@article {pmid38700879,
year = {2024},
author = {Cogliandro, V and Bonfanti, P},
title = {Long COVID: lights and shadows on the clinical characterization of this emerging pathology.},
journal = {The new microbiologica},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {15-27},
pmid = {38700879},
issn = {1121-7138},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology ; Risk Factors ; Quality of Life ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {More than 800 million individuals have contracted SARSCOV2 infection worldwide. It was estimated that almost 10-20% of these might suffer from Long COVID. It is a multisystemic syndrome, which negatively affects the quality of life with a significant burden of health loss compared to COVID negative individuals. Moreover, the risk of sequelae still remains high at 2 years in both nonhospitalized and hospitalized individuals. This review summarizes studies regarding long COVID and clarifies the definitions, the risk factors and the management of this syndrome. Finally, it delves into the most frequent long-term outcomes, especially postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome" (POTS), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), brain fog, and their therapeutical possibilities.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology
Risk Factors
Quality of Life
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology

@article {pmid37074754,
year = {2024},
author = {Lenz, C and Slack, MPE and Shea, KM and Reinert, RR and Taysi, BN and Swerdlow, DL},
title = {Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
pages = {315-328},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2023.2190405},
pmid = {37074754},
issn = {1549-7828},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Factors ; Cardiovascular Diseases/virology/epidemiology/etiology ; Comorbidity ; },
abstract = {Although SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, is primarily a respiratory infection, a broad spectrum of cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic, and metabolic complications can occur. More than 50 long-term symptoms of COVID-19 have been described, and as many as 80% of patients may develop ≥1 long-term symptom. To summarize current perspectives of long-term sequelae of COVID-19, we conducted a PubMed search describing the long-term cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic effects post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and mechanistic insights and risk factors for the above-mentioned sequelae. Emerging risk factors of long-term sequelae include older age (≥65 years), female sex, Black or Asian race, Hispanic ethnicity, and presence of comorbidities. There is an urgent need to better understand ongoing effects of COVID-19. Prospective studies evaluating long-term effects of COVID-19 in all body systems and patient groups will facilitate appropriate management and assess burden of care. Clinicians should ensure patients are followed up and managed appropriately, especially those in at-risk groups. Healthcare systems worldwide need to develop approaches to follow-up and support patients recovering from COVID-19. Surveillance programs can enhance prevention and treatment efforts for those most vulnerable.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2
Risk Factors
Cardiovascular Diseases/virology/epidemiology/etiology
Comorbidity

@article {pmid38695969,
year = {2024},
author = {Gorenshtein, A and Liba, T and Leibovitch, L and Stern, S and Stern, Y},
title = {Intervention modalities for brain fog caused by long-COVID: systematic review of the literature.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38695969},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {Individuals suffering from long-COVID can present with "brain fog", which is characterized by a range of cognitive impairments, such as confusion, short-term memory loss, and difficulty concentrating. To date, several potential interventions for brain fog have been considered. Notably, no systematic review has comprehensively discussed the impact of each intervention type on brain fog symptoms. We included studies on adult (aged > 18 years) individuals with proven long- COVID brain-fog symptoms from PubMed, MEDLINE, Central, Scopus, and Embase. A search limit was set for articles published between 01/2020 and 31/12/2023. We excluded studies lacking an objective assessment of brain fog symptoms and patients with preexisting neurological diseases that affected cognition before COVID-19 infection. This review provided relevant information from 17 studies. The rehabilitation studies utilized diverse approaches, leading to a range of outcomes in terms of the effectiveness of the interventions. Six studies described noninvasive brain stimulation, and all showed improvement in cognitive ability. Three studies described hyperbaric oxygen therapy, all of which showed improvements in cognitive assessment tests and brain perfusion. Two studies showed that the use of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin (PEA-LUT) improved cognitive impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy showed promising results in the treatment of brain fog symptoms caused by long-COVID, with improved perfusion and cortical excitability. Furthermore, both rehabilitation strategies and PEA-LUT administration have been associated with improvements in symptoms of brain fog. Future studies should explore combinations of interventions and include longer follow-up periods to assess the long-term effects of these treatments.},
}

@article {pmid38693436,
year = {2024},
author = {Văcăraş, V and Vulturar, R and Chiş, A and Damian, L},
title = {Inclusion body myositis, viral infections, and TDP-43: a narrative review.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {91},
pmid = {38693436},
issn = {1591-9528},
mesh = {*Myositis, Inclusion Body/virology ; Humans ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/virology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The ubiquitous RNA-processing molecule TDP-43 is involved in neuromuscular diseases such as inclusion body myositis, a late-onset acquired inflammatory myopathy. TDP-43 solubility and function are disrupted in certain viral infections. Certain viruses, high viremia, co-infections, reactivation of latent viruses, and post-acute expansion of cytotoxic T cells may all contribute to inclusion body myositis, mainly in an age-shaped immune landscape. The virally induced senescent, interferon gamma-producing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells with increased inflammatory, and cytotoxic features are involved in the occurrence of inclusion body myositis in most such cases, in a genetically predisposed host. We discuss the putative mechanisms linking inclusion body myositis, TDP-43, and viral infections untangling the links between viruses, interferon, and neuromuscular degeneration could shed a light on the pathogenesis of the inclusion body myositis and other TDP-43-related neuromuscular diseases, with possible therapeutic implications.},
}

*Myositis, Inclusion Body/virology
Humans
*Virus Diseases/immunology/virology
*DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid38692805,
year = {2024},
author = {Borczuk, AC},
title = {Pathology of COVID-19 Lung Disease.},
journal = {Surgical pathology clinics},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {203-214},
doi = {10.1016/j.path.2023.11.006},
pmid = {38692805},
issn = {1875-9157},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/pathology/complications ; *Lung/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Lung Diseases/pathology ; },
abstract = {The pathology of severe COVID-19 lung injury is predominantly diffuse alveolar damage, with other reported patterns including acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. Lung injury was caused by primary viral injury, exaggerated immune responses, and superinfection with bacteria and fungi. Although fatality rates have decreased from the early phases of the pandemic, persistent pulmonary dysfunction occurs and its pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/pathology/complications
*Lung/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2
Lung Diseases/pathology

@article {pmid38675914,
year = {2024},
author = {Nunes, JM and Kell, DB and Pretorius, E},
title = {Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells as a Systemic Pathological Axis in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38675914},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {142142//National Research Foundation/ ; NNF10CC1016517//Novo Nordisk Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/physiopathology ; *Endothelial Cells/virology ; *Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Virus Latency ; Herpesviridae/physiology ; COVID-19/virology/physiopathology/pathology ; },
abstract = {Understanding the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is critical for advancing treatment options. This review explores the novel hypothesis that a herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells (ECs) may underlie ME/CFS symptomatology. We review evidence linking herpesviruses to persistent EC infection and the implications for endothelial dysfunction, encompassing blood flow regulation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment-symptoms consistent with ME/CFS and Long COVID. This paper provides a synthesis of current research on herpesvirus latency and reactivation, detailing the impact on ECs and subsequent systemic complications, including latent modulation and long-term maladaptation. We suggest that the chronicity of ME/CFS symptoms and the multisystemic nature of the disease may be partly attributable to herpesvirus-induced endothelial maladaptation. Our conclusions underscore the necessity for further investigation into the prevalence and load of herpesvirus infection within the ECs of ME/CFS patients. This review offers conceptual advances by proposing an endothelial infection model as a systemic mechanism contributing to ME/CFS, steering future research toward potentially unexplored avenues in understanding and treating this complex syndrome.},
}

Humans
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/physiopathology
*Endothelial Cells/virology
*Herpesviridae Infections/virology
Virus Latency
Herpesviridae/physiology
COVID-19/virology/physiopathology/pathology

@article {pmid38413389,
year = {2024},
author = {Lopuhaä, B and Voorham, QJM and van Kemenade, FJ and von der Thüsen, JH},
title = {COVID-19 in the Netherlands: lessons from a nationwide query of dutch autopsy, histology, and cytology pathological reports.},
journal = {Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology},
volume = {484},
number = {3},
pages = {429-439},
pmid = {38413389},
issn = {1432-2307},
support = {10430012010016/ZONMW_/ZonMw/Netherlands ; },
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Autopsy ; *COVID-19/pathology ; Lung/pathology ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Thrombosis/pathology ; },
abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, autopsies have played a valuable role in understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19. In this study, we have analyzed COVID-19-related pathology reports from autopsies, histology, and cytology on a nationwide level. Pathology reports from all 43 pathology laboratories in the Netherlands stating "COVID," "Corona," and/or "SARS" were queried from the Dutch Nationwide Pathology Database (Palga). Consecutive reports of the included patients were also retrieved. Out of 5065 entries, a total of 1833 eligible COVID-19-related pathology reports between January 2020 and June 2021 were included in this collection of reports. Lung histopathology reports reflected differences in the severity of abnormalities (acute diffuse alveolar damage, alveolar histiocytes, and thrombi during the first three pandemic waves (Wuhan variant) versus the fourth wave (alpha variant)). Autopsy reports from 2020 state significantly shorter disease duration and younger age of death compared to autopsy reports from 2021. All reports together reflected a more granular pathology with comorbidities such as chronic histiocytic intervillositis, perniosis, and thrombi found in a variety of organs (lungs, kidneys, and small and large intestines). This nationwide overview of pathology reports provides data related to deaths as well as comorbidities in a clinical setting of COVID-19. Certain findings reported in SARS-CoV-infected lungs and placentas were also reported in post-COVID-19 tissue of the same kind. Consecutive reports after the earliest reports with COVID-19 allowed for follow-up reports. These follow-up reports can help with post-viral studies regarding long-term effects of COVID-19 as well as identifying the effects of different SARS-CoV-2 variants.},
}

Female
Humans
Pregnancy
Autopsy
*COVID-19/pathology
Lung/pathology
Netherlands/epidemiology
Pandemics
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology
SARS-CoV-2
*Thrombosis/pathology

@article {pmid38673384,
year = {2024},
author = {Diar Bakerly, N and Smith, N and Darbyshire, JL and Kwon, J and Bullock, E and Baley, S and Sivan, M and Delaney, B},
title = {Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph21040473},
pmid = {38673384},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Long COVID (LC) is a global public health crisis affecting more than 70 million people. There is emerging evidence of different pathophysiological mechanisms driving the wide array of symptoms in LC. Understanding the relationships between mechanisms and symptoms helps in guiding clinical management and identifying potential treatment targets.

METHODS: This was a mixed-methods systematic review with two stages: Stage one (Review 1) included only existing systematic reviews (meta-review) and Stage two (Review 2) was a review of all primary studies. The search strategy involved Medline, Embase, Emcare, and CINAHL databases to identify studies that described symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms with statistical analysis and/or discussion of plausible causal relationships between mechanisms and symptoms. Only studies that included a control arm for comparison were included. Studies were assessed for quality using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools.

RESULTS: 19 systematic reviews were included in Review 1 and 46 primary studies in Review 2. Overall, the quality of reporting across the studies included in this second review was moderate to poor. The pathophysiological mechanisms with strong evidence were immune system dysregulation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and impaired gas transfer in the lungs. Other mechanisms with moderate to weak evidence were endothelial damage and hypercoagulation, mast cell activation, and auto-immunity to vascular receptors.

CONCLUSIONS: LC is a complex condition affecting multiple organs with diverse clinical presentations (or traits) underpinned by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. A 'treatable trait' approach may help identify certain groups and target specific interventions. Future research must include understanding the response to intervention based on these mechanism-based traits.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid38672973,
year = {2024},
author = {Ferous, S and Siafakas, N and Boufidou, F and Patrinos, GP and Tsakris, A and Anastassopoulou, C},
title = {Investigating ABO Blood Groups and Secretor Status in Relation to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jpm14040346},
pmid = {38672973},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {The ABO blood groups, Lewis antigens, and secretor systems are important components of transfusion medicine. These interconnected systems have been also shown to be associated with differing susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, likely as the result of selection over the course of evolution and the constant tug of war between humans and infectious microbes. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the literature and to present the current state of knowledge on reported associations of the ABO, Lewis, and secretor blood groups with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Our main finding was that the A blood group may be associated with increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and possibly also with increased disease severity and overall mortality. The proposed pathophysiological pathways explaining this potential association include antibody-mediated mechanisms and increased thrombotic risk amongst blood group A individuals, in addition to altered inflammatory cytokine expression profiles. Preliminary evidence does not support the association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 vaccine response, or the risk of developing long COVID. Even though the emergency state of the pandemic is over, further research is needed especially in this area since tens of millions of people worldwide suffer from lingering COVID-19 symptoms.},
}

@article {pmid38672710,
year = {2024},
author = {Wu, BQ and Liu, DY and Shen, TC and Lai, YR and Yu, TL and Hsu, HL and Lee, HM and Liao, WC and Hsia, TC},
title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life14040438},
pmid = {38672710},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an increasing population that is experiencing a wide range of long-lasting symptoms after recovery from the acute infection. Long COVID refers to this specific condition and is associated with diverse symptoms, such as fatigue, myalgias, dyspnea, headache, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative symptoms, anxiety, depression, and a sense of despair. The potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to improve chronic fatigue, cognitive impairments, and neurological disorders has been established; therefore, the use of HBOT to treat long COVID has also been studied. We conducted a literature search between 1 January 2019 and 30 October 2023, focusing on the clinical efficacy and utility of HBOT for treating long COVID and found ten clinical studies that fit the review topic, including one case report, five one-group pretest-posttest design studies, one safety report from a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and three complete reports of RCTs. Most studies found that HBOT can improve quality of life, fatigue, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cardiopulmonary function. Although HBOT has shown some benefits for long COVID symptoms, further rigorous large-scale RCTs are required to establish precise indications, protocols, and post-treatment evaluations.},
}

@article {pmid38672267,
year = {2024},
author = {Golzardi, M and Hromić-Jahjefendić, A and Šutković, J and Aydin, O and Ünal-Aydın, P and Bećirević, T and Redwan, EM and Rubio-Casillas, A and Uversky, VN},
title = {The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines12040913},
pmid = {38672267},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions of people all over the world. Previous studies have shown that PASC impacts 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of which 50-70% are hospitalised. It has also been shown that 10-12% of those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected by PASC and its complications. The severity and the later development of PASC symptoms are positively associated with the early intensity of the infection.

RESULTS: The generated health complications caused by PASC involve a vast variety of organ systems. Patients affected by PASC have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. The cardiovascular system also has been involved and several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery diseases were reported. Chronic hematological problems such as thrombotic endothelialitis and hypercoagulability were described as conditions that could increase the risk of clotting disorders and coagulopathy in PASC patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, and cough in PASC patients were associated with the respiratory system in long-COVID causing respiratory distress syndrome. The observed immune complications were notable, involving several diseases. The renal system also was impacted, which resulted in raising the risk of diseases such as thrombotic issues, fibrosis, and sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, and male infertility. Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, and taste were also among reported observations due to several gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication of infection and long-term implications such as persistent cutaneous complaints linked to PASC.

