Brown, C and Sivan, M},
title = {A systematic review of quantitative EEG findings in Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID.},
journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {163},
number = {},
pages = {209-222},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2024.04.019},
pmid = {38772083},
issn = {1872-8952},
abstract = {Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Long COVID (LC) are similar multisymptom clinical syndromes but with difference in dominant symptoms in each individual. There is existing and emerging literature on possible functional alterations of the central nervous system in these conditions. This review aims to synthesise and appraise the literature on resting-state quantitative EEG (qEEG) in FMS, ME/CFS and LC, drawing on previous research on FMS and ME/CFS to help understand neuropathophysiology of the new condition LC. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases for articles published between December 1994 and September 2023 was performed. Out of the initial 2510 studies identified, 17 articles were retrieved that met all the predetermined selection criteria, particularly of assessing qEEG changes in one of the three conditions compared to healthy controls. All studies scored moderate to high quality on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. There was a general trend for decreased low-frequency EEG band activity (delta, theta, and alpha) and increased high-frequency EEG beta activity in FMS, differing to that found in ME/CFS. The limited LC studies included in this review focused mainly on cognitive impairments and showed mixed findings not consistent with patterns observed in FMS and ME/CFS. Our findings suggest different patterns of qEEG brainwave activity in FMS and ME/CFS. Further research is required to explore whether there are phenotypes within LC that have EEG signatures similar to FMS or ME/CFS. This could inform identification of reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for neuromodulation therapies tailored to each clinical syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid38771409,
year = {2024},
author = {Baig, AM and Rosko, S and Jaeger, B and Gerlach, J and Rausch, H},
title = {Unraveling the enigma of long COVID: novel aspects in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment protocols.},
journal = {Inflammopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38771409},
issn = {1568-5608},
abstract = {Long COVID, now unmistakably identified as a syndromic entity encompassing a complex spectrum of symptoms, demands immediate resolution of its elusive pathogenic underpinnings. The intricate interplay of diverse factors presents a complex puzzle, difficult to resolve, and thus poses a substantial challenge. As instances of long COVID manifest by repeated infections of SARS-CoV-2 and genetic predisposition, a detailed understanding in this regard is needed. This endeavor is a comprehensive exploration and analysis of the cascading pathogenetic events driven by viral persistence and replication. Beyond its morbidity, long COVID, more disabling than fatal, exacts one of the most substantial tolls on public health in contemporary times, with the potential to cripple national economies. The paper introduces a unified theory of long COVID, detailing a novel pathophysiological framework that interlinks persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, autoimmunity, and systemic vascular pathology. We posit a model where viral reservoirs, immune dysregulation, and genetic predispositions converge to perpetuate disease. It challenges prevailing hypotheses with new evidence, suggesting innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The paper aims to shift the paradigm in long COVID research by providing an integrative perspective that encapsulates the multifaceted nature of the condition. We explain the immunological mechanisms, hypercoagulability states, and viral reservoirs in the skull that feed NeuroCOVID in patients with long COVID. Also, this study hints toward a patient approach and how to prioritize treatment sequences in long COVID patients in hospitals and clinics.},
}

@article {pmid38768458,
year = {2024},
author = {Chou, R and Herman, E and Ahmed, A and Anderson, J and Selph, S and Dana, T and Williams, L and Ivlev, I},
title = {Long COVID Definitions and Models of Care : A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7326/M24-0677},
pmid = {38768458},
issn = {1539-3704},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Definitions of long COVID are evolving, and optimal models of care are uncertain.

PURPOSE: To perform a scoping review on definitions of long COVID and provide an overview of care models, including a proposed framework to describe and distinguish models.

DATA SOURCES: English-language articles from Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, SocINDEX, Scopus, Embase, and CINAHL published between January 2021 and November 2023; gray literature; and discussions with 18 key informants.

STUDY SELECTION: Publications describing long COVID definitions or models of care, supplemented by models described by key informants.

DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified for accuracy by another reviewer.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 1960 screened citations, 38 were included. Five clinical definitions of long COVID varied with regard to timing since symptom onset and the minimum duration required for diagnosis; 1 additional definition was symptom score-based. Forty-nine long COVID care models were informed by 5 key principles: a core "lead" team, multidisciplinary expertise, comprehensive access to diagnostic and therapeutic services, a patient-centered approach, and providing capacity to meet demand. Seven characteristics provided a framework for distinguishing models: home department or clinical setting, clinical lead, collocation of other specialties, primary care role, population managed, use of teleservices, and whether the model was practice- or systems-based. Using this framework, 10 representative practice-based and 3 systems-based models of care were identified.

LIMITATIONS: Published literature often lacked key model details, data were insufficient to assess model outcomes, and there was overlap between and variability within models.

CONCLUSION: Definitions of long COVID and care models are evolving. Research is needed to optimize models and evaluate outcomes of different models.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (Protocol posted at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/long-covid-models-care/protocol.).},
}

@article {pmid38765079,
year = {2024},
author = {Ho, WY and Shen, ZH and Chen, Y and Chen, TH and Lu, X and Fu, YS},
title = {Therapeutic implications of quercetin and its derived-products in COVID-19 protection and prophylactic.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {e30080},
pmid = {38765079},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel human coronavirus, which has triggered a global pandemic of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases continue to challenge human health worldwide. The virus conquers human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor-driven pathway by mostly targeting the human respiratory tract. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely represented in the plant kingdom. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that quercetin and its derivatives have various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-microbial, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cardio-protective effects, because it is a potential treatment for severe inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, it is the main life-threatening condition in patients with COVID-19. This article provides a comprehensive review of the primary literature on the predictable effectiveness of quercetin and its derivatives docked to multi-target of SARS-CoV-2 and host cells via in silico and some of validation through in vitro, in vivo, and clinically to fight SARS-CoV-2 infections, contribute to the reduction of inflammation, which suggests the preventive and therapeutic latency of quercetin and its derived-products against COVID-19 pandemic, multisystem inflammatory syndromes (MIS), and long-COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38761526,
year = {2024},
author = {Goldenberg, DL},
title = {How to understand the overlap of long COVID, chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndromes.},
journal = {Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism},
volume = {67},
number = {},
pages = {152455},
doi = {10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152455},
pmid = {38761526},
issn = {1532-866X},
abstract = {Long COVID should be limited to patients with multiple, persistent symptoms not related to well-defined organ damage. Once redefined, a focused review of long COVID demonstrates striking similarity to chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), fibromyalgia (FM) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Research in long COVID has revealed similar findings to those noted in CFS/ME and FM, characterized by central nervous system organ dysfunction. Long COVID, like CFS/ME, FM and IBS, is best understood as a bidirectional mind-body, neuroimmune illness.},
}

