@article {pmid42728336,
year = {2026},
author = {Abdelmagid, M and Yusuf, M and ElHalawany, BM and Fares, A},
title = {NeuroStream: spectral-spatio-temporal deep learning for visual stimulus classification from EEG.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42728336},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Humans ; *Deep Learning ; *Electroencephalography/methods ; *Photic Stimulation/methods ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Wavelet Analysis ; Algorithms ; },
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG)-based visual classification is a challenging task due to low spatial resolution, complex temporal dynamics, and potential experimental confounds, yet with the recent advances in EEG classification, it offers a cost-effective, portable alternative with millisecond-level temporal resolution to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for large scale studies and real-time applications. We propose a novel Spectral-Spatio-Temporal (SST) representation that transforms raw EEG signals into a structured, video-like format. Specifically, we compute wavelet transforms for all channels, aggregate log power into frequency bands, and map these features to electrode positions over time, thereby synthesizing the signal's multi-dimensional dynamics into a unified, high-fidelity sequence. Building on this representation, we introduce the NeuroStream-SST framework, featuring a lightweight deep learning architecture optimized for spatiotemporal feature extraction. Experiments on the EEGCVPR40 dataset show that our approach reaches [Formula: see text] accuracy in the high-gamma band using standard dataset splits, outperforming existing methods evaluated under an identical protocol and demonstrating its ability to capture complex neural characteristics effectively. Furthermore, we implement a set of evaluation protocols designed to expose and quantify the contribution of temporal correlations to reported accuracy. decoding performance declines steadily as the association between class labels and recording sessions is weakened, and falls to the majority-class baseline once the sessions of the evaluated classes are withheld entirely. These findings highlight our framework as a promising direction for EEG-based visual decoding, with implications for brain-computer interfaces and cognitive neuroscience.},
}

Humans
*Deep Learning
*Electroencephalography/methods
*Photic Stimulation/methods
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Wavelet Analysis
Algorithms

@article {pmid42721166,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, H and Zhu, L and He, B and Liu, D and Wang, K and Zeng, L and Kong, W},
title = {Toward Trustworthy Collaborative BCI: Uncertainty-Aware Graph Reasoning for Dual-Brain Multimodal Target Detection.},
journal = {IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/JBHI.2026.3732871},
pmid = {42721166},
issn = {2168-2208},
abstract = {Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have shown strong potential for target detection in complex visual search tasks. Collaborative BCIs can further improve decision robustness by combining information from multiple users. However, most existing methods focus mainly on aggregating more evidence, while paying less attention to how the exchanged information affects other sources and whether it remains beneficial after propagation across subjects and modalities. In dual-brain multimodal RSVP, local prediction confidence does not necessarily reflect collaborative value: a locally confident source may still propagate misleading information, whereas an uncertain source may retain useful information. To address this gap, we propose DBMMNet, an uncertainty-aware dual-brain multimodal framework that moves collaborative BCI from indiscriminate evidence fusion toward trustworthy collaboration. DBMMNet combines node representations and predictive entropy to estimate sender-level propagation reliability. The reliability estimator is supervised by the counterfactual propagation utility of outgoing messages, and the resulting reliability regulates inter-source message passing. Experiments on 15 predefined two-subject groups under cross-block evaluation show that DBMMNet consistently outperforms competing methods and achieves improved robustness and stability. These findings recast trustworthy collaborative BCI from an evidence-aggregation problem into a propagation-control problem. Our code is available at: https://github.com/BillySturate/DBMMNet.},
}

@article {pmid42721172,
year = {2026},
author = {Vermehren, M and Peekhaus, N and Colucci, A and Wiskow, M and Haslacher, D and Curio, G and Soekadar, SR},
title = {Robust brain-computer interface (BCI) control during frequency-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).},
journal = {IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3732552},
pmid = {42721172},
issn = {1558-0210},
abstract = {Integrating frequency-tuned, adaptive brain stimulation with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allows direct tests of the causal role of brain oscillations and advances BCIs toward bi-directional operation. A central challenge is that stimulation-induced artifacts overlap with endogenous brain rhythms, undermining robust real-time signal decoding and contingent BCI feedback. Here, we overcome this limitation by introducing an artifact-suppression approach that enables robust motor-imagery BCI control during frequency-tuned amplitude-modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS). We developed a real-time spatial filtering pipeline that combines spatio-spectral decomposition (SSD) with beamforming and evaluated its performance against a standard Laplacian filter in 14 healthy participants. BCI control was assessed both in the absence of stimulation and during stimulation. We hypothesized that only the SSD-beamforming approach would preserve robust BCI control under stimulation. In the absence of stimulation, both pipelines supported robust BCI control (SSD-beamforming: 73 ± 9%; Laplacian: 72 ± 8%; p = .849). During AM-tACS, Laplacian filtering showed a marked performance decline to near chance level (58 ± 9%; p < .001). However, with SSD-beamforming, robust BCI control was preserved (76 ± 9%). These results demonstrate that robust BCI control during frequency-tuned AM-tACS is achievable. By enabling simultaneous stimulation and decoding, this approach establishes a new paradigm for testing the causal contributions of brain rhythms during ongoing BCI control and for advancing stimulation-informed, bi-directional BCI interventions. Future work will determine how AM-tACS can be leveraged to enhance BCI performance but also promote neuroplasticity during restorative BCI applications.},
}

@article {pmid42721195,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, J and Yuan, Y and Xu, H and Luan, G},
title = {Scientific and Technological Developments in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Dual Bibliometric Analysis of Articles and Patents.},
journal = {JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e95902},
pmid = {42721195},
issn = {2369-2529},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is undergoing rapid translation from laboratory research to clinical applications, heralding a fundamental restructuring of human-machine relationships, with profound societal implications. Existing bibliometric analyses of this domain have exclusively relied on scholarly article databases, critically overlooking patent data that is essential for capturing the full spectrum of technological innovation in this highly translational field.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the overall scientific and technological trajectories, key research drivers (journals, institutions, countries, and funding agencies), as well as research topics and trends in the BCI field through a comprehensive analysis of scientific and technical literature (articles and patents).

METHODS: BCI-related articles (11,346) and granted patents (1551) published from 2015 to 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) and the incoPat database, respectively. VOSviewer, CiteSpace (Dr Chaomei Chen), Microsoft Excel, and InCites (Clarivate) were used to summarize bibliometric features. Additionally, the Disruptive Index was calculated to characterize the developmental trajectory of scientific and technological advancements in BCIs.

RESULTS: The number of BCI articles and patents has been continuously increasing over the past decade. The Journal of Neural Engineering published the largest number of BCI articles. The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranked first in article output, while the University of California System achieved the greatest citation impact, and Tianjin University from China led in patent filings. At the country level, China dominated article output and patent filings, whereas the United States attained the highest article citation impact and the most extensive international patent portfolios. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) was the most prolific funding agency for BCI articles. Disruptive Index analysis revealed that BCI scientific research (article-based) maintained sustained growth in disruptiveness, whereas technological development (patent-based) demonstrated a pattern of fluctuation rather than consistent growth during the observation period. A total of 5 major research topics were identified, with neural interfaces and motor control attracting the greatest attention. In parallel, the leading technology categories were computer input or output interface devices (IPC: G06F3) and diagnostic measurement and human identification (IPC: A61B5). Citation analysis revealed an average knowledge transfer lag of 8.8 years, alongside limited bidirectional article-patent linkages.

CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a rapidly expanding yet strategically differentiated global BCI landscape dominated by China and the United States, with the former leading in output volume and the latter achieving the highest citation impact and international patent portfolios. BCI scientific research maintains active disruptive potential, whereas technological development lacks a commensurate upward trajectory; this asynchrony, compounded by prolonged knowledge transfer lag and weak article-patent linkages, points to translational challenges that require strengthened mechanisms for converting scientific discovery into technical innovations.},
}

@article {pmid42721596,
year = {2026},
author = {Lou, C and Lei, Y and Noppeney, U and Chen, L},
title = {EEG signatures for tactile object individuation on a finger tip.},
journal = {Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {336-356},
doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2026.08.014},
pmid = {42721596},
issn = {1973-8102},
abstract = {Object individuation (OI), i.e., segmenting sensory signals into individual objects based on spatial or temporal cues, has been studied predominantly in vision but remained largely unexplored in touch. Using EEG we studied the neural activity associated with OI in touch. In two experiments, participants (Experiment 1: n=28; Experiment 2: n=27) were presented with one to eight pins on their index fingertip. In Experiment 1, they enumerated the number of pins, a task relying on OI. In Experiment 2, they detected a brief temporal flicker in the tactile stimulus, a task that did not involve OI. Multivariate analyses showed that neural activity around 860 msec post-stimulus encoded the number of pins, but only during enumeration. Moreover, for Experiment 1, we observed that the amplitudes of two ERP indices, the late contralateral negativity (N1000cc) and the tactile contralateral delay activity (tCDA), increased with the number of enumerated items, peaking at three objects. Time-frequency analysis revealed greater oscillatory power in the alpha-band for small numerosities (1-3 items), corresponding to the range typically associated with tactile subitizing, relative to larger numerosities (4-6 items), suggesting an attentional control mechanism that aids in separating tactile objects from the background while reducing interference from irrelevant sensory information during capacity-limited OI processing. Importantly, these neural effects were not observed in Experiment 2. Collectively, our results provide evidence that tactile object individuation is capacity-limited and is associated with distinct N1000cc, tCDA, and alpha-band activity.},
}

@article {pmid42721971,
year = {2026},
author = {Di, Y and An, X and Li, HH},
title = {Distinct oscillatory neural rhythms support representational precision and confidence in working memory.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.08.041},
pmid = {42721971},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Working memory enables the maintenance of information to guide behavior, yet its representations are inherently noisy and variable. To act effectively, observers must track the uncertainty of their own memory. However, the neural mechanisms supporting uncertainty representations in working memory remain poorly understood, particularly at the level of neural dynamics. Here, we combined electroencephalography (EEG) with a spatial visual working memory task that elicited trial-by-trial uncertainty reports to investigate how oscillatory activity encodes memory uncertainty. We identified two forms of uncertainty supported by distinct oscillatory neural activity. Using a probabilistic encoding-decoding model, we found that memory content can be reconstructed from alpha-band activity and that the precision of these representations predicts subsequent uncertainty reports, consistent with probabilistic mnemonic representations. In parallel, beta-band activity contained a scalar, magnitude-based representation of uncertainty. This signal exhibited slow, persistent dynamics across task epochs and tracked uncertainty reports for both the current and previous trials. Together, these findings show that the human brain multiplexes two forms of memory uncertainty, representational precision and a scalar confidence signal, across distinct oscillatory rhythms, providing a neural dynamical account of metacognitive access to working memory.},
}

@article {pmid42722303,
year = {2026},
author = {Yi, C and Wang, J and Luo, T and Li, Q and Yu, H and Yang, M and Yao, D and Ma, X and Li, F and Xu, P},
title = {Salience network orchestrates large-scale brain dynamics during target detection: Insights from an EEG dFNC study.},
journal = {Brain research bulletin},
volume = {245},
number = {},
pages = {112117},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112117},
pmid = {42722303},
issn = {1873-2747},
abstract = {Efficient detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli is essential for adaptive cognition and has potential cognitive and neurotechnological applications. However, how large-scale brain networks dynamically coordinate this process remains poorly understood. Here, we leveraged electroencephalogram (EEG)-based dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) to investigate large-scale network organization during target and standard conditions in a visual oddball paradigm. Across distinct post-stimulus windows, condition-dependent changes occurred within a "filtering-integration-regulation" three-stage framework. Early (150-250 ms) differences (standard > target) were observed mainly in the Visual Network (VN), Sensory/Somatomotor Network (SMN), and Salience Network (SN), reflecting rapid sensory discrimination and pre-attentive tagging of frequent and predictable non-target events. The mid (350-450 ms) and late (450-550 ms) windows involved widespread connectivity increases for targets (target > standard) across the memory retrieval network (MRN), default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), frontoparietal task control network (FPCN), SN, VN, and cingulo-opercular network (CON). The central hubs shifted from SN in the mid stage to FPCN in the late stage, reflecting a transition from integrative processing to regulatory control. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) analysis identified early and late SN, late DAN, and mid-to-late DMN as the most critical networks for distinguishing target from standard stimuli and uncovered a functional dissociation centered on SN, with its engagement strength alone predicting P300 amplitude, while its timing best predicted P300 latency, alongside contributions from FPCN and DAN dynamics. These findings highlight the central role of SN-centered network dynamics in target detection, offering a large-scale perspective on the neural mechanisms of processing behaviorally relevant stimuli.},
}

@article {pmid42722314,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, Y and Zhang, Y and Peng, Y and Yan, B and Wu, Z and Ding, M and Chen, L},
title = {A Generalizable OPM-MEG Framework for Time-resolved Language Decoding During Natural Speech Production.},
journal = {NeuroImage},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {122219},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122219},
pmid = {42722314},
issn = {1095-9572},
abstract = {Non-invasive decoding of rapidly evolving cognitive and motor states is limited by trade-offs between temporal precision, spatial fidelity and tolerance to natural movement. We present a modality-matched benchmarking framework that evaluates optically pumped magnetometer magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) against electroencephalography (EEG) during visually cued overt speech production. Ten native Mandarin speakers produced six isolated vowel rhymes (100 repetitions per class) while OPM-MEG and EEG were recorded under the same task. We compared six feature representations and five classifiers using time-resolved decoding, temporal generalization, pairwise classification, and source-space searchlight analyses. Decoding remained near chance before stimulus onset and increased after onset. In the principal common spatial patterns (CSP) analysis, exact paired cluster-mass permutation tests identified significant OPM-MEG > EEG clusters for all five classifiers within 150-500 ms. Averaged across classifiers over 150-500 ms, CSP was the strongest feature representation (57.9% for OPM-MEG and 55.0% for EEG). Across features, linear support vector machine (Linear SVM) achieved the highest mean accuracy (56.4% and 54.1%, respectively). CSP with Linear SVM was the best feature-classifier combination, yielding mean accuracies of 60.3% for OPM-MEG and 56.7% for EEG; late peak accuracies reached 63.0% and 60.1%, respectively. Temporal-generalization matrices were dominated by a narrow main diagonal, with limited off-diagonal generalization (50.7-52.1%), indicating predominantly time-specific discriminative information. In the pairwise analysis, CSP with Linear SVM achieved a mean accuracy of 60.1%, and /i/ versus /u/ reached a maximum of 61.2%. Exploratory source-space searchlight analysis identified time-evolving cortical parcels with above-chance local decoding from 100 to 450 ms, whereas no parcel reached significance at 0 or 50 ms; these patterns do not directly establish activation or coherent functional-network recruitment. These results support OPM-MEG as a high-resolution non-invasive platform for time-resolved decoding and provide practical guidance for feature and classifier selection in speech-related neuroimaging and brain-computer interface studies.},
}

@article {pmid42727580,
year = {2026},
author = {Dai, D and Zhang, B and Zhang, X and Chen, S and Sun, L and Yang, H and Ni, J and Duan, S},
title = {A hypothalamic-vagal pathway mediates stress-induced feeding suppression and gastric dysfunction.},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.011},
pmid = {42727580},
issn = {1097-4199},
abstract = {Acute stress alters feeding behavior and is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Although the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is traditionally considered to mediate stress responses through neuroendocrine pathways, whether it coordinates stress-related behavioral responses through neural circuits remains unclear. Here, we identify PVN neurons expressing neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY1R) as a population rapidly activated by diverse acute stressors. Selective activation of PVN NPY1R neurons projecting to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) suppresses feeding, whereas inhibition of this pathway reverses stress-induced hypophagia. Further investigation reveals that PVN NPY1R neurons form direct synaptic connections with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the DVC, and inhibition of DVC ChAT neurons partially restores stress-induced feeding suppression. Moreover, activation of the PVN NPY1R-DVC pathway induces gastrointestinal dysmotility, whereas inhibition of this pathway rescues stress-induced impairment of gastric emptying. Together, our findings reveal a hypothalamic-brainstem circuit linking acute stress to feeding suppression and gastric dysfunction.},
}

@article {pmid42715333,
year = {2026},
author = {Saha, M and Khan, IN and Joy, B and Chen, SY and Yang, HT and Patel, P and Jang, K and Zhang, P and Azeemi, F and Sarkar, D},
title = {Magnetically actuated nanoantennas for wireless glioblastoma therapy.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {12},
number = {37},
pages = {eaeb1237},
pmid = {42715333},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {*Glioblastoma/therapy/pathology/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Brain Neoplasms/therapy/pathology ; Temozolomide/pharmacology ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; *Wireless Technology ; },
abstract = {Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable clinical challenge, characterized by invasive growth, therapeutic resistance, and dismal patient survival. We report the development of HITMAN (highly localized electric field-induced tumor therapy using magnetically actuated nanoantennas), a wireless bioelectric therapy that selectively eradicates GBM cells with cellular precision. Magnetically actuated nanoantennas convert low-frequency (≤200 kHz), deep-brain-penetrant magnetic fields into localized electric fields, thereby triggering protein unfolding, membrane disruption, and ER stress. In vitro, HITMAN demonstrated superior efficacy compared to temozolomide (TMZ), significantly decreasing viability in drug-resistant, patient-derived GBM cells by 52.2%, versus 10% with TMZ while sparing neurons and astrocytes. Mechanistically, HITMAN activated the unfolded protein response and autophagy pathways, suppressed cell cycle and adhesion genes, reduced Ki-67 expression, disrupted cytoskeletal architecture, and elevated p53 levels, underscoring a multifaceted antitumor mechanism. In orthotopic mouse models, HITMAN significantly inhibited tumor growth, extended median survival by more than 50%, and exhibited no systemic toxicity. Thus, HITMAN offers a minimally invasive, spatially precise, and clinically translatable therapy for GBM.},
}

*Glioblastoma/therapy/pathology/metabolism
Humans
Animals
Mice
Cell Line, Tumor
*Brain Neoplasms/therapy/pathology
Temozolomide/pharmacology
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
*Wireless Technology

@article {pmid42713217,
year = {2026},
author = {Tahmasebi, S and Farmanbordar, H and Mohammadi, R},
title = {Antibacterial and antioxidant okra-based hydrogels enhanced with Ag@HKUST-1 as a next-generation wound dressing.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics: X},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100633},
pmid = {42713217},
issn = {2590-1567},
abstract = {Wound management represents a significant global challenge. This study aims to develop an innovative multifunctional Okra/PAAm/PAA/Ag@HKUST-1 hydrogel to enhance wound dressing properties. The hydrogel was synthesized by functionalizing okra polysaccharide with dialdehyde/dicarboxylate groups, followed by polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid. This method yielded a super absorbent material with notable swelling properties, effectively controlling wound exudates while maintaining a moist healing environment. The hydrogel gained impressive antibacterial and antioxidant properties by integrating HKUST-1 and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which Ag NPs were synthesized and stabilized by Calendula officinalis (CO) extract. Characterization by FT-IR, SEM, and XRD verified that the hydrogel was successfully synthesized. The Hydrogel/Ag@HKUST-1 composite demonstrated notable bacteria-inhibiting activity toward E. coli (inhibition zones ∼18 mm) and S. aureus (inhibition zone ∼22 mm) and strong antioxidant capacity, with an activity level of 52.06%. Hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity assays on HFF-2 cells showed minimal hemolysis (0.58%) and low cytotoxicity (99.21% at 24 h and 98.54% at 48 h). The hydrogel's blood clotting test demonstrated pro-coagulant characteristics (BCI = 22%) for quick bleeding stoppage and improved wound closure. These findings emphasize the Hydrogel/Ag@HKUST-1's promise as a potent wound dressing.},
}

@article {pmid42715105,
year = {2026},
author = {Zeng, X and Zhou, T and Li, C and Hasegawa, I and Tanigawa, H},
title = {Protocol for mapping frequency-specific information transfer between cortical areas using ECoG and Granger causality.},
journal = {STAR protocols},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {104833},
doi = {10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104833},
pmid = {42715105},
issn = {2666-1667},
abstract = {This protocol details the application of Granger causality (GC) analysis to primate electrocorticography (ECoG) data to map frequency-specific information transfer. We describe steps for computing pairwise GC and generating spatial GC maps, including differential maps to isolate task-specific activity. We then explain how to perform hierarchical clustering on GC patterns to identify and visualize the spatial distribution of functional electrode clusters, revealing the organization of information flow. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhou et al.[1].},
}

@article {pmid42715660,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhu, Y and Chen, H and Xie, Q and Lei, C and Lin, Z and Meng, L and Niu, L},
title = {Noninvasive acoustic vagus nerve stimulation modulates Emotion-Related brain networks.},
journal = {Ultrasonics},
volume = {169},
number = {},
pages = {108294},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2026.108294},
pmid = {42715660},
issn = {1874-9968},
abstract = {The vagus nerve, a critical bidirectional pathway linking the central nervous system and peripheral organ systems, plays a core role in emotional regulation. Here, we introduce a noninvasive acoustic vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) paradigm and systematically characterize its modulatory effects on emotion-related brain circuitry using in vivo fiber photometry, behavioral assays, and transcriptomic profiling. The pulsed aVNS protocol was defined as follows: fundamental frequency = 1 MHz, sonication duration = 1 s, inter-stimulus interval = 9 s, pulse repetition frequency = 100 Hz, tone-burst duration = 0.5 ms, duty cycle = 5 %, and acoustic pressure = 3 MPa. Acoustic field mapping confirmed a spatially confined ultrasound beam, supporting localized stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve region. In vivo calcium imaging revealed robust aVNS-evoked neural responses across multiple emotion-associated brain regions, with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) showing the strongest response magnitude, as indicated by significantly increased area under the curve values during both the stimulation period (0-1 s, p = 0.0156) and the post-stimulation period (1-10 s, p = 0.0156). Response-profile and inter-regional similarity analyses further demonstrated that aVNS organized distributed neural responses into a coordinated network-level activation pattern rather than inducing isolated regional excitation. Behaviorally, aVNS alleviated anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in acute lipopolysaccharide-treated mice (0.5 mg/kg), as shown by increased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze (EPM; p = 0.0018) and reduced immobility in the tail suspension test (TST; p = 0.0045), as well as in chronic restraint stress mice (6 h/day for 28 consecutive days), as shown by increased open-arm exploration (p = 0.0167) and reduced immobility time (p = 0.0057). Bulk RNA sequencing further showed that repeated aVNS partially reversed stress-induced transcriptional alterations in the mPFC, particularly inflammation-related signatures. Together, these findings demonstrate that noninvasive aVNS modulates emotion-related brain networks and provide neural, behavioral, and molecular evidence supporting its potential for intervention in emotional dysfunction.},
}

@article {pmid42716082,
year = {2026},
author = {Seri, T and Iwama, S and Ushiba, J},
title = {Jogging imagery congruent with avatar gait is associated with enhanced avatar ownership during multimodal BCI control.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea4f5},
pmid = {42716082},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Multimodal brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) integrate neural and non-neural signals to enable intuitive interaction with external devices. However, BCI controllability is still predominantly evaluated based on neural signal strength, leaving the role of embodied self-experience largely unclear. Here, we investigated how kinesthetic congruence between motor imagery (MI) and avatar gait under BCI control contributes to subjective embodiment.