CONCLUSIONS: Long-COVID is a multidimensional syndrome with considerable public health implications, affecting several physiological systems and demanding thorough medical therapy, and more study to address its underlying causes and long-term effects is needed.},
}

@article {pmid38672245,
year = {2024},
author = {Kell, DB and Lip, GYH and Pretorius, E},
title = {Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines12040891},
pmid = {38672245},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation. We here ask the question whether the fibrinaloid microclots seen in plasma or serum may in fact also be a cause of (or contributor to) the development of AF. We consider known 'risk factors' for AF, and in particular, exogenous stimuli such as infection and air pollution by particulates, both of which are known to cause AF. The external accompaniments of both bacterial (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids) and viral (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) infections are known to stimulate fibrinaloid microclots when added in vitro, and fibrinaloid microclots, as with other amyloid proteins, can be cytotoxic, both by inducing hypoxia/reperfusion and by other means. Strokes and thromboembolisms are also common consequences of AF. Consequently, taking a systems approach, we review the considerable evidence in detail, which leads us to suggest that it is likely that microclots may well have an aetiological role in the development of AF. This has significant mechanistic and therapeutic implications.},
}

@article {pmid38672163,
year = {2024},
author = {Maniaci, A and Lavalle, S and Masiello, E and Lechien, JR and Vaira, L and Boscolo-Rizzo, P and Musa, M and Gagliano, C and Zeppieri, M},
title = {Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in the Treatment of Long COVID Olfactory Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines12040808},
pmid = {38672163},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Long COVID has brought numerous challenges to healthcare, with olfactory dysfunction (OD) being a particularly distressing outcome for many patients. The persistent loss of smell significantly diminishes the affected individual's quality of life. Recent attention has been drawn to the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy as a treatment for OD. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP therapy in ameliorating OD, especially when associated with long-term COVID-19. Methods: We executed a comprehensive search of the literature, encompassing clinical trials and observational studies that utilized PRP in treating OD limited to COVID-19. We retrieved and comprehensively discussed data such as design, participant demographics, and reported outcomes, focusing on the efficacy and safety of PRP therapy for OD in COVID-19 patients. Results: Our comprehensive analysis interestingly found promising perspectives for PRP in OD following COVID-19 infection. The collective data indicate that PRP therapy contributed to a significant improvement in olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: The evidence amassed suggests that PRP is a promising and safe therapeutic option for OD, including cases attributable to Long COVID-19. The observed uniform enhancement of olfactory function in patients receiving PRP highlights the necessity for well-designed, controlled trials. Such studies would help to refine treatment protocols and more definitively ascertain the efficacy of PRP in a broader, more varied patient cohort.},
}

@article {pmid38671455,
year = {2024},
author = {Ghasemiyeh, P and Mohammadi-Samani, S},
title = {Lessons we learned during the past four challenging years in the COVID-19 era: pharmacotherapy, long COVID complications, and vaccine development.},
journal = {Virology journal},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {98},
pmid = {38671455},
issn = {1743-422X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccine Development ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Drug Repositioning ; },
abstract = {About four years have passed since the detection of the first cases of COVID-19 in China. During this lethal pandemic, millions of people have lost their lives around the world. Since the first waves of COVID-19 infection, various pharmacotherapeutic agents have been examined in the management of COVID-19. Despite all these efforts in pharmacotherapy, drug repurposing, and design and development of new drugs, multiple organ involvement and various complications occurred during COVID-19. Some of these complications became chronic and long-lasting which led to the "long COVID" syndrome appearance. Therefore, the best way to eradicate this pandemic is prophylaxis through mass vaccination. In this regard, various vaccine platforms including inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (mRNA and DNA vaccines), adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and protein-based subunit vaccines have been designed and developed to prevent or reduce COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality rates. In this focused review, at first, the most commonly reported clinical presentations of COVID-19 during these four years have been summarized. In addition, different therapeutic regimens and their latest status in COVID-19 management have been listed. Furthermore, the "long COVID" and related signs, symptoms, and complications have been mentioned. At the end, the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines with different platforms against early SARS-CoV-2 variants and currently circulating variants of interest (VOI) and the necessity of booster vaccine shots have been summarized and discussed in more detail.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Vaccine Development
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Drug Repositioning

@article {pmid38668888,
year = {2024},
author = {Molnar, T and Lehoczki, A and Fekete, M and Varnai, R and Zavori, L and Erdo-Bonyar, S and Simon, D and Berki, T and Csecsei, P and Ezer, E},
title = {Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38668888},
issn = {2509-2723},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has introduced the medical community to the phenomenon of long COVID, a condition characterized by persistent symptoms following the resolution of the acute phase of infection. Among the myriad of symptoms reported by long COVID sufferers, chronic fatigue, cognitive disturbances, and exercise intolerance are predominant, suggesting systemic alterations beyond the initial viral pathology. Emerging evidence has pointed to mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential underpinning mechanism contributing to the persistence and diversity of long COVID symptoms. This review aims to synthesize current findings related to mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID, exploring its implications for cellular energy deficits, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and endothelial dysfunction. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, we highlight the significance of mitochondrial health in the pathophysiology of long COVID, drawing parallels with similar clinical syndromes linked to post-infectious states in other diseases where mitochondrial impairment has been implicated. We discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial function, including pharmacological interventions, lifestyle modifications, exercise, and dietary approaches, and emphasize the need for further research and collaborative efforts to advance our understanding and management of long COVID. This review underscores the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID and calls for a multidisciplinary approach to address the gaps in our knowledge and treatment options for those affected by this condition.},
}

@article {pmid38668125,
year = {2024},
author = {Rudroff, T},
title = {Decoding Post-Viral Fatigue: The Basal Ganglia's Complex Role in Long-COVID.},
journal = {Neurology international},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {380-393},
doi = {10.3390/neurolint16020028},
pmid = {38668125},
issn = {2035-8385},
abstract = {Long-COVID afflicts millions with relentless fatigue, disrupting daily life. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize current evidence on the role of the basal ganglia in long-COVID fatigue, discuss potential mechanisms, and highlight promising therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Mounting evidence from PET, MRI, and functional connectivity data reveals basal ganglia disturbances in long-COVID exhaustion, including inflammation, metabolic disruption, volume changes, and network alterations focused on striatal dopamine circuitry regulating motivation. Theories suggest inflammation-induced signaling disturbances could impede effort/reward valuation, disrupt cortical-subcortical motivational pathways, or diminish excitatory input to arousal centers, attenuating drive initiation. Recent therapeutic pilots targeting basal ganglia abnormalities show provisional efficacy. However, heterogeneous outcomes, inconsistent metrics, and perceived versus objective fatigue discrepancies temper insights. Despite the growing research, gaps remain in understanding the precise pathways linking basal ganglia dysfunction to fatigue and validating treatment efficacy. Further research is needed to advance understanding of the basal ganglia's contribution to long-COVID neurological sequelae and offer hope for improving function across the expanding affected population.},
}

@article {pmid38666878,
year = {2024},
author = {Paradiso, B and Pauza, DH and Limback, C and Ottaviani, G and Thiene, G},
title = {From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: The Origins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology13040266},
pmid = {38666878},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {This review explores the historical development of cardiology knowledge, from ancient Egyptian psychostasis to the modern comprehension of cardiac neuromodulation. In ancient Egyptian religion, psychostasis was the ceremony in which the deceased was judged before gaining access to the afterlife. This ritual was also known as the "weighing of the heart" or "weighing of the soul". The Egyptians believed that the heart, not the brain, was the seat of human wisdom, emotions, and memory. They were the first to recognize the cardiocentric nature of the body, identifying the heart as the center of the circulatory system. Aristotle (fourth century BC) considered the importance of the heart in human physiology in his philosophical analyses. For Galen (third century AD), the heart muscle was the site of the vital spirit, which regulated body temperature. Cardiology knowledge advanced significantly in the 15th century, coinciding with Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius's pioneering anatomical and physiological studies. It was William Harvey, in the 17th century, who introduced the concept of cardiac circulation. Servet's research and Marcello Malpighi's discovery of arterioles and capillaries provided a more detailed understanding of circulation. Richard Lower emerged as the foremost pioneer of experimental cardiology in the late 17th century. He demonstrated the heart's neural control by tying off the vagus nerve. In 1753, Albrecht von Haller, a professor at Göttingen, was the first to discover the heart's automaticity and the excitation of muscle fibers. Towards the end of the 18th century, Antonio Scarpa challenged the theories of Albrecht von Haller and Johann Bernhard Jacob Behrends, who maintained that the myocardium possessed its own "irritability", on which the heartbeat depended, and was independent of neuronal sensitivity. Instead, Scarpa argued that the heart required innervation to maintain life, refuting Galenic notions. In contemporary times, the study of cardiac innervation has regained prominence, particularly in understanding the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection (PASC), which frequently involves cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of the intrinsic cardiac innervation. Recently, it has been recognized that post-acute sequelae of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) due to other pathogens can also be a cause of long-term vegetative and somatic symptoms. Understanding cardiac innervation and modulation can help to recognize and treat long COVID and long non-COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) ARIs. This analysis explores the historical foundations of cardiac neuromodulation and its contemporary relevance. By focusing on this concept, we aim to bridge the gap between historical understanding and modern applications. This will illuminate the complex interplay between cardiac function, neural modulation, cardiovascular health, and disease management in the context of long-term cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of intrinsic cardiac innervations.},
}

@article {pmid38656063,
year = {2024},
author = {Martins, WRM and Cardoso, TV and Oliveira, AL and Fernandes, GS and Fontes, IFL and Dantas, JG and Miranda, JS and Martins, JE and Antunes, LN and Leite, TG},
title = {Long COVID-19 and mnemonic effects: an integrative literature review.},
journal = {Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)},
volume = {70},
number = {5},
pages = {e20231211},
pmid = {38656063},
issn = {1806-9282},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38652364,
year = {2024},
author = {Jasiczek, J and Doroszko, A and Trocha, T and Trocha, M},
title = {Role of the RAAS in mediating the pathophysiology of COVID-19.},
journal = {Pharmacological reports : PR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38652364},
issn = {2299-5684},
abstract = {The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) holds a position of paramount importance as enzymatic and endocrine homeostatic regulator concerning the water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Nevertheless, its intricacy is influenced by the presence of various complementary angiotensins and their specific receptors, thereby modifying the primary RAAS actions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as a surface receptor for SARS-CoV-2, establishing an essential connection between RAAS and COVID-19 infection. Despite the recurring exploration of the RAAS impact on the trajectory of COVID-19 along with the successful resolution of many inquiries, its complete role in the genesis of delayed consequences encompassing long COVID and cardiovascular thrombotic outcomes during the post-COVID phase as well as post-vaccination, remains not fully comprehended. Particularly noteworthy is the involvement of the RAAS in the molecular mechanisms underpinning procoagulant processes throughout COVID-19. These processes significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of organ complications as well as determine clinical outcomes and are discussed in this manuscript.},
}

@article {pmid38520374,
year = {2024},
author = {Garmoe, W and Rao, K and Gorter, B and Kantor, R},
title = {Neurocognitive Impairment in Post-COVID-19 Condition in Adults: Narrative Review of the Current Literature.},
journal = {Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {276-289},
doi = {10.1093/arclin/acae017},
pmid = {38520374},
issn = {1873-5843},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/psychology ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus has, up to the time of this article, resulted in >770 million cases of COVID-19 illness worldwide, and approximately 7 million deaths, including >1.1 million in the United States. Although defined as a respiratory virus, early in the pandemic, it became apparent that considerable numbers of people recovering from COVID-19 illness experienced persistence or new onset of multi-system health problems, including neurologic and cognitive and behavioral health concerns. Persistent multi-system health problems are defined as Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC), Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19, or Long COVID. A significant number of those with PCC report cognitive problems. This paper reviews the current state of scientific knowledge on persisting cognitive symptoms in adults following COVID-19 illness. A brief history is provided of the emergence of concerns about persisting cognitive problems following COVID-19 illness and the definition of PCC. Methodologic factors that complicate clear understanding of PCC are reviewed. The review then examines research on patterns of cognitive impairment that have been found, factors that may contribute to increased risk, behavioral health variables, and interventions being used to ameliorate persisting symptoms. Finally, recommendations are made about ways neuropsychologists can improve the quality of existing research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/psychology
*Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
Adult
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38651133,
year = {2024},
author = {Staub, K and Ballouz, T and Puhan, M},
title = {An Unwanted but Long-Known Company: Post-Viral Symptoms in the Context of Past Pandemics in Switzerland (and Beyond).},
journal = {Public health reviews},
volume = {45},
number = {},
pages = {1606966},
pmid = {38651133},
issn = {0301-0422},
abstract = {Objectives: Some people do not fully recover from an acute viral infection and experience persistent symptoms or incomplete recovery for months or even years. This is not unique to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and history shows that post-viral conditions like post COVID-19 condition, also referred to as Long Covid, are not new. In particular, during and after pandemics caused by respiratory viruses in which large parts of the population were infected or exposed, professional and public attention was increased, not least because of the large number of people affected. Methods: Given the current relevance of the topic, this article aims to narratively review and summarize the literature on post-viral symptoms during past pandemics and to supplement and illustrate it with Swiss examples from the pandemics of 1890, 1918-1920 and later. Results: Post-viral diseases were an increasingly emphasised health topic during and after past pandemics triggered by respiratory infections over the last 150 years. Conclusion: In the next pandemic, it should not be surprising that post-viral conditions will again play a role, and pandemic plans should reflect this.},
}

@article {pmid38641397,
year = {2024},
author = {Wills, CP and Perez, B and Moore, J},
title = {Coronavirus Disease 2019: Past, Present, and Future.},
journal = {Emergency medicine clinics of North America},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {415-442},
doi = {10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.002},
pmid = {38641397},
issn = {1558-0539},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is one of the most impactful diseases experienced in the past century. While the official national health emergency concluded in May of 2023, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to mutate. As the summer of 2023, all countries were experiencing a new surge of cases from the EG.5 Omicron variant. Additionally, a new genetically distinct Omicron descendant BA2.86 had been detected in multiple countries including the United States. This article seeks to offer lessons learned from the pandemic, summarize best evidence for current management of patients with COVID-19, and give insights into future directions with this disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38638307,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhao, J and Xia, F and Jiao, X and Lyu, X},
title = {Long COVID and its association with neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis, neuroimaging, and treatment.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1367974},
pmid = {38638307},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented unprecedented challenges to the world. Changes after acute COVID-19 have had a significant impact on patients with neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to explore the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases by examining the main pathways of central nervous system infection of SARS-CoV-2. Research has indicated that chronic inflammation and abnormal immune response are the primary factors leading to neuronal damage and long-term consequences of COVID-19. In some COVID-19 patients, the concurrent inflammatory response leads to increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may significantly impact the prognosis. Molecular imaging can accurately assess the severity of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with COVID-19 after the acute phase. Furthermore, the use of FDG-PET is advocated to quantify the relationship between neuroinflammation and psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Future development should focus on aggressive post-infection control of inflammation and the development of targeted therapies that target ACE2 receptors, ERK1/2, and Ca[2+].},
}

@article {pmid38631806,
year = {2024},
author = {Kane, AS and Godfrey, M and Noval Rivas, M and Arditi, M and Fasano, A and Yonker, LM},
title = {The Spectrum of Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Children: From MIS-C to Long COVID.},
journal = {Annual review of virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011839},
pmid = {38631806},
issn = {2327-0578},
abstract = {The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation. Insights obtained from MIS-C will help shape our understanding of the more indolent and prevalent postacute sequelae of COVID and ultimately guide efforts to improve diagnosis and management of postinfectious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.},
}

@article {pmid38622352,
year = {2024},
author = {Chan, JF and Yuan, S and Chu, H and Sridhar, S and Yuen, KY},
title = {COVID-19 drug discovery and treatment options.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38622352},
issn = {1740-1534},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused substantial morbidity and mortality, and serious social and economic disruptions worldwide. Unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated older individuals with underlying diseases are especially prone to severe disease. In patients with non-fatal disease, long COVID affecting multiple body systems may persist for months. Unlike SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which have either been mitigated or remained geographically restricted, SARS-CoV-2 has disseminated globally and is likely to continue circulating in humans with possible emergence of new variants that may render vaccines less effective. Thus, safe, effective and readily available COVID-19 therapeutics are urgently needed. In this Review, we summarize the major drug discovery approaches, preclinical antiviral evaluation models, representative virus-targeting and host-targeting therapeutic options, and key therapeutics currently in clinical use for COVID-19. Preparedness against future coronavirus pandemics relies not only on effective vaccines but also on broad-spectrum antivirals targeting conserved viral components or universal host targets, and new therapeutics that can precisely modulate the immune response during infection.},
}

@article {pmid38612629,
year = {2024},
author = {Chagas, LDS and Serfaty, CA},
title = {The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {38612629},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {E-26/201.004/2021//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Child ; Humans ; *Microglia ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *COVID-19/complications ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Brain ; Disease Progression ; Cognition ; },
abstract = {Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults.},
}

Adult
Child
Humans
*Microglia
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*COVID-19/complications
Neuronal Plasticity
Brain
Disease Progression
Cognition

@article {pmid38620971,
year = {2021},
author = {Membrilla, JA and Caronna, E and Trigo-López, J and González-Martínez, A and Layos-Romero, A and Pozo-Rosich, P and Guerrero-Peral, Á and Gago-Veiga, AB and Andrés-López, A and Díaz de Terán, J},
title = {Persistent headache after COVID-19: Pathophysioloy, clinic and treatment.},
journal = {Neurology perspectives},
volume = {1},
number = {},
pages = {S31-S36},
doi = {10.1016/j.neurop.2021.10.003},
pmid = {38620971},
issn = {2667-0496},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The acute infection is characterised not only by respiratory symptoms, but also by multiple systemic manifestations, including neurological symptoms. Among these, headache is a frequent complaint. As the pandemic progresses and the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is becoming apparent that the headache present in the acute stage of the infection may persist for an indeterminate period, becoming a major problem for the patient and potentially leading to disability. In this review we describe the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of persistent headache after COVID-19 based on the information currently available in the literature and the authors' clinical experience.},
}

@article {pmid38611624,
year = {2024},
author = {Makhluf, H and Madany, H and Kim, K},
title = {Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diagnostics14070711},
pmid = {38611624},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Four years post-pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 continues to affect many lives across the globe. An estimated 65 million people suffer from long COVID, a term used to encapsulate the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infections that affect multiple organ systems. Known symptoms include chronic fatigue syndrome, brain fog, cardiovascular issues, autoimmunity, dysautonomia, and clotting due to inflammation. Herein, we review long COVID symptoms, the proposed theories behind the pathology, diagnostics, treatments, and the clinical trials underway to explore treatments for viral persistence, autonomic and cognitive dysfunctions, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.},
}