@article {pmid38755365,
year = {2024},
author = {Berlit, P},
title = {[Not Available].},
journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin},
volume = {166},
number = {9},
pages = {24},
doi = {10.1007/s15006-024-3936-x},
pmid = {38755365},
issn = {1613-3560},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Biomarkers/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Biomarkers/blood
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid38749402,
year = {2024},
author = {Anastassopoulou, C and Davaris, N and Ferous, S and Siafakas, N and Boufidou, F and Anagnostopoulos, K and Tsakris, A},
title = {The Molecular Basis of Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Long COVID.},
journal = {Lifestyle genomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1159/000539292},
pmid = {38749402},
issn = {2504-3188},
abstract = {Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is not uncommon following viral infection. Herein, we explore the interplay of host genetics with viral correlates in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)- and long COVID-related OD, and its diagnosis and treatment that remain challenging. Two genes associated with olfaction, UGT2A1 and UGT2A2, appear to be involved in COVID-19-related anosmia, a hallmark symptom of acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), particularly in the early stages of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infects olfactory support cells, sustentacular and Bowman gland cells, that surround olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) where the initial step of odor detection takes place. Anosmia primarily arises from the infection of support cells of the OE, followed by the deciliation and disruption of OE integrity, typically without OSN infection. Through the projected axons of OSNs, the virus could theoretically reach the olfactory bulb and brain, but current evidence points against this route. Intriguingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection of support cells leads to profound alterations in the nuclear architecture of OSNs, leading to the downregulation of odorant receptor-related genes, e.g., of Adcy3. Viral factors associated with the development of OD include spike protein aminoacidic changes, e.g., D614G, the first substitution that was selected early during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. More recent variants of the Omicron family are less likely to cause OD compared to Delta or Alpha, although OD has been associated with a milder disease course. OD is one of the most prevalent post-acute neurologic symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The tens of millions of people worldwide who have lingering problems with OD wait eagerly for effective new treatments that will restore their sense of smell which adds value to their quality of life.},
}

@article {pmid38746044,
year = {2024},
author = {Chen, XY and Lu, CL and Wang, QY and Pan, XR and Zhang, YY and Wang, JL and Liao, JY and Hu, NC and Wang, CY and Duan, BJ and Liu, XH and Jin, XY and Hunter, J and Liu, JP},
title = {Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine for fatigue post COVID-19 infection: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Integrative medicine research},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {101039},
pmid = {38746044},
issn = {2213-4220},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue is a predominant symptom of post COVID-19 condition, or long COVID. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) for fatigue post COVID-19 infection.

METHODS: Ten English and Chinese language databases and grey literature were searched up to 12 April 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Cochrane "Risk of bias" (RoB) tool was applied. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Effect estimates were presented as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS: Thirteen RCTs with 1632 participants were included. One RCT showed that Bufei Huoxue herbal capsules reduced fatigue (n=129, MD -14.90, 95%CI -24.53 to -5.27), one RCT reported that Ludangshen herbal liquid lowered fatigue (n=184, MD -1.90, 95%CI -2.38 to -1.42), and the other one RCT shown that fatigue disappearance rate was higher with Ludangshen herbal liquid (n=184, RR 4.19, 95%CI 2.06 to 8.53). Compared to traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation (TCM-rahab) alone, one RCT showed that fatigue symptoms were lower following Qingjin Yiqi granules plus TCM-rehab (n=388, MD -0.48, 95%CI -0.50 to -0.46). Due to concerns with RoB and/or imprecision, the certainty in this evidence was low to very low. No serious adverse events was reported.

CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence suggests that various TCIM interventions might reduce post COVID-19 fatigue. Larger, high quality RCTs of longer duration are required to confirm these preliminary findings.

STUDY REGISTRATION: The protocol of this review has been registered at PROSPERO: CRD42022384136.},
}

@article {pmid38732592,
year = {2024},
author = {Sinopoli, A and Sciurti, A and Isonne, C and Santoro, MM and Baccolini, V},
title = {The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {38732592},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dietary Supplements ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/mortality ; *Vitamins/therapeutic use ; *Vitamin D/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *Ascorbic Acid/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vitamin A/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72-0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins' potential effects against SARS-CoV-2.},
}

Humans
*Dietary Supplements
*COVID-19/prevention & control/mortality
*Vitamins/therapeutic use
*Vitamin D/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
*Ascorbic Acid/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*SARS-CoV-2
*Vitamin A/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use

@article {pmid38732160,
year = {2024},
author = {Riou, M and Coste, F and Meyer, A and Enache, I and Talha, S and Charloux, A and Reboul, C and Geny, B},
title = {Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vasculopathy in Acute and Long-Term COVID-19: A Review.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {38732160},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Lung/blood supply/pathology/virology ; Pulmonary Embolism/virology/etiology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology/physiopathology/virology/pathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Thrombosis/virology/etiology/pathology ; },
abstract = {Despite the end of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major public health concern. The first waves of the virus led to a better understanding of its pathogenesis, highlighting the fact that there is a specific pulmonary vascular disorder. Indeed, COVID-19 may predispose patients to thrombotic disease in both venous and arterial circulation, and many cases of severe acute pulmonary embolism have been reported. The demonstrated presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the endothelial cells suggests that direct viral effects, in addition to indirect effects of perivascular inflammation and coagulopathy, may contribute to pulmonary vasculopathy in COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the pathological mechanisms leading to pulmonary vascular damage during acute infection, which appear to be mainly related to thromboembolic events, an impaired coagulation cascade, micro- and macrovascular thrombosis, endotheliitis and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. As many patients develop post-COVID symptoms, including dyspnea, we also discuss the hypothesis of pulmonary vascular damage and pulmonary hypertension as a sequela of the infection, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of long COVID.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Lung/blood supply/pathology/virology
Pulmonary Embolism/virology/etiology
Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology/physiopathology/virology/pathology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Thrombosis/virology/etiology/pathology

@article {pmid38711990,
year = {2024},
author = {Zifko, U and Guendling, K and Seet, R and Kasper, S},
title = {Management of cognitive impairment associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome: recommendations for primary care.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1338235},
pmid = {38711990},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Introduction: Although post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) with cognitive impairment is increasingly encountered in primary care, evidence-based recommendations for its appropriate management are lacking. Methods: A systematic literature search evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with PCS was conducted. Practical recommendations for the management of PCS-associated cognitive impairment in primary care are summarized, based on an evaluation of pharmacological plausibility and clinical applications. Results: Currently, the pathology of cognitive impairment associated with PCS remains unclear with no high-quality data to support targeted interventions. Existing treatment approaches are directed towards symptom relief where counseling on the chronicity of the disease and regular reassessments at 4- to 8-week intervals is considered reasonable. Patients should be informed and encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle that centers around balanced nutrition and appropriate physical activities. They may also benefit from the intake of vitamins, micronutrients, and probiotics. The administration of Ginkgo biloba extract could offer a safe and potentially beneficial treatment option. Other non-pharmacological measures include physiotherapy, digitally supported cognitive training, and, if indicated, ergotherapy or speech therapy. In most patients, symptoms improve within 8 weeks. If serious, ambiguous, or when new symptoms occur, specialized diagnostic measures such as comprehensive neurocognitive testing or neuroimaging should be initiated. Very few patients would require inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusion: PCS with cognitive impairment is a debilitating condition that could affect daily functioning and reduce work productivity. Management in primary care should adopt a multidisciplinary approach, centering around physical, cognitive, and pharmacological therapies.},
}

