@article {pmid30652837,
year = {2018},
author = {Barciszewski, J and Szymański, M and Malesa, A and Olszewska, D and Markiewicz, W and Barciszewski, J},
title = {[Origins of molecular life sciences. Polish context].},
journal = {Postepy biochemii},
volume = {64},
number = {1},
pages = {55-66},
doi = {10.18388/pb.2018_105},
pmid = {30652837},
issn = {0032-5422},
mesh = {Biological Science Disciplines/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Poland ; },
abstract = {Different scientific disciplines such as physics, genetics or biochemistry crossed over into molecular biology in the last century. The Polish state didn't existed at the beginning of XX century, but the territory for a large number of scientists was not a limitation in delineating new routes, making fundamental discoveries or training the new generation of distinguished people of sciences. We want to tell the story of roots of molecular biology from the Polish perspective and outline its importance, by bringing closer the most essential discoveries of elite scientists in different fields of life science, associated with Poland and its territory.},
}

Biological Science Disciplines/*history
History, 20th Century
Molecular Biology/*history
Poland

@article {pmid30679065,
year = {2019},
author = {Bonneuil, C},
title = {Seeing nature as a 'universal store of genes': How biological diversity became 'genetic resources', 1890-1940.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences},
volume = {75},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.12.002},
pmid = {30679065},
issn = {1879-2499},
mesh = {Agriculture/*history ; *Biodiversity ; Biota/*genetics ; Colonialism ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*history ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Politics ; Social Change ; },
abstract = {Till late in the 20th century, biological diversity has been understood and addressed in terms of "genetic resources". This paper proposes a history of this "genetic resources" concept and the biopolitical practices it was related to. A semantic history of the 'resource' idiom first sheds light on how, in the age of empires and fossil industrialism, the Earth came to be considered as a stock of static mineral and living reserves. Then we follow how the gene became the unit of this "resourcist" view of biological diversity as static stocks of entities open to prospection, harnessing and "conservation". Erwin Baur, Nikolai I. Vavilov, Aleksandr S. Serebrovsky and Hermann J. Muller were key biologists who introduced a spatial turn to the gene concept. Beyond the space-time of Neo-mendelian and Morganian laboratory genetics, genes became understood though a geographical gaze at a planetary scale. The world became a "universal store of genes" (Vavilov, 1929). From 1926 to World War 2, this advent of genes as new global epistemic objects went hand in hand with genes' new modes of existence as geopolitical objects. The article documents Interwar years' scramble for genes as well as first collaborative international efforts to conserve and exchange genetic material (which prefigured post WW2 initiatives), and situates the rise of the 'genetic resources' category within mid 20th century's imperialism, high-modernism, agricultural modernization and biopolitics.},
}

Agriculture/*history
*Biodiversity
Biota/*genetics
Colonialism
Conservation of Natural Resources/*history
Genetics/*history
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
Politics
Social Change

@article {pmid30442340,
year = {2018},
author = {Folle, GA},
title = {Chromosomes forever Prof. Máximo Eduardo Drets (1930-2017).},
journal = {Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis},
volume = {836},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {2-3},
doi = {10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.08.001},
pmid = {30442340},
issn = {1879-3592},
mesh = {*Chromosomes, Human ; Cytogenetics/*history ; Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; },
}

*Chromosomes, Human
Cytogenetics/*history
Genome, Human
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans

@article {pmid30390178,
year = {2018},
author = {Maxson Jones, K and Ankeny, RA and Cook-Deegan, R},
title = {The Bermuda Triangle: The Pragmatics, Policies, and Principles for Data Sharing in the History of the Human Genome Project.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {693-805},
pmid = {30390178},
issn = {1573-0387},
support = {P50-HG-003391//National Human Genome Research Institute (US)/International ; R01-HG-008918/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Bermuda ; Genomics/*history/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/*history/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*history/legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Molecular Biology/*history ; *Organizational Policy ; United Kingdom ; United States ; },
abstract = {The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project (HGP). They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the "community" of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced and defended for the HGP by the nematode biologists John Sulston and Robert Waterston. In the C. elegans community, and subsequently in the HGP, daily sharing served the pragmatic goals of quality control and project coordination. Yet in the HGP human genome, we also argue, the Bermuda Principles addressed concerns about gene patents impeding scientific advancement, and were aspirational and flexible in implementation and justification. They endured as an archetype for how rapid data sharing could be realized and rationalized, and permitted adaptation to the needs of various scientific communities. Yet in addition to the support of Sulston and Waterston, their adoption also depended on the clout of administrators at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the UK nonprofit charity the Wellcome Trust, which together funded 90% of the HGP human sequencing effort. The other nations wishing to remain in the HGP consortium had to accommodate to the Bermuda Principles, requiring exceptions from incompatible existing or pending data access policies for publicly funded research in Germany, Japan, and France. We begin this story in 1963, with the biologist Sydney Brenner's proposal for a nematode research program at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge. We continue through 2003, with the completion of the HGP human reference genome, and conclude with observations about policy and the historiography of molecular biology.},
}

Bermuda
Genomics/*history/legislation & jurisprudence/standards
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/*history/legislation & jurisprudence
Humans
Information Dissemination/*history/legislation & jurisprudence/methods
Molecular Biology/*history
*Organizational Policy
United Kingdom
United States

@article {pmid30386945,
year = {2018},
author = {Green, ED and Donohue, CR},
title = {Special Issue Editors' Introduction: "Genomics and the Human Genome Project".},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {625-629},
doi = {10.1007/s10739-018-9548-5},
pmid = {30386945},
issn = {1573-0387},
mesh = {Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/*history ; Humans ; },
}

Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/*history
Humans

@article {pmid30264379,
year = {2018},
author = {Nicoglou, A},
title = {Waddington's epigenetics or the pictorial meetings of development and genetics.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {61},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-018-0228-8},
pmid = {30264379},
issn = {0391-9714},
support = {ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02//French government through its "Investments for the Future" Program operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Developmental Biology/*history ; Embryology/*history ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; },
abstract = {In 1956, in his Principles of Embryology, Conrad Hal Waddington explained that the word "epigenetics" should be used to translate and update Wilhelm Roux' German notion of "Entwicklungsmechanik" (1890) to qualify the studies focusing on the mechanisms of development. When Waddington mentioned it in 1956, the notion of epigenetics was not yet popular, as it would become from the 1980s. However, Waddington referred first to the notion in the late 1930s. While his late allusion clearly reveals that Waddington readily associated the notion of epigenetics with the developmental process, in the contemporary uses of the notion this developmental connotation seems to have disappeared. The advent and success of molecular biology have probably contributed to focusing biologists' attention on the "genetic" or the "non-genetic" over the "developmental". In the present paper, I first examine the links that exist, in Waddington's work, between the classical notion of epigenesis in embryology and those of epigenetics that Waddington proposed to connect, and even synthesize, data both from embryology and genetics. Second, I show that Waddington's own view of epigenetics has changed over time and I analyze how these changes appear through his many representations (both schematic or metaphorical images) of the relationships between genetic signals and developmental processes.},
}

Animals
Biological Evolution
Developmental Biology/*history
Embryology/*history
*Epigenesis, Genetic
Epigenomics/*history
History, 20th Century

@article {pmid30140966,
year = {2018},
author = {November, J},
title = {More than Moore's Mores: Computers, Genomics, and the Embrace of Innovation.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {807-840},
pmid = {30140966},
issn = {1573-0387},
mesh = {Computers/*statistics & numerical data ; Genomics/*history/instrumentation ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/*history ; Inventions/*statistics & numerical data ; National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)/*history ; United States ; },
abstract = {The genomics community has frequently compared advances in sequencing to advances in microelectronics. Lately there have been many claims, including by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), that genomics is outpacing developments in computing as measured by Moore's law - the notion that computers double in processing capability per dollar spent every 18-24 months. Celebrations of the "$1000 genome" and other speed-related sequencing milestones might be dismissed as a distraction from genomics' slowness in delivering clinical breakthroughs, but the fact that such celebrations have been persistently encouraged by the NHGRI reveals a great deal about the priorities and expectations of the American general public, the intended audience of the genomics-computing comparison. By delving into the history of speculative thinking about sequencing and computing, this article demonstrates just how much more receptive to high-risk/high-payoff ventures the NIH and the general public have become. The article also provides access to some of the roots and consequences of the association of "innovation talk" with genomics, and the means to look past that association to the less glamorous (but arguably much more important) contributions of the NHGRI to building the field of genomics.},
}

Computers/*statistics & numerical data
Genomics/*history/instrumentation
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/*history
Inventions/*statistics & numerical data
National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)/*history
United States

@article {pmid29925256,
year = {2018},
author = {Kornfeld, S},
title = {A Lifetime of Adventures in Glycobiology.},
journal = {Annual review of biochemistry},
volume = {87},
number = {},
pages = {1-21},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011911},
pmid = {29925256},
issn = {1545-4509},
mesh = {Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/history/metabolism ; Animals ; Glycomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mannosephosphates/history/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/history/metabolism ; Receptor, IGF Type 2/history/metabolism ; Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)/history/metabolism ; United States ; },
abstract = {My initial research experience involved studying how bacteria synthesize nucleotide sugars, the donors for the formation of cell wall polysaccharides. During this time, I became aware that mammalian cells also have a surface coat of sugars and was intrigued as to whether these sugars might be arranged in specific sequences that function as information molecules in biologic processes. Thus began a long journey that has taken me from glycan structural analysis and determination of plant lectin-binding preferences to the biosynthesis of Asn-linked oligosaccharides and the mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) lysosomal enzyme targeting pathway. The Man-6-P system represents an early example of a glycan serving as an information molecule in a fundamental cellular function. The remarkable advances in the field of glycobiology since I entered have uncovered scores of additional examples of oligosaccharide-lectin interactions mediating critical biologic processes. It has been a rewarding experience to participate in the efforts that have established a central role for glycans in biology.},
}

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/history/metabolism
Animals
Glycomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Mannosephosphates/history/metabolism
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/history/metabolism
Receptor, IGF Type 2/history/metabolism
Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)/history/metabolism
United States

@article {pmid29691669,
year = {2018},
author = {Frezza, G and Capocci, M},
title = {Thomas Hunt Morgan and the invisible gene: the right tool for the job.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {31},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-018-0196-z},
pmid = {29691669},
issn = {0391-9714},
support = {Futuro in Ricerca 2010-RBFR10Q67A_002//MIUR - Italian Government/ ; },
mesh = {Embryology/*history ; *Genes ; Genetics/*history ; *Heredity ; Historiography ; History, 20th Century ; Models, Genetic ; },
abstract = {The paper analyzes the early theory building process of Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) from the 1910s to the 1930s and the introduction of the invisible gene as a main explanatory unit of heredity. Morgan's work marks the transition between two different styles of thought. In the early 1900s, he shifted from an embryological study of the development of the organism to a study of the mechanism of genetic inheritance and gene action. According to his contemporaries as well as to historiography, Morgan separated genetics from embryology, and the gene from the whole organism. Other scholars identified an underlying embryological focus in Morgan's work throughout his career. Our paper aims to clarify the debate by concentrating on Morgan's theory building-characterized by his confidence in the power of experimental methods, and carefully avoiding any ontological commitment towards the gene-and on the continuity of the questions to be addressed by both embryology and genetics.},
}

Embryology/*history
*Genes
Genetics/*history
*Heredity
Historiography
History, 20th Century
Models, Genetic

@article {pmid29039112,
year = {2018},
author = {Button, C},
title = {James Cossar Ewart and the Origins of the Animal Breeding Research Department in Edinburgh, 1895-1920.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {445-477},
pmid = {29039112},
issn = {1573-0387},
support = {200428/Z/15/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Breeding/*history ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Scotland ; Universities/*history ; },
abstract = {In 1919 the Animal Breeding Research Department was established in Edinburgh. This Department, later renamed the Institute of Animal Genetics, forged an international reputation, eventually becoming the centrepiece of a cluster of new genetics research units and institutions in Edinburgh after the Second World War. Yet despite its significance for institutionalising animal genetics research in the UK, the origins and development of the Department have not received as much scholarly attention as its importance warrants. This paper sheds new light on Edinburgh's place in early British genetics by drawing upon recently catalogued archival sources including the papers of James Cossar Ewart, Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh between 1882 and 1927. Although presently a marginal figure in genetics historiography, Ewart established two sites for experimental animal breeding work between 1895 and 1911 and played a central role in the founding of Britain's first genetics lectureship, also in 1911. These early efforts helped to secure government funding in 1913. However, a combination of the First World War, bureaucratic problems and Ewart's personal ambitions delayed the creation of the Department and the appointment of its director by another six years. This paper charts the institutionalisation of animal breeding and genetics research in Edinburgh within the wider contexts of British genetics and agriculture in the early twentieth century.},
}

