@article {pmid40493646,
year = {2025},
author = {Ledger, ML and Murchie, TJ and Dickson, Z and Kuch, M and Haddow, SD and Knüsel, CJ and Stein, GJ and Pearson, MP and Ballantyne, R and Knight, M and Deforce, K and Carroll, M and Rice, C and Franconi, T and Šarkić, N and Redžič, S and Rowan, E and Cahill, N and Poblome, J and Palma, MF and Brückner, H and Mitchell, PD and Poinar, H},
title = {Sedimentary ancient DNA as part of a multimethod paleoparasitology approach reveals temporal trends in human parasitic burden in the Roman period.},
journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {e0013135},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0013135},
pmid = {40493646},
issn = {1935-2735},
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Animals ; *Geologic Sediments/parasitology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Parasitic Diseases/history/parasitology/epidemiology ; *Parasites/genetics/isolation & purification/classification ; History, Ancient ; Roman World ; Feces/parasitology ; Paleopathology/methods ; Microscopy ; Helminths/genetics/isolation & purification/classification ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Parasitology/methods ; Trichuris/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {The detection of parasite infections in past populations has classically relied on microscopic analysis of sediment samples and coprolites. In recent years, additional methods have been integrated into paleoparasitology such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ancient DNA (aDNA). The aim of this study was to evaluate a multimethod approach for paleoparasitology using microscopy, ELISA, and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) with a parasite-specific targeted capture approach and high-throughput sequencing. Using 26 samples dating from c. 6400 BCE to 1500 CE that were previously analyzed with microscopy and ELISA, we aimed to more accurately detect and reconstruct parasite diversity in the Roman Empire and compare this diversity to earlier and later time periods to explore temporal changes in parasite diversity. Microscopy was found to be the most effective technique for identifying the eggs of helminths, with 8 taxa identified. ELISA was the most sensitive for detecting protozoa that cause diarrhea (notably Giardia duodenalis). Parasite DNA was recovered from 9 samples, with no parasite DNA recovered from any pre-Roman sites. Sedimentary DNA analysis identified whipworm at a site where only roundworm was visible on microscopy, and also revealed that the whipworm eggs at another site came from two different species (Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris muris). Our results show that a multimethod approach provides the most comprehensive reconstruction of parasite diversity in past populations. In the pre-Roman period, taxonomic diversity included a mixed spectrum of zoonotic parasites, together with whipworm, which is spread by ineffective sanitation. We see a marked change during the Roman and medieval periods with an increasing dominance of parasites transmitted by ineffective sanitation, especially roundworm, whipworm and protozoa that cause diarrheal illness.},
}

Humans
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
Animals
*Geologic Sediments/parasitology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
*Parasitic Diseases/history/parasitology/epidemiology
*Parasites/genetics/isolation & purification/classification
History, Ancient
Roman World
Feces/parasitology
Paleopathology/methods
Microscopy
Helminths/genetics/isolation & purification/classification
DNA, Protozoan/genetics
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Parasitology/methods
Trichuris/genetics/isolation & purification

@article {pmid40441135,
year = {2025},
author = {Murray, M and Nakamura, S and Fuentes, M and Canizales, R and Talavera, O and Varela, S and Madrid, Z and Carbajal, C and Ogawa, M and Yoneda, M and Cassidy, LM and Gakuhari, T and Nakagome, S},
title = {Ancient genomes reveal demographic trajectories during the Classic Maya period.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {35},
number = {11},
pages = {2709-2719.e5},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.05.002},
pmid = {40441135},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; *Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; Gene Flow ; Belize ; Archaeology ; Mexico ; Human Migration ; },
abstract = {Copán was a major capital at the southeasternmost extreme of the Classic Maya civilization, serving as a crossroads connecting Central and South America. In 426/427 CE, the city witnessed the establishment of a royal dynasty, which endured for approximately 400 years. Despite extensive historical and archaeological records, there remains limited information regarding the genetic profile of people who resided in Copán. Here, we present genomes from seven Classic Copán individuals, including a potential member of the ruling dynasty and an accompanying sacrificial burial. Our analysis shows that the population associated with the Classic Copán culture forms a genetic cluster with the Late Archaic population from Belize, as well as with the Terminal Classic Maya from Chichén Itzá, the Colonial Maya from Campeche, and present-day Maya, all from Mexico. Using Late Archaic Belize as a source of local ancestry, we identify an influx of ancestry associated with highland Mexican populations from the Early-to-Middle Classic period onward, underscoring the role of gene flow in the formation of the Classic Maya state. Estimates of effective population size suggest a decline at the end of the Classic period, when Classic Maya civilization experienced widespread destabilization and collapse.},
}

Humans
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
*Genome, Human
History, Ancient
Gene Flow
Belize
Archaeology
Mexico
Human Migration

@article {pmid40307544,
year = {2025},
author = {Pinotti, T and Adler, MA and Mermejo, R and Bitz-Thorsen, J and McColl, H and Scorrano, G and Feizabadifarahani, M and Gandy, D and Boulanger, M and Gaunitz, C and Stenderup, J and Ramsøe, A and Korneliussen, T and Demeter, F and Santos, FR and Vinner, L and Sikora, M and Meltzer, DJ and Moreno-Mayar, JV and Quanchello, C and Willerslev, E},
title = {Picuris Pueblo oral history and genomics reveal continuity in US Southwest.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {642},
number = {8066},
pages = {125-132},
pmid = {40307544},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; *Genome, Human/genetics ; *Genomics ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/history ; *Indians, North American/genetics/history ; New Mexico/ethnology ; },
abstract = {Indigenous groups often encounter significant challenges when asserting ancestral claims and cultural affiliations based on oral histories, particularly in the USA where such narratives have historically been undervalued. Although ancient DNA offers a tool to complement traditional knowledge and address gaps in oral history, longstanding disregard for Indigenous sovereignty and beliefs has understandably led many Indigenous communities to distrust DNA studies[1-4]. Earlier research often focused on repatriation claims[5-7], whereas more recent work has increasingly moved towards enhancing Tribal histories[8,9]. Here we present a collaborative study initiated by a federally recognized Native American tribe, the sovereign nation of Picuris Pueblo in the Northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico, USA, to address gaps in traditional knowledge and further their understanding of their population history and ancestry. We generated genomes from 16 ancient Picuris individuals and 13 present-day members of Picuris Pueblo, providing genomic data spanning the last millennium. We show genetic continuity between ancient and present-day Picuris, and more broadly with Ancestral Puebloans from Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon[10], 275 km to the west. This suggests a firm spatiotemporal link among these Puebloan populations of the North American Southwest. Furthermore, we see no evidence of population decline before European arrival[11-13], and no Athabascan ancestry in individuals predating 1500 CE, challenging earlier migration hypotheses[14-16]. This work prioritizes Indigenous control of genetic data and brings together oral tradition, archaeology, ethnography and genetics.},
}

Female
Humans
Male
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
*Genome, Human/genetics
*Genomics
History, Ancient
Human Migration/history
*Indians, North American/genetics/history
New Mexico/ethnology

@article {pmid40375777,
year = {2025},
author = {Nicholas, FW},
title = {Animal genetics 100 years ago.},
journal = {Animal genetics},
volume = {56},
number = {3},
pages = {e70017},
doi = {10.1111/age.70017},
pmid = {40375777},
issn = {1365-2052},
mesh = {Animals ; History, 20th Century ; *Genetics/history ; Breeding/history ; },
abstract = {One hundred years ago, the first book with the phrase "Animal Genetics" in its title was published. It was written by F.A.E. Crew, then Lecturer in Genetics and foundation Director of the Department of Research in Animal Breeding at the University of Edinburgh. The 352 pages of text provide a most interesting summary of the knowledge of animal genetics at that time. It is impressive to see the extent to which the understanding of genetics had developed in just a couple of decades since the rediscovery of Mendelism. There was, for example, recognition that genes are borne on chromosomes; that XX/XY sex determination provides a very satisfactory explanation for most of the relevant evidence; that sex-linked inheritance has a practical application; that variation in quantitative traits is determined by the combined action of many genes and many non-genetic factors; that inbreeding results in substantial decreases in fecundity and fertility due to homozygosity for undesirable alleles; that crossing between lines or breeds gives rise to hybrid vigour (heterosis); and that many disorders are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and hence can be controlled by informed breeding. There is, however, no mention of Fisher's 1918 paper nor of Wright's recently published inbreeding coefficient and coefficient of relationship. Crew's book inspired the next generation of geneticists, such as Fred Hutt, who travelled from Canada to Edinburgh to do a PhD with Crew, and who later published his own very influential book with the same title, which was dedicated to Crew.},
}

Animals
History, 20th Century
*Genetics/history
Breeding/history

@article {pmid40296056,
year = {2025},
author = {Oteo-Garcia, G and Silva, M and Foody, MGB and Yau, B and Fichera, A and Alapont, L and Justeau, P and Rodrigues, S and Monteiro, R and Gandini, F and Rovira Gomar, ML and Ribera I Lacomba, A and Pascual Beneyto, J and Mattiangeli, V and Bradley, DG and Edwards, CJ and Pala, M and Richards, MB},
title = {Medieval genomes from eastern Iberia illuminate the role of Morisco mass deportations in dismantling a long-standing genetic bridge with North Africa.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {108},
pmid = {40296056},
issn = {1474-760X},
support = {N°101034324//European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme/ ; 205072/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 205072/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Africa, Northern ; Spain ; *Genome, Human ; History, Medieval ; *Gene Flow ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Genetics, Population ; Black People/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Islamic influence on the Iberian Peninsula left an enduring cultural and linguistic legacy. However, the demographic impact is less well understood. This study aims to explore the dynamics of gene flow and population structure in eastern Iberia from the early to late medieval period through ancient DNA.

RESULTS: Our comprehensive genomic analysis uncovers gene flow from various Mediterranean regions into Iberia before the Islamic period, supporting a pre-existing pan-Mediterranean homogenization phenomenon during the Roman Empire. North African ancestry is present but sporadic in late antiquity genomes but becomes consolidated during the Islamic period. We uncover one of the earliest dated Islamic burials in Spain, which shows high levels of consanguinity. For the first time, we also demonstrate the persistence of North African ancestry in a Christian cemetery until the seventeenth century, in addition to evidence of slave trafficking from North Africa.

CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the complex interaction between political events and cultural shifts that influenced the population of eastern Iberia. It highlights the existence of a slave trade, underscores the low impact of the Reconquista in the genetic landscape, and shows the lasting impact of post-medieval events, such as the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 CE, on the region's genetic and cultural landscape, through mass population displacement and replacement.},
}

Humans
Africa, Northern
Spain
*Genome, Human
History, Medieval
*Gene Flow
DNA, Ancient/analysis
Genetics, Population
Black People/genetics

@article {pmid40024437,
year = {2025},
author = {Merchant, SS},
title = {The Elements of Life, Photosynthesis and Genomics.},
journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
volume = {437},
number = {11},
pages = {169054},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2025.169054},
pmid = {40024437},
issn = {1089-8638},
mesh = {*Photosynthesis/genetics ; *Genomics/history ; Chlamydomonas/genetics/metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {I am a Professor of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California in Berkeley. I was born and raised in India, emigrated to the United States to attend university, earning a B.S. in Molecular Biology and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Following post-doctoral studies with Lawrence Bogorad at Harvard University where I became interested in genetic control of trace element quotas, I joined the department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA. One of the first to appreciate essential trace metals as potential regulators of gene expression, I articulated the details of the nutritional Cu regulon in Chlamydomonas. In parallel, I used genetic approaches to discover the genes governing missing steps in tetrapyrrole metabolism, including the attachment of heme to apocytochromes in the thylakoid lumen and the factors catalyzing the formation of ring V in chlorophyll. After biochemistry and classical genetics, I embraced genomics, taking a leadership role on the Joint Genome Institute's efforts on the Chlamydomonas genome and more recently, contributing to high quality assemblies of several genomes in the green algal radiation, and large transcriptomic and proteomic datasets - focusing on the diel metabolic cycle in synchronized cultures and acclimation to key environmental and nutritional stressors - that are well-used and appreciated by the community. A new venture in Berkeley is the promotion of Auxenochlorella protothecoides as the true "green yeast" and as a platform for engineering algae to produce useful bioproducts.},
}

*Photosynthesis/genetics
*Genomics/history
Chlamydomonas/genetics/metabolism
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid40015370,
year = {2025},
author = {Nussinov, R},
title = {Pioneer in Molecular Biology: Conformational Ensembles in Molecular Recognition, Allostery, and Cell Function.},
journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
volume = {437},
number = {11},
pages = {169044},
pmid = {40015370},
issn = {1089-8638},
support = {Z01 BC010440/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; Z01 BC010441/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; Z01 BC010442/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Molecular Biology/history/methods ; Allosteric Regulation ; *Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Algorithms ; Humans ; History, 20th Century ; Protein Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA/chemistry ; Protein Binding ; Models, Molecular ; },
abstract = {In 1978, for my PhD, I developed the efficient O(n[3]) dynamic programming algorithm for the-then open problem of RNA secondary structure prediction. This algorithm, now dubbed the "Nussinov algorithm", "Nussinov plots", and "Nussinov diagrams", is still taught across Europe and the U.S. As sequences started coming out in the 1980s, I started seeking genome-encoded functional signals, later becoming a bioinformatics trend. In the early 1990s I transited to proteins, co-developing a powerful computer vision-based docking algorithm. In the late 1990s, I proposed the foundational role of conformational ensembles in molecular recognition and allostery. At the time, conformational ensembles and free energy landscapes were viewed as physical properties of proteins but were not associated with function. The classical view of molecular recognition and binding was based on only two conformations captured by crystallography: open and closed. I proposed that all conformational states preexist. Proteins always have not one folded form-nor two-but many folded forms. Thus, rather than inducing fit, binding can work by shifting the ensembles between states, and this shifting, or redistributing the ensembles to maintain equilibrium, is the origin of the allosteric effect and protein, thus cell, function. This transformative paradigm impacted community views in allosteric drug design, catalysis, and regulation. Dynamic conformational ensemble shifts are now acknowledged as the origin of recognition, allostery, and signaling, underscoring that conformational ensembles-not proteins-are the workhorses of the cell, pioneering the fundamental idea that dynamic ensembles are the driving force behind cellular processes. Nussinov was recognized as pioneer in molecular biology by JMB.},
}

*Molecular Biology/history/methods
Allosteric Regulation
*Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
Algorithms
Humans
History, 20th Century
Protein Conformation
Nucleic Acid Conformation
RNA/chemistry
Protein Binding
Models, Molecular

@article {pmid39883774,
year = {2025},
author = {Daly, KG and Mullin, VE and Hare, AJ and Halpin, Á and Mattiangeli, V and Teasdale, MD and Rossi, C and Geiger, S and Krebs, S and Medugorac, I and Sandoval-Castellanos, E and Özbaşaran, M and Duru, G and Gülcür, S and Pöllath, N and Collins, M and Frantz, L and Vila, E and Zidarov, P and Stoddart, S and Boldgiv, B and Orlando, L and Pearson, MP and Mullville, J and Askeyev, IV and Askeyev, AO and Askeyev, OV and Shaymuratova, DN and Van den Hurk, Y and Zeeb-Lanz, A and Arbogast, RM and Hemmer, H and Davoudi, H and Amiri, S and Doost, SB and Decruyenaere, D and Fathi, H and Khazaeli, R and Hassanzadeh, Y and Sardari, A and Lhuillier, J and Abdolahi, M and Summers, GD and Marro, C and Bahshaliyev, V and Berthon, R and Çakirlar, C and Benecke, N and Scheu, A and Burger, J and Sauer, E and Horwitz, LK and Arbuckle, B and Buitenhuis, H and Gourichon, L and Bulatović, J and O'Connor, T and Orton, D and Jalabadze, M and Rhodes, S and Chazan, M and Özkaya, V and Zeder, M and Atıcı, L and Mashkour, M and Peters, J and Bradley, DG},
title = {Ancient genomics and the origin, dispersal, and development of domestic sheep.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {387},
number = {6733},
pages = {492-497},
doi = {10.1126/science.adn2094},
pmid = {39883774},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; *Sheep, Domestic/genetics/growth & development ; Genomics ; *Genome ; DNA, Ancient ; Humans ; Domestication ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Europe ; History, Ancient ; Horns/anatomy & histology ; },
abstract = {The origins and prehistory of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are incompletely understood; to address this, we generated data from 118 ancient genomes spanning 12,000 years sampled from across Eurasia. Genomes from Central Türkiye ~8000 BCE are genetically proximal to the domestic origins of sheep but do not fully explain the ancestry of later populations, suggesting a mosaic of wild ancestries. Genomic signatures indicate selection by ancient herders for pigmentation patterns, hornedness, and growth rate. Although the first European sheep flocks derive from Türkiye, in a notable parallel with ancient human genome discoveries, we detected a major influx of Western steppe-related ancestry in the Bronze Age.},
}

Animals
*Sheep, Domestic/genetics/growth & development
Genomics
*Genome
DNA, Ancient
Humans
Domestication
Pigmentation/genetics
Europe
History, Ancient
Horns/anatomy & histology

@article {pmid39743601,
year = {2025},
author = {Speidel, L and Silva, M and Booth, T and Raffield, B and Anastasiadou, K and Barrington, C and Götherström, A and Heather, P and Skoglund, P},
title = {High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {637},
number = {8044},
pages = {118-126},
pmid = {39743601},
issn = {1476-4687},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; FC001595/ARC_/Arthritis Research UK/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Europe/ethnology ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Human ; *Genomics ; Haplotypes ; History, Medieval ; Human Migration ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; },
abstract = {Many known and unknown historical events have remained below detection thresholds of genetic studies because subtle ancestry changes are challenging to reconstruct. Methods based on shared haplotypes[1,2] and rare variants[3,4] improve power but are not explicitly temporal and have not been possible to adopt in unbiased ancestry models. Here we develop Twigstats, an approach of time-stratified ancestry analysis that can improve statistical power by an order of magnitude by focusing on coalescences in recent times, while remaining unbiased by population-specific drift. We apply this framework to 1,556 available ancient whole genomes from Europe in the historical period. We are able to model individual-level ancestry using preceding genomes to provide high resolution. During the first half of the first millennium CE, we observe at least two different streams of Scandinavian-related ancestry expanding across western, central and eastern Europe. By contrast, during the second half of the first millennium CE, ancestry patterns suggest the regional disappearance or substantial admixture of these ancestries. In Scandinavia, we document a major ancestry influx by approximately 800 CE, when a large proportion of Viking Age individuals carried ancestry from groups related to central Europe not seen in individuals from the early Iron Age. Our findings suggest that time-stratified ancestry analysis can provide a higher-resolution lens for genetic history.},
}

Female
Humans
Male
DNA, Ancient/analysis
Europe/ethnology
*Genetics, Population
*Genome, Human
*Genomics
Haplotypes
History, Medieval
Human Migration
Scandinavian and Nordic Countries

@article {pmid39632989,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghadiri, N},
title = {The history of uveitis: from antiquity to the present day.},
journal = {Eye (London, England)},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {488-491},
pmid = {39632989},
issn = {1476-5454},
mesh = {Humans ; *Uveitis/history/therapy ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 18th Century ; *Ophthalmology/history ; History, 17th Century ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {This comprehensive review traces the historical understanding and treatment of uveitis from ancient civilisations to modern medicine, a history which reflects the evolution of medical understanding and practice in general. Early descriptions of ocular inflammation appear in Egyptian medical papyri from 1700 BCE, with subsequent contributions from Greek and Roman physicians, including Hippocrates and Galen, who provided foundational observations of ocular inflammatory conditions. Medieval scholars in the Middle East, particularly Avicenna, preserved and advanced classical knowledge while recognising the systemic nature of ocular inflammation. The Renaissance and Enlightenment periods brought anatomical precision and the emergence of ophthalmology as a distinct specialty, notably through innovations such as Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope in 1851. The twentieth century marked a paradigm shift with the evolution of immunological understanding, leading to the recognition of autoimmune mechanisms and genetic predispositions in uveitis. The introduction of corticosteroids mid-century revolutionised treatment, followed by the development of steroid-sparing immunomodulatory agents and, more recently, targeted biological therapies. Contemporary advances in imaging technology and the establishment of international collaborative groups have standardised classification and treatment approaches. This historical perspective demonstrates the progression from empirical observations to precision medicine in uveitis, highlighting the importance of understanding this evolution for advancing future therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
*Uveitis/history/therapy
History, Ancient
History, Medieval
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 18th Century
*Ophthalmology/history
History, 17th Century
History, 15th Century
History, 16th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid39460448,
year = {2025},
author = {Parikh, R and Diab, J and Guevara, R and Russell, H and Campbell, P},
title = {'Great Masquerader': a history of diagnosing pheochromocytoma.},
journal = {ANZ journal of surgery},
volume = {95},
number = {1-2},
pages = {77-83},
doi = {10.1111/ans.19257},
pmid = {39460448},
issn = {1445-2197},
mesh = {*Pheochromocytoma/diagnosis/history ; Humans ; *Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, 19th Century ; Catecholamines/metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pheochromocytoma is a unique tumour with a variety of clinical presentations. Coined as 'the great masquerader', it can present with the classical triad of headache, sweating and tachycardia and sometimes in an acute hypertensive crisis. This paper describes the evolutionary history of the diagnosis of this condition.

METHODS: A literature review was conducted using Medline Database from 1900 to 2023 outlining the methods of diagnosis for pheochromocytoma.

RESULTS: There have been diagnostic dilemmas and localization challenges of pheochromocytoma over the last century. From the first description of pheochromocytoma in 1886 to the first successful resection in 1926, there was poor recognition of its atypical symptoms and lack of reliable diagnostic tests. Over the next few decades, there were significant advances in screening and biochemical tests. Further understanding of catecholamine release and metabolic pathways led to the development of tests to identify end products of catecholamine metabolism in plasma and urine. Computed imaging however heralded significant improvement in surgical planning and management. The evolution of histopathological diagnosis with the use of immunostains and genetic testing has further contributed to the identification of malignant pheochromocytomas and an understanding of their behaviours.