@article {pmid38700879,
year = {2024},
author = {Cogliandro, V and Bonfanti, P},
title = {Long COVID: lights and shadows on the clinical characterization of this emerging pathology.},
journal = {The new microbiologica},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {15-27},
pmid = {38700879},
issn = {1121-7138},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology ; Risk Factors ; Quality of Life ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {More than 800 million individuals have contracted SARSCOV2 infection worldwide. It was estimated that almost 10-20% of these might suffer from Long COVID. It is a multisystemic syndrome, which negatively affects the quality of life with a significant burden of health loss compared to COVID negative individuals. Moreover, the risk of sequelae still remains high at 2 years in both nonhospitalized and hospitalized individuals. This review summarizes studies regarding long COVID and clarifies the definitions, the risk factors and the management of this syndrome. Finally, it delves into the most frequent long-term outcomes, especially postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome" (POTS), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), brain fog, and their therapeutical possibilities.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology
Risk Factors
Quality of Life
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology

@article {pmid38695969,
year = {2024},
author = {Gorenshtein, A and Liba, T and Leibovitch, L and Stern, S and Stern, Y},
title = {Intervention modalities for brain fog caused by long-COVID: systematic review of the literature.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38695969},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {Individuals suffering from long-COVID can present with "brain fog", which is characterized by a range of cognitive impairments, such as confusion, short-term memory loss, and difficulty concentrating. To date, several potential interventions for brain fog have been considered. Notably, no systematic review has comprehensively discussed the impact of each intervention type on brain fog symptoms. We included studies on adult (aged > 18 years) individuals with proven long- COVID brain-fog symptoms from PubMed, MEDLINE, Central, Scopus, and Embase. A search limit was set for articles published between 01/2020 and 31/12/2023. We excluded studies lacking an objective assessment of brain fog symptoms and patients with preexisting neurological diseases that affected cognition before COVID-19 infection. This review provided relevant information from 17 studies. The rehabilitation studies utilized diverse approaches, leading to a range of outcomes in terms of the effectiveness of the interventions. Six studies described noninvasive brain stimulation, and all showed improvement in cognitive ability. Three studies described hyperbaric oxygen therapy, all of which showed improvements in cognitive assessment tests and brain perfusion. Two studies showed that the use of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin (PEA-LUT) improved cognitive impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy showed promising results in the treatment of brain fog symptoms caused by long-COVID, with improved perfusion and cortical excitability. Furthermore, both rehabilitation strategies and PEA-LUT administration have been associated with improvements in symptoms of brain fog. Future studies should explore combinations of interventions and include longer follow-up periods to assess the long-term effects of these treatments.},
}

@article {pmid38693436,
year = {2024},
author = {Văcăraş, V and Vulturar, R and Chiş, A and Damian, L},
title = {Inclusion body myositis, viral infections, and TDP-43: a narrative review.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {91},
pmid = {38693436},
issn = {1591-9528},
mesh = {*Myositis, Inclusion Body/virology ; Humans ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/virology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The ubiquitous RNA-processing molecule TDP-43 is involved in neuromuscular diseases such as inclusion body myositis, a late-onset acquired inflammatory myopathy. TDP-43 solubility and function are disrupted in certain viral infections. Certain viruses, high viremia, co-infections, reactivation of latent viruses, and post-acute expansion of cytotoxic T cells may all contribute to inclusion body myositis, mainly in an age-shaped immune landscape. The virally induced senescent, interferon gamma-producing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells with increased inflammatory, and cytotoxic features are involved in the occurrence of inclusion body myositis in most such cases, in a genetically predisposed host. We discuss the putative mechanisms linking inclusion body myositis, TDP-43, and viral infections untangling the links between viruses, interferon, and neuromuscular degeneration could shed a light on the pathogenesis of the inclusion body myositis and other TDP-43-related neuromuscular diseases, with possible therapeutic implications.},
}

*Myositis, Inclusion Body/virology
Humans
*Virus Diseases/immunology/virology
*DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid38692805,
year = {2024},
author = {Borczuk, AC},
title = {Pathology of COVID-19 Lung Disease.},
journal = {Surgical pathology clinics},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {203-214},
doi = {10.1016/j.path.2023.11.006},
pmid = {38692805},
issn = {1875-9157},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/pathology/complications ; *Lung/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Lung Diseases/pathology ; },
abstract = {The pathology of severe COVID-19 lung injury is predominantly diffuse alveolar damage, with other reported patterns including acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. Lung injury was caused by primary viral injury, exaggerated immune responses, and superinfection with bacteria and fungi. Although fatality rates have decreased from the early phases of the pandemic, persistent pulmonary dysfunction occurs and its pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/pathology/complications
*Lung/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2
Lung Diseases/pathology

@article {pmid38675914,
year = {2024},
author = {Nunes, JM and Kell, DB and Pretorius, E},
title = {Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells as a Systemic Pathological Axis in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38675914},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {142142//National Research Foundation/ ; NNF10CC1016517//Novo Nordisk Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Endothelial Cells/virology ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/physiopathology ; Herpesviridae/physiology ; *Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Virus Latency ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/pathology/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Understanding the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is critical for advancing treatment options. This review explores the novel hypothesis that a herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells (ECs) may underlie ME/CFS symptomatology. We review evidence linking herpesviruses to persistent EC infection and the implications for endothelial dysfunction, encompassing blood flow regulation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment-symptoms consistent with ME/CFS and Long COVID. This paper provides a synthesis of current research on herpesvirus latency and reactivation, detailing the impact on ECs and subsequent systemic complications, including latent modulation and long-term maladaptation. We suggest that the chronicity of ME/CFS symptoms and the multisystemic nature of the disease may be partly attributable to herpesvirus-induced endothelial maladaptation. Our conclusions underscore the necessity for further investigation into the prevalence and load of herpesvirus infection within the ECs of ME/CFS patients. This review offers conceptual advances by proposing an endothelial infection model as a systemic mechanism contributing to ME/CFS, steering future research toward potentially unexplored avenues in understanding and treating this complex syndrome.},
}

Humans
*Endothelial Cells/virology
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/physiopathology
Herpesviridae/physiology
*Herpesviridae Infections/virology
Virus Latency
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/pathology/physiopathology

@article {pmid38673384,
year = {2024},
author = {Diar Bakerly, N and Smith, N and Darbyshire, JL and Kwon, J and Bullock, E and Baley, S and Sivan, M and Delaney, B},
title = {Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38673384},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Long COVID (LC) is a global public health crisis affecting more than 70 million people. There is emerging evidence of different pathophysiological mechanisms driving the wide array of symptoms in LC. Understanding the relationships between mechanisms and symptoms helps in guiding clinical management and identifying potential treatment targets.