Breeding/*history
Genetics/*history
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
Scotland
Universities/*history

@article {pmid29038982,
year = {2017},
author = {Deichmann, U},
title = {Hierarchy, determinism, and specificity in theories of development and evolution.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {4},
pages = {33},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-017-0160-3},
pmid = {29038982},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Developmental Biology/*history ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Systems Biology/history ; },
abstract = {The concepts of hierarchical organization, genetic determinism and biological specificity (for example of species, biologically relevant macromolecules, or genes) have played a crucial role in biology as a modern experimental science since its beginnings in the nineteenth century. The idea of genetic information (specificity) and genetic determination was at the basis of molecular biology that developed in the 1940s with macromolecules, viruses and prokaryotes as major objects of research often labelled "reductionist". However, the concepts have been marginalized or rejected in some of the research that in the late 1960s began to focus additionally on the molecularization of complex biological structures and functions using systems approaches. This paper challenges the view that 'molecular reductionism' has been successfully replaced by holism and a focus on the collective behaviour of cellular entities. It argues instead that there are more fertile replacements for molecular 'reductionism', in which genomics, embryology, biochemistry, and computer science intertwine and result in research that is as exact and causally predictive as earlier molecular biology.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Developmental Biology/*history
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Systems Biology/history

@article {pmid29038914,
year = {2017},
author = {Morange, M},
title = {Homage to Eric Davidson.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {4},
pages = {30},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-017-0157-y},
pmid = {29038914},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Sea Urchins/embryology ; Systems Biology/history ; },
abstract = {The Britten-Davidson model of genetic regulation was well received by American molecular biologists and embryologists, but not by the members of the French School of molecular biology. In particular, François Jacob considered it too abstract and too removed from experiments. I re-examine the contrast between the Britten-Davidson model and the operon model by Jacob and Monod, the different scientific contexts in which they were produced and the different roles they played. I also describe my recent encounters with Eric Davidson, and how I discovered the extraordinary continuity of his work on the development of the sea urchin, as well as his rich personality.},
}

Animals
*Gene Expression Regulation
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Models, Genetic
Molecular Biology/*history
Sea Urchins/embryology
Systems Biology/history

@article {pmid29038908,
year = {2017},
author = {Deichmann, U},
title = {Eric Davidson, his philosophy, and the history of science.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {4},
pages = {31},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-017-0158-x},
pmid = {29038908},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {Developmental Biology/*history ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; History, 20th Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; },
abstract = {Eric Davidson, a passionate molecular developmental biologist and intellectual, believed that conceptual advances in the sciences should be based on knowledge of conceptual history. Convinced of the superiority of a causal-analytical approach over other methods, he succeeded in successfully applying this approach to the complex feature of organismal development by introducing the far-reaching concept of developmental Gene Regulatory Networks. This essay reviews Davidson's philosophy, his support for the history of science, and some aspects of his scientific personality.},
}

Developmental Biology/*history
*Gene Regulatory Networks
History, 20th Century
Molecular Biology/*history

@article {pmid29030730,
year = {2017},
author = {Morange, M and Deichmann, U},
title = {Introduction: Eric Davidson and the molecular biology of evolution and development.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {4},
pages = {28},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-017-0155-0},
pmid = {29030730},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Developmental Biology/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; },
abstract = {Between November 30th and December 2nd, 2015, the Jacques Loeb Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva (Israel) held its Eighth International Workshop under the title "From Genome to Gene: Causality, Synthesis and Evolution". Eric Davidson, the founder of the concept of developmental Gene Regulatory Networks, had regularly attended the previous meetings, and his participation in this one was expected, but he suddenly passed away 3 months before. In this paper, we provide an introduction and overview on five papers that were presented at the workshop and examine the importance of genomes and gene regulatory networks in extant biology, developmental biology, evolutionary biology and medicine, as well as a collection of remembrances of Eric Davidson, of his personality as well as of his scientific contributions. Historical perspectives are provided, and the ethical issues raised by the new tools developed to modify the genome are also discussed.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Developmental Biology/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Molecular Biology/*history

@article {pmid28986915,
year = {2018},
author = {Stevens, H},
title = {Globalizing Genomics: The Origins of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {657-691},
pmid = {28986915},
issn = {1573-0387},
support = {Tier 1//Ministry of Education - Singapore/International ; RG56/13//Ministry of Education - Singapore/International ; },
mesh = {Databases, Nucleic Acid/*history ; Europe ; Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Japan ; Nucleotides/*analysis ; United States ; },
abstract = {Genomics is increasingly considered a global enterprise - the fact that biological information can flow rapidly around the planet is taken to be important to what genomics is and what it can achieve. However, the large-scale international circulation of nucleotide sequence information did not begin with the Human Genome Project. Efforts to formalize and institutionalize the circulation of sequence information emerged concurrently with the development of centralized facilities for collecting that information. That is, the very first databases build for collecting and sharing DNA sequence information were, from their outset, international collaborative enterprises. This paper describes the origins of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration between GenBank in the United States, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Databank, and the DNA Database of Japan. The technical and social groundwork for the international exchange of nucleotide sequences created the conditions of possibility for imagining nucleotide sequences (and subsequently genomes) as a "global" objects. The "transnationalism" of nucleotide sequence was critical to their ontology - what DNA sequences came to be during the Human Genome Project was deeply influenced by international exchange.},
}

Databases, Nucleic Acid/*history
Europe
Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Information Storage and Retrieval
Japan
Nucleotides/*analysis
United States

@article {pmid28980196,
year = {2018},
author = {O'Malley, MA},
title = {The Experimental Study of Bacterial Evolution and Its Implications for the Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Biology.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {2},
pages = {319-354},
pmid = {28980196},
issn = {1573-0387},
support = {IdEX//Université de Bordeaux/International ; },
mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics ; Biochemistry/*history ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetics, Population/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Microbiology/*history ; *Selection, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Since the 1940s, microbiologists, biochemists and population geneticists have experimented with the genetic mechanisms of microorganisms in order to investigate evolutionary processes. These evolutionary studies of bacteria and other microorganisms gained some recognition from the standard-bearers of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology, especially Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ledyard Stebbins. A further period of post-synthesis bacterial evolutionary research occurred between the 1950s and 1980s. These experimental analyses focused on the evolution of population and genetic structure, the adaptive gain of new functions, and the evolutionary consequences of competition dynamics. This large body of research aimed to make evolutionary theory testable and predictive, by giving it mechanistic underpinnings. Although evolutionary microbiologists promoted bacterial experiments as methodologically advantageous and a source of general insight into evolution, they also acknowledged the biological differences of bacteria. My historical overview concludes with reflections on what bacterial evolutionary research achieved in this period, and its implications for the still-developing modern synthesis.},
}

Bacteria/*genetics
Biochemistry/*history
*Biological Evolution
Genetics, Population/*history
History, 20th Century
Microbiology/*history
*Selection, Genetic

@article {pmid28795350,
year = {2017},
author = {Peterson, EL},
title = {'So far like the present period': a reply to 'C.H. Waddington's differences with the creators of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis: a Tale of Two Genes'.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {19},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-017-0145-2},
pmid = {28795350},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; *Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Systems Biology ; },
}

*Biological Evolution
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
*Models, Genetic
Phenotype
Systems Biology

@article {pmid28791592,
year = {2017},
author = {Bard, JBL},
title = {C.H. Waddington's differences with the creators of the modern evolutionary synthesis: a tale of two genes.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {18},
pmid = {28791592},
issn = {0391-9714},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; *Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Systems Biology ; },
abstract = {In 2011, Peterson suggested that the main reason why C.H. Waddington was essentially ignored by the framers of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1950s was because they were Cartesian reductionists and mathematical population geneticists while he was a Whiteheadian organicist and experimental geneticist who worked with Drosophila. This paper suggests a further reason that can only be seen now. The former defined genes and their alleles by their selectable phenotypes, essentially the Mendelian view, while Waddington defined a gene through its functional role as determined by genetic analysis, a view that foresaw the modern view that a gene is a DNA sequence with some function. The former were interested in selection, while Waddington focused on variation. The differences between the two views of a gene are briefly considered in the context of systems biology.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
*Models, Genetic
Phenotype
Systems Biology

@article {pmid28744655,
year = {2018},
author = {de Chadarevian, S},
title = {Whose Turn? Chromosome Research and the Study of the Human Genome.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {631-655},
pmid = {28744655},
issn = {1573-0387},
support = {1534814//National Science Foundation (US)/International ; },
mesh = {Chromosomes, Human/*genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/*history ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; },
abstract = {A common account sees the human genome sequencing project of the 1990s as a "natural outgrowth" of the deciphering of the double helical structure of DNA in the 1950s. The essay aims to complicate this neat narrative by putting the spotlight on the field of human chromosome research that flourished at the same time as molecular biology. It suggests that we need to consider both endeavors - the human cytogeneticists who collected samples and looked down the microscope and the molecular biologists who probed the molecular mechanisms of gene function - to understand the rise of the human genome sequencing project and the current genomic practices. In particular, it proposes that what has often been described as the "molecularization" of cytogenetics could equally well be viewed as the turn of molecular biologists to human and medical genetics - a field long occupied by cytogeneticists. These considerations also have implications for the archives that are constructed for future historians and policy makers.},
}

Chromosomes, Human/*genetics
*Genome, Human
Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/*history
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history

@article {pmid31057159,
year = {2019},
author = {O'Mahony, S},
title = {After the golden age: what is medicine for?.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {393},
number = {10183},
pages = {1798-1799},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30901-8},
pmid = {31057159},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Epidemiology ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; *History of Medicine ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/*history ; Humans ; Longevity ; Medical Overuse/statistics & numerical data ; Medicine/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Physicians/*history ; },
}

Epidemiology
Evidence-Based Medicine
Female
*History of Medicine
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/*history
Humans
Longevity
Medical Overuse/statistics & numerical data
Medicine/*statistics & numerical data/trends
Physicians/*history

@article {pmid30967441,
year = {2019},
author = {Visscher, PM and Goddard, ME},
title = {From R.A. Fisher's 1918 Paper to GWAS a Century Later.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {211},
number = {4},
pages = {1125-1130},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301594},
pmid = {30967441},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Animals ; Genetics/*history ; Genome-Wide Association Study/history/*methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; },
abstract = {The genetics and evolution of complex traits, including quantitative traits and disease, have been hotly debated ever since Darwin. A century ago, a paper from R.A. Fisher reconciled Mendelian and biometrical genetics in a landmark contribution that is now accepted as the main foundation stone of the field of quantitative genetics. Here, we give our perspective on Fisher's 1918 paper in the context of how and why it is relevant in today's genome era. We mostly focus on human trait variation, in part because Fisher did so too, but the conclusions are general and extend to other natural populations, and to populations undergoing artificial selection.},
}

Animals
Genetics/*history
Genome-Wide Association Study/history/*methods
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans

@article {pmid30858322,
year = {2019},
author = {Azar, B},
title = {Profile of Daniel A. Haber.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {13},
pages = {5840-5842},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1903223116},
pmid = {30858322},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Massachusetts ; Medical Oncology/history ; United States ; },
}

Genetics, Medical/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Massachusetts
Medical Oncology/history
United States

@article {pmid30846543,
year = {2019},
author = {Strauss, BS},
title = {Martynas Yčas: The "Archivist" of the RNA Tie Club.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {211},
number = {3},
pages = {789-795},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301754},
pmid = {30846543},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; United States ; },
abstract = {Between about 1951 and the early 1960s, the basic structure of molecular biology was revealed. Central to our understanding was the unraveling of the various roles of RNA, culminating in the identification of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the deciphering of the genetic code. We know a great deal about the role of Brenner, Crick, Jacob, and Nirenberg in these discoveries, but many others played important supporting parts. One of these is a little-known scientist, Martynas Yčas, who appears in histories, generally without explanation, as the "archivist of the RNA Tie Club." Yčas was born in Lithuania. His father helped write the Lithuanian Constitution in 1919. He studied Roman Law and served in the Lithuanian army before escaping from the Russians in 1940. The records of correspondence of Yčas with the physicist George Gamow and with Francis Crick throw some light on the genesis of our understanding of the role of mRNA. The story of the "RNA Tie Club" illustrates the difficulty in assigning credit for important discoveries and underscores the importance of a free exchange of information, even (or especially) among competitors.},
}