CONCLUSION: Significant advances in the biochemical and imaging have shaped our understanding of pathophysiology and management. These diagnostic advances have enabled early and accurate detection and localization of pheochromocytomas to enable prompt surgical management.},
}

*Pheochromocytoma/diagnosis/history
Humans
*Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
History, 19th Century
Catecholamines/metabolism
Diagnosis, Differential

@article {pmid39349134,
year = {2024},
author = {Forsdyke, DR},
title = {William Bateson, black slavery, eugenics and speciation: The relative roles of politics and science.},
journal = {Bio Systems},
volume = {246},
number = {},
pages = {105348},
doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105348},
pmid = {39349134},
issn = {1872-8324},
mesh = {Humans ; *Eugenics/history ; *Politics ; *Enslavement/history ; History, 20th Century ; Genetic Speciation ; History, 19th Century ; Science/history ; },
abstract = {The peace of the world is challenged by societal confrontations that can often be labeled "racial" or "ethnic." Emblematic of this is discrimination based on skin colour. William Bateson's background suggests sympathy with the black emancipation movement. Yet the movement's success is attributed more to battles between political figures than between scientists with contending views on the biology of racial differences. However, in the long term, Bateson's contributions to slavery and eugenic issues may be seen as no less important than those of politicians. Mendel's discovery of what we now know as "genes" languished until seized upon by Bateson in 1900. For six exhausting years he struggled to win scientific acceptance of these biological character-determining units. Later, he pressed the Mendelian message home to the general public, opposing simplistic applications of Mendelian principles to human affairs, and arguing that minor genic differences that distinguished "races" - e.g. skin colour - do not initiate new species. Bateson praised the "physiological selection" speciation hypothesis of Darwin's young research associate, George Romanes. This enthusiasm was rekindled by Robert Lock and formulated in modern terms with C. R. Crowther. Thus, the spark that initiates a divergence into two species can be non-genic. This normal form of hybrid sterility, based on genome-wide DNA sequence differences, operates on, but has not succeeded in dividing, the human species. It should not be labeled "idiopathic," and be clearly distinguished both from pathological sterility and undiagnosed sterilities that may prove to be pathological. We are one reproductively isolated population, the human species.},
}

Humans
*Eugenics/history
*Politics
*Enslavement/history
History, 20th Century
Genetic Speciation
History, 19th Century
Science/history

@article {pmid39268685,
year = {2024},
author = {Scheib, CL and Hui, R and Rose, AK and D'Atanasio, E and Inskip, SA and Dittmar, J and Cessford, C and Griffith, SJ and Solnik, A and Wiseman, R and Neil, B and Biers, T and Harknett, SJ and Sasso, S and Biagini, SA and Runfeldt, G and Duhig, C and Evans, C and Metspalu, M and Millett, MJ and O'Connell, TC and Robb, JE and Kivisild, T},
title = {Low Genetic Impact of the Roman Occupation of Britain in Rural Communities.},
journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {39268685},
issn = {1537-1719},
support = {2000368/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //St John's College, Cambridge/ ; 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012//European Regional Development Fund/ ; PRG243//Estonian Research Council/ ; 2014-2020.4.01.16-0030//European Union through the European Regional Development Fund/ ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; United Kingdom ; *Human Migration ; *Rural Population ; History, Ancient ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Genetics, Population ; },
abstract = {The Roman period saw the empire expand across Europe and the Mediterranean, including much of what is today Great Britain. While there is written evidence of high mobility into and out of Britain for administrators, traders, and the military, the impact of imperialism on local, rural population structure, kinship, and mobility is invisible in the textual record. The extent of genetic change that occurred in Britain during the Roman military occupation remains underexplored. Here, using genome-wide data from 52 ancient individuals from eight sites in Cambridgeshire covering the period of Roman occupation, we show low levels of genetic ancestry differentiation between Romano-British sites and indications of larger populations than in the Bronze Age and Neolithic. We find no evidence of long-distance migration from elsewhere in the Empire, though we do find one case of possible temporary mobility within a family unit during the Late Romano-British period. We also show that the present-day patterns of genetic ancestry composition in Britain emerged after the Roman period.},
}

Humans
United Kingdom
*Human Migration
*Rural Population
History, Ancient
DNA, Ancient/analysis
Genetics, Population

@article {pmid39264389,
year = {2024},
author = {Wu, Q},
title = {Controlling systems and controlling legacies: Barbara McClintock's 1961 conversation with two bacterial geneticists.},
journal = {History and philosophy of the life sciences},
volume = {46},
number = {3},
pages = {31},
pmid = {39264389},
issn = {1742-6316},
mesh = {History, 20th Century ; *Zea mays/genetics ; United States ; Nobel Prize ; Genetics/history ; },
abstract = {Barbara McClintock (1902-1992), the renowned American maize geneticist, received the 1983 Nobel Prize "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements," becoming the seventh woman scientist to receive a Nobel Prize. However, Nathaniel Comfort points out that McClintock viewed her primary contribution as the elucidation of control systems, rather than the discovery of mobile elements. McClintock's interest in control systems dates back to the 1940s, and this paper investigates her 1961 conversation with François Jacob and Jacques Monod, where she sought to shape the interpretation of her work by drawing parallels between maize control systems and a bacterial system they had recently discovered. Despite McClintock's efforts, Jacob and Monod rejected her parallels and suggested that her contribution was limited to mobile elements. Through an examination of their published papers, I argue that Jacob and Monod's rejection stemmed from their failure to fully comprehend maize control systems. Disciplinary discrepancy helps explain Jacob and Monod's lack of comprehension: they were molecular geneticists working on bacteria, while McClintock was a classical geneticist studying maize. I further argue that gender played a role, as McClintock experienced the Matilda effect-the under-recognition of her contribution, reinforced by the reactions of two male geneticists, and ironically, by the award of the Nobel Prize. Control systems, stemming from McClintock's reverence for organisms, embodied what Evelyn Fox Keller defines as "gender-neutral science." This divergent view of science provides insight into why Jacob and Monod failed to grasp McClintock's work in 1961.},
}

History, 20th Century
*Zea mays/genetics
United States
Nobel Prize
Genetics/history

@article {pmid39208190,
year = {2024},
author = {Viger, RS and Bouchard, MF and Tremblay, JJ},
title = {A STAR for the ages: a 30-year historical perspective of the role of transcription factors in the regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory gene expression.},
journal = {The Journal of endocrinology},
volume = {263},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1530/JOE-24-0087},
pmid = {39208190},
issn = {1479-6805},
mesh = {*Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein ; },
abstract = {The steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein is an essential cholesterol transporter that shuttles cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane in the major steroidogenic endocrine organs. It is a key player in the acute regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis in response to tropic hormone stimulation. Its discovery 30 years ago sparked immediate interest in understanding how STAR action is controlled. Since increased STAR gene expression is a classic feature of the acute regulation of steroidogenesis, a special emphasis was placed on defining the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that underlie its rapid induction in response to tropic hormone stimulation. These mechanisms include the effects of enhancers, the regulation of chromatin accessibility, the impact of epigenetic factors, and the role of transcription factors. Over the past three decades, understanding the transcription factors that regulate STAR gene expression has been the subject of more than 170 independent scientific publications, making it one of, and if not the best, studied genes in the steroidogenic pathway. This intense research effort has led to the identification of dozens of transcription factors and their related binding sites in STAR 5' flanking (promoter) sequences across multiple species. STAR gene transcription appears to be complex in that a large number of transcription factors have been proposed to interact with either isolated or overlapping regulatory sequences that are tightly clustered over a relatively short promoter region upstream of the STAR transcription start site. Many of these transcription factors appear to work in unique combinatorial codes and are impacted by diverse hormonal and intracellular signaling pathways. This review provides a retrospective overview of the transcription factors proposed to regulate both basal and acute (hormonal) STAR gene expression, and how insights in this area have evolved over the past 30 years.},
}

*Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Animals
*Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics
*Gene Expression Regulation
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein

@article {pmid39196943,
year = {2024},
author = {Rodríguez-Varela, R and Yaka, R and Pochon, Z and Sanchez-Pinto, I and Solaun, JL and Naidoo, T and Guinet, B and Pérez-Ramallo, P and Lagerholm, VK and de Anca Prado, V and Valdiosera, C and Krzewińska, M and Herrasti, L and Azkarate, A and Götherström, A},
title = {Five centuries of consanguinity, isolation, health, and conflict in Las Gobas: A Northern Medieval Iberian necropolis.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {10},
number = {35},
pages = {eadp8625},
pmid = {39196943},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {Humans ; Spain ; History, Medieval ; *Consanguinity ; Phylogeny ; Archaeology ; Female ; Male ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Between the 8th and 11th centuries CE, the Iberian Peninsula underwent profound upheaval due to the Umayyad invasion against the Visigoths, resulting in population shifts and lasting demographic impacts. Our understanding of this period is hindered by limited written sources and few archaeogenetic studies. We analyzed 33 individuals from Las Gobas, a necropolis in northern Spain, spanning the 7th to 11th centuries. By combining archaeological and osteological data with kinship, metagenomics, and ancestry analyses, we investigate conflicts, health, and demography of these individuals. We reveal intricate family relationships and genetic continuity within a consanguineous population while also identifying several zoonoses indicative of close interactions with animals. Notably, one individual was infected with a variola virus phylogenetically clustering with the northern European variola complex between ~885 and 1000 CE. Last, we did not detect a significant increase of North African or Middle East ancestries over time since the Islamic conquest of Iberia, possibly because this community remained relatively isolated.},
}

Humans
Spain
History, Medieval
*Consanguinity
Phylogeny
Archaeology
Female
Male
Animals

@article {pmid38995059,
year = {2024},
author = {Marrache, M and Sponseller, PD},
title = {Victor McKusick: Father of Medical Genetics and his Impact on Orthopaedics.},
journal = {Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {68-71},
pmid = {38995059},
issn = {1548-825X},
mesh = {History, 20th Century ; *Orthopedics/history ; *Genetics, Medical/history ; Humans ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {Victor McKusick, an iconic figure in medicine and considered the founding father of medical genetics, lived an exemplary life bound to inspire others. As a geneticist, McKusick was heavily involved in the Human Genome Project and the development of the widely used Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. As a researcher and prolific writer, he published more than 700 research articles, reviews, and books. McKusick educated and inspired thousands of students, doctors, and scientists while performing landmark studies in hereditary disorders and skeletal dysplasias. This brief history describes the life of Dr. Victor McKusick and his tremendous impact on orthopaedic surgery. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 33(2):068-071, 2024).},
}

History, 20th Century
*Orthopedics/history
*Genetics, Medical/history
Humans
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid38987589,
year = {2024},
author = {Seersholm, FV and Sjögren, KG and Koelman, J and Blank, M and Svensson, EM and Staring, J and Fraser, M and Pinotti, T and McColl, H and Gaunitz, C and Ruiz-Bedoya, T and Granehäll, L and Villegas-Ramirez, B and Fischer, A and Price, TD and Allentoft, ME and Iversen, AKN and Axelsson, T and Ahlström, T and Götherström, A and Storå, J and Kristiansen, K and Willerslev, E and Jakobsson, M and Malmström, H and Sikora, M},
title = {Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {632},
number = {8023},
pages = {114-121},
pmid = {38987589},
issn = {1476-4687},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; Cemeteries/history ; *Farmers/history ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genomics ; History, Ancient ; *Pedigree ; Phylogeny ; *Plague/epidemiology/history/microbiology/mortality ; *Population Dynamics ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology ; Time Factors ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Yersinia pestis/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {In the period between 5,300 and 4,900 calibrated years before present (cal. BP), populations across large parts of Europe underwent a period of demographic decline[1,2]. However, the cause of this so-called Neolithic decline is still debated. Some argue for an agricultural crisis resulting in the decline[3], others for the spread of an early form of plague[4]. Here we use population-scale ancient genomics to infer ancestry, social structure and pathogen infection in 108 Scandinavian Neolithic individuals from eight megalithic graves and a stone cist. We find that the Neolithic plague was widespread, detected in at least 17% of the sampled population and across large geographical distances. We demonstrate that the disease spread within the Neolithic community in three distinct infection events within a period of around 120 years. Variant graph-based pan-genomics shows that the Neolithic plague genomes retained ancestral genomic variation present in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including virulence factors associated with disease outcomes. In addition, we reconstruct four multigeneration pedigrees, the largest of which consists of 38 individuals spanning six generations, showing a patrilineal social organization. Lastly, we document direct genomic evidence for Neolithic female exogamy in a woman buried in a different megalithic tomb than her brothers. Taken together, our findings provide a detailed reconstruction of plague spread within a large patrilineal kinship group and identify multiple plague infections in a population dated to the beginning of the Neolithic decline.},
}

Female
Humans
Male
Cemeteries/history
*Farmers/history
Genome, Bacterial/genetics
*Genomics
History, Ancient
*Pedigree
Phylogeny
*Plague/epidemiology/history/microbiology/mortality
*Population Dynamics
Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology
Time Factors
Virulence Factors/genetics
*Yersinia pestis/genetics/isolation & purification

@article {pmid38906074,
year = {2024},
author = {Neal, JP},
title = {Theory vs. experiment: The rise of the dynamic view of proteins.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of science},
volume = {106},
number = {},
pages = {86-98},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.009},
pmid = {38906074},
issn = {0039-3681},
mesh = {*Proteins/history/chemistry ; History, 20th Century ; Molecular Biology/history ; Thermodynamics ; History, 19th Century ; },
abstract = {Over the past century, the scientific conception of the protein has evolved significantly. This paper focuses on the most recent stage of this evolution, namely, the origin of the dynamic view of proteins and the challenge it posed to the static view of classical molecular biology. Philosophers and scientists have offered two hypotheses to explain the origin of the dynamic view and its slow reception by structural biologists. Some have argued that the shift from the static to the dynamic view was a Kuhnian revolution, driven by the accumulation of dynamic anomalies, while others have argued that the shift was caused by new empirical findings made possible by technological advances. I analyze this scientific episode and ultimately reject both of these empiricist accounts. I argue that focusing primarily on technological advances and empirical discoveries overlooks the important role of theory in driving this scientific change. I show how the application of general thermodynamic principles to proteins gave rise to the dynamic view, and a commitment to these principles then led early adopters to seek out the empirical examples of protein dynamics, which would eventually convince their peers. My analysis of this historical case shows that empiricist accounts of modern scientific progress-at least those that aim to explain developments in the molecular life sciences-need to be tempered in order to capture the interplay between theory and experiment.},
}

*Proteins/history/chemistry
History, 20th Century
Molecular Biology/history
Thermodynamics
History, 19th Century

@article {pmid38867050,
year = {2024},
author = {Michel, M and Skourtanioti, E and Pierini, F and Guevara, EK and Mötsch, A and Kocher, A and Barquera, R and Bianco, RA and Carlhoff, S and Coppola Bove, L and Freilich, S and Giffin, K and Hermes, T and Hiß, A and Knolle, F and Nelson, EA and Neumann, GU and Papac, L and Penske, S and Rohrlach, AB and Salem, N and Semerau, L and Villalba-Mouco, V and Abadie, I and Aldenderfer, M and Beckett, JF and Brown, M and Campus, FGR and Chenghwa, T and Cruz Berrocal, M and Damašek, L and Duffett Carlson, KS and Durand, R and Ernée, M and Fântăneanu, C and Frenzel, H and García Atiénzar, G and Guillén, S and Hsieh, E and Karwowski, M and Kelvin, D and Kelvin, N and Khokhlov, A and Kinaston, RL and Korolev, A and Krettek, KL and Küßner, M and Lai, L and Look, C and Majander, K and Mandl, K and Mazzarello, V and McCormick, M and de Miguel Ibáñez, P and Murphy, R and Németh, RE and Nordqvist, K and Novotny, F and Obenaus, M and Olmo-Enciso, L and Onkamo, P and Orschiedt, J and Patrushev, V and Peltola, S and Romero, A and Rubino, S and Sajantila, A and Salazar-García, DC and Serrano, E and Shaydullaev, S and Sias, E and Šlaus, M and Stančo, L and Swanston, T and Teschler-Nicola, M and Valentin, F and Van de Vijver, K and Varney, TL and Vigil-Escalera Guirado, A and Waters, CK and Weiss-Krejci, E and Winter, E and Lamnidis, TC and Prüfer, K and Nägele, K and Spyrou, M and Schiffels, S and Stockhammer, PW and Haak, W and Posth, C and Warinner, C and Bos, KI and Herbig, A and Krause, J},
title = {Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {631},
number = {8019},
pages = {125-133},
pmid = {38867050},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; Altitude ; Americas/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Biological Evolution ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genome, Protozoan/genetics ; History, Ancient ; *Malaria/parasitology/history/transmission/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/history/parasitology/transmission ; Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology/history/parasitology/transmission ; *Plasmodium/genetics/classification ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/isolation & purification ; Plasmodium malariae/genetics/isolation & purification ; Plasmodium vivax/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species[1]. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe[1,2]. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia BCE, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia[3]. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.},
}

Female
Humans
Male
Altitude
Americas/epidemiology
Asia/epidemiology
Biological Evolution
Disease Resistance/genetics
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
Europe/epidemiology
*Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics
*Genome, Protozoan/genetics
History, Ancient
*Malaria/parasitology/history/transmission/epidemiology
Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/history/parasitology/transmission
Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology/history/parasitology/transmission
*Plasmodium/genetics/classification
Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/isolation & purification
Plasmodium malariae/genetics/isolation & purification
Plasmodium vivax/genetics/isolation & purification

@article {pmid38867041,
year = {2024},
author = {Barquera, R and Del Castillo-Chávez, O and Nägele, K and Pérez-Ramallo, P and Hernández-Zaragoza, DI and Szolek, A and Rohrlach, AB and Librado, P and Childebayeva, A and Bianco, RA and Penman, BS and Acuña-Alonzo, V and Lucas, M and Lara-Riegos, JC and Moo-Mezeta, ME and Torres-Romero, JC and Roberts, P and Kohlbacher, O and Warinner, C and Krause, J},
title = {Ancient genomes reveal insights into ritual life at Chichén Itzá.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {630},
number = {8018},
pages = {912-919},
pmid = {38867041},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Humans ; Mexico ; *Genome, Human/genetics ; Male ; *Ceremonial Behavior ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; History, Ancient ; Female ; Burial/history ; Archaeology ; Twins/genetics ; History, Medieval ; },
abstract = {The ancient city of Chichén Itzá in Yucatán, Mexico, was one of the largest and most influential Maya settlements during the Late and Terminal Classic periods (AD 600-1000) and it remains one of the most intensively studied archaeological sites in Mesoamerica[1-4]. However, many questions about the social and cultural use of its ceremonial spaces, as well as its population's genetic ties to other Mesoamerican groups, remain unanswered[2]. Here we present genome-wide data obtained from 64 subadult individuals dating to around AD 500-900 that were found in a subterranean mass burial near the Sacred Cenote (sinkhole) in the ceremonial centre of Chichén Itzá. Genetic analyses showed that all analysed individuals were male and several individuals were closely related, including two pairs of monozygotic twins. Twins feature prominently in Mayan and broader Mesoamerican mythology, where they embody qualities of duality among deities and heroes[5], but until now they had not been identified in ancient Mayan mortuary contexts. Genetic comparison to present-day people in the region shows genetic continuity with the ancient inhabitants of Chichén Itzá, except at certain genetic loci related to human immunity, including the human leukocyte antigen complex, suggesting signals of adaptation due to infectious diseases introduced to the region during the colonial period.},
}

Humans
Mexico
*Genome, Human/genetics
Male
*Ceremonial Behavior
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
History, Ancient
Female
Burial/history
Archaeology
Twins/genetics
History, Medieval

@article {pmid38843826,
year = {2024},
author = {Librado, P and Tressières, G and Chauvey, L and Fages, A and Khan, N and Schiavinato, S and Calvière-Tonasso, L and Kusliy, MA and Gaunitz, C and Liu, X and Wagner, S and Der Sarkissian, C and Seguin-Orlando, A and Perdereau, A and Aury, JM and Southon, J and Shapiro, B and Bouchez, O and Donnadieu, C and Collin, YRH and Gregersen, KM and Jessen, MD and Christensen, K and Claudi-Hansen, L and Pruvost, M and Pucher, E and Vulic, H and Novak, M and Rimpf, A and Turk, P and Reiter, S and Brem, G and Schwall, C and Barrey, É and Robert, C and Degueurce, C and Horwitz, LK and Klassen, L and Rasmussen, U and Kveiborg, J and Johannsen, NN and Makowiecki, D and Makarowicz, P and Szeliga, M and Ilchyshyn, V and Rud, V and Romaniszyn, J and Mullin, VE and Verdugo, M and Bradley, DG and Cardoso, JL and Valente, MJ and Telles Antunes, M and Ameen, C and Thomas, R and Ludwig, A and Marzullo, M and Prato, O and Bagnasco Gianni, G and Tecchiati, U and Granado, J and Schlumbaum, A and Deschler-Erb, S and Mráz, MS and Boulbes, N and Gardeisen, A and Mayer, C and Döhle, HJ and Vicze, M and Kosintsev, PA and Kyselý, R and Peške, L and O'Connor, T and Ananyevskaya, E and Shevnina, I and Logvin, A and Kovalev, AA and Iderkhangai, TO and Sablin, MV and Dashkovskiy, PK and Graphodatsky, AS and Merts, I and Merts, V and Kasparov, AK and Pitulko, VV and Onar, V and Öztan, A and Arbuckle, BS and McColl, H and Renaud, G and Khaskhanov, R and Demidenko, S and Kadieva, A and Atabiev, B and Sundqvist, M and Lindgren, G and López-Cachero, FJ and Albizuri, S and Trbojević Vukičević, T and Rapan Papeša, A and Burić, M and Rajić Šikanjić, P and Weinstock, J and Asensio Vilaró, D and Codina, F and García Dalmau, C and Morer de Llorens, J and Pou, J and de Prado, G and Sanmartí, J and Kallala, N and Torres, JR and Maraoui-Telmini, B and Belarte Franco, MC and Valenzuela-Lamas, S and Zazzo, A and Lepetz, S and Duchesne, S and Alexeev, A and Bayarsaikhan, J and Houle, JL and Bayarkhuu, N and Turbat, T and Crubézy, É and Shingiray, I and Mashkour, M and Berezina, NY and Korobov, DS and Belinskiy, A and Kalmykov, A and Demoule, JP and Reinhold, S and Hansen, S and Wallner, B and Roslyakova, N and Kuznetsov, PF and Tishkin, AA and Wincker, P and Kanne, K and Outram, A and Orlando, L},
title = {Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {631},
number = {8022},
pages = {819-825},
pmid = {38843826},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Animal Husbandry/history ; Asia ; *Domestication ; Europe ; Genome/genetics ; History, Ancient ; *Horses/classification/genetics ; Reproduction ; *Transportation/history/methods ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility[1]. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious[2-4]. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier[3,5]. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses[6,7]. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.},
}

Animals
Female
Male
*Animal Husbandry/history
Asia
*Domestication
Europe
Genome/genetics
History, Ancient
*Horses/classification/genetics
Reproduction
*Transportation/history/methods
Phylogeny

@article {pmid38806487,
year = {2024},
author = {Bagnasco, G and Marzullo, M and Cattaneo, C and Biehler-Gomez, L and Mazzarelli, D and Ricciardi, V and Müller, W and Coppa, A and McLaughlin, R and Motta, L and Prato, O and Schmidt, F and Gaveriaux, F and Marras, GB and Millet, MA and Madgwick, R and Ballantyne, R and Makarewicz, CA and Trentacoste, A and Reimer, P and Mattiangeli, V and Bradley, DG and Malone, C and Esposito, C and Breslin, EM and Stoddart, S},
title = {Bioarchaeology aids the cultural understanding of six characters in search of their agency (Tarquinia, ninth-seventh century BC, central Italy).},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {11895},
pmid = {38806487},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Italy ; Humans ; *Archaeology ; History, Ancient ; Male ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Female ; },
abstract = {Etruria contained one of the great early urban civilisations in the Italian peninsula during the first millennium BC, much studied from a cultural, humanities-based, perspective, but relatively little with scientific data, and rarely in combination. We have addressed the unusual location of twenty inhumations found in the sacred heart of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia, focusing on six of these as illustrative, contrasting with the typical contemporary cremations found in cemeteries on the edge of the city. The cultural evidence suggests that the six skeletons were also distinctive in their ritualization and memorialisation. Focusing on the six, as a representative sample, the scientific evidence of osteoarchaeology, isotopic compositions, and ancient DNA has established that these appear to show mobility, diversity and violence through an integrated bioarchaeological approach. The combination of multiple lines of evidence makes major strides towards a deeper understanding of the role of these extraordinary individuals in the life of the early city of Etruria.},
}