METHODS: This was a mixed-methods systematic review with two stages: Stage one (Review 1) included only existing systematic reviews (meta-review) and Stage two (Review 2) was a review of all primary studies. The search strategy involved Medline, Embase, Emcare, and CINAHL databases to identify studies that described symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms with statistical analysis and/or discussion of plausible causal relationships between mechanisms and symptoms. Only studies that included a control arm for comparison were included. Studies were assessed for quality using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools.

RESULTS: 19 systematic reviews were included in Review 1 and 46 primary studies in Review 2. Overall, the quality of reporting across the studies included in this second review was moderate to poor. The pathophysiological mechanisms with strong evidence were immune system dysregulation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and impaired gas transfer in the lungs. Other mechanisms with moderate to weak evidence were endothelial damage and hypercoagulation, mast cell activation, and auto-immunity to vascular receptors.

CONCLUSIONS: LC is a complex condition affecting multiple organs with diverse clinical presentations (or traits) underpinned by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. A 'treatable trait' approach may help identify certain groups and target specific interventions. Future research must include understanding the response to intervention based on these mechanism-based traits.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid38672973,
year = {2024},
author = {Ferous, S and Siafakas, N and Boufidou, F and Patrinos, GP and Tsakris, A and Anastassopoulou, C},
title = {Investigating ABO Blood Groups and Secretor Status in Relation to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38672973},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {The ABO blood groups, Lewis antigens, and secretor systems are important components of transfusion medicine. These interconnected systems have been also shown to be associated with differing susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, likely as the result of selection over the course of evolution and the constant tug of war between humans and infectious microbes. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the literature and to present the current state of knowledge on reported associations of the ABO, Lewis, and secretor blood groups with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Our main finding was that the A blood group may be associated with increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and possibly also with increased disease severity and overall mortality. The proposed pathophysiological pathways explaining this potential association include antibody-mediated mechanisms and increased thrombotic risk amongst blood group A individuals, in addition to altered inflammatory cytokine expression profiles. Preliminary evidence does not support the association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 vaccine response, or the risk of developing long COVID. Even though the emergency state of the pandemic is over, further research is needed especially in this area since tens of millions of people worldwide suffer from lingering COVID-19 symptoms.},
}

@article {pmid38672710,
year = {2024},
author = {Wu, BQ and Liu, DY and Shen, TC and Lai, YR and Yu, TL and Hsu, HL and Lee, HM and Liao, WC and Hsia, TC},
title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38672710},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an increasing population that is experiencing a wide range of long-lasting symptoms after recovery from the acute infection. Long COVID refers to this specific condition and is associated with diverse symptoms, such as fatigue, myalgias, dyspnea, headache, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative symptoms, anxiety, depression, and a sense of despair. The potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to improve chronic fatigue, cognitive impairments, and neurological disorders has been established; therefore, the use of HBOT to treat long COVID has also been studied. We conducted a literature search between 1 January 2019 and 30 October 2023, focusing on the clinical efficacy and utility of HBOT for treating long COVID and found ten clinical studies that fit the review topic, including one case report, five one-group pretest-posttest design studies, one safety report from a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and three complete reports of RCTs. Most studies found that HBOT can improve quality of life, fatigue, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cardiopulmonary function. Although HBOT has shown some benefits for long COVID symptoms, further rigorous large-scale RCTs are required to establish precise indications, protocols, and post-treatment evaluations.},
}

@article {pmid38672267,
year = {2024},
author = {Golzardi, M and Hromić-Jahjefendić, A and Šutković, J and Aydin, O and Ünal-Aydın, P and Bećirević, T and Redwan, EM and Rubio-Casillas, A and Uversky, VN},
title = {The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38672267},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions of people all over the world. Previous studies have shown that PASC impacts 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of which 50-70% are hospitalised. It has also been shown that 10-12% of those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected by PASC and its complications. The severity and the later development of PASC symptoms are positively associated with the early intensity of the infection.

RESULTS: The generated health complications caused by PASC involve a vast variety of organ systems. Patients affected by PASC have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. The cardiovascular system also has been involved and several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery diseases were reported. Chronic hematological problems such as thrombotic endothelialitis and hypercoagulability were described as conditions that could increase the risk of clotting disorders and coagulopathy in PASC patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, and cough in PASC patients were associated with the respiratory system in long-COVID causing respiratory distress syndrome. The observed immune complications were notable, involving several diseases. The renal system also was impacted, which resulted in raising the risk of diseases such as thrombotic issues, fibrosis, and sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, and male infertility. Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, and taste were also among reported observations due to several gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication of infection and long-term implications such as persistent cutaneous complaints linked to PASC.

CONCLUSIONS: Long-COVID is a multidimensional syndrome with considerable public health implications, affecting several physiological systems and demanding thorough medical therapy, and more study to address its underlying causes and long-term effects is needed.},
}

@article {pmid38672245,
year = {2024},
author = {Kell, DB and Lip, GYH and Pretorius, E},
title = {Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38672245},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation. We here ask the question whether the fibrinaloid microclots seen in plasma or serum may in fact also be a cause of (or contributor to) the development of AF. We consider known 'risk factors' for AF, and in particular, exogenous stimuli such as infection and air pollution by particulates, both of which are known to cause AF. The external accompaniments of both bacterial (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids) and viral (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) infections are known to stimulate fibrinaloid microclots when added in vitro, and fibrinaloid microclots, as with other amyloid proteins, can be cytotoxic, both by inducing hypoxia/reperfusion and by other means. Strokes and thromboembolisms are also common consequences of AF. Consequently, taking a systems approach, we review the considerable evidence in detail, which leads us to suggest that it is likely that microclots may well have an aetiological role in the development of AF. This has significant mechanistic and therapeutic implications.},
}

@article {pmid38672163,
year = {2024},
author = {Maniaci, A and Lavalle, S and Masiello, E and Lechien, JR and Vaira, L and Boscolo-Rizzo, P and Musa, M and Gagliano, C and Zeppieri, M},
title = {Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in the Treatment of Long COVID Olfactory Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38672163},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Long COVID has brought numerous challenges to healthcare, with olfactory dysfunction (OD) being a particularly distressing outcome for many patients. The persistent loss of smell significantly diminishes the affected individual's quality of life. Recent attention has been drawn to the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy as a treatment for OD. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP therapy in ameliorating OD, especially when associated with long-term COVID-19. Methods: We executed a comprehensive search of the literature, encompassing clinical trials and observational studies that utilized PRP in treating OD limited to COVID-19. We retrieved and comprehensively discussed data such as design, participant demographics, and reported outcomes, focusing on the efficacy and safety of PRP therapy for OD in COVID-19 patients. Results: Our comprehensive analysis interestingly found promising perspectives for PRP in OD following COVID-19 infection. The collective data indicate that PRP therapy contributed to a significant improvement in olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: The evidence amassed suggests that PRP is a promising and safe therapeutic option for OD, including cases attributable to Long COVID-19. The observed uniform enhancement of olfactory function in patients receiving PRP highlights the necessity for well-designed, controlled trials. Such studies would help to refine treatment protocols and more definitively ascertain the efficacy of PRP in a broader, more varied patient cohort.},
}