@article {pmid38605011,
year = {2024},
author = {Jiao, T and Huang, Y and Sun, H and Yang, L},
title = {Research progress of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Cell death & disease},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {257},
pmid = {38605011},
issn = {2041-4889},
support = {81970663//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly worldwide and infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. With the increasing number of COVID-19 patients discharged from hospitals, the emergence of its associated complications, sequelae, has become a new global health crisis secondary to acute infection. For the time being, such complications and sequelae are collectively called "Post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)", also referred to as "long COVID" syndrome. Similar to the acute infection period of COVID-19, there is also heterogeneity in PASC. This article reviews the various long-term complications and sequelae observed in multiple organ systems caused by COVID-19, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of PASC, aiming to raise awareness of PASC and optimize management strategies.},
}

@article {pmid38508059,
year = {2024},
author = {Srivastava, A and Nalroad Sundararaj, S and Bhatia, J and Singh Arya, D},
title = {Understanding long COVID myocarditis: A comprehensive review.},
journal = {Cytokine},
volume = {178},
number = {},
pages = {156584},
doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156584},
pmid = {38508059},
issn = {1096-0023},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Myocarditis/etiology ; *Heart Failure ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; },
abstract = {Infectious diseases are a cause of major concern in this twenty-first century. There have been reports of various outbreaks like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, swine flu in 2009, Zika virus disease in 2015, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, since the start of this millennium. In addition to these outbreaks, the latest infectious disease to result in an outbreak is the SARS-CoV-2 infection. A viral infection recognized as a respiratory illness at the time of emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has wreaked havoc worldwide because of its long-lasting implications like heart failure, sepsis, organ failure, etc., and its significant impact on the global economy. Besides the acute illness, it also leads to symptoms months later which is called long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition. Due to its ever-increasing prevalence, it has been a significant challenge to treat the affected individuals and manage the complications as well. Myocarditis, a long-term complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an inflammatory condition involving the myocardium of the heart, which could even be fatal in the long term in cases of progression to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Thus, it is imperative to diagnose early and treat this condition in the affected individuals. At present, there are numerous studies which are in progress, investigating patients with COVID-19-related myocarditis and the treatment strategies. This review focuses primarily on myocarditis, a life-threatening complication of COVID-19 illness, and endeavors to elucidate the pathogenesis, biomarkers, and management of long COVID myocarditis along with pipeline drugs in detail.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Myocarditis/etiology
*Heart Failure
*Zika Virus
*Zika Virus Infection

@article {pmid38596351,
year = {2024},
author = {Barilaite, E and Watson, H and Hocaoglu, MB},
title = {Understanding Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Used in Adult Survivors Experiencing Long-Term Effects After COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review.},
journal = {Journal of patient-centered research and reviews},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {36-50},
pmid = {38596351},
issn = {2330-0698},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used in individuals experiencing long-term effects from COVID-19 infection, or Long COVID, to evaluate the quality of life and functional status of these individuals. However, little is known about which PROMs are being utilised and the psychometric properties of these PROMs. Our purpose was thus to explore which PROMs are used in Long COVID patients and to discuss the psychometric properties of the PROMs.

METHODS: For this rapid review, a systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The found studies were screened using the PRISMA flowchart. We then performed study quality appraisal and assessed the psychometric properties of the found PROMs.

RESULTS: Per the systematic literature search and after removal of duplicates, 157 publications were identified for individual screening. After screening and eligibility assessment, 74 articles were selected for our review. In total, 74 PROMs were used and primarily comprised quality of life, fatigue, breathlessness, mental health, and smell/taste issues in COVID "long haulers." Five studies used newly developed, COVID-19-specific PROMs. We assessed the psychometric properties of the 10 most-used PROMs. The majority were found to be reliable and valid instruments. EQ-5D-5L was the most popular and highly rated PROM.

CONCLUSIONS: We assessed PROMs used in Long COVID patients and evaluated their psychometric properties. EQ-5D-5L was the most favourably rated PROM. PROMs addressing mental health issues are crucial in managing anxiety and depression in Long COVID patients. New COVID-specific PROMs assess functional status and smell/taste perception and show great utilisation potential in olfactory training at COVID smell clinics. However, many reviewed PROMs currently lack sufficient analysis of their psychometric properties. Therefore, future research needs to examine these measures.},
}

@article {pmid38590789,
year = {2024},
author = {Kikinis, Z and Castañeyra-Perdomo, A and González-Mora, JL and Rushmore, RJ and Toppa, PH and Haggerty, K and Papadimitriou, G and Rathi, Y and Kubicki, M and Kikinis, R and Heller, C and Yeterian, E and Besteher, B and Pallanti, S and Makris, N},
title = {Investigating the structural network underlying brain-immune interactions using combined histopathology and neuroimaging: a critical review for its relevance in acute and long COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1337888},
pmid = {38590789},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {Current views on immunity support the idea that immunity extends beyond defense functions and is tightly intertwined with several other fields of biology such as virology, microbiology, physiology and ecology. It is also critical for our understanding of autoimmunity and cancer, two topics of great biological relevance and for critical public health considerations such as disease prevention and treatment. Central to this review, the immune system is known to interact intimately with the nervous system and has been recently hypothesized to be involved not only in autonomic and limbic bio-behaviors but also in cognitive function. Herein we review the structural architecture of the brain network involved in immune response. Furthermore, we elaborate upon the implications of inflammatory processes affecting brain-immune interactions as reported recently in pathological conditions due to SARS-Cov-2 virus infection, namely in acute and post-acute COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss how current neuroimaging techniques combined with ad hoc clinical autopsies and histopathological analyses could critically affect the validity of clinical translation in studies of human brain-immune interactions using neuroimaging. Advances in our understanding of brain-immune interactions are expected to translate into novel therapeutic avenues in a vast array of domains including cancer, autoimmune diseases or viral infections such as in acute and post-acute or Long COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid38576710,
year = {2024},
author = {Peng, Z and Zheng, Y and Yang, Z and Zhang, H and Li, Z and Xu, M and Cui, S and Lin, R},
title = {Acupressure: a possible therapeutic strategy for anxiety related to COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1341072},
pmid = {38576710},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: From the end of 2019 to December 2023, the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic. The scope and ultimate repercussions of the pandemic on global health and well-being remained uncertain, ushering in a wave of fear, anxiety, and worry. This resulted in many individuals succumbing to fear and despair. Acupoint massage emerged as a safe and effective alternative therapy for anxiety relief. However, its efficacy was yet to be extensively backed by evidence-based medicine. This study aimed to enhance the clinical effectiveness of acupoint massage and extend its benefits to a wider population. It undertakes a systematic review of the existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of acupoint massage on anxiety treatment, discussing its potential benefits and implications. This research aims to furnish robust evidence supporting anxiety treatment strategies for patients afflicted with COVID-19 disease and spark new approaches to anxiety management.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the evidence derived from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quantifies the impact of acupressure on anxiety manifestations within the general population, and proposes viable supplementary intervention strategies for managing COVID-19 related anxiety.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review included RCTs published between February 2014 and July 2023, that compared the effects of acupressure with sham control in alleviating anxiety symptomatology as the outcome measure. The studies were sourced from the multiple databases, including CINAHL, EBM Reviews, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. A meta-analysis was performed on the eligible studies, and an overall effect size was computed specifically for the anxiety outcome. The Cochrane Collaboration Bias Risk Assessment Tool (RevMan V5.4) was employed to assess bias risk, data integration, meta-analysis, and subgroup analysis. The mean difference, standard mean deviation, and binary data were used to represent continuous outcomes.

RESULTS: Of 1,110 studies of potential relevance, 39 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The majority of the studies reported a positive effect of acupressure in assuaging anticipatory anxiety about treatment. Eighteen studies were evaluated using the STAI scale. The acupressure procedures were thoroughly documented, and studies exhibited a low risk of bias. The cumulative results of the 18 trials showcased a more substantial reduction in anxiety in the acupressure group compared to controls (SMD = -5.39, 95% CI -5.61 to -5.17, p < 0.01). A subsequent subgroup analysis, based on different interventions in the control group, demonstrated improvement in anxiety levels with sham acupressure in improving changes in anxiety levels (SMD -1.61, 95% CI: -2.34 to -0.87, p < 0.0001), and blank controls (SMD -0.92, 95% CI: -2.37 to 0.53, p = 0.22).

CONCLUSION: In the clinical research of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of anxiety, acupressure demonstrated effectiveness in providing instant relief from anxiety related to multiple diseases with a medium effect size. Considering the increasing incidence of anxiety caused by long COVID, the widespread application of acupressure appears feasible. However, the results were inconsistent regarding improvements on physiological indicators, calling for more stringent reporting procedures, including allocation concealment, to solidify the findings.},
}

@article {pmid38568321,
year = {2024},
author = {Jiang, Y and Sadun, RE},
title = {What the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Has Taught Us About Immunosuppression, Vaccinations, and Immune Dysregulation: The Rheumatology Experience.},
journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38568321},
issn = {1534-6315},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review reflects on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the field of rheumatology, emphasizing resulting insights related to the risks of viral infections in immunosuppressed patients, vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised patients, and immune dysregulation in the setting of viral infection.

RECENT FINDINGS: During the pandemic, global patient registries provided real-time insights into the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in rheumatology patients. Updated evidence-based recommendations from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guided rheumatology practice during a time of considerable uncertainty. Studies on COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations enhanced our understanding of specific immunosuppressive therapies on vaccine efficacy. The immune dysregulation seen in severe COVID-19 underscored a role for immunomodulation in this and other severe infections. Furthermore, novel post-infectious conditions, namely multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Long COVID, reshaped our understanding of post-viral syndromes and revealed novel pathological mechanisms. Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate the power of collaborative research. The scientific revelations from this dreadful time will, nonetheless, benefit the practice of rheumatology for years to come.},
}

@article {pmid37470218,
year = {2024},
author = {Gallorini, M and Carradori, S and Panieri, E and Sova, M and Saso, L},
title = {Modulation of NRF2: Biological Dualism in Cancer, Targets and Possible Therapeutic Applications.},
journal = {Antioxidants & redox signaling},
volume = {40},
number = {10-12},
pages = {636-662},
doi = {10.1089/ars.2022.0213},
pmid = {37470218},
issn = {1557-7716},
abstract = {Significance: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) system is a master regulator of redox homeostasis and cell adaptation to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stressors. Accumulating evidence from the last decade indicates that the impairment of the redox balance leads to oxidative stress (OS), a common alteration occurring in many human acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders, and aging. Recent Advances: Being located at the intersection of crucial signaling pathways, NRF2 can influence several cellular functions, which extend beyond the maintenance of the redox balance and include cellular metabolism, proteostasis, mitochondrial function and inflammation. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the pharmacologic manipulation of NRF2 for therapeutic purposes, which requires the accurate knowledge of the cell context and the specific time frame both of NRF2 activation and inhibition. This appears to be an important prerequisite and reflects the extreme complexity of the NRF2 signaling, characterized by an intrinsic dualism that mediates beneficial or detrimental effects even in the same biological process. Critical Issues: Of crucial importance will be to understand whether the NRF2 activity modulation might be exploited to exert beneficial outcomes in patients suffering from pathological conditions, in which the OS and the deregulation of inflammatory processes play a crucial role. Future Directions: In this review, we discuss the dual involvement of NRF2 in aging, neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, long-COVID-19, and carcinogenesis and we present an overview of the most recent therapeutic modulators of NRF2, particularly emphasizing on those selected for clinical trials. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 636-662.},
}

@article {pmid38561236,
year = {2024},
author = {Nlandu, Y and Tannor, EK and Bafemika, T and Makulo, JR},
title = {Kidney damage associated with COVID-19: from the acute to the chronic phase.},
journal = {Renal failure},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {2316885},
pmid = {38561236},
issn = {1525-6049},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Kidney/pathology ; *Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/pathology ; Inflammation/pathology ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) infection is well established as a systemic disease including kidney damage. The entry point into the renal cell remains the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and the spectrum of renal lesions is broad, with a clear predominance of structural and functional tubular lesions. The most common form of glomerular injury is collapsing glomerulopathy (CG), which is strongly associated with apolipoprotein L1(APOL-1) risk variants. These acute lesions, which are secondary to the direct or indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2, can progress to chronicity and are specific to long COVID-19 in the absence of any other cause. Residual inflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to acute kidney injury (AKI) as a transitional state with or without severe histological lesions, may be responsible for greater kidney function decline in mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This review discusses the evidence for renal histological markers of chronicity in COVID-19 patients and triggers of low-grade inflammation that may explain the decline in kidney function in the post-COVID-19 period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Kidney/pathology
*Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/pathology
Inflammation/pathology

@article {pmid38561114,
year = {2024},
author = {Faghy, PMA and Ashton, DRE and McNeils, MR and Arena, R and Duncan, DR},
title = {Attenuating Post-exertional Malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long-COVID: Is Blood Lactate Monitoring the Answer?.},
journal = {Current problems in cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102554},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102554},
pmid = {38561114},
issn = {1535-6280},
}

@article {pmid38560644,
year = {2024},
author = {Chen, DY and Huang, PI and Tang, KT},
title = {Characteristics of long COVID in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Rheumatology advances in practice},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {rkae027},
doi = {10.1093/rap/rkae027},
pmid = {38560644},
issn = {2514-1775},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Numerous cases of long coronavirus disease (long COVID) have been reported in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). Despite the reviews on clinical manifestations of long COVID in the general population, systematic reviews on ARD patients are scarce. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and characteristics of long COVID in ARD patients.

METHODS: We searched the literature in PubMed and Embase as of 27 December 2022. Cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies relevant to long COVID in ARD patients were collected. Stratification based on the severity of COVID infection and subtypes of rheumatic diseases [systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) vs non-autoimmune rheumatic disease (NARD)] was also undertaken. A random-effects model was used in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 15 relevant studies were identified from the literature. The prevalence of long COVID was 56% (95% CI 34, 76) in 2995 patients. Hospitalized COVID patients had a higher proportion of long COVID than non-hospitalized patients. The prevalence of long COVID was similar between SARD and NARD patients. In terms of symptoms, fatigue, arthralgia and pain were commonly reported in long COVID patients with ARDs.