Italy
Humans
*Archaeology
History, Ancient
Male
DNA, Ancient/analysis
Female

@article {pmid38750053,
year = {2024},
author = {Cabrera, VM},
title = {New Canary Islands Roman mediated settlement hypothesis deduced from coalescence ages of curated maternal indigenous lineages.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {11150},
pmid = {38750053},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; *Phylogeography ; Spain ; Phylogeny ; Genetics, Population ; Indigenous Peoples/genetics ; Archaeology ; Human Migration ; History, Ancient ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; },
abstract = {Numerous genetic studies have contributed to reconstructing the human history of the Canary Islands population. The recent use of new ancient DNA targeted enrichment and next-generation sequencing techniques on new Canary Islands samples have greatly improved these molecular results. However, the bulk of the available data is still provided by the classic mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies carried out on the indigenous, historical, and extant human populations of the Canary Islands. In the present study, making use of all the accumulated mitochondrial information, the existence of DNA contamination and archaeological sample misidentification in those samples is evidenced. Following a thorough review of these cases, the new phylogeographic analysis revealed the existence of a heterogeneous indigenous Canarian population, asymmetrically distributed across the various islands, which most likely descended from a unique mainland settlement. These new results and new proposed coalescent ages are compatible with a Roman-mediated arrival driven by the exploitation of the purple dye manufacture in the Canary Islands.},
}

Humans
*DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
*Phylogeography
Spain
Phylogeny
Genetics, Population
Indigenous Peoples/genetics
Archaeology
Human Migration
History, Ancient
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing

@article {pmid38702218,
year = {2024},
author = {Gilbert, SF},
title = {Reprint of: Prelude to molecularization: The double gradient model of Sulo Toivonen and Lauri Saxén.},
journal = {Cells & development},
volume = {178},
number = {},
pages = {203919},
doi = {10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203919},
pmid = {38702218},
issn = {2667-2901},
mesh = {Animals ; *Body Patterning/genetics ; Developmental Biology/history ; History, 20th Century ; Models, Biological ; Organizers, Embryonic/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The present molecular investigations of Organizer phenomena show a remarkable connection to the earlier classical embryological studies that used transplantation as a method for making mechanistic models of induction. One of the most prominent of these connections is the dual gradient model for anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral polarity. This paper will discuss some of the history of how transplantation experiments provided data that could be interpreted in terms of two gradients of biologically active materials. It will highlight how the attempts to discover the elusive Induktionsstoffen gave rise to the double gradient model of Sulo Toivonen and Lauri Saxén in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper will also document how this research into the identity of these molecules gave rise to the developmental genetics that eventually would find the molecules responsible for primary embryonic induction.},
}

Animals
*Body Patterning/genetics
Developmental Biology/history
History, 20th Century
Models, Biological
Organizers, Embryonic/metabolism

@article {pmid38656677,
year = {2024},
author = {Hoquet, T},
title = {Darwin and the White Shipwrecked Sailor: Beyond Blending Inheritance and the Jenkin Myth.},
journal = {Journal of the history of biology},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {17-49},
pmid = {38656677},
issn = {1573-0387},
mesh = {History, 19th Century ; *Selection, Genetic ; Humans ; *Biological Evolution ; },
abstract = {This paper revisits Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous review of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in the North British Review in June 1867. This review is usually revered for its impact on Darwin's theory of descent with modification. Its classical interpretation states that Jenkin, a Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, made a compelling case against natural selection based on the fact of "blending inheritance" and the "swamping" of advantageous variations. Those themes, however, are strikingly absent from Jenkin's text. They were later read into Jenkin's text by scholars trying to explain how Darwinian selection was reconciled with Mendelian genes and the birth of the Modern Synthesis. While many scholars have tried to measure Jenkin's effect on Darwin, the value of the 1867 review remains unclear. This paper re-examines its content and concludes that Jenkin's "able review" was in fact written by an engineer whose competencies in biology were very low. Focusing on the figure of the shipwrecked white sailor isolated on an island inhabited by Black people, this paper also underlines the racial assumptions behind Jenkin's review. "Blending inheritance" is thus a theme linked to theoretical reworkings on the question of race and skin colors, taking its root in Galton's typology of heredity. Darwin was probably mostly unimpressed by Jenkin's review. The problems raised by the review were not so much "blending inheritance" and "swamping" but a conundrum of problems related to the effects of intercrossing on variation and reversion.},
}

History, 19th Century
*Selection, Genetic
Humans
*Biological Evolution

@article {pmid38644559,
year = {2024},
author = {Mayo, O and Nanjundiah, V},
title = {Reflections on assortative mating, social stratification, and genetics.},
journal = {Journal of genetics},
volume = {103},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {38644559},
issn = {0973-7731},
mesh = {Humans ; *Eugenics/history ; History, 20th Century ; Reproduction/genetics ; Social Class ; History, 19th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {A recent report by G. Clark points to a sustained persistence of social status in England that extends vertically across several generations and horizontally across many levels of kinship. We seek to put his findings in historical perspective. We do so by relating them to two lines of thinking related to biological inheritance. One predated the rediscovery of Mendel's work and led to the field of quantitative genetics, which dealt on the whole with quasi-continuously varying traits. The other is based on the rediscovery itself and led to a reconciliation between quantitative genetics and discrete Mendelian elements of heredity. Both were enmeshed with the supposed need for, and societal consequences of, eugenics and assortative mating. Also on both issues, the significant ideas can be traced to R. A. Fisher, inspired in one case by F. Galton and in the other by J. A. Cobb, with strong support for Galton and Cobb coming from Karl Pearson. Clark's findings point to societal stratification, and assortative mating for wealth is a straightforward hypothesis to account for it. However, it should be noted that the findings support, but do not prove, the hypothesis.},
}

Humans
*Eugenics/history
History, 20th Century
Reproduction/genetics
Social Class
History, 19th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid38639989,
year = {2024},
author = {Cano-Prieto, C and Undabarrena, A and de Carvalho, AC and Keasling, JD and Cruz-Morales, P},
title = {Triumphs and Challenges of Natural Product Discovery in the Postgenomic Era.},
journal = {Annual review of biochemistry},
volume = {93},
number = {1},
pages = {411-445},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-104731},
pmid = {38639989},
issn = {1545-4509},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biological Products/chemistry/metabolism/history ; Drug Discovery/methods/history ; *Genomics/methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {Natural products have played significant roles as medicine and food throughout human history. Here, we first provide a brief historical overview of natural products, their classification and biosynthetic origins, and the microbiological and genetic methods used for their discovery. We also describe and discuss the technologies that revolutionized the field, which transitioned from classic genetics to genome-centric discovery approximately two decades ago. We then highlight the most recent advancements and approaches in the current postgenomic era, in which genome mining is a standard operation and high-throughput analytical methods allow parallel discovery of genes and molecules at an unprecedented pace. Finally, we discuss the new challenges faced by the field of natural products and the future of systematic heterologous expression and strain-independent discovery, which promises to deliver more molecules in vials than ever before.},
}

Humans
*Biological Products/chemistry/metabolism/history
Drug Discovery/methods/history
*Genomics/methods
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid38491841,
year = {2024},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {Luxenburger's 1939 Essay on "Schizophrenia and its Hereditary Circle".},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {195},
number = {6},
pages = {e32977},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32977},
pmid = {38491841},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Schizophrenia/genetics/history ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; History, 20th Century ; },
abstract = {In 1939, Hans Luxenburger published a detailed overview of the current status of schizophrenia genetics research, reaching six major conclusions. First, schizophrenia is clearly a hereditary disease. Second, however, schizophrenia is not the hereditary trait itself but rather the consequences of a slowly developing biological progress, the nature of which remains entirely unknown. Third, the full manifestation of the disorder requires certain environmental influences that must come into play. In around 30% of cases, the environment can inhibit hereditary factors so that the predisposition does not manifest in schizophrenia. Fourth, the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia remains unknown, although recessivity is more likely than dominance and monomerism is more likely than polymerism. Fifth, current evidence suggests that schizophrenia is likely etiologically homogenous. Sixth, schizophrenia is part of a hereditary circle that includes "normal" variants of the human personality (schizothymia), a pathological version of this dimension (schizoidia), and other schizophrenia-like delusional syndromes. Luxenburger is skeptical of efforts to clarify further Mendelian transmission models in the absence of pathophysiological markers because schizophrenia cannot serve as a typical phenotype for genetic analysis. By contrast, he strongly supports empirical work on hereditary prognosis, which does not depend on assumptions about any particular phenotype-genotype relationship.},
}

Humans
*Schizophrenia/genetics/history
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
History, 20th Century

@article {pmid38453993,
year = {2024},
author = {Bergfeldt, N and Kırdök, E and Oskolkov, N and Mirabello, C and Unneberg, P and Malmström, H and Fraser, M and Sanchez-Quinto, F and Jorgensen, R and Skar, B and Lidén, K and Jakobsson, M and Storå, J and Götherström, A},
title = {Identification of microbial pathogens in Neolithic Scandinavian humans.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {5630},
pmid = {38453993},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2017-02503//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; 2019-00849//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; P21-0266//Riksbankens Jubileumsfond/ ; P19.0740:1//Riksbankens Jubileumsfond/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Agriculture ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; History, Ancient ; *Yersinia/classification/isolation & purification ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {With the Neolithic transition, human lifestyle shifted from hunting and gathering to farming. This change altered subsistence patterns, cultural expression, and population structures as shown by the archaeological/zooarchaeological record, as well as by stable isotope and ancient DNA data. Here, we used metagenomic data to analyse if the transitions also impacted the microbiome composition in 25 Mesolithic and Neolithic hunter-gatherers and 13 Neolithic farmers from several Scandinavian Stone Age cultural contexts. Salmonella enterica, a bacterium that may have been the cause of death for the infected individuals, was found in two Neolithic samples from Battle Axe culture contexts. Several species of the bacterial genus Yersinia were found in Neolithic individuals from Funnel Beaker culture contexts as well as from later Neolithic context. Transmission of e.g. Y. enterocolitica may have been facilitated by the denser populations in agricultural contexts.},
}

Humans
Agriculture
*DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Europe
History, Ancient
*Yersinia/classification/isolation & purification
*Microbiota

@article {pmid38308451,
year = {2024},
author = {Navarro-Romero, MT and Muñoz, ML and Krause-Kyora, B and Cervini-Silva, J and Alcalá-Castañeda, E and David, RE},
title = {Bioanthropological analysis of human remains from the archaic and classic period discovered in Puyil cave, Mexico.},
journal = {American journal of biological anthropology},
volume = {184},
number = {2},
pages = {e24903},
doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24903},
pmid = {38308451},
issn = {2692-7691},
support = {2015-Marzo 2016-290936//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; 2014_Primer Periodo-380118//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Mexico ; *Caves ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Body Remains/chemistry/anatomy & histology ; Radiometric Dating ; Male ; History, Ancient ; Female ; Anthropology, Physical ; Archaeology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Determine the geographic place of origin and maternal lineage of prehistoric human skeletal remains discovered in Puyil Cave, Tabasco State, Mexico, located in a region currently populated by Olmec, Zoque and Maya populations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: All specimens were radiocarbon ([14]C) dated (beta analytic), had dental modifications classified, and had an analysis of 13 homologous reference points conducted to evaluate artificial cranial deformation (ACD). Following DNA purification, hypervariable region I (HVR-1) of the mitogenome was amplified and Sanger sequenced. Finally, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed for total DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups were determined using BioEdit 7.2 and IGV software and confirmed with MITOMASTER and WebHome softwares.

RESULTS: Radiocarbon dating ([14]C) demonstrated that the inhabitants of Puyil Cave lived during the Archaic and Classic Periods and displayed tabular oblique and tabular mimetic ACD. These pre-Hispanic remains exhibited five mtDNA lineages: A, A2, C1, C1c and D4. Network analysis revealed a close genetic affinity between pre-Hispanic Puyil Cave inhabitants and contemporary Maya subpopulations from Mexico and Guatemala, as well as individuals from Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and China.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results elucidate the dispersal of pre-Hispanic Olmec and Maya ancestors and suggest that ACD practices are closely related to Olmec and Maya practices. Additionally, we conclude that ACD has likely been practiced in the region since the Middle-Archaic Period.},
}

Humans
Mexico
*Caves
*DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
*Body Remains/chemistry/anatomy & histology
Radiometric Dating
Male
History, Ancient
Female
Anthropology, Physical
Archaeology

@article {pmid38177408,
year = {2024},
author = {Sharko, FS and Boulygina, ES and Tsygankova, SV and Slobodova, NV and Rastorguev, SM and Krasivskaya, AA and Belinsky, AB and Härke, H and Kadieva, AA and Demidenko, SV and Malashev, VY and Shvedchikova, TY and Dobrovolskaya, MV and Reshetova, IK and Korobov, DS and Nedoluzhko, AV},
title = {Koban culture genome-wide and archeological data open the bridge between Bronze and Iron Ages in the North Caucasus.},
journal = {European journal of human genetics : EJHG},
volume = {32},
number = {11},
pages = {1483-1491},
pmid = {38177408},
issn = {1476-5438},
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Female ; Male ; *Genome, Human ; Archaeology ; History, Ancient ; White People/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Russia ; },
abstract = {The North Caucasus played a key role during the ancient colonization of Eurasia and the formation of its cultural and genetic ancestry. Previous archeogenetic studies described a relative genetic and cultural continuity of ancient Caucasus societies, since the Eneolithic period. The Koban culture, which formed in the Late Bronze Age on the North Caucasian highlands, is considered as a cultural "bridge" between the ancient and modern autochthonous peoples of the Caucasus. Here, we discuss the place of this archeological culture and its representatives in the genetic orbit of Caucasian cultures using genome-wide SNP data from five individuals of the Koban culture and one individual of the early Alanic culture as well as previously published genomic data of ancient and modern North Caucasus individuals. Ancient DNA analysis shows that an ancient individual from Klin-Yar III, who was previously described as male, was in fact a female. Additional studies on well-preserved ancient human specimens are necessary to determine the level of local mobility and kinship between individuals in ancient societies of North Caucasus. Further studies with a larger sample size will allow us gain a deeper understanding of this topic.},
}

Humans
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
Female
Male
*Genome, Human
Archaeology
History, Ancient
White People/genetics
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Russia

@article {pmid38051388,
year = {2024},
author = {Tory, K},
title = {The dominant findings of a recessive man: from Mendel's kid pea to kidney.},
journal = {Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)},
volume = {39},
number = {7},
pages = {2049-2059},
pmid = {38051388},
issn = {1432-198X},
support = {K135798//National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIA/OTKA)/ ; TKP2021-EGA-24//Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund/ ; TKP2021-NVA-15//Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Genes, Dominant ; *Genes, Recessive ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; *Kidney Diseases/genetics/history/diagnosis/congenital ; Phenotype ; },
abstract = {The research of Mendel, born two centuries ago, still has many direct implications for our everyday clinical work. He introduced the terms "dominant" and "recessive" characters and determined their 3:1 ratio in the offspring of heterozygous "hybrid" plants. This distribution allowed calculation of the number of the phenotype-determining "elements," i.e., the alleles, and has been used ever since to prove the monogenic origin of a disorder. The Mendelian inheritance of monogenic kidney disorders is still of great help in distinguishing them from those with multifactorial origin in clinical practice. Inheritance of most monogenic kidney disorders fits to Mendel's observations: the equal contribution of the two parents and the complete penetrance or the direct correlation between the frequency of the recessive character and the degree of inbreeding. Nevertheless, beyond the truth of these basic concepts, several observations have expanded their genetic characteristics. The extreme genetic heterogeneity, the pleiotropy of the causal genes and the role of modifiers in ciliopathies, the digenic inheritance and parental imprinting in some tubulopathies, and the incomplete penetrance and eventual interallelic interactions in podocytopathies, reflect this expansion. For all these reasons, the transmission pattern in a natural setting may depend not only on the "character" but also on the causal gene and the variant. Mendel's passion for research combined with his modest personality and meticulous approach can still serve as an example in the work required to understand the non-Mendelian universe of genetics.},
}

Humans
Male
Genes, Dominant
*Genes, Recessive
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
*Kidney Diseases/genetics/history/diagnosis/congenital
Phenotype

@article {pmid38030719,
year = {2024},
author = {Fortes-Lima, CA and Burgarella, C and Hammarén, R and Eriksson, A and Vicente, M and Jolly, C and Semo, A and Gunnink, H and Pacchiarotti, S and Mundeke, L and Matonda, I and Muluwa, JK and Coutros, P and Nyambe, TS and Cikomola, JC and Coetzee, V and de Castro, M and Ebbesen, P and Delanghe, J and Stoneking, M and Barham, L and Lombard, M and Meyer, A and Steyn, M and Malmström, H and Rocha, J and Soodyall, H and Pakendorf, B and Bostoen, K and Schlebusch, CM},
title = {The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {625},
number = {7995},
pages = {540-547},
pmid = {38030719},
issn = {1476-4687},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Africa, Western ; Datasets as Topic ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; *DNA, Ancient/analysis ; *Emigration and Immigration/history ; Founder Effect ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; *Language/history ; Linguistics/history ; Zambia ; Geographic Mapping ; },
abstract = {The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent[1-7]. With a comprehensive genomic dataset, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we contribute insights into this expansion that started 6,000-4,000 years ago in western Africa. We genotyped 1,763 participants, including 1,526 Bantu speakers from 147 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals[8]. We show that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo as possible crossroads of interaction. Using spatially explicit methods[9] and correlating genetic, linguistic and geographical data, we provide cross-disciplinary support for a serial-founder migration model. We further show that Bantu speakers received significant gene flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Our genetic dataset provides an exhaustive modern-day African comparative dataset for ancient DNA studies[10] and will be important to a wide range of disciplines from science and humanities, as well as to the medical sector studying human genetic variation and health in African and African-descendant populations.},
}

Humans
Africa, Western
Datasets as Topic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
*DNA, Ancient/analysis
*Emigration and Immigration/history
Founder Effect
Gene Flow/genetics
Genetic Variation/genetics
*Genetics, Population
History, Ancient
*Language/history
Linguistics/history
Zambia
Geographic Mapping

@article {pmid37932928,
year = {2024},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {Bruno Schulz's 1936 book "Methodology of medical genetic research particularly with regard to psychiatry".},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {195},
number = {3},
pages = {e32963},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32963},
pmid = {37932928},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Male ; Humans ; *Psychiatry/history ; Eugenics/history ; Genetic Research ; Books ; Germany ; },
abstract = {In 1936, Bruno Schulz published the first detailed, book-length review of the methodology of psychiatric genetic research, based on his experiences at the German Research Institute of Psychiatry. Emphasis is placed on proper selection of relatives and the ascertainment corrections required for Mendelian transmission models. Twin studies are considered as is the impact of reduced fertility on patterns of risk. For the field work, Schulz emphasizes the importance of trust-building, confidentiality, collateral informants, and the use of medical and other administrative records, all ideally stored in personal files. Several methods of age-correction are reviewed. Schulz provides detailed algebraic treatments of these and other problems, including tests for etiologic homogeneity, with worked examples. He emphasizes two fundamental concerns in psychiatric genetics research: (i) its inter-dependency with the optimal diagnostic boundaries, which are rarely known and (ii) the genetic homogeneity of clinical samples. Given these problems, he is pessimistic about finding Mendelian transmission patterns. He assesses the predominant 19th-century method of psychiatric genetic investigation-"hereditary burden"-to be crude and biased by family size. Although written at a time of consolidation of Nazi power in Germany, this book nowhere endorses their racial/eugenic policies and can be seen as subtly questioning them.},
}

Male
Humans
*Psychiatry/history
Eugenics/history
Genetic Research
Books
Germany

@article {pmid37528090,
year = {2023},
author = {Chyleński, M and Makarowicz, P and Juras, A and Krzewińska, M and Pospieszny, Ł and Ehler, E and Breszka, A and Górski, J and Taras, H and Szczepanek, A and Polańska, M and Włodarczak, P and Lasota-Kuś, A and Wójcik, I and Romaniszyn, J and Szmyt, M and Kośko, A and Ignaczak, M and Sadowski, S and Matoga, A and Grossman, A and Ilchyshyn, V and Yahodinska, MO and Romańska, A and Tunia, K and Przybyła, M and Grygiel, R and Szostek, K and Dabert, M and Götherström, A and Jakobsson, M and Malmström, H},
title = {Patrilocality and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry of populations in East-Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {4395},
pmid = {37528090},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {Humans ; History, Ancient ; *Human Migration ; *Genome, Human/genetics ; Europe ; Poland ; Social Change ; },
abstract = {The demographic history of East-Central Europe after the Neolithic period remains poorly explored, despite this region being on the confluence of various ecological zones and cultural entities. Here, the descendants of societies associated with steppe pastoralists form Early Bronze Age were followed by Middle Bronze Age populations displaying unique characteristics. Particularly, the predominance of collective burials, the scale of which, was previously seen only in the Neolithic. The extent to which this re-emergence of older traditions is a result of genetic shift or social changes in the MBA is a subject of debate. Here by analysing 91 newly generated genomes from Bronze Age individuals from present Poland and Ukraine, we discovered that Middle Bronze Age populations were formed by an additional admixture event involving a population with relatively high proportions of genetic component associated with European hunter-gatherers and that their social structure was based on, primarily patrilocal, multigenerational kin-groups.},
}

Humans
History, Ancient
*Human Migration
*Genome, Human/genetics
Europe
Poland
Social Change

@article {pmid37286608,
year = {2023},
author = {Simões, LG and Günther, T and Martínez-Sánchez, RM and Vera-Rodríguez, JC and Iriarte, E and Rodríguez-Varela, R and Bokbot, Y and Valdiosera, C and Jakobsson, M},
title = {Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {618},
number = {7965},
pages = {550-556},
pmid = {37286608},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Humans ; Africa, Northern ; *Agriculture/history ; *Archaeology ; Europe/ethnology ; Farmers/history ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Genomics ; History, Ancient ; *Human Migration/history ; *Transients and Migrants/history ; Africa, Western ; Diffusion of Innovation ; },
abstract = {In northwestern Africa, lifestyle transitioned from foraging to food production around 7,400 years ago but what sparked that change remains unclear. Archaeological data support conflicting views: (1) that migrant European Neolithic farmers brought the new way of life to North Africa[1-3] or (2) that local hunter-gatherers adopted technological innovations[4,5]. The latter view is also supported by archaeogenetic data[6]. Here we fill key chronological and archaeogenetic gaps for the Maghreb, from Epipalaeolithic to Middle Neolithic, by sequencing the genomes of nine individuals (to between 45.8- and 0.2-fold genome coverage). Notably, we trace 8,000 years of population continuity and isolation from the Upper Palaeolithic, via the Epipaleolithic, to some Maghrebi Neolithic farming groups. However, remains from the earliest Neolithic contexts showed mostly European Neolithic ancestry. We suggest that farming was introduced by European migrants and was then rapidly adopted by local groups. During the Middle Neolithic a new ancestry from the Levant appears in the Maghreb, coinciding with the arrival of pastoralism in the region, and all three ancestries blend together during the Late Neolithic. Our results show ancestry shifts in the Neolithization of northwestern Africa that probably mirrored a heterogeneous economic and cultural landscape, in a more multifaceted process than observed in other regions.},
}

Humans
Africa, Northern
*Agriculture/history
*Archaeology
Europe/ethnology
Farmers/history
Genome, Human/genetics
Genomics
History, Ancient
*Human Migration/history
*Transients and Migrants/history
Africa, Western
Diffusion of Innovation