@article {pmid38671455,
year = {2024},
author = {Ghasemiyeh, P and Mohammadi-Samani, S},
title = {Lessons we learned during the past four challenging years in the COVID-19 era: pharmacotherapy, long COVID complications, and vaccine development.},
journal = {Virology journal},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {98},
pmid = {38671455},
issn = {1743-422X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccine Development ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Drug Repositioning ; },
abstract = {About four years have passed since the detection of the first cases of COVID-19 in China. During this lethal pandemic, millions of people have lost their lives around the world. Since the first waves of COVID-19 infection, various pharmacotherapeutic agents have been examined in the management of COVID-19. Despite all these efforts in pharmacotherapy, drug repurposing, and design and development of new drugs, multiple organ involvement and various complications occurred during COVID-19. Some of these complications became chronic and long-lasting which led to the "long COVID" syndrome appearance. Therefore, the best way to eradicate this pandemic is prophylaxis through mass vaccination. In this regard, various vaccine platforms including inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (mRNA and DNA vaccines), adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and protein-based subunit vaccines have been designed and developed to prevent or reduce COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality rates. In this focused review, at first, the most commonly reported clinical presentations of COVID-19 during these four years have been summarized. In addition, different therapeutic regimens and their latest status in COVID-19 management have been listed. Furthermore, the "long COVID" and related signs, symptoms, and complications have been mentioned. At the end, the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines with different platforms against early SARS-CoV-2 variants and currently circulating variants of interest (VOI) and the necessity of booster vaccine shots have been summarized and discussed in more detail.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Vaccine Development
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Drug Repositioning

@article {pmid38668888,
year = {2024},
author = {Molnar, T and Lehoczki, A and Fekete, M and Varnai, R and Zavori, L and Erdo-Bonyar, S and Simon, D and Berki, T and Csecsei, P and Ezer, E},
title = {Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38668888},
issn = {2509-2723},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has introduced the medical community to the phenomenon of long COVID, a condition characterized by persistent symptoms following the resolution of the acute phase of infection. Among the myriad of symptoms reported by long COVID sufferers, chronic fatigue, cognitive disturbances, and exercise intolerance are predominant, suggesting systemic alterations beyond the initial viral pathology. Emerging evidence has pointed to mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential underpinning mechanism contributing to the persistence and diversity of long COVID symptoms. This review aims to synthesize current findings related to mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID, exploring its implications for cellular energy deficits, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and endothelial dysfunction. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, we highlight the significance of mitochondrial health in the pathophysiology of long COVID, drawing parallels with similar clinical syndromes linked to post-infectious states in other diseases where mitochondrial impairment has been implicated. We discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial function, including pharmacological interventions, lifestyle modifications, exercise, and dietary approaches, and emphasize the need for further research and collaborative efforts to advance our understanding and management of long COVID. This review underscores the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID and calls for a multidisciplinary approach to address the gaps in our knowledge and treatment options for those affected by this condition.},
}

@article {pmid38668125,
year = {2024},
author = {Rudroff, T},
title = {Decoding Post-Viral Fatigue: The Basal Ganglia's Complex Role in Long-COVID.},
journal = {Neurology international},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {380-393},
pmid = {38668125},
issn = {2035-8385},
abstract = {Long-COVID afflicts millions with relentless fatigue, disrupting daily life. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize current evidence on the role of the basal ganglia in long-COVID fatigue, discuss potential mechanisms, and highlight promising therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Mounting evidence from PET, MRI, and functional connectivity data reveals basal ganglia disturbances in long-COVID exhaustion, including inflammation, metabolic disruption, volume changes, and network alterations focused on striatal dopamine circuitry regulating motivation. Theories suggest inflammation-induced signaling disturbances could impede effort/reward valuation, disrupt cortical-subcortical motivational pathways, or diminish excitatory input to arousal centers, attenuating drive initiation. Recent therapeutic pilots targeting basal ganglia abnormalities show provisional efficacy. However, heterogeneous outcomes, inconsistent metrics, and perceived versus objective fatigue discrepancies temper insights. Despite the growing research, gaps remain in understanding the precise pathways linking basal ganglia dysfunction to fatigue and validating treatment efficacy. Further research is needed to advance understanding of the basal ganglia's contribution to long-COVID neurological sequelae and offer hope for improving function across the expanding affected population.},
}

@article {pmid38666878,
year = {2024},
author = {Paradiso, B and Pauza, DH and Limback, C and Ottaviani, G and Thiene, G},
title = {From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: The Origins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38666878},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {This review explores the historical development of cardiology knowledge, from ancient Egyptian psychostasis to the modern comprehension of cardiac neuromodulation. In ancient Egyptian religion, psychostasis was the ceremony in which the deceased was judged before gaining access to the afterlife. This ritual was also known as the "weighing of the heart" or "weighing of the soul". The Egyptians believed that the heart, not the brain, was the seat of human wisdom, emotions, and memory. They were the first to recognize the cardiocentric nature of the body, identifying the heart as the center of the circulatory system. Aristotle (fourth century BC) considered the importance of the heart in human physiology in his philosophical analyses. For Galen (third century AD), the heart muscle was the site of the vital spirit, which regulated body temperature. Cardiology knowledge advanced significantly in the 15th century, coinciding with Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius's pioneering anatomical and physiological studies. It was William Harvey, in the 17th century, who introduced the concept of cardiac circulation. Servet's research and Marcello Malpighi's discovery of arterioles and capillaries provided a more detailed understanding of circulation. Richard Lower emerged as the foremost pioneer of experimental cardiology in the late 17th century. He demonstrated the heart's neural control by tying off the vagus nerve. In 1753, Albrecht von Haller, a professor at Göttingen, was the first to discover the heart's automaticity and the excitation of muscle fibers. Towards the end of the 18th century, Antonio Scarpa challenged the theories of Albrecht von Haller and Johann Bernhard Jacob Behrends, who maintained that the myocardium possessed its own "irritability", on which the heartbeat depended, and was independent of neuronal sensitivity. Instead, Scarpa argued that the heart required innervation to maintain life, refuting Galenic notions. In contemporary times, the study of cardiac innervation has regained prominence, particularly in understanding the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection (PASC), which frequently involves cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of the intrinsic cardiac innervation. Recently, it has been recognized that post-acute sequelae of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) due to other pathogens can also be a cause of long-term vegetative and somatic symptoms. Understanding cardiac innervation and modulation can help to recognize and treat long COVID and long non-COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) ARIs. This analysis explores the historical foundations of cardiac neuromodulation and its contemporary relevance. By focusing on this concept, we aim to bridge the gap between historical understanding and modern applications. This will illuminate the complex interplay between cardiac function, neural modulation, cardiovascular health, and disease management in the context of long-term cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of intrinsic cardiac innervations.},
}