CONCLUSION: The characteristics of long COVID in ARD patients are generally similar to those in the general population despite a higher prevalence and a higher proportion of arthralgia and pain.},
}

@article {pmid38555403,
year = {2024},
author = {Naidu, AS and Wang, CK and Rao, P and Mancini, F and Clemens, RA and Wirakartakusumah, A and Chiu, HF and Yen, CH and Porretta, S and Mathai, I and Naidu, SAG},
title = {Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID.},
journal = {NPJ science of food},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {19},
pmid = {38555403},
issn = {2396-8370},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.},
}

@article {pmid38549864,
year = {2024},
author = {Bocquet-Garçon, A},
title = {Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein on the Innate Immune System: A Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {e57008},
pmid = {38549864},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The Spike protein enables the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by binding to multiple receptors, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Scientific studies also indicate that Spike is involved in severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), "long-haul COVID diseases" - also known as "long COVID syndromes" or "post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection" (PACS) - or, recently, in adverse reactions to lipid nanoparticle-messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines or other anti-COVID19 products. Numerous mutations, notably within the subunit 1 of Spike (S1), prevent neutralization by antibodies, but more generally, the virus has developed numerous strategies to avoid immune system surveillance, especially type-I interferons (IFN-I). Meanwhile, a "hyperinflammatory" state, named "cytokine storm," sets in. However, what role does the Spike protein play in the immune escape mechanisms? Can its inflammatory activities affect IFN-I? Does Spike block IFN-I or hijack them for the virus benefits? What are the other potential consequences? This article was written to provide an up-to-date and more general overview of the impact of the Spike protein on the innate immune system and its effectors at the molecular level.},
}

@article {pmid38543736,
year = {2024},
author = {Giovanetti, M and Pannella, G and Altomare, A and Rocchi, G and Guarino, M and Ciccozzi, M and Riva, E and Gherardi, G},
title = {Exploring the Interplay between COVID-19 and Gut Health: The Potential Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Support.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {38543736},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; Prebiotics ; *COVID-19/therapy ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Inflammation ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, leading to extensive research focused on developing strategies to enhance outbreak response and mitigate the disease's severity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, attention has shifted towards understanding and addressing long-term health implications, particularly in individuals experiencing persistent symptoms, known as long COVID. Research into potential interventions to alleviate long COVID symptoms has intensified, with a focus on strategies to support immune function and mitigate inflammation. One area of interest is the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and maintaining overall health. Prebiotics and probiotics, known for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in bolstering immune function and reducing inflammation. This review delves into the intricate relationship between long COVID, the gut microbiota, and immune function, with a specific focus on the role of prebiotics and probiotics. We examine the immune response to long COVID, emphasizing the importance of inflammation and immune regulation in the persistence of symptoms. The potential of probiotics in modulating immune responses, including their mechanisms in combating viral infections such as COVID-19, is discussed in detail. Clinical evidence supporting the use of probiotics in managing long COVID symptoms is summarized, highlighting their role as adjunctive therapy in addressing various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its aftermath.},
}

Humans
Prebiotics
*COVID-19/therapy
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
Inflammation

@article {pmid38542177,
year = {2024},
author = {Ricardi, C and Barachini, S and Consoli, G and Marazziti, D and Polini, B and Chiellini, G},
title = {Beta-Caryophyllene, a Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Selective Agonist, in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms25063203},
pmid = {38542177},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Mental disorders account for one of the most prevalent categories of the burden of disease worldwide, with depression expected to be the largest contributor by 2030, closely followed by anxiety. The COVID-19 pandemic possibly exacerbated these challenges, especially amongst adolescents, who experienced isolation, disrupted routines, and limited healthcare access. Notably, the pandemic has been associated with long-term neurological effects known as "long-COVID", characterized by both cognitive and psychopathological symptoms. In general, psychiatric disorders, including those related to long-COVID, are supposed to be due to widespread inflammation leading to neuroinflammation. Recently, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) emerged as a potential target for addressing depression and anxiety pathophysiology. Specifically, natural or synthetic cannabinoids, able to selectively interact with cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R), recently revealed new therapeutic potential in neuropsychiatric disorders with limited or absent psychotropic activity. Among the most promising natural CB2R ligands, the bicyclic sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (BCP) has emerged as an excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic agent. This review underscores BCP's immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the management of depression and anxiety.},
}

@article {pmid38541324,
year = {2024},
author = {Sweis, JJG and Alnaimat, F and Esparza, V and Prasad, S and Azam, A and Modi, Z and Al-Awqati, M and Jetanalin, P and Sweis, NJ and Ascoli, C and Novak, RM and Rubinstein, I and Papanikolaou, IC and Sweiss, N},
title = {From Acute Infection to Prolonged Health Consequences: Understanding Health Disparities and Economic Implications in Long COVID Worldwide.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph21030325},
pmid = {38541324},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a growing number of patients experiencing persistent symptoms and physiological changes after recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as Long COVID. Long COVID is characterized by recurring symptoms and inflammation across multiple organ systems. Diagnosis can be challenging, influenced by factors like demographics, comorbidities, and immune responses. Long COVID impacts various organ systems and can have neuropsychological effects. Health disparities, particularly related to race, contribute to a higher burden of infection and ongoing symptoms in minority populations. Managing Long COVID entails addressing a spectrum of symptoms that encompass physical, cognitive, and psychological aspects. The recovery period for patients with Long COVID can vary significantly, influenced by factors like the severity of the disease, hospitalization, comorbidities, and age. Currently, there are no universally effective treatments, although certain interventions show promise, necessitating further research. Self-management and rehabilitation programs can provide relief, but more research is needed to establish their effectiveness. Preventive measures such as vaccination and the use of antiviral medications and metformin. It is imperative to conduct further research to develop evidence-based guidelines and gain a better understanding of the long-term implications of COVID-19. Long COVID could have substantial economic impact on the labor market, productivity, healthcare expenditures, and overall economic growth. To address the challenges patients with long-term complications face, there is a focus on strategies like promoting telework and flexible work arrangements to accommodate diverse symptoms, particularly chronic fatigue and other Long COVID effects. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the multifaceted complexity of Long COVID and the ongoing need to address its potential long-term health and economic impacts.},
}

@article {pmid38540252,
year = {2024},
author = {Lazar, M and Sandulescu, M and Barbu, EC and Chitu-Tisu, CE and Andreescu, DI and Anton, AN and Erculescu, TM and Petre, AM and Duca, GT and Simion, V and Padiu, IF and Pacurar, CG and Rosca, R and Simian, TM and Oprea, CA and Ion, DA},
title = {The Role of Cytokines and Molecular Pathways in Lung Fibrosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Physiopathologic (Re)view.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines12030639},
pmid = {38540252},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection is a significant health concern that needs to be addressed not only during the initial phase of infection but also after hospitalization. This is the consequence of the various pathologies associated with long COVID-19, which are still being studied and researched. Lung fibrosis is an important complication after COVID-19, found in up to 71% of patients after discharge. Our research is based on scientific articles indexed in PubMed; in the selection process, we used the following keywords: "lung fibrosis", "fibrosis mediators", "fibrosis predictors", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2 infection", and "long COVID-19". In this narrative review, we aimed to discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of initiation and progression of post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis (PC-19-LF) and the risk factors for its occurrence. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis involves various mediators such as TGF-β, legumain, osteopontin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, Gal-1, Gal-3, PDGF, and FGFR-1. The key cellular effectors involved in COVID-19 lung fibrosis are macrophages, epithelial alveolar cells, neutrophils, and fibroblasts. The main fibrosis pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection include hypoxemia-induced fibrosis, macrophage-induced fibrosis, and viral-fibroblast interaction-induced fibrosis.},
}

@article {pmid38537538,
year = {2024},
author = {Bhattacharya, M and Chatterjee, S and Saxena, S and Nandi, SS and Lee, SS and Chakraborty, C},
title = {Current landscape of long COVID clinical trials.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {132},
number = {},
pages = {111930},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111930},
pmid = {38537538},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Long COVID was reported as a multi-systemic condition after the infection of SARS-CoV-2, and more than 65 million people are suffering from this disease. It has been noted that around 10% of severe SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals are suffering from the enduring effects of long COVID. The symptoms of long COVID have also been noted in several mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. While limited reports on clinical trials investigating new therapeutics for long COVID exist, there is an abundance of scattered information available regarding these trials. This review explores the extensive literature search, and complete clinical trial database search to map the current status of long COVID clinical trials worldwide. The study listed about 110 long COVID clinical trials. In addition to conducting extensive long COVID clinical trials, we have comprehensively presented an overview of the condition, its symptoms, notable manifestations, associated clinical trials, the unique challenges it poses, and our recommendations for addressing long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38535608,
year = {2024},
author = {Agouridis, AP and Mastori-Kourmpani, C and Antoniou, P and Konstantinou, P and Rizos, EC and Tsioutis, C},
title = {Beau's Lines and COVID-19; A Systematic Review on Their Association.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens13030265},
pmid = {38535608},
issn = {2076-0817},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Beau's lines are transverse grooves in the nail plate that result from transient interruption of the growth of the proximal nail matrix after severe disease. The aim of this study is to systematically report all evidence on the association of Beau's lines with COVID-19 infection or vaccination against COVID-19.

METHODS: PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to January 2024 for articles reporting Beau's lines associated with COVID-19 infection or vaccination for COVID-19.

PROSPERO ID: CRD42024496830.

RESULTS: PubMed search identified 299 records while Scopus search identified 18 records. After screening the bibliography, nine studies including 35 cases were included in our systematic review. The studies were reported from different areas around the world. Included studies documented Beau's lines following COVID-19 vaccination (two studies) or after COVID-19 infection (seven studies). High variability was recorded in onset and resolution times among included cases, averaging 3 months and 6 months after COVID-19 infection, respectively. In the two studies reporting Beau's lines after vaccination, onset was at 7 days and 6 weeks and resolution occurred after 8 and 17 weeks, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review reporting the association of Beau's lines with COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Severe immune response can result in the formation of these nail disorders. Of importance, Beau's lines represent a potential indicator of prior severe COVID-19 infection or vaccination for COVID-19, as well as a sign of long COVID-19 syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid38535041,
year = {2024},
author = {Babar, M and Jamil, H and Mehta, N and Moutwakil, A and Duong, TQ},
title = {Short- and Long-Term Chest-CT Findings after Recovery from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diagnostics14060621},
pmid = {38535041},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {While ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and fibrosis in the lungs are some of the hallmarks of acute SAR-CoV-2 infection, it remains unclear whether these pulmonary radiological findings would resolve after acute symptoms have subsided. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities stratified by COVID-19 disease severity and multiple timepoints post-infection. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for relevant articles until 23 May 2023. Studies with COVID-19-recovered patients and follow-up chest CT at least 12 months post-infection were included. CT findings were evaluated at short-term (1-6 months) and long-term (12-24 months) follow-ups and by disease severity (severe and non-severe). A generalized linear mixed-effects model with random effects was used to estimate event rates for CT findings. A total of 2517 studies were identified, of which 43 met the inclusion (N = 8858 patients). Fibrotic-like changes had the highest event rate at short-term (0.44 [0.3-0.59]) and long-term (0.38 [0.23-0.56]) follow-ups. A meta-regression showed that over time the event rates decreased for any abnormality (β = -0.137, p = 0.002), ground-glass opacities (β = -0.169, p < 0.001), increased for honeycombing (β = 0.075, p = 0.03), and did not change for fibrotic-like changes, bronchiectasis, reticulation, and interlobular septal thickening (p > 0.05 for all). The severe subgroup had significantly higher rates of any abnormalities (p < 0.001), bronchiectasis (p = 0.02), fibrotic-like changes (p = 0.03), and reticulation (p < 0.001) at long-term follow-ups when compared to the non-severe subgroup. In conclusion, significant CT abnormalities remained up to 2 years post-COVID-19, especially in patients with severe disease. Long-lasting pulmonary abnormalities post-SARS-CoV-2 infection signal a future public health concern, necessitating extended monitoring, rehabilitation, survivor support, vaccination, and ongoing research for targeted therapies.},
}

@article {pmid38534740,
year = {2024},
author = {Kemerley, A and Gupta, A and Thirunavukkarasu, M and Maloney, M and Burgwardt, S and Maulik, N},
title = {COVID-19 Associated Cardiovascular Disease-Risks, Prevention and Management: Heart at Risk Due to COVID-19.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {46},
number = {3},
pages = {1904-1920},
doi = {10.3390/cimb46030124},
pmid = {38534740},
issn = {1467-3045},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) virus and the resulting COVID-19 pandemic have had devastating and lasting impact on the global population. Although the main target of the disease is the respiratory tract, clinical outcomes, and research have also shown significant effects of infection on other organ systems. Of interest in this review is the effect of the virus on the cardiovascular system. Complications, including hyperinflammatory syndrome, myocarditis, and cardiac failure, have been documented in the context of COVID-19 infection. These complications ultimately contribute to worse patient outcomes, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly and interestingly, reports have demonstrated that COVID-19 also causes myocardial injury in adults without pre-existing conditions and contributes to systemic complications in pediatric populations, such as the development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Although there is still a debate over the exact mechanisms by which such complications arise, understanding the potential paths by which the virus can influence the cardiovascular system to create an inflammatory environment may clarify how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human physiology. In addition to describing the mechanisms of disease propagation and patient presentation, this review discusses the diagnostic findings and treatment strategies and the evolution of management for patients presenting with cardiovascular complications, focusing on disease treatment and prevention.},
}

@article {pmid38527781,
year = {2024},
author = {Seo, JW and Kim, SE and Kim, Y and Kim, EJ and Kim, T and Kim, TH and Lee, SH and Lee, E and Lee, J and Seo, YB and Jeong, YH and Jung, YH and Choi, YJ and Song, JY},
title = {Updated Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of long COVID.},
journal = {Infection & chemotherapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3947/ic.2024.0024},
pmid = {38527781},
issn = {2093-2340},
support = {HD22C2045//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; },
abstract = {"Long COVID" is a term used to describe a condition when the symptoms and signs associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) persist for more than three months among patients infected with COVID-19; this condition has been reported globally and poses a serious public health issue. Long COVID can manifest in various forms, highlighting the need for appropriate evaluation and management by experts from various fields. However, due to the lack of clear clinical definitions, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment protocols, it is necessary to develop the best standard clinical guidelines based on the scientific evidence reported to date. We developed this clinical guideline for diagnosing and treating long COVID by analyzing the latest research data collected from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic until June 2023, along with the consensus of expert opinions. This guideline provides recommendations for diagnosis and treatment that can be applied in clinical practice, based on a total of 32 key questions related to patients with long COVID. The evaluation of patients with long COVID should be comprehensive, including medical history, physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and functional tests. To reduce the risk of developing long COVID, vaccination and antiviral treatment during the acute phase are recommended. This guideline will be revised when there is a reasonable need for updates based on the availability of new knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38359962,
year = {2024},
author = {Seylanova, N and Chernyavskaya, A and Degtyareva, N and Mursalova, A and Ajam, A and Xiao, L and Aktulaeva, K and Roshchin, P and Bobkova, P and Aiyegbusi, OL and Anbu, AT and Apfelbacher, C and Asadi-Pooya, AA and Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L and Brackel, C and Buonsenso, D and de Groote, W and Diaz, JV and Dona, D and Dunn Galvin, A and Genuneit, J and Goss, H and Hughes, SE and Jones, CJ and Kuppalli, K and Malone, LA and McFarland, S and Needham, DM and Nekliudov, N and Nicholson, TR and Oliveira, CR and Schiess, N and Segal, TY and Sigfrid, L and Thorne, C and Vijverberg, S and Warner, JO and Were, WM and Williamson, PR and Munblit, D and , },
title = {Core outcome measurement set for research and clinical practice in post-COVID-19 condition (long COVID) in children and young people: an international Delphi consensus study "PC-COS Children".},
journal = {The European respiratory journal},
volume = {63},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {38359962},
issn = {1399-3003},
support = {K23 AI159518/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; OT2 HL161847/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; *COVID-19 ; Delphi Technique ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Research Design ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic substantially impacted different age groups, with children and young people not exempted. Many have experienced enduring health consequences. Presently, there is no consensus on the health outcomes to assess in children and young people with post-COVID-19 condition. Furthermore, it is unclear which measurement instruments are appropriate for use in research and clinical management of children and young people with post-COVID-19. To address these unmet needs, we conducted a consensus study, aiming to develop a core outcome set (COS) and an associated core outcome measurement set (COMS) for evaluating post-COVID-19 condition in children and young people. Our methodology comprised of two phases. In phase 1 (to create a COS), we performed an extensive literature review and categorisation of outcomes, and prioritised those outcomes in a two-round online modified Delphi process followed by a consensus meeting. In phase 2 (to create the COMS), we performed another modified Delphi consensus process to evaluate measurement instruments for previously defined core outcomes from phase 1, followed by an online consensus workshop to finalise recommendations regarding the most appropriate instruments for each core outcome. In phase 1, 214 participants from 37 countries participated, with 154 (72%) contributing to both Delphi rounds. The subsequent online consensus meeting resulted in a final COS which encompassed seven critical outcomes: fatigue; post-exertion symptoms; work/occupational and study changes; as well as functional changes, symptoms, and conditions relating to cardiovascular, neuro-cognitive, gastrointestinal and physical outcomes. In phase 2, 11 international experts were involved in a modified Delphi process, selecting measurement instruments for a subsequent online consensus workshop where 30 voting participants discussed and independently scored the selected instruments. As a result of this consensus process, four instruments met a priori consensus criteria for inclusion: PedsQL multidimensional fatigue scale for "fatigue"; PedsQL gastrointestinal symptom scales for "gastrointestinal"; PedsQL cognitive functioning scale for "neurocognitive" and EQ-5D for "physical functioning". Despite proposing outcome measurement instruments for the remaining three core outcomes ("cardiovascular", "post-exertional malaise", "work/occupational and study changes"), a consensus was not achieved. Our international, consensus-based initiative presents a robust framework for evaluating post-COVID-19 condition in children and young people in research and clinical practice via a rigorously defined COS and associated COMS. It will aid in the uniform measurement and reporting of relevant health outcomes worldwide.},
}