APPROACH: Participants navigated a virtual avatar with a jogging gait through a curved course using a multimodal BCI. Locomotion was controlled by MI-related sensorimotor rhythm event-related desynchronization (SMR-ERD) derived from scalp electroencephalography (EEG), whereas movement direction was controlled by eye gaze. To manipulate kinesthetic congruence between MI and avatar gait, participants performed imagery of jogging (congruent condition) or sustained right-hand opening (incongruent condition). Subjective embodiment toward the controlled avatar was assessed using questionnaires.

MAIN RESULTS: Participants reported significantly greater ownership in the congruent condition than in the incongruent condition. Although jogging imagery elicited weaker MI-related SMR-ERD than hand-opening imagery, no statistically significant condition differences were detected in course completion rate or time remaining upon completion.

SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that, in multimodal BCIs, neural signal strength and embodied experience may dissociate, and that imagery-action congruence should be considered alongside conventional decoding metrics. By showing that action-congruent imagery enhances avatar ownership despite weaker neural signatures, this study motivates a shift from signal-centric toward context-aware BCI design for more intuitive and embodied interaction.},
}

@article {pmid42716220,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Luo, K and Liu, X and Ye, N and Lin, W and Liu, Z and Cheng, X and Huang, Z and Xiao, Y and Zeng, H and Lian, Y and Zhang, Y and Li, M and Huang, S and Wang, Z and Wang, X and Zhang, L and Lin, H and Zhang, Y and Chen, Q and Wang, D and Ni, J and Wang, N and Fu, Y and Gan, S and , },
title = {Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation for Treatment of Multiple System Atrophy Cerebellar Type: A Randomized Controlled Trial.},
journal = {Brain stimulation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103205},
doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2026.103205},
pmid = {42716220},
issn = {1876-4754},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: No disease-modifying treatments exist for the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C). Because transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has demonstrated safety and efficacy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, a cerebellar disorder, we tested whether tACS improves clinical outcomes in MSA-C.

METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tACS in MSA-C. Participants received daily 40-minute sessions of 70 Hz, 2 mA tACS or sham stimulation, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 2 weeks in the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) total score. Secondary assessments included the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT), MSA quality of life (MSA-QoL), gait analysis, and fMRI.

RESULTS: The primary endpoint-the change from baseline in UMSARS scores-favored active stimulation: A-tACS -4.48 (4.64) versus S-tACS 0.30 (3.98), with a mean difference of -4.78 (95% CI -6.61 to -2.94), P < 0.001. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. Active tACS also improved SARA and gait outcomes but not SCOPA-AUT or MSA-QoL. In exploratory fMRI analyses, no between-group effects survived FDR correction at the whole-connectome edgewise or network-pair level. A subsequent post hoc seed-based screen identified comparatively extensive connectivity-change patterns for Left Frontal Control (ContB.PFClv) and Default Mode (DefaultB.PFCd) parcels; because the seed screen was not corrected across the full 400-seed search space, these findings are hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.

CONCLUSION: Our results show that tACS produced a statistically significant clinical improvement in MSA-C and was well tolerated. The underlying mechanisms may include enhanced brain network function.},
}

@article {pmid42716512,
year = {2026},
author = {Waddell, JT and Okey, SA and Metrik, J and Corbin, WR},
title = {Continuing cannabis use after initiation: The role of social context, craving and problem severity during acute cannabis use episodes.},
journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/add.70593},
pmid = {42716512},
issn = {1360-0443},
support = {//Sharon Manne Research Fund at Arizona State University/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Cannabis craving is a central component of cannabis use disorder and is thought to increase during acute cannabis use episodes. However, our understanding of the relations between social contexts and naturalistic cannabis craving, and for whom these relations exist during daily life use episodes, remains scant. Equally limited is research characterizing the within-episode progression of cannabis use, particularly if social context and craving may be associated with continuation of use after initiation. The current study tested a theoretical model wherein social (vs. solitary) cannabis use contexts are associated with acute, in-the-moment cannabis craving and likelihood of continuation of cannabis use, particularly for individuals with more severe cannabis problems.

DESIGN: Participants completed a baseline assessment and 14 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). As part of the EMA protocol, participants completed four random reports throughout the day and event-contingent cannabis use reports shortly after cannabis initiation, which triggered follow-up reports 1.5 hours and 3 hours later. Baseline and event-contingent reports were used in analyses.

SETTING: Arizona, United States of America.

PARTICIPANTS: N = 104 individuals (Mage = 36.16; 53% female) completed the study protocol.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants reported their severity of cannabis problems at baseline. Participants reported their current social context, type and potency of cannabis used and cannabis craving during cannabis use reports, and reported if they used any additional cannabis 1.5 and 3 hours later during follow-up cannabis reports.

RESULTS: Higher cannabis craving during cannabis initiation reports was associated with higher likelihood of continuing to use cannabis [standardized beta (b) = 0.22, 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) = 0.09-0.33]. There was a statistically significant interaction between social context and severity of cannabis problems in relation to craving (b = 0.36, 95% BCI = 0.12-0.56), such that social (vs. solitary) cannabis use contexts were associated with higher cannabis craving, but only within individuals reporting above average (but not below average) cannabis use problems. Thus, there was a conditional indirect association of social context on cannabis use continuation operating via augmented cannabis craving in individuals reporting more (b = 0.06, 95% BCI = 0.01-0.16) but not less (b = -0.06, 95% BCI = -0.17, 0.01) severe cannabis problems. Findings were consistent when estimating continuation of cannabis occurring 1.5 and 3 hours after the cannabis use report, when covarying for other cannabis use products, and when conducting subgroup analyses within cannabis flower vs. edible occasions.

SUMMARY: Within individuals who report more severe cannabis problems, social (vs. solitary) contexts appear to be associated with amplified craving, which appears to be associated with higher likelihood of continued cannabis use.},
}

@article {pmid42716666,
year = {2026},
author = {van der Meer, A and van der Weel, R},
title = {The development of looming motion perception in infants: From blinking responses to BabyBCI.},
journal = {Advances in child development and behavior},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {63-83},
doi = {10.1016/bs.acdb.2026.08.004},
pmid = {42716666},
issn = {0065-2407},
mesh = {Humans ; *Motion Perception/physiology ; Infant ; *Child Development/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; *Blinking/physiology ; },
abstract = {This chapter reviews the development of looming motion perception in infancy, tracing the progression from early behavioral defensive behaviors, such as blinking, to contemporary EEG-based brain-computer interface approaches. Grounded in ecological optics, it examines how infants learn to detect approaching objects that signal impending collision and how this skill becomes increasingly refined with age and locomotor experience. Behavioral studies show that younger infants tend to rely on simpler cues, such as the visual angle of the approaching object, whereas older infants and crawlers increasingly use time-to-collision information for more accurate responses. High-density EEG studies extend these findings by revealing developmental changes in parieto-occipital brain activity, theta and alpha synchronization, and more efficient neural timing strategies. The chapter also highlights differences between full-term and preterm children, with preterm children showing poorer prospective control and delayed visual motion processing, resulting in sustained vulnerabilities in dorsal-stream function. Recent work further demonstrates that EEG-based BCI methods can detect infant perceptual responses to looming stimuli with promising classification accuracy, pointing toward future applications in early cognitive monitoring and intervention. Overall, the chapter presents looming perception as a powerful window into the developing perception-action system and a potential tool for identifying atypical developmental trajectories early.},
}

Humans
*Motion Perception/physiology
Infant
*Child Development/physiology
Electroencephalography
*Blinking/physiology

@article {pmid42716992,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, XY and Yu, H and Liu, GL and Wu, ZY and Dong, HL},
title = {Non-coding repeat expansions within NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 genes contribute to unsolved inherited peripheral neuropathies.},
journal = {Journal of human genetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42716992},
issn = {1435-232X},
abstract = {Non-coding GGC repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC and AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1 have been implicated in NIID and CANVAS, respectively. Both disorders classically present with peripheral neuropathy as an initial manifestation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of short tandem repeat (STR) expansions in NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 among patients with genetically undiagnosed inherited peripheral neuropathy (IPN). In this cohort study, we screened 103 such patients for STR expansions using repeat-primed PCR and fragment analysis. Clinical, electrophysiological, and skin histopathological features of patients were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally, a systematic literature review was conducted to summarize all published NOTCH2NLC-related IPN cases. Four patients with IPN (3.9%, 4/103) were found to have heterozygous GGC repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC. Two patients harboring biallelic AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1 exhibited predominantly sensory axonal neuropathy. A total of 107 patients in seven reports were identified. The most prevalent clinical features were impaired motor function (66/86, 76.7%), followed by sensory abnormalities, tremor, and muscle atrophy. The size of the expanded GGC repeats ranged from 68 to 517. Sporadic NIID cases presented with later onset and milder features compared to familial cases. Radiological and cognitive manifestations correlated with onset age but not with repeat size. Our results indicate that STR expansions account for 5.8% (6/103) of genetically undiagnosed IPN cases in our cohort. This study broadens the clinical spectrum of NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 repeat expansions and highlights the importance of screening for STR expansions among genetically undefined IPN patients.},
}

@article {pmid42717197,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, H and Luo, S and Wang, X and Lin, L and Liang, R and Zhong, C and Zhang, Y and Zhao, W and Chen, Z and Liu, X and Gao, Y and Chen, F and Sun, N and Huang, J and Fei, T},
title = {Towards efficient perturbation for the noncoding genome.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42717197},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {32470673//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Genome ; Humans ; Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism/genetics ; *Gene Editing/methods ; },
abstract = {Deciphering the functionality of the noncoding genome, which includes important cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcribed noncoding RNA genes, remains technically challenging. Here, using massively parallel genetic screening, we systematically benchmark the performance of five representative loss-of-function perturbation tools, including single-guide RNA (gRNA) mediated SpCas9 cleavage or CRISPR interference, and paired gRNA (pgRNA) involved dual-SpCas9, Big Papi (paired SpCas9 and SaCas9) or dual-enAsCas12a fragment deletion methods, in decoding the roles of the noncoding genome. For targeting CREs such as enhancers, dual-SpCas9 outperforms other methods with superior efficiency in destroying functional genomic regions. For perturbing noncoding RNA genes, in addition to dual-SpCas9, other RNA-targeting methods such as RNA interference are recommended to discriminate transcript-dependent or -independent roles. A deep learning model, DeepDC, with an associated web server, is built to facilitate optimal dual-SpCas9 pgRNA design for efficiently deleting a genomic fragment. Together, our work provides practical guidance on selecting appropriate loss-of-function tools to resolve the functional complexity of the noncoding genome.},
}

CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
*RNA, Untranslated/genetics
RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
*Genome
Humans
Animals
CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism/genetics
*Gene Editing/methods

@article {pmid42717381,
year = {2026},
author = {Jalal, MS and Figuet, O and Di Bacco, K and Hubert, M and Adame, S and Stelzle, D and Winkler, AS and Budke, CM and Carabin, H},
title = {An updated estimate of the proportion of neurocysticercosis among people with epileptic seizures: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis.},
journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42717381},
issn = {2049-9957},
support = {PDTF-001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; https://doi.org/10.69777/333900//Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS)/ ; https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4954//Canada Research Chair in Epidemiology and One Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Neurocysticercosis/epidemiology/parasitology/complications ; Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; *Epilepsy/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Seizures/epidemiology/parasitology ; Animals ; Prevalence ; Female ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. This systematic review (PROSPERO identifier: CRD42021266596) aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of NCC among people with epileptic seizures (PWES) between 1990 and 2023, and to assess whether this proportion changed between January 1990 to May 2008 and June 2008 to May 2023 across endemic regions.

METHODS: Twenty electronic databases were searched in May 2023 for records on NCC published between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened all records. Original studies that reported NCC frequency among PWES, used neuroimaging, biopsy, or autopsy to diagnose NCC, and were not prone to high level of selection bias were included. Reviews, book-chapters and case series with fewer than 20 participants were excluded. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for prevalence studies. Bayesian models were used to estimate pooled NCC proportions and assess their changes by study periods and regions.

RESULTS: Among 16,202 screened records, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five studies included PWES from both sexes, all age groups (children and adults), and used clear case definitions. The pooled proportion of NCC among PWES in these studies was 25.2% [95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 19.5%-32.2%], with fairly-high between-study heterogeneity (τ = 1.0; 95% BCI: 0.8-1.3). Studies without clear definitions for NCC or epileptic seizures reported considerably lower proportions, suggesting misclassification error. NCC proportion did not vary by sex or age. NCC proportion declined between June 2008 and May 2023, across Africa, the Americas and Southeast Asia.

CONCLUSION: This study provides an updated estimate of NCC proportion among PWES between 1990 and 2023, with implications for burden estimation, and highlights its decline in endemic regions. However, substantial between-study heterogeneity indicates context-specific differences; therefore, the pooled estimates should be interpreted cautiously and not as universally generalizable. Further research should determine whether the observed decline in NCC proportion is real or reflects an apparent reduction resulting from changes in case definitions, study populations, neuroimaging technologies, or underlying causes of epileptic seizures.},
}

*Neurocysticercosis/epidemiology/parasitology/complications
Humans
Bayes Theorem
*Epilepsy/epidemiology/parasitology
*Seizures/epidemiology/parasitology
Animals
Prevalence
Female

@article {pmid42717838,
year = {2026},
author = {Anil, K and Hall, S and Freeman, JA and Marsden, J and Ganis, G},
title = {Bidirectional EEG Neurofeedback of Sensorimotor Beta Oscillations Reveals Asymmetric Modulation and Strategy-Dependent Learning.},
journal = {The European journal of neuroscience},
volume = {64},
number = {5},
pages = {e70681},
doi = {10.1111/ejn.70681},
pmid = {42717838},
issn = {1460-9568},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurofeedback/methods ; Female ; *Beta Rhythm/physiology ; Male ; *Learning/physiology ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Young Adult ; Double-Blind Method ; },
abstract = {EEG-based neurofeedback (ENF) may be utilised as an intervention for improvement of motor performance in Parkinson's movement impairment. This exploratory study aimed to determine the ability of healthy participants to bidirectionally modulate sensorimotor beta power using ENF in real time and examine learning trends. The protocol trained participants to increase and decrease the amplitude of their individual beta power over C3 using a double-blind sham-controlled and within-subjects design. Fifteen healthy participants completed the study (mean age = 38.9, SD = 14.9, age range = 20-66; nine female and six male). Thirteen participants successfully decreased beta activity, three participants successfully increased it and two participants demonstrated bidirectional control. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that successful EEG control during real ENF was significantly higher than sham ENF when participants received the sham condition first (Z = 3.80, p < 0.001). When participants received the real condition first, the difference in success was not statistically significant (Z = 1.19, p = 0.233), indicating a transfer learning effect from real to sham sessions. ENF performance varied across ENF training based on modulation direction and cognitive variables, including mental strategy, engagement and fatigue. This study showed that initial ENF performance depends critically on how performance is defined and measured. Learning trends between real and sham conditions further suggest that early ENF performance primarily reflects strategy-dependent, effort-based control rather than stable neurophysiological plasticity. These findings highlight the need for a more precise framework for ENF evaluation, one that separates transient modulation, strategic learning and durable physiological adaptation.},
}

Humans
*Neurofeedback/methods
Female
*Beta Rhythm/physiology
Male
*Learning/physiology
Adult
Middle Aged
Aged
*Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology
Electroencephalography/methods
Young Adult
Double-Blind Method

@article {pmid42718751,
year = {2026},
author = {Qayyum, T and Tariq, A and Belkacem, AN},
title = {PQ-Neurolink: latency-aware post-quantum-ready secure communication for distributed brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1891041},
pmid = {42718751},
issn = {1662-5137},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Distributed electroencephalography (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) systems increasingly transmit neural data and control messages between a head-worn device, a nearby hub, and cloud-assisted services. These links require integrity, authenticity, replay protection, and low latency, while migration to post-quantum cryptography can increase session-establishment cost.

METHODS: We present PQ-NeuroLink, a latency-aware post-quantum-ready communication framework that separates authenticated session establishment from the symmetric streaming fast path. The design supports classical X25519, post-quantum ML-KEM-768, and hybrid ML-KEM-768 plus X25519 key establishment, with pinned ML-DSA public keys for endpoint identity binding. The prototype was evaluated using EEG-derived traffic from public datasets over BLE-like and Wi-Fi-like link profiles, 1-hop and 2-hop topologies, symmetric key-update and public-key refresh events, active tampering scenarios, and MCU-informed resource and processing-energy projections.

RESULTS: Identity pinning and transcript binding prevented successful modeled session-splicing attempts. Post-quantum and hybrid modes primarily increased handshake bytes rather than steady-state streaming latency. In the most constrained BLE 1-hop summary condition, the hybrid M3 mode increased p95 latency by 0.45 ms relative to the unsecured M0 baseline while maintaining 99.0% packet delivery.

DISCUSSION: Post-quantum-ready authenticated session establishment can be integrated into distributed EEG communication prototypes when public-key operations are kept off the per-frame path. PQ-NeuroLink provides a reproducible communication-layer basis for secure next-generation BCI deployment studies requiring low-latency operation and long-horizon post-quantum protection.},
}

@article {pmid42719006,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, C and Pan, X and Chen, S and Cheng, H and Yao, Y and Zhang, G and Zheng, F},
title = {Large-scale neuromorphic modeling of cortical networks on FPGA for investigating anesthetic-induced neural dynamics.},
journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1866947},
pmid = {42719006},
issn = {1662-5137},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying general anesthesia remains a significant challenge in neuroscience and clinical practice. Traditional software-based simulations of large-scale brain networks are often constrained by high computational costs and fail to achieve real-time performance.