History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Molecular Biology/*history
RNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
United States

@article {pmid30765511,
year = {2019},
author = {Frixione, E and Ruiz-Zamarripa, L},
title = {The "scientific catastrophe" in nucleic acids research that boosted molecular biology.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {294},
number = {7},
pages = {2249-2255},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.CL119.007397},
pmid = {30765511},
issn = {1083-351X},
mesh = {Animals ; *DNA/chemistry/history/metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA/chemistry/history/metabolism ; },
}

Animals
*DNA/chemistry/history/metabolism
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
*Nucleic Acid Conformation
*RNA/chemistry/history/metabolism

@article {pmid30733376,
year = {2019},
author = {Dung, SK and López, A and Barragan, EL and Reyes, RJ and Thu, R and Castellanos, E and Catalan, F and Huerta-Sánchez, E and Rohlfs, RV},
title = {Illuminating Women's Hidden Contribution to Historical Theoretical Population Genetics.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {211},
number = {2},
pages = {363-366},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301277},
pmid = {30733376},
issn = {1943-2631},
support = {R35 GM128946/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 GM118985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Authorship ; Genetics, Population/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Periodicals as Topic/history/statistics & numerical data ; Sexism/history/*statistics & numerical data ; Women/*history ; },
abstract = {While productivity in academia is measured through authorship, not all scientific contributors have been recognized as authors. We consider nonauthor "acknowledged programmers" (APs), who developed, ran, and sometimes analyzed the results of computer programs. We identified APs in Theoretical Population Biology articles published between 1970 and 1990, finding that APs were disproportionately women (P = 4.0 × 10-10). We note recurrent APs who contributed to several highly-cited manuscripts. The occurrence of APs decreased over time, corresponding to the masculinization of computer programming and the shift of programming responsibilities to individuals credited as authors. We conclude that, while previously overlooked, historically, women have made substantial contributions to computational biology. For a video of this abstract, see: https://vimeo.com/313424402.},
}

*Authorship
Genetics, Population/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Periodicals as Topic/history/statistics & numerical data
Sexism/history/*statistics & numerical data
Women/*history

@article {pmid30728085,
year = {2019},
author = {Moniz, MBJ and Hutton, FG},
title = {Genetics Research turns a new [open access] leaf….},
journal = {Genetics research},
volume = {101},
number = {},
pages = {e1},
doi = {10.1017/S0016672318000071},
pmid = {30728085},
issn = {1469-5073},
mesh = {Access to Information/*history ; Genetics/history/*trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Research/trends ; },
}

Access to Information/*history
Genetics/history/*trends
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Research/trends

@article {pmid30661654,
year = {2019},
author = {Morganti, S and Tarantino, P and Ferraro, E and D'Amico, P and Viale, G and Trapani, D and Duso, BA and Curigliano, G},
title = {Complexity of genome sequencing and reporting: Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and implementation of precision medicine in real life.},
journal = {Critical reviews in oncology/hematology},
volume = {133},
number = {},
pages = {171-182},
doi = {10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.008},
pmid = {30661654},
issn = {1879-0461},
mesh = {*Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine/history/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Disease Progression ; *Genomics/history/methods/standards ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/history/standards/statistics & numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/*therapy ; *Precision Medicine/history/methods/standards ; Research Design/standards ; },
abstract = {The finalization of the Human Genome Project in 2003 paved the way for a deeper understanding of cancer, favouring a faster progression towards "personalized" medicine. Research in oncology has progressively focused on the sequencing of cancer genomes, to better understand the genetic basis of tumorigenesis and identify actionable alterations to guide cancer therapy. Thanks to the development of next-generation-sequencing (NGS) techniques, sequencing of tumoral DNA is today technically easier, faster and cheaper. Commercially available NGS panels enable the detection of single or global genomic alterations, namely gene mutation and mutagenic burden, both on germline and somatic DNA, potentially predicting the response or resistance to cancer treatments. Profiling of tumor DNA is nowadays a standard in cancer research and treatment. In this review we discuss the history, techniques and applications of NGS in cancer care, under a "personalized tailored therapy" perspective.},
}

*Data Interpretation, Statistical
Diagnostic Tests, Routine/history/methods/statistics & numerical data
Disease Progression
*Genomics/history/methods/standards
*High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/history/standards/statistics & numerical data
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Mutation
Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/*therapy
*Precision Medicine/history/methods/standards
Research Design/standards

@article {pmid30639424,
year = {2019},
author = {Livi, GP},
title = {Halcyon days of TOR: Reflections on the multiple independent discovery of the yeast and mammalian TOR proteins.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {692},
number = {},
pages = {145-155},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.046},
pmid = {30639424},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mammals ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/genetics/metabolism ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A/genetics/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {The quest to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of rapamycin in the early 1990s led to the discovery of the novel TOR (target of rapamycin) proteins in yeast and mammalian cells. This was a major breakthrough that resulted in the development of new rapamycin analogs as anti-cancer agents, and launched new research that revealed the pre-eminent biological role of mTOR (mammalian or mechanistic TOR). Beyond mediating rapamycin sensitivity, the TOR proteins are nutrient sensing protein kinases, conserved from yeast to man, with a core function in regulating cell growth, metabolism and overall cell survival. There have been many insightful historical accounts of the origins of TOR; however, the complete TOR dossier would benefit from a chapter on the untold story of the simultaneous co-discovery of the yeast TOR proteins by two independent laboratories, one that is inclusive of the discoveries made at the former SmithKline Beecham (legacy GlaxoSmithKline). Accordingly, this comprehensive retrospective retraces the provenance of yeast TOR (circa 1990-1996) and highlights the early groundbreaking publications that revealed the identity of the TOR genes and proteins. It also commemorates key companion papers which helped to clarify yeast TOR gene nomenclature, identified structural motifs in the predicted TOR protein sequences, demonstrated interactions between yeast FKBP12-rapamycin and TOR, characterized mutations responsible for drug resistance, and began to decipher TOR protein function; some of these crucial early studies appeared in this journal (e.g., Koser et al., 1993. Gene 129, 159-165; Cafferkey et al., 1994. Gene 141, 133-136; Freeman and Livi, 1996. Gene 172, 143-147). A period of intensive investigation, events are portrayed chronologically and juxtaposed alongside the independent parallel efforts to identify and purify mTOR. Finally, in a broader historical context, TOR and mTOR are examined a posteriori as paragons of multiple discovery, illustrating how this common phenomenon (also known as simultaneous invention) can greatly accelerate problem solving and advance human knowledge in a fast-breaking area of scientific research.},
}

Animals
Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects/genetics
Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Mammals
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/genetics/metabolism
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2/genetics/metabolism
Molecular Biology/*history
Mutation
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Sirolimus/pharmacology
Structure-Activity Relationship
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism
Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A/genetics/*metabolism

@article {pmid30626637,
year = {2019},
author = {Haloupek, N},
title = {Barbara J. Meyer: 2018 Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {211},
number = {1},
pages = {1-3},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301883},
pmid = {30626637},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Societies, Scientific ; United States ; },
abstract = {The Genetics Society of America's (GSA) Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal honors researchers for lifetime achievement in genetics. The recipient of the 2018 Morgan Medal, Barbara J. Meyer of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of California, Berkeley, is recognized for her career-long, groundbreaking investigations of how chromosome behaviors are controlled. Meyer's work has revealed mechanisms of sex determination and dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans that continue to serve as the foundation of diverse areas of study on chromosome structure and function today, nearly 40 years after she began her work on the topic.},
}

*Awards and Prizes
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Societies, Scientific
United States

@article {pmid30611771,
year = {2019},
author = {Jager, MJ and Brand, A and Claas, FHJ},
title = {Jon van Rood: The pioneer and his personal view on the early developments of HLA and immunogenetics.},
journal = {Transplant immunology},
volume = {52},
number = {},
pages = {1-26},
doi = {10.1016/j.trim.2018.12.006},
pmid = {30611771},
issn = {1878-5492},
mesh = {Blood Transfusion ; HLA Antigens/*immunology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Immunogenetics/*history ; *Transplantation Immunology ; },
abstract = {A single observation in a patient with an unusual transfusion reaction led to a life-long fascination with immunogenetics, and a strong wish to improve the care for patients needing a transplantation. In 2017, Jon van Rood, one of the pioneers in the field of HLA and immunogenetics of transplantation, passed away. Several obituaries have appeared describing some of the highlights of his career. However, the details of the early developments leading among others to the routine use of HLA as an important parameter for donor selection in organ- and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are largely unknown to the community. After his retirement as Chair of the Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB) in 1991, Jon van Rood wrote regularly in the "Crosstalk", the departmental journal, and gave his personal view on the history of the discovery and implications of HLA. These autobiographic descriptions were originally written in Dutch and have been translated, while texts from other sources and the relevant references have been added to illustrate the historical perspective. This special issue of Transplant Immunology combines the autobiographic part, Jon's own version of the history, with other facts of his scientific life and the impact of his findings on the field of clinical transplantation. Hopefully, this knowledge of the history will be of benefit for future developments in transplantation immunology.},
}

Blood Transfusion
HLA Antigens/*immunology
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Immunogenetics/*history
*Transplantation Immunology

@article {pmid30604835,
year = {2018},
author = {Krumlauf, R},
title = {Hox genes, clusters and collinearity.},
journal = {The International journal of developmental biology},
volume = {62},
number = {11-12},
pages = {659-663},
doi = {10.1387/ijdb.180330rr},
pmid = {30604835},
issn = {1696-3547},
mesh = {Animals ; Body Patterning/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {This year marks the 40th anniversary of the discovery by Ed Lewis of the property of collinearity in the bithorax gene complex in Drosophila. This landmark work illustrated the need to understand regulatory mechanisms that coordinate expression of homeotic gene clusters. Through the efforts of many groups, investigation of the Hox gene family has generated many fundamental findings on the roles and regulation of this conserved gene family in development, disease and evolution. This has led to a number of important conceptual advances in gene regulation and evolutionary biology. This article presents some of the history and advances made through studies on Hox gene clusters.},
}

Animals
Body Patterning/genetics
*Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
*Genes, Homeobox
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid30584186,
year = {2018},
author = {},
title = {GGS Prize 2018.},
journal = {Genes & genetic systems},
volume = {93},
number = {5},
pages = {169},
doi = {10.1266/ggs.93.169},
pmid = {30584186},
issn = {1880-5779},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Genetics/*history ; History, 21st Century ; Periodicals as Topic/*history ; },
}

*Awards and Prizes
Genetics/*history
History, 21st Century
Periodicals as Topic/*history

@article {pmid30579463,
year = {2019},
author = {Heithaus, JL},
title = {50 Years Ago in The Journal Of Pediatrics: Cytogenetics in Mentally Defective Children with Anomalies: A Controlled Study.},
journal = {The Journal of pediatrics},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {161},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.063},
pmid = {30579463},
issn = {1097-6833},
mesh = {Child ; Cytogenetics/*history/methods ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*genetics/history ; Pediatrics/*history ; },
}

Child
Cytogenetics/*history/methods
History, 20th Century
Humans
Intellectual Disability/diagnosis/*genetics/history
Pediatrics/*history

@article {pmid30554378,
year = {2019},
author = {Hoßfeld, U and Levit, GS and Watts, E},
title = {100 Years of phenogenetics: Valentin Haecker and his examination of the phenotype.},
journal = {Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG},
volume = {294},
number = {2},
pages = {445-456},
doi = {10.1007/s00438-018-1519-1},
pmid = {30554378},
issn = {1617-4623},
mesh = {Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mutation/genetics ; *Phenotype ; },
abstract = {Following the 'rediscovery' of Mendel's work around 1900 the study of genetics grew rapidly and multiple new inheritance theories quickly emerged such as Hugo de Vries' "Mutation Theory" (1901) and the "Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory" (1902). Mendel's work also caught the attention of the German geneticist Valentin Haecker, yet he was generally dissatisfied the simplicity of Mendelian genetics as he believed that inheritance and the expression of various characteristics appeared to be much more complex than the proposed "on-off hypotheses". Haecker's primary objection was that Mendelian-based theories still failed to bridge the gap between hereditary units and phenotypic traits. Haecker thus set out to bridge this gap in his research program, which he called Phänogenetik ("phenogenetics"). He outlined his work in a special study "Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Eigenschaftsanalyse (Phänogenetik)" in 1918. 2018 thus marks the 100th anniversary of Haecker's seminal publication, which was devoted to the analysis of the phenotype and highlighted the true complexity of heredity. This article takes a specific look at Haecker and his work, while also illustrating how this often forgotten scientist influenced the field of genetics and other scientists.},
}

Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
Humans
Mutation/genetics
*Phenotype

@article {pmid30523165,
year = {2018},
author = {Charlesworth, D},
title = {Mogens Westergaard's Contributions to Understanding Sex Chromosomes.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {4},
pages = {1143-1149},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301128},
pmid = {30523165},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Alleles ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Magnoliopsida/*genetics ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; },
abstract = {A long-standing question in biology concerns the genetic mechanisms by which two sexes can evolve (botanists call this the dioecious condition and zoologists call it gonochory) from a functionally ancestral hermaphroditic state (without separate sexes). In 1932, H. J. Muller, one of the great 20th century geneticists but also a fine evolutionary biologist, pointed out that two mutations were necessary. It was therefore puzzling that sex determination often involves a single genetic locus. Muller believed that the evolution of a single-gene system was possible, because maize geneticists had synthesized a single-gene system with separate sexes. However, this system is highly artificial, requiring geneticists to actively eliminate the wild-type allele at one of the two genes involved. This genetic system cannot therefore explain the natural evolution of dioecy. In 1958, Westergaard reviewed studies from a diversity of flowering plants, and showed that the genetics of natural sex determination in plants does not support the maize system. Instead, the genetic results pointed to a model involving two separate factors, with close linkage creating a single genetic locus. Moreover, Westergaard also pointed out that a two-gene model offers a natural explanation for the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosome pairs. Studying plants allowed genetic analyses of the early steps in the evolution of dioecy, using dioecious species that evolved recently from species without separate sexes, whereas Muller failed to fully understand such evolutionary changes because he focused on animals, where later changes have often happened and obscured the early stages.},
}

Alleles
Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
*Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Linkage
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
Magnoliopsida/*genetics
Sex Chromosomes/genetics
Sex Determination Processes/*genetics

@article {pmid30523164,
year = {2018},
author = {Haloupek, N},
title = {Mariana Wolfner: 2018 Genetics Society of America Medal.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {4},
pages = {1139-1141},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.118.301772},
pmid = {30523164},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Animals ; *Awards and Prizes ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Genetics/*history/*trends ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Seminal Plasma Proteins/genetics ; Sexual Behavior ; Societies, Scientific ; },
abstract = {The Genetics Society of America (GSA) Medal recognizes researchers who have made outstanding contributions to the field of genetics in the past 15 years. The 2018 GSA Medal has been awarded to Mariana Wolfner of Cornell University for her work on reproductive processes that occur around the time of fertilization. This includes characterization of seminal proteins in Drosophila melanogaster, which has uncovered a wealth of information about sexual conflict in evolution.},
}

Animals
*Awards and Prizes
Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics
Genetics/*history/*trends
History, 21st Century
Humans
Seminal Plasma Proteins/genetics
Sexual Behavior
Societies, Scientific

@article {pmid30530852,
year = {2018},
author = {Russell, DW},
title = {Lucky, times ten: A career in Texas science.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {293},
number = {49},
pages = {18804-18827},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.X118.005918},
pmid = {30530852},
issn = {1083-351X},
support = {P01 HL020948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; PL1 DK081182/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AR051943/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Texas ; },
abstract = {On January 21, 2017, I received an E-mail from Herb Tabor that I had been simultaneously hoping for and dreading for several years: an invitation to write a "Reflections" article for the Journal of Biological Chemistry On the one hand, I was honored to receive an invitation from Herb, a man I have admired for over 40 years, known for 24 years, and worked with as a member of the Editorial Board and Associate Editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry for 17 years. On the other hand, the invitation marked the waning of my career as an academic scientist. With these conflicting emotions, I wrote this article with the goals of recording my career history and recognizing the many mentors, trainees, and colleagues who have contributed to it and, perhaps with pretension, with the desire that students who are beginning a career in research will find inspiration in the path I have taken and appreciate the importance of luck.},
}

Animals
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
Texas

@article {pmid30501998,
year = {2019},
author = {Arnone, MI and Oliveri, P and Martinez, P},
title = {A conceptual history of the "regulatory genome": From Theodor Boveri to Eric Davidson.},
journal = {Marine genomics},
volume = {44},
number = {},
pages = {24-31},
doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2018.11.003},
pmid = {30501998},
issn = {1876-7478},
mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; *Genome ; Genomics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; },
abstract = {The formalization of the idea of "Regulatory Genome" is a recent one. However, it stems from a long tradition in the study of how the genetic information is transferred between generations. Theodore Boveri suggested for the first time that the whole genome participates in the shaping of individuals. Through a long lineage of researchers, we have learned how this whole-genome activity is regulated, in space and time. It is, however, due to the insights and experimental approaches taken by different researchers, among them Eric Davidson and associates, that we understand the mechanistic basis of this regulation. Whole batteries of regulatory genes interact through their cis-regulatory modules, generating a precise pattern of cross-controlled gene activity (Gene Regulatory Networks). How these genes are deployed in development and evolution has become an area of vibrant research. Here we revisit the history of this intellectual endeavour, taking as key defining points along this historical trajectory the contributions of Theodor Boveri and Eric Davidson.},
}

Animals
*Gene Regulatory Networks
*Genome
Genomics/*history
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century

@article {pmid30478371,
year = {2018},
author = {Datta, MS and Kishony, R},
title = {A spotlight on bacterial mutations for 75 years.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {563},
number = {7733},
pages = {633-644},
doi = {10.1038/d41586-018-07521-8},
pmid = {30478371},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/cytology/*genetics/virology ; Bacteriophages/pathogenicity ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Escherichia coli/cytology/genetics/virology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Microbiology/*history ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Mutagenesis ; *Mutation ; Poisson Distribution ; Selection, Genetic/*genetics ; Streptococcus thermophilus/cytology/genetics/virology ; },
}

Animals
Bacteria/cytology/*genetics/virology
Bacteriophages/pathogenicity
CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
Escherichia coli/cytology/genetics/virology
*Evolution, Molecular
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Microbiology/*history
Models, Genetic
Molecular Biology/*history
Mutagenesis
*Mutation
Poisson Distribution
Selection, Genetic/*genetics
Streptococcus thermophilus/cytology/genetics/virology

@article {pmid30467159,
year = {2018},
author = {Ramakrishnan, V and Henderson, R},
title = {Thomas A. Steitz (1940-2018).},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {362},
number = {6417},
pages = {897},
doi = {10.1126/science.aav8253},
pmid = {30467159},
issn = {1095-9203},
support = {MC_U105184332//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Ribosomes/*ultrastructure ; United States ; },
}

History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Molecular Biology/*history
Ribosomes/*ultrastructure
United States

@article {pmid30457467,
year = {2018},
author = {Ma, Q and Adua, E and Boyce, MC and Li, X and Ji, G and Wang, W},
title = {IMass Time: The Future, in Future!.},
journal = {Omics : a journal of integrative biology},
volume = {22},
number = {11},
pages = {679-695},
doi = {10.1089/omi.2018.0162},
pmid = {30457467},
issn = {1557-8100},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence/*trends ; Big Data ; Glycomics/history/methods ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Lipids/chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry/*history/methods/trends ; Metabolomics/history/methods ; Nobel Prize ; Proteins/chemistry ; Proteomics/history/methods ; },
abstract = {Joseph John Thomson discovered and proved the existence of electrons through a series of experiments. His work earned him a Nobel Prize in 1906 and initiated the era of mass spectrometry (MS). In the intervening time, other researchers have also been awarded the Nobel Prize for significant advances in MS technology. The development of soft ionization techniques was central to the application of MS to large biological molecules and led to an unprecedented interest in the study of biomolecules such as proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), carbohydrates (glycomics), and lipids (lipidomics), allowing a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of health and disease. The interest in large molecules drove improvements in MS resolution and now the challenge is in data deconvolution, intelligent exploitation of heterogeneous data, and interpretation, all of which can be ameliorated with a proposed IMass technology. We define IMass as a combination of MS and artificial intelligence, with each performing a specific role. IMass will offer advantages such as improving speed, sensitivity, and analyses of large data that are presently not possible with MS alone. In this study, we present an overview of the MS considering historical perspectives and applications, challenges, as well as insightful highlights of IMass.},
}

Artificial Intelligence/*trends
Big Data
Glycomics/history/methods
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Lipids/chemistry
Mass Spectrometry/*history/methods/trends
Metabolomics/history/methods
Nobel Prize
Proteins/chemistry
Proteomics/history/methods

@article {pmid30429215,
year = {2019},
author = {Uhlenbeck, OC},
title = {Thomas A. Steitz (1940-2018).},
journal = {RNA (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {169-172},
doi = {10.1261/rna.069575.118},
pmid = {30429215},
issn = {1469-9001},
mesh = {*Crystallography, X-Ray/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Molecular Biology/history ; Nobel Prize ; },
}

*Crystallography, X-Ray/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
*Molecular Biology/history
Nobel Prize

@article {pmid30401760,
year = {2018},
author = {Haloupek, N},
title = {Job Dekker: 2018 Edward Novitski Prize.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {3},
pages = {745-746},
pmid = {30401760},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {The Genetics Society of America's (GSA) Edward Novitski Prize is awarded to researchers who have solved challenging problems in genetics through experiments that demonstrate exceptional creativity and ingenuity. Job Dekker of the University of Massachusetts Medical School has been selected for the 2018 award in recognition of his innovative approach to understanding chromosome interactions and nuclear organization. Among Dekker's contributions are the development of the now-ubiquitous approach of chromosome conformation capture and the discovery of topologically associating domains.},
}

*Awards and Prizes
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid30386858,
year = {2018},
author = {Tan, SY and Furubayashi, JK},
title = {Jacques Lucien Monod (1910-1976): Co-discoverer of the operon system.},
journal = {Singapore medical journal},
volume = {59},
number = {10},
pages = {555-556},
pmid = {30386858},
issn = {0037-5675},
mesh = {France ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; *Operon ; Philately ; Philosophy ; },
}

France
History, 20th Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
*Operon
Philately
Philosophy

@article {pmid30382834,
year = {2018},
author = {Hanage, WP},
title = {From bacterial genomics to clinical epidemiology: an interview with Bill Hanage.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {122},
pmid = {30382834},
issn = {1741-7007},
mesh = {Clinical Medicine/*history ; Epidemiology/*history ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*history ; History, 21st Century ; Massachusetts ; Microbiota/genetics ; Peer Review, Research ; Selection, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Bill Hanage is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health, where he studies fundamental and applied epidemiology using genomic and evolutionary methods. Bill spoke to us about the different types of selection that determine pathogen populations, asking reviewers to highlight positives of papers, and whether we're closer to a causal framework for studying the microbiome.},
}

Clinical Medicine/*history
Epidemiology/*history
*Genome, Bacterial
Genomics/*history
History, 21st Century
Massachusetts
Microbiota/genetics
Peer Review, Research
Selection, Genetic

@article {pmid30369473,
year = {2018},
author = {Chen, F and Lu, DR and Zhang, FX and Zhang, GF},
title = {[The development of genetics teaching in China in the last four decades and its future prospect].},
journal = {Yi chuan = Hereditas},
volume = {40},
number = {10},
pages = {916-923},
doi = {10.16288/j.yczz.18-171},
pmid = {30369473},
issn = {0253-9772},
mesh = {China ; Genetics/*education/history/standards ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Teaching/education/*history/standards ; },
abstract = {Chinese genetics educators have carried out a comprehensive and systematic exploration and reform since 1978. With the guidance and help of the Genetics Society of China, they have made significant strides in the fields of genetics teaching system, publication of genetics textbooks, content of genetics teaching, workshop on genetics teaching, experimental teaching, application of advanced techniques, etc. These efforts have made remarkable achievements and promoted the vitality of genetics. The comprehensive development of education and teaching has trained a large number of excellent genetic talents for the development of China's economy and society. Here, we sum up the overall achievements of the teaching reform and propose some suggestions on the future development of genetics teaching in China, hoping that the quality of genetics teaching in China will take a new step in the new era.},
}

China
Genetics/*education/history/standards
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Teaching/education/*history/standards