Adolescent
Child
Humans
*COVID-19
Delphi Technique
Outcome Assessment, Health Care
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Research Design
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid38518038,
year = {2024},
author = {Kavanagh, KT and Cormier, LE and Pontus, C and Bergman, A and Webley, W},
title = {Long COVID's Impact on Patients, Workers, & Society: A review.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {103},
number = {12},
pages = {e37502},
pmid = {38518038},
issn = {1536-5964},
mesh = {Adult ; Child ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Disease Outbreaks ; },
abstract = {The incidence of long COVID in adult survivors of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is approximately 11%. Of those afflicted, 26% have difficulty with day-to-day activities. The majority of long COIVD cases occur after mild or asymptomatic acute infection. Children can spread SARS-CoV-2 infections and can also develop long-term neurological, endocrine (type I diabetes), and immunological sequelae. Immunological hypofunction is exemplified by the recent large outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcal infections. Neurological manifestations are associated with anatomical brain damage demonstrated on brain scans and autopsy studies. The prefrontal cortex is particularly susceptible. Common symptoms include brain fog, memory loss, executive dysfunction, and personality changes. The impact on society has been profound. Fewer than half of previously employed adults who develop long COVID are working full-time, and 42% of patients reported food insecurity and 20% reported difficulties paying rent. Vaccination not only helps prevent severe COVID-19, but numerous studies have found beneficial effects in preventing and mitigating long COVID. There is also evidence that vaccination after an acute infection can lessen the symptoms of long COVID. Physical and occupational therapy can also help patients regain function, but the approach must be "low and slow." Too much physical or mental activity can result in post-exertional malaise and set back the recovery process by days or weeks. The complexity of long COVID presentations coupled with rampant organized disinformation, have caused significant segments of the public to ignore sound public health advice. Further research is needed regarding treatment and effective public communication.},
}

Adult
Child
Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Disease Outbreaks

@article {pmid38510743,
year = {2024},
author = {Gonjilashvili, A and Tatishvili, S},
title = {The interplay between Sars-Cov-2 infection related cardiovascular diseases and depression. Common mechanisms, shared symptoms.},
journal = {American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice},
volume = {38},
number = {},
pages = {100364},
pmid = {38510743},
issn = {2666-6022},
abstract = {In 2020 the World Health organization announced a pandemic due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 19. Pneumonia was the most common manifestation of the Sars-Cov-2 infection, however, clinical papers describe Sars-Cov-2 associated cardiovascular pathologies, such as ACS, myopericarditis, cardiomyopathies, dysrhythmias, as leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality. The short and long term prognosis of Sars-Cov-2-related cardiovascular diseases was defined not only by the disease severity itself but also by associated conditions and complications, among which mental health issues (stress, depression and anxiety) have a negative impact. The interplay between Sars-Cov-2 infection, cardiovascular disease and depression may be explained by hyperinflammation, unhealthy lifestyle and inter-organ communication, mediated by extracellular vesicles (EV) and non-coding MicroRNA (miRNA). The long Covid syndrome is characterized with orthostatic hypotension, impaired cardiac and cerebral perfusion, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), syncope, chest pain, dyspnea, palpitation, chronic fatigue syndrome, 'brain fog', memory, cognitive and sleep difficulties, depression and anxiety. From a clinical point of view these symptoms may be considered as common symptoms representing not only a cardiac but also a neurological/psychiatric problem. Consequently assessment of these symptoms are of paramount importance. Due to their complexity, management of these patients requires multidisciplinary care.},
}

@article {pmid38506116,
year = {2024},
author = {Khullar, V and Lemmon, B and Acar, O and Abrams, P and Vahabi, B},
title = {Does COVID-19 cause or worsen LUT dysfunction, what are the mechanisms and possible treatments? ICI-RS 2023.},
journal = {Neurourology and urodynamics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/nau.25441},
pmid = {38506116},
issn = {1520-6777},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and produced a worldwide pandemic in 2020. There have been 770,875,433 confirmed cases and 6,959,316 attributed deaths worldwide until September 19, 2023. The virus can also affect the lower urinary tract (LUT) leading to bladder inflammation and producing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in both the acute and chronic phases of disease.

METHODS: At the 2023 meeting of the International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS), the literature relating to COVID-19 and bladder dysfunction was reviewed. The LUTS reported, as well as the pathophysiology of these bladder symptoms, were the subject of considerable discussion. A number of different topics were discussed including lower LUTS reported in COVID-19, how SARS-CoV-2 may infect and affect the urinary tract, and proposed mechanisms for how viral infection result in new, worsened, and in some persisting LUTS.

CONCLUSIONS: The workshop discussed the interaction between the virus and the immune system, covering current evidence supporting theories underlying the causes of acute and chronic LUTS related to COVID-19 infection. Research questions for further investigation were suggested and identified.},
}

@article {pmid38500880,
year = {2024},
author = {Gheorghita, R and Soldanescu, I and Lobiuc, A and Caliman Sturdza, OA and Filip, R and Constantinescu-Bercu, A and Dimian, M and Mangul, S and Covasa, M},
title = {The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1344086},
pmid = {38500880},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Disease Management ; Disease Progression ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with the virus, a significant proportion of them continue to experience health issues weeks, months and even years after acute infection with SARS-CoV-2. This persistence of clinical symptoms in infected individuals for at least three months after the onset of the disease or the emergence of new symptoms lasting more than two months, without any other explanation and alternative diagnosis have been named long COVID, long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Long COVID has been characterized as a constellation of symptoms and disorders that vary widely in their manifestations. Further, the mechanisms underlying long COVID are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. This review describes predictors and the most common symptoms related to long COVID's effects on the central and peripheral nervous system and other organs and tissues. Furthermore, the transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways and risk factors for long COVID, such as sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during acute phase of COVID-19, vaccination, and lifestyle are presented. Finally, recommendations for patient rehabilitation and disease management, as well as alternative therapeutical approaches to long COVID sequelae are discussed. Understanding the complexity of this disease, its symptoms across multiple organ systems and overlapping pathologies and its possible mechanisms are paramount in developing diagnostic tools and treatments.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
Disease Management
Disease Progression

@article {pmid36580406,
year = {2024},
author = {Barker, KK and Whooley, O and Madden, EF and Ahrend, EE and Greene, RN},
title = {The long tail of COVID and the tale of long COVID: Diagnostic construction and the management of ignorance.},
journal = {Sociology of health & illness},
volume = {46},
number = {S1},
pages = {189-207},
pmid = {36580406},
issn = {1467-9566},
mesh = {Humans ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *COVID-19 ; Sociology ; Uncertainty ; COVID-19 Testing ; },
abstract = {We bring together insights from the sociology of diagnosis and the sociology of ignorance to examine the early diagnostic unfolding of 'Long COVID' (LC). Originally described by patient activists, researchers set out to ponder its unwieldy clinical boundaries. Using a scoping review method in tandem with qualitative content analytic techniques, we analyse medicine's initial struggles to construct a LC diagnosis. Paying attention to the dynamics of ignorance, we highlight three consequential conceptual manoeuvres in the early classifications of LC: causal agnosticism concerning the relationship between COVID-19 and LC, evasion of lumping LC with similar conditions; and the predictable splitting off of medically explainable cases from the LC designation. These manoeuvres are not maleficent, inept or unreasonable. They are practical but impactful responses to the classificatory dilemmas present in the construction of diagnoses amidst ignorance. Although there are unique aspects to LC, we suggest that its early fate is nevertheless emblematic of medicine's diagnostic standardisation processes more generally. To varying degrees, diagnoses are ignorance management strategies; they create a pathway through the uncertainty at the core of disease realities. However, while diagnoses circumscribe some types of ignorance, they produce others through the creation of blind spots and paths not taken.},
}

Humans
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*COVID-19
Sociology
Uncertainty
COVID-19 Testing

@article {pmid38495940,
year = {2024},
author = {Mostafa, RH and Moustafa, A},
title = {Beyond acute infection: molecular mechanisms underpinning cardiovascular complications in long COVID.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1268571},
pmid = {38495940},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic, has manifested significant cardiovascular implications for the infected population. These cardiovascular repercussions not only linger beyond the initial phase of illness but have also been observed in individuals who remain asymptomatic. This extended and pervasive impact is often called the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) or "Long COVID". With the number of confirmed global cases approaching an alarming 756 million, the multifaceted challenges of Long COVID are undeniable. These challenges span from individual health complications to considerable burdens on worldwide healthcare systems. Our review comprehensively examines the complications of the persistent cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, we shed light on emerging therapeutic strategies that promise to manage and possibly mitigate these complications. We also introduce and discuss the profound concerns regarding the potential transgenerational repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, emphasizing the need for a proactive and informed approach to future research and clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid38495122,
year = {2024},
author = {Qiu, Y and Mo, C and Chen, L and Ye, W and Chen, G and Zhu, T},
title = {Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID-19: implications for therapeutic interventions.},
journal = {MedComm},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {e513},
pmid = {38495122},
issn = {2688-2663},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently caused a global pandemic, resulting in more than 702 million people being infected and over 6.9 million deaths. Patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may suffer from diarrhea, sleep disorders, depression, and even cognitive impairment, which is associated with long COVID during recovery. However, there remains no consensus on effective treatment methods. Studies have found that patients with COVID-19 have alterations in microbiota and their metabolites, particularly in the gut, which may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. Consumption of probiotics may alleviate the discomfort caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the pathophysiological process underlying the alleviation of COVID-19-related symptoms and complications by targeting the microbiota remains unclear. In the current study, we summarize the latest research and evidence on the COVID-19 pandemic, together with symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine use, with a focus on the relationship between microbiota alterations and COVID-19-related symptoms and vaccine use. This work provides evidence that probiotic-based interventions may improve COVID-19 symptoms by regulating gut microbiota and systemic immunity. Probiotics may also be used as adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid38483046,
year = {2024},
author = {Pietrangelo, T and Cagnin, S and Bondi, D and Santangelo, C and Marramiero, L and Purcaro, C and Bonadio, RS and Di Filippo, ES and Mancinelli, R and Fulle, S and Verratti, V and Cheng, X},
title = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome from current evidence to new diagnostic perspectives through skeletal muscle and metabolic disturbances.},
journal = {Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e14122},
doi = {10.1111/apha.14122},
pmid = {38483046},
issn = {1748-1716},
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a demanding medical condition for patients and society. It has raised much more public awareness after the COVID-19 pandemic since ME/CFS and long-COVID patients share many clinical symptoms such as debilitating chronic fatigue. However, unlike long COVID, the etiopathology of ME/CFS remains a mystery despite several decades' research. This review moves from pathophysiology of ME/CFS through the compelling evidence and most interesting hypotheses. It focuses on the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle by proposing the hypothesis that skeletal muscle tissue offers novel opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome and that new evidence can help resolve the long-standing debate on terminology.},
}

@article {pmid38482000,
year = {2024},
author = {Bohmwald, K and Diethelm-Varela, B and Rodríguez-Guilarte, L and Rivera, T and Riedel, CA and González, PA and Kalergis, AM},
title = {Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1341600},
pmid = {38482000},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social and economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention and therapeutic efforts have concentrated on the acute phase of the disease, a notable proportion of survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set of symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents a potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 in 5 COVID-19 survivors exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with long COVID. Despite this prevalence, the mechanisms and pathophysiology of long COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that a significant proportion of cases within this clinical condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given to further studies on this condition to equip global public health systems for its management. This review provides an overview of available information on this emerging clinical condition, focusing on the affected individuals' epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles.},
}

@article {pmid38474072,
year = {2024},
author = {Smith, MM and Melrose, J},
title = {Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {38474072},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {n/a//Melrose Personal Research Fund, Sydney, Australia/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Proteoglycans ; Lumican ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism ; *COVID-19 ; Biomarkers ; },
abstract = {This study has reviewed the many roles of lumican as a biomarker of tissue pathology in health and disease. Lumican is a structure regulatory proteoglycan of collagen-rich tissues, with cell instructive properties through interactions with a number of cell surface receptors in tissue repair, thereby regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and the innate and humoral immune systems to combat infection. The exponential increase in publications in the last decade dealing with lumican testify to its role as a pleiotropic biomarker regulatory protein. Recent findings show lumican has novel roles as a biomarker of the hypercoagulative state that occurs in SARS CoV-2 infections; thus, it may also prove useful in the delineation of the complex tissue changes that characterize COVID-19 disease. Lumican may be useful as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker of long COVID disease and its sequelae.},
}

Humans
*Proteoglycans
Lumican
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
*COVID-19
Biomarkers

@article {pmid38469293,
year = {2024},
author = {Collins, CP and Longo, DL and Murphy, WJ},
title = {The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1345499},
pmid = {38469293},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccines ; Aging ; Immunoglobulin Idiotypes ; },
abstract = {Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccines
Aging
Immunoglobulin Idiotypes

@article {pmid38463416,
year = {2024},
author = {Agoston, DV},
title = {Traumatic Brain Injury in the Long-COVID Era.},
journal = {Neurotrauma reports},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {81-94},
pmid = {38463416},
issn = {2689-288X},
abstract = {Major determinants of the biological background or reserve, such as age, biological sex, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, etc.), and medications (e.g., anticoagulants), are known to affect outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). With the unparalleled data richness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; ∼375,000 and counting!) as well as the chronic form, long-COVID, also called post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), publications (∼30,000 and counting) covering virtually every aspect of the diseases, pathomechanisms, biomarkers, disease phases, symptomatology, etc., have provided a unique opportunity to better understand and appreciate the holistic nature of diseases, interconnectivity between organ systems, and importance of biological background in modifying disease trajectories and affecting outcomes. Such a holistic approach is badly needed to better understand TBI-induced conditions in their totality. Here, I briefly review what is known about long-COVID/PASC, its underlying-suspected-pathologies, the pathobiological changes induced by TBI, in other words, the TBI endophenotypes, discuss the intersection of long-COVID/PASC and TBI-induced pathobiologies, and how by considering some of the known factors affecting the person's biological background and the inclusion of mechanistic molecular biomarkers can help to improve the clinical management of TBI patients.},
}

@article {pmid38463084,
year = {2024},
author = {Tariq, M and Mahak, F and Kumar, R and Kumar, A and Kumar, A and Khan, J and Muhammad, MA and Memon, U and Maqsood, KM and Tanveer, FS and Gill, A and Jawed, A and Shrestha, S and Waheed, MH},
title = {Unmasking the long-term effects: unravelling neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences of COVID-19.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {86},
number = {3},
pages = {1490-1495},
pmid = {38463084},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has not only burdened healthcare systems but has also led to a new emerging medical enigma that is post-COVID-19 syndrome or "long COVID." Characterized by persistent symptoms that extend beyond the acute phase of the illness, long COVID has rapidly become a public health concern with ambiguous neurological and neuropsychiatric dimensions. This narrative review aims at synthesizing available research to decode the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on neurological and mental health. Drawing from a multitude of studies, this review synthesizes evidence on various neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms, including cognitive deficits, mood disorders, and more. The narrative delves into potential pathogenic mechanisms, hoping to fill existing research gaps and offering directions for future inquiry. The objective is not just academic; it has immediate real-world implications. Understanding these long-term effects is crucial for developing effective treatments and interventions, thereby better serving the millions of individuals living with these lingering symptoms. As healthcare systems continue to grapple with the fallout from the pandemic, this review provides much-needed context and insights into an area that demands urgent research and action.},
}

@article {pmid38461701,
year = {2024},
author = {van der Knaap, N and Ariës, MJH and van der Horst, ICC and Jansen, JFA},
title = {On the merits and potential of advanced neuroimaging techniques in COVID-19: A scoping review.},
journal = {NeuroImage. Clinical},
volume = {42},
number = {},
pages = {103589},
doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103589},
pmid = {38461701},
issn = {2213-1582},
abstract = {Many Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are suffering from long-term neuropsychological sequelae. These patients may benefit from a better understanding of the underlying neuropathophysiological mechanisms and identification of potential biomarkers and treatment targets. Structural clinical neuroimaging techniques have limited ability to visualize subtle cerebral abnormalities and to investigate brain function. This scoping review assesses the merits and potential of advanced neuroimaging techniques in COVID-19 using literature including advanced neuroimaging or postmortem analyses in adult COVID-19 patients published from the start of the pandemic until December 2023. Findings were summarized according to distinct categories of reported cerebral abnormalities revealed by different imaging techniques. Although no unified COVID-19-specific pattern could be subtracted, a broad range of cerebral abnormalities were revealed by advanced neuroimaging (likely attributable to hypoxic, vascular, and inflammatory pathology), even in absence of structural clinical imaging findings. These abnormalities are validated by postmortem examinations. This scoping review emphasizes the added value of advanced neuroimaging compared to structural clinical imaging and highlights implications for brain functioning and long-term consequences in COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid38460898,
year = {2024},
author = {Faghy, MA and Duncan, R and Hume, E and Gough, L and Roscoe, C and Laddu, D and Arena, R and Asthon, REM and Dalton, C},
title = {Developing effective strategies to optimize physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in the long Covid population- The need for caution and objective assessment.},
journal = {Progress in cardiovascular diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcad.2024.03.003},
pmid = {38460898},
issn = {1873-1740},
abstract = {The Post Covid-19 Condition (commonly known as Long Covid) has been defined by the World Health Organisation as occurring in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS CoV 2 infection, usually within 3 months from the onset of acute Covid-19 infection with symptoms that last for at least two months which cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. Long Covid is associated with over two hundred recognised symptoms and affects tens of millions of people worldwide. Widely reported reductions in quality of life(QoL) and functional status are caused by extremely sensitive and cyclical symptom profiles that are augmented following exposure to physical, emotional, orthostatic, and cognitive stimuli. This manifestation prevents millions of people from engaging in routine activities of daily living (ADLs) and has important health and well-being, social and economic impacts. Post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE) (also known as post-exertional malaise) is an exacerbation in the severity of fatigue and other symptoms following physical, emotional, orthostatic and cognitive tasks. Typically, this will occur 24-72 h after "over-exertion" and can persist for several days and even weeks. It is a hallmark symptom of Long Covid with a reported prevalence of 86%. The debilitating nature of PESE prevents patients from engaging in physical activity which impacts functional status and QoL. In this review, the authors present an update to the literature relating to PESE in Long Covid and make the case for evidence-based guidelines that support the design and implementation of safe rehabilitation approaches for people with Long Covid. This review also considers the role of objective monitoring to quantify a patient's response to external stimuli which can be used to support the safe management of Long Covid and inform decisions relating to engagement with any stimuli that could prompt an exacerbation of symptoms.},
}