METHODS: In this paper, we propose a high-performance hardware implementation of large-scale neuromorphic system to investigate anesthetic-induced neural dynamics. The system successfully models a cortical network comprising 10,000 spiking neurons (8,000 excitatory and 2,000 inhibitory) utilizing the biologically plausible Izhikevich neuron model. Deployed on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the proposed architecture exploits high parallelism to achieve real-time simulation speeds. By adjusting synaptic weights and network parameters to mimic the pharmacological eects of anesthetic agents, our system can continuously monitor and evaluate state transitions in neural synchronization and firing patterns.

RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the hardware-accelerated neuromorphic approach provides an efficient, scalable, and real-time platform for investigating large-scale neural dynamics.

DISCUSSION: Pending future validation against empirical clinical EEG data, this foundational framework paves the way for advanced brain-machine interfaces and closed-loop anesthetic delivery systems.},
}

@article {pmid42720607,
year = {2026},
author = {Ferrari, SSAR and Ramos, MV and de Abreu, FMC and de Oliveira, DA and Silva, LDDS and Ferreira, CS and da Silva Linhares, BQH and Titze-de-Almeida, R and Tavares, MCH and Titze-de-Almeida, SS},
title = {The effects of physical and sensory activities on motor and cognitive functions in the aging brain: a review.},
journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/gerona/glag224},
pmid = {42720607},
issn = {1758-535X},
abstract = {Brain aging characterized by progressive structural and functional changes, including atrophy of the hippocampus and frontal cortex, reduced neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and disruptions in network connectivity, collectively impairing memory, attention, and executive functions. However, aging is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous process, with variability in decline and preservation of certain cognitive capacities supported by compensatory mechanisms. Neuroplasticity plays a central role in mitigating age-related losses by enabling functional reorganization and maintaining neural connectivity. This integrative review synthesizes evidence on the effects of physical activity, sensory stimulation, and multisystem interventions on brain aging. Aerobic and multicomponent exercise programs, particularly those lasting 8-24 weeks, have been associated with improvements in hippocampal volume, executive function, and mobility. These benefits appear to be mediated by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, lactate signaling, and cathepsin B, which support synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and cerebral perfusion. Sensory stimulation enhances neural processing through multisensory integration, strengthening connectivity within attentional and executive networks. Combined interventions that integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive components appear promising and may offer advantages over single‑domain approaches, although direct comparative evidence remains limited. Activities such as dance, proprioceptive training, and musical engagement exemplify sensorimotor integration, promoting cognitive reserve. In addition, emerging technologies, including virtual reality and brain-computer interfaces, further support personalized, neuroplasticity-driven rehabilitation. Together, these findings highlight sensorimotor integration as a central mechanism for preserving cognitive and functional capacity and promoting healthy brain aging.},
}

@article {pmid42706445,
year = {2026},
author = {Miller, KJ and Giampiccolo, D and Akram, H and Schalk, G},
title = {Ethical considerations for implantable human brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42706445},
issn = {1546-1726},
}

@article {pmid42708118,
year = {2026},
author = {Mokin, M and Knopman, J and Davies, JM and Hassan, AE and Harbaugh, RE and Khalessi, A and Fiehler, J and Levy, EI and Gross, BA and Grandhi, R and Tarpley, J and Sivakumar, W and Bain, M and Crowley, RW and Link, TW and Fraser, JF and Levitt, MR and Chen, PR and Hanel, RA and Bernard, JD and Jumaa, M and Youssef, P and Cress, MC and Chaudry, MI and Shakir, HJ and Lesley, WS and Billingsley, J and Jones, J and Koch, MJ and Paul, AR and Mack, WJ and Osbun, JW and Dlouhy, K and Grossberg, JA and Kellner, CP and Sahlein, DH and Santarelli, J and Schirmer, CM and Mazaris, P and Liu, JJ and Majjhoo, AQ and Wolfe, T and Patel, NV and Roark, C and Siddiqui, AH},
title = {Timing of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization and Surgery: Analysis of the EMBOLISE Trial.},
journal = {Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {e002359},
pmid = {42708118},
issn = {2694-5746},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The EMBOLISE trial (The Embolization of the Middle Meningeal Artery With Onyx Liquid Embolic System in the Treatment of Subacute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma) demonstrated that middle meningeal artery embolization as an adjunct to surgical drainage reduces recurrence of symptomatic subacute and chronic subdural hematomas. We performed a subgroup analysis of the EMBOLISE surgical cohort to determine how the timing of embolization relative to surgery impacted various outcomes.

METHODS: We performed a post hoc subgroup analysis to examine the association of the timing of embolization relative to surgery with the primary end point (hematoma reoperation within 90 days), secondary end points (clinical and radiographic outcomes), and safety end points (serious adverse events, neurological death, all-cause death, and stroke).

RESULTS: Middle meningeal artery embolization before surgery (embolization-first group) and middle meningeal artery embolization after surgery (surgery-first group) were performed in 107 and 78 patients, respectively. Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. The core laboratory confirmed the procedure to be successful in all patients with similar rates of distal penetration of Onyx into middle meningeal artery branches at the end of the embolization procedure in both groups (49.5% and 48.7%, respectively, P>0.99). Six of 103 patients in the embolization-first group (5.8%) and none in the surgery-first group needed reoperation within 90 days (analysis with observed data, P=0.08). Hematoma volumes at 90 and 180 days were similar except for lower hematoma thickness in the surgery-first group (2.3±3.0 mm versus 4.4±5.6 mm, P=0.03) at 180 days. Clinical and safety outcomes at 30, 90, and 180 days were similar.

CONCLUSIONS: Performing surgical drainage before embolization in patients with subacute and chronic subdural hematomas may help minimize treatment failures and enhance hematoma resolution.

REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04402632.},
}

@article {pmid42708130,
year = {2026},
author = {Leuthardt, EC and Wilk, SJ and Souders, L and Carr, KB and Coker, R and Wilding, GE and Zuleger, D and Acland, BT and Carter, AR},
title = {At-Home BCI Rehabilitation Therapy for Chronic Upper Extremity Deficit After Stroke (BCI-REHAB): A Randomized Trial.},
journal = {Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {e002345},
pmid = {42708130},
issn = {2694-5746},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: At-home stroke rehabilitation methods have strong potential to supplement limited clinical resources, but realizing that potential for survivors in the chronic phase of recovery requires developing and validating more effective options than the home exercise programs typically used today. BCI-REHAB (At-Home BCI Rehabilitation Therapy for Chronic Upper Extremity Deficit After Stroke) compared an at-home brain-computer interface (BCI) therapy system (IpsiHand System) versus an at-home exercise program for improving upper extremity function in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke.

METHODS: Participants aged 18 to 85 years with a history of stroke ≥6 months before enrollment and right or left upper extremity paresis or plegia were screened and randomly assigned to either an at-home exercise program or to a BCI electroencephalogram system coupled to a range-of-motion assist handpiece. Participants completed 12 weeks of at-home therapy (5 sessions per week). The primary outcome was the change in the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment from baseline to 12 weeks.

RESULTS: Overall, 109 participants were assessed for eligibility; 85 met the inclusion criteria and were randomized (43 intervention, 42 control). Of the 42 control participants, n=17 declined to participate further due to dissatisfaction with study arm assignment. A total of 62 participants were analyzed for the primary outcome (37 intervention, 25 control). The primary outcome (mean change) was significantly higher in the BCI group (6.0 [95% CI, 3.9-8.1]; P<0.0001) versus the control group (1.5 [95% CI, -0.1 to 3.1]; P=0.07), with an estimated treatment difference of 4.5 ([95% CI, 1.9-7.1]; P=0.0007). Participants who received the BCI intervention showed an estimated response rate of 55.5% (95% CI, 33.7%-77.2%), compared with 9.6% (95% CI, -2.9% to 22.1%) in the control group. This corresponds to an absolute increase in response of 45.8% ([95% CI, 20.9%-70.8%]; P=0.0003), yielding a number needed to treat of 2.2.

CONCLUSIONS: At-home BCI therapy provides clinically meaningful improvement in upper extremity function for chronic stroke survivors compared with standard at-home exercise programs.

REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05965713.},
}

@article {pmid42708234,
year = {2026},
author = {Wan, L and Zhang, Q and Zhu, X and Wu, L and Zhang, Y},
title = {Robust Cross-Batch SERS Quantification of Nitric Oxide Enabled by Au@Ag@Au Nanocubes and TabPFN Full-Spectrum Learning.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e75674},
doi = {10.1002/smll.75674},
pmid = {42708234},
issn = {1613-6829},
support = {62205146//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62205053//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20252018//Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; SJCX25_0146//Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 26CXJH0835//Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; //Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Quantitative analysis of gasotransmitters using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in complex biological environments remains challenging. Reaction-based sensing mechanisms often induce coupled variations across multiple vibrational modes, weakening the robustness of conventional univariate calibration strategies. Moreover, batch-to-batch variations of plasmonic substrates and interference from biological matrices further limit the generalization capability of quantitative models. Here, we present a quantitative framework that integrates structurally controllable nanoprobes with full-spectrum regression based on in-context learning. Gold-core@silver-shell@gold-outer-shell nanocubes (Au@Ag@Au NCs) were synthesized to improve reproducibility of plasmonic responses across batches. Meanwhile, a Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) model was employed to capture nonlinear correlations among multidimensional spectral features without iterative retraining. Using nitric oxide (NO) as a representative gasotransmitter, the proposed strategy was first validated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid to assess robustness against matrix interference, and subsequently applied to monitor intracellular NO fluctuations in hydrogen peroxide-induced inflammatory cell models. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the TabPFN-based approach reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 66.69% in unseen matrix batches compared with conventional single-batch calibration methods. This work provides a practical solution for quantitative SERS analysis of gasotransmitters and highlights the potential of full-spectrum in-context learning for improving cross-batch robustness in complex biological sensing scenarios.},
}

@article {pmid42710299,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, E and Zhao, K and Yuan, Q and Hu, H and Wang, J and Yu, S and Chen, G and Zhang, D and Yuan, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhang, S},
title = {FoME: A foundation model for EEG using adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling.},
journal = {Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society},
volume = {135},
number = {},
pages = {102817},
doi = {10.1016/j.compmedimag.2026.102817},
pmid = {42710299},
issn = {1879-0771},
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG) is a vital tool to measure and record brain activity in neuroscience and clinical applications, yet its potential is constrained by signal heterogeneity, low signal-to-noise ratios, and limited labeled datasets. In this paper, we propose FoME (Foundation Model for EEG), a novel approach using adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling to address above-mentioned challenges. FoME is pre-trained on a diverse 1.7TB dataset of scalp and intracranial EEG recordings, comprising 745M parameters trained for 1,096k steps. Our model introduces two key innovations: a time-frequency fusion embedding technique and an adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling (ATLAS) mechanism. These components synergistically capture complex temporal and spectral EEG dynamics, enabling FoME to adapt to varying patterns across diverse data streams and facilitate robust multi-channel modeling. Evaluations across four downstream tasks demonstrate FoME's superior performance in classification and forecasting applications, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results. To conclude, FoME establishes a new paradigm for EEG analysis, offering a versatile foundation that advances brain-computer interfaces, clinical diagnostics, and cognitive research across neuroscience and related fields. Code will be released upon publication.},
}

@article {pmid42710528,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, S and Wang, Z and Wang, Y and Yang, Y},
title = {Identifying shared and personalized brain functional connectivity subspace across neuropsychiatric disorders.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea44a},
pmid = {42710528},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {Neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit complex functional connectivity (FC) alterations, yet disentangling transdiagnostic mechanisms from disorder-specific network perturbations remains challenging due to clinical heterogeneity and multisite data confounds. Approach: We aggregated large-scale resting-state fMRI data from 1,923 patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and site-matched controls from the REST-meta-MDD, ABIDE, and ADHD-200 consortia. We applied the established Common Orthogonal Basis Extraction (COBE) algorithm to decompose individual FC matrices into shared and personalized subspaces following site-level normalization. Main results: We validated that shared subspaces captured robust pathological signatures capable of distinguishing patients from independent healthy controls from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). A hierarchical analysis of these shared subspaces revealed a transdiagnostic core defined by widespread default mode network (DMN) decoupling alongside divergent subcortical connectivity patterns: hyper-connectivity in MDD but hypo-connectivity in ASD and ADHD. Despite these conserved commonalities, we demonstrated a functional dissociation in clinical utility: personalized subspaces exhibited significantly higher utility for precision characterization, achieving superior performance in predicting individual symptom severity and in discriminating between diagnostic groups (macro-F1: 77.6%)- tasks where shared features lacked sufficient specificity. Significance: These findings provide evidence consistent with a hierarchical neurobiological architecture wherein shared subspaces map conserved vulnerabilities, while personalized subspaces capture the heterogeneity underlying diagnostic distinctions and individual symptom expression. This work supports the value of modeling personalized neural signatures to advance precision psychiatry. .},
}

@article {pmid42710532,
year = {2026},
author = {Yao, Y and Salamanca González, C and Geirnaert, S and Gillebert, CR and Tuytelaars, T and Bertrand, A},
title = {Eccentricity confound in EEG-based visual attention decoding from gaze-fixated neural tracking of motion in natural videos.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea449},
pmid = {42710532},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Decoding visual attention from brain signals during naturalistic video viewing has emerged as a new direction in brain-computer interface research. Current methods assume that stronger coupling between object motion and neural activity indicates higher attention, but this can be confounded by eye movement artifacts and stimulus properties. This study investigates how visual eccentricity-the distance between a visual object and the fixation point-affects neural responses when eye movement artifacts are controlled.

APPROACH: EEG signals were recorded across three tasks that manipulated object eccentricity and attention conditions while participants maintained gaze fixation. Correlation analysis and match-mismatch decoding were performed to quantify the neural tracking of object motion.

MAIN RESULTS: The analysis supports three conclusions: (1) neural tracking of object motion in natural videos works under gaze fixation; (2) the strength of this tracking under gaze fixation is modulated by attention; and (3) there exists a significant eccentricity confound in the EEG responses, with poorer neural tracking of motion at larger eccentricities.

SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate that findings from previous free-viewing studies also reflect genuine neural processing rather than mere oculomotor artifacts. However, the identified eccentricity effect highlights a major limitation for current decoding approaches that assume coupling strength reflects attention levels alone.},
}

@article {pmid42711410,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, X and Liu, J and Wang, X},
title = {Correction: The transformational power of psychedelics: catalysts for creativity, consciousness, and mental health.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41380-026-03863-2},
pmid = {42711410},
issn = {1476-5578},
}

@article {pmid42712602,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, S and Sun, Q and Mo, H and Cui, W},
title = {Perioperative management for invasive brain-computer interface implantation under surgical navigation in a patient with traumatic spinal cord injury: a case report.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1892331},
pmid = {42712602},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The clinical application of invasive brain-computer interface combined with surgical navigation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury remains limited, and there is a lack of a standardized perioperative nursing cooperation strategy. This paper summarized the intraoperative cooperation and nursing experience from a single case, aim to provide a reference for clinical practice.

CASE SUMMARY: Preoperatively, the patient presented with a muscle strength of grade 4 in both forearms and upper arms, and grade 0 in both hands. Surgical navigation-assisted invasive brain-computer interface implantation was planned. The operation was successfully completed, and device activation was performed on August 13, 2025. At the 6-month follow-up, an assessment using the Upper Extremity Motor Score indicated that the patient achieved a grip score of 6 points for the left hand and 4 points for the right hand, with total scores of 11 points for the left hand and 8 points for the right hand, respectively. Improvement in bilateral upper limb motor function was observed. The patient regained voluntary motor function, and the complete paralysis was alleviated. No adverse events occurred during the hospitalization and follow-up period, and the patient and his family members reported a high level of satisfaction.

CONCLUSION: This paper summarized the perioperative care experience of a patient with traumatic spinal cord injury who underwent an invasive brain-computer interface implantation under surgical navigation. During the perioperative period, refined nursing cooperation was implemented through establishing a multidisciplinary team, conducting comprehensive preoperative preparations, precisely coordinating with surgical navigation, strictly preventing surgical site infections, standardizing postoperative monitoring, and enhancing post-discharge follow-up. The precise perioperative nursing plan is scientifically sound and clinically feasible, providing a practical foundation for the future implementation of perioperative nursing strategies for similar surgical procedures.},
}

@article {pmid42687878,
year = {2026},
author = {van der Veen, T},
title = {Genomic dimensions deconstruct the clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder.},
journal = {Research square},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42687878},
issn = {2693-5015},
abstract = {Bipolar disorder's (BD) clinical heterogeneity has an unresolved genetic basis. We meta-analyzed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 16 BD subphenotypes in 226,032 individuals from 57 cohorts (38,022 cases); 10 advanced to multivariate and multi-trait analyses. Four factors (compulsive, psychotic, dysregulated, internalizing) explained 82.8% of shared genetic variance. BD1 and BD2 loaded on distinct factors despite a high genetic correlation; 87.0% of common-factor loci were significant in neither subtype. Unipolar mania aligned with psychosis over internalizing, and was distinguishable from BD1, and rapid cycling showed heritable cross-domain liability. We identified 356 risk loci, 158 novel, including the first univariate-GWAS associations for psychosis, unipolar mania, rapid cycling and schizoaffective disorder-and 249 credible genes (89 high-confidence), 12 with approved-drug or clinical-phase annotations. Cell-type association showed a midbrain dopaminergic-GABAergic gradient along the psychotic factor. BD's genetic architecture appears hierarchical-a general liability resolving into dimensions of course and comorbidity, beyond subtypes.},
}

@article {pmid42702788,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, S and Liu, Y and Wang, J and Zhang, R and Wang, Y and Jiang, H and Li, S and Li, T and Pan, G},
title = {EEG Biomarkers for Affective Disorders Diagnosis: An Evaluation and Validation Study.},
journal = {Human brain mapping},
volume = {47},
number = {13},
pages = {e70628},
pmid = {42702788},
issn = {1097-0193},
support = {2021ZD0200400//STI 2030 Major Projects/ ; 62476240//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; LZ24F020004//the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Electroencephalography/methods/standards ; Female ; Adult ; *Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis ; *Schizophrenia/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Male ; Biomarkers ; *Major Depressive Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis ; *Mood Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; *Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG) provides real-time, dynamic insights into brain function, making it a valuable tool for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of affective disorders. The use of EEG-derived features as biomarkers for affective disorder diagnosis has attracted growing attention. In this work, we introduce 25 commonly used EEG features and categorize them into four domains: time-domain, frequency-domain, complexity, and connectivity. Each feature captures distinct aspects of emotional processing and serves as a potential biomarker for diagnosing affective disorders. To evaluate their diagnostic utility, we analyzed two independent resting-state EEG datasets. The first dataset comprised 84 healthy controls, 62 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 43 patients with schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and 32 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), while the second included 28 healthy controls and 32 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). These features are extracted and used for classification, allowing us to identify biomarkers with strong discriminative power. Finally, we provide a comprehensive discussion on key issues in the field, including multimodal biomarker integration, challenges in EEG-based diagnosis, variability in classification results, and factors influencing EEG feature extraction.},
}

Humans
*Electroencephalography/methods/standards
Female
Adult
*Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis
*Schizophrenia/physiopathology/diagnosis
Male
Biomarkers
*Major Depressive Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis
*Mood Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology
Middle Aged
*Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology/diagnosis
Young Adult

@article {pmid42702933,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, S and Zhen, Z and Lai, C and Huang, P and Sun, Z and Yang, T and Yu, F and Chen, W and Zuo, Z and Chen, W},
title = {Choroid Plexus Microstructural Alterations Link Glymphatic Dysfunction and White Matter Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease.},
journal = {CNS neuroscience & therapeutics},
volume = {32},
number = {9},
pages = {e71039},
pmid = {42702933},
issn = {1755-5949},
support = {524Z2Q31//7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Translational Medicine Center of Southwest Hospital/ ; 2023XQN31//the Special Project for Enhancing Technological Innovation Capability of Army Medical University/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging/pathology/complications/physiopathology ; Male ; *Choroid Plexus/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Aged ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Middle Aged ; *Glymphatic System/diagnostic imaging ; *White Matter/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Glymphatic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, both choroid plexus (CP) alterations and white matter abnormalities have been linked to glymphatic dysfunction. However, how CP microstructural abnormalities relate to glymphatic function, corpus callosum (CC) degeneration, and clinical impairment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations in PD.