@article {pmid37148220,
year = {2023},
author = {Schioldann, J},
title = {Classic Text No. 135: 'On inheritance of the insanities', by Jens Chr. Smith (1924).},
journal = {History of psychiatry},
volume = {34},
number = {3},
pages = {350-362},
doi = {10.1177/0957154X231169217},
pmid = {37148220},
issn = {0957-154X},
mesh = {Humans ; History, 20th Century ; Adolescent ; *Psychotic Disorders/genetics/history ; *Psychiatry/history ; Translations ; },
abstract = {Serious and realistic research into the inheritance of the psychoses started in earnest at the beginning of the twentieth century. This was encouraged by both the acceptance of the Kraepelinian classification and the rediscovery of the Mendelian model of inheritance. The application of Mendelian rules to the very complex genetics of the psychoses led to agonizing debate. The Classic Text is a translation of the introduction of the doctoral thesis of Jens Chr. Smith, a little-known Danish psychiatrist who was able to summarize, with the enthusiasm typical to his youth and with surprising accuracy, the early stages of the debate mentioned above.},
}

Humans
History, 20th Century
Adolescent
*Psychotic Disorders/genetics/history
*Psychiatry/history
Translations

@article {pmid37068234,
year = {2023},
author = {Cohen, P and Bacilieri, R and Ramos-Madrigal, J and Privman, E and Boaretto, E and Weber, A and Fuks, D and Weiss, E and Erickson-Gini, T and Bucking, S and Tepper, Y and Cvikel, D and Schmidt, J and Gilbert, MTP and Wales, N and Bar-Oz, G and Meiri, M},
title = {Ancient DNA from a lost Negev Highlands desert grape reveals a Late Antiquity wine lineage.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {17},
pages = {e2213563120},
pmid = {37068234},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {History, Ancient ; *Vitis/genetics ; *Wine ; DNA, Ancient ; Archaeology ; Israel ; },
abstract = {Recent excavations of Late Antiquity settlements in the Negev Highlands of southern Israel uncovered a society that established commercial-scale viticulture in an arid environment [D. Fuks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 19780-19791 (2020)]. We applied target-enriched genome-wide sequencing and radiocarbon dating to examine grapevine pips that were excavated at three of these sites. Our analyses revealed centuries long and continuous grape cultivation in the Southern Levant. The genetically diverse pips also provided clues to ancient cultivation strategies aimed at improving agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. Applying genomic prediction analysis, a pip dated to the eighth century CE was determined to likely be from a white grape, to date the oldest to be identified. In a kinship analysis, another pip was found to be descendant from a modern Greek cultivar and was thus linked with several popular historic wines that were once traded across the Byzantine Empire. These findings shed light on historical Byzantine trading networks and on the genetic contribution of Levantine varieties to the classic Aegean landscape.},
}

History, Ancient
*Vitis/genetics
*Wine
DNA, Ancient
Archaeology
Israel

@article {pmid36946062,
year = {2023},
author = {Ptushenko, VV and Ramensky, EV},
title = {Biologist Nikolai K. Koltzoff: the forgotten genius.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {224},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/genetics/iyad033},
pmid = {36946062},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {Animals ; History, 20th Century ; *Heredity ; Russia ; Biological Evolution ; Mutagenesis ; *Bombyx ; },
abstract = {Nikolai K. Koltzoff (Koltsov) (1872-1940) is one of the key figures in Russian biology. He essentially initiated Russian physicochemical biology and established a large scientific school in the area. Among his disciples, there are the geneticists B.L. Astaurov, S.S. Chetverikov, N.P. Dubinin, V.P. Efroimson, I.A. Rapoport, V.V. Sakharov, and N.V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky; histologist G.I. Roskin, experimental surgeon A.G. Lapchinsky, developmental biologist M.M. Zavadovsky, physiologist L.V. Krushinsky, microbiologist S.M. Gershenson, biochemist V.A. Engelhardt, hydrobiologist G.G. Vinberg, cytologist M.A. Peshkov, and many other famous Soviet biologists. He made several fundamental discoveries; the first of them was the discovery of the cytoskeleton (1903). He was the first to formulate the idea of a crystal-like mechanism for copying inherited information (1927) and the principles of epigenetics (as well as the term itself, in 1934; it seems astonishing, but as early as 1915, he hypothesized that the gene methylation might be a mechanism of genetic variability). He started the work which later led his disciples V.V. Sakharov and I.A. Rapoport to the discovery of chemical mutagenesis. His research on sex regulation in silkworms was later successfully continued by B.L. Astaurov. Koltzoff encouraged S.S. Chetverikov, the entomologist, to study the genetics of natural Drosophila populations, which went on to form the basis of the Modern Synthesis reconciling Darwinian evolutionary theory and the Mendelian laws of heredity. Unfortunately, the name of N.K. Koltzoff has almost sunk into oblivion. This is largely due to the fact that mentioning his name was prohibited in the USSR over a long period of time, since he was a staunch opponent of Lysenko. In this paper dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Koltzoff, we briefly describe the milestones of the life and scientific research of this outstanding biologist and his scientific school.},
}

Animals
History, 20th Century
*Heredity
Russia
Biological Evolution
Mutagenesis
*Bombyx

@article {pmid36943805,
year = {2023},
author = {van Dijk, PJ and Noel Ellis, TH},
title = {Gregor Mendel and the theory of species multiplication.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {224},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/genetics/iyad046},
pmid = {36943805},
issn = {1943-2631},
mesh = {History, 19th Century ; Phenotype ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Inheritance Patterns ; Pisum sativum/genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; *Genetics ; },
abstract = {According to the revisionist interpretation of Mendel's pea crosses, his primary aim was not to study the inheritance of traits. Instead, he was interested in the question raised by Linnaeus as to whether new species could arise from the hybridization of existing species. The genetic interpretation is therefore seen as ahistorical by the revisionists. This view goes back to the 1979 article "Mendel no Mendelian?" by the historian of science R.C. Olby. A closer analysis shows that Olby implicitly assumed Mendel adhered to the unusual strictest species definition for Pisum. However, we argue that Mendel only mentions the hypothetical application of this strict definition in his 1866 paper. Like most of his contemporaries, Mendel accepted variation within species where the differences between varieties and species were a matter of degree. After researching variable hybrids in peas (Pisum; 1854-1863), Mendel also studied constant hybrids in hawkweeds (Hieracium; 1866-1873), which he considered to be new species. There is no debate about the latter, but the matter becomes muddled because Olby lumps Pisum and Hieracium together, despite their having completely different reproduction systems. Based on newly discovered historical sources, we also dispute several other assumptions made by Olby. We do not consider Olby's claim that Mendel conducted the Pisum experiments to investigate species multiplication to be tenable.},
}

History, 19th Century
Phenotype
*Hybridization, Genetic
Inheritance Patterns
Pisum sativum/genetics
Databases, Genetic
*Genetics

@article {pmid36847224,
year = {2023},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {The era of the Dawn of Mendelian research in the field of psychiatry: Rüdin's 1922 review paper "regarding the heredity of mental disturbances".},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {192},
number = {3-4},
pages = {53-61},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32934},
pmid = {36847224},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Humans ; History, 20th Century ; Eugenics ; *Heredity ; *Mental Disorders ; *Bipolar Disorder ; *Psychiatry ; Germany ; },
abstract = {On September 27, 1922, Ernst Rüdin gave an address to the Annual Conference of the German Society of Genetics entitled "Regarding the Heredity of Mental Disturbances." Published in a 37-page article, Rüdin reviewed the progress in the field of Mendelian psychiatric genetics, then hardly more than a decade old. Topics included (a) the status of Mendelian analyses of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity which had expanded to include two and three locus and early polygenic models and sometimes included, respectively, schizoid and cyclothymic personalities; (b) a critique of theories for the explanation of co-occurrence of different psychiatric disorders within families; and (c) a sharp methodologic critique of Davenport and Rosanoff's contemporary work which emphasized Rüdin's commitment to careful, expert phenotyping, a primary focus on well-validated psychiatric disorders and not broad spectra of putatively inter-related conditions, and an emphasis on rigorous statistical modeling as seen in his continued collaboration with Wilhelm Weinberg.},
}

Humans
History, 20th Century
Eugenics
*Heredity
*Mental Disorders
*Bipolar Disorder
*Psychiatry
Germany

@article {pmid36649403,
year = {2023},
author = {Pearson, J and Evans, J and Lamb, A and Baird, D and Hodder, I and Marciniak, A and Larsen, CS and Knüsel, CJ and Haddow, SD and Pilloud, MA and Bogaard, A and Fairbairn, A and Plug, JH and Mazzucato, C and Mustafaoğlu, G and Feldman, M and Somel, M and Fernández-Domínguez, E},
title = {Mobility and kinship in the world's first village societies.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {4},
pages = {e2209480119},
pmid = {36649403},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Humans ; History, Ancient ; *Social Behavior ; *Life Style ; Turkey ; Strontium ; Sedentary Behavior ; },
abstract = {Around 10,000 y ago in southwest Asia, the cessation of a mobile lifestyle and the emergence of the first village communities during the Neolithic marked a fundamental change in human history. The first communities were small (tens to hundreds of individuals) but remained semisedentary. So-called megasites appeared soon after, occupied by thousands of more sedentary inhabitants. Accompanying this shift, the material culture and ancient ecological data indicate profound changes in economic and social behavior. A shift from residential to logistical mobility and increasing population size are clear and can be explained by either changes in fertility and/or aggregation of local groups. However, as sedentism increased, small early communities likely risked inbreeding without maintaining or establishing exogamous relationships typical of hunter-gatherers. Megasites, where large populations would have made endogamy sustainable, could have avoided this risk. To examine the role of kinship practices in the rise of megasites, we measured strontium and oxygen isotopes in tooth enamel from 99 individuals buried at Pınarbaşı, Boncuklu, and Çatalhöyük (Turkey) over 7,000 y. These sites are geographically proximate and, critically, span both early sedentary behaviors (Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu) and the rise of a local megasite (Çatalhöyük). Our data are consistent with the presence of only local individuals at Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu, whereas at Çatalhöyük, several nonlocals are present. The Çatalhöyük data stand in contrast to other megasites where bioarchaeological evidence has pointed to strict endogamy. These different kinship behaviors suggest that megasites may have arisen by employing unique, community-specific kinship practices.},
}

Humans
History, Ancient
*Social Behavior
*Life Style
Turkey
Strontium
Sedentary Behavior

@article {pmid36493775,
year = {2023},
author = {Koptekin, D and Yüncü, E and Rodríguez-Varela, R and Altınışık, NE and Psonis, N and Kashuba, N and Yorulmaz, S and George, R and Kazancı, DD and Kaptan, D and Gürün, K and Vural, KB and Gemici, HC and Vassou, D and Daskalaki, E and Karamurat, C and Lagerholm, VK and Erdal, ÖD and Kırdök, E and Marangoni, A and Schachner, A and Üstündağ, H and Shengelia, R and Bitadze, L and Elashvili, M and Stravopodi, E and Özbaşaran, M and Duru, G and Nafplioti, A and Rose, CB and Gencer, T and Darbyshire, G and Gavashelishvili, A and Pitskhelauri, K and Çevik, Ö and Vuruşkan, O and Kyparissi-Apostolika, N and Büyükkarakaya, AM and Oğuzhanoğlu, U and Günel, S and Tabakaki, E and Aliev, A and Ibrahimov, A and Shadlinski, V and Sampson, A and Kılınç, GM and Atakuman, Ç and Stamatakis, A and Poulakakis, N and Erdal, YS and Pavlidis, P and Storå, J and Özer, F and Götherström, A and Somel, M},
title = {Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {41-57.e15},
pmid = {36493775},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; History, Ancient ; *Racial Groups ; Iran ; *Genome, Human ; Gene Flow ; Human Migration ; Genetics, Population ; },
abstract = {We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holocene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holocene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term "the expanding mobility model." Interestingly, this increase in inter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f3-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used FST statistic, due to the sensitivity of FST, but not outgroup-f3, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene.},
}

Humans
Male
History, Ancient
*Racial Groups
Iran
*Genome, Human
Gene Flow
Human Migration
Genetics, Population

@article {pmid36260544,
year = {2022},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {Hermann Hoffmann's 1921 Monograph: "The Offspring of Endogenous Psychoses: Genealogical-Characterological Examinations".},
journal = {Schizophrenia bulletin},
volume = {48},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S20-S27},
pmid = {36260544},
issn = {1745-1701},
mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; Eugenics ; *Psychotic Disorders ; },
abstract = {Five years after the publication of Rüdin's major sibling study, Hermann Hoffmann, working with Rüdin, performed the first systematic study of the risk for dementia praecox (DP) in offspring of DP probands. Field work was limited to 3 months. Hoffmann ascertained families with at least one parent with certain DP, after Kraepelin, with children the youngest of whom were at least 30 years old. These families contained 103 offspring 30 years or older of whom 7 had definite DP and two possible DP for an estimated risk of 6.8%-8.7%. Hoffmann assessed schizoidia in these children, reporting the quite high risk figure of 47.6%. Hoffmann explored a wide range of two and three locus recessive models in his modest sample. He finds Rüdin's two locus recessive model at the boundary of his results and then reviews three additional more complex models. The simplest is a three-locus recessive model which fits his data better. He also explores an oligogenic three locus model with risk classes of individuals with 1 to 6 risk alleles and an epistatic model where two loci form a di-recessive model for schizoidia, and the third locus is a dominant required for the expression of psychosis. Hoffman questioned whether DP was a "unit-character" appropriate for Mendelian analysis and advocated for a much larger study of offspring. His work should be appreciated in light of his enthusiastic endorsement of Nazi eugenic goals.},
}

Adult
Humans
Eugenics
*Psychotic Disorders

@article {pmid36260542,
year = {2022},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {Rüdin's 1916 Monograph: On the Inheritance and Primary Origin of Dementia Praecox.},
journal = {Schizophrenia bulletin},
volume = {48},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S8-S19},
pmid = {36260542},
issn = {1745-1701},
mesh = {Male ; Humans ; Eugenics ; *Psychotic Disorders ; Risk Factors ; Morbidity ; *Schizophrenia/genetics ; },
abstract = {In 1916, Ernst Rüdin published the first modern family study in the history of psychiatric genetics, the major goal of which was to test whether the pattern of risk in the siblings of dementia praecox (DP) probands followed Mendelian expectations. He utilized systematic ascertainment of probands and multisourced diagnostic assessments of probands and relatives, applying the narrow Kraepelinian concept of DP. In a novel step, he collaborated closely with a statistical geneticist-Wilhelm Weinberg-and applied his sibling, proband, and age correction methods. In his key sample-701 sibships when neither parent had DP-the morbid risk for DP in siblings was 4.48%, much lower than 25% expected for a recessive disorder. Risk for DP was increased by alcoholism or other mental disorders in parents. Other non-DP psychoses were common in both siblings and parents of DP probands. Rüdin discussed several alternative genetic models for DP including a 2-locus recessive, incomplete penetrance, and an oligogenic model. The high rates of other psychoses and psychopathic personalities in relatives might arise, he suggested, because these disorders shared genetic risks with DP. Rüdin established that DP, when carefully studied, ran in families, did not have a simple Mendelian genetic transmission pattern, and appeared likely to be genetically related to other non-DP psychotic disorders and perhaps some kinds of psychopathic personalities. This study, the most important in Rüdin's career, should be viewed in the context of his later extensive support of and collaboration with Nazi eugenic policies.},
}

Male
Humans
Eugenics
*Psychotic Disorders
Risk Factors
Morbidity
*Schizophrenia/genetics

@article {pmid36191217,
year = {2022},
author = {Reitsema, LJ and Mittnik, A and Kyle, B and Catalano, G and Fabbri, PF and Kazmi, ACS and Reinberger, KL and Sineo, L and Vassallo, S and Bernardos, R and Broomandkhoshbacht, N and Callan, K and Candilio, F and Cheronet, O and Curtis, E and Fernandes, D and Lari, M and Lawson, AM and Mah, M and Mallick, S and Mandl, K and Micco, A and Modi, A and Oppenheimer, J and Özdogan, KT and Rohland, N and Stewardson, K and Vai, S and Vergata, C and Workman, JN and Zalzala, F and Zaro, V and Achilli, A and Anagnostopoulos, A and Capelli, C and Constantinou, V and Lancioni, H and Olivieri, A and Papadopoulou, A and Psatha, N and Semino, O and Stamatoyannopoulos, J and Valliannou, I and Yannaki, E and Lazaridis, I and Patterson, N and Ringbauer, H and Caramelli, D and Pinhasi, R and Reich, D},
title = {The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {119},
number = {41},
pages = {e2205272119},
pmid = {36191217},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HG012287/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; n/a//Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)/ ; },
mesh = {*Archaeology/methods ; Europe ; Greece ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Military Personnel ; Warfare ; },
abstract = {Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world.},
}

*Archaeology/methods
Europe
Greece
History, Ancient
Humans
*Military Personnel
Warfare

@article {pmid36086833,
year = {2022},
author = {Löwy, I},
title = {Precision Medicine: Historiography of Life Sciences and the Geneticization of the Clinics.},
journal = {Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte},
volume = {45},
number = {3},
pages = {487-498},
pmid = {36086833},
issn = {1522-2365},
mesh = {*Biological Science Disciplines ; *Historiography ; Molecular Biology ; Precision Medicine ; },
abstract = {In 2013, Hans Jörg Rheinberger proposed that Mendelian genetics and molecular biology were "scientific ideologies," that is, for him they are systems of thought whose objects are hyperbolic; they are not, or not yet, in the realm of and not, or not yet, under the control of that system. This article proposes that precision medicine today is a scientific ideology and analyses the implications of this statement for historians of biology, genetics, and medicine.},
}

*Biological Science Disciplines
*Historiography
Molecular Biology
Precision Medicine

@article {pmid36007055,
year = {2022},
author = {Lazaridis, I and Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S and Acar, A and Açıkkol, A and Agelarakis, A and Aghikyan, L and Akyüz, U and Andreeva, D and Andrijašević, G and Antonović, D and Armit, I and Atmaca, A and Avetisyan, P and Aytek, Aİ and Bacvarov, K and Badalyan, R and Bakardzhiev, S and Balen, J and Bejko, L and Bernardos, R and Bertsatos, A and Biber, H and Bilir, A and Bodružić, M and Bonogofsky, M and Bonsall, C and Borić, D and Borovinić, N and Bravo Morante, G and Buttinger, K and Callan, K and Candilio, F and Carić, M and Cheronet, O and Chohadzhiev, S and Chovalopoulou, ME and Chryssoulaki, S and Ciobanu, I and Čondić, N and Constantinescu, M and Cristiani, E and Culleton, BJ and Curtis, E and Davis, J and Demcenco, TI and Dergachev, V and Derin, Z and Deskaj, S and Devejyan, S and Djordjević, V and Duffett Carlson, KS and Eccles, LR and Elenski, N and Engin, A and Erdoğan, N and Erir-Pazarcı, S and Fernandes, DM and Ferry, M and Freilich, S and Frînculeasa, A and Galaty, ML and Gamarra, B and Gasparyan, B and Gaydarska, B and Genç, E and Gültekin, T and Gündüz, S and Hajdu, T and Heyd, V and Hobosyan, S and Hovhannisyan, N and Iliev, I and Iliev, L and Iliev, S and İvgin, İ and Janković, I and Jovanova, L and Karkanas, P and Kavaz-Kındığılı, B and Kaya, EH and Keating, D and Kennett, DJ and Deniz Kesici, S and Khudaverdyan, A and Kiss, K and Kılıç, S and Klostermann, P and Kostak Boca Negra Valdes, S and Kovačević, S and Krenz-Niedbała, M and Krznarić Škrivanko, M and Kurti, R and Kuzman, P and Lawson, AM and Lazar, C and Leshtakov, K and Levy, TE and Liritzis, I and Lorentz, KO and Łukasik, S and Mah, M and Mallick, S and Mandl, K and Martirosyan-Olshansky, K and Matthews, R and Matthews, W and McSweeney, K and Melikyan, V and Micco, A and Michel, M and Milašinović, L and Mittnik, A and Monge, JM and Nekhrizov, G and Nicholls, R and Nikitin, AG and Nikolov, V and Novak, M and Olalde, I and Oppenheimer, J and Osterholtz, A and Özdemir, C and Özdoğan, KT and Öztürk, N and Papadimitriou, N and Papakonstantinou, N and Papathanasiou, A and Paraman, L and Paskary, EG and Patterson, N and Petrakiev, I and Petrosyan, L and Petrova, V and Philippa-Touchais, A and Piliposyan, A and Pocuca Kuzman, N and Potrebica, H and Preda-Bălănică, B and Premužić, Z and Price, TD and Qiu, L and Radović, S and Raeuf Aziz, K and Rajić Šikanjić, P and Rasheed Raheem, K and Razumov, S and Richardson, A and Roodenberg, J and Ruka, R and Russeva, V and Şahin, M and Şarbak, A and Savaş, E and Schattke, C and Schepartz, L and Selçuk, T and Sevim-Erol, A and Shamoon-Pour, M and Shephard, HM and Sideris, A and Simalcsik, A and Simonyan, H and Sinika, V and Sirak, K and Sirbu, G and Šlaus, M and Soficaru, A and Söğüt, B and Sołtysiak, A and Sönmez-Sözer, Ç and Stathi, M and Steskal, M and Stewardson, K and Stocker, S and Suata-Alpaslan, F and Suvorov, A and Szécsényi-Nagy, A and Szeniczey, T and Telnov, N and Temov, S and Todorova, N and Tota, U and Touchais, G and Triantaphyllou, S and Türker, A and Ugarković, M and Valchev, T and Veljanovska, F and Videvski, Z and Virag, C and Wagner, A and Walsh, S and Włodarczak, P and Workman, JN and Yardumian, A and Yarovoy, E and Yavuz, AY and Yılmaz, H and Zalzala, F and Zettl, A and Zhang, Z and Çavuşoğlu, R and Rohland, N and Pinhasi, R and Reich, D and Davtyan, R},
title = {The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {377},
number = {6609},
pages = {eabm4247},
pmid = {36007055},
issn = {1095-9203},
support = {R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HG012287/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Asia ; Balkan Peninsula ; Europe ; *Gene Flow ; *Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; *Human Migration/history ; Humans ; White People/genetics ; },
abstract = {By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.},
}

Asia
Balkan Peninsula
Europe
*Gene Flow
*Genome, Human
History, Ancient
*Human Migration/history
Humans
White People/genetics