@article {pmid38460395,
year = {2024},
author = {Peluso, MJ and Abdel-Mohsen, M and Henrich, TJ and Roan, NR},
title = {Systems analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in Long COVID.},
journal = {Seminars in immunology},
volume = {72},
number = {},
pages = {101873},
doi = {10.1016/j.smim.2024.101873},
pmid = {38460395},
issn = {1096-3618},
abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant progress has been made in developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against severe acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the management of Long COVID (LC), an infection-associated chronic condition that has been estimated to affect 5-20% of individuals following SARS-CoV-2 infection, remains challenging due to our limited understanding of its mechanisms. Although LC is a heterogeneous disease that is likely to have several subtypes, immune system disturbances appear common across many cases. The extent to which these immune perturbations contribute to LC symptoms, however, is not entirely clear. Recent advancements in multi-omics technologies, capable of detailed, cell-level analysis, have provided valuable insights into the immune perturbations associated with LC. Although these studies are largely descriptive in nature, they are the crucial first step towards a deeper understanding of the condition and the immune system's role in its development, progression, and resolution. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of immune perturbations in LC, covering both innate and adaptive immune responses, and the cytokines and analytes involved. We explore whether these findings support or challenge the primary hypotheses about LC's underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the crosstalk between various immune system components and how it can be disrupted in LC. Finally, we emphasize the need for more tissue- and subtype-focused analyses of LC, and for enhanced collaborative efforts to analyze common specimens from large cohorts, including those undergoing therapeutic interventions. These collective efforts are vital to unravel the fundaments of this new disease, and could also shed light on the prevention and treatment of the larger family of chronic illnesses linked to other microbial infections.},
}

@article {pmid38455892,
year = {2023},
author = {Gómez Bravo, R and Infanti, A and Billieux, J and Ritzen, M and , and Vögele, C and Benoy, C},
title = {The psychological syndrome associated with Long-COVID: A study protocol.},
journal = {Frontiers in epidemiology},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {1193369},
pmid = {38455892},
issn = {2674-1199},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Chronic post-viral syndromes, including Long-COVID, are characterized by a range of persistent symptoms that occur following a viral infection. Psychological symptoms are prevalent in Long-COVID patients and can have a significant impact on their quality of life. However, the specific patterns of psychological symptoms, their associations with physical symptoms, and the factors predicting their severity remain poorly understood.

AIMS: This study aims to explore and systematically assess psychological symptoms in Long-COVID, to identify syndrome clusters based on these symptoms, to examine their relationship with physical symptoms, and to investigate the influence of pandemic-related variables.

METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with data collected through an online questionnaire across several EU countries, from February 2020 to December 2022. Participants were recruited using public relations, the social media and information campaigns directed at the public and health professionals using snowball sampling.

RESULTS: The findings will allow to phenotype Long-COVID related psychological symptom clusters based on self-reports. facilitating improved assessment and treatment approaches.

CONCLUSIONS: The results will provide important knowledge for the public health management of the public healh management of Long COVID. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the psychological symptoms associated with Long-COVID and the development of specific treatment guidelines for psychological burden associated with Long-COVID, thereby supporting management strategies to combat the after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life.},
}

@article {pmid38455739,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhang, J and Kuang, T and Liu, X},
title = {Advances in researches on long coronavirus disease in children: a narrative review.},
journal = {Translational pediatrics},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {318-328},
doi = {10.21037/tp-23-472},
pmid = {38455739},
issn = {2224-4344},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the context of the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), more than 700 million infections and millions of deaths have occurred in countries around the world. Currently, two main sequelae of this disease are considered to occur in children, namely, multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children and long COVID. Among these two, the incidence of long COVID is higher and its impact on the population is more extensive, which is the focus of us. However, due to the lack of relevant studies and the limitations of most studies, the studies on sequelae of COVID-19 infection lag behind those of adults, but they have begun to attract the attention of some clinicians and researchers. We aim to summarize the current knowledge of long COVID in children, helping pediatricians and researchers to better understand this disease and providing guidance on research and clinical treatment of it.

METHODS: We reviewed all the studies on "long COVID", pediatric, children, adolescent, post-COVID syndrome in PubMed published after 2019.

KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: This review summarizes the latest researches on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of long COVID in children. Based on the existing research data, we summarized and analyzed the characteristics of long COVID in children, discovering the means to decipher the diagnosis of COVID-19 in children and some potential therapeutic treatments.

CONCLUSIONS: We aim to summarize existing research on long COVID in children and help pediatricians and government agencies quickly understand the disease so that it can be used for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention in the population. In addition, providing a research basis for further researches on the cellular and even molecular level to explain the occurrence and development of diseases, and has a guiding role for future research direction.},
}

@article {pmid38449882,
year = {2024},
author = {Katz, AA and Wainwright, S and Kelly, MP and Albert, P and Byrne, R},
title = {Hyperbaric oxygen effectively addresses the pathophysiology of long COVID: clinical review.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {1354088},
pmid = {38449882},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization defines long COVID as "the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation." Estimations of approximately 50 million individuals suffer from long COVID, reporting low health-related quality of life. Patients develop ongoing persistent symptoms that continue for more than 12 weeks that are not explained by another alternative diagnosis. To date, no current therapeutics are effective in treating the underlying pathophysiology of long COVID.

DISCUSSION: A comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted and all available articles from November 2021 to January 2024 containing keywords long covid and hyperbaric oxygen were reviewed. These published studies, including case series and randomized trials, demonstrate that utilizing Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) provided significant improvement in patients with long COVID.

CONCLUSION: A large cohort of patients suffer from long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome after recovery from their acute infection with no effective treatment options. HBO is a safe treatment and may provide benefit for this population and should continue to be researched for adjunctive treatment of long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38447388,
year = {2024},
author = {van der Feltz-Cornelis, C and Turk, F and Sweetman, J and Khunti, K and Gabbay, M and Shepherd, J and Montgomery, H and Strain, WD and Lip, GYH and Wootton, D and Watkins, CL and Cuthbertson, DJ and Williams, N and Banerjee, A},
title = {Prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog in people with long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {General hospital psychiatry},
volume = {88},
number = {},
pages = {10-22},
doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009},
pmid = {38447388},
issn = {1873-7714},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Long COVID can include impaired cognition ('brain fog'; a term encompassing multiple symptoms) and mental health conditions. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate their prevalence and to explore relevant factors associated with the incidence of impaired cognition and mental health conditions.

METHODS: Searches were conducted in Medline and PsycINFO to cover the start of the pandemic until August 2023. Included studies reported prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog in adults with long COVID after clinically-diagnosed or PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

FINDINGS: 17 studies were included, reporting 41,249 long COVID patients. Across all timepoints (3-24 months), the combined prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog was 20·4% (95% CI 11·1%-34·4%), being lower among those previously hospitalised than in community-managed patients(19·5 vs 29·7% respectively; p = 0·047). The odds of mental health conditions and brain fog increased over time and when validated instruments were used. Odds of brain fog significantly decreased with increasing vaccination rates (p = ·000).

CONCLUSIONS: Given the increasing prevalence of mental health conditions and brain fog over time, preventive interventions and treatments are needed. Research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms that could inform further research in development of effective treatments. The reduced risk of brain fog associated with vaccination emphasizes the need for ongoing vaccination programs.},
}

@article {pmid38444741,
year = {2024},
author = {Verma, A and Manojkumar, A and Dhasmana, A and Tripathi, MK and Jaggi, M and Chauhan, SC and Chauhan, DS and Yallapu, MM},
title = {Recurring SARS-CoV-2 variants: an update on post-pandemic, co-infections and immune response.},
journal = {Nanotheranostics},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {247-269},
pmid = {38444741},
issn = {2206-7418},
abstract = {The post-pandemic era following the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has brought about persistent concerns regarding recurring coinfections. While significant strides in genome mapping, diagnostics, and vaccine development have controlled the pandemic and reduced fatalities, ongoing virus mutations necessitate a deeper exploration of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the host's immune response. Various vaccines, including RNA-based ones like Pfizer and Moderna, viral vector vaccines like Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca, and protein subunit vaccines like Novavax, have played critical roles in mitigating the impact of COVID-19. Understanding their strengths and limitations is crucial for tailoring future vaccines to specific variants and individual needs. The intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the immune response remains a focus of intense research, providing insights into personalized treatment strategies and long-term effects like long-COVID. This article offers an overview of the post-pandemic landscape, highlighting emerging variants, summarizing vaccine platforms, and delving into immunological responses and the phenomenon of long-COVID. By presenting clinical findings, it aims to contribute to the ongoing understanding of COVID-19's progression in the aftermath of the pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid38443223,
year = {2024},
author = {Annesley, SJ and Missailidis, D and Heng, B and Josev, EK and Armstrong, CW},
title = {Unravelling shared mechanisms: insights from recent ME/CFS research to illuminate long COVID pathologies.},
journal = {Trends in molecular medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.003},
pmid = {38443223},
issn = {1471-499X},
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic illness often triggered by an initiating acute event, mainly viral infections. The transition from acute to chronic disease remains unknown, but interest in this phenomenon has escalated since the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-COVID-19 illness, termed 'long COVID' (LC). Both ME/CFS and LC share many clinical similarities. Here, we present recent findings in ME/CFS research focussing on proposed disease pathologies shared with LC. Understanding these disease pathologies and how they influence each other is key to developing effective therapeutics and diagnostic tests. Given that ME/CFS typically has a longer disease duration compared with LC, with symptoms and pathologies evolving over time, ME/CFS may provide insights into the future progression of LC.},
}

@article {pmid38432691,
year = {2024},
author = {Ordaya, EE and Razonable, RR},
title = {Emerging anti-spike monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Expert opinion on biological therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14712598.2024.2326647},
pmid = {38432691},
issn = {1744-7682},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Anti-spike monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were previously authorized for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients. However, they are no longer authorized in the US due to their lack of neutralizing activity against current circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants.

AREAS COVERED: We summarized the available data on emergent mAbs in the early stages of clinical development. Consistent with data on prior mAbs, these novel agents have been well tolerated and demonstrated a good safety profile in early clinical trials. Additionally, many of them have been engineered to ensure prolonged half-life and combined with other mAbs to overcome the potential for emerging resistant mutants. Interestingly, one of these agents has been evaluated using an inhaled route of administration, and another agent is being evaluated for preventing long COVID.

EXPERT OPINION: Although the available data of novel mAbs holds promise, we anticipate that these agents will face similar challenges as encountered by prior authorized agents, which is the continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new escape mutations. Strategies to potentially mitigate this are discussed. Based on prior successful experience, immunocompromised patients will certainly benefit from the utilization of mAbs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19; thus, we need to design potential interventions to ensure the sustained activity of these agents.},
}

@article {pmid38321938,
year = {2024},
author = {Rao, S and Gross, RS and Mohandas, S and Stein, CR and Case, A and Dreyer, B and Pajor, NM and Bunnell, HT and Warburton, D and Berg, E and Overdevest, JB and Gorelik, M and Milner, J and Saxena, S and Jhaveri, R and Wood, JC and Rhee, KE and Letts, R and Maughan, C and Guthe, N and Castro-Baucom, L and Stockwell, MS},
title = {Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in Children.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {153},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {38321938},
issn = {1098-4275},
support = {OT2 HL161847/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {United States ; Young Adult ; Humans ; Child ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Autoimmune Diseases ; Disease Progression ; Observational Studies as Topic ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant medical, social, and economic impacts globally, both in the short and long term. Although most individuals recover within a few days or weeks from an acute infection, some experience longer lasting effects. Data regarding the postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) in children, or long COVID, are only just emerging in the literature. These symptoms and conditions may reflect persistent symptoms from acute infection (eg, cough, headaches, fatigue, and loss of taste and smell), new symptoms like dizziness, or exacerbation of underlying conditions. Children may develop conditions de novo, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune conditions and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This state-of-the-art narrative review provides a summary of our current knowledge about PASC in children, including prevalence, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and functional outcomes, as well as a conceptual framework for PASC based on the current National Institutes of Health definition. We highlight the pediatric components of the National Institutes of Health-funded Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery Initiative, which seeks to characterize the natural history, mechanisms, and long-term health effects of PASC in children and young adults to inform future treatment and prevention efforts. These initiatives include electronic health record cohorts, which offer rapid assessments at scale with geographical and demographic diversity, as well as longitudinal prospective observational cohorts, to estimate disease burden, illness trajectory, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations and outcomes.},
}

United States
Young Adult
Humans
Child
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Autoimmune Diseases
Disease Progression
Observational Studies as Topic
*Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

@article {pmid38432584,
year = {2024},
author = {Powell, AA and Dowell, AC and Moss, P and Ladhani, SN and , },
title = {Current state of COVID-19 in children: 4 years on.},
journal = {The Journal of infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106134},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106134},
pmid = {38432584},
issn = {1532-2742},
abstract = {Children have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence of a very low risk of severe disease, children were subjected to extensive lockdown, restriction and mitigation measures, including school closures, to control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in most parts of the world. In this review we summarise the UK experience of COVID-19 in children four years into the largest and longest pandemic of this century. We address the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunity, transmission, severity and outcomes in children. We also assess the implementation, uptake, effectiveness and impact of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as the emergence, evolution and near disappearance of PIMS-TS (paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2) and current understanding of long COVID in children. This review consolidates current knowledge on childhood COVID-19 and emphasises the importance of continued research and the need for research-driven public health actions and policy decisions, especially in the context of new variants and future vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid38428523,
year = {2024},
author = {Banerjee, A},
title = {Disparities by social determinants of health: links between Long COVID and cardiovascular disease.},
journal = {The Canadian journal of cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cjca.2024.02.017},
pmid = {38428523},
issn = {1916-7075},
abstract = {Long COVID has been defined by World Health Organization as "continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation". Cardiovascular disease is implicated as a risk factor, concomitant condition and consequence of Long COVID. As well as heterogeneity in definition, presentation and likely underlying pathophysiology of Long COVID, disparities by social determinants of health, extensively studied and described in cardiovascular disease, have been observed in three ways. First, underlying long-term conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, are associated with incidence and severity of Long COVID, and previously described socioeconomic disparities in these factors are important in exacerbating disparities in Long COVID. Second, socioeconomic disparities in management of COVID-19 may themselves lead to distal disparities in Long COVID. Third, there are socioeconomic disparities in the way that Long COVID is diagnosed, managed and prevented. Together, factors such as age, sex, deprivation and ethnicity have far-reaching implications in this new post-viral syndrome across its management spectrum. There are similarities and differences compared with disparities for cardiovascular disease. Some of these disparities are in fact, inequalities, i.e. rather than simply observed variations, they represent injustices with costs to individuals, communities and economies. In this review of current literature, I consider opportunities to prevent, or at least, attenuate these socioeconomic disparities in Long COVID and cardiovascular disease, with special challenges for research, clinical practice, public health and policy in a new disease which is evolving.},
}

@article {pmid38425701,
year = {2024},
author = {Leonel, JW and Ciurleo, GCV and Formiga, AM and Vasconcelos, TMF and de Andrade, MH and Feitosa, WLQ and Sobreira-Neto, AA and Portugal, CG and Morais, LM and Marinho, SC and Gomes, EABM and Feitosa, EAAF and Sobreira, EST and Oriá, RB and Sobreira-Neto, MA and Braga-Neto, P},
title = {Long COVID: neurological manifestations - an updated narrative review.},
journal = {Dementia & neuropsychologia},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {e20230076},
pmid = {38425701},
issn = {1980-5764},
abstract = {Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus can lead to neurological symptoms in the acute phase and in the Long COVID phase. These symptoms usually involve cognition, sleep, smell disorders, psychiatric manifestations, headache and others. This condition is more commonly described in young adults and women. This symptomatology can follow severe or mild cases of the disease. The importance of this issue resides in the high prevalence of neurological symptoms in the Long COVID phase, which entails significant morbidity in this population. In addition, such a condition is associated with high health care costs, with some estimates hovering around 3.7 trillion US dollars. In this review, we will sequentially describe the current knowledge about the most prevalent neurological symptoms in Long COVID, as well as their pathophysiology and possible biomarkers.},
}