@article {pmid30369465,
year = {2018},
author = {Sun, LY and Xing, QH and He, L},
title = {[Retrospect and prospect of the genetic research on birth defects in China].},
journal = {Yi chuan = Hereditas},
volume = {40},
number = {10},
pages = {800-813},
doi = {10.16288/j.yczz.18-181},
pmid = {30369465},
issn = {0253-9772},
mesh = {Animals ; China ; Congenital Abnormalities/*genetics/history ; Genetic Research/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; },
abstract = {An important part of China's "Healthy China 2030" planning is to lower the rate of birth defects. Because genetic factors contribute solely or collaboratively to about 80% of the occurrence of birth defects, genetic studies on birth defects can provide precise molecular targets for clinical screening, diagnosis and treatment. Genetic research on birth defects in China has developed by leaps and bounds since 1960s. At the same time, as related research achievements keep accumulating, translation of these scientific discoveries to clinical applications, with genetic counseling and testing as the core practices, has been developed and optimized. A close collaboration between genetic researches and clinical applications would provide reliable technical support for giving birth to more "healthy children" in China. This article firstly reviews China's history of genetic research on birth defects, then introduces current situation and hot topics of the research area at home and abroad and finally discusses about future trend and related clinical applications. In summary, an overall view is provided here for the readers to understand the development route of genetic research on birth defects in China.},
}

Animals
China
Congenital Abnormalities/*genetics/history
Genetic Research/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans

@article {pmid30337139,
year = {2018},
author = {Lowe, JWE},
title = {Sequencing through thick and thin: Historiographical and philosophical implications.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences},
volume = {72},
number = {},
pages = {10-27},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.10.007},
pmid = {30337139},
issn = {1879-2499},
mesh = {Animals ; *Genome ; Genomics/*history ; *Historiography ; History, 21st Century ; *Philosophy ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/history/*veterinary ; Sus scrofa/*genetics ; },
abstract = {DNA sequencing has been characterised by scholars and life scientists as an example of 'big', 'fast' and 'automated' science in biology. This paper argues, however, that these characterisations are a product of a particular interpretation of what sequencing is, what I call 'thin sequencing'. The 'thin sequencing' perspective focuses on the determination of the order of bases in a particular stretch of DNA. Based upon my research on the pig genome mapping and sequencing projects, I provide an alternative 'thick sequencing' perspective, which also includes a number of practices that enable the sequence to travel across and be used in wider communities. If we take sequencing in the thin manner to be an event demarcated by the determination of sequences in automated sequencing machines and computers, this has consequences for the historical analysis of sequencing projects, as it focuses attention on those parts of the work of sequencing that are more centralised, fast (and accelerating) and automated. I argue instead that sequencing can be interpreted as a more open-ended process including activities such as the generation of a minimum tile path or annotation, and detail the historiographical and philosophical consequences of this move.},
}

Animals
*Genome
Genomics/*history
*Historiography
History, 21st Century
*Philosophy
Sequence Analysis, DNA/history/*veterinary
Sus scrofa/*genetics

@article {pmid30307501,
year = {2018},
author = {},
title = {Society for Glycobiology Awards - 2018.},
journal = {Glycobiology},
volume = {28},
number = {12},
pages = {906-909},
doi = {10.1093/glycob/cwy086},
pmid = {30307501},
issn = {1460-2423},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Glycomics/*history ; History, 21st Century ; Societies, Scientific/history ; },
}

*Awards and Prizes
Glycomics/*history
History, 21st Century
Societies, Scientific/history

@article {pmid30287513,
year = {2018},
author = {van Dijk, PJ and Weissing, FJ and Ellis, THN},
title = {How Mendel's Interest in Inheritance Grew out of Plant Improvement.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {2},
pages = {347-355},
pmid = {30287513},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Plant Breeding/*history/methods ; Plant Diseases ; },
abstract = {Despite the fact that Gregor Mendel is generally respected as the founder of genetics, little is known about the origin of and motivation for his revolutionary work. No primary sources are known that discuss his work during the period of his pea crossing experiments. Here, we report on two previously unknown interconnected local newspaper articles about Mendel's work that predate his famous Pisum lectures by 4 years. These articles describe Mendel as a plant breeder and a horticulturist. We argue that Mendel's initial interests concerned crop improvement, but that with time he became more interested in fundamental questions about inheritance, fertilization, and natural hybridization.},
}

Genetics/*history
History, 19th Century
Plant Breeding/*history/methods
Plant Diseases

@article {pmid30287512,
year = {2018},
author = {Haloupek, N},
title = {Philip Hieter: 2018 George W. Beadle Award.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {2},
pages = {345-346},
pmid = {30287512},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Genetics/*history ; History, 21st Century ; Societies, Scientific ; United States ; },
abstract = {The Genetics Society of America's (GSA) George W. Beadle Award honors individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the community of genetics researchers and who exemplify the qualities of its namesake. For his work fostering communication and collaboration among members of the many subfields of genetics, Philip Hieter of the University of British Columbia has been named 2018's recipient of the award. Among his contributions are many initiatives that aim to better link human and model organism geneticists, including the Canadian Rare Diseases Models and Mechanisms Network-a consortium that connects investigators who identify rare disease genes in humans to basic scientists who can study the genes in model organisms.},
}

*Awards and Prizes
Genetics/*history
History, 21st Century
Societies, Scientific
United States

@article {pmid30265852,
year = {2018},
author = {Jonna, S and Giaccone, G and Subramaniam, DS},
title = {Understanding molecular diagnostic technology in oncology through the lens of lung cancer.},
journal = {Discovery medicine},
volume = {26},
number = {141},
pages = {21-29},
pmid = {30265852},
issn = {1944-7930},
mesh = {High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics ; *Medical Oncology ; Pathology, Molecular/history/*methods ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Historically, advanced lung cancer conferred a poor prognosis, and chemotherapy only improved outcomes in patients with good performance status. The identification of certain molecular subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer changed the treatment paradigm by incorporating tumor genomic information into clinical decision-making. To meet the demands of this emerging approach, genomic technology rapidly expanded in an effort to detect specific driver mutations. While polymerase-chain reaction testing, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent-in-situ hybridization have been standard-of-care, next-generation sequencing is increasingly replacing older technologies. Plasma-based testing is also gaining use given its convenience. Advances in molecular technology in this new era of precision medicine have led to the parallel development of companion diagnostics and novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors.},
}

High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
History, 21st Century
Humans
Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics
*Medical Oncology
Pathology, Molecular/history/*methods
Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use

@article {pmid30224294,
year = {2018},
author = {Leeming, W and Barahona, A},
title = {Synthesis, convergence, and differences in the entangled histories of cytogenetics in medicine: A comparative study of Canada and Mexico.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {8-16},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.08.002},
pmid = {30224294},
issn = {1879-2499},
mesh = {Canada ; Cytogenetics/*history ; History of Medicine ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mexico ; },
abstract = {Most historians of science and medicine agree that medical interest in genetics intensified after 1930, and interest in the relationship of radiation damage and genetics continued and expanded after World War II. Moreover, they maintain that the synthesis and convergence of human genetics and cytological techniques in European centers resulted in their dissemination to centers in the United States, resulting in a new field of expertise focused on medicine and clinical research, known as cytogenetics. In this article, we broaden the scope of the inquiry by showing how the early histories of cytogenetics in Canada and Mexico unfolded against strikingly different backgrounds in clinical research and the delivery of health care. We thus argue that the field of cytogenetics did not emerge in a straightforward manner and develop in the same way in all countries. The article provides a brief background to the history of human cytogenetics, and then outlines key developments related to the early adoption of cytogenetics in Canada and Mexico. Conclusions are then drawn using comparisons of the different ways in which local determinants affected adoption. We then propose directions for future study focused on the ways in which circuits of practices, collaborative research, and transfers of knowledge have shaped how cytogenetics has come to be organised in medicine around the world.},
}

Canada
Cytogenetics/*history
History of Medicine
History, 20th Century
Humans
Mexico

@article {pmid30216089,
year = {2018},
author = {Wilson, JM},
title = {University Flunk-Out to Genomics Pioneer: An Interview with George Church, PhD.},
journal = {Human gene therapy. Clinical development},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {118-120},
doi = {10.1089/humc.2018.29035.int},
pmid = {30216089},
issn = {2324-8645},
mesh = {Genetic Therapy/*trends ; Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Universities ; },
}

Genetic Therapy/*trends
Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Universities

@article {pmid30200806,
year = {2018},
author = {Lieberman, J},
title = {Unveiling the RNA World.},
journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
volume = {379},
number = {13},
pages = {1278-1280},
doi = {10.1056/NEJMcibr1808725},
pmid = {30200806},
issn = {1533-4406},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mentors/*history ; Molecular Biology/*history ; *RNA/physiology ; RNA, Small Untranslated/physiology ; Sexism/prevention & control ; United States ; },
}

*Awards and Prizes
Female
History, 21st Century
Humans
Mentors/*history
Molecular Biology/*history
*RNA/physiology
RNA, Small Untranslated/physiology
Sexism/prevention & control
United States

@article {pmid30194700,
year = {2019},
author = {Balzi, E and Moye-Rowley, WS},
title = {Unveiling the transcriptional control of pleiotropic drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Contributions of André Goffeau and his group.},
journal = {Yeast (Chichester, England)},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {195-200},
doi = {10.1002/yea.3354},
pmid = {30194700},
issn = {1097-0061},
support = {R01 GM049825/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Biology/history ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*drug effects/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; },
abstract = {Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided much of the basic detail underlying the organization and regulation of multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance gene network in eukaryotic microbes. As with many aspects of yeast biology, the initial observations that drove the eventual molecular characterization of multidrug resistance gene were provided by genetics. This review focuses on contributions from the laboratory of Dr. André Goffeau that uncovered key aspects of the transcriptional regulation of these multidrug resistance genes. André's group made many seminal discoveries that helped lead to the current picture we have of how eukaryotic microbes respond to and deal with a variety of antifungal agents. The importance of the transcriptional contribution to antifungal drugs is illustrated by the large number of drug resistant mutants found in several yeast species that lead to increased activity of transcriptional regulators. The characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR1 gene by the Goffeau group provided the first molecular basis explaining the link between this hyperactive transcription factor and drug resistance.},
}

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal/*genetics
*Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Membrane Proteins/genetics
Molecular Biology/history
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*drug effects/*genetics
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
Transcription Factors/genetics

@article {pmid30190332,
year = {2018},
author = {Harding, SE and Channell, G and Phillips-Jones, MK},
title = {The discovery of hydrogen bonds in DNA and a re-evaluation of the 1948 Creeth two-chain model for its structure.},
journal = {Biochemical Society transactions},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {1171-1182},
pmid = {30190332},
issn = {1470-8752},
support = {//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Base Pairing ; Cattle ; DNA/*chemistry ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; History, 20th Century ; Hydrogen ; *Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleotides/chemistry ; Thymus Gland/chemistry ; Viscosity ; },
abstract = {We recall the experimental approaches involved in the discovery of hydrogen bonds in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) made 70 years ago by a team of scientists at University College Nottingham led by J.M. Gulland, and in relation to previous studies. This discovery proved an important step in the elucidation of the correct structure for DNA made by J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick, as acknowledged in 'The Double Helix'. At that time of the discovery, however, it was impossible to delineate between inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds. We also consider in the light of more recent hydrodynamic theory a tentative model for DNA proposed by Gulland's and D.O. Jordan's PhD student J.M. Creeth in his PhD thesis of 1948, with the correct prediction of two chains with a sugar-phosphate backbone on the exterior and hydrogen-bonded bases between the nucleotide bases of opposite chains in the interior. Our analysis shows that his incorporation of alternating breaks in the two-chain structure was not necessary to explain the viscosity data on scission of hydrogen bonds after titrating to high or low pH. Although Creeth's model is a depiction of DNA structure alone, he could not know whether the hydrogen bonding was intermolecular, although this was subsequently proved correct by others. The mechanisms by which replicative processes occurred were of course unknown at that time, and so, he could not have realised how closely his tentative model resembled steps in some viral replicative mechanisms involving the molecule of life that he was working on.},
}

Animals
Base Pairing
Cattle
DNA/*chemistry
DNA Damage
DNA Replication
History, 20th Century
Hydrogen
*Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Molecular Biology/*history
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Nucleotides/chemistry
Thymus Gland/chemistry
Viscosity