@article {pmid36007054,
year = {2022},
author = {Lazaridis, I and Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S and Acar, A and Açıkkol, A and Agelarakis, A and Aghikyan, L and Akyüz, U and Andreeva, D and Andrijašević, G and Antonović, D and Armit, I and Atmaca, A and Avetisyan, P and Aytek, Aİ and Bacvarov, K and Badalyan, R and Bakardzhiev, S and Balen, J and Bejko, L and Bernardos, R and Bertsatos, A and Biber, H and Bilir, A and Bodružić, M and Bonogofsky, M and Bonsall, C and Borić, D and Borovinić, N and Bravo Morante, G and Buttinger, K and Callan, K and Candilio, F and Carić, M and Cheronet, O and Chohadzhiev, S and Chovalopoulou, ME and Chryssoulaki, S and Ciobanu, I and Čondić, N and Constantinescu, M and Cristiani, E and Culleton, BJ and Curtis, E and Davis, J and Demcenco, TI and Dergachev, V and Derin, Z and Deskaj, S and Devejyan, S and Djordjević, V and Duffett Carlson, KS and Eccles, LR and Elenski, N and Engin, A and Erdoğan, N and Erir-Pazarcı, S and Fernandes, DM and Ferry, M and Freilich, S and Frînculeasa, A and Galaty, ML and Gamarra, B and Gasparyan, B and Gaydarska, B and Genç, E and Gültekin, T and Gündüz, S and Hajdu, T and Heyd, V and Hobosyan, S and Hovhannisyan, N and Iliev, I and Iliev, L and Iliev, S and İvgin, İ and Janković, I and Jovanova, L and Karkanas, P and Kavaz-Kındığılı, B and Kaya, EH and Keating, D and Kennett, DJ and Deniz Kesici, S and Khudaverdyan, A and Kiss, K and Kılıç, S and Klostermann, P and Kostak Boca Negra Valdes, S and Kovačević, S and Krenz-Niedbała, M and Krznarić Škrivanko, M and Kurti, R and Kuzman, P and Lawson, AM and Lazar, C and Leshtakov, K and Levy, TE and Liritzis, I and Lorentz, KO and Łukasik, S and Mah, M and Mallick, S and Mandl, K and Martirosyan-Olshansky, K and Matthews, R and Matthews, W and McSweeney, K and Melikyan, V and Micco, A and Michel, M and Milašinović, L and Mittnik, A and Monge, JM and Nekhrizov, G and Nicholls, R and Nikitin, AG and Nikolov, V and Novak, M and Olalde, I and Oppenheimer, J and Osterholtz, A and Özdemir, C and Özdoğan, KT and Öztürk, N and Papadimitriou, N and Papakonstantinou, N and Papathanasiou, A and Paraman, L and Paskary, EG and Patterson, N and Petrakiev, I and Petrosyan, L and Petrova, V and Philippa-Touchais, A and Piliposyan, A and Pocuca Kuzman, N and Potrebica, H and Preda-Bălănică, B and Premužić, Z and Price, TD and Qiu, L and Radović, S and Raeuf Aziz, K and Rajić Šikanjić, P and Rasheed Raheem, K and Razumov, S and Richardson, A and Roodenberg, J and Ruka, R and Russeva, V and Şahin, M and Şarbak, A and Savaş, E and Schattke, C and Schepartz, L and Selçuk, T and Sevim-Erol, A and Shamoon-Pour, M and Shephard, HM and Sideris, A and Simalcsik, A and Simonyan, H and Sinika, V and Sirak, K and Sirbu, G and Šlaus, M and Soficaru, A and Söğüt, B and Sołtysiak, A and Sönmez-Sözer, Ç and Stathi, M and Steskal, M and Stewardson, K and Stocker, S and Suata-Alpaslan, F and Suvorov, A and Szécsényi-Nagy, A and Szeniczey, T and Telnov, N and Temov, S and Todorova, N and Tota, U and Touchais, G and Triantaphyllou, S and Türker, A and Ugarković, M and Valchev, T and Veljanovska, F and Videvski, Z and Virag, C and Wagner, A and Walsh, S and Włodarczak, P and Workman, JN and Yardumian, A and Yarovoy, E and Yavuz, AY and Yılmaz, H and Zalzala, F and Zettl, A and Zhang, Z and Çavuşoğlu, R and Rohland, N and Pinhasi, R and Reich, D and Davtyan, R},
title = {Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {377},
number = {6609},
pages = {982-987},
pmid = {36007054},
issn = {1095-9203},
support = {R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HG012287/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {Archaeology ; Armenia ; Cyprus ; DNA, Ancient ; *Farmers/history ; *Gene Flow ; History, Ancient ; *Human Migration/history ; Mesopotamia ; },
abstract = {We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.},
}

Archaeology
Armenia
Cyprus
DNA, Ancient
*Farmers/history
*Gene Flow
History, Ancient
*Human Migration/history
Mesopotamia

@article {pmid36007020,
year = {2022},
author = {Lazaridis, I and Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S and Acar, A and Açıkkol, A and Agelarakis, A and Aghikyan, L and Akyüz, U and Andreeva, D and Andrijašević, G and Antonović, D and Armit, I and Atmaca, A and Avetisyan, P and Aytek, Aİ and Bacvarov, K and Badalyan, R and Bakardzhiev, S and Balen, J and Bejko, L and Bernardos, R and Bertsatos, A and Biber, H and Bilir, A and Bodružić, M and Bonogofsky, M and Bonsall, C and Borić, D and Borovinić, N and Bravo Morante, G and Buttinger, K and Callan, K and Candilio, F and Carić, M and Cheronet, O and Chohadzhiev, S and Chovalopoulou, ME and Chryssoulaki, S and Ciobanu, I and Čondić, N and Constantinescu, M and Cristiani, E and Culleton, BJ and Curtis, E and Davis, J and Demcenco, TI and Dergachev, V and Derin, Z and Deskaj, S and Devejyan, S and Djordjević, V and Duffett Carlson, KS and Eccles, LR and Elenski, N and Engin, A and Erdoğan, N and Erir-Pazarcı, S and Fernandes, DM and Ferry, M and Freilich, S and Frînculeasa, A and Galaty, ML and Gamarra, B and Gasparyan, B and Gaydarska, B and Genç, E and Gültekin, T and Gündüz, S and Hajdu, T and Heyd, V and Hobosyan, S and Hovhannisyan, N and Iliev, I and Iliev, L and Iliev, S and İvgin, İ and Janković, I and Jovanova, L and Karkanas, P and Kavaz-Kındığılı, B and Kaya, EH and Keating, D and Kennett, DJ and Deniz Kesici, S and Khudaverdyan, A and Kiss, K and Kılıç, S and Klostermann, P and Kostak Boca Negra Valdes, S and Kovačević, S and Krenz-Niedbała, M and Krznarić Škrivanko, M and Kurti, R and Kuzman, P and Lawson, AM and Lazar, C and Leshtakov, K and Levy, TE and Liritzis, I and Lorentz, KO and Łukasik, S and Mah, M and Mallick, S and Mandl, K and Martirosyan-Olshansky, K and Matthews, R and Matthews, W and McSweeney, K and Melikyan, V and Micco, A and Michel, M and Milašinović, L and Mittnik, A and Monge, JM and Nekhrizov, G and Nicholls, R and Nikitin, AG and Nikolov, V and Novak, M and Olalde, I and Oppenheimer, J and Osterholtz, A and Özdemir, C and Özdoğan, KT and Öztürk, N and Papadimitriou, N and Papakonstantinou, N and Papathanasiou, A and Paraman, L and Paskary, EG and Patterson, N and Petrakiev, I and Petrosyan, L and Petrova, V and Philippa-Touchais, A and Piliposyan, A and Pocuca Kuzman, N and Potrebica, H and Preda-Bălănică, B and Premužić, Z and Price, TD and Qiu, L and Radović, S and Raeuf Aziz, K and Rajić Šikanjić, P and Rasheed Raheem, K and Razumov, S and Richardson, A and Roodenberg, J and Ruka, R and Russeva, V and Şahin, M and Şarbak, A and Savaş, E and Schattke, C and Schepartz, L and Selçuk, T and Sevim-Erol, A and Shamoon-Pour, M and Shephard, HM and Sideris, A and Simalcsik, A and Simonyan, H and Sinika, V and Sirak, K and Sirbu, G and Šlaus, M and Soficaru, A and Söğüt, B and Sołtysiak, A and Sönmez-Sözer, Ç and Stathi, M and Steskal, M and Stewardson, K and Stocker, S and Suata-Alpaslan, F and Suvorov, A and Szécsényi-Nagy, A and Szeniczey, T and Telnov, N and Temov, S and Todorova, N and Tota, U and Touchais, G and Triantaphyllou, S and Türker, A and Ugarković, M and Valchev, T and Veljanovska, F and Videvski, Z and Virag, C and Wagner, A and Walsh, S and Włodarczak, P and Workman, JN and Yardumian, A and Yarovoy, E and Yavuz, AY and Yılmaz, H and Zalzala, F and Zettl, A and Zhang, Z and Çavuşoğlu, R and Rohland, N and Pinhasi, R and Reich, D and Davtyan, R},
title = {A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {377},
number = {6609},
pages = {940-951},
pmid = {36007020},
issn = {1095-9203},
support = {R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HG012287/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {Archaeology ; Asia ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Greece ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; *Human Migration/history ; Humans ; *Population/genetics ; },
abstract = {Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom's northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.},
}

Archaeology
Asia
Europe
Genetic Variation
Greece
History, Ancient
History, Medieval
*Human Migration/history
Humans
*Population/genetics

@article {pmid35931723,
year = {2022},
author = {Silva, NM and Kreutzer, S and Souleles, A and Triantaphyllou, S and Kotsakis, K and Urem-Kotsou, D and Halstead, P and Efstratiou, N and Kotsos, S and Karamitrou-Mentessidi, G and Adaktylou, F and Chondroyianni-Metoki, A and Pappa, M and Ziota, C and Sampson, A and Papathanasiou, A and Vitelli, K and Cullen, T and Kyparissi-Apostolika, N and Lanz, AZ and Peters, J and Rio, J and Wegmann, D and Burger, J and Currat, M and Papageorgopoulou, C},
title = {Ancient mitochondrial diversity reveals population homogeneity in Neolithic Greece and identifies population dynamics along the Danubian expansion axis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {13474},
pmid = {35931723},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {31003A_156853/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; },
mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Ancient ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; Genetics, Population ; Greece ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Mitochondria/genetics ; Population Dynamics ; },
abstract = {The aim of the study is to investigate mitochondrial diversity in Neolithic Greece and its relation to hunter-gatherers and farmers who populated the Danubian Neolithic expansion axis. We sequenced 42 mitochondrial palaeogenomes from Greece and analysed them together with European set of 328 mtDNA sequences dating from the Early to the Final Neolithic and 319 modern sequences. To test for population continuity through time in Greece, we use an original structured population continuity test that simulates DNA from different periods by explicitly considering the spatial and temporal dynamics of populations. We explore specific scenarios of the mode and tempo of the European Neolithic expansion along the Danubian axis applying spatially explicit simulations coupled with Approximate Bayesian Computation. We observe a striking genetic homogeneity for the maternal line throughout the Neolithic in Greece whereas population continuity is rejected between the Neolithic and present-day Greeks. Along the Danubian expansion axis, our best-fitting scenario supports a substantial decrease in mobility and an increasing local hunter-gatherer contribution to the gene-pool of farmers following the initial rapid Neolithic expansion. Οur original simulation approach models key demographic parameters rather than inferring them from fragmentary data leading to a better understanding of this important process in European prehistory.},
}

Bayes Theorem
DNA, Ancient
*DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Europe
Genetics, Population
Greece
History, Ancient
Humans
*Mitochondria/genetics
Population Dynamics

@article {pmid35858408,
year = {2022},
author = {Barton, NH},
title = {The "New Synthesis".},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {119},
number = {30},
pages = {e2122147119},
pmid = {35858408},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; *Genetics/history ; *Heredity ; History, 19th Century ; *Selection, Genetic ; },
abstract = {When Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900, and extended to establish classical genetics, it was initially seen in opposition to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection on continuous variation, as represented by the biometric research program that was the foundation of quantitative genetics. As Fisher, Haldane, and Wright established a century ago, Mendelian inheritance is exactly what is needed for natural selection to work efficiently. Yet, the synthesis remains unfinished. We do not understand why sexual reproduction and a fair meiosis predominate in eukaryotes, or how far these are responsible for their diversity and complexity. Moreover, although quantitative geneticists have long known that adaptive variation is highly polygenic, and that this is essential for efficient selection, this is only now becoming appreciated by molecular biologists-and we still do not have a good framework for understanding polygenic variation or diffuse function.},
}

*Biological Evolution
*Genetics/history
*Heredity
History, 19th Century
*Selection, Genetic

@article {pmid35852990,
year = {2022},
author = {McLysaght, A},
title = {The deceptive simplicity of mendelian genetics.},
journal = {PLoS biology},
volume = {20},
number = {7},
pages = {e3001691},
pmid = {35852990},
issn = {1545-7885},
mesh = {*Cognition ; *Genetics ; History, 19th Century ; },
abstract = {Mendel, a genius experimentalist, meticulously uncovered the genetic basis of heredity in work that transformed the science of biology. But does the alluring simplicity of Mendel's laws sometimes obscure the true complexity of genetics?},
}

*Cognition
*Genetics
History, 19th Century

@article {pmid35841840,
year = {2022},
author = {Pence, CH},
title = {Of stirps and chromosomes: Generality through detail.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of science},
volume = {94},
number = {},
pages = {177-190},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.06.015},
pmid = {35841840},
issn = {0039-3681},
mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Biometry ; Chromosomes/genetics ; *Heredity ; *Historiography ; },
abstract = {One claim found in the received historiography of the biometrical school (comprised primarily of Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and W. F. R. Weldon) is that one of the biometricians' great flaws was their inability to look past their population-focused, statistical, gradualist understanding of evolutionary change - which led, in part, to their ignoring developments in cellular biology around 1900. I will argue, on the contrary, that the work of the biometricians was, from its earliest days, fundamentally concerned with connections between statistical patterns of inheritance and the underlying cellular features that gave rise to them. Such work remained current with contemporary knowledge of chromosomes, cytology, and development; in this article, I explore the first case. The biometricians were thus well positioned to understand the relationship between the patterns of Mendelian inheritance and the statistical distributions with which they primarily occupied themselves. Ignorance of this connection, then, is not the reason why they rejected Mendelism. Further, both Galton and Weldon - though each in their own unique way - decided to turn to biological detail as a way to better justify the generality of their statistical approaches to heredity. Perhaps paradoxically, then, for these biometricians, detail offered an approach to theoretical generality.},
}

Biological Evolution
Biometry
Chromosomes/genetics
*Heredity
*Historiography

@article {pmid35804181,
year = {2022},
author = {Cilia, G and Flaminio, S and Quaranta, M},
title = {A novel and non-invasive method for DNA extraction from dry bee specimens.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {11679},
pmid = {35804181},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/genetics ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Museums ; Phylogeny ; Preservation, Biological ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; },
abstract = {In recent years molecular techniques have been used on museum material as integrative support for classic taxonomy. This cumulative systematics approach is especially for rare or extinct specimens, and genetic analysis may be useful to discern information that is not possible to glean from live materials or morphology. To date, the extraction of DNA required at least a partial destruction of the specimens, which is not possible for all individuals, especially the types. In this study, we described a novel method to extract mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from pinned museum bee individuals to avoid any external morphological damage. This method was able to amplify the mtDNA Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in bee samples collected up to 27 years ago. We tested the efficacy of this method on 72 preserved be specimens belonging to nine species among four families, it could be used on many museums' rare and/or extinct bee species because it does not provide external morphological damages. The method could be helpful for providing ecological, taxonomic, and phylogenetic information about specimens preserved in museum collections.},
}

Animals
Bees/genetics
*DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
*Museums
Phylogeny
Preservation, Biological
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods

@article {pmid35588742,
year = {2022},
author = {Ariano, B and Mattiangeli, V and Breslin, EM and Parkinson, EW and McLaughlin, TR and Thompson, JE and Power, RK and Stock, JT and Mercieca-Spiteri, B and Stoddart, S and Malone, C and Gopalakrishnan, S and Cassidy, LM and Bradley, DG},
title = {Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {32},
number = {12},
pages = {2668-2680.e6},
pmid = {35588742},
issn = {1879-0445},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 205072/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 205072/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Agriculture ; *Archaeology ; DNA, Ancient ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; *Genome, Human ; Geography ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Archaeological consideration of maritime connectivity has ranged from a biogeographical perspective that considers the sea as a barrier to a view of seaways as ancient highways that facilitate exchange. Our results illustrate the former. We report three Late Neolithic human genomes from the Mediterranean island of Malta that are markedly enriched for runs of homozygosity, indicating inbreeding in their ancestry and an effective population size of only hundreds, a striking illustration of maritime isolation in this agricultural society. In the Late Neolithic, communities across mainland Europe experienced a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry, pointing toward the persistence of different ancestral strands that subsequently admixed. This is absent in the Maltese genomes, giving a further indication of their genomic insularity. Imputation of genome-wide genotypes in our new and 258 published ancient individuals allowed shared identity-by-descent segment analysis, giving a fine-grained genetic geography of Neolithic Europe. This highlights the differentiating effects of seafaring Mediterranean expansion and also island colonization, including that of Ireland, Britain, and Orkney. These maritime effects contrast profoundly with a lack of migratory barriers in the establishment of Central European farming populations from Anatolia and the Balkans.},
}

Agriculture
*Archaeology
DNA, Ancient
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Europe
*Genome, Human
Geography
History, Ancient
Human Migration
Humans

@article {pmid35508651,
year = {2022},
author = {Gelabert, P and Schmidt, RW and Fernandes, DM and Karsten, JK and Harper, TK and Madden, GD and Ledogar, SH and Sokhatsky, M and Oota, H and Kennett, DJ and Pinhasi, R},
title = {Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {7242},
pmid = {35508651},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {PACE #70245/MCCC_/Marie Curie/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Agriculture ; *DNA, Ancient ; Europe ; Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; *Human Migration ; Humans ; Ukraine ; },
abstract = {The transition to agriculture occurred relatively late in Eastern Europe, leading researchers to debate whether it was a gradual, interactive process or a colonisation event. In the forest and forest-steppe regions of Ukraine, farming appeared during the fifth millennium BCE, associated with the Cucuteni-Trypillia cultural complex (CTCC, ~ 5000-3000 BCE). Across Europe, the Neolithisation process was highly variable across space and over time. Here, we investigate the population dynamics of early agriculturalists from the eastern forest-steppe region based on the analyses of 20 ancient genomes from the site of Verteba Cave (3935-825 cal BCE). Results reveal that the CTCC individuals' ancestry is related to both western hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern farmers, has no local ancestry associated with Ukrainian Neolithic hunter-gatherers and has steppe ancestry. An Early Bronze Age individual has an ancestry profile related to the Yamnaya expansions but with 20% of ancestry related to the other Trypillian individuals, which suggests admixture between the Trypillians and the incoming populations carrying steppe-related ancestry. A Late Bronze Age individual dated to 980-825 cal BCE has a genetic profile indicating affinity to Beaker-related populations, detected close to 1000 years after the end of the Bell Beaker phenomenon during the third millennium BCE.},
}

Agriculture
*DNA, Ancient
Europe
Genome, Human
History, Ancient
*Human Migration
Humans
Ukraine

@article {pmid35378166,
year = {2022},
author = {Roll-Hansen, N},
title = {A special role for the genotype? Some comments on Keith Baverstock: "The gene: An appraisal".},
journal = {Progress in biophysics and molecular biology},
volume = {172},
number = {},
pages = {82-89},
doi = {10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.03.005},
pmid = {35378166},
issn = {1873-1732},
mesh = {Genotype ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Phenotype ; *Physicians ; },
abstract = {There is at present uneasiness about the conceptual basis of genetics. The gene concept has become blurred and there are problems with the distinction between genotype and phenotype. In the present paper I go back to their role in the creation of modern genetics in the early twentieth century. The terms were introduced by the Danish botanist and geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen in his big textbook of 1909. Historical accounts usually concentrate on this book and his 1911 paper "The Genotype Conception of Heredity." His bean selection experiment of 1900-1903 is generally assumed to be the source of his genotype theory. The present paper examines the scientific context and meaning of this experiment, how it was received, and how the genotype theory became securely established by the early 1910s. I argue in conclusion that the genotype/phenotype distinction, which provides the empirical basis for Johannsen's gene, was scientifically well founded when introduced and still is. Keith Baverstock's criticism does not consider the force of the bean selection experiment at the time and as a paradigm for following investigations of heredity.},
}

Genotype
History, 20th Century
Humans
Phenotype
*Physicians

@article {pmid35025067,
year = {2022},
author = {Carlson, SJ and Bauer, CE and Govindjee, G},
title = {Remembering Robert (Bob) Togasaki (1932-2019): A leader in Chlamydomonas genetics and in plant biology, as well as a teacher par excellence.},
journal = {Photosynthesis research},
volume = {152},
number = {1},
pages = {73-86},
pmid = {35025067},
issn = {1573-5079},
mesh = {Biology ; Carbon ; *Chlamydomonas/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Robert (Bob) K. Togasaki was devoted to science and the people in the scientific community. He elucidated some of the most fundamental aspects of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism through classic genetic approaches and later using the tools of modern biotechnology. Along the way, he freely shared his ideas and enthusiasm with established scientists, junior researchers, graduate students, and even elementary students. His career trajectory led him to work with some of the leaders in the field, including the late Martin Gibbs and R. Paul Levine. His dedicated research has led to a more complete understanding of some of the core biochemical functions relating to photosynthesis of the green alga Chlamydomonas; this has included carbon-concentrating mechanisms, hydrogenases, and superoxide dismutase to name just a few. The focus of this Tribute is personal reminiscences by his postdoctoral advisor R. Paul Levine; his collaborators Teruo Ogawa, Jean-David Rochaix, Hidehiro Sakurai, Michael Seibert; and by his students William Belknap, Susan Carlson, Charlene Forest, Arthur Grossman, Gregory Katzman, Masahiko Kitayama, and Jon Suzuki. All remember Bob Togasaki for his intellect, dedication to science education, and his unwavering goodwill and optimism towards his fellow human beings.},
}

Biology
Carbon
*Chlamydomonas/genetics
History, 20th Century
Humans
Male
Photosynthesis/genetics

@article {pmid35023262,
year = {2022},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {The place of Franz Kallmann's 1938 "the genetics of schizophrenia" in the history of psychiatric genetics.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {189},
number = {1-2},
pages = {26-36},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32886},
pmid = {35023262},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Brain ; Eugenics ; Family ; Germany ; Humans ; *Schizophrenia/diagnosis/genetics ; United States ; },
abstract = {This essay provides the historical context and key findings of one of the largest fieldwork-based family studies ever done in the history of psychiatric genetics conducted in Berlin by Franz Kallmann from 1929 to 1933. It included over 1,000 schizophrenic probands and 12,500 of their relatives including siblings, offspring, nieces/nephews and grandchildren. The work was analyzed in close collaboration with Rüdin, Schulz, and Luxenburger in Munich. Born of Jewish parents, Kallmann had to leave Germany in 1936, completing and publishing the monograph in the United States in 1938. This study included a number of methodologic advances over the classic 1916 sibling study of Rüdin: (a) joint analysis of multiple classes of relatives; (b) subdivision of schizophrenia into four subtypes; (c) a focus on schizoid personality [schizoidia]; (d) examination of the familial aggregation of schizophrenia; and (e) a more complex genetic model-with schizophrenia arising from a single-recessive gene with 70% penetrance and background polygenic influences, and schizoidia from heterozygotes. Kallmann found important differences in risk of relatives in nuclear versus peripheral subtypes and concluded that schizoidia was a part of schizophrenia disease complex while other psychopathies, feeblemindedness, and organic brain disorders were not. Kallmann was strongly invested in the eugenic implications of his results.},
}

Brain
Eugenics
Family
Germany
Humans
*Schizophrenia/diagnosis/genetics
United States

@article {pmid35022602,
year = {2022},
author = {},
title = {A very Mendelian year.},
journal = {Nature genetics},
volume = {54},
number = {1},
pages = {1},
doi = {10.1038/s41588-021-01002-x},
pmid = {35022602},
issn = {1546-1718},
mesh = {COVID-19/genetics ; Deep Learning ; Genetic Research ; Genetics/*history/trends ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Plants/genetics ; },
}

COVID-19/genetics
Deep Learning
Genetic Research
Genetics/*history/trends
History, 21st Century
Humans
Plants/genetics