@article {pmid38656063,
year = {2024},
author = {Martins, WRM and Cardoso, TV and Oliveira, AL and Fernandes, GS and Fontes, IFL and Dantas, JG and Miranda, JS and Martins, JE and Antunes, LN and Leite, TG},
title = {Long COVID-19 and mnemonic effects: an integrative literature review.},
journal = {Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)},
volume = {70},
number = {5},
pages = {e20231211},
pmid = {38656063},
issn = {1806-9282},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38652364,
year = {2024},
author = {Jasiczek, J and Doroszko, A and Trocha, T and Trocha, M},
title = {Role of the RAAS in mediating the pathophysiology of COVID-19.},
journal = {Pharmacological reports : PR},
volume = {76},
number = {3},
pages = {475-486},
pmid = {38652364},
issn = {2299-5684},
mesh = {Humans ; *Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology ; *COVID-19/physiopathology/metabolism ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) holds a position of paramount importance as enzymatic and endocrine homeostatic regulator concerning the water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Nevertheless, its intricacy is influenced by the presence of various complementary angiotensins and their specific receptors, thereby modifying the primary RAAS actions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as a surface receptor for SARS-CoV-2, establishing an essential connection between RAAS and COVID-19 infection. Despite the recurring exploration of the RAAS impact on the trajectory of COVID-19 along with the successful resolution of many inquiries, its complete role in the genesis of delayed consequences encompassing long COVID and cardiovascular thrombotic outcomes during the post-COVID phase as well as post-vaccination, remains not fully comprehended. Particularly noteworthy is the involvement of the RAAS in the molecular mechanisms underpinning procoagulant processes throughout COVID-19. These processes significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of organ complications as well as determine clinical outcomes and are discussed in this manuscript.},
}

Humans
*Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
*COVID-19/physiopathology/metabolism
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Animals

@article {pmid38651133,
year = {2024},
author = {Staub, K and Ballouz, T and Puhan, M},
title = {An Unwanted but Long-Known Company: Post-Viral Symptoms in the Context of Past Pandemics in Switzerland (and Beyond).},
journal = {Public health reviews},
volume = {45},
number = {},
pages = {1606966},
pmid = {38651133},
issn = {0301-0422},
abstract = {Objectives: Some people do not fully recover from an acute viral infection and experience persistent symptoms or incomplete recovery for months or even years. This is not unique to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and history shows that post-viral conditions like post COVID-19 condition, also referred to as Long Covid, are not new. In particular, during and after pandemics caused by respiratory viruses in which large parts of the population were infected or exposed, professional and public attention was increased, not least because of the large number of people affected. Methods: Given the current relevance of the topic, this article aims to narratively review and summarize the literature on post-viral symptoms during past pandemics and to supplement and illustrate it with Swiss examples from the pandemics of 1890, 1918-1920 and later. Results: Post-viral diseases were an increasingly emphasised health topic during and after past pandemics triggered by respiratory infections over the last 150 years. Conclusion: In the next pandemic, it should not be surprising that post-viral conditions will again play a role, and pandemic plans should reflect this.},
}

@article {pmid38641397,
year = {2024},
author = {Wills, CP and Perez, B and Moore, J},
title = {Coronavirus Disease 2019: Past, Present, and Future.},
journal = {Emergency medicine clinics of North America},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {415-442},
doi = {10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.002},
pmid = {38641397},
issn = {1558-0539},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is one of the most impactful diseases experienced in the past century. While the official national health emergency concluded in May of 2023, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to mutate. As the summer of 2023, all countries were experiencing a new surge of cases from the EG.5 Omicron variant. Additionally, a new genetically distinct Omicron descendant BA2.86 had been detected in multiple countries including the United States. This article seeks to offer lessons learned from the pandemic, summarize best evidence for current management of patients with COVID-19, and give insights into future directions with this disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38638307,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhao, J and Xia, F and Jiao, X and Lyu, X},
title = {Long COVID and its association with neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis, neuroimaging, and treatment.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1367974},
pmid = {38638307},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented unprecedented challenges to the world. Changes after acute COVID-19 have had a significant impact on patients with neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to explore the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases by examining the main pathways of central nervous system infection of SARS-CoV-2. Research has indicated that chronic inflammation and abnormal immune response are the primary factors leading to neuronal damage and long-term consequences of COVID-19. In some COVID-19 patients, the concurrent inflammatory response leads to increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may significantly impact the prognosis. Molecular imaging can accurately assess the severity of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with COVID-19 after the acute phase. Furthermore, the use of FDG-PET is advocated to quantify the relationship between neuroinflammation and psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Future development should focus on aggressive post-infection control of inflammation and the development of targeted therapies that target ACE2 receptors, ERK1/2, and Ca[2+].},
}

@article {pmid38631806,
year = {2024},
author = {Kane, AS and Godfrey, M and Noval Rivas, M and Arditi, M and Fasano, A and Yonker, LM},
title = {The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID.},
journal = {Annual review of virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839},
pmid = {38631806},
issn = {2327-0578},
abstract = {The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.},
}

@article {pmid38622352,
year = {2024},
author = {Chan, JF and Yuan, S and Chu, H and Sridhar, S and Yuen, KY},
title = {COVID-19 drug discovery and treatment options.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38622352},
issn = {1740-1534},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused substantial morbidity and mortality, and serious social and economic disruptions worldwide. Unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated older individuals with underlying diseases are especially prone to severe disease. In patients with non-fatal disease, long COVID affecting multiple body systems may persist for months. Unlike SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which have either been mitigated or remained geographically restricted, SARS-CoV-2 has disseminated globally and is likely to continue circulating in humans with possible emergence of new variants that may render vaccines less effective. Thus, safe, effective and readily available COVID-19 therapeutics are urgently needed. In this Review, we summarize the major drug discovery approaches, preclinical antiviral evaluation models, representative virus-targeting and host-targeting therapeutic options, and key therapeutics currently in clinical use for COVID-19. Preparedness against future coronavirus pandemics relies not only on effective vaccines but also on broad-spectrum antivirals targeting conserved viral components or universal host targets, and new therapeutics that can precisely modulate the immune response during infection.},
}

@article {pmid38614374,
year = {2024},
author = {Guarnieri, JW and Haltom, JA and Albrecht, YES and Lie, T and Olali, AZ and Widjaja, GA and Ranshing, SS and Angelin, A and Murdock, D and Wallace, DC},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 mitochondrial metabolic and epigenomic reprogramming in COVID-19.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {107170},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107170},
pmid = {38614374},
issn = {1096-1186},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/genetics/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Mitochondria/metabolism/genetics ; *Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Energy Metabolism ; Epigenomics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {To determine the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cellular metabolism, we conducted an exhaustive survey of the cellular metabolic pathways modulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and confirmed their importance for SARS-CoV-2 propagation by cataloging the effects of specific pathway inhibitors. This revealed that SARS-CoV-2 strongly inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) resulting in increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production. The elevated mROS stabilizes HIF-1α which redirects carbon molecules from mitochondrial oxidation through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to provide substrates for viral biogenesis. mROS also induces the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which activates innate immunity. The restructuring of cellular energy metabolism is mediated in part by SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 and Orf10 whose expression restructures nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mtDNA OXPHOS gene expression. These viral proteins likely alter the epigenome, either by directly altering histone modifications or by modulating mitochondrial metabolite substrates of epigenome modification enzymes, potentially silencing OXPHOS gene expression and contributing to long-COVID.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/metabolism/genetics/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Mitochondria/metabolism/genetics
*Oxidative Phosphorylation
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Epigenesis, Genetic
Energy Metabolism
Epigenomics
Animals