@article {pmid30166445,
year = {2018},
author = {Schaeffer, SW},
title = {Muller "Elements" in Drosophila: How the Search for the Genetic Basis for Speciation Led to the Birth of Comparative Genomics.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {210},
number = {1},
pages = {3-13},
pmid = {30166445},
issn = {1943-2631},
support = {R01 GM098478/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Chromosome Mapping/methods/*trends ; Chromosomes ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization/*history/methods/trends ; Drosophila/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; Genome/genetics ; Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Synteny ; },
abstract = {The concept of synteny, or conservation of genes on the same chromosome, traces its origins to the early days of Drosophila genetics. This discovery emerged from comparisons of linkage maps from different species of Drosophila with the goal of understanding the process of speciation. H. J. Muller published a landmark article entitled Bearings of the "Drosophila" work on systematics, where he synthesized genetic and physical map data and proposed a model of speciation and chromosomal gene content conservation. These models have withstood the test of time with the advent of molecular genetic analysis from protein to genome level variation. Muller's ideas provide a framework to begin to answer questions about the evolutionary forces that shape the structure of the genome.},
}

Animals
Chromosome Mapping/methods/*trends
Chromosomes
Comparative Genomic Hybridization/*history/methods/trends
Drosophila/genetics/metabolism
Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Linkage/genetics
Genetic Speciation
Genome/genetics
Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Synteny

@article {pmid30154566,
year = {2018},
author = {Zatz, M},
title = {Helping our country as women scientists.},
journal = {Nature cell biology},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {1012},
doi = {10.1038/s41556-018-0161-9},
pmid = {30154566},
issn = {1476-4679},
mesh = {Biomedical Research/*history ; *Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Female ; *Gender Identity ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Leadership ; Mentors/history ; Research Personnel/*history ; Stem Cell Research/*history ; Women, Working/*history ; },
}

Biomedical Research/*history
*Career Choice
Career Mobility
Female
*Gender Identity
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Leadership
Mentors/history
Research Personnel/*history
Stem Cell Research/*history
Women, Working/*history

@article {pmid30154559,
year = {2018},
author = {Schuh, M},
title = {Taking a confident leap into uncertainty.},
journal = {Nature cell biology},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {1007},
doi = {10.1038/s41556-018-0177-1},
pmid = {30154559},
issn = {1476-4679},
support = {MC_U105192711//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Biomedical Research/*history ; *Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Female ; *Gender Identity ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Research Personnel/*history ; Women, Working/*history ; Work-Life Balance ; },
}

Biomedical Research/*history
*Career Choice
Career Mobility
Female
*Gender Identity
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
Research Personnel/*history
Women, Working/*history
Work-Life Balance

@article {pmid30154558,
year = {2018},
author = {Nik-Zainal, S},
title = {The duty to speak up.},
journal = {Nature cell biology},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {1006},
doi = {10.1038/s41556-018-0171-7},
pmid = {30154558},
issn = {1476-4679},
support = {100183//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; A22932//Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom ; A23433//Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom ; A23916//Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Biomedical Research/*history ; *Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Female ; *Gender Identity ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Research Personnel/*history ; Sexism/*history ; Women, Working/*history ; },
}

Biomedical Research/*history
*Career Choice
Career Mobility
Female
*Gender Identity
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Research Personnel/*history
Sexism/*history
Women, Working/*history

@article {pmid30154552,
year = {2018},
author = {Akhtar, A},
title = {Finding your way through the science maze.},
journal = {Nature cell biology},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {1000},
doi = {10.1038/s41556-018-0175-3},
pmid = {30154552},
issn = {1476-4679},
mesh = {Biomedical Research/*history ; *Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Female ; *Gender Identity ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Research Personnel/*history ; Women, Working/*history ; },
}

Biomedical Research/*history
*Career Choice
Career Mobility
Female
*Gender Identity
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Research Personnel/*history
Women, Working/*history

@article {pmid30136864,
year = {2018},
author = {Mezquita-Pla, J},
title = {Gordon H. Dixon's trace in my personal career and the quantic jump experienced in regulatory information.},
journal = {Systems biology in reproductive medicine},
volume = {64},
number = {6},
pages = {448-468},
doi = {10.1080/19396368.2018.1503752},
pmid = {30136864},
issn = {1939-6376},
mesh = {Animals ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genomics/*history ; Histones/*physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; RNA/physiology ; },
abstract = {Even before Rosalin Franklin had discovered the DNA double helix, in her impressive X-ray diffraction image pattern, Erwin Schröedinger, described, in his excellent book, What is Life, how the finding of aperiodic crystals in biological systems surprised him (an aperiodic crystal, which, in my opinion is the material carrier of life). In the 21st century and still far from being able to define life, we are attending to a quick acceleration of knowledge on regulatory information. With the discovery of new codes and punctuation marks, we will greatly increase our understanding in front of an impressive avalanche of genomic sequences. Trifonov et al. defined a genetic code as a widespread DNA sequence pattern that carries a message with an impact on biology. These patterns are largely captured in transcribed messages that give meaning and identity to the particular cells. In this review, I will go through my personal career in and after my years of work in the laboratory of Gordon H. Dixon, extending toward the impressive acquisition of new knowledge on regulatory information and genetic codes provided by remarkable scientists in the field. Abbreviations: CA II: carbonic anhydridase II (chicken); Car2: carbonic anhydridase 2 (mouse); CpG islands: short (>0.5 kb) stretches of DNA with a G+C content ≥55%; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferases 1; DNMT3b: DNA methyltransferases 3B; DSB: double-strand DNA breaks; ERT: endogenous retrotransposon; ERV: endogenous retroviruses; ES cells: embryonic stem cells; GAPDH: glyceraldehide phosphate dehydrogenase; H1: histone H1; HATs: histone acetyltransferases; HDACs: histone deacetylases; H3K4me3: histone 3 trimethylated at lys 4; H3K79me2: histone 3 dimethylated at lys 79; HMG: high mobility group proteins; HMT: histone methyltransferase; HP1: heterochromatin protein 1; HR: homologous recombination; HSE: heat-shock element; ICRs: imprinted control regions; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; LDH-A/-B: lactate dehydrogenase A/B; LTR: long terminal repeats; MeCP2: methyl CpG binding protein 2; OCT4: octamer-binding transcription factor 4; PAF1: RNA Polymerase II associated factor 1; piRNA: PIWI-interacting RNA; poly(A) tails: poly-adenine tails; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; PTMs: post-translational modifications; SIRT 1: sirtuin 1, silent information regulator; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription; tRNAs: transfer RNA; tRFs: tRNA-derived fragments; TSS: transcription start site; TE: transposable elements; UB I: polyubiquitin I; UB II: polyubiquitin II; UBE 2N: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2N; 5'-UTR: 5'-untranslated sequences; 3'-UTR: 3'-untranslated sequences.},
}

Animals
*Gene Expression Regulation
Genomics/*history
Histones/*physiology
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
RNA/physiology

@article {pmid30061627,
year = {2018},
author = {Lombardo, PA},
title = {The power of heredity and the relevance of eugenic history.},
journal = {Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {1305-1311},
doi = {10.1038/s41436-018-0123-4},
pmid = {30061627},
issn = {1530-0366},
mesh = {Eugenics/*history ; Genetics/*history ; Heredity/*genetics ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; },
}

Eugenics/*history
Genetics/*history
Heredity/*genetics
History, 20th Century
Humans

@article {pmid30055809,
year = {2018},
author = {Godde, K},
title = {A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley.},
journal = {Homo : internationale Zeitschrift fur die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen},
volume = {69},
number = {4},
pages = {147-157},
doi = {10.1016/j.jchb.2018.07.002},
pmid = {30055809},
issn = {1618-1301},
mesh = {Cephalometry ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; Egypt ; Ethnic Groups/genetics/*history ; Fossils ; Genetics, Population/history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Political Systems/history ; Population Dynamics/history ; },
abstract = {The process of the peopling of the Nile Valley likely shaped the population structure and early biological similarity of Egyptians and Nubians. As others have noted, affinity among Nilotic populations was due to an aggregation of events, including environmental, linguistic, and sociopolitical changes over a great deal of time. This study seeks to evaluate the relationships of Nubian and Egyptian groups in the context of the original peopling event. Cranial nonmetric traits from 18 Nubian and Egyptian samples, spanning Lower Egypt to Lower Nubia and approximately 7400 years, were analyzed using Mahalanobis D2 as a measure of biological distance. A principal coordinates analysis and spatial-temporal model were applied to these data. The results reveal temporal and spatial patterning consistent with documented events in Egyptian and Nubian population history. Moreover, the Mesolithic Nubian sample clustered with later Nubian and Egyptian samples, indicating that events prior to the Mesolithic were important in shaping the later genetic patterning of the Nubian population. Later contact through the establishment of the Egyptian fort at Buhen, Kerma's position as a strategic trade center along the Nile, and Egyptian colonization at Tombos maintained genetic similarity among the populations.},
}

Cephalometry
Chromosomes, Human, Y
Egypt
Ethnic Groups/genetics/*history
Fossils
Genetics, Population/history
History, Ancient
Humans
Male
Political Systems/history
Population Dynamics/history

@article {pmid30027861,
year = {2018},
author = {Segal, NL},
title = {Symposium in Honor of Irving I. Gottesman (December 29, 1930-June 29, 2016).},
journal = {Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {281-284},
doi = {10.1017/thg.2018.29},
pmid = {30027861},
issn = {1832-4274},
mesh = {Animals ; Congresses as Topic ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genetics/*history ; Humans ; Twin Studies as Topic ; },
abstract = {The June 2016 death of our esteemed colleague, Dr Irving I. Gottesman, was felt as an extreme loss at so many levels by colleagues, students, friends, and family across the globe. Irv's stellar contributions to the field of twin research will continue to be remembered and cited for many years to come. In commemoration of his life and work, I organized a symposium at the 16th meeting of the International Society for Twin Studies, held in Madrid, Spain, November 16-18, 2017. The panelists included mostly former students, as well as colleagues, who presented their scientific research and personal remarks reflecting Irv's profound influence in shaping their lives and careers. A chronology of Irv's academic positions and honors is included in the introduction to this special issue of Twin Research and Human Genetics, followed by brief sketches of the panel participants; their scholarly papers and personal reflections follow.},
}

Animals
Congresses as Topic
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genetics/*history
Humans
Twin Studies as Topic

@article {pmid30025565,
year = {2018},
author = {Tavaré, S and Buzbas, EO},
title = {Introduction to the Paul Joyce special issue.},
journal = {Theoretical population biology},
volume = {122},
number = {},
pages = {1-2},
doi = {10.1016/j.tpb.2018.07.001},
pmid = {30025565},
issn = {1096-0325},
mesh = {Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; *Genetics, Population/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; },
}

Adaptation, Biological/genetics
*Genetics, Population/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Models, Genetic

@article {pmid29927928,
year = {2018},
author = {Weinberg, SM and Cornell, R and Leslie, EJ},
title = {Craniofacial genetics: Where have we been and where are we going?.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {e1007438},
pmid = {29927928},
issn = {1553-7404},
mesh = {Animals ; Craniofacial Abnormalities/*genetics ; Genetic Techniques/*trends ; Genetics/history/*trends ; Head/abnormalities/anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Zebrafish ; },
}

Animals
Craniofacial Abnormalities/*genetics
Genetic Techniques/*trends
Genetics/history/*trends
Head/abnormalities/anatomy & histology/*growth & development
History, 21st Century
Humans
Mice
Models, Animal
Zebrafish

@article {pmid29867264,
year = {2018},
author = {Morrison, PJ},
title = {Medical Myths and Legends: Presidential Address to the Ulster Medical Society. 6th October 2016.},
journal = {The Ulster medical journal},
volume = {87},
number = {2},
pages = {102-108},
pmid = {29867264},
issn = {2046-4207},
mesh = {Acromegaly/genetics/history ; Biological Evolution ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/genetics/*history ; Early Detection of Cancer/history ; Female ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Homosexuality, Male/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mammography/history ; Northern Ireland ; Parkinson Disease/genetics ; },
}

Acromegaly/genetics/history
Biological Evolution
Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/genetics/*history
Early Detection of Cancer/history
Female
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Homosexuality, Male/genetics
Humans
Male
Mammography/history
Northern Ireland
Parkinson Disease/genetics

@article {pmid29847176,
year = {2018},
author = {},
title = {James Watson at 90.},
journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology},
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {2901-2902},
doi = {10.1096/fj.180601ufm},
pmid = {29847176},
issn = {1530-6860},
mesh = {DNA/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Nobel Prize ; Portraits as Topic ; },
}

DNA/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
Nobel Prize
Portraits as Topic