@article {pmid34997802,
year = {2022},
author = {Kendler, KS},
title = {The beginnings of biometrical psychiatric genetics: Studies of the insane diathesis 1905-1909.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {189},
number = {1-2},
pages = {6-15},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32885},
pmid = {34997802},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Disease Susceptibility ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Research Personnel ; },
abstract = {The year 1900 saw not only the rediscovery of Mendel's hybridization studies but also the publication by Karl Pearson of his newly developed tetrachoric correlation which he used to study the parent-offspring resemblance for the "insane diathesis" in 1905. This was followed by more detailed reports by two of his students/associates: Heron in 1907 and Goring in 1909. Both calculated the tetrachoric correlation for insanity in parent-offspring and Heron for sib-sib pairs. Estimates ranged from approximately +0.30 to +0.60. These papers were statistically sophisticated but demonstrated minimal interest in the phenotype being studied. They are of historical interest because they laid the groundwork for biometrical psychiatric genetics which emerged as a major research paradigm in latter third of the 20th century. In a biting critique of Heron's paper by a young Ernst Rüdin, we see the beginnings of a long-running argument in psychiatric genetics about the relative value of detailed phenotyping versus novel statistical methods and of Mendelian versus Biometrical methods. While much interest has focused on the eugenic orientation of German psychiatric genetics in the early 20th century, these early British biometrical geneticists, like the majority of geneticists of that day, were also ardent advocates of the eugenic application of their research results.},
}

Disease Susceptibility
History, 20th Century
Humans
Male
Phenotype
*Research Personnel

@article {pmid34971081,
year = {2022},
author = {Kendler, KS},
title = {The beginnings of the debate between the Mendelians and the Biometricians in psychiatric genetics: David Heron, Karl Pearson, Abraham Rosanoff, and Charles Davenport 1913-1914.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {189},
number = {1-2},
pages = {16-25},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32884},
pmid = {34971081},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {*Bipolar Disorder ; *Genetic Diseases, X-Linked ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Intellectual Disability ; United States ; },
abstract = {The world learned of the heated dispute about the methodology of the early works by Davenport and Rosanoff claiming Mendelian transmission patterns for mental handicap and psychiatric illness in a bold headline in the New York Times on Sunday, November 9, 1913: ENGLISH EXPERT ATTACKS AMERICAN EUGENIC WORK. I here focus on the debate surrounding Rosanoff's 1911 study where he presented evidence that the neuropathic constitution, including, among its manifestations, dementia praecox, and manic-depressive illness, was an autosomal recessive trait. The "English expert," David Heron, a student of Pearson's, launched the debate in his 1913 paper which argued that Rosanoff's field work methods were biased, his clinical assessments sloppy, his phenotype far too broad, and his statistical approach flawed. Both Davenport, Rosanoff's mentor, and Rosanoff vigorously defended their methods. Behind this sometimes personal debate was the long simmering controversy about the relative validity of Biometrical genetic (represented by Heron and Pearson) and Mendelian genetic (represented by Rosanoff and Davenport) models for genetic transmission in plants, animals and, especially, humans. A review suggests that most of Heron's criticisms were valid. This episode presages later controversies within psychiatric genetics, for example between twin and linkage researchers in the 1980s and 1990s.},
}

*Bipolar Disorder
*Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
History, 20th Century
Humans
*Intellectual Disability
United States

@article {pmid34618559,
year = {2021},
author = {Kocher, A and Papac, L and Barquera, R and Key, FM and Spyrou, MA and Hübler, R and Rohrlach, AB and Aron, F and Stahl, R and Wissgott, A and van Bömmel, F and Pfefferkorn, M and Mittnik, A and Villalba-Mouco, V and Neumann, GU and Rivollat, M and van de Loosdrecht, MS and Majander, K and Tukhbatova, RI and Musralina, L and Ghalichi, A and Penske, S and Sabin, S and Michel, M and Gretzinger, J and Nelson, EA and Ferraz, T and Nägele, K and Parker, C and Keller, M and Guevara, EK and Feldman, M and Eisenmann, S and Skourtanioti, E and Giffin, K and Gnecchi-Ruscone, GA and Friederich, S and Schimmenti, V and Khartanovich, V and Karapetian, MK and Chaplygin, MS and Kufterin, VV and Khokhlov, AA and Chizhevsky, AA and Stashenkov, DA and Kochkina, AF and Tejedor-Rodríguez, C and de Lagrán, ÍG and Arcusa-Magallón, H and Garrido-Pena, R and Royo-Guillén, JI and Nováček, J and Rottier, S and Kacki, S and Saintot, S and Kaverzneva, E and Belinskiy, AB and Velemínský, P and Limburský, P and Kostka, M and Loe, L and Popescu, E and Clarke, R and Lyons, A and Mortimer, R and Sajantila, A and de Armas, YC and Hernandez Godoy, ST and Hernández-Zaragoza, DI and Pearson, J and Binder, D and Lefranc, P and Kantorovich, AR and Maslov, VE and Lai, L and Zoledziewska, M and Beckett, JF and Langová, M and Danielisová, A and Ingman, T and Atiénzar, GG and de Miguel Ibáñez, MP and Romero, A and Sperduti, A and Beckett, S and Salter, SJ and Zilivinskaya, ED and Vasil'ev, DV and von Heyking, K and Burger, RL and Salazar, LC and Amkreutz, L and Navruzbekov, M and Rosenstock, E and Alonso-Fernández, C and Slavchev, V and Kalmykov, AA and Atabiev, BC and Batieva, E and Calmet, MA and Llamas, B and Schultz, M and Krauß, R and Jiménez-Echevarría, J and Francken, M and Shnaider, S and de Knijff, P and Altena, E and Van de Vijver, K and Fehren-Schmitz, L and Tung, TA and Lösch, S and Dobrovolskaya, M and Makarov, N and Read, C and Van Twest, M and Sagona, C and Ramsl, PC and Akar, M and Yener, KA and Ballestero, EC and Cucca, F and Mazzarello, V and Utrilla, P and Rademaker, K and Fernández-Domínguez, E and Baird, D and Semal, P and Márquez-Morfín, L and Roksandic, M and Steiner, H and Salazar-García, DC and Shishlina, N and Erdal, YS and Hallgren, F and Boyadzhiev, Y and Boyadzhiev, K and Küßner, M and Sayer, D and Onkamo, P and Skeates, R and Rojo-Guerra, M and Buzhilova, A and Khussainova, E and Djansugurova, LB and Beisenov, AZ and Samashev, Z and Massy, K and Mannino, M and Moiseyev, V and Mannermaa, K and Balanovsky, O and Deguilloux, MF and Reinhold, S and Hansen, S and Kitov, EP and Dobeš, M and Ernée, M and Meller, H and Alt, KW and Prüfer, K and Warinner, C and Schiffels, S and Stockhammer, PW and Bos, K and Posth, C and Herbig, A and Haak, W and Krause, J and Kühnert, D},
title = {Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {374},
number = {6564},
pages = {182-188},
doi = {10.1126/science.abi5658},
pmid = {34618559},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Americas ; Asia ; Asian People ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*history/virology ; Europe ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; Hepatitis B/*history/virology ; Hepatitis B virus/*classification/*genetics ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Paleontology ; Phylogeny ; White People ; American Indian or Alaska Native ; },
abstract = {Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.},
}

Americas
Asia
Asian People
Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*history/virology
Europe
*Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Variation
Genomics
Hepatitis B/*history/virology
Hepatitis B virus/*classification/*genetics
History, Ancient
Humans
Paleontology
Phylogeny
White People
American Indian or Alaska Native

@article {pmid34532947,
year = {2021},
author = {Puffenberger, EG},
title = {Mendelian disease research in the Plain populations of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {185},
number = {11},
pages = {3322-3333},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.a.62489},
pmid = {34532947},
issn = {1552-4833},
mesh = {Amish/genetics ; Founder Effect ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics/*history ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Pennsylvania/epidemiology ; Translational Science, Biomedical/trends ; },
abstract = {Founder populations have long contributed to our knowledge of rare disease genes and phenotypes. From the pioneering work of Dr. Victor McKusick to today, research in these groups has shed light on rare recessive phenotypes, expanded the clinical spectrum of disease, and facilitated disease gene identification. Current clinical and research studies in these special groups augment the wealth of knowledge already gained, provide new insights into emerging problems such as variant interpretation and reduced penetrance, and contribute to the development of novel therapies for rare genetic diseases. Clinical developments over the past 30 years have altered the fundamental relationship with the Lancaster Plain communities: research has become more collaborative, and the knowledge imparted by these studies is now being harnessed to provide cutting-edge translational medicine to the very community of vulnerable individuals who need it most.},
}

Amish/genetics
Founder Effect
Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics/*history
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genetics, Medical/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Pennsylvania/epidemiology
Translational Science, Biomedical/trends

@article {pmid34463023,
year = {2021},
author = {Francomano, CA},
title = {Victor Almon McKusick: In the footsteps of Mendel and Osler.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {185},
number = {11},
pages = {3193-3201},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.a.62451},
pmid = {34463023},
issn = {1552-4833},
support = {U41 HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Awards and Prizes ; Chromosome Mapping ; Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; United States ; },
abstract = {Victor Almon McKusick (VAM) is widely recognized as the father of the field of medical genetics. He established one of the first medical genetics clinics in the United States at Johns Hopkins in 1957 and developed a robust training program with the tripartite mission of education, research, and clinical care. Thousands of clinicians and scientists were educated over the years through the Short Course in Medical and Molecular Genetics, which VAM founded with Dr. Thomas Roderick in 1960. His Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, serves as the authoritative reference for geneticists around the globe. Throughout his career he was an advocate for mapping the human genome. He collaborated with Dr. Frank Ruddle in founding the International Human Gene Mapping Workshops in the early 70's and was an avid proponent of the Human Genome Project. He was the founding President of the Human Genome Organization and a founding editor of the journal Genomics. His prodigious contributions to the field of medical genetics were recognized by multiple honors, culminating with the Japan Prize in 2008.},
}

Awards and Prizes
Chromosome Mapping
Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetics, Medical/*history
Genome, Human/*genetics
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/history
Humans
United States

@article {pmid34455258,
year = {2021},
author = {Shan, Y},
title = {Beyond Mendelism and Biometry.},
journal = {Studies in history and philosophy of science},
volume = {89},
number = {},
pages = {155-163},
doi = {10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.014},
pmid = {34455258},
issn = {0039-3681},
mesh = {*Biometry/history ; Fruit ; *Genetics/history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Reading Frames ; },
abstract = {Historiographical analyses of the development of genetics in the first decade of the 20th century have been to a great extent framed in the context of the Mendelian-Biometrician controversy. Much has been discussed on the nature, origin, development, and legacy of the controversy. However, such a framework is becoming less useful and fruitful. This paper challenges the traditional historiography framed by the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction. It argues that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction fails to reflect the theoretical and methodological diversity in the controversy. It also argues that the Mendelian-Biometrician distinction is not helpful to make a full understanding of the development of genetics in the first decade of the twentieth century.},
}

*Biometry/history
Fruit
*Genetics/history
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
Reading Frames

@article {pmid34415100,
year = {2021},
author = {Kendler, KS},
title = {Ernst Rüdin's, 1911 vision of a Mendelian psychiatric genetics research program: His paper "Methods and goals of family research in psychiatry".},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {186},
number = {5},
pages = {279-288},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32870},
pmid = {34415100},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Eugenics ; Family ; Germany ; *Goals ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Male ; National Socialism ; *Psychiatry ; },
abstract = {While working under Kraepelin in Munich, Ernst Rüdin, a Swiss-born Psychiatrist, at the age of 26, outlined in a 1911 98-page article, a detailed plan for a future Mendelian-informed family research program for psychiatry. Rüdin would go on to head the Department of Genealogical and Demographic Studies at Kraepelin's Research Institute which became one of the world's leading programs in psychiatric genetics. I here summarize this article, providing a complete translation online. Rüdin's review outlined a paradigm shift in psychiatric genetics research moving from calculations of aggregate hereditary burden, as they applied to the proband, to examining patterns of transmission within family pedigrees which involved careful individual assessments of relatives. He references widely clinical and statistical genetic studies, many focusing on the newly discovered Mendelian laws. However, Rüdin was no genetic reductionist but recognized the contribution of environmental risk factors to psychiatric illness arguing that they should be studied as part of a comprehensive research program. As a committed eugenicist, Rüdin also explored the implications of such a program for "racial hygiene." Rüdin's contributions should be viewed in the context of his extensive collaboration from 1933 to 1945 with the National Socialists and his support for their eugenics program, including involuntary sterilizations.},
}

Eugenics
Family
Germany
*Goals
History, 20th Century
Humans
Male
National Socialism
*Psychiatry

@article {pmid34328209,
year = {2021},
author = {Meza-Peñaloza, A and Zertuche, F and Morehart, C},
title = {Population level comparisons in central Mexico using cranial nonmetric traits.},
journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
volume = {176},
number = {2},
pages = {237-248},
doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24377},
pmid = {34328209},
issn = {1096-8644},
mesh = {Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Burial ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration ; Humans ; *Indians, North American/classification/statistics & numerical data ; Mexico ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We study the genetic diversity between Classic Teotihuacan and its neighboring towns trying to understand how far or close they are at the genetic level.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We use cranial nonmetric traits to study a sample of 280 adult skulls from archaeological sites running from the late Preclassic to the early Postclassic. Samples of Classic Teotihuacan were studied for La Ventilla and San Sebastián Xolalpan neighbors. For the Epiclassic period, samples from Xaltocan, Toluca valley, Mogotes and Xico were used. For the Preclassic and Postclassic samples from Xico were also used. We used a parametric bootstrap for the mean measure of divergence for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Samples from Xico have small biodistance from Preclassic to Postclassic. Samples from Los Mogotes differ depending on the functional context of deposition, with individuals from household burials (funerary) differing from non-funerary, ceremonial interments and exhibiting affinities to Epiclassic samples from Toluca valley. Epiclassic populations from Xaltocan vary significantly from any samples analyzed. Samples from Classic period Teotihuacan vary considerably among them but form a separate genetic group from all the other populations under study.

CONCLUSIONS: The great biodistance separation among Classic Teotihuacan and its neighbor villages of central Mexico let us conclude that, contrary from the classical idea that those villages were confirmed by the inhabitants of Teotihuacan's collapse: They indeed remain as separate populations by themselves.},
}

Anthropology, Physical
Biological Evolution
Burial
History, Ancient
Human Migration
Humans
*Indians, North American/classification/statistics & numerical data
Mexico
Skull/*anatomy & histology

@article {pmid34309858,
year = {2021},
author = {Rakotoambinina, B and Hiffler, L and Gomes, F},
title = {Pediatric thiamine deficiency disorders in high-income countries between 2000 and 2020: a clinical reappraisal.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1498},
number = {1},
pages = {57-76},
pmid = {34309858},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {OPP1176128//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Age Factors ; Beriberi/epidemiology/etiology/history ; Child ; Developed Countries ; Disease Management ; Disease Susceptibility ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Public Health Surveillance ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Thiamine/metabolism ; Thiamine Deficiency/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology/history ; },
abstract = {Often thought to be a nutritional issue limited to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), pediatric thiamine deficiency (PTD) is perceived as being eradicated or anecdotal in high-income countries (HICs). In HICs, classic beriberi cases in breastfed infants by thiamine-deficient mothers living in disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions are thought to be rare. This study aims to assess PTD in HICs in the 21st century. Literature searches were conducted to identify case reports of PTD observed in HICs and published between 2000 and 2020. The analyzed variables were age, country, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations of PTD, and response to thiamine supplementation. One hundred and ten articles were identified, totaling 389 PTD cases that were classified into four age groups: neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Eleven categories of PTD-predisposing factors were identified, including genetic causes, lifestyle (diabetes, obesity, and excessive consumption of sweetened beverages), eating disorders, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders/surgeries, critical illness, and artificial nutrition. TD-associated hyperlactatemia and Wernicke encephalopathy were the most frequent clinical manifestations. The circumstances surrounding PTD in HICs differ from classic PTD observed in LMICs and this study delineates its mutiple predisposing factors. Further studies are required to estimate its magnitude. Awareness is of utmost importance in clinical practice.},
}

Age Factors
Beriberi/epidemiology/etiology/history
Child
Developed Countries
Disease Management
Disease Susceptibility
History, 21st Century
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Public Health Surveillance
Socioeconomic Factors
Thiamine/metabolism
Thiamine Deficiency/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology/history

@article {pmid34308549,
year = {2021},
author = {Juras, A and Ehler, E and Chyleński, M and Pospieszny, Ł and Spinek, AE and Malmström, H and Krzewińska, M and Szostek, K and Pasterkiewicz, W and Florek, M and Wilk, S and Mnich, B and Kruk, J and Szmyt, M and Kozieł, S and Götherström, A and Jakobsson, M and Dabert, M},
title = {Maternal genetic origin of the late and final Neolithic human populations from present-day Poland.},
journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
volume = {176},
number = {2},
pages = {223-236},
doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24372},
pmid = {34308549},
issn = {1096-8644},
mesh = {Anthropology, Physical ; *DNA, Ancient ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Poland ; White People/*genetics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aim to identify maternal genetic affinities between the Middle to Final Neolithic (3850-2300 BC) populations from present-day Poland and possible genetic influences from the Pontic steppe.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted ancient DNA studies from populations associated with Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker, and Corded Ware cultures (CWC). We sequenced genomic libraries on Illumina platform to generate 86 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes. Some of the samples were enriched for mitochondrial DNA using hybridization capture.

RESULTS: The maternal genetic composition found in Złota-associated individuals resembled that found in people associated with the Globular Amphora culture which indicates that both groups likely originated from the same maternal genetic background. Further, these two groups were closely related to the Funnel Beaker culture-associated population. None of these groups shared a close affinity to CWC-associated people. Haplogroup U4 was present only in the CWC group and absent in Złota group, Globular Amphora, and Funnel Beaker cultures.

DISCUSSION: The prevalence of mitochondrial haplogroups of Neolithic farmer origin identified in Early, Middle and Late Neolithic populations suggests a genetic continuity of these maternal lineages in the studied area. Although overlapping in time - and to some extent - in cultural expressions, none of the studied groups (Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker), shared a close genetic affinity to CWC-associated people, indicating a larger extent of cultural influence from the Pontic steppe than genetic exchange. The higher frequency of haplogroup U5b found in populations associated with Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, and Złota cultures suggest a gradual maternal genetic influx from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Moreover, presence of haplogroup U4 in Corded Ware groups is most likely associated with the migrations from the Pontic steppe at the end of the Neolithic and supports the observed genetic distances.},
}

Anthropology, Physical
*DNA, Ancient
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Haplotypes/genetics
History, Ancient
Humans
Poland
White People/*genetics

@article {pmid34169650,
year = {2021},
author = {Hamosh, A and Amberger, JS and Bocchini, C and Scott, AF and Rasmussen, SA},
title = {Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®): Victor McKusick's magnum opus.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {185},
number = {11},
pages = {3259-3265},
pmid = {34169650},
issn = {1552-4833},
support = {U24 HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; U41 HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; NIH/NHGRI U41HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Chromosome Mapping ; Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Victor McKusick's many contributions to medicine are legendary, but his magnum opus is Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM), his catalog of Mendelian phenotypes and their associated genes. The catalog, originally published in 1966 in book form, became available on the internet as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®) in 1987. The first of 12 editions of MIM included 1486 entries; this number has increased to over 25,000 entries in OMIM as of April 2021, which demonstrates the growth of knowledge about Mendelian phenotypes and their genes through the years. OMIM now has over 20,000 unique users a day, including users from every country in the world. Many of the early decisions made by McKusick, such as to maintain MIM data in a computer-readable format, to separate phenotype entries from those for genes, and to give phenotypes and genes MIM numbers, have proved essential to the long-term utility and flexibility of his catalog. Based on his extensive knowledge of genetics and vision of its future in the field of medicine, he developed a framework for the capture and summary of information from the published literature on phenotypes and their associated genes; this catalog continues to serve as an indispensable resource to the genetics community.},
}

Chromosome Mapping
Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetics, Medical/*history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans

@article {pmid34159717,
year = {2021},
author = {Rasmussen, SA and Pomputius, A and Amberger, JS and Hamosh, A},
title = {Viewing Victor McKusick's legacy through the lens of his bibliography.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {185},
number = {11},
pages = {3212-3223},
pmid = {34159717},
issn = {1552-4833},
support = {U24 HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; U41 HG006627/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; United States ; },
abstract = {Victor McKusick's contributions to the field of medical genetics are legendary and include his contributions as a mentor, as creator of Mendelian Inheritance in Man (now Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM®]), and as a leader in the field of medical genetics. McKusick's full bibliography includes 772 publications. Here we review the 453 papers authored by McKusick and indexed in PubMed, from his earliest paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1949 to his last paper published in American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A in 2008. This review of his bibliography chronicles McKusick's evolution from an internist and cardiologist with an interest in genetics to an esteemed leader in the growing field of medical genetics. Review of his bibliography also provides a historical perspective of the development of the discipline of medical genetics. This field came into its own during his lifetime, transitioning from the study of interesting cases and families used to codify basic medical genetics principles to an accredited medical specialty that is expected to transform healthcare. Along the way, he helped to unite the fields of medical and human genetics to focus on mapping the human genome, culminating in completion of the Human Genome Project. This review confirms the critical role played by Victor McKusick as the founding father of medical genetics.},
}

Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetics, Medical/*history
Genome, Human/*genetics
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Human Genome Project/history
Humans
United States

@article {pmid34159713,
year = {2021},
author = {Antonarakis, SE},
title = {History of the methodology of disease gene identification.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part A},
volume = {185},
number = {11},
pages = {3266-3275},
pmid = {34159713},
issn = {1552-4833},
mesh = {Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/epidemiology/*genetics/history ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genomics/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Phenotype ; },
abstract = {The past 45 years have witnessed a triumph in the discovery of genes and genetic variation that cause Mendelian disorders due to high impact variants. Important discoveries and organized projects have provided the necessary tools and infrastructure for the identification of gene defects leading to thousands of monogenic phenotypes. This endeavor can be divided in three phases in which different laboratory strategies were employed for the discovery of disease-related genes: (i) the biochemical phase, (ii) the genetic linkage followed by positional cloning phase, and (iii) the sequence identification phase. However, much more work is needed to identify all the high impact genomic variation that substantially contributes to the phenotypic variation.},
}

Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetic Diseases, Inborn/epidemiology/*genetics/history
Genetic Linkage/genetics
*Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genomics/history
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Phenotype

@article {pmid34135357,
year = {2021},
author = {Lentz, DL and Hamilton, TL and Dunning, NP and Tepe, EJ and Scarborough, VL and Meyers, SA and Grazioso, L and Weiss, AA},
title = {Environmental DNA reveals arboreal cityscapes at the Ancient Maya Center of Tikal.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {12725},
pmid = {34135357},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Archaeology ; Cities/history ; DNA, Ancient/*analysis ; DNA, Environmental/*analysis ; DNA, Plant/*analysis ; Forests ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Guatemala ; History, Ancient ; *Plants ; *Trees ; Water Supply/*history ; },
abstract = {Tikal, a major city of the ancient Maya world, has been the focus of archaeological research for over a century, yet the interactions between the Maya and the surrounding Neotropical forests remain largely enigmatic. This study aimed to help fill that void by using a powerful new technology, environmental DNA analysis, that enabled us to characterize the site core vegetation growing in association with the artificial reservoirs that provided the city water supply. Because the area has no permanent water sources, such as lakes or rivers, these reservoirs were key to the survival of the city, especially during the population expansion of the Classic period (250-850 CE). In the absence of specific evidence, the nature of the vegetation surrounding the reservoirs has been the subject of scientific hypotheses and artistic renderings for decades. To address these hypotheses we captured homologous sequences of vascular plant DNA extracted from reservoir sediments by using a targeted enrichment approach involving 120-bp genetic probes. Our samples encompassed the time before, during and after the occupation of Tikal (1000 BCE-900 CE). Results indicate that the banks of the ancient reservoirs were primarily fringed with native tropical forest vegetation rather than domesticated species during the Maya occupation.},
}