METHODS: Eighty-one patients with idiopathic PD and eighty age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent MRI scanning. CP microstructural metrics (free water [FW], FW-corrected fractional anisotropy [FAFWcorr] and FW-corrected mean diffusivity [MDFWcorr]) were extracted, along with the diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index and CC subregional volumes. Group comparisons, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Patients with PD showed significantly higher CP FW and MDFWcorr values and a lower DTI-ALPS index than HC. Higher CP MDFWcorr was associated with worse motor symptoms and poorer cognitive performance after covariate adjustment. Mediation analysis suggested that the ALPS index mediated the associations between CP microstructural alterations and CC subregional volumes.

CONCLUSIONS: CP microstructural abnormalities were associated with DTI-ALPS alterations, CC degeneration, and clinical impairment in PD. FW-DTI metrics of the CP may provide useful imaging markers for characterizing CP-related changes in PD.},
}

Humans
Female
*Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging/pathology/complications/physiopathology
Male
*Choroid Plexus/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Aged
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Middle Aged
*Glymphatic System/diagnostic imaging
*White Matter/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid42703192,
year = {2026},
author = {Pang, Z and Li, Z and Xie, X and Shao, Y and Cui, H and Chen, X},
title = {A high-rate 480-target hybrid BCI system based on SSVEP and sEMG.},
journal = {Cognitive neurodynamics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {167},
pmid = {42703192},
issn = {1871-4080},
abstract = {In the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), a sufficiently high information transfer rate (ITR) serves as the prerequisite guarantee for the realization of practical application of electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCIs. Hybrid BCIs combining multiple biosignals with EEG can broaden the command set and improve ITR. We propose a hybrid BCI system combining surface electromyography (sEMG) and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which utilizes 120 flicker frequencies and 4 gesture movements to encode 480 targets. Moreover, high-density electrodes are used to acquire more EEG information. In the online experiment, the average classification accuracy achieved 84.55 ± 7.23%, with an average ITR of 260.07 ± 30.41 bits/min. In this study, an advanced high-performance hybrid BCI system is constructed. The size of command set of the proposed system is nearly identical to that of the state-of-the-art system with the maximum number of targets, and its performance also ranks among the top tier. This research provides technical advancements and a valuable reference for the implementation of BCI systems with large command sets.},
}

@article {pmid42705226,
year = {2026},
author = {Agnesi, F and Emedoli, D and Albano, L and Romeni, S and Gasperotti, F and Colombo, F and Pompeo, E and Sacco, M and Fossati, V and Ciucci, C and Toni, L and Losanno, E and Tettamanti, A and Alemanno, F and Brugliera, L and Castellazzi, P and Padul, JD and Barzaghi, LR and Mandelli, C and Mura, C and Caravati, H and Butera, C and Del Carro, U and Castellano, A and Falini, A and Carpaneto, J and Proietti, T and Shokur, S and Agosta, F and Filippi, M and Iannaccone, S and Mortini, P and Micera, S},
title = {Restoring locomotion in motor-complete spinal cord injury via trunk-mediated control using a commercial epidural spinal cord stimulator.},
journal = {Med (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101273},
doi = {10.1016/j.medj.2026.101273},
pmid = {42705226},
issn = {2666-6340},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation is emerging as a novel approach to restore movement in patients affected by spinal cord injury. Recent advances have shown restoration of locomotion in patients with complete motor lesions using sophisticated new systems including a brain machine interface. Despite the great potential, this approach is hindered by the inherent complexity and absence of approvals for clinical use.

METHODS: Here, we tested a novel strategy to restore locomotion in patients with motor-complete spinal cord injury using voluntary trunk movements to modulate the motor output produced by a commercially available epidural spinal cord stimulator.

FINDINGS: Four participants with thoracic AIS A-B injuries gained volitional modulation of stimulation-enabled movement without external interfaces or brain decoding, achieving standing and walking over four months of rehabilitation. The approach transformed passive stimulation into self-initiated movement, enabling functional mobility.

CONCLUSIONS: This simple and potentially scalable method successfully leverages clinically available spinal cord stimulators to allow locomotion even in patients unable to produce voluntary contractions below the lesion, advancing accessible neuromodulation for motor-complete spinal cord injury.

FUNDING: This work was funded by Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Boston Scientific Spa, Fondazione Cariplo, Bertarelli Foundation, #NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU), and the Ministry of University and Research (MUR).},
}

@article {pmid42705454,
year = {2026},
author = {Wagner, A and Goldberg, M and Eisenkolb, VM and Altawalbeh, G and Albrecht, C and Kram, L and Ohlerth, AK and Zhang, H and Gempt, J and Krieg, SM and Meyer, B and Negwer, C},
title = {Preoperative navigated TMS workflow for intracortical BCI implantation in post-stroke aphasia: a case report.},
journal = {Brain stimulation},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {103204},
doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2026.103204},
pmid = {42705454},
issn = {1876-4754},
}

@article {pmid42705844,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, Q and Yang, MX and Zhang, QQ and Li, YQ and Wang, ZQ},
title = {Efficacy and Durability of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {e70199},
doi = {10.1111/psyg.70199},
pmid = {42705844},
issn = {1479-8301},
support = {2022ZD0208506//STI 2030-Major Projects/ ; 82201628//National Natural Sciencen Foundation of China/ ; U24A20274//National Natural Sciencen Foundation of China/ ; S23042//SiChuan Province Medical Research Project Program/ ; 513//2024 Annual Specialized Research Project on Traditional Chinese Medicine of SiChuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/therapy/psychology ; *Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods ; *Cognition/physiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Cognitive Enhancement ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Aged ; },
abstract = {Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown potential for improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though findings remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and durability of rTMS in patients with mild to moderate AD and explored potential moderating factors. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing active rTMS with sham stimulation were identified through systematic searches of major databases. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges' g, with random-effects models applied. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Five RCTs (N = 143) were included in the primary analysis. rTMS showed a small-to-moderate improvement in MMSE scores (g = 0.41, 95% CI [0.06, 0.75], p = 0.021, I[2] = 6.5%). Excluding two studies with methodological concerns yielded a similar effect (g = 0.46), though with wider confidence intervals. Sensitivity analysis including studies with change scores confirmed the robustness of results (g = 0.48). Given the limited number of studies (k < 10), formal publication bias tests and trim-and-fill adjustment were not applied, in line with current methodological guidance. Notably, all five studies employed excitatory stimulation protocols (high-frequency rTMS or iTBS), with four of five targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggesting that excitatory stimulation of key cognitive network hubs represents the most consistent evidence base to date. Meta-regression identified treatment duration as a significant moderator (β = -0.193, p = 0.034), suggesting shorter, more intensive protocols may be more effective. Follow-up analyses indicated a nonsignificant trend towards sustained benefits (g = 0.25), while time-trend analysis demonstrated a stable overall effect (g = 0.38). In conclusion, rTMS provides modest cognitive benefits in mild to moderate AD, with excitatory protocols targeting the left DLPFC showing the most consistent efficacy and treatment duration influencing outcomes. However, evidence remains limited, highlighting the need for larger, standardised, multi-centre trials with long-term follow-up.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/therapy/psychology
*Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods
*Cognition/physiology
Treatment Outcome
Cognitive Enhancement
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Aged

@article {pmid42705914,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruan, J and Ma, C and Qiao, Y and Dong, X and Qiu, M and Klar, P and Wang, J and Fan, L and Northoff, G and Liu, N},
title = {Evolutionary Reorganization of the Self-Processing Network Across Primates.},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0439-26.2026},
pmid = {42705914},
issn = {1529-2401},
abstract = {Understanding the evolutionary origins of the structural substrates underlying self-processing is central to elucidating the neural basis of human cognition. Although self-related behaviors differ markedly across primates, the extent to which the underlying neural architecture is conserved or reorganized remains unclear. Here, we investigated shared and species-specific characteristics of the self-processing network (SPN) across humans (n = 46, 19 males), chimpanzees (n = 46, 18 males), and macaques (n = 43, 22 males) using a comparative connectomic framework. We mapped a meta-analysis-derived human SPN onto nonhuman primates within a shared homologous connectivity space defined by conserved white-matter tracts. We compared local microstructural properties and gene expression signatures between humans and macaques, and further included chimpanzees as an intermediate evolutionary reference for large-scale structural connectivity. SPN regions exhibited highly similar myelin-sensitive contrast profiles in humans and macaques, accompanied by shared expression patterns of related genes, which were also enriched for human-accelerated brain genes. Large-scale connectivity revealed pronounced species differences, with chimpanzees occupying an intermediate position between humans and macaques. Importantly, evolutionary modifications of the SPN were domain-specific: Interoceptive-processing subnetworks showed greater similarity between macaques and chimpanzees; Exteroceptive-processing subnetworks showed closer correspondence between chimpanzees and humans; and Mental-self-processing subnetworks exhibited greater interspecies differentiation. Moreover, these changes were accompanied by a progressive reorganization of network hubs from insular regions in macaques to cingulate regions in humans. Together, these findings reveal a scale-dependent evolutionary organization of SPN structural substrates and provide a framework for understanding the conservation and reorganization of self-processing architectures across primates.Significance Statement Self is a central construct in cognition, yet its neural evolution remains poorly understood. By comparing local biological features between humans and macaques and using chimpanzees as an intermediate reference for structural connectivity, this study reveals a scale-dependent dissociation in the reorganization of self-processing network (SPN) structural substrates across primates. Local microstructural and transcriptional features of the SPN are highly conserved between humans and macaques, whereas large-scale network architecture is selectively and nonuniformly reorganized. This reorganization follows domain-specific patterns that diverge from whole-brain evolutionary trends and is accompanied by systematic shifts in network hub organization. These findings provide a framework for understanding how neural architectures associated with human self-processing may have emerged from conserved primate brain systems.},
}

@article {pmid42698736,
year = {2026},
author = {Gao, J and Hu, J and Chai, Y and Ning, W},
title = {A study on Chinese college students' acceptance of brain-computer interface technology and its underlying logic-an empirical analysis based on the extended UTAUT model.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1884532},
pmid = {42698736},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the acceptance and influencing factors of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology among Chinese college students based on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model.

METHODS: A questionnaire survey was administered to 800 students recruited from 10 universities across eastern, central, and western China using a convergent mixed-methods design. Additionally, 40 students were selected for semi-structured in-depth interviews. We analyzed the quantitative data using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and the qualitative data using thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Teacher support (β = 0.337, p < 0.001), personal innovativeness (β = 0.219, p < 0.001), and effort expectancy (β = 0.156, p < 0.001) were positively associated with behavioral intention, while social influence showed a smaller, marginally significant association (β = 0.121, p = 0.049). Neither performance expectancy nor facilitating conditions turned out to be significant predictors, and neuroethical concerns did not reach significance either (β = -0.044). The model still accounted for a substantial 62.6% of the variance in behavioral intention (R[2] = 0.626). On the qualitative side, four broad barrier categories emerged from the data: privacy anxiety, technological unfamiliarity, insufficient institutional readiness, and the absence of ethical review.

CONCLUSION: The findings reveal that BCI technology acceptance follows a distinct psychological mechanism from traditional IT. Teacher support, rather than performance expectancy, emerges as the strongest predictor. Four main barriers were identified: privacy anxiety, technological unfamiliarity, insufficient institutional readiness, and the absence of ethical review. The study expands the UTAUT framework for neurotechnology applications in higher education and provides evidence-based recommendations for implementation.},
}

@article {pmid42698799,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, R and Bian, S and Deng, Y and Wei, X and Yang, S and Liu, Y and Chen, J},
title = {A group brain-controlled method for UAVs using a hybrid paradigm of hand movements and visual evoked potentials.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurorobotics},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1858496},
pmid = {42698799},
issn = {1662-5218},
abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are among the most prominent communication technologies that establish a direct channel for information exchange between the brain and external devices. They have been extensively applied in the field of aerospace. However, traditional BCI technology faces challenges, including a limited number of brain control commands and insufficient recognition accuracy in electroencephalography (EEG) decoding. These limitations make it difficult for traditional BCIs to perform complex tasks with high accuracy. Therefore, this study proposed a novel group BCI (G-BCI) system and further constructed a brain-machine shared control method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm control. First, a novel G-BCI paradigm combining precise hand movements and visual evoked potentials was designed. Moreover, an improved multi-domain feature fusion convolutional neural network (MDFF-CNN) was employed to decode EEG and electromyography (EMG) signals from precise hand movements, while a Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns with Canonical Correlation Analysis (FBCCA) method was used for Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) decoding. Furthermore, a task-driven shared control model mapping the G-BCI system and the leader-follower UAV swarm control strategy was proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, eight participants were recruited to conduct both offline and online experiments. The proposed G-BCI system achieved an offline accuracy of 88.91 ± 5.06% and an online accuracy of 88.89 ± 1.96%. All the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.},
}

@article {pmid42699697,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiong, Y and Zhu, Z and Shen, C and Deng, W and Cheng, Y},
title = {Heart-Brain Axis Dysregulation in Depression: Mechanisms and Implications for Neuromodulation.},
journal = {Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment},
volume = {22},
number = {},
pages = {623896},
pmid = {42699697},
issn = {1176-6328},
abstract = {Major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder involving dysregulation of the heart-brain axis (HBA). Mounting evidence links impaired HBA signaling to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Emerging data indicate that neuromodulation-mediated autonomic alterations correlate with depressive symptom remission. Although neuromodulatory therapies are widely deployed clinically, HBA-based biomarkers remain experimental, and no consistent physiological predictors of treatment response have been established to date. This review summarizes HBA dysfunction in depression across neural, biochemical, and mechanical pathways, integrating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. We critically evaluate recent advances in leveraging these pathways to optimize neuromodulation strategies. Emerging evidence suggests that certain neuromodulation approaches-including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and deep brain stimulation (DBS)-may modulate heart-brain axis function. It has been hypothesized that such modulation could represent a physiological pathway contributing to mood improvement, providing a rationale for a heart-oriented framework in neuromodulation research. However, the clinical utility of this framework and its underlying biomarkers remain to be established through rigorous long-term investigations. By bridging the conventional conceptual divide between psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases, this review offers a systems-level perspective on neuromodulation efficacy and highlights the potential of HBA-related biomarkers for assessing pathological states and guiding treatment strategies in depression and other psychosomatic conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42700673,
year = {2026},
author = {Sun, Y and Xing, Y and He, Y and Zhou, J and Gong, Z and Zhu, P and Zhong, Z},
title = {Cycle-dependent mechanical behavior of individual muscles in soft-bodied organisms revealed by scanning probe microscopy.},
journal = {Journal of biomechanics},
volume = {207},
number = {},
pages = {113556},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2026.113556},
pmid = {42700673},
issn = {1873-2380},
abstract = {Soft-bodied organisms offer a fertile ground for uncovering fundamental principles of locomotion, yet direct mechanical access to their microscale muscles has remained elusive due to their fragility, compliance, and limited experimental accessibility. Here, we introduce a single-axis in situ tensile framework based on scanning probe microscopy (SPM), enabling direct cyclic stress-stretch measurements of individual muscles in Drosophila larvae with high spatial and force resolution. We reveal that these microscale muscles exhibit a distinctive cycle-dependent mechanical response, characterized by evolving J-shaped nonlinearity, progressive hysteresis modulation, and stiffness adaptation during repeated loading. Remarkably, this behavior is quantitatively captured by a minimal pseudo-elastic model, which links the observed hysteresis evolution to energy dissipation and potential structural adaptation at the sarcomeric scale. These findings provide new insights into the intrinsic passive mechanics of soft-bodied locomotion and establish a high-resolution experimental framework for investigating the mechanical behavior of biological soft tissues.},
}

@article {pmid42700720,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Wu, X and Dong, S and Zheng, L and Pan, L and Zhan, L and Xiao, H and Yang, L and Wang, X and Ma, H and Xu, H and Pan, B and Wang, L and Wang, H},
title = {ERK-dependent hyperexcitability of BLA neurons projecting to dCA3 underlies social dysfunction in a male mouse model of fragile X syndrome.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {132},
number = {},
pages = {106478},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106478},
pmid = {42700720},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social dysfunction is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including fragile X syndrome (FXS), but its underlying neural circuits and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous studies have implicated the amygdala and hippocampus in social behaviour, yet the specific pathways and signalling events linking genetic deficits to behavioural dysfunction have not been fully delineated.

METHODS: Using activity-dependent c-Fos mapping, fibre photometry, closed-loop optogenetics, pharmacological inhibition, and shRNA-mediated knockdown, we investigated the role of the BLA-dCA3 projection and ERK signalling in male Fmr1 KO mice, complemented by re-analysis of human ASD snRNA-seq data and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

FINDINGS: We found that BLA-dCA3 projecting neurons are aberrantly hyperactivated in Fmr1 KO mice during interactions with both novel and familiar mice, and that closed-loop activation of this pathway in WT mice during familiar interaction impairs social discrimination, whereas its inhibition in KO mice rescues the deficit. Additionally, ERK signalling is upregulated in the BLA of both patients with ASD and Fmr1 KO mice; knocking down FMR1 in the adult BLA recapitulates both the social deficit and ERK hyperactivation, while pharmacological ERK inhibition rescues social behaviour and normalises neuronal hyperexcitability.

INTERPRETATION: These findings pinpoint the BLA-dCA3 circuit and BLA-specific ERK signalling as critical mediators of social discrimination deficits in FXS. Our study establishes a causal link from FMRP loss to circuit dysfunction and ERK pathway dysregulation, and suggests that targeting this pathway may offer a promising strategy for treating social dysfunction in ASD and FXS.