@article {pmid29777837,
year = {2018},
author = {Kropinski, AM},
title = {Bacteriophage research - What we have learnt and what still needs to be addressed.},
journal = {Research in microbiology},
volume = {169},
number = {9},
pages = {481-487},
doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2018.05.002},
pmid = {29777837},
issn = {1769-7123},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/history ; *Bacteriophages/classification ; Classification ; Computational Biology/history ; Genomics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Phage Therapy/history ; Research/*history ; Research Design ; },
abstract = {Research on bacteriophages has significantly enhanced our understanding of molecular biology, the genomes of prokaryotic cells, and viral ecology. Phages and lysins offer a viable alternative to the declining utility of antibiotics in this post-antibiotic era. They also provide ideal teaching tools for genomics and bioinformatics. This article touches on the first 100 years of phage research with the author commenting on what he thinks are the highlights, and what needs to be addressed.},
}

Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/history
*Bacteriophages/classification
Classification
Computational Biology/history
Genomics/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Phage Therapy/history
Research/*history
Research Design

@article {pmid29717434,
year = {2018},
author = {Karlin-Neumann, G and Bizouarn, F},
title = {Entering the Pantheon of 21st Century Molecular Biology Tools: A Perspective on Digital PCR.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {1768},
number = {},
pages = {3-10},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-7778-9_1},
pmid = {29717434},
issn = {1940-6029},
mesh = {Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Biomedical Research/history/instrumentation/*methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Medical Oncology/*methods ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics ; Nucleic Acids/genetics/isolation & purification ; Pathology, Molecular/history/instrumentation/methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/history/instrumentation/*methods ; },
abstract = {After several decades of relatively modest use, in the last several years digital PCR (dPCR) has grown to become the new gold standard for nucleic acid quantification. This coincides with the commercial availability of scalable, affordable, and reproducible droplet-based dPCR platforms in the past five years and has led to its rapid dissemination into diverse research fields and testing applications. Among these, it has been adopted most vigorously into clinical oncology where it is beginning to be used for plasma genotyping in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Additionally, innovation across the scientific community has extended the benefits of reaction partitioning beyond DNA and RNA quantification alone, and demonstrated its usefulness in evaluating DNA size and integrity, the physical linkage of colocalized markers, levels of enzyme activity and specific cation concentrations in a sample, and more. As dPCR technology gains in popularity and breadth, its power and simplicity can often be taken for granted; thus, the reader is reminded that due diligence must be exercised in order to make claims not only of precision but also of accuracy in their measurements.},
}

Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics/*isolation & purification
Biomedical Research/history/instrumentation/*methods
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Medical Oncology/*methods
Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics
Nucleic Acids/genetics/isolation & purification
Pathology, Molecular/history/instrumentation/methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction/history/instrumentation/*methods

@article {pmid29696759,
year = {2018},
author = {Opitz, JM},
title = {Arno G. Motulsky, 1923-2018, Luck and Service.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {176},
number = {6},
pages = {1285-1288},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.a.38702},
pmid = {29696759},
issn = {1552-4833},
mesh = {Genetics, Medical/*history/methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Portraits as Topic ; },
}

Genetics, Medical/*history/methods
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Portraits as Topic

@article {pmid29688222,
year = {2018},
author = {Jarvik, GP},
title = {Arno G. Motulsky, MD (1923-2018): Holocaust survivor who cofounded the field of medical genetics.},
journal = {Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
pages = {477-479},
pmid = {29688222},
issn = {1530-0366},
mesh = {*Famous Persons ; France ; *Genetics, Medical/history ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; United States ; },
}

*Famous Persons
France
*Genetics, Medical/history
Germany
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
United States

@article {pmid29686077,
year = {2018},
author = {Doctrow, B},
title = {QnAs with Howard Y. Chang.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {115},
number = {19},
pages = {4805-4806},
pmid = {29686077},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Animals ; *Awards and Prizes ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Portraits as Topic ; *RNA, Long Noncoding ; },
}

Animals
*Awards and Prizes
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history
Portraits as Topic
*RNA, Long Noncoding

@article {pmid29685971,
year = {2018},
author = {Ganesan, A},
title = {Epigenetics: the first 25 centuries.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {373},
number = {1748},
pages = {},
pmid = {29685971},
issn = {1471-2970},
mesh = {Animals ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Plants/genetics ; },
abstract = {Epigenetics is a natural progression of genetics as it aims to understand how genes and other heritable elements are regulated in eukaryotic organisms. The history of epigenetics is briefly reviewed, together with the key issues in the field today. This themed issue brings together a diverse collection of interdisciplinary reviews and research articles that showcase the tremendous recent advances in epigenetic chemical biology and translational research into epigenetic drug discovery.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.},
}

Animals
*Epigenesis, Genetic
Epigenomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
History, Ancient
Humans
Plants/genetics

@article {pmid29663716,
year = {2018},
author = {Elloumi-Zghal, H and Chaabouni Bouhamed, H},
title = {Genetics and genomic medicine in Tunisia.},
journal = {Molecular genetics & genomic medicine},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {134-159},
pmid = {29663716},
issn = {2324-9269},
mesh = {Delivery of Health Care/trends ; Genetics/history/*trends ; Genomics/history/*trends ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Medicine/trends ; Tunisia/epidemiology ; },
}

Delivery of Health Care/trends
Genetics/history/*trends
Genomics/history/*trends
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Medicine/trends
Tunisia/epidemiology

@article {pmid29663715,
year = {2018},
author = {Leppig, KA},
title = {Collaborations in medical genetics: 10-Year history of an ongoing Vietnamese-North American Collaboration.},
journal = {Molecular genetics & genomic medicine},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {129-133},
pmid = {29663715},
issn = {2324-9269},
mesh = {Education ; Genetics/education/history ; Genetics, Medical/*trends ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; International Cooperation/history ; Intersectoral Collaboration ; Social Behavior ; United States ; Vietnam ; },
}

Education
Genetics/education/history
Genetics, Medical/*trends
History, 20th Century
Humans
International Cooperation/history
Intersectoral Collaboration
Social Behavior
United States
Vietnam

@article {pmid29598980,
year = {2018},
author = {Romero, R},
title = {A Profile of Dennis Lo, DM, DPhil, FRCP, FRCPath, FRS.},
journal = {American journal of obstetrics and gynecology},
volume = {218},
number = {4},
pages = {371-378},
pmid = {29598980},
issn = {1097-6868},
support = {Z99 HD999999//NULL/International ; },
mesh = {Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/blood ; Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA/blood ; Female ; Genetics/*history ; Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Pregnancy/blood ; Prenatal Diagnosis/*history ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
}

Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/blood
Chromosome Aberrations
DNA/blood
Female
Genetics/*history
Genome, Human
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Hong Kong
Humans
Neoplasms/*diagnosis
Pregnancy/blood
Prenatal Diagnosis/*history
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29575103,
year = {2018},
author = {Hill, WG},
title = {Contributions to quantitative genetic models by Yule and by Weinberg prior to Fisher 1918.},
journal = {Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie},
volume = {135},
number = {2},
pages = {93-94},
doi = {10.1111/jbg.12320},
pmid = {29575103},
issn = {1439-0388},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetics/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Humans ; *Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; },
}

Algorithms
Animals
Biological Evolution
Genetic Speciation
Genetics/*history
History, 19th Century
Humans
*Models, Genetic
Models, Statistical

@article {pmid29540437,
year = {2018},
author = {Ferguson-Smith, AC and Bartolomei, MS},
title = {Obituary: Denise Barlow (1950-2017).},
journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {145},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/dev.164616},
pmid = {29540437},
issn = {1477-9129},
mesh = {Animals ; Austria ; Developmental Biology/*history ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics/*history ; Genomic Imprinting/*physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Laboratory Personnel/history ; United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Anne Ferguson-Smith and Marisa Bartolomei look back at the life and science of Denise Barlow, a pioneer in genomic imprinting and epigenetics.},
}

Animals
Austria
Developmental Biology/*history
Epigenesis, Genetic
Epigenomics/*history
Genomic Imprinting/*physiology
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
*Laboratory Personnel/history
United Kingdom

@article {pmid29538439,
year = {2018},
author = {Rusu, I and Modi, A and Vai, S and Pilli, E and Mircea, C and Radu, C and Urduzia, C and Pinter, ZK and Bodolică, V and Dobrinescu, C and Hervella, M and Popescu, O and Lari, M and Caramelli, D and Kelemen, B},
title = {Maternal DNA lineages at the gate of Europe in the 10th century AD.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {e0193578},
pmid = {29538439},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Archaeology ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Genetics, Population/history ; Haplotypes ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; Romania ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Given the paucity of archaeogenetic data available for medieval European populations in comparison to other historical periods, the genetic landscape of this age appears as a puzzle of dispersed, small, known pieces. In particular, Southeastern Europe has been scarcely investigated to date. In this paper, we report the study of mitochondrial DNA in 10th century AD human samples from Capidava necropolis, located in Dobruja (Southeastern Romania, Southeastern Europe). This geographical region is particularly interesting because of the extensive population flux following diverse migration routes, and the complex interactions between distinct population groups during the medieval period. We successfully amplified and typed the mitochondrial control region of 10 individuals. For five of them, we also reconstructed the complete mitochondrial genomes using hybridization-based DNA capture combined with Next Generation Sequencing. We have portrayed the genetic structure of the Capidava medieval population, represented by 10 individuals displaying 8 haplotypes (U5a1c2a, V1a, R0a2'3, H1, U3a, N9a9, H5e1a1, and H13a1a3). Remarkable for this site is the presence of both Central Asiatic (N9a) and common European mtDNA haplotypes, establishing Capidava as a point of convergence between East and West. The distribution of mtDNA lineages in the necropolis highlighted the existence of two groups of two individuals with close maternal relationships as they share the same haplotypes. We also sketch, using comparative statistical and population genetic analyses, the genetic relationships between the investigated dataset and other medieval and modern Eurasian populations.},
}

Archaeology
Bone and Bones/metabolism
DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics
Genetics, Population/history
Haplotypes
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
History, Medieval
Humans
Phylogeny
Principal Component Analysis
Romania
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29535460,
year = {2018},
author = {Charney, AW},
title = {Pamela Sklar.},
journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
volume = {43},
number = {5},
pages = {1191-1192},
doi = {10.1038/npp.2018.1},
pmid = {29535460},
issn = {1740-634X},
mesh = {Genomics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Psychiatry/*history ; United States ; },
}

Genomics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Psychiatry/*history
United States

@article {pmid29526494,
year = {2018},
author = {Jones, ED},
title = {Ancient DNA: a history of the science before Jurassic Park.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences},
volume = {68-69},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.02.001},
pmid = {29526494},
issn = {1879-2499},
mesh = {Animals ; *DNA, Ancient ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Invertebrates/genetics ; Plants/genetics ; Vertebrates/genetics ; },
}

Animals
*DNA, Ancient
Extinction, Biological
*Fossils
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
Invertebrates/genetics
Plants/genetics
Vertebrates/genetics

@article {pmid29523692,
year = {2018},
author = {von Heijne, G},
title = {Membrane protein serendipity.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {293},
number = {10},
pages = {3470-3476},
pmid = {29523692},
issn = {1083-351X},
mesh = {Animals ; Chemical Engineering/*history ; Computational Biology/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*history/metabolism ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Biology/*history ; New York City ; Physics/*history ; Protein Folding ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Signal Transduction ; Sweden ; },
abstract = {My scientific career has taken me from chemistry, via theoretical physics and bioinformatics, to molecular biology and even structural biology. Along the way, serendipity led me to work on problems such as the identification of signal peptides that direct protein trafficking, membrane protein biogenesis, and cotranslational protein folding. I've had some great collaborations that came about because of a stray conversation or from following up on an interesting paper. And I've had the good fortune to be asked to sit on the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, where I am constantly reminded of the amazing pace and often intricate history of scientific discovery. Could I have planned this? No way! I just went with the flow ….},
}

Animals
Chemical Engineering/*history
Computational Biology/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism
Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*history/metabolism
*Models, Molecular
Molecular Biology/*history
New York City
Physics/*history
Protein Folding
Protein Sorting Signals
Signal Transduction
Sweden

@article {pmid29499160,
year = {2018},
author = {Brunner, HG},
title = {2017 Curt Stern Award Introduction: Nico Katsanis.},
journal = {American journal of human genetics},
volume = {102},
number = {3},
pages = {354},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.01.013},
pmid = {29499160},
issn = {1537-6605},
mesh = {*Awards and Prizes ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
}