@article {pmid38423894,
year = {2024},
author = {Johnston, R and Sonnappa, S and Goddings, AL and Whittaker, E and Segal, TY},
title = {A review of post COVID syndrome pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management in children and young people.},
journal = {Paediatric respiratory reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.002},
pmid = {38423894},
issn = {1526-0550},
abstract = {Post Covid Syndrome (PCS) is a complex multi-system disorder with a spectrum of presentations. Severity ranges from mild to very severe with variable duration of illness and recovery. This paper discusses the difficulties defining and describing PCS. We review the current understanding of PCS, epidemiology, and predisposing factors. We consider potential mechanisms including viral persistence, clotting dysfunction and immunity. We review presentation and diagnosis and finally consider management strategies including addressing symptom burden, rehabilitation, and novel therapies.},
}

@article {pmid38421118,
year = {2024},
author = {Mattioli, LB and Frosini, M and Corazza, I and Fiorino, S and Zippi, M and Micucci, M and Budriesi, R},
title = {Long COVID-19 gastrointestinal related disorders and traditional Chinese medicine: A network target-based approach.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.8163},
pmid = {38421118},
issn = {1099-1573},
abstract = {The significant number of individuals impacted by the pandemic makes prolonged symptoms after COVID-19 a matter of considerable concern. These are numerous and affect multiple organ systems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), prolonged gastrointestinal issues are a crucial part of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The resulting disruption of homeostasis underscores the need for a therapeutic approach based on compounds that can simultaneously affect more than one target/node. The present review aimed to check for nutraceuticals possessing multiple molecular mechanisms helpful in relieving Long COVID-19-specific gastrointestinal symptoms. Specific plants used in Keywords Chinese Medicine (TCM) expected to be included in the WHO Global Medical Compendium were selected based on the following criteria: (1) they are widely used in the Western world as natural remedies and complementary medicine adjuvants; (2) their import and trade are regulated by specific laws that ensure quality and safety (3) have the potential to be beneficial in alleviating intestinal issues associated with Long COVID-19. Searches were performed in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and ResearchGate up to 2023. Cinnamomum cassia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Magnolia officinalis, Poria cocos, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Zingiber officinalis were identified as the most promising for their potential impact on inflammation and oxidative stress. Based on the molecular mechanisms of the phytocomplexes and isolated compounds of the considered plants, their clinical use may lead to benefits in gastrointestinal diseases associated with Long COVID-19, thanks to a multiorgan and multitarget approach.},
}

@article {pmid38417769,
year = {2024},
author = {Faghy, MA and Dalton, C and Duncan, R and Arena, R and Ashton, REM},
title = {Using cardiorespiratory fitness assessment to identify pathophysiology in long COVID - Best practice approaches.},
journal = {Progress in cardiovascular diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.005},
pmid = {38417769},
issn = {1873-1740},
abstract = {Cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) is well-established in the clinical domains as an integrative measure of the body's physiological capability and capacity to transport and utilise oxygen during controlled bouts of physical exertion. Long COVID is associated with >200 different symptoms and is estimated to affect ~150 million people worldwide. The most widely reported impact is reduced quality of life and functional status due to highly sensitive and cyclical symptoms that manifest and are augmented following exposure to physical, emotional, orthostatic, and cognitive stimuli, more commonly known as post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE) which prevents millions from engaging in routine daily activities. The use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is commonplace in the assessment of integrated physiology; CPET will undoubtedly play an integral role in furthering the pathophysiology and mechanistic knowledge that will inform bespoke Long COVID treatment and management strategies. An inherent risk of previous attempts to utilise CPET protocols in patients with chronic disease is that these are compounded by PESE and have induced a worsening of symptoms for patients that can last for days or weeks. To do this effectively and to meet the global need, the complex multi-system pathophysiology of Long COVID must be considered to ensure the design and implementation of research that is both safe for participants and capable of advancing mechanistic understanding.},
}

@article {pmid38159046,
year = {2024},
author = {Lui, KO and Ma, Z and Dimmeler, S},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 induced vascular endothelial dysfunction: direct or indirect effects?.},
journal = {Cardiovascular research},
volume = {120},
number = {1},
pages = {34-43},
doi = {10.1093/cvr/cvad191},
pmid = {38159046},
issn = {1755-3245},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; *COVID-19 ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; *Vascular Diseases ; Mammals/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Clinical evidence reveals that manifestations of endothelial dysfunction are widely observed in COVID-19 and long-COVID patients. However, whether these detrimental effects are caused by direct infection of the endothelium or are indirectly mediated by systemic inflammation has been a matter of debate. It has been well acknowledged that endothelial cells (ECs) of the cardiovascular system ubiquitously express the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), yet accumulating evidence suggests that it is more predominantly expressed by pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells of the mammalian blood vessel. Besides, replicative infection of ECs by SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we review latest research on endothelial ACE2 expression in different vascular beds, and the heterogeneity in various EC subsets with differential ACE2 expression in response to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss ACE2-independent alternative mechanisms underlying endothelial activation in COVID-19, and the clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial dysfunction. Altogether, understanding ACE2-dependent and ACE2-independent mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2-induced vascular dysfunction would shed light on strategies of more effective therapies targeting cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19.},
}

Animals
Humans
SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
*COVID-19
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Endothelial Cells/metabolism
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
*Vascular Diseases
Mammals/metabolism

@article {pmid38417766,
year = {2024},
author = {Faghy, MA and Tatler, A and Chidley, C and Fryer, S and Stoner, L and Laddu, D and Arena, R and Ashton, RE},
title = {The physiologic benefits of optimizing cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity - From the cell to systems level in a post-pandemic world.},
journal = {Progress in cardiovascular diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcad.2024.02.006},
pmid = {38417766},
issn = {1873-1740},
abstract = {Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is a leading cause of premature death and hospitalization which places a significant strain on health services and economies around the World. Evidence from decades of empirical and observational research demonstrates clear associations between physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) which can offset the risk of mortality and increase life expectancy and the quality of life in patients. Whilst well documented, the narrative of increased CRF remained pertinent during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, where individuals with lower levels of CRF had more than double the risk of dying from COVID-19 compared to those with a moderate or high CRF. The need to better understand the mechanisms associated with COVID-19 and those that continue to be affected with persistent symptoms following infection (Long COVID), and CV health is key if we are to be able to effectively target the use of CRF and PA to improve the lives of those suffering its afflictions. Whilst there is a long way to go to optimise PA and CRF for improved health at a population level, particularly in a post-pandemic world, increasing the understanding using a cellular-to-systems approach, we hope to provide further insight into the benefits of engaging in PA.},
}

@article {pmid38415507,
year = {2024},
author = {Xiao, J and Luo, Y and Li, Y and Yao, X},
title = {The characteristics of BCR-CDR3 repertoire in COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated volunteers.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {96},
number = {3},
pages = {e29488},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.29488},
pmid = {38415507},
issn = {1096-9071},
support = {82160279//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; (2018) 5637//Guizhou Provincial Hundred Level Talent Fund/ ; },
abstract = {The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 1 billion infections, and numerous SARS-CoV-2 vaccines developed rapidly have been administered over 10 billion doses. The world is continuously concerned about the cytokine storms induced by the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host, long COVID, breakthrough infections postvaccination, and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants. BCR-CDR3 repertoire serves as a molecular target for monitoring the antiviral response "trace" of B cells, evaluating the effects, mechanisms, and memory abilities of individual responses to B cells, and has been successfully applied in analyzing the infection mechanisms, vaccine improvement, and neutralizing antibodies preparation of influenza virus, HIV, MERS, and Ebola virus. Based on research on BCR-CDR3 repertoire of COVID-19 patients and volunteers who received different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in multiple laboratories worldwide, we focus on analyzing the characteristics and changes of BCR-CDR3 repertoire, such as diversity, clonality, V&J genes usage and pairing, SHM, CSR, shared CDR3 clones, as well as the summary on BCR sequences targeting virus-specific epitopes in the preparation and application research of SARS-CoV-2 potential therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. This review provides comparative data and new research schemes for studying the possible mechanisms of differences in B cell response between SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, and supplies a foundation for improving vaccines after SARS-CoV-2 mutations and potential antibody therapy for infected individuals.},
}

@article {pmid38406111,
year = {2024},
author = {Assiri, AM and Alamaa, T and Elenezi, F and Alsagheir, A and Alzubaidi, L and TIeyjeh, I and Alhomod, AS and Gaffas, EM and Amer, SA},
title = {Unveiling the Clinical Spectrum of Post-COVID-19 Conditions: Assessment and Recommended Strategies.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {e52827},
pmid = {38406111},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 caused the pandemic of the rapidly evolving COVID-19. As of December 6, 2023, there were 765,152,854 COVID-19-recovering cases. Long-term consequences known as "long COVID" and "post-COVID-19 conditions" (PCCs) or "post-acute COVID-19 syndrome" are being reported more frequently in a subset of recovering patients. Systemic, neuropsychiatric, cardio-respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms are the most prevalent. The management of PCCs poses unique challenges due to the lack of official guidelines and the complex nature of the illness. This abstract highlights key principles derived from recent reviews and expert recommendations to provide healthcare professionals with a comprehensive approach to manage post-COVID-19 patients. Preventive medicine plays a crucial role in managing PCCs. While no specific medications are available for treatment, preventive measures such as COVID-19 vaccination, adherence to precautionary measures, regular consultations with medical professionals, monitoring symptoms and progress, and seeking information on symptom management are essential to assist patients in their recovery and improve their quality of life. Medical management requires transparent goal-setting and collaborative decision-making based on the patient's symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment objectives. Treatment plans for post-COVID-19 patients should focus on patient education, using registries and calendars to track symptoms and triggers, providing support and reassurance, and offering holistic support through peer networks and supportive psychotherapy techniques. Symptomatic and rehabilitative care, including well-established symptom management techniques, physical rehabilitation programs, and addressing mental health and well-being, are vital components of post-COVID-19 management. Lifestyle factors such as stress reduction, nutrition, and sleep should be incorporated into managing underlying medical conditions in post-COVID-19 patients. Regular follow-up visits and referrals to specialists are recommended to monitor the patient's progress and address specific organ system involvement or additional care needs. In summary, for the effective management of PCCs, a holistic approach should include preventive measures, patient education, supportive psychotherapy, symptomatic and rehabilitative care, medical management, counseling on lifestyle elements, and appropriate follow-up plans. However, it is crucial to stay updated with evolving guidelines and recommendations from healthcare authorities to provide the most effective and evidence-based care to post-COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid38400172,
year = {2024},
author = {Man, MA and Rosca, D and Bratosin, F and Fira-Mladinescu, O and Ilie, AC and Burtic, SR and Fildan, AP and Fizedean, CM and Jianu, AM and Negrean, RA and Marc, MS},
title = {Impact of Pre-Infection COVID-19 Vaccination on the Incidence and Severity of Post-COVID Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {38400172},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {This systematic review critically evaluated the impact of a pre-infection COVID-19 vaccination on the incidence and severity of post-COVID-19 syndrome and aimed to assess the potential protective effect across different vaccines and patient demographics. This study hypothesized that vaccination before infection substantially reduces the risk and severity of post-COVID-19 syndrome. In October 2023, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across three databases, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, focusing on studies published up to that date. Utilizing a wide array of keywords, the search strategy adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework. The inclusion criteria comprised studies focusing on patients with a breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection who developed post-COVID-19 syndrome. We included a total of 13 articles that met the inclusion criteria, analyzing more than 10 million patients with a mean age of 50.6 years, showing that the incidence of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions post-vaccination was as low as 2.4%, with a significant reduction in mortality risk (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58-0.74). The prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms was lower in vaccinated individuals (9.5%) compared to unvaccinated (14.6%), with a notable decrease in activity-limiting symptoms (adjusted OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.73). Vaccinated patients also showed a quicker recovery and return to work (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04-1.79). The pooled odds ratio of 0.77 indicates that vaccination is associated with a 23% reduction in the risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome (95% CI 0.75-0.79). Despite the protective effects observed, a substantial heterogeneity among the studies was noted. In conclusion, a pre-infection COVID-19 vaccination is associated with a significant reduction in the risk and severity of post-COVID-19 syndrome. However, the observed heterogeneity across studies suggests a need for further research with standardized methods to fully comprehend vaccine efficacy against long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38091027,
year = {2024},
author = {Rana, P and Patial, S and Soni, V and Singh, P and Khosla, A and Thakur, S and Hussaisn, CM and de Carvalho Nagliate, P and Meili, L and Selvasembian, R and Raizada, P},
title = {"Long COVID" and Its Impact on The Environment: Emerging Concerns and Perspectives.},
journal = {Environmental management},
volume = {73},
number = {3},
pages = {471-480},
pmid = {38091027},
issn = {1432-1009},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; *Air Pollution/adverse effects/analysis ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented global health and economic crises. The emergence of long COVID-19 has raised concerns about the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infections, climate change, and the environment. In this context, a concise analysis of the potential long-term effects of the COVID-19 epidemic along with the awareness aboutenvironmental issues are realized. While COVID-19 effects in the short-term have reduced environmental air pollutants and pressures, CO2 emissions are projected to increase as the economy recovers and growth rates return to pre-COVID-19 levels. This review discusses the systematic effects of both the short-term and long-term effects of the pandemic on the clean energy revolution and environmental issues. This article also discusses opportunities to achieve long-term environmental benefits and emphasizes the importance of future policies in promoting global environmental sustainability. Future directions for growth and recovery are presented to cope with long COVID-19 epidemic along with the critical findings focussing on various aspects: waste management, air quality improvement.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics
*Air Pollution/adverse effects/analysis

@article {pmid38398460,
year = {2024},
author = {Parzen-Johnson, S and Katz, BZ},
title = {Navigating the Spectrum of Two Pediatric COVID-19 Complications: Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {38398460},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This review summarizes the current scope of understanding associated with two common post-infectious complications associated with COVID-19 infection: Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). It identifies current gaps in the knowledge and issues that may limit the ability to fill these gaps. This review provides a framework to drive continued research.

METHODS: A comprehensive review of the current literature was performed, identifying seminal articles describing the emergence of MIS-C and PASC, and works from the literature focused on the clinical implications and pathophysiologic understanding of these disorders.

FINDINGS: Although pediatric patients experienced few severe cases of acute COVID-19 infection, the burden of disease from post-infectious sequelae is substantial. Mortality is low, but morbidity is significant. There are still numerous unknowns about the pathophysiology of both MIS-C and PASC; however, with widespread immunity developing after increased vaccination and prior infection, it may be difficult to perform adequate prospective studies to answer pathophysiologic questions. Long-term sequalae of MIS-C seem to be minimal whereas, by definition, PASC is an ongoing problem and may be severe.