@article {pmid38612629,
year = {2024},
author = {Chagas, LDS and Serfaty, CA},
title = {The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {38612629},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {E-26/201.004/2021//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Child ; Humans ; *Microglia ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *COVID-19/complications ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Brain ; Disease Progression ; Cognition ; },
abstract = {Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults.},
}

Adult
Child
Humans
*Microglia
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*COVID-19/complications
Neuronal Plasticity
Brain
Disease Progression
Cognition

@article {pmid38611624,
year = {2024},
author = {Makhluf, H and Madany, H and Kim, K},
title = {Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {38611624},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Four years post-pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 continues to affect many lives across the globe. An estimated 65 million people suffer from long COVID, a term used to encapsulate the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infections that affect multiple organ systems. Known symptoms include chronic fatigue syndrome, brain fog, cardiovascular issues, autoimmunity, dysautonomia, and clotting due to inflammation. Herein, we review long COVID symptoms, the proposed theories behind the pathology, diagnostics, treatments, and the clinical trials underway to explore treatments for viral persistence, autonomic and cognitive dysfunctions, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.},
}

@article {pmid38605011,
year = {2024},
author = {Jiao, T and Huang, Y and Sun, H and Yang, L},
title = {Research progress of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Cell death & disease},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {257},
pmid = {38605011},
issn = {2041-4889},
support = {81970663//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Disease Progression ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly worldwide and infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. With the increasing number of COVID-19 patients discharged from hospitals, the emergence of its associated complications, sequelae, has become a new global health crisis secondary to acute infection. For the time being, such complications and sequelae are collectively called "Post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)", also referred to as "long COVID" syndrome. Similar to the acute infection period of COVID-19, there is also heterogeneity in PASC. This article reviews the various long-term complications and sequelae observed in multiple organ systems caused by COVID-19, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of PASC, aiming to raise awareness of PASC and optimize management strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Disease Progression

@article {pmid38596351,
year = {2024},
author = {Barilaite, E and Watson, H and Hocaoglu, MB},
title = {Understanding Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Used in Adult Survivors Experiencing Long-Term Effects After COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review.},
journal = {Journal of patient-centered research and reviews},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {36-50},
pmid = {38596351},
issn = {2330-0698},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used in individuals experiencing long-term effects from COVID-19 infection, or Long COVID, to evaluate the quality of life and functional status of these individuals. However, little is known about which PROMs are being utilised and the psychometric properties of these PROMs. Our purpose was thus to explore which PROMs are used in Long COVID patients and to discuss the psychometric properties of the PROMs.

METHODS: For this rapid review, a systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The found studies were screened using the PRISMA flowchart. We then performed study quality appraisal and assessed the psychometric properties of the found PROMs.

RESULTS: Per the systematic literature search and after removal of duplicates, 157 publications were identified for individual screening. After screening and eligibility assessment, 74 articles were selected for our review. In total, 74 PROMs were used and primarily comprised quality of life, fatigue, breathlessness, mental health, and smell/taste issues in COVID "long haulers." Five studies used newly developed, COVID-19-specific PROMs. We assessed the psychometric properties of the 10 most-used PROMs. The majority were found to be reliable and valid instruments. EQ-5D-5L was the most popular and highly rated PROM.

CONCLUSIONS: We assessed PROMs used in Long COVID patients and evaluated their psychometric properties. EQ-5D-5L was the most favourably rated PROM. PROMs addressing mental health issues are crucial in managing anxiety and depression in Long COVID patients. New COVID-specific PROMs assess functional status and smell/taste perception and show great utilisation potential in olfactory training at COVID smell clinics. However, many reviewed PROMs currently lack sufficient analysis of their psychometric properties. Therefore, future research needs to examine these measures.},
}

@article {pmid38590789,
year = {2024},
author = {Kikinis, Z and Castañeyra-Perdomo, A and González-Mora, JL and Rushmore, RJ and Toppa, PH and Haggerty, K and Papadimitriou, G and Rathi, Y and Kubicki, M and Kikinis, R and Heller, C and Yeterian, E and Besteher, B and Pallanti, S and Makris, N},
title = {Investigating the structural network underlying brain-immune interactions using combined histopathology and neuroimaging: a critical review for its relevance in acute and long COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1337888},
pmid = {38590789},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {Current views on immunity support the idea that immunity extends beyond defense functions and is tightly intertwined with several other fields of biology such as virology, microbiology, physiology and ecology. It is also critical for our understanding of autoimmunity and cancer, two topics of great biological relevance and for critical public health considerations such as disease prevention and treatment. Central to this review, the immune system is known to interact intimately with the nervous system and has been recently hypothesized to be involved not only in autonomic and limbic bio-behaviors but also in cognitive function. Herein we review the structural architecture of the brain network involved in immune response. Furthermore, we elaborate upon the implications of inflammatory processes affecting brain-immune interactions as reported recently in pathological conditions due to SARS-Cov-2 virus infection, namely in acute and post-acute COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss how current neuroimaging techniques combined with ad hoc clinical autopsies and histopathological analyses could critically affect the validity of clinical translation in studies of human brain-immune interactions using neuroimaging. Advances in our understanding of brain-immune interactions are expected to translate into novel therapeutic avenues in a vast array of domains including cancer, autoimmune diseases or viral infections such as in acute and post-acute or Long COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid38576710,
year = {2024},
author = {Peng, Z and Zheng, Y and Yang, Z and Zhang, H and Li, Z and Xu, M and Cui, S and Lin, R},
title = {Acupressure: a possible therapeutic strategy for anxiety related to COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1341072},
pmid = {38576710},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: From the end of 2019 to December 2023, the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic. The scope and ultimate repercussions of the pandemic on global health and well-being remained uncertain, ushering in a wave of fear, anxiety, and worry. This resulted in many individuals succumbing to fear and despair. Acupoint massage emerged as a safe and effective alternative therapy for anxiety relief. However, its efficacy was yet to be extensively backed by evidence-based medicine. This study aimed to enhance the clinical effectiveness of acupoint massage and extend its benefits to a wider population. It undertakes a systematic review of the existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of acupoint massage on anxiety treatment, discussing its potential benefits and implications. This research aims to furnish robust evidence supporting anxiety treatment strategies for patients afflicted with COVID-19 disease and spark new approaches to anxiety management.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the evidence derived from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quantifies the impact of acupressure on anxiety manifestations within the general population, and proposes viable supplementary intervention strategies for managing COVID-19 related anxiety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review included RCTs published between February 2014 and July 2023, that compared the effects of acupressure with sham control in alleviating anxiety symptomatology as the outcome measure. The studies were sourced from the multiple databases, including CINAHL, EBM Reviews, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. A meta-analysis was performed on the eligible studies, and an overall effect size was computed specifically for the anxiety outcome. The Cochrane Collaboration Bias Risk Assessment Tool (RevMan V5.4) was employed to assess bias risk, data integration, meta-analysis, and subgroup analysis. The mean difference, standard mean deviation, and binary data were used to represent continuous outcomes.