*Awards and Prizes
Genetics, Medical/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid29499157,
year = {2018},
author = {Cox, NJ},
title = {2017 Presidential Address: Checking, Balancing, and Celebrating Diversity: Celebrating Some of the Women Who Paved the Way.},
journal = {American journal of human genetics},
volume = {102},
number = {3},
pages = {342-349},
pmid = {29499157},
issn = {1537-6605},
mesh = {*Biography as Topic ; *Cultural Diversity ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genetics/*history ; Humans ; *Women ; },
}

*Biography as Topic
*Cultural Diversity
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genetics/*history
Humans
*Women

@article {pmid29489010,
year = {2018},
author = {Papatriantafyllou, M},
title = {Centre for Genomic Regulation - a hub for Integrative Biology in Barcelona.},
journal = {FEBS letters},
volume = {592},
number = {6},
pages = {833-837},
doi = {10.1002/1873-3468.13020},
pmid = {29489010},
issn = {1873-3468},
mesh = {Genomics/history/*methods/*organization & administration ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Portraits as Topic ; Spain ; },
}

Genomics/history/*methods/*organization & administration
History, 21st Century
Humans
Portraits as Topic
Spain

@article {pmid29487143,
year = {2018},
author = {Salzano, FM},
title = {The Evolution of Science in a Latin-American Country: Genetics and Genomics in Brazil.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {208},
number = {3},
pages = {823-832},
pmid = {29487143},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Brazil ; *Genetics/history ; *Genomics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; *Science/history ; },
abstract = {This article begins with a brief overview of the history of Brazil and that of Brazilian science, from the European discovery of the country in 1500 up to the early 21st century. The history of the fields of genetics and genomics, from the 1930s, is then first examined from the focal point of the lives and publications of the three persons who are generally considered to be the founders of genetics in Brazil (C. A. Krug, F. G. Brieger, and A. Dreyfus), and then by 12 other researchers up to 1999. The area of molecular genetics and genomics from 2000 to present is then described. Despite the problems of underdevelopment and the periodical political and economic crises that have affected life in Brazil, the fields of genetics and genomics in Brazil can be regarded as having developed at an appropriate pace, and have contributed in several major ways to world science.},
}

Brazil
*Genetics/history
*Genomics/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
*Science/history

@article {pmid29483247,
year = {2018},
author = {Palkopoulou, E and Lipson, M and Mallick, S and Nielsen, S and Rohland, N and Baleka, S and Karpinski, E and Ivancevic, AM and To, TH and Kortschak, RD and Raison, JM and Qu, Z and Chin, TJ and Alt, KW and Claesson, S and Dalén, L and MacPhee, RDE and Meller, H and Roca, AL and Ryder, OA and Heiman, D and Young, S and Breen, M and Williams, C and Aken, BL and Ruffier, M and Karlsson, E and Johnson, J and Di Palma, F and Alfoldi, J and Adelson, DL and Mailund, T and Munch, K and Lindblad-Toh, K and Hofreiter, M and Poinar, H and Reich, D},
title = {A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {115},
number = {11},
pages = {E2566-E2574},
pmid = {29483247},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; WT098051//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; WT108749/Z/15/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Elephants/classification/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Genome ; Genomics/history ; History, Ancient ; Mammoths/classification/*genetics ; Mastodons/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Elephantids are the world's most iconic megafaunal family, yet there is no comprehensive genomic assessment of their relationships. We report a total of 14 genomes, including 2 from the American mastodon, which is an extinct elephantid relative, and 12 spanning all three extant and three extinct elephantid species including an ∼120,000-y-old straight-tusked elephant, a Columbian mammoth, and woolly mammoths. Earlier genetic studies modeled elephantid evolution via simple bifurcating trees, but here we show that interspecies hybridization has been a recurrent feature of elephantid evolution. We found that the genetic makeup of the straight-tusked elephant, previously placed as a sister group to African forest elephants based on lower coverage data, in fact comprises three major components. Most of the straight-tusked elephant's ancestry derives from a lineage related to the ancestor of African elephants while its remaining ancestry consists of a large contribution from a lineage related to forest elephants and another related to mammoths. Columbian and woolly mammoths also showed evidence of interbreeding, likely following a latitudinal cline across North America. While hybridization events have shaped elephantid history in profound ways, isolation also appears to have played an important role. Our data reveal nearly complete isolation between the ancestors of the African forest and savanna elephants for ∼500,000 y, providing compelling justification for the conservation of forest and savanna elephants as separate species.},
}

Animals
Elephants/classification/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Extinction, Biological
Fossils
Gene Flow
Genome
Genomics/history
History, Ancient
Mammoths/classification/*genetics
Mastodons/classification/*genetics
Phylogeny

@article {pmid29482283,
year = {2018},
author = {Viggiano, D and Zacchia, M and Simonelli, F and Di Iorio, V and Anastasio, P and Capasso, G and De Santo, NG},
title = {The renal lesions in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: history before and after the discovery of BBS genes.},
journal = {Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia},
volume = {35},
number = {Suppl 70},
pages = {95-100},
pmid = {29482283},
issn = {1724-5990},
mesh = {Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/complications/genetics/*history ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/etiology/*history ; },
}

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/complications/genetics/*history
Genetics, Medical/*history
History, 18th Century
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Kidney Diseases/etiology/*history

@article {pmid29457551,
year = {2018},
author = {},
title = {Alternative Genetics.},
journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {537-539},
doi = {10.1096/fj.180201ufm},
pmid = {29457551},
issn = {1530-6860},
mesh = {Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; },
}

Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
Humans

@article {pmid29445977,
year = {2018},
author = {Silva, L},
title = {A Brief History of Biochemical Genetics' 50 Years and a Reflection About Past and Present Research Directions.},
journal = {Biochemical genetics},
volume = {56},
number = {1-2},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.1007/s10528-018-9846-9},
pmid = {29445977},
issn = {1573-4927},
mesh = {Biochemistry/*history ; Genetics/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Portraits as Topic ; },
}

Biochemistry/*history
Genetics/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Portraits as Topic

@article {pmid29410482,
year = {2018},
author = {Stolarek, I and Juras, A and Handschuh, L and Marcinkowska-Swojak, M and Philips, A and Zenczak, M and Dębski, A and Kóčka-Krenz, H and Piontek, J and Kozlowski, P and Figlerowicz, M},
title = {A mosaic genetic structure of the human population living in the South Baltic region during the Iron Age.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {2455},
pmid = {29410482},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adult ; Cemeteries/history ; DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/*genetics ; Europe ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population/*history ; Haplotypes ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; *Pedigree ; },
abstract = {Despite the increase in our knowledge about the factors that shaped the genetic structure of the human population in Europe, the demographic processes that occurred during and after the Early Bronze Age (EBA) in Central-East Europe remain unclear. To fill the gap, we isolated and sequenced DNAs of 60 individuals from Kowalewko, a bi-ritual cemetery of the Iron Age (IA) Wielbark culture, located between the Oder and Vistula rivers (Kow-OVIA population). The collected data revealed high genetic diversity of Kow-OVIA, suggesting that it was not a small isolated population. Analyses of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies and genetic distances performed for Kow-OVIA and other ancient European populations showed that Kow-OVIA was most closely linked to the Jutland Iron Age (JIA) population. However, the relationship of both populations to the preceding Late Neolithic (LN) and EBA populations were different. We found that this phenomenon is most likely the consequence of the distinct genetic history observed for Kow-OVIA women and men. Females were related to the Early-Middle Neolithic farmers, whereas males were related to JIA and LN Bell Beakers. In general, our findings disclose the mechanisms that could underlie the formation of the local genetic substructures in the South Baltic region during the IA.},
}

Adult
Cemeteries/history
DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/*genetics
Europe
Female
*Genetic Variation
Genetics, Population/*history
Haplotypes
History, Ancient
Humans
Male
*Pedigree

@article {pmid29410353,
year = {2018},
author = {Rose, JP and Kleist, TJ and Löfstrand, SD and Drew, BT and Schönenberger, J and Sytsma, KJ},
title = {Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {122},
number = {},
pages = {59-79},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014},
pmid = {29410353},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Far East ; Fossils/history ; Genetic Speciation ; History, Ancient ; Magnoliopsida/*classification/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography/history ; Ribosomes/genetics ; },
abstract = {Inferring interfamilial relationships within the eudicot order Ericales has remained one of the more recalcitrant problems in angiosperm phylogenetics, likely due to a rapid, ancient radiation. As a result, no comprehensive time-calibrated tree or biogeographical analysis of the order has been published. Here, we elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the order and then conduct time-dependent biogeographical and diversification analyses by using a taxon and locus-rich supermatrix approach on one-third of the extant species diversity calibrated with 23 macrofossils and two secondary calibration points. Our results corroborate previous studies and also suggest several new but poorly supported relationships. Newly suggested relationships are: (1) holoparasitic Mitrastemonaceae is sister to Lecythidaceae, (2) the clade formed by Mitrastemonaceae + Lecythidaceae is sister to Ericales excluding balsaminoids, (3) Theaceae is sister to the styracoids + sarracenioids + ericoids, and (4) subfamilial relationships with Ericaceae suggest that Arbutoideae is sister to Monotropoideae and Pyroloideae is sister to all subfamilies excluding Arbutoideae, Enkianthoideae, and Monotropoideae. Our results indicate Ericales began to diversify 110 Mya, within Indo-Malaysia and the Neotropics, with exchange between the two areas and expansion out of Indo-Malaysia becoming an important area in shaping the extant diversity of many families. Rapid cladogenesis occurred along the backbone of the order between 104 and 106 Mya. Jump dispersal is important within the order in the last 30 My, but vicariance is the most important cladogenetic driver of disjunctions at deeper levels of the phylogeny. We detect between 69 and 81 shifts in speciation rate throughout the order, the vast majority of which occurred within the last 30 My. We propose that range shifting may be responsible for older shifts in speciation rate, but more recent shifts may be better explained by morphological innovation.},
}

Animals
*Biodiversity
Chloroplasts/genetics
Far East
Fossils/history
Genetic Speciation
History, Ancient
Magnoliopsida/*classification/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
*Phylogeny
Phylogeography/history
Ribosomes/genetics

@article {pmid29389452,
year = {2018},
author = {Biesecker, BB and Biesecker, LG},
title = {50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: The Rationale for Genetic Counseling.},
journal = {The Journal of pediatrics},
volume = {193},
number = {},
pages = {33},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.037},
pmid = {29389452},
issn = {1097-6833},
mesh = {Child ; Genetic Counseling/*history ; Genetic Testing/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Pediatrics/*history ; },
}

Child
Genetic Counseling/*history
Genetic Testing/*history
History, 20th Century
Humans
Pediatrics/*history

@article {pmid29382488,
year = {2017},
author = {Encarnación-Guevara, S},
title = {The dawn and the first twenty-five years of proteomics in Mexico: a personal chronicle.},
journal = {Boletin medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {208-211},
doi = {10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.03.006},
pmid = {29382488},
issn = {1665-1146},
mesh = {History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Laboratories/*history ; Mexico ; Proteomics/*history ; Research/*history ; },
abstract = {This review does not aim to be an up-to-date of proteomics in Mexico; it simply tries to trace its development, exposing the story of the researchers, laboratories and some institutions that have contributed to the establishment and development of this science in Mexico.},
}

History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Laboratories/*history
Mexico
Proteomics/*history
Research/*history

@article {pmid29375137,
year = {2018},
author = {Ajito, K},
title = {Professor KC Nicolaou expanded the world of synthetic organic chemistry by total synthesis and his laboratories have fostered many talented researchers.},
journal = {The Journal of antibiotics},
volume = {71},
number = {2},
pages = {151-152},
pmid = {29375137},
issn = {0021-8820},
mesh = {Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/*education/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*education/*history ; *Research Personnel ; },
}

Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis/pharmacology
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/*education/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*education/*history
*Research Personnel

@article {pmid29375134,
year = {2018},
author = {Winssinger, N},
title = {Biography of Professor Nicolaou: a journey to the extremes of molecular complexity.},
journal = {The Journal of antibiotics},
volume = {71},
number = {2},
pages = {149-150},
doi = {10.1038/ja.2017.144},
pmid = {29375134},
issn = {0021-8820},
mesh = {Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; },
}

Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis/pharmacology
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history

@article {pmid29358548,
year = {2017},
author = {Singh, J},
title = {Amar Klar: A giant among scientists (1947-2017).},
journal = {Journal of biosciences},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {355-357},
pmid = {29358548},
issn = {0973-7138},
mesh = {Biochemistry ; DNA/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*history ; },
}

Biochemistry
DNA/physiology
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Molecular Biology/*history