Archaeology
Cities/history
DNA, Ancient/*analysis
DNA, Environmental/*analysis
DNA, Plant/*analysis
Forests
Geologic Sediments/chemistry
Guatemala
History, Ancient
*Plants
*Trees
Water Supply/*history

@article {pmid34097448,
year = {2021},
author = {Rohatgi, A and Westerterp, M and von Eckardstein, A and Remaley, A and Rye, KA},
title = {HDL in the 21st Century: A Multifunctional Roadmap for Future HDL Research.},
journal = {Circulation},
volume = {143},
number = {23},
pages = {2293-2309},
pmid = {34097448},
issn = {1524-4539},
support = {K24 HL146838/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL136724/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Atherosclerosis/pathology ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Lipoproteins, HDL/blood/*metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Proteomics ; Research/history ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) characterizes an atherogenic dyslipidemia that reflects adverse lifestyle choices, impaired metabolism, and increased cardiovascular risk. Low HDL-C is also associated with increased risk of inflammatory disorders, malignancy, diabetes, and other diseases. This epidemiologic evidence has not translated to raising HDL-C as a viable therapeutic target, partly because HDL-C does not reflect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Mendelian randomization analyses that have found no evidence of a causal relationship between HDL-C levels and cardiovascular risk have decreased interest in increasing HDL-C levels as a therapeutic target. HDLs comprise distinct subpopulations of particles of varying size, charge, and composition that have several dynamic and context-dependent functions, especially with respect to acute and chronic inflammatory states. These functions include reverse cholesterol transport, inhibition of inflammation and oxidation, and antidiabetic properties. HDLs can be anti-inflammatory (which may protect against atherosclerosis and diabetes) and proinflammatory (which may help clear pathogens in sepsis). The molecular regulation of HDLs is complex, as evidenced by their association with multiple proteins, as well as bioactive lipids and noncoding RNAs. Clinical investigations of HDL biomarkers (HDL-C, HDL particle number, and apolipoprotein A through I) have revealed nonlinear relationships with cardiovascular outcomes, differential relationships by sex and ethnicity, and differential patterns with coronary versus noncoronary events. Novel HDL markers may also have relevance for heart failure, cancer, and diabetes. HDL function markers (namely, cholesterol efflux capacity) are associated with coronary disease, but they remain research tools. Therapeutics that manipulate aspects of HDL metabolism remain the holy grail. None has proven to be successful, but most have targeted HDL-C, not metrics of HDL function. Future therapeutic strategies should focus on optimizing HDL function in the right patients at the optimal time in their disease course. We provide a framework to help the research and clinical communities, as well as funding agencies and stakeholders, obtain insights into current thinking on these topics, and what we predict will be an exciting future for research and development on HDLs.},
}

Atherosclerosis/pathology
Cholesterol/metabolism
History, 21st Century
Humans
Inflammasomes/metabolism
Lipoproteins, HDL/blood/*metabolism
Oxidative Stress
Proteomics
Research/history
Risk Factors

@article {pmid34011428,
year = {2021},
author = {McGovern, MF},
title = {Genes go digital: Mendelian Inheritance in Man and the genealogy of electronic publishing in biomedicine.},
journal = {British journal for the history of science},
volume = {54},
number = {2},
pages = {213-231},
doi = {10.1017/S0007087421000224},
pmid = {34011428},
issn = {1474-001X},
mesh = {Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetics, Medical/*history ; *Heredity ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Publishing/*history ; },
abstract = {Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM), a computerized catalogue of human genetic disorders authored and maintained by cardiologist and medical genetics pioneer Victor A. McKusick, played a major part in demarcating between a novel biomedical science and the eugenic projects of racial betterment which existed prior to its emergence. Nonetheless, it built upon prior efforts to systematize genetic knowledge tied to individuals and institutions invested in eugenics. By unpacking the process of digitizing a homespun cataloguing project and charting its development into an online database, this article aims to illuminate how the institution-building efforts of one individual created an 'information order' for accessing genetic information that tacitly shaped the norms and priorities of the field toward the pursuit of specific genes associated with discernible genetic disorders. This was not by design, but rather arose through negotiation with the catalogue's users; it accommodated further changes as biomedical research displaced the Mendelian paradigm. While great effort was expended toward making sequence data available to investigators during the Human Genome Project, MIM was largely taken for granted as a 'legacy system', McKusick's own labour of love. Drawing on recent histories of biomedical data, the article suggests that the bibliographical work of curation and translation is a central feature of value production in the life sciences meriting attention in its own right.},
}

Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetics, Medical/*history
*Heredity
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Publishing/*history

@article {pmid33982855,
year = {2021},
author = {Battaglia, A and Carey, JC},
title = {Reflections on observing faces in art.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics},
volume = {187},
number = {2},
pages = {144-147},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.c.31912},
pmid = {33982855},
issn = {1552-4876},
mesh = {Europe ; Humans ; Museums ; *Paintings ; *Sculpture ; },
abstract = {The experience of art provides the visitor of a museum or gallery with the opportunity to contemplate and share the human condition both from the physical and psychological point of view. Because of the accessibility and the number of museums throughout Europe, classical European art as both sculpture and painting, affords the viewer the opportunity to experience life from one part of the world over centuries of history. These museums occasionally exhibit pieces showing a person with a human disorder and physical differences. On viewing such artwork, practitioners of health care, especially dysmorphologists, usually find themselves observing such pieces within the context of their practice. In this essay, the coauthors reflect on paintings and sculptures which remind us of our patients with similar physical and medical conditions. Various works of art also provide the opportunity to observe and view the human face from many vantage points and times in history. Several paintings are cited to illustrate the central themes of the Commentary: the human circumstance of disease and differences and the skill of observing and describing the human face.},
}

Europe
Humans
Museums
*Paintings
*Sculpture

@article {pmid33974848,
year = {2021},
author = {Saupe, T and Montinaro, F and Scaggion, C and Carrara, N and Kivisild, T and D'Atanasio, E and Hui, R and Solnik, A and Lebrasseur, O and Larson, G and Alessandri, L and Arienzo, I and De Angelis, F and Rolfo, MF and Skeates, R and Silvestri, L and Beckett, J and Talamo, S and Dolfini, A and Miari, M and Metspalu, M and Benazzi, S and Capelli, C and Pagani, L and Scheib, CL},
title = {Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {31},
number = {12},
pages = {2576-2591.e12},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022},
pmid = {33974848},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {*DNA, Ancient ; Datasets as Topic ; Genetics, Population ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Genomics ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/*history ; Humans ; Italy ; Leprosy/genetics ; Phenotype ; },
abstract = {Across Europe, the genetics of the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition is increasingly characterized in terms of an influx of Steppe-related ancestry. The effect of this major shift on the genetic structure of populations in the Italian Peninsula remains underexplored. Here, genome-wide shotgun data for 22 individuals from commingled cave and single burials in Northeastern and Central Italy dated between 3200 and 1500 BCE provide the first genomic characterization of Bronze Age individuals (n = 8; 0.001-1.2× coverage) from the central Italian Peninsula, filling a gap in the literature between 1950 and 1500 BCE. Our study confirms a diversity of ancestry components during the Chalcolithic and the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the central Italian Peninsula as early as 1600 BCE, with this ancestry component increasing through time. We detect close patrilineal kinship in the burial patterns of Chalcolithic commingled cave burials and a shift away from this in the Bronze Age (2200-900 BCE) along with lowered runs of homozygosity, which may reflect larger changes in population structure. Finally, we find no evidence that the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in Central Italy directly led to changes in frequency of 115 phenotypes present in the dataset, rather that the post-Roman Imperial period had a stronger influence, particularly on the frequency of variants associated with protection against Hansen's disease (leprosy). Our study provides a closer look at local dynamics of demography and phenotypic shifts as they occurred as part of a broader phenomenon of widespread admixture during the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition.},
}

*DNA, Ancient
Datasets as Topic
Genetics, Population
Genome, Human/*genetics
Genomics
History, Ancient
Human Migration/*history
Humans
Italy
Leprosy/genetics
Phenotype

@article {pmid33930288,
year = {2021},
author = {Clemente, F and Unterländer, M and Dolgova, O and Amorim, CEG and Coroado-Santos, F and Neuenschwander, S and Ganiatsou, E and Cruz Dávalos, DI and Anchieri, L and Michaud, F and Winkelbach, L and Blöcher, J and Arizmendi Cárdenas, YO and Sousa da Mota, B and Kalliga, E and Souleles, A and Kontopoulos, I and Karamitrou-Mentessidi, G and Philaniotou, O and Sampson, A and Theodorou, D and Tsipopoulou, M and Akamatis, I and Halstead, P and Kotsakis, K and Urem-Kotsou, D and Panagiotopoulos, D and Ziota, C and Triantaphyllou, S and Delaneau, O and Jensen, JD and Moreno-Mayar, JV and Burger, J and Sousa, VC and Lao, O and Malaspinas, AS and Papageorgopoulou, C},
title = {The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations.},
journal = {Cell},
volume = {184},
number = {10},
pages = {2565-2586.e21},
pmid = {33930288},
issn = {1097-4172},
support = {R01 GM135899/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM139383/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Civilization/*history ; DNA, Ancient ; *Genome, Human ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Greece, Ancient ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/*history ; Humans ; },
abstract = {The Cycladic, the Minoan, and the Helladic (Mycenaean) cultures define the Bronze Age (BA) of Greece. Urbanism, complex social structures, craft and agricultural specialization, and the earliest forms of writing characterize this iconic period. We sequenced six Early to Middle BA whole genomes, along with 11 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from the three BA cultures of the Aegean Sea. The Early BA (EBA) genomes are homogeneous and derive most of their ancestry from Neolithic Aegeans, contrary to earlier hypotheses that the Neolithic-EBA cultural transition was due to massive population turnover. EBA Aegeans were shaped by relatively small-scale migration from East of the Aegean, as evidenced by the Caucasus-related ancestry also detected in Anatolians. In contrast, Middle BA (MBA) individuals of northern Greece differ from EBA populations in showing ∼50% Pontic-Caspian Steppe-related ancestry, dated at ca. 2,600-2,000 BCE. Such gene flow events during the MBA contributed toward shaping present-day Greek genomes.},
}

Civilization/*history
DNA, Ancient
*Genome, Human
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Greece, Ancient
History, Ancient
Human Migration/*history
Humans

@article {pmid33896938,
year = {2021},
author = {von Seth, J and Dussex, N and Díez-Del-Molino, D and van der Valk, T and Kutschera, VE and Kierczak, M and Steiner, CC and Liu, S and Gilbert, MTP and Sinding, MS and Prost, S and Guschanski, K and Nathan, SKSS and Brace, S and Chan, YL and Wheat, CW and Skoglund, P and Ryder, OA and Goossens, B and Götherström, A and Dalén, L},
title = {Genomic insights into the conservation status of the world's last remaining Sumatran rhinoceros populations.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {2393},
pmid = {33896938},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; FC001595/ARC_/Arthritis Research UK/United Kingdom ; FC001595/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 217223/Z/19/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Borneo ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species/history ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Inbreeding ; Indonesia ; Loss of Function Mutation ; Male ; Mutation ; Perissodactyla/*genetics ; Population Density ; Selection, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Small populations are often exposed to high inbreeding and mutational load that can increase the risk of extinction. The Sumatran rhinoceros was widespread in Southeast Asia, but is now restricted to small and isolated populations on Sumatra and Borneo, and most likely extinct on the Malay Peninsula. Here, we analyse 5 historical and 16 modern genomes from these populations to investigate the genomic consequences of the recent decline, such as increased inbreeding and mutational load. We find that the Malay Peninsula population experienced increased inbreeding shortly before extirpation, which possibly was accompanied by purging. The populations on Sumatra and Borneo instead show low inbreeding, but high mutational load. The currently small population sizes may thus in the near future lead to inbreeding depression. Moreover, we find little evidence for differences in local adaptation among populations, suggesting that future inbreeding depression could potentially be mitigated by assisted gene flow among populations.},
}

Animals
Borneo
*Conservation of Natural Resources
*Endangered Species/history
Female
Gene Flow
Genetic Variation
Genome
History, 21st Century
History, Ancient
Inbreeding
Indonesia
Loss of Function Mutation
Male
Mutation
Perissodactyla/*genetics
Population Density
Selection, Genetic

@article {pmid33857427,
year = {2021},
author = {Yaka, R and Mapelli, I and Kaptan, D and Doğu, A and Chyleński, M and Erdal, ÖD and Koptekin, D and Vural, KB and Bayliss, A and Mazzucato, C and Fer, E and Çokoğlu, SS and Lagerholm, VK and Krzewińska, M and Karamurat, C and Gemici, HC and Sevkar, A and Dağtaş, ND and Kılınç, GM and Adams, D and Munters, AR and Sağlıcan, E and Milella, M and Schotsmans, EMJ and Yurtman, E and Çetin, M and Yorulmaz, S and Altınışık, NE and Ghalichi, A and Juras, A and Bilgin, CC and Günther, T and Storå, J and Jakobsson, M and de Kleijn, M and Mustafaoğlu, G and Fairbairn, A and Pearson, J and Togan, İ and Kayacan, N and Marciniak, A and Larsen, CS and Hodder, I and Atakuman, Ç and Pilloud, M and Sürer, E and Gerritsen, F and Özbal, R and Baird, D and Erdal, YS and Duru, G and Özbaşaran, M and Haddow, SD and Knüsel, CJ and Götherström, A and Özer, F and Somel, M},
title = {Variable kinship patterns in Neolithic Anatolia revealed by ancient genomes.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {31},
number = {11},
pages = {2455-2468.e18},
pmid = {33857427},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {*Archaeology ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Pedigree ; *Social Structure ; Turkey ; },
abstract = {The social organization of the first fully sedentary societies that emerged during the Neolithic period in Southwest Asia remains enigmatic,[1] mainly because material culture studies provide limited insight into this issue. However, because Neolithic Anatolian communities often buried their dead beneath domestic buildings,[2] household composition and social structure can be studied through these human remains. Here, we describe genetic relatedness among co-burials associated with domestic buildings in Neolithic Anatolia using 59 ancient genomes, including 22 new genomes from Aşıklı Höyük and Çatalhöyük. We infer pedigree relationships by simultaneously analyzing multiple types of information, including autosomal and X chromosome kinship coefficients, maternal markers, and radiocarbon dating. In two early Neolithic villages dating to the 9th and 8th millennia BCE, Aşıklı Höyük and Boncuklu, we discover that siblings and parent-offspring pairings were frequent within domestic structures, which provides the first direct indication of close genetic relationships among co-burials. In contrast, in the 7th millennium BCE sites of Çatalhöyük and Barcın, where we study subadults interred within and around houses, we find close genetic relatives to be rare. Hence, genetic relatedness may not have played a major role in the choice of burial location at these latter two sites, at least for subadults. This supports the hypothesis that in Çatalhöyük,[3-5] and possibly in some other Neolithic communities, domestic structures may have served as burial location for social units incorporating biologically unrelated individuals. Our results underscore the diversity of kin structures in Neolithic communities during this important phase of sociocultural development.},
}

*Archaeology
History, Ancient
Humans
Pedigree
*Social Structure
Turkey

@article {pmid33661398,
year = {2021},
author = {Masiuk, S and Chepurny, M and Buderatska, V and Kukush, A and Shklyar, S and Ivanova, O and Boiko, Z and Zhadan, N and Fedosenko, G and Bilonyk, A and Lev, T and Talerko, M and Kutsen, S and Minenko, V and Viarenich, K and Drozdovitch, V},
title = {Thyroid doses in Ukraine due to [131]I intake after the Chornobyl accident. Report I: revision of direct thyroid measurements.},
journal = {Radiation and environmental biophysics},
volume = {60},
number = {2},
pages = {267-288},
pmid = {33661398},
issn = {1432-2099},
support = {Z99 CA999999/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; *Chernobyl Nuclear Accident ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Iodine Radioisotopes ; Radiometry/*methods ; *Thyroid Gland ; Ukraine ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The increased risk of thyroid cancer among individuals exposed during childhood and adolescence to Iodine-131 ([131]I) is the main statistically significant long-term effect of the Chornobyl accident. Several radiation epidemiological studies have been carried out or are currently in progress in Ukraine, to assess the risk of radiation-related health effects in exposed populations. About 150,000 measurements of [131]I thyroid activity, so-called 'direct thyroid measurements', performed in May-June 1986 in the Ukrainian population served as the main sources of data used to estimate thyroid doses to the individuals of these studies. However, limitations in the direct thyroid measurements have been recently recognized including improper measurement geometry and unknown true values of calibration coefficients for unchecked thyroid detectors. In the present study, a comparative analysis of [131]I thyroid activity measured by calibrated and unchecked devices in residents of the same neighboring settlements was conducted to evaluate the correct measurement geometry and calibration coefficients for measuring devices. As a result, revised values of [131]I thyroid activity were obtained. On average, in Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Lviv and Chernihiv Oblasts and in the city of Kyiv, the revised values of the [131]I thyroid activities were found to be 10-25% higher than previously reported, while in Zhytomyr Oblast, the values of the revised activities were found to be lower by about 50%. New sources of shared and unshared errors associated with estimates of [131]I thyroid activity were identified. The revised estimates of thyroid activity are recommended to be used to develop an updated Thyroid Dosimetry system (TD20) for the entire population of Ukraine as well as to revise the thyroid doses for the individuals included in post-Chornobyl radiation epidemiological studies: the Ukrainian-American cohort of individuals exposed during childhood and adolescence, the Ukrainian in utero cohort and the Chornobyl Tissue Bank.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
*Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Child
Child, Preschool
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
*Iodine Radioisotopes
Radiometry/*methods
*Thyroid Gland
Ukraine
Young Adult

@article {pmid33601743,
year = {2021},
author = {Kendler, KS},
title = {Kraepelin's final views on manic-depressive Illness.},
journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
volume = {282},
number = {},
pages = {979-990},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.200},
pmid = {33601743},
issn = {1573-2517},
mesh = {Adult ; *Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis ; *Genetic Diseases, X-Linked ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Psychiatry ; *Psychotic Disorders ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {At the age of 65, 8 years after finishing his last textbook edition, Emil Kraepelin completed the final edition of his "Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry" which included a mini-textbook for students with a 7-page section on manic-depressive insanity (MDI), a disorder he had formally proposed 22 years earlier, and a series of new detailed case histories, 9 of which examined MDI. This text distills, near the end of his life, Kraepelin's perspective of the key features of MDI. The text and case histories are here translated into English for the first time. Kraepelin's views of the symptoms and signs of melancholia and mania closely aligned to those proposed by DSM-5. He emphasized the importance both of mixed features and the constitutional/personality foundations of MDI suggesting that a particular emotional disposition is often seen both inter-episodically in affected individuals (where they "fill the entire life") and in their unaffected relatives. He illustrates both these points in his case reports. His cases also made clear that for Kraepelin, classical Schneiderian psychotic symptoms and a full catatonic syndrome were consistent with a diagnosis of MDI.},
}

Adult
*Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis
*Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
Germany
History, 20th Century
Humans
*Psychiatry
*Psychotic Disorders
Young Adult

@article {pmid33568824,
year = {2021},
author = {Bergström, A and Stringer, C and Hajdinjak, M and Scerri, EML and Skoglund, P},
title = {Origins of modern human ancestry.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {590},
number = {7845},
pages = {229-237},
pmid = {33568824},
issn = {1476-4687},
support = {/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 217223/Z/19/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Africa/ethnology ; Animals ; Fossils ; Gene Flow/genetics ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/*history ; Humans ; Neanderthals/genetics ; *Pedigree ; },
abstract = {New finds in the palaeoanthropological and genomic records have changed our view of the origins of modern human ancestry. Here we review our current understanding of how the ancestry of modern humans around the globe can be traced into the deep past, and which ancestors it passes through during our journey back in time. We identify three key phases that are surrounded by major questions, and which will be at the frontiers of future research. The most recent phase comprises the worldwide expansion of modern humans between 40 and 60 thousand years ago (ka) and their last known contacts with archaic groups such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. The second phase is associated with a broadly construed African origin of modern human diversity between 60 and 300 ka. The oldest phase comprises the complex separation of modern human ancestors from archaic human groups from 0.3 to 1 million years ago. We argue that no specific point in time can currently be identified at which modern human ancestry was confined to a limited birthplace, and that patterns of the first appearance of anatomical or behavioural traits that are used to define Homo sapiens are consistent with a range of evolutionary histories.},
}

Africa/ethnology
Animals
Fossils
Gene Flow/genetics
History, Ancient
Human Migration/*history
Humans
Neanderthals/genetics
*Pedigree

@article {pmid33428619,
year = {2021},
author = {Mineta, K and Goto, K and Gojobori, T and Alkuraya, FS},
title = {Population structure of indigenous inhabitants of Arabia.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {e1009210},
pmid = {33428619},
issn = {1553-7404},
mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Arabia/epidemiology ; Arabs/*genetics/history ; Asia/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; HapMap Project ; Haplotypes/genetics ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Population Groups/*genetics/history ; Principal Component Analysis ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Modern day Saudi Arabia occupies the majority of historical Arabia, which may have contributed to ancient waves of migration out of Africa. This ancient history has left a lasting imprint in the genetics of the region, including the diverse set of tribes that call Saudi Arabia their home. How these tribes relate to each other and to the world's major populations remains an unanswered question. In an attempt to improve our understanding of the population structure of Saudi Arabia, we conducted genomic profiling of 957 unrelated individuals who self-identify with 28 large tribes in Saudi Arabia. Consistent with the tradition of intra-tribal unions, the subjects showed strong clustering along tribal lines with the distance between clusters correlating with their geographical proximities in Arabia. However, these individuals form a unique cluster when compared to the world's major populations. The ancient origin of these tribal affiliations is supported by analyses that revealed little evidence of ancestral origin from within the 28 tribes. Our results disclose a granular map of population structure and have important implications for future genetic studies into Mendelian and common diseases in the region.},
}

Africa/epidemiology
Arabia/epidemiology
Arabs/*genetics/history
Asia/epidemiology
Europe/epidemiology
Female
Genome, Human/*genetics
HapMap Project
Haplotypes/genetics
History, Ancient
Humans
Inbreeding
Male
Population Groups/*genetics/history
Principal Component Analysis
Saudi Arabia/epidemiology

@article {pmid33417825,
year = {2021},
author = {Scharf, ME and Peterson, BF},
title = {A Century of Synergy in Termite Symbiosis Research: Linking the Past with New Genomic Insights.},
journal = {Annual review of entomology},
volume = {66},
number = {},
pages = {23-43},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-022420-074746},
pmid = {33417825},
issn = {1545-4487},
mesh = {Animals ; Entomology/*history ; Genomics ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Isoptera/genetics/microbiology/*parasitology ; *Microbiota ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Termites have long been studied for their symbiotic associations with gut microbes. In the late nineteenth century, this relationship was poorly understood and captured the interest of parasitologists such as Joseph Leidy; this research led to that of twentieth-century biologists and entomologists including Cleveland, Hungate, Trager, and Lüscher. Early insights came via microscopy, organismal, and defaunation studies, which led to descriptions of microbes present, descriptions of the roles of symbionts in lignocellulose digestion, and early insights into energy gas utilization by the host termite. Focus then progressed to culture-dependent microbiology and biochemical studies of host-symbiont complementarity, which revealed specific microhabitat requirements for symbionts and noncellulosic mechanisms of symbiosis (e.g., N2 fixation). Today, knowledge on termite symbiosis has accrued exponentially thanks to omic technologies that reveal symbiont identities, functions, and interdependence, as well as intricacies of host-symbiont complementarity. Moving forward, the merging of classical twentieth-century approaches with evolving omic tools should provide even deeper insights into host-symbiont interplay.},
}

Animals
Entomology/*history
Genomics
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Isoptera/genetics/microbiology/*parasitology
*Microbiota
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid33361857,
year = {2020},
author = {Mishcheniuk, OY and Kostiukevych, OM and Benkovska, LK and Kravchenko, OM and Klymenko, SV},
title = {CONTRIBUTION OF THE G1691A ALLELE CARRYING OF THE COAGULATION FACTOR V GENE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THROMBOSES IN RADIATION-EXPOSED PATIENTS WITH REACTIVE CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD.},
journal = {Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii},
volume = {25},
number = {},
pages = {502-515},
doi = {10.33145/2304-8336-2020-25-502-515},
pmid = {33361857},
issn = {2313-4607},
mesh = {Aged ; Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects ; Alleles ; *Chernobyl Nuclear Accident ; Emergency Responders ; Factor V/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Prognosis ; Radiation Exposure/*adverse effects ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Soil Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects ; Ukraine ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology/*genetics/pathology ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Thrombosis triggers, in addition to «classic» risk factors (RFs) of cardiovascular events, includes the reactive changesof peripheral blood (RCPB), markers of the hereditary thrombophilia and radiation anamnesis. However, results ofmost studies suggest the «classic» RFs are able to neutralize the prothrombogenic potential of the hereditary thrombophilia and other, less powerful predictors of thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the influence of the G1691A allele of the proaccelerin gene carrying to the thrombosis development, taking into account the vascular type of their occurrence, the presence of RFs in individuals with RCPB (reactive leukocytosis and thrombocytosis, and secondary erythrocytosis), as well as with and without radiation anamnesis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: In general, it was analyzed the results of clinical and molecular-genetic data of 152 patientswith RCPB, 19 patients had radiation anamnesis, 133 - did not have. The thrombotic complications were detected in5 (26.31 %) of radiation-exposer patients and 25 (18.79 %) patients without radiation anamneses. The carrying ofthe G1691A allele proaccelerin gene (APG) (Leiden mutation (LM)) was detected using the allele-specific polymerasechain reaction.