RESULTS: Of 1,110 studies of potential relevance, 39 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The majority of the studies reported a positive effect of acupressure in assuaging anticipatory anxiety about treatment. Eighteen studies were evaluated using the STAI scale. The acupressure procedures were thoroughly documented, and studies exhibited a low risk of bias. The cumulative results of the 18 trials showcased a more substantial reduction in anxiety in the acupressure group compared to controls (SMD = -5.39, 95% CI -5.61 to -5.17, p < 0.01). A subsequent subgroup analysis, based on different interventions in the control group, demonstrated improvement in anxiety levels with sham acupressure in improving changes in anxiety levels (SMD -1.61, 95% CI: -2.34 to -0.87, p < 0.0001), and blank controls (SMD -0.92, 95% CI: -2.37 to 0.53, p = 0.22).

CONCLUSION: In the clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of anxiety, acupressure demonstrated effectiveness in providing instant relief from anxiety related to multiple diseases with a medium effect size. Considering the increasing incidence of anxiety caused by long COVID, the widespread application of acupressure appears feasible. However, the results were inconsistent regarding improvements on physiological indicators, calling for more stringent reporting procedures, including allocation concealment, to solidify the findings.},
}

@article {pmid38568321,
year = {2024},
author = {Jiang, Y and Sadun, RE},
title = {What the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Has Taught Us About Immunosuppression, Vaccinations, and Immune Dysregulation: The Rheumatology Experience.},
journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports},
volume = {24},
number = {4},
pages = {221-232},
pmid = {38568321},
issn = {1534-6315},
support = {T32 HD094671/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Child ; Humans ; United States ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/*complications ; *Rheumatology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Vaccination ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review reflects on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the field of rheumatology, emphasizing resulting insights related to the risks of viral infections in immunosuppressed patients, vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised patients, and immune dysregulation in the setting of viral infection.

RECENT FINDINGS: During the pandemic, global patient registries provided real-time insights into the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in rheumatology patients. Updated evidence-based recommendations from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guided rheumatology practice during a time of considerable uncertainty. Studies on COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations enhanced our understanding of specific immunosuppressive therapies on vaccine efficacy. The immune dysregulation seen in severe COVID-19 underscored a role for immunomodulation in this and other severe infections. Furthermore, novel post-infectious conditions, namely multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Long COVID, reshaped our understanding of post-viral syndromes and revealed novel pathological mechanisms. Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate the power of collaborative research. The scientific revelations from this dreadful time will, nonetheless, benefit the practice of rheumatology for years to come.},
}

Child
Humans
United States
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/*complications
*Rheumatology
Pandemics/prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Immunosuppression Therapy
Vaccination
*Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

@article {pmid38561236,
year = {2024},
author = {Nlandu, Y and Tannor, EK and Bafemika, T and Makulo, JR},
title = {Kidney damage associated with COVID-19: from the acute to the chronic phase.},
journal = {Renal failure},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {2316885},
pmid = {38561236},
issn = {1525-6049},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Kidney/pathology ; *Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/pathology ; Inflammation/pathology ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) infection is well established as a systemic disease including kidney damage. The entry point into the renal cell remains the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and the spectrum of renal lesions is broad, with a clear predominance of structural and functional tubular lesions. The most common form of glomerular injury is collapsing glomerulopathy (CG), which is strongly associated with apolipoprotein L1(APOL-1) risk variants. These acute lesions, which are secondary to the direct or indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2, can progress to chronicity and are specific to long COVID-19 in the absence of any other cause. Residual inflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to acute kidney injury (AKI) as a transitional state with or without severe histological lesions, may be responsible for greater kidney function decline in mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This review discusses the evidence for renal histological markers of chronicity in COVID-19 patients and triggers of low-grade inflammation that may explain the decline in kidney function in the post-COVID-19 period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Kidney/pathology
*Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/pathology
Inflammation/pathology

@article {pmid38561114,
year = {2024},
author = {Faghy, PMA and Ashton, DRE and McNelis, MR and Arena, R and Duncan, DR},
title = {Attenuating post-exertional malaise in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and long-COVID: Is blood lactate monitoring the answer?.},
journal = {Current problems in cardiology},
volume = {49},
number = {6},
pages = {102554},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102554},
pmid = {38561114},
issn = {1535-6280},
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/blood/diagnosis ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Lactic Acid/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biomarkers/blood ; },
}

Humans
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/blood/diagnosis
*COVID-19/complications
*Lactic Acid/blood
SARS-CoV-2
Biomarkers/blood

@article {pmid38560644,
year = {2024},
author = {Chen, DY and Huang, PI and Tang, KT},
title = {Characteristics of long COVID in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Rheumatology advances in practice},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {rkae027},
pmid = {38560644},
issn = {2514-1775},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Numerous cases of long coronavirus disease (long COVID) have been reported in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). Despite the reviews on clinical manifestations of long COVID in the general population, systematic reviews on ARD patients are scarce. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and characteristics of long COVID in ARD patients.

METHODS: We searched the literature in PubMed and Embase as of 27 December 2022. Cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies relevant to long COVID in ARD patients were collected. Stratification based on the severity of COVID infection and subtypes of rheumatic diseases [systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) vs non-autoimmune rheumatic disease (NARD)] was also undertaken. A random-effects model was used in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 15 relevant studies were identified from the literature. The prevalence of long COVID was 56% (95% CI 34, 76) in 2995 patients. Hospitalized COVID patients had a higher proportion of long COVID than non-hospitalized patients. The prevalence of long COVID was similar between SARD and NARD patients. In terms of symptoms, fatigue, arthralgia and pain were commonly reported in long COVID patients with ARDs.

CONCLUSION: The characteristics of long COVID in ARD patients are generally similar to those in the general population despite a higher prevalence and a higher proportion of arthralgia and pain.},
}

@article {pmid38555403,
year = {2024},
author = {Naidu, AS and Wang, CK and Rao, P and Mancini, F and Clemens, RA and Wirakartakusumah, A and Chiu, HF and Yen, CH and Porretta, S and Mathai, I and Naidu, SAG},
title = {Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID.},
journal = {NPJ science of food},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {19},
pmid = {38555403},
issn = {2396-8370},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.},
}