FUNDING: This work was supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD0214701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171014, 31970940, and 32500889), Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute (010904018), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LMS25C090004).},
}

@article {pmid42701577,
year = {2026},
author = {Sah, NKP and Rathi, H and Gangwar, S and Tiwari, R and Saxena, S and Singh, P},
title = {Neuroplasticity-driven technology-Assisted physiotherapy in cerebral dysfunction: A review of current evidence and clinical applications.},
journal = {Bioinformation},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {3534-3538},
pmid = {42701577},
issn = {0973-2063},
abstract = {Long-term motor and functional disability following cerebral dysfunction remains a major global rehabilitation challenge despite advances in conventional physiotherapy approaches. Therefore, it is of interest to synthesise existing evidence on neuroplasticity and technology- based physiotherapy interventions for cerebral dysfunction and to evaluate their mechanistic foundations, clinical effectiveness and translational potential. Technology-based modalities such as robotic exoskeletons, VR systems, BCIs and non-invasive neuro-stimulation enhance cortical reorganisation, motor relearning and functional independence compared with traditional physiotherapy. Neuroplasticity- driven and technology-assisted physiotherapy represent a paradigm shift in the management of cerebral dysfunction, as evidenced by large- scale randomised controlled trials. Technology-assisted physiotherapy increases the neurorehabilitation outcomes regarding stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.},
}

@article {pmid42701919,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, X and Liu, C and Pang, M and Shi, Z and Ming, D and Liu, X},
title = {Blood-Brain Barrier Regulation: Evolving From Classic Strategies to Electrochemical Ion and Reactive Oxygen Species Control.},
journal = {Advanced healthcare materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e71685},
doi = {10.1002/adhm.71685},
pmid = {42701919},
issn = {2192-2659},
support = {ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-H15//Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty/ ; 82472098//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 24JCJQJC00250//Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Project/ ; 25JCLMJC00030//General Program/ ; 24ZXZSSS00510//Major Science and Technology Special Projects and Engineering-Major Project of National Key Laboratories/ ; 2025YFE0214400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 24HHNJSS00003//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 24HHNJSS00005//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 24HHNJSS00010//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 2024-JKCS-16//Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; },
abstract = {The blood-brain barrier (BBB), while indispensable for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, constitutes the principal impediment to effective therapeutic delivery for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly hindering spatially resolved modulation of extracellular ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the neural microenvironment. Contemporary electrochemical methodologies have emerged as a paradigm shift for dynamically reconciling these dual parameters, thereby enabling targeted neuroregulation. Critical review of this field reveals a distinct evolution from passive physiological interventions to active electrochemical engineering approaches. Current research, however, encounters persistent translational barriers including insufficient spatiotemporal resolution in neural interfaces, incomplete mechanistic understanding of ROS-ionic crosstalk, and scalability limitations of nanoscale delivery systems. To transcend these limitations, the synergistic convergence of electrochemical platforms with machine learning (ML)-guided predictive analytics, near-infrared (NIR) phototherapy, and biocompatible nanocarrier-mediated delivery systems constitutes a strategic imperative in next-generation neurotherapeutic development. Such interdisciplinary convergence is not merely incremental but rather a fundamental prerequisite for realizing clinically translatable neural microenvironment modulation.},
}

@article {pmid42702607,
year = {2026},
author = {Teng, T and Wenliang, LK and Zhang, H},
title = {Human learning of probability distributions is biased toward moderate structural complexity.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42702607},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {32171095//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32471152//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2022ZD0204800//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; *Learning/physiology ; Probability ; Female ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Adult ; Cognition/physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Inferring hidden environmental structures, which commonly involves learning arbitrary probability distributions from limited samples, is essential to optimal and adaptive behaviors across various cognitive domains. However, it remains largely unknown how the internal representations constructed by humans may deviate from actual probabilistic structures, and what computational processes, operated under inherent cognitive limitations, give rise to these representations. We first develop a structured distribution report task to reveal human participants' internal representations, with findings verified in a further distribution recognition task. Across eight behavioral experiments (including one pre-registered study) in two modalities, participants estimate the overall probability density reasonably well, but exhibit a systematic bias toward moderate structural complexity, reporting too many clusters when the true distribution is a single Gaussian and too few when it contains many clusters. We then build a series of learning models in the framework of approximate Bayesian inference fit to our behavioral data. Through model comparisons, we reconstruct the prior beliefs guiding the evolution of participants' internal representations. The best-fitting model for human reports reduces structure growth rate as complexity increases, effectively constraining the complexity of internal representations within memory limitations.},
}

Humans
Bayes Theorem
*Learning/physiology
Probability
Female
Male
Memory/physiology
Adult
Cognition/physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid42695982,
year = {2026},
author = {Feldman, AK and Kacker, K and Yun, R and Chetty, N and Bennett, J and Yoo, PE and Nogueira, RG and Collinger, JL and Opie, NL and Oxley, TJ and Putrino, DF and Weber, DJ},
title = {Preserving Motor Features by Alternative Re-Referencing to Remove Heart Artifact on the Stentrode.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e76647},
pmid = {42695982},
issn = {2198-3844},
abstract = {Vascular electrocorticography (vECoG) has shown great promise as a less-invasive alternative to penetrating electrode arrays for neural signal acquisition. This study investigates the signal quality of the Stentrode device, a leading vECoG platform, by contrasting artifact persistence with the preservation of low frequency motor cortical activity. Typical (re-)referencing schemes, including a monopolar stent-mounted reference, a common average reference, and a Laplacian reference, are shown to significantly reduce the presence of electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts compared to a distal monopolar reference. However, resting state beta activity is also significantly diminished when employing these techniques. By using Band-Limited Independent Component Analysis (BL-ICA), a type of spatial filter that allows weighting of the noise on each electrode differently, ECG artifacts are easily separated from vECoG recordings. With this cleaning methodology, signals are reconstructed without the ECG component and the reduction in cross-channel correlation is evaluated, as well as the increase in relative entropy between rest and go distributions. To ensure that low-frequency motor features are preserved, beta bursts features are evaluated in both the source space and reconstructed signal space. BL-ICA is an effective technique to remove widespread ECG artifacts while maintaining typical motor-related features in beta band activity.},
}

@article {pmid42696468,
year = {2026},
author = {Tates, A and Matran-Fernandez, A and Halder, S and Daly, I},
title = {Decoding speech imagery or just noise?: a symptom of the replicability crisis.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea294},
pmid = {42696468},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Speech Imagery (SI) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) control, attracting growing interest due to its intuitive nature--allowing users to interact with the system by internally saying a command. In this study, we investigate the replicability and reproducibility of SI decoding methods. These two aspects are critical in BCI research, where prior literature has highlighted that many studies suffer from incomplete methodological reporting or flawed evaluation procedures, making reproduction difficult. The inherent variability of brain signals further complicates the replication of results. Evaluating the reproducibility of SI decoding approaches is therefore essential to assess the true feasibility of SI as a viable BCI paradigm.

APPROACH: To assess reproducibility, we selected two of the most widely used open-access SI datasets and attempted to reproduce four published decoding pipelines for each dataset. We followed each implementation step-by-step, documented missing or ambiguous information, detailed how we addressed it, and compared our decoding results to those originally reported. To assess replicability, we applied standard decoding pipelines across different timefrequency configurations to three open SI datasets and our own collected dataset. For context and validation, we conducted the same procedure on four publicly available and widely used motor imagery (MI) datasets.

MAIN RESULTS: All evaluated SI studies contained some form of missing methodological detail, and others did not include cross-validation procedures. Our reproduction attempts consistently yielded lower classification accuracies than originally reported, with discrepancies ranging from 2 to 39% (x = 11.25 ± 12.41%). In the replication analysis, we found no consistent time-frequency patterns across SI datasets. Furthermore, only 36% of SI participants achieved classification accuracies above statistical significance thresholds, compared to 91% of the participants in MI datasets. Significance . This is the first comprehensive assessment of both reproducibility and replicability in SI decoding. Our findings raise important concerns about the reliability of current SI research and suggest that the feasibility of SI as a practical BCI paradigm may have been overestimated.},
}

@article {pmid42692887,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, W and Chu, C and Li, W and Fan, L and Li, S and Cheng, L and Song, M and Wang, H and Dong, Z and Di, S and Zhong, Y and Ma, Y and Jiang, W and Li, K and Liu, Q and Zhao, B and Zhang, Y and Jiang, T},
title = {Dynamic embeddedness within the structural connectome characterizes macroscale functional organization of the human brain.},
journal = {Science bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.scib.2026.08.060},
pmid = {42692887},
issn = {2095-9281},
}

@article {pmid42693255,
year = {2026},
author = {Chugh, P and Dhillod, S and Singh, N and Bidhan, DS and Sharma, V and Singh, M},
title = {Impact of temperature-humidity index and microclimatic modifications on behavioral responses and buffalo comfort index in lactating Murrah buffaloes.},
journal = {Tropical animal health and production},
volume = {58},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {42693255},
issn = {1573-7438},
mesh = {Animals ; *Buffaloes/physiology ; Female ; *Microclimate ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Humidity ; Lactation ; *Temperature ; *Housing, Animal ; India ; *Animal Husbandry/methods ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microclimatic modifications on the behavior of Murrah buffaloes under summer conditions in order to mitigate these effects. The research was carried out at the buffalo farm of the Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India, between August and October 2024. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were allocated into three treatment groups, each consisting of six animals, within a loose housing system: (T1) Concrete flooring with corrugated asbestos roofing (control); (T2) Concrete flooring with 50 mm thick glass wool on the false ceiling and white paint on the upper side of the roof; (T3) Concrete flooring with 70 mm thick expanded polyethylene sheet on the ceiling and white paint on the upper side of the roof. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microclimatic changes on the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and behavioral responses of Murrah buffaloes. THI levels were significantly reduced in both T2 and T3 treatment groups. Behavioral observations indicated an increase in lying time, sitting time, and time spent in covered areas during T2, whereas standing time, time in open areas, and aggressive behaviors were diminished in treatments with microclimatic modifications. The Buffalo Comfort Index (BCI) was highest in the T2 group, followed by the T3 group. THI exhibited a strong positive correlation with time spent in open areas, while showing a negative correlation with time spent in covered areas and the buffalo comfort index (BCI). In summary, the implementation of microclimatic modifications, specifically the use of glass wool and expanded polyethylene sheets, in conjunction with white paint on the roof, effectively mitigated heat stress, enhanced thermal comfort, and improved the overall behavioral response of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Based on these findings, we recommend the adoption of glass wool insulation (50 mm thickness) combined with white-painted roofing as an effective heat stress mitigation strategy for dairy buffaloes in tropical loose housing systems, particularly during summer months.},
}

Animals
*Buffaloes/physiology
Female
*Microclimate
*Behavior, Animal
*Humidity
Lactation
*Temperature
*Housing, Animal
India
*Animal Husbandry/methods

@article {pmid42694198,
year = {2026},
author = {Scheppink, HA and Herpers, R and Thielen, J and Volosyak, I},
title = {Beyond flickering: introducing code-modulated motion visual evoked potentials for brain-computer interfacing.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroergonomics},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1884144},
pmid = {42694198},
issn = {2673-6195},
abstract = {This study presents a novel code-modulated motion visual evoked potential (c-MVEP) paradigm for brain-computer interfacing (BCI). To avoid the visual discomfort and fatigue often associated with traditional flickering stimuli, this paradigm uses pseudo-random sequences to visually stimulate objects using motion. We conducted offline and online experiments, to investigate signal characteristics and evaluate practical feasibility, respectively. In the offline experiment, EEG data were recorded and compared during sequential stimulation of a single target under four conditions: c-MVEP, code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP), steady-state motion visual evoked potential (SSMVEP), and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). The c-MVEP evoked similar temporal and broadband spectral responses as c-VEP, with a comparable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), although c-MVEP responses were more focused in the lower frequency range. While SSMVEP and SSVEP both showed clear harmonic oscillations, SSVEP yielded higher SNRs. Spatially, both motion-based stimulations peaked at Oz but spread across multiple electrodes, whereas both flicker-based stimulations were more localized at Oz. In the online experiment, we evaluated a four-target BCI using the same four conditions, testing the practical feasibility of the c-MVEP paradigm. The c-MVEP BCI reached a mean accuracy of 85.67% with an average selection time of 2.61 s, which was significantly lower than c-VEP (97.81%; 1.15 s) and SSVEP (93.42%; 1.94 s), but significantly higher than SSMVEP (64.91%; 4.18 s). The subjective ratings revealed no clear preference between the motion- and flicker-based paradigms, indicating comparable user comfort. Overall, this study demonstrates the strong potential of the newly proposed c-MVEP paradigm. By providing an effective, non-flickering alternative to traditional c-VEP and SSVEP, c-MVEP offers a highly viable approach for user-friendly BCI applications.},
}

@article {pmid42694671,
year = {2026},
author = {Tao, R and Duan, C and Zhang, YP},
title = {Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke sensorimotor loop restoration.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1882653},
pmid = {42694671},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Stroke recovery is increasingly understood as a process shaped by disrupted interactions among motor intention, descending motor output, peripheral movement, and sensory feedback, rather than by motor weakness alone. After stroke, residual motor intention may not be effectively translated into spinal motor output, peripheral movement may be too limited to provide sufficient sensory feedback, and compensatory network recruitment may not always support efficient motor control. Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces offer a mechanistically motivated approach to this problem by detecting motor imagery, motor attempt, or sensorimotor rhythms in real time and translating these signals into contingent functional electrical stimulation, robotic assistance, virtual reality, multisensory feedback, or neuromodulation. By partially restoring the temporal coupling between detected motor intention, assisted or stimulated movement, and sensory feedback, these systems are hypothesized to promote activity-dependent plasticity, reinforce sensorimotor circuits, and modulate distributed motor, sensory, attentional, and interhemispheric networks. In this review, we synthesize the neurobiological basis, recovery mechanisms, implementation strategies, and emerging predictive biomarkers of closed-loop brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke sensorimotor rehabilitation. Although closed-loop brain-computer interfaces show promise for selected patients, treatment effects remain heterogeneous and depend on patient characteristics, decodability of motor-related brain signals, intervention dose, feedback modality, and trial design. Future progress will require mechanism-informed patient stratification, adaptive decoding, individualized feedback, standardized outcomes, and real-world validation.},
}

@article {pmid42695250,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, X and Zeng, X and Li, C and Hu, D and Tanigawa, H},
title = {Evaluating a Transparent Cranial Window for In Vivo Observation of µECoG Arrays on the Macaque Visual Cortex.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {25},
number = {8},
pages = {52601},
doi = {10.31083/JIN52601},
pmid = {42695250},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {B2504002//Shenzhen Medical Research Fund/ ; 31872776//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Visual Cortex/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; *Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; *Electrocorticography/methods/instrumentation/standards ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-density micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) provides the spatiotemporal resolution necessary to probe columnar-level cortical architecture. However, chronic multimodal interfacing is fundamentally challenged by aggressive post-surgical tissue responses that rapidly obscure optical access, in addition to localization uncertainties due to brain shift. In this study, established a transparent cranial window interface on the macaque visual cortex. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we primarily focused on assessing strategies to mitigate dural tissue regrowth and documenting the inherent biological complications (e.g., hemorrhage), while exploring the potential for direct, in vivo visual localization of µECoG arrays.

METHODS: A custom transparent chamber assembly integrated with a 64-channel µECoG array was implanted in the visual cortex of two rhesus macaques (n = 2). We compared two dural interface designs-a floating Tecoflex sheet versus a bonded silicone ring-to optimize optical clarity and interface stability. Physical stability of the electrodes relative to vascular landmarks was quantified. Electrophysiological performance was longitudinally evaluated using impedance monitoring, visual evoked potentials, and support vector machine (SVM) neural decoding to discriminate between red-green and black-white grating stimuli, with statistical significance assessed via bootstrap tests.

RESULTS: Regarding the biological and electrical interfaces, while long-term optical maintenance proved challenging due to tissue regrowth or hemorrhage, the bonded silicone ring design effectively mitigated peripheral tissue invasion. Electrophysiologically, array performance captured the dynamic biological transitions of the interface. Stable impedance profiles and statistically significant gamma-band (30-80 Hz) responses-modulating from initial widespread coverage (up to 100%) to restricted subsets (e.g., 16% at five months)-alongside robust SVM classification accuracy (p < 0.001) were tracked longitudinally. Additionally, as a preliminary observation in a single subject, the transparent window permitted the precise identification of electrode positions relative to cortical vasculature, revealing minor physical displacements (median = 0.20 mm) within the initial two weeks post-implantation.

CONCLUSIONS: Comparing two dural interface designs highlights the mechanical and biological trade-offs required for chronic optical access, emphasizing that optimizing the mechanical compliance of the dural seal is a critical consideration for long-term multimodal interfaces. Furthermore, this interface shows the potential to overcome conventional localization limitations through early-stage visual co-registration. Although maintaining permanent optical clarity remains a fundamental challenge due to aggressive tissue responses, the system supports longitudinal high-density recording, providing a critical platform for multimodal studies bridging macroscopic network dynamics and microscopic cellular activity.},
}

Animals
*Visual Cortex/physiology
Macaca mulatta
*Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology
*Electrocorticography/methods/instrumentation/standards
Electrodes, Implanted
Male

@article {pmid42686077,
year = {2026},
author = {Mu, Y and Pan, Z and Zhao, H and Huang, X and Zhang, N and Xu, Z and Yang, B and He, Q and Yang, X and Luo, P and Yan, H},
title = {Tannic acid protects against lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting cathepsin activity and repairing lysosomal membrane permeabilization.},
journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {118028},
doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2026.118028},
pmid = {42686077},
issn = {1096-0333},
abstract = {Lapatinib is an important targeted drug used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. However, its hepatotoxicity restricts its clinical efficacy. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of lapatinib's hepatotoxicity. Through in vivo models, we found that lapatinib treatment led to significant increases in serum ALT/AST levels and pathological damage to liver tissue in mice. It also induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis in AML12 liver cells in vitro. Furthermore, this study revealed that lapatinib causes damage to both the mitochondria and the lysosomes. This led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and blocked mitochondrial autophagy, resulting in cathepsin leakage into the cytoplasm. Based on these findings, we discovered that the FDA-approved food additive tannic acid (TA) as a cathepsin inhibitor can effectively protect liver cells and alleviate liver damage in mice without affecting lapatinib's ability to kill SKBR3 breast cancer cells. This study has revealed a new mechanism of lapatinib hepatotoxicity involving the lysosome for the first time, providing a new target and an experimental basis for developing selective liver protection strategies in clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid42686758,
year = {2026},
author = {Barbier, E and Höglund, L and Xu, L and Salem, NA and Osterndorff-Kahanek, EA and Barchiesi, R and Lacorte, A and Fenno, LE and Messing, RO and Mayfield, RD and Heilig, M},
title = {Identification and validation of central amygdala FGFR1 as a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder using single-nucleus sequencing in rats.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42686758},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {2013-07434//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2019-01138//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2022-06568//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2024-02537//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; K00AA029955//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AA012404//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; U01AA020926//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; K00AA029955 (NAS)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AA012404(RDM)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; U01AA020926(RDM)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; AA013520//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)/ ; AA028807//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism/drug effects ; Rats ; *Alcoholism/genetics/metabolism/drug therapy ; Neurons/metabolism/drug effects ; Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism ; Self Administration ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ethanol/administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {A significant minority of alcohol users develop alcohol addiction, characterized by continued use despite negative consequences, referred to as compulsive-like. We previously showed that vulnerability to compulsive-like alcohol use can be modeled in rats using punished alcohol self-administration and in male rats is mediated by PKCδ+ neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Here, we used cell-type-specific transcriptomics to identify molecular mechanisms underlying individual differences in this behavior. Transcriptional changes were restricted to a limited number of CeA neuronal populations, including PKCδ+ neurons, where weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified an upregulated co-expression module in punishment-resistant rats with FGFR1 as a druggable upstream regulator. Selective silencing of FgfR1 in PKCδ+ neurons normalized elevated PKCδ+ expression, and reduced punishment-resistant alcohol self-administration. This effect was recapitulated by systemic administration of the FgfR1-antagonist PD173074. These findings identify distinct CeA circuits that promote addiction vulnerability, and position FGFR1 as potential therapeutic targets.},
}

Animals
Male
*Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors
*Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism/drug effects
Rats
*Alcoholism/genetics/metabolism/drug therapy
Neurons/metabolism/drug effects
Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism
Self Administration
Disease Models, Animal
Ethanol/administration & dosage
Pyrimidines/pharmacology

@article {pmid42687000,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, J and Peng, F and Li, P and Yao, C and Jin, S and Wu, G and Zhang, T and Liang, Q and Wang, X and Du, X},
title = {Correction: Mechanistic insights into cannabidiol-mediated TrkB activation via FRS2 interaction in attenuating Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive impairment.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41380-026-03864-1},
pmid = {42687000},
issn = {1476-5578},
}

@article {pmid42688340,
year = {2026},
author = {Jin, L and He, M and Basangsijia, and Feng, D and Lei, W and Chen, L},
title = {[Structured Annotation and Information Extraction of Epilepsy Clinical Texts].},
journal = {Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {1195-1203},
pmid = {42688340},
issn = {1672-173X},
mesh = {*Epilepsy/diagnosis ; Humans ; *Natural Language Processing ; *Data Mining/methods ; *Information Storage and Retrieval/methods ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop a fine-grained, highly comprehensive Chinese clinical texts named entity annotation schema tailored to the needs of epilepsy specialty clinical practice and research, and to validate its effectiveness in named entity recognition (NER) tasks.

METHODS: A three-level annotation schema covering 25 entity types was designed across seven major dimensions, including disease, disease course timeline, clinical manifestations, medical examinations, non-pharmacological treatments, medication, and influencing factors, with explicit label boundary definitions and rules for handling special expressions. De-identified inpatient records of epilepsy patients admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University from 2009 to 2023 served as the data source. Three annotators with epilepsy clinical backgrounds completed high-quality annotation of 804 cases, with annotation quality ensured through double annotation, expert arbitration, and entity-level inter-annotator agreement (IAA) evaluation. NER performance was validated using 10 model combinations comprising five Chinese medical pre-trained language models (Base-BERT, chinese-bert, chinese-Roberta, MC-BERT, MedBERT) paired with two sequence labeling frameworks (BiLSTM-CRF and GlobalPointer), with additional cross-domain generalization evaluation on an external case dataset established on the basis of published literature.

RESULTS: The final corpus contains 25 categories of epilepsy-related entities, 804 annotated cases, and a total of 28 400 entities. The IAA among the three annotators ranged from 0.86 to 0.88, indicating annotation consistency that met the accepted standards in computational linguistics. In NER validation, the GlobalPointer framework outperformed BiLSTM-CRF, achieving an overall Micro-F1 score of 0.906 and Macro-F1 score of 0.760. High-frequency core entities (e.g., seizure symptoms, drug names, and temporal information) all yielded F1 scores exceeding 0.90. In cross-domain validation on literature-based cases, high-frequency entity F1 scores remained above 0.80, while low-frequency entities (e.g., factors with incomplete/ambiguous induction [fac-inc-amb], treatment information [trt], and adverse drug reactions [dru-adv]) achieved F1 scores of 0.31-0.57, primarily attributable to limited sample size and high linguistic variability.

CONCLUSION: The epilepsy-specific Chinese clinical annotation schema developed in this study demonstrates broad coverage, fine granularity, and high inter-annotator consistency. It effectively supports the training and evaluation of NER models and provides a reusable corpus foundation for the structured analysis of epilepsy medical records and the development of downstream intelligent diagnostic and therapeutic tools.},
}

*Epilepsy/diagnosis
Humans
*Natural Language Processing
*Data Mining/methods
*Information Storage and Retrieval/methods

@article {pmid42688366,
year = {2026},
author = {Mavrych, V and Bolgova, O and Alhamd, L and Alissa, R},
title = {From deep brain stimulation to brain-computer interfaces: current progress in implantable neurotechnology.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1928223},
pmid = {42688366},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Brain implants, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and speech neuroprostheses, are moving from the proof-of-concept stage to early clinical deployment. Although these systems target different clinical problems, we argue that they share a common closed-loop architecture (sensing, decoding, stimulation or output, power and telemetry, and chronic clinical validation) and that their translational pace is set by bottlenecks at these shared stages rather than by challenges unique to each technology. Recent milestones, including the regulatory clearance of a cortical interface and an expanding set of implanted-BCI trials, have accelerated progress in the field. This mini-review uses this shared architecture to compare progress across three fronts: the shift from open-to-closed-loop DBS and its widening range of neurological and psychiatric indications; BCIs restoring motor and sensory function; and speech neuroprostheses that decode attempted speech into text, voice, and facial animation. We highlight enabling advances in flexible electrodes, AI-assisted decoding, and neuromorphic edge processing, and examine unresolved controversies over electrode architecture and system design. We conclude that the same handful of bottlenecks recur across all three technologies (long-term stability, neural coding, and equitable access) and outline the governance frameworks needed alongside continued engineering progress.},
}

@article {pmid42692349,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruest, N and Buczinski, S and Denis-Robichaud, J},
title = {Validation of a commercial adenosine triphosphate luminometry swab and the Petrifilm to assess the cleanliness of automatic milk feeders for preweaning calves.},
journal = {Journal of dairy science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3168/jds.2025-27367},
pmid = {42692349},
issn = {1525-3198},
abstract = {The main objective of this observational study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial ATP luminometry swab (AquaSnap Total; Hygiena, CA, USA) and an on-farm bacteriological culture (Petrifilm; 3M aerobic colony count; MN, USA) in identifying bacterial presence in automated milk feeders (AMFs) for calves. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine the association between season, AMF design (Förster-Technik base models, Urban models with non-return valves, and Holm & Laue models with non-return valves and a peristaltic pump), and the type of equipment piece (automatically washed by the system, tube-like parts, other small parts, and nipples) and bacterial presence. Twenty-four dairy farms from Centre-du-Québec (Canada) using AMFs participated in the project. Only one farm used an optional hygiene feature. Each farm was visited 6 times from March 2024 to February 2025. Sterile physiological water was used to rinse each piece of equipment, and the residual liquid was poured in a sterile collection tube. All samples were analyzed with the luminometer (LUM, measured in relative light units; RLU), which detects ATP, and with the Petrifilm (BCT, measured in cfu/mL). We used BCT thresholds of > 10,000, > 20,000, > 50,000, and > 100,000 cfu/mL and selected corresponding thresholds for LUM that maximized sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity, with their 95% Bayesian credible intervals (BCIs), were calculated for both tests with Bayesian latent class models assuming conditional dependence between the tests. Risk factors for BCT > 20,000 and > 100,000 cfu/mL were assessed through odds ratios (ORs) with 95% BCIs obtained with Bayesian logistic regression models. A total of 980 samples were collected in winter (n = 183; 18.7%), spring (n = 265; 27.0%), summer (n = 271; 27.7%), and fall (n = 261; 26.6%) from the milk containers (n = 211; 21.6%), nipples (n = 255; 26.0%), tube-like parts (n = 245; 25.0%), and other small parts (n = 269; 27.4%). The median results were 40,000 cfu/mL for BCT (interquartile range = 3,775-340,000) and 334 RLU for LUM (interquartile range = 75-2,184). The correlation between LUM and BCT was strong (rS = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.81-0.86). The LUM thresholds of > 200, > 250, > 350, and > 450 RLU for LUM corresponded to the > 10,000, > 20,000, > 50,000, and > 100,000 cfu/mL thresholds, respectively. The BCT and LUM methods had similar sensitivity and specificity at these thresholds. For example, the sensitivity of BCT and LUM were 0.86 (95% BCI = 0.82-0.90) and 0.81 (95% BCI = 0.75-0.87), and their specificity were 0.80 (95% BCI = 0.74-0.86) and 0.80 (95% BCI = 0.73-0.87) for the > 250 RLU and > 20,000 cfu/mL thresholds, respectively. Samples taken in spring (OR = 1.86; 95% BCI = 1.15-2.74), summer (OR = 1.97; 95% BCI = 1.21-2.87), and fall (OR = 1.69; 95% BCI = 1.09-2.51) had higher odds of being > 450 RLU, as measured by LUM, than the ones collected in winter. Samples taken from designs with non-return valves and a peristaltic pump had lower odds of being > 450 RLU than samples from base models (OR = 0.26; 95% BCI = 0.07-0.59). Manually washed parts had higher odds of being > 450 RLU (nipples: OR = 7.18; 95% BCI = 4.29-10.7; tube-like parts: OR = 3.70; 95% BCI = 2.26-5.46; other small parts: OR = 2.66; 95% BCI = 1.53-3.99) than automatically washed parts (milk container). These results can help investigate hygiene problems of feeding equipment in dairy calf barns.},
}

@article {pmid42684273,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, J and Gao, Y and Xie, S and Jiang, W and Zhang, H and Qiu, L and Jiang, M and Zhou, L},
title = {Comparative Effectiveness of Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interface-Based Interventions for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Poststroke Hemiplegia: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e92940},
doi = {10.2196/92940},
pmid = {42684273},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Stroke Rehabilitation/methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *Hemiplegia/rehabilitation/etiology ; *Upper Extremity/physiopathology ; *Stroke/complications ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Noninvasive brain-computer interface (BCI)-based interventions show promise for poststroke motor recovery. However, the intrinsic complexity of BCI-based interventions limits the determination of their comparative efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Guided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework, this review evaluated the effectiveness of BCI-based interventions in poststroke upper limb rehabilitation and identify the optimal intervention.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, Embase, Wiley Online Library,CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed through July 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing BCI-based interventions for poststroke upper limb rehabilitation were included. Outcomes were body functions and structures (Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity [FMA-UE]) and activities and participation (Action Research Arm Test [ARAT], Wolf Motor Function Test [WMFT], and Modified Barthel Index [MBI]). Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2, and evidence quality was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. We used pairwise meta-analyses to evaluate the overall effectiveness of BCI-based interventions vs controls and network meta-analysis to compare the interventions.

RESULTS: Seventy-two RCTs involving 2906 patients with stroke were included, evaluating 12 BCI-based interventions. Pairwise meta-analyses demonstrated that, compared with control groups, BCI-based interventions improved FMA-UE (mean difference [MD] 5.33, 95% CI 4.28 to 6.38; 95% prediction interval [PI] -1.76 to 12.43), ARAT (MD 5.26, 95% CI 3.90 to 6.62; 95% PI 0.41 to 10.11), WMFT (MD 7.25, 95% CI 5.06 to 9.44; 95% PI 0.71 to 13.79), and MBI (MD 8.18, 95% CI 6.04 to 10.32; 95% PI -1.87 to 18.23). Network meta-analysis revealed that BCI-motor imagery-transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (BCI-MI-TEAS) achieved the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA; 95.5%) in improving FMA-UE. For ARAT, BCI-MI-end-effector robots and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; 86.3%) alongside BCI-MI-TEAS (86.3%) yielded the highest SUCRA. BCI-MI-exoskeleton robot showed the highest SUCRA for WMFT (92.7%), whereas BCI-MI-TEAS (85.3%) and BCI-MI-exoskeleton robot (81.7%) ranked highest for MBI. The evidence quality ranged from very low to high across these interventions.

CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of different BCI-based interventions. Unlike previous reviews, interventions were categorized by experimental paradigms, external feedback devices, and adjunctive noninvasive brain stimulation, to enable clinically meaningful comparisons. Overall, BCI-based interventions significantly improved poststroke upper limb rehabilitation. Among evaluated interventions, BCI-MI-TEAS demonstrated the most performance across body functions, structures, and activities and participation, whereas BCI-MI-end-effector robot + tDCS showed advantages for fine motor dexterity and BCI-MI-exoskeleton robot improved activities of daily living.Given low to moderate evidence certainty and substantial heterogeneity, these findings remain exploratory. High-quality trials are needed to establish the clinical utility of these interventions.},
}

Humans
*Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Stroke Rehabilitation/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
*Hemiplegia/rehabilitation/etiology
*Upper Extremity/physiopathology
*Stroke/complications

@article {pmid42684339,
year = {2026},
author = {Spichak, S},
title = {Can Neurotech Help Tame Brain Tumors?.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e110518},
doi = {10.2196/110518},
pmid = {42684339},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {*Brain Neoplasms/therapy ; Humans ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; },
abstract = {Is electricity the next frontier in monitoring and treating brain tumors and other cancers? In this News and Perspectives article, JMIR Correspondent Simon Spichak reports on advances in the emerging cancer neuroscience field.},
}

*Brain Neoplasms/therapy
Humans
Brain-Computer Interfaces

@article {pmid42685164,
year = {2026},
author = {Mailleux, LT and Araki, K and Hassan, M and Masuda, Y and Ishida, H and Hosoo, H and Marushima, A and Matsumaru, Y and Suzuki, K},
title = {Human Recorded Signal Properties of Endovascular EEG Compared to Conventional Scalp EEG.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TBME.2026.3730012},
pmid = {42685164},
issn = {1558-2531},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Endovascular EEG (eEEG) has emerged as a brain monitoring technique that offers a balance between signal fidelity and invasiveness. Endovascular electrodes match subdural recordings in bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio in animal studies, however, their signal properties remain sparsely quantified in humans. This study evaluated eEEG signals from five human participants undergoing intracarotid amobarbital injection (Wada test), while simultaneous scalp and endovascular EEG were recorded.

METHODS: All signals were preprocessed with artifact rejection and independent component analysis (ICA). Power spectral density (PSD), imaginary coherence (ImagC), phase-locking value (PLV), and amplitude envelope correlation (AmpC) were computed to quantify signal quality and functional connectivity.

RESULTS: The eEEG signals exhibited approximately ×3.7 higher power than concurrent scalp EEG, and nearest endovascular-scalp electrode pairs showed consistently higher coupling across all participants (mean difference 4.9 percentage points, range 1.8-7.6% across individuals), with effects most pronounced at distances $< $30 mm.

CONCLUSION: These findings support the feasibility of eEEG for neuromonitoring and demonstrate its potential for simple brain-computer interface (BCI) applications.

SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides quantitative measures of the signal power and correlation with scalp EEG, obtained directly in humans for a microcatheter-deliverable wire electrode, establishing human operating bounds for endovascular EEG as a minimally invasive neural interface.},
}

@article {pmid42685198,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, X and Wang, S and Zhu, Y and Liu, J and Hong, W and Yan, X and Che, L and Li, M and Liu, Z and Liu, H and Yang, Z and Wang, X and Yin, J and Xie, Z and Wu, M and Liu, J},
title = {Self-adaptive and configurable transfer printing of flexible electronics via rheology of liquid foam.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {12},
number = {36},
pages = {eaee2721},
pmid = {42685198},
issn = {2375-2548},
abstract = {Flexible electronics (FEs) have the potential to endow objects with the virtues and functionalities of electronics. The key is transferring manufactured FEs from original rigid substrates and printing onto targets. However, existing transfer printing accommodates limited circumstances due to immutable mechanical properties of either solid or liquid stamps. Here, a self-adaptive, configurable transfer printing method is developed based on the unique rheology of liquid foam that enables integration of ultrathin FEs onto arbitrary surfaces conformally, three-dimensionally and non-invasively. The liquid foam exhibits adaptive mechanical properties between solid and liquid, converting among elastic, plastic and dynamic behaviors spontaneously. We demonstrate liquid foam can support FEs with shape maintained prepared with no defect, transform FEs to irregular topographies in a stress-free manner, and extend the reach of FEs to inner surfaces of semi-closed objects i.e., cranial cavity, which were barely feasible before. This approach overcomes key bottlenecks of current technologies and opens numerous opportunities for FEs in wearables and brain-computer interfaces.},
}

@article {pmid42685297,
year = {2026},
author = {Duan, Y and Huang, S and Sha, L and Fu, Y and Lai, W and Li, W and Yang, X and Qin, H and Yang, R and Huang, Z and Guo, Y and Hu, X and Li, X and Zhu, Y and Sun, Y and Zhang, Y and Sun, M and Xiao, X and Wang, H and Han, X and Li, Z and Ma, Y and Yan, H and Zou, X and Tomson, T and Chen, L and , },
title = {Gestational Changes in Antiseizure Medication Concentrations and the Impact of Polytherapy: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study in China.},
journal = {Neurology},
volume = {107},
number = {7},
pages = {e218456},
doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000218456},
pmid = {42685297},
issn = {1526-632X},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Anticonvulsants/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use/blood ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; *Epilepsy/drug therapy/blood ; China ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult ; *Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy ; Adolescent ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Lamotrigine/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Longitudinal Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Levetiracetam/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pregnancy alters the pharmacokinetics of antiseizure medications (ASMs). The aim of this study was to quantify gestational changes in ASM concentrations and identify independent covariates among women with epilepsy in China.

METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter observational cohort study in China, women with epilepsy aged 18-45 years were enrolled and followed longitudinally. Steady-state trough ASM concentrations were measured, with concentration-to-dose (C/D) ratio as the primary pharmacokinetic parameter. Linear mixed-effects models with model averaging were used to evaluate the independent effects of gestational age, concomitant ASMs, and demographic covariates on ASM C/D ratios.

RESULTS: A total of 947 women were included and contributed 1,638 samples between 2019 and 2025, including 1,187 samples collected during nonpregnant periods (821 women, mean age 29.31 ± 8.38 years) and 451 during pregnancy (228 women, mean age 28.67 ± 4.30 years), with 64.3% receiving polytherapy. Lamotrigine exhibited the greatest gestational effect, with C/D ratios declining by 28.8% (β = -0.339; 95% CI -0.508 to -0.339; p < 0.001), 54.3% (β = -0.784; 95% CI -0.938 to -0.629; p < 0.001), and 63.2% (β = -1.001; 95% CI -1.192 to -0.809; p < 0.001) in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, reaching a nadir of -65.8% at 32 weeks. Levetiracetam declined by 26.2% (β = -0.303; 95% CI -0.446 to -0.160; p < 0.001), 40.1% (β = -0.512; 95% CI -0.645 to -0.379; p < 0.001), and 31.0% (β = -0.371; 95% CI -0.525 to -0.217; p < 0.001), reaching a nadir of -35.5% at 24 weeks. The metabolite of oxcarbazepine declined by 23.1% (β = -0.262; 95% CI -0.373 to -0.152; p < 0.001), 32.6% (β = -0.394; 95% CI -0.489 to -0.299; p < 0.001), and 44.3% (β = -0.585; 95% CI -0.695 to -0.475; p < 0.001). Lacosamide significantly decreased in the second trimester (-10.8%; β = -0.207; 95% CI -0.399 to -0.014; p = 0.035). Perampanel showed an increasing trend but was limited by sample and polytherapy. Concomitant ASMs primarily shifted baseline C/D ratios without altering gestational changes, and several drug-drug interactions were identified. Higher body weight was associated with lower C/D ratios for most ASMs, except for perampanel. Interindividual variability remained the dominant factor determining C/D ratios over measured covariates.

DISCUSSION: Pregnancy was the primary driver of declining C/D ratios, and concomitant ASMs and body weight acted as secondary modifiers. These findings support individual therapeutic drug monitoring.

ChiCTR2100046318 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, chictr.org.cn).},
}

Humans
Female
*Anticonvulsants/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use/blood
Pregnancy
Adult
*Epilepsy/drug therapy/blood
China
Prospective Studies
Young Adult
*Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy
Adolescent
Drug Therapy, Combination
Lamotrigine/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use
Middle Aged
Longitudinal Studies
Cohort Studies
Levetiracetam/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42685643,
year = {2026},
author = {Lin, WS and Lin, SY and Mulyadi, M and Lee, BO and Lai, FC and Tonapa, SI},
title = {Depressive symptoms mediate pain and quality of life in older adults during post-acute recovery from traumatic injuries.},
journal = {Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {73},
number = {},
pages = {104345},
doi = {10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.104345},
pmid = {42685643},
issn = {1528-3984},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent pain and emotional distress often challenge recovery among injured older adults, reducing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Pain is a known determinant of poor HRQoL, and depressive symptoms may further exacerbate this burden. Limited research has examined whether depressive symptoms mediate the pain-HRQoL relationship during this period.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between pain intensity and HRQoL in older adults recovering from traumatic injury.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 80 older adults (aged 60-74) hospitalised for traumatic injury at a medical centre in southern Taiwan measured pain intensity, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL 14 days after discharge. Mediation analysis used the PROCESS macro (Model 4) with 10,000 bootstrap resamples, controlling for injury severity.

RESULTS: Pain intensity was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (B = 1.83, 95% CI [1.29, 2.38]) and had a significant total effect on HRQoL (B = -5.86, 95% CI [-7.23, -4.50]). Depressive symptoms were also associated with HRQoL (B = -1.29, 95% CI [-1.78, -0.79]). Pain retained a significant direct effect on HRQoL after accounting for depressive symptoms (B = -3.50, 95% CI [-4.99, -2.02]); the indirect effect through depressive symptoms was also significant (B = -2.36, 95% BCI [-3.45, -1.40]), accounting for approximately 40% of the total effect.

CONCLUSION: Pain directly affects HRQoL, partly through depressive symptoms. Care strategies for injured older adults should address psychological alongside physical recovery. Given the cross-sectional design, findings reflect a statistical association rather than confirmed causal mediation; longitudinal studies are needed to verify temporal sequence.},
}

@article {pmid42674229,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Z and Zang, Z and Li, Y and Huang, Z and Zhang, H and Fu, Q and Bai, R},
title = {Water-exchange pharmacokinetic modeling improves DCE-MRI for ROI-based assessment of prostate lesions and of clinically significant prostate cancer.},
journal = {Magnetic resonance imaging},
volume = {134},
number = {},
pages = {110778},
doi = {10.1016/j.mri.2026.110778},
pmid = {42674229},
issn = {1873-5894},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Quantitative multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is increasingly explored for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection; however, the diagnostic value of quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI in prostate cancer remains controversial. In this study, we aim to evaluate the diagnostic performance of water-exchange DCE-MRI in distinguishing prostate tumors from benign tissue and differentiating csPCa from clinically insignificant (CIS) disease.

METHODS: This retrospective study included 89 patients who underwent prostate DCE-MRI between March 2022 and October 2023. DCE-MRI quantitative analysis was based on two-site water exchange (2SX) and conventional Tofts model. Tumor, benign and benign prostatic hyperplasia regions of interest were drawn based on quantitative multiparametric MRI. Student's t-test was implemented for intergroup comparisons between benign tissue and tumor, and between CIS and csPCa. Diagnostic performance for differentiating tumor from benign tissue and csPCa from CIS was accessed via linear discriminant analysis with tenfold cross-validation.

RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 69 ± 8 years) were finally included. Most MRI voxels in tumor (86%) and benign tissue (76%) favored 2SX model over Tofts model based on corrected Akaike's Information Criterion. The volume transfer constant (K[trans]) and cellular water efflux rate constant (kio) from 2SX model were significantly higher in tumor regions than benign regions (both P < 0.0001). Compared with the Tofts model, the 2SX model improved discrimination between tumor and benign tissue. Moreover, incorporating kio to correct K[trans], 2SX model significantly enhanced the ability of K[trans] to differentiate csPCa from CIS compared with Tofts model (area under curve: 0.72 vs 0.63).

CONCLUSION: The 2SX model incorporating transmembrane water exchange into quantitative DCE-MRI analysis improves diagnostic performance over the conventional Tofts model alone for distinguishing prostate tumor from benign tissue and for differentiating csPCa from CIS.},
}

@article {pmid42677815,
year = {2026},
author = {Aziz, MZ and Zhuo, Y and Huang, B and Yu, X},
title = {SEDAT: A hybrid tokenizer for large EEG models.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea0ba},
pmid = {42677815},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The fidelity of neural representations learned by large EEG foundation models depends on how raw brain signals are tokenized. Existing methods suffer from arbitrary temporal boundaries misaligned with neural state transitions, neglecting inter-channel spatial information, and fixed segmentation criteria that fail to generalize across heterogeneous EEG paradigms.

APPROACH: This study proposes the SE-DAGAF Adaptive Tokenizer (SEDAT), a hybrid framework integrating squeeze and- excitation (SE)-based spatial aggregation, data-adaptive Gaussian average filtering (DAGAF)- based signal decomposition, instantaneous-frequency-guided adaptive segmentation, and Fourier domain resampling into a single computationally efficient pipeline. SEDAT is evaluated across 10 heterogeneous EEG datasets spanning motor imagery, mental imagery, P300, slow cortical potentials, sleep staging, and epilepsy paradigms, using four large foundation models: LaBraM, EEGFormer, EEGPT, and NeuroGPT. It is benchmarked against five competitive baselines: fixed length windowing, CTXSEG, LiPCoT, TFM-Tokenizer, and SiS.

MAIN RESULTS: SEDAT achieves classification improvements of up to 15.3% over fixed-length windowing and 1.2-4.6% over the second-best method, with all comparisons reaching p < 0.001 after Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Token quality analysis confirms substantially improved feature separability, with Silhouette scores of 0.81-0.85 versus 0.33-0.48 for rigid baselines.

SIGNIFICANCE: With O(CN + KN logN) complexity, SEDAT explores new applications for SE and DAGAF as tokenizers and provides a physiologically grounded and computationally practical tokenization solution for large-scale EEG foundation models.},
}

@article {pmid42678134,
year = {2026},
author = {Coraci, D and Regazzo, G and Masiero, S},
title = {Mapping the literature about brain-computer interface in rehabilitation: a graph-theory-based PCA framework for semantic space analysis.},
journal = {European journal of translational myology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4081/ejtm.2026.15674},
pmid = {42678134},
issn = {2037-7452},
abstract = {Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are increasingly used in neurorehabilitation, but the rapid expansion of scientific literature complicates the identification of clinically relevant studies. This study investigated whether expert-defined relevance within BCI rehabilitation literature emerges as a structural property of semantic networks through the integration of graph theory and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A Lexical Network Analysis Based on Graph Theory (LENGTH) was applied to randomized controlled trials indexed in PubMed over the last decade using the query "brain computer interface" AND rehabilitation. Titles and abstracts were analyzed to construct a semantic network linking articles and lexical terms. Multiple graph-theoretical metrics were calculated and residualized against weighted degree to minimize document-size bias. PCA was subsequently applied to the residualized metrics. Forty-eight studies were included. The network showed a compact and highly interconnected structure, centered on motor and functional recovery concepts. PCA identified two principal components explaining of total variance. Relevant articles tended to occupy regions characterized by higher semantic integration and lower hierarchical influence. Although no clear categorical separation emerged, a consistent positional tendency was observed. These findings suggest that relevance may be represented as a topological property within a multidimensional semantic landscape, supporting the use of semantic-network approaches for literature screening and evidence synthesis.},
}

@article {pmid42678693,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Q and Zhou, Q and Yang, M and Zou, S and Li, Y and Wang, Z},
title = {Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep improvement in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {13872877261480066},
doi = {10.1177/13872877261480066},
pmid = {42678693},
issn = {1875-8908},
abstract = {BackgroundSleep disturbances are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may worsen neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver burden, quality of life, and disease progression. Non-pharmacological strategies are increasingly used because long-term hypnotic or antipsychotic treatment may be limited by safety concerns, but their effects on subjective and objective sleep outcomes remain uncertain.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for improving sleep in patients with AD.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL through June 6, 2025, for randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions in AD. The primary outcome was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); secondary outcomes were actigraphy-derived sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and time in bed. Standardized mean differences were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models. Subgroup, sensitivity, publication-bias, and meta-regression analyses were performed where appropriate.ResultsFourteen randomized controlled trials comprising 937 participants were included. Non-pharmacological interventions significantly reduced PSQI scores (SMD = -0.46, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.21). Neuromodulation-based interventions showed potentially favorable effects on PSQI, and caregiver-delivered programs such as NITE-AD modestly reduced nocturnal awakenings. No significant effects were observed for sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, or time in bed.ConclusionsNon-pharmacological interventions may modestly improve subjective sleep quality in AD, but objective sleep benefits remain limited. Larger, multicenter trials with standardized protocols, longer follow-up, harmonized subjective and objective outcomes, and AD-related biomarker assessment are needed.},
}

@article {pmid42678824,
year = {2026},
author = {Deng, W and Huang, L and Gao, T and Huang, S and Lu, R and Zhong, SH},
title = {Multi-Task EEG Diffusion Framework for Motor Functional Recovery in Stroke Patients.},
journal = {IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/JBHI.2026.3729675},
pmid = {42678824},
issn = {2168-2208},
abstract = {Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term motor disability worldwide, placing a substantial burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. Innovative rehabilitation strategies such as motor imagery-based brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) are critical to accelerating stroke recovery. However, current MI-BCI methods face key challenges: low generalizability due to cross-patient variability, lack of effective functional assessment, limited availability of patient data, coupled with the lack of effective data augmentation approaches. To address these issues, we propose a unified EEG-based framework that simultaneously performs motor imagery classification, hemiplegic side detection, and functional recovery prediction. Our method introduces a diffusion model tailored to the spatio-temporal characteristics of EEG, incorporating a decoupled neural architecture with rotary spatial encoding and autoregressive temporal fusion. To mitigate data scarcity, we design two augmentation strategies specifically adapted to the characteristics of stroke EEG. Extensive experiments demonstrate superior performance and generalizability across multiple MI-BCI tasks, supporting the potential of the method for deployment in personalized stroke rehabilitation.},
}

@article {pmid42678835,
year = {2026},
author = {Kwon, J and Han, H and Hwang, J and Nam, S and Lee, T and Cha, HS and Ahn, KH and Im, CH},
title = {Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface for Controlling a Wearable Lower-Limb Exoskeleton with Augmented Reality Glasses for Gait Assistance.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3729803},
pmid = {42678835},
issn = {1558-0210},
abstract = {Conventional crutch-based control for lowerlimb exoskeletons often imposes a considerable physical burden and limits usability. To address these challenges, we developed a hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) combining a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)- based BCI with asynchronous biosignal-based switches triggered by a wink and teeth clench. Practical usability was improved by implementing a wearable headband-type biosignal-recording device to acquire electroencephalography, electromyography, and electrooculography signals. Augmented reality glasses were used to present visual stimuli and gait guidance information. To support robust exoskeleton control in a wearable BCI environment, we proposed an asynchronous operational framework in which SSVEP responses were used for movement-mode selection, whereas wink- and clench-based switches were assigned to command execution and cancellation, respectively. Ten participants completed real-time walking experiments while wearing a custom lower-limb exoskeleton using both the conventional crutch-based and proposed control methods. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated using BCI classification accuracy and F1-scores for two asynchronous switches, whereas usability and workload were assessed using the system usability scale (SUS) and NASA task load index (NASA-TLX), respectively. Despite gross body movement during exoskeleton-assisted walking, the proposed hybrid control framework demonstrated robust mode selection, execution, and cancellation with an average SSVEP classification accuracy of 95.06%, F1-scores of 99.80% and 99.22% for the wink- and clench-based switches, respectively. Notably, only two false positive events were observed per switch across all participants. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibited a significantly higher SUS score than the crutch-based control method (78.25 vs. 53.50; p < 0.01) and a significantly lower physical demand in the NASATLX (3.15 vs. 7.85; p < 0.05), confirming its potential as a practical alternative. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies in which a wearable hybrid SSVEPbased BCI for lower-limb exoskeleton operation applicable to real-world walking tasks was systematically demonstrated. Our findings suggest that the proposed hybrid BCI is a robust and less physically demanding alternative to a conventional control method, offering strong potential for daily assistance and gait rehabilitation.},
}

@article {pmid42678845,
year = {2026},
author = {Han, Z and Liu, Z and Liu, H and Peng, Y and Zhu, L and Kong, W and Cichocki, A},
title = {Contrastive Decoupling and Enhancement of Multi-view EEG Features for Imagined Speech Decoding.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TBME.2026.3729643},
pmid = {42678845},
issn = {1558-2531},
abstract = {Imagined speech decoding remains challenging in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and complex spatio-temporal-spectral structure of Electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Existing studies mainly rely on single-view features or simple fusion strategies, limiting their ability to capture diverse neural characteristics during speech imagery. To address this limitation, we propose a Multi-view Feature Contrastive Decoupling and Enhancement (MFCDE) framework that integrates multi-view feature construction, feature decoupling, and adaptive masking. Four complementary views, including temporal, frequency-domain, phase-locking value (PLV), and graph-theoretic features, are extracted to characterize speech imagery-related neural dynamics. The decoupling mechanism reduces cross-view redundancy while preserving the discriminative information of each view. Experiments show that MFCDE consistently outperforms existing baselines in classification performance and stability. The learned view-shared and view-specific representations further provide neurophysiological insights by revealing the complementary contributions of temporal, spectral, and connectivity-based EEG patterns to imagined speech discrimination, indicating that reliable decoding depends on the joint utilization of neural dynamics, oscillatory activity, and inter-regional functional interactions.},
}

@article {pmid42678872,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, Z and Cao, Y and Yu, H and Yu, H and Huang, J},
title = {U2Multi-UDA: A Unified Multilevel Multisource Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method for Motor Imagery.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TNNLS.2026.3713085},
pmid = {42678872},
issn = {2162-2388},
abstract = {Motor imagery (MI) is a core paradigm in Brain-computer interface (BCI) research, but its practical application remains limited by intersubject variability and the scarcity of labeled target-domain data. Existing methods usually focus on a single adaptation level, such as domain alignment, feature interaction, or model fine-tuning, which limits comprehensive cross-domain adaptation (DA). To address this issue, this study proposes U2Multi-UDA, a unified multilevel multisource unsupervised DA framework for MI decoding. U2Multi-UDA integrates these three adaptation levels into a single pipeline. First, optimal transport (OT) aligns source and target distributions, while mutual information estimates source-domain relevance weights to characterize the contribution of each source domain to the target domain. Second, spatio-temporal electroencephalography (EEG) features are extracted and fused through multisource cross-attention, where the source-domain relevance weights guide cross-domain feature fusion, and pseudolabels enhance target-domain feature learning. Finally, segmented weight-decomposed low-rank adaptation (DoRA) enables parameter-efficient target-domain fine-tuning while reducing overfitting. Experiments on BCI Competition IV 2a, BCI Competition IV 2b, and the self-constructed MI-GS dataset show that U2Multi-UDA improves mean accuracy by 2.69, 1.89, and 3.83 percentage points, respectively, over the best-performing baselines, with consistent gains in Kappa values. Ablation and sensitivity analyses further confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and physiological plausibility of the proposed framework.},
}

@article {pmid42680783,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, C and Nuttin, L and Gao, Z and He, Y and Russo, P and Liaw, HP and Gourdouparis, M and Lambrechts, D and Dolmans, G and Liu, YH},
title = {An Event based Body Coupled Transdural Telemetry for Intracortical Brain Computer Interfaces.},
journal = {Communications engineering},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42680783},
issn = {2731-3395},
abstract = {Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) hold promise for restoring motor, sensory, and cognitive functions, including applications in paralysis treatment and speech decoding. High-density microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provide fine spatial and temporal discrimination of neural activity, but the considerable upsurge in data generation poses challenges for wireless transmission from miniaturized implants due to constraints on power, bandwidth, heat dissipation, and device size. To address these constraints, we propose a two-stage wireless iBCI architecture comprising a transdural galvanic-coupled body channel communication (BCC) link from a free-floating MEA to an intracranial unit, followed by a transcutaneous link to an external unit. This study focuses on the transdural BCC telemetry system, which provides compact, wideband, and energy-efficient data transmission. Phantom tests, and ex vivo experiments using a human cadaveric head specimen validate the system, demonstrating wireless transmission up to 500 Mbps with 20% duty cycling and bit error rates below 10[-5]. The system incorporates the send-on-delta encoder (SODA), achieving up to 11.4× data compression and reducing thermal load for meeting the safety guidelines. Safety is further examined using brain-on-a-chip models, which demonstrate that the system does not evoke unintended neural activity, supporting the platform's long-term viability for high-resolution iBCIs.},
}

@article {pmid42681934,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, H and Yang, Y and Liu, C and Ge, Y and Zhang, J and Wang, B and Ren, X and An, R and Quan, Y and Li, Z and Zhao, L and Ren, W and Niu, G},
title = {Flexible Microneedle Array Electrode with Improved Comfort, Low Impedance, and High Performance for Electrophysiological Recording.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e75417},
doi = {10.1002/smll.75417},
pmid = {42681934},
issn = {1613-6829},
abstract = {High-fidelity electrophysiological recording is critical for wearable brain-computer interfaces and human-machine interaction. However, balancing signal quality and wearing comfort remains a challenge: wet electrodes suffer from gel dehydration, whereas conventional dry electrodes often exhibit high impedance and mechanical instability. Here, we present a flexible microneedle array (fMNA) electrode fabricated using a scalable micro-electro-mechanical system process. The electrode comprises octagonal pyramidal silicon microneedles coated with Au/Cr on a flexible parylene substrate, providing high conductivity, mechanical robustness, and conformal scalp contact. Integrated with a specialized denoising algorithm, the fMNA achieved a contact impedance of 7.6 kΩ@10 Hz, 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of commercial wet electrodes. It also exhibited excellent durability and flexibility, with a minimum bending radius of 3 mm. Its recording performance was systematically validated through electroencephalographic visual evoked potential and cognitive engagement experiments, together with electrooculography. Compared with wet electrodes, the fMNA produced 41%-46% higher signal amplitudes, a higher signal-to-noise ratio, improved stability, lower impedance drift, and fewer motion artifacts. These results establish the fMNA as a versatile platform for high-quality electrophysiological recording and long-term wearable bioelectronic monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid42682360,
year = {2026},
author = {Ye, F and Xu, J and Liu, H},
title = {Functional substitution and long-term dependency in BCI-FES-based neurorehabilitation.},
journal = {International journal of surgery (London, England)},
volume = {112},
number = {7},
pages = {13297-13298},
pmid = {42682360},
issn = {1743-9159},
}

@article {pmid42682605,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, G and Zheng, Y and Zhang, J and Tian, L and Zhou, W},
title = {Editorial: Advances in explainable analysis methods for cognitive and computational neuroscience.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1938732},
pmid = {42682605},
issn = {1662-4548},
}

@article {pmid42684150,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, K and Hu, Y and Zheng, R and Xu, J and Wang, N and Zhang, J and Peng, Y and Kong, W},
title = {Multi-branch heterogeneous network of exploiting complementary multi-view features for decoding finger motor imagery EEG.},
journal = {Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-15},
doi = {10.1080/10255842.2026.2726433},
pmid = {42684150},
issn = {1476-8259},
abstract = {In contrast to general motor imagery involving large body parts, research on finger motor imagery is very scarce. Due to more refined motor functions, the decoding of finger motor imagery is more arduous and has lower accuracy than that of general motor imagery. In order to improve the decoding accuracy of finger motor imagery, this paper proposes the problem of identifying complementary multi-view decoding features and the problem of electrode channel difference of convolution kernels. A novel multi-branch heterogeneous network (MBHN) consisting of three groups of diversified branches is proposed to effectively extract and exploit complementary features of raw-view, frequency-decomposition-view and wavelet-view. Moreover, the channel adaptive kernel (CAK) module is proposed as a solution to the problem of channel difference of convolution kernels. The experimental results on the public finger motor imagery dataset show that our MBHN model achieves the state-of-the-art decoding accuracy of 58.49%. Additionally, the integration of the auxiliary supervision mechanism and the hybrid loss function is a very effective approach to fully leverage the complementarity of multi-view deep features. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/ykhdu/MBHN.},
}

@article {pmid42670087,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Qin, F and Pan, Q and Liu, C and Zhu, H and Li, W and Yan, H and Huang, W},
title = {Enhancing Neural Encoding of Natural Scenes through Hierarchical Integration of Saliency and Semantic Context.},
journal = {International journal of neural systems},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2750020},
doi = {10.1142/S0129065727500201},
pmid = {42670087},
issn = {1793-6462},
abstract = {Understanding how the human brain encodes complex natural scenes remains a central problem in computational neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Existing visual encoding models often rely on a single dominant feature representation and may insufficiently characterize how saliency-guided spatial information and high-level semantic context jointly contribute to cortical response prediction. To address this issue, this study proposes a saliency-guided multimodal visual encoding model, termed SMG-MVEM, to predict voxel-wise cortical responses to natural scene stimuli. The model integrates image features, saliency cues, and text-derived semantic representations through a hierarchical fusion architecture, followed by a Transformer-based brain mapper. Experiments on the Natural Scenes Dataset (NSD) show that SMG-MVEM improves prediction performance over representative neural encoding baselines and internal control variants, with the average PCC increasing from [Formula: see text] for the best-performing baseline to [Formula: see text]. Regional analyses further show that saliency contributed more strongly to early visual areas, whereas semantic features provided greater benefits in higher-order regions. Representational analyses also suggest that the model-predicted responses preserved aspects of hierarchical and category-related organization across the visual cortex. These findings indicate that structured integration of saliency and semantic context can improve cortical response prediction and provide interpretable representational patterns for natural vision.},
}

@article {pmid42670213,
year = {2026},
author = {Long, Y and Zhou, S and Zou, G and Liu, J and Xu, J and Zou, Q and Gao, JH},
title = {EEG Microstates and Related Brain Networks During Light Sleep.},
journal = {Journal of sleep research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70437},
doi = {10.1111/jsr.70437},
pmid = {42670213},
issn = {1365-2869},
support = {2021ZD0200800//STI2030-Major Projects/ ; 2021ZD0200500//STI2030-Major Projects/ ; 2021ZD0200506//STI2030-Major Projects/ ; 2022ZD0206000//STI2030-Major Projects/ ; L2602028//Beijing Natural Science Foundation/ ; w2431053//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82327806//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82372034//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82001911//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 25PJC076//Shanghai Pujiang Program/ ; 2024DSYL055//Shanghai International Studies University Academic Mentorship Program Project/ ; },
abstract = {Light sleep, including Stages N1 and N2, constitutes more than half of total human sleep duration. It serves essential functions in transitioning from wakefulness to deep sleep and in memory processing. Previous studies have identified four consistent electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates during wakefulness and sleep. Simultaneous EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that EEG microstates are associated with specific brain functional networks during wakefulness and slow wave sleep. However, the relationship between microstates and brain networks during light sleep remains unexplored. To address this gap, simultaneous EEG-fMRI data acquired during light sleep were used to examine the correspondence between microstates and brain networks. The EEG microstate informed fMRI analysis revealed that Microstate C was associated with the cerebellum, and Microstate D was associated with the thalamus and motor areas during both N1 and N2 sleep. No significant results were found in Microstate A or B during N1. Additionally, linear mixed-effect analysis verified that Microstate D's association with the motor network and thalamus persisted during both N1 and N2, though their activity showed opposing trends between stages: Microstate D-related thalamic activity was lower in N1 than in N2, whereas the motor cortex exhibited the opposite pattern. These findings highlight distinct relationships between EEG microstates and brain networks during N1 and N2 sleep and implicate the thalamus and motor cortex as key neural substrates during light sleep.},
}

@article {pmid42670825,
year = {2026},
author = {Branco, MP and Kinney-Lang, E and Ruest, N and Carlson, HL and Kirton, A and Vansteensel, MJ},
title = {Creating a Roadmap for Pediatric Implanted Brain-Computer Interfaces.},
journal = {Neurorehabilitation and neural repair},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15459683261481764},
doi = {10.1177/15459683261481764},
pmid = {42670825},
issn = {1552-6844},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Implanted brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) can record signals directly from the brain and translate them into computer commands continuously, at high speed and fidelity. Over 150 people worldwide have been implanted with an iBCI, and this number is expected to increase rapidly as iBCIs become commercially available. Despite the progress that is being made in the development of safe, wireless, and highly effective iBCIs, none of these have been implemented in youth or adults with pediatric-onset conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric-onset conditions, such as Cerebral Palsy (CP), represent a large proportion of the global burden of complex and severe disability. Since affected individuals, particularly youth, will likely benefit significantly from iBCIs, they should not be left behind in technological progress that would be life-changing. We outlined the evidence gaps, steps required, and arguments for greater focus on this population in iBCI research and development.

METHODS: Here, we present the result of two years of cumulative effort, combining expert opinions and findings from multiple transdisciplinary engagement sessions, including the first International Virtual Summit on Implanted BCIs for Children with Complex Needs, follow-up themed workgroup sessions, and a final in-person workshop held at the 11th International BCI Society Meeting.

RESULTS: We established a world-first visionary, community-and-partner-engaged roadmap for the design, development, and implementation of iBCIs for youth with CP to meaningfully interact with the world.

CONCLUSIONS: Developing iBCI systems for youth with CP requires a fundamental shift toward child‑centric neuroscience, engineering, and user‑driven design rather than adapting adult‑oriented technologies.},
}

@article {pmid42671112,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, YR and Li, PX and Zhang, HF and Liu, XY and Zhang, JY},
title = {Comparative Effects of Monocular and Stereopsis Training on Visual Acuity and Stereoacuity in Children With Amblyopia.},
journal = {Investigative ophthalmology & visual science},
volume = {67},
number = {10},
pages = {69},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.67.10.69},
pmid = {42671112},
issn = {1552-5783},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amblyopia/physiopathology/therapy ; Child ; *Visual Acuity/physiology ; *Depth Perception/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Vision, Binocular/physiology ; Adolescent ; *Vision, Monocular/physiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in visual acuity (VA) and stereoacuity in children with amblyopia following monocular or stereopsis training delivered alongside standard clinical care and to examine factors associated with training-related improvements in visual outcomes.

METHODS: Forty-three children with amblyopia (7.3-14.8 years; 37 anisometropic, five strabismic, and one mixed) completed approximately 29 sessions of either monocular training (grating acuity or motion discrimination targeting the amblyopic eye, n = 23) or binocular stereopsis training (dichoptic disparity discrimination, n = 20). All participants continued standard clinical management, including optical correction and prescribed patching. Pre- and post-training assessments included amblyopic-eye VA, interocular acuity difference (IOD), and Randot stereoacuity.

RESULTS: Both training protocols produced significant task-specific learning. Amblyopic-eye VA improved significantly in both groups, with no evidence of differential effects between training approaches. Stereoacuity also improved in both groups, with significantly greater gains following stereopsis training than monocular training. Exploratory analyses indicated that poorer baseline amblyopic-eye VA was associated with larger VA gains; however, this association did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Stereoacuity improvement was not significantly associated with baseline VA, IOD, age, or changes in VA.

CONCLUSIONS: Visual training combined with standard clinical care improved amblyopic-eye VA and stereoacuity in children with amblyopia. Although both training approaches yielded comparable gains in VA, stereopsis training produced larger improvements in stereoacuity, supporting its potential role in addressing residual binocular deficits after conventional treatment.},
}

Humans
*Amblyopia/physiopathology/therapy
Child
*Visual Acuity/physiology
*Depth Perception/physiology
Female
Male
Vision, Binocular/physiology
Adolescent
*Vision, Monocular/physiology

@article {pmid42671286,
year = {2026},
author = {Murray, S},
title = {Self-Trust as a Unifying Principle for the Dimensions of Agency in Neurotechnology.},
journal = {AJOB neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.1080/21507740.2026.2716034},
pmid = {42671286},
issn = {2150-7759},
abstract = {Neurotechnologies such as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) raise distinctive concerns about human agency. A recent proposal by Schönau et al. identifies four dimensions along which neurotechnologies may threaten agency: responsibility, privacy, authenticity, and trust. The Schönau et al. framework valuably maps how neurotechnologies affect users and has inspired qualitative assessment tools. Yet although it acknowledges interconnections among the four dimensions, it does not explain what structurally unifies them. This represents a key gap in the view. Assessment instruments modeled on the framework, such as their Qualitative Agentive Competency Tool (Q-ACT), evaluate each dimension independently, risking fragmented assessments that miss the integrated nature of agential harm. I argue that agential self-trust unifies these four dimensions. Each tracks a distinct way that neurotechnologies can erode the self-trust constitutive of planning agency: confidence in one's control over action (responsibility), in the boundaries of one's deliberative life (privacy), in one's psychological continuity (authenticity), and in one's sensory and evaluative capacities (trust). This carries concrete policy implications. Current informed consent procedures for neurotechnology trials enumerate risks along separate dimensions without flagging the cumulative threat to a user's capacity for agential self-trust. Likewise, assessment instruments should include integrative measures that track agential self-trust across domains. As neurotechnology governance develops at the international level, a unified account of agential harm within this dimensional framework can guide both consent design and longitudinal monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid42671376,
year = {2026},
author = {Gardiner, CA and Atlas, MD and Eikelboom, RH},
title = {Bone conduction implants in Australia over two decades.},
journal = {Cochlear implants international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.1080/14670100.2026.2724210},
pmid = {42671376},
issn = {1754-7628},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bone conduction hearing implants were introduced in the late 1970s and have since undergone multiple iterations in mechanical and electronic design, as well as surgical requirements. While there have been reports of hearing outcomes and complications, limited population-level data exist. This study examined the number of bone conduction implant (BCI) procedures in Australia over 20 years (July 2004 to June 2024), exploring age, sex and temporal factors.

METHODS: Procedural data were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The number of procedures was categorised by year, age group, sex, and adjusted for the population.

RESULTS: There were a total of 4536 BCI implants over the 20-year period, and 118 BCI explants during the last five reporting periods. There was a gradual increase in BCI procedures from 2004 to 2005, peaking at 434 procedures in 2016-2017, followed by a slow decline to 2022-2023, with a noticeable dip in 2021-2022, which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. The 60-79 year age group underwent the highest number of procedures across all periods investigated, followed by the 40-59 year age group. Minimal sex differences were observed between males and females; however, overall, females aged 40-59 years had more BCI procedures than males of the same age group.

DISCUSSION: This study provides valuable insights into BCI procedures in Australia, supporting future healthcare planning and policy development.},
}

@article {pmid42675986,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Y and He, Y and Cheng, Z and Zhang, Y and Yan, W and Xu, D and Liu, S and Zhao, Q and Xu, X},
title = {Low-Temperature Perovskite Crystallization Suppresses Interfacial Thermal Stress for Robust and High-Resolution Flat-Panel X-Ray Imaging.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e74876},
doi = {10.1002/adma.74876},
pmid = {42675986},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {62205154//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62288102//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; TNMPP-2025-03//CIRP Open Fund of Radiation Protection Laboratories/ ; KYCX25_1183//Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; NY221112//Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications/ ; },
abstract = {Interfacial thermal stress is a common issue limiting the performance of perovskite optoelectronics, particularly x-ray detectors. This challenge originates from thermomechanical incompatibility: conventional high-temperature perovskite crystallization induces severe interfacial thermal stress upon cooling, triggering film delamination and cracking. Herein, through solvent engineering and intermediate design, we demonstrate, for the first time, the low-temperature formation of perovskite thick films, mitigating this issue at its origin. This is achieved by a new perovskite ink formulation containing highly volatile 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and monodentate coordinating 1-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP). This combination yields a new intermediate, (CHP)2Pb3I6, that largely decouples nucleation from growth and lowers the crystallization temperature from 135 to 75°C. This reduction, along with an improved wettability, decreases the interfacial thermal stress by ∼75% and doubles the interfacial adhesion strength. Consequently, robust integration of perovskite thick films with an indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane is achieved. The resulting flat-panel imager delivers a spatial resolution of 4.73 lp mm[-1] (0.59 lp pix[-1]) when the modulation transfer function (MTF) reaches 0.2, outperforming commercial amorphous selenium (α-Se) and previous perovskite-based imagers. This work elucidates intermediate-regulated crystallization thermodynamics and opens avenue for integrating monolithic perovskite optoelectronics onto temperature‑sensitive substrates.},
}

@article {pmid42661845,
year = {2026},
author = {Kubaščík, M and Aggarwal, S and Karpiš, O and Tupý, A and Šarafín, P and Chochul, M},
title = {EEG-based hypoglycemia detection in Type 1 Diabetes: Proof-of-concept study.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1852403},
pmid = {42661845},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {Early detection of hypoglycemia among non-hypoglycemic conditions is critical in type 1 diabetes (T1D), as delayed intervention can lead to serious neurological and metabolic consequences. Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide continuous glucose measurements, they are invasive and do not capture early neurophysiological alterations associated with hypoglycemia-related metabolic changes. This study presents a preliminary feasibility investigation of a non-invasive brain-computer interface approach for classifying hypoglycemia versus non-hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes using electroencephalography (EEG). The novelty lies in demonstrating EEG-based hypoglycemia detection (binary classification) under data-limited conditions using optimized segmentation and lightweight classifiers. Additionally, EEG characteristics were compared with recordings from five healthy controls to provide a baseline reference for spectral activity patterns. EEG recordings from participants with T1D were synchronized with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data and pre-processed using a 0.5-50 Hz band-pass filter. The control group underwent identical EEG pre-processing without CGM synchronization. Reproducible spectral patterns were identified: hypoglycemia was associated with characteristic delta and beta alterations, while changes observed outside hypoglycemia were less consistent and did not support reliable separation within the non-hypoglycemic class. Multiple segmentation strategies and data-efficient machine learning models were evaluated under limited data conditions. Classical classifiers demonstrated promising within-subject performance under severely data-limited conditions, with Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) achieving the best results (accuracy 0.96212, macro-F1 0.96201) for binary classification focused on hypoglycemia detection. Confusion matrix analysis indicated a low rate of clinically relevant misclassifications. These findings support the feasibility of lightweight, real-time, non-invasive EEG-based systems for early hypoglycemia detection.},
}

@article {pmid42663733,
year = {2026},
author = {Kritika, M},
title = {Cognitive Sovereignty: An AI-Aware Governance Framework for Neural Data Threats, Autonomous Cyber Defense, and Identity-Aware Security in Neurotechnology Systems.},
journal = {Neuroinformatics},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {42663733},
issn = {1559-0089},
mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Computer Security/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Cognition/physiology ; },
abstract = {Neural data collected using brain-computer interfaces, neural implants, and emotion detection systems is analyzed by AI classifiers and agentic architectures to serve purposes such as authentication, access control, and behavioral inference, however, there exists no comprehensive, binding cybersecurity or data protection regime to regulate such neural data. The regulations that currently exist i.e., GDPR, HIPAA, the Budapest Convention, the 2025 UNESCO Recommendation on Neurotechnology Ethics, and a small number of state laws (e.g., Colorado 2024, California SB 1223, Montana, Connecticut) create a fragmented and incomplete emerging framework rather than no framework at all. In this paper, the author propose Cognitive Sovereignty architecture, an approach of governance through the combination of a legally recognized definition and technical parameters defining neural data as a new class of data which necessitates specific regulatory, adversarially sound processing frameworks, and jurisdictionally agnostic enforcement mechanisms. By conducting comparative law research, threat modeling based on STRIDE model and governance modeling, this paper highlights structural issues with the existing regimes and suggests a framework composed of Declaration on Cognitive Sovereignty, neuro-cybercrime protocol of the Budapest Convention, and AI layer-specific compliance requirements based on NIST AI RMF and the EU AI Act.},
}

Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Computer Security/legislation & jurisprudence
*Cognition/physiology

@article {pmid42664331,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, L and Lyu, M and Wang, YJ and Xie, X and Zhen, Z and Lai, JH and Zhang, RY},
title = {Mental bootstrapping enables human-level concept learning in self-supervised deep models.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {12},
number = {35},
pages = {eaea7202},
pmid = {42664331},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Algorithms ; *Concept Formation ; *Supervised Machine Learning ; *Learning ; *Deep Learning ; },
abstract = {How agents acquire abstract concepts from sparse, diverse examples-often without explicit supervision-remains a central problem in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. Human studies suggest that this ability depends on mental bootstrapping, the gradual construction of complex concepts from simpler partial structures. Building on this idea, we develop a self-supervised framework that trains models on systematically simplified versions of abstract reasoning tasks containing incomplete but structured concept cues. This algorithm enables models to form internal abstractions under limited resources and later apply them to more complex problems. We evaluate the framework across 12 abstract visual reasoning datasets testing in-distribution concept induction, out-of-distribution generalization, and few-shot learning. To contextualize performance, we also measure human accuracy on the same tasks. Models trained on simplified problems generalize robustly, reaching or even surpassing human-level performance. These findings show that abstract reasoning can emerge from structured simplification and minimal data, offering a computational account of concept learning in humans and machines.},
}

Humans
Artificial Intelligence
Algorithms
*Concept Formation
*Supervised Machine Learning
*Learning
*Deep Learning

@article {pmid42666513,
year = {2026},
author = {Dai, J and Zhu, L and Babiloni, F and Kong, W},
title = {A balanced multimodal decoding framework of EEG and fNIRS for motor imagery.},
journal = {Cognitive neurodynamics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {165},
pmid = {42666513},
issn = {1871-4080},
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) exhibit complementary advantages in temporal and spatial resolution for brain activity monitoring, and their integration has the potential to improve motor imagery (MI) decoding performance. However, in EEG-fNIRS multimodal MI decoding, modality heterogeneity and differences in signal-to-noise ratio and convergence speed often cause joint training to bias toward the modality that is easier to learn, leading to modality dominance, degraded fused representations, and reduced generalization. To address this issue, we propose a dynamic re-initialization framework for EEG-fNIRS multimodal decoding, which achieves cross-modal balanced learning through a diagnosis-adjustment-re-initialization mechanism. The proposed method uses the separability difference of unimodal features between the training and validation sets as a diagnostic signal, and integrates network hierarchical priors with modality-specific gradient statistics to derive adjustment factors. Guided by these signals, the framework periodically performs soft re-initialization of the EEG and fNIRS encoder parameters during training, promoting re-learning of weaker modalities, suppressing single-modality dominance, and preserving the stability of converged representations. As a result, multimodal imbalance is alleviated and the discriminative capability of fused representations is enhanced. Experiments on a publicly available EEG-fNIRS motor imagery dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average classification accuracy of 92.42 ± 4.54%, significantly outperforming both unimodal and conventional fusion baselines and showing strong cross-subject consistency.},
}

@article {pmid42668603,
year = {2026},
author = {Mo, F and Zhao, X and Xu, Y and Tang, C and Zhang, D and Li, S and Chen, D and Li, W and Song, Z and He, S},
title = {Integrating neural decoding, memristive materials, and adaptive control frameworks for next-generation hippocampal memory prosthetics.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {117268},
pmid = {42668603},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {Memory prosthetics, closed-loop brain-computer interfaces that decode hippocampal activity and deliver adaptive stimulation, are transitioning from animal proof-of-concept to first-in-human trials. Realizing chronically implantable systems requires co-design of three materials-mediated subsystems whose structure-property-processing (SPP) relationships have been treated in isolation: biocompatible electrode interfaces, on-chip neuromorphic computation, and closed-loop control hardware. This review presents an integrated framework. We map neuroscientific findings (theta-phase tracking, theta-gamma coupling, sharp-wave ripple detection) onto engineering specifications for latency, sampling, and charge injection, and onto materials requirements for impedance, switching endurance, and chronic stability. We develop an SPP taxonomy of two dominant materials families: chronic electrode coatings (Pt-Ir, IrOx, PEDOT:PSS, carbon-based, MXene) and oxide memristive synapses (Al2O3/TiO2-x, SrTiO3, HfO2). We further distinguish established findings from emerging directions and flag where small-cohort clinical results have been over-generalized. This synthesis provides materials-design targets for next-generation memory-prosthetic hardware.},
}

@article {pmid42668878,
year = {2026},
author = {Ankireddypalli, S and Avadhani, D and Roy, MS and Kumar, Y and Prajapati, TT and Vyas, N and Jadhav, RS},
title = {Effectiveness of Neurological Physiotherapy Interventions in Post-stroke Motor Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {e113639},
pmid = {42668878},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Stroke frequently results in persistent upper-limb, lower-limb, and gait impairments that restrict independence and quality of life. Neurological physiotherapy aims to enhance post-stroke motor recovery through task-specific practice, strengthening, sensory-motor retraining, feedback, neuroplasticity stimulation, and activity-based rehabilitation. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of neurological physiotherapy interventions in post-stroke motor rehabilitation and to summarize intervention characteristics, outcomes, methodological quality, and risk of bias. A systematic search was conducted across electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 2015 onward and available as full-text articles. After duplicate removal and screening, 47 full-text articles were assessed, and 11 RCTs were included. Data were extracted on study design, participants, stroke phase, intervention type, comparator, outcomes, numerical findings, and adverse events. Findings were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in intervention type, recovery phase, treatment dose, and outcome measures; no meta-analysis was performed. The review included functional strength training (FST), movement performance therapy, virtual reality (VR), robot-assisted rehabilitation, action observation therapy, mirror therapy, electrical stimulation, brain-computer interface (BCI)-assisted therapy, and walking-based interventions. Most interventions improved motor or functional outcomes, although superiority over conventional or dose-matched therapy was inconsistent. Overall, individualized, progressive, task-oriented neurological physiotherapy remains central to post-stroke motor recovery, with technology-assisted approaches offering additional value when integrated with meaningful functional practice.},
}

@article {pmid42661225,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, B and Guo, Z and Chen, J and Xie, Y and Wang, P and Xiong, X and Yu, J and Xu, Z and Fu, Y and Lan, Z and Peng, G and Zhang, J},
title = {HSPA8 orchestrates SNARE complex assembly to drive extracellular vesicle-mediated spread of p-tau217 in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Translational neurodegeneration},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42661225},
issn = {2047-9158},
support = {LY24H090006//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 2025C01120//Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; 2024C03098//Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; 82571348//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32530027//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Humans ; *tau Proteins/metabolism ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; *HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; *SNARE Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Male ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contributes to aberrant tau secretion via extracellular vesicles (EVs). This may potentially explain our previous paradoxical observation of elevated free-form p-tau217 alongside reduced p-tau217[+] EVs in plasma. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the reduction of p-tau217[+] EVs to uncover AD therapeutic targets.

METHODS: By integrating hippocampal spatial transcriptomics of human brain with EV proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid, we identified key regulators of p-tau217[+] EV release. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the synthesis and secretion of p-tau217[+] EVs. The regulatory roles of these candidate proteins were systematically evaluated through shRNA knockdown and interference with a synthetic peptide in both Aβ42-treated cells and AD model mice.

RESULTS: Heat shock protein family A member 8 (HSPA8) was identified as a crucial regulator of EV biogenesis and release, mediating the Aβ-SNAP29 interaction to disrupt SNARE complex assembly and impair p-tau217[+] EV secretion. In AD models, HSPA8 inhibition with shRNA rescued p-tau217[+] EVs and improved cognitive function. Additionally, blocking the Aβ-SNAP29 interaction with a selective peptide inhibitor for HSPA8 reversed the decline in p-tau217[+] EV and cognitive deficits.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal a role of HSPA8 in regulating the MVB-mediated EV release and tau propagation, and highlight HSPA8 as a promising therapeutic target for modifying AD progression.},
}

*Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology
Animals
Humans
*tau Proteins/metabolism
*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
*HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
*SNARE Proteins/metabolism
Mice
Hippocampus/metabolism
Male
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism

@article {pmid42661532,
year = {2026},
author = {Vyhnánková, B and Džupa, V and Šubrt, Z},
title = {[Sternal Fracture as a Risk Factor for Blunt Cardiac Injury].},
journal = {Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae Cechoslovaca},
volume = {93},
number = {3},
pages = {178-188},
pmid = {42661532},
issn = {0001-5415},
mesh = {Humans ; *Sternum/injuries ; *Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis/etiology/complications ; *Fractures, Bone/complications/diagnosis ; Risk Factors ; *Heart Injuries/etiology/diagnosis ; *Myocardial Contusions/etiology/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of blunt chest trauma, including blunt cardiac injury (BCI) and sternal fracture (SF). Blunt cardiac injury occurs in about 20% of blunt chest trauma reaching to 76% in polytrauma patients. Reported SF rates range from 1.6% to 42%. This review evaluates the link between SF and BCI with focus on incidence, diagnosis and implications for patient management. A systematic search of the scientific literature in online databases over the past 15 years was conducted. The final set included 31 studies, predominantly retrospective, which were subsequently analyzed with emphasis on the definition of BCI, its occurrence and its association with SF. BCI refers to a heterogeneous group of cardiac injuries resulting from a common traumatic mechanism. The term is often used interchangeably with myocardial contusion, thereby limiting the comparability of study results. Clinically significant injury can range from mild arrhythmias to cardiogenic shock