RESULTS: The LM was found in 5.9 % (9 carriers) of the general cohort (GC) of RPBC patients. There were no differencein the LM frequency between the groups of patients with and without radiation anamnesis (р = 0.312). In the groupof radiation-exposer patients (р = 0.017), as well as in the group without its (р = 0.031), venous thromboses only weremore frequently in the LM carriers. In the presence of a radiation anamnesis, G1691A APG carriers with RFs have thehigher frequency (р = 0.008) and the probability of the occurrence (relative risk [RR] = 25.00; CI 95 %: 1.56-399.68)of venous thrombosis. In the group without radiation anamnesis, the frequency of venues thrombosis in the LMcarriers is higher in the younger age subgroup (р = 0.001), without RFs (p = 0.044) and without RFs under 60 years(р = 0.023). The risk of venous thrombosis in the G1691A APG carriers of the group without radiation anamnesis is5.78 (95 % CI: 1.58-21.13). In LM carriers without radiation anamnesis and RFs, as well as under the 60 years of age,the probability of venous thrombosis was 6.85 (95 % CI: 1.86-25.22) and 19.40 (95 % CI: 4.64-81.09), respectively,and in the absence of both criteria - 9.57 (95 % CI: 2.49-36.73).

CONCLUSIONS: In patients with and without radiation anamnesis, the risk of venues thrombosis are observed moreoften in carriers of LM. The carrying of the G1691A APG in patients with RPBC and without RA increased the risk ofvenues thrombosis development in subjects without FRs and below 60 years of age. In the radiation-exposure group,the frequency and the risk of venues thrombosis in the G1691A APG carriers was higher in the subgroup with RFs. It isprobably due to the peculiarity of the samples, or prothrombogenic interaction between LM and radiation-associated endothelial damage.},
}

Aged
Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects
Alleles
*Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Emergency Responders
Factor V/*genetics
Female
Gene Expression
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Mutation
Prognosis
Radiation Exposure/*adverse effects
Radiation, Ionizing
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects
Ukraine
Venous Thrombosis/etiology/*genetics/pathology

@article {pmid33361853,
year = {2020},
author = {Dyagil, IS and Dmytrenko, IV and Sholoiko, VV and Fedorenko, VG and Shlyakhtichenko, TY and Petrusha, OO and Martina, ZV and Tovstogan, AO and Silayev, YO and Stupakova, ZV and Minchenko, ZM},
title = {CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA COURSE IN PERSONS EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION AS A RESULT OF THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT.},
journal = {Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii},
volume = {25},
number = {},
pages = {443-455},
doi = {10.33145/2304-8336-2020-25-443-455},
pmid = {33361853},
issn = {2313-4607},
mesh = {Aged ; Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use ; Bone Marrow Cells/immunology/pathology/radiation effects ; *Chernobyl Nuclear Accident ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Emergency Responders ; Female ; Food Contamination, Radioactive ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*genetics ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Radiation Exposure/*adverse effects ; Radiation Injuries/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/mortality ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Soil Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects ; Survival Analysis ; Translocation, Genetic ; Ukraine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Describe and characterize the peculiarities of the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) course and responseto treatment in patients irradiated as a result of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) accident based on theassessment of clinical-laboratory and clinical parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CML patients (n = 33) exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the ChNPP accidentwere enrolled. The comparison group consisted of CML patients (n = 725) with no history of radiation exposure. Allpatients were in the chronic phase of the disease. Clinical, hematological and molecular genetic research methodswere applied.

RESULTS: Patients exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the ChNPP accident had no differences in CML manifestation, as well as in classical genetic markers at the onset of the disease compared with patients with no historyof radiation exposure. Reduction of tumor clone on imatinib therapy was significantly less effective in the patientsexposed to ionizing radiation than in cases of no history of radiation exposure. Cases of primary resistance were statistically significantly prevalent in the ChNPP accident consequences clean-up workers while in the residents ofradiologically contaminated areas a statistically significant increase in probability of loss of complete cytogeneticresponse (development of secondary resistance) to imatinib therapy was found. An association was found betweenthe radiation exposure and probability of loss of complete cytogenetic response to imatinib therapy in this group ofpatients.

CONCLUSION: The radiation exposure in the history even many years before the onset of CML is an unfavorable exogenous factor responsible for the development of resistance to imatinib therapy.},
}

Aged
Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use
Bone Marrow Cells/immunology/pathology/radiation effects
*Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
Emergency Responders
Female
Food Contamination, Radioactive
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*genetics
Gene Expression
Humans
Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/mortality
Male
Middle Aged
Prognosis
Radiation Exposure/*adverse effects
Radiation Injuries/drug therapy/etiology/*genetics/mortality
Radiation, Ionizing
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects
Survival Analysis
Translocation, Genetic
Ukraine

@article {pmid33299185,
year = {2020},
author = {Hoyal Cuthill, JF and Guttenberg, N and Budd, GE},
title = {Impacts of speciation and extinction measured by an evolutionary decay clock.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {588},
number = {7839},
pages = {636-641},
pmid = {33299185},
issn = {1476-4687},
mesh = {Animals ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation ; History, Ancient ; *Machine Learning ; Plants ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {The hypothesis that destructive mass extinctions enable creative evolutionary radiations (creative destruction) is central to classic concepts of macroevolution[1,2]. However, the relative impacts of extinction and radiation on the co-occurrence of species have not been directly quantitatively compared across the Phanerozoic eon. Here we apply machine learning to generate a spatial embedding (multidimensional ordination) of the temporal co-occurrence structure of the Phanerozoic fossil record, covering 1,273,254 occurrences in the Paleobiology Database for 171,231 embedded species. This facilitates the simultaneous comparison of macroevolutionary disruptions, using measures independent of secular diversity trends. Among the 5% most significant periods of disruption, we identify the 'big five' mass extinction events[2], seven additional mass extinctions, two combined mass extinction-radiation events and 15 mass radiations. In contrast to narratives that emphasize post-extinction radiations[1,3], we find that the proportionally most comparable mass radiations and extinctions (such as the Cambrian explosion and the end-Permian mass extinction) are typically decoupled in time, refuting any direct causal relationship between them. Moreover, in addition to extinctions[4], evolutionary radiations themselves cause evolutionary decay (modelled co-occurrence probability and shared fraction of species between times approaching zero), a concept that we describe as destructive creation. A direct test of the time to over-threshold macroevolutionary decay[4] (shared fraction of species between two times ≤ 0.1), counted by the decay clock, reveals saw-toothed fluctuations around a Phanerozoic mean of 18.6 million years. As the Quaternary period began at a below-average decay-clock time of 11 million years, modern extinctions further increase life's decay-clock debt.},
}

Animals
*Extinction, Biological
*Fossils
*Genetic Speciation
History, Ancient
*Machine Learning
Plants
Time Factors

@article {pmid33298198,
year = {2020},
author = {Tunlid, A and Kristoffersson, U and Åström, F},
title = {A century of Hereditas: from local publication to international journal.},
journal = {Hereditas},
volume = {157},
number = {1},
pages = {50},
pmid = {33298198},
issn = {1601-5223},
support = {H2019-24//Erik Philip-Sörensens stiftelse för främjande av genetisk och humanistisk vetenskaplig forskning (SE)/ ; },
mesh = {Genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Periodicals as Topic/history/*statistics & numerical data ; Serial Publications/history/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Sweden ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Mendelian Society of Lund launched Hereditas in 1920. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Hereditas's hundred-year existence, focusing on the conditions for a learned society to publish a scientific journal, and the journal's importance for the publication and dissemination of genetic research. The article focuses on the historical development of the journal and analyses how the content and orientation of research published in Hereditas have changed over the years.

METHODS: The historical study is based on the collation and interpretation of archival material, mainly held in the Mendelian Society's archive, which includes the Hereditas archive. The bibliometric analyses are based on bibliographic metadata from Web of Science (WoS). Together with descriptive statistics, co-citation analyses were performed by using BibExcel, in combination with the clustering and visualisation tool VOSviewer. Journals with articles citing Hereditas articles were identified as a complement to the co-citation analyses.

RESULTS: The history of the journal falls into three main periods: a local period, 1920-1959, when Hereditas was primarily intended for Swedish geneticists; a Scandinavian period, 1960-1988, when Hereditas was the official journal of the Scandinavian Association of Geneticists; and an international period from 1989 onwards. The original decision that Hereditas should cover genetic research with no particular specialisation was retained throughout. Its publications demonstrate the continuing presence of genetic research on plants and animals, albeit with a shifting focus, while human genetics emerged slowly and reached its peak in the period 1960-1988.

CONCLUSION: In the hundred years of Hereditas's existence, the publishing landscape has changed dramatically, including a far greater number of specialist journals, changes to the academic merit system, new commercial models for publishing, and digitalisation. Over the years, the journal's survival has therefore been dependent on the strong commitment of its owners and an ability to adapt to changing conditions.},
}

Genetics
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Periodicals as Topic/history/*statistics & numerical data
Serial Publications/history/*statistics & numerical data/trends
Sweden

@article {pmid33156546,
year = {2021},
author = {Nicholas, FW},
title = {Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA): a record of advances in animal genetics, freely available on the Internet for 25 years.},
journal = {Animal genetics},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {3-9},
doi = {10.1111/age.13010},
pmid = {33156546},
issn = {1365-2052},
mesh = {Animals ; Databases, Genetic/*history ; Genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Internet ; Mutation ; },
abstract = {For the last 25 years, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) has been providing free global access to an ever-increasing record of discoveries made by animal geneticists around the world. To mark this 25-year milestone, this document provides a brief account (including some pre-history) of how OMIA came to be; some timelines of important discoveries and advances in the genetics of the animal species covered by OMIA, gleaned from the OMIA database; and an analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding likely causal variants of single-locus traits in OMIA species, also gleaned from the OMIA database.},
}

Animals
Databases, Genetic/*history
Genetics
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Internet
Mutation

@article {pmid33059178,
year = {2020},
author = {Gombeau, K and Bonzom, JM and Cavalié, I and Camilleri, V and Orjollet, D and Dubourg, N and Beaugelin-Seiller, K and Bourdineaud, JP and Lengagne, T and Armant, O and Ravanat, JL and Adam-Guillermin, C},
title = {Dose-dependent genomic DNA hypermethylation and mitochondrial DNA damage in Japanese tree frogs sampled in the Fukushima Daiichi area.},
journal = {Journal of environmental radioactivity},
volume = {225},
number = {},
pages = {106429},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106429},
pmid = {33059178},
issn = {1879-1700},
mesh = {Animals ; Cesium Radioisotopes/analysis ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Methylation ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; *Fukushima Nuclear Accident ; Genomics ; Japan ; Radiation Dosage ; *Radiation Monitoring ; },
abstract = {The long-term consequences of the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) that occurred on March 2011, have been scarcely studied on wildlife. We sampled Japanese tree frogs (Dryophytes japonicus), in a 50 -km area around the FDNPP to test for an increase of DNA damages and variation of DNA methylation level. The ambient dose rate ranged between 0.4 and 2.8 μGy h[-1] and the total estimated dose rate absorbed by frogs ranged between 0.3 and 7.7 μGy h[-1]. Frogs from contaminated sites exhibited a dose-dependent increase of global genomic DNA methylation level (5-mdC and 5-hmdC) and of mitochondrial DNA damages. Such DNA damages may indicate a genomic instability, which may induce physiological adaptations governed by DNA methylation changes. This study stresses the need for biological data combining targeted molecular methods and classic ecotoxicology, in order to better understand the impacts on wildlife of long term exposure to low ionizing radiation levels.},
}

Animals
Cesium Radioisotopes/analysis
*DNA Damage
DNA Methylation
*DNA, Mitochondrial
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
*Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Genomics
Japan
Radiation Dosage
*Radiation Monitoring

@article {pmid32984898,
year = {2020},
author = {Kitahara, CM and Sosa, JA and Shiels, MS},
title = {Influence of Nomenclature Changes on Trends in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Incidence in the United States, 2000 to 2017.},
journal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {105},
number = {12},
pages = {e4823-30},
pmid = {32984898},
issn = {1945-7197},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Endocrinology/history/methods/trends ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Medical Overuse/statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; *Terminology as Topic ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/*classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms/*classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {CONTEXT: US papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) incidence recently declined for the first time in decades, for reasons that remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to evaluate PTC incidence trends, including by histologic subtype and size, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP).

DESIGN: This descriptive study uses US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-18 cancer registry data (2000-2017).

PATIENTS: Participants included individuals diagnosed with PTC (2000-2017) or NIFTP (2016-2017).

RESULTS: During 2000 to 2015, PTC incidence increased an average 7.3% per year, (95% CI, 6.9% to 7.8%) during 2000 to 2009, and 3.7% per year (95% CI, 0.2% to 7.3%) during 2009 to 2012, before stabilizing in 2012 to 2015 (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.4% per year, 95% CI, -1.8% to 4.7%) and declining in 2015 to 2017 (APC = -4.6% per year, 95% CI, -7.6% to -1.4%). The recent declines were observed for all sizes of PTC at diagnosis. Incidence of follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) sharply declined in 2015 to 2017, overall (APC = -21.1% per year; 95% CI, -26.5% to -15.2%) and for all tumor sizes. Observed increases in encapsulated papillary carcinoma (classical PTC subtype) and NIFTP each accounted for 10% of the decline in FVPTC. Classical PTC incidence continuously increased (2000-2009, APC = 8.7% per year, 95% CI, 8.1% to 9.4%; 2009-2017, APC = 1.0% per year, 95% CI, 0.4% to 1.5%), overall and for all sizes except smaller than 1 cm, as did incidence of other PTC variants combined (2000-2017, APC = 5.9% per year, 95% CI, 4.0% to 7.9%).

CONCLUSION: The reasons underlying PTC incidence trends were multifactorial. Sharp declines in FVPTC incidence during 2015 to 2017 coincided with clinical practice and diagnostic coding changes, including reclassification of noninvasive encapsulated FVPTC from a malignant to in situ neoplasm (NIFTP). Observed increases in NIFTP accounted for 10% of the decline in FVPTC.},
}

Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Endocrinology/history/methods/trends
Female
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Incidence
Male
Medical Overuse/statistics & numerical data
Middle Aged
Registries
*Terminology as Topic
Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/*classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology
Thyroid Neoplasms/*classification/diagnosis/*epidemiology
United States/epidemiology

@article {pmid32856794,
year = {2020},
author = {Kendler, KS and Klee, A},
title = {The turn to controls and the refinement of the concept of hereditary burden: The 1895 study of Jenny Koller.},
journal = {American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics},
volume = {183},
number = {7},
pages = {433-442},
doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32819},
pmid = {32856794},
issn = {1552-485X},
mesh = {Case-Control Studies ; Family/psychology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Genetic Testing/history/methods ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/*genetics/history/*psychology ; Parents/psychology ; Risk Factors ; Siblings/psychology ; },
abstract = {Throughout the 19th century, many alienists reported the proportion of their patients who were "hereditarily burdened," meaning they had a positive family history for mental illness. The rates of such burden differed widely because different authors used divergent definition of illness and investigated different groups of relatives. Most importantly, no authors compared rates of burden with those seen in a nonpatient control group. The first such study in the history of psychiatric genetics was published in 1895, the doctoral dissertation of a Swiss physician Jenny Koller working under Auguste Forel. She obtained histories of a range of mental/neurologic disorders in the parents, aunts/uncles, grandparents and siblings of 370 hospitalized psychiatric patients and 370 controls. Rates of any hereditary burden were only modestly higher in cases (78%) than controls (59%). However, when examining individual syndromes, only major mental illness and eccentricities, but not apoplexy, nervous disorders or dementia, were more common in proband than control families. Furthermore, the rates of mental illness and eccentricities were substantially elevated in the first-degree relatives of cases versus controls but not in the second-degree relatives. Koller's study represented a major methodological advance in psychiatric genetics, helping to define which disorders coaggregated with major mental illness.},
}

Case-Control Studies
Family/psychology
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics
Genetic Testing/history/methods
History, 18th Century
History, 19th Century
Humans
Mental Disorders/*genetics/history/*psychology
Parents/psychology
Risk Factors
Siblings/psychology

@article {pmid32776361,
year = {2020},
author = {Huminiecki, Ł},
title = {A Contemporary Message from Mendel's Logical Empiricism.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {42},
number = {9},
pages = {e2000120},
doi = {10.1002/bies.202000120},
pmid = {32776361},
issn = {1521-1878},
support = {2016/21/P/NZ2/03926//National Science Centre, Poland/International ; 665778//European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme/International ; },
mesh = {*Empiricism ; Genomics ; *Heredity ; History, 20th Century ; Technology ; },
abstract = {The gene is one of the most fundamental concepts in life sciences, having been developed in the mold of the Mendelian paradigm of heredity, which shaped genetics across 150 years. How could Mendel possibly be so prophetic in the middle of 19[th] century, using only the small garden of the monastery as his experimental breeding field? I believe that we are indebted to Mendel's mastery of the scientific method, which was far ahead of his time. Although his experimental technology was literally garden-variety, Mendel's excellence in the method of science, algebra, and logical analysis helped him in designing the right experiment and in interpreting the results insightfully. This may be valuable to recall in today's technology-focused culture, where the center of interest tends to be on the generation and description of high-throughput datasets from specialized genomics screens. As Mendel's story suggests, progress in 21[st] century genetics may also depend on the development of robust concepts and generalizations.},
}

*Empiricism
Genomics
*Heredity
History, 20th Century
Technology

@article {pmid32762461,
year = {2020},
author = {Hegele, RA and Dron, JS},
title = {2019 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture: Three Decades of Examining DNA in Patients With Dyslipidemia.},
journal = {Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology},
volume = {40},
number = {9},
pages = {1970-1981},
doi = {10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.313065},
pmid = {32762461},
issn = {1524-4636},
support = {//CIHR/Canada ; },
mesh = {Biomarkers/blood ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Dyslipidemias/blood/diagnosis/*genetics/history ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Testing ; *Genetic Variation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Lipids/*blood ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Dyslipidemias include both rare single gene disorders and common conditions that have a complex underlying basis. In London, ON, there is fortuitous close physical proximity between the Lipid Genetics Clinic and the London Regional Genomics Centre. For >30 years, we have applied DNA sequencing of clinical samples to help answer scientific questions. More than 2000 patients referred with dyslipidemias have participated in an ongoing translational research program. In 2013, we transitioned to next-generation sequencing; our targeted panel is designed to concurrently assess both monogenic and polygenic contributions to dyslipidemias. Patient DNA is screened for rare variants underlying 25 mendelian dyslipidemias, including familial hypercholesterolemia, hepatic lipase deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Furthermore, polygenic scores for LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglycerides are calculated for each patient. We thus simultaneously document both rare and common genetic variants, allowing for a broad view of genetic predisposition for both individual patients and cohorts. For instance, among patients referred with severe hypertriglyceridemia, defined as ≥10 mmol/L (≥885 mg/dL), <1% have a mendelian disorder (ie, autosomal recessive familial chylomicronemia syndrome), ≈15% have heterozygous rare variants (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals), and ≈35% have an extreme polygenic score (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals). Other dyslipidemias show a different mix of genetic determinants. Genetic results are discussed with patients and can support clinical decision-making. Integrating DNA testing into clinical care allows for a bidirectional flow of information, which facilitates scientific discoveries and clinical translation.},
}

Biomarkers/blood
DNA Copy Number Variations
Dyslipidemias/blood/diagnosis/*genetics/history
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genetic Testing
*Genetic Variation
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Lipids/*blood
Multifactorial Inheritance
Phenotype
Prognosis
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors

@article {pmid32728085,
year = {2020},
author = {Chessa, D and Murgia, M and Sias, E and Deligios, M and Mazzarello, V and Fiamma, M and Rovina, D and Carenti, G and Ganau, G and Pintore, E and Fiori, M and Kay, GL and Ponzeletti, A and Cappuccinelli, P and Kelvin, DJ and Wain, J and Rubino, S},
title = {Metagenomics and microscope revealed T. trichiura and other intestinal parasites in a cesspit of an Italian nineteenth century aristocratic palace.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {12656},
pmid = {32728085},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ancient/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Geologic Sediments/parasitology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, 19th Century ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*history ; Italy ; Metagenomics/*methods ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Trichuriasis/history ; Trichuris/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {This study evidenced the presence of parasites in a cesspit of an aristocratic palace of nineteenth century in Sardinia (Italy) by the use of classical paleoparasitological techniques coupled with next-generation sequencing. Parasite eggs identified by microscopy included helminth genera pathogenic for humans and animals: the whipworm Trichuris sp., the roundworm Ascaris sp., the flatworm Dicrocoelium sp. and the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium sp. In addition, 18S rRNA metabarcoding and metagenomic sequencing analysis allowed the first description in Sardinia of aDNA of the human specific T. trichiura species and Ascaris genus. Their presence is important for understanding the health conditions, hygiene habits, agricultural practices and the diet of the local inhabitants in the period under study.},
}