IMPLICATIONS: The rapid sharing of information regarding novel conditions such as MIS-C and PASC are key to interventions related to future post-infectious sequelae outside of those stemming from COVID-19. Although MIS-C seems unlikely to return as a clinical condition in substantial numbers, there is still significant learning that can be gleaned from existing patients about general aspects of epidemiology, equity, and pathophysiology. There is significant morbidity associated with PASC and additional resources need to be dedicated to determining appropriate and effective therapies moving forward.},
}

@article {pmid38399736,
year = {2024},
author = {Liu, S and Zhong, M and Wu, H and Su, W and Wang, Y and Li, P},
title = {Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms12020332},
pmid = {38399736},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2023A1515011953//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2022SDZG07//Open Competition Program of Ten Major Directions of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province/ ; 2022ZD006//Research Fund of Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/ ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a severe epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies have found that patients do not completely recover from acute infections, but instead, suffer from a variety of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID. The effects of long COVID can be far-reaching, with a duration of up to six months and a range of symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiota dysbiosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, myocarditis, pulmonary fibrosis, cough, diabetes, pain, reproductive dysfunction, and thrombus formation. However, recent studies have shown that naringenin and naringin have palliative effects on various COVID-19 sequelae. Flavonoids such as naringin and naringenin, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have various positive effects, including reducing inflammation, preventing viral infections, and providing antioxidants. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of naringin and naringenin on treating the above diseases. It proposes them as potential drugs for the treatment of long COVID, and it can be inferred that naringin and naringenin exhibit potential as extended long COVID medications, in the future likely serving as nutraceuticals or clinical supplements for the comprehensive alleviation of the various manifestations of COVID-19 complications.},
}

@article {pmid38396973,
year = {2024},
author = {Nakane, S and Koike, H and Hayashi, T and Nakatsuji, Y},
title = {Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms25042296},
pmid = {38396973},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {22FC1007//Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare/ ; },
abstract = {Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is a disease of autonomic failure caused by ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) autoantibodies. Although the detection of autoantibodies is important for distinguishing the disease from other neuropathies that present with autonomic dysfunction, other factors are important for accurate diagnosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical features of AAG, highlighting differences in clinical course, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings from other neuropathies presenting with autonomic symptoms. The first step in diagnosing AAG is careful history taking, which should reveal whether the mode of onset is acute or chronic, followed by an examination of the time course of disease progression, including the presentation of autonomic and extra-autonomic symptoms. AAG is a neuropathy that should be differentiated from other neuropathies when the patient presents with autonomic dysfunction. Immune-mediated neuropathies, such as acute autonomic sensory neuropathy, are sometimes difficult to differentiate, and therefore, differences in clinical and laboratory findings should be well understood. Other non-neuropathic conditions, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and long COVID, also present with symptoms similar to those of AAG. Although often challenging, efforts should be made to differentiate among the disease candidates.},
}

@article {pmid38393535,
year = {2024},
author = {Pszczołowska, M and Walczak, K and Misków, W and Antosz, K and Batko, J and Karska, J and Leszek, J},
title = {Molecular cross-talk between long COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38393535},
issn = {2509-2723},
abstract = {The long COVID (coronavirus disease), a multisystemic condition following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is one of the widespread problems. Some of its symptoms affect the nervous system and resemble symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-a neurodegenerative condition caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Multiple studies have found dependence between these two conditions. Patients with Alzheimer's disease have a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to increased levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the infection itself promotes amyloid beta generation which enhances the risk of AD. Also, the molecular pathways are alike-misregulations in folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, a deficit of Cq10, and disease-associated microglia. Medical imaging in both of these diseases shows a decrease in the volume of gray matter, global brain size reduction, and hypometabolism in the parahippocampal gyrus, thalamus, and cingulate cortex. In some studies, a similar approach to applied medication can be seen, including the use of amino adamantanes and phenolic compounds of rosemary. The significance of these connections and their possible application in medical practice still needs further study but there is a possibility that they will help to better understand long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid38128935,
year = {2023},
author = {Fyffe, I and Sorensen, J and Carroll, S and MacPhee, M and Andrews-Paul, A and Crooks, VA and Freeman, S and Davison, K and Walls, J and Berndt, A and Shams, B and Sivan, M and Mithani, A},
title = {Long COVID in long-term care: a rapid realist review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {e076186},
pmid = {38128935},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy ; Delivery of Health Care ; Long-Term Care ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Quality of Life ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The goals of this rapid realist review were to ask: (a) what are the key mechanisms that drive successful interventions for long COVID in long-term care (LTC) and (b) what are the critical contexts that determine whether the mechanisms produce the intended outcomes?

DESIGN: Rapid realist review.

DATA SOURCES: Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature and Google for grey literature were searched up to 23 February 2023.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included sources focused on interventions, persons in LTC, long COVID or post-acute phase at least 4 weeks following initial COVID-19 infection and ones that had a connection with source materials.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Three independent reviewers searched, screened and coded studies. Two independent moderators resolved conflicts. A data extraction tool organised relevant data into context-mechanism-outcome configurations using realist methodology. Twenty-one sources provided 51 intervention data excerpts used to develop our programme theory. Synthesised findings were presented to a reference group and expert panel for confirmatory purposes.

RESULTS: Fifteen peer-reviewed articles and six grey literature sources were eligible for inclusion. Eleven context-mechanism-outcome configurations identify those contextual factors and underlying mechanisms associated with desired outcomes, such as clinical care processes and policies that ensure timely access to requisite resources for quality care delivery, and resident-centred assessments and care planning to address resident preferences and needs. The underlying mechanisms associated with enhanced outcomes for LTC long COVID survivors were: awareness, accountability, vigilance and empathetic listening.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the LTC sector struggles with organisational capacity issues, they should be aware that comprehensively assessing and monitoring COVID-19 survivors and providing timely interventions to those with long COVID is imperative. This is due to the greater care needs of residents with long COVID, and coordinated efficient care is required to optimise their quality of life.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy
Delivery of Health Care
Long-Term Care
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Quality of Life

@article {pmid38393096,
year = {2024},
author = {Nederlof, RA and de la Garza, MA and Bakker, J},
title = {Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions.},
journal = {Veterinary sciences},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vetsci11020078},
pmid = {38393096},
issn = {2306-7381},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.},
}

@article {pmid38392036,
year = {2024},
author = {Taieb, A and Nassim, BHS and Asma, G and Jabeur, M and Ghada, S and Asma, BA},
title = {The Growing Understanding of the Pituitary Implication in the Pathogenesis of Long COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Advances in respiratory medicine},
volume = {92},
number = {1},
pages = {96-109},
doi = {10.3390/arm92010013},
pmid = {38392036},
issn = {2543-6031},
abstract = {Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a condition where individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue to experience a range of symptoms for weeks or even months afterward. While it was initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, it has become clear that Long COVID-19 can involve various organs and systems, including the endocrine system, which includes the pituitary gland. In the context of Long COVID-19, there is a growing understanding of the potential implications for the pituitary gland. The virus can directly affect the pituitary gland, leading to abnormalities in hormone production and regulation. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite, and mood disturbances. Long COVID-19, the persistent and often debilitating condition following acute COVID-19 infection, may be explained by deficiencies in ACTH and Growth hormone production from the pituitary gland. Corticotropin insufficiency can result in the dysregulation of the body's stress response and can lead to prolonged feelings of stress, fatigue, and mood disturbances in Long COVID-19 patients. Simultaneously, somatotropin insufficiency can affect growth, muscle function, and energy metabolism, potentially causing symptoms such as muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and changes in body composition. Recently, some authors have suggested the involvement of the pituitary gland in Post COVID-19 Syndrome. The exact mechanisms of viral action on infected cells remain under discussion, but inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms are primarily implicated. The aim of our study will be to review the main pituitary complications following COVID-19 infection. Moreover, we will explain the possible involvement of the pituitary gland in the persistence of Post COVID-19 Syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid38391826,
year = {2024},
author = {Daniels, K and Mourad, J and Bonnechère, B},
title = {Exploring the Use of Mobile Health for the Rehabilitation of Long COVID Patients: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/healthcare12040451},
pmid = {38391826},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial revolution in the incorporation of digital solutions in healthcare. This systematic review investigates the enduring physical and psychological consequences individuals experience up to two years post-recovery. Additionally, it focuses on examining the influence of mHealth interventions on these effects. Significantly, 41.7% of survivors experience lingering symptoms that have not been addressed, while 14.1% encounter difficulties in returning to work. The presence of anxiety, compromised respiratory functioning, and persistent symptoms highlight the immediate requirement for specific therapies. Telehealth, particularly telerehabilitation, presents itself as a possible way to address these difficulties. The study thoroughly examines 10 studies encompassing 749 COVID-19 patients, investigating the efficacy of telerehabilitation therapies in addressing various health markers. Telerehabilitation-based breathing exercises yield substantial enhancements in functional performance, dyspnea, and overall well-being. The results emphasize the potential of telerehabilitation to have a favorable effect on patient outcomes; however, more research is needed to strengthen the existing evidence base, as one of the most important limitations is the limited number of trials and the evaluation of varied therapies. This analysis highlights the significance of digital solutions in post-COVID care and calls for ongoing research to improve the comprehension and implementation of telehealth interventions in a swiftly changing healthcare environment.},
}

@article {pmid38391754,
year = {2024},
author = {Leão Batista Simões, J and Webler Eichler, S and Raitz Siqueira, ML and de Carvalho Braga, G and Bagatini, MD},
title = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Long-COVID Scenario and the Therapeutic Potential of the Purinergic System in Neuromodulation.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci14020180},
pmid = {38391754},
issn = {2076-3425},
support = {Proj. No 404256/2021-0 and 310606/2021-7).//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the degeneration of motor neurons and debilitating and possibly fatal symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic directly affected the quality of life of this group, and the SARS-CoV-2 infection accelerated the present neuroinflammatory process. Furthermore, studies indicate that the infection may have led to the development of the pathology. Thus, the scenario after this pandemic presents "long-lasting COVID" as a disease that affects people who have been infected. From this perspective, studying the pathophysiology behind ALS associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible supporting therapies becomes necessary when we understand the impact on the quality of life of these patients. Thus, the purinergic system was trained to demonstrate how its modulation can add to the treatment, reduce disease progression, and result in better prognoses. From our studies, we highlight the P2X7, P2X4, and A2AR receptors and how their activity can directly influence the ALS pathway.},
}

@article {pmid38390594,
year = {2024},
author = {Adler, BL and Chung, T and Rowe, PC and Aucott, J},
title = {Dysautonomia following Lyme disease: a key component of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome?.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1344862},
doi = {10.3389/fneur.2024.1344862},
pmid = {38390594},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Dysautonomia, or dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), may occur following an infectious insult and can result in a variety of debilitating, widespread, and often poorly recognized symptoms. Dysautonomia is now widely accepted as a complication of COVID-19 and is an important component of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC or long COVID). PASC shares many overlapping clinical features with other infection-associated chronic illnesses including Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS), suggesting that they may share common underlying mechanisms including autonomic dysfunction. Despite the recognition of this complication of Lyme disease in the care of patients with PTLD, there has been a scarcity of research in this field and dysautonomia has not yet been established as a complication of Lyme disease in the medical literature. In this review, we discuss the evidence implicating Borrelia burgdorferi as a cause of dysautonomia and the related symptoms, propose potential pathogenic mechanisms given our knowledge of Lyme disease and mechanisms of PASC and ME/CFS, and discuss the diagnostic evaluation and treatments of dysautonomia. We also outline gaps in the literature and priorities for future research.},
}

@article {pmid38389299,
year = {2024},
author = {Martínez-Pozas, O and Meléndez-Oliva, E and Rolando, LM and Rico, JAQ and Corbellini, C and Sánchez Romero, EA},
title = {The pulmonary rehabilitation effect on long covid-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy},
volume = {29},
number = {2},
pages = {e2077},
doi = {10.1002/pri.2077},
pmid = {38389299},
issn = {1471-2865},
support = {//Award for Best Research Project in post-COVID-19 sequelae/ ; //the Ilustre Colegio Profesional de Fisioterapeutas de la Comunidad de Madrid, December 2021/ ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in improving dyspnea, fatigue, physical activity, quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with Long COVID-19 (LC). The impact of PR on LC and a comparison of face-to-face and telerehabilitation approaches was explored.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. A literature search included PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until January 2023. No language filters were applied. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and observational studies were included. The risk of bias was assessed using appropriate tools. Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed. Forest plots presented results. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Metafor Package in R v.3.4.2.

RESULTS/FINDINGS: This systematic review and meta-analysis included 16 studies on PR in LC patients. A total of 1027 adults were included. The studies varied in design, with seven observational studies, three quasi-experimental studies, and six randomized controlled trials. Dyspnea, physical function, quality of life, psychological state, and fatigue were assessed as outcomes. The review found that pulmonary rehabilitation had a significant positive effect on dyspnea, physical function, quality of life (both global and physical domain), anxiety, and depression. However, the effect on fatigue was not significant. Heterogeneity was observed in some analyses, and publication bias was found in certain outcomes. Age and study design were identified as potential moderators. Both face-to-face and telerehabilitation interventions improved the studied outcomes, with only differences in the physical domain of quality of life favoring the face-to-face group.

PR improved dyspnea, physical function, quality of life, and psychological state in LC patients, but not fatigue. Face-to-face and telerehabilitation have similar effects, except for physical quality of life.},
}

@article {pmid38384747,
year = {2024},
author = {Lammers, N and Beese, F and Hoebel, J and Poethko-Müller, C and Wachtler, B},
title = {Social Inequalities in Long-Term Health Effects After COVID-19-A Scoping Review.},
journal = {International journal of public health},
volume = {69},
number = {},
pages = {1606739},
pmid = {38384747},
issn = {1661-8564},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Income ; Employment ; },
abstract = {Objectives: We aimed to map and synthesize evidence about social inequalities in long-term health effects after COVID-19 (LTHE), often referred to as "long COVID" or "post-COVID-19 conditions." Methods: We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles by searching the databases Embase and Scopus. According to predefined inclusion criteria, titles/abstracts and full texts were screened for eligibility. Additionally, reference lists of all included studies were hand-searched for eligible studies. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Results: Nineteen articles were included. LTHE were analysed according to ethnicity, education, income, employment and deprivation indices. The studies varied significantly in their definitions of LTHE. Eighty-two analyses showed no statistically significant associations. At least 12 studies had a high risk of type II errors. Only studies associating deprivation indices and long COVID tended to show a higher prevalence of LTHE in deprived areas. Conclusion: Although some studies indicated social inequalities in LTHE, evidence was generally weak and inconclusive. Further studies with larger sample sizes specifically designed to detect social inequalities regarding LTHE are needed to inform future healthcare planning and public health policies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Socioeconomic Factors
Income
Employment

@article {pmid38378550,
year = {2024},
author = {Valencia, I and Lumpuy-Castillo, J and Magalhaes, G and Sánchez-Ferrer, CF and Lorenzo, Ó and Peiró, C},
title = {Mechanisms of endothelial activation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis in COVID-19: a link with diabetes mellitus.},
journal = {Cardiovascular diabetology},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {75},
pmid = {38378550},
issn = {1475-2840},
support = {CD22/00101//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; FPI-UAM//Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/ ; Maria Zambrano postdoctoral grant//European Union-Next Generation EU/ ; SAF2017-84776-R//Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/ ; P120/00923//Instituto de Salud Carlos III and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias/ ; SPACE2-CV-COVID-CM//REACT-EU-Comunidad de Madrid and the European Regional Development Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Thrombophilia/diagnosis/drug therapy ; *Thrombosis ; *Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Endothelium ; },
abstract = {Early since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical and scientific community were aware of extra respiratory actions of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Endothelitis, hypercoagulation, and hypofibrinolysis were identified in COVID-19 patients as subsequent responses of endothelial dysfunction. Activation of the endothelial barrier may increase the severity of the disease and contribute to long-COVID syndrome and post-COVID sequelae. Besides, it may cause alterations in primary, secondary, and tertiary hemostasis. Importantly, these responses have been highly decisive in the evolution of infected patients also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), who showed previous endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential triggers of endothelial activation related to COVID-19 and COVID-19 under diabetic milieu. Several mechanisms are induced by both the viral particle itself and by the subsequent immune-defensive response (i.e., NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, vasoactive peptides, cytokine storm, NETosis, activation of the complement system). Alterations in coagulation mediators such as factor VIII, fibrin, tissue factor, the von Willebrand factor: ADAMST-13 ratio, and the kallikrein-kinin or plasminogen-plasmin systems have been reported. Moreover, an imbalance of thrombotic and thrombolytic (tPA, PAI-I, fibrinogen) factors favors hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis. In the context of DM, these mechanisms can be exacerbated leading to higher loss of hemostasis. However, a series of therapeutic strategies targeting the activated endothelium such as specific antibodies or inhibitors against thrombin, key cytokines, factor X, complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system or NETosis, might represent new opportunities to address this hypercoagulable state present in COVID-19 and DM. Antidiabetics may also ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. By improving the microvascular pathology in COVID-19 and post-COVID subjects, the associated comorbidities and the risk of mortality could be reduced.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Thrombophilia/diagnosis/drug therapy
*Thrombosis
*Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology
Endothelium

@article {pmid38375735,
year = {2024},
author = {Ribeiro, J and Caldeira, D and Dores, H},
title = {Long-term manifestations of COVID-19 in athletes: a narrative review.},
journal = {The Physician and sportsmedicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/00913847.2024.2321629},
pmid = {38375735},
issn = {2326-3660},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long COVID is a condition where symptoms or complications persist beyond 3 months after COVID-19 infection. Although most athletes experience mild symptoms, those involved in sports with higher cardiovascular demands can develop long COVID, which can negatively impact sports performance. This narrative review aimed to analyze the long COVID in athletes, especially cardiovascular effects; to alert medical and sporting community for the clinical aftermaths of COVID-19, focusing on physical activity; to discuss the potential return to play strategies for these athletes.

METHODS: An electronic search in Pubmed database for articles published between January/2020 and February/2023 was performed including athletic populations with COVID-19, emphasizing long-term complications, especially the cardiovascular effects.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: While severe cardiac complications are rare, athletes with long COVID often experience symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, and exercise intolerance. To manage athletes with long COVID, individualized and structured return-to-play programs with the involvement of multidisciplinary teams are crucial. This underscores the importance of recognizing long COVID in athletes, raising awareness of its potential impacts, and implementing strategies to ensure a safe return to play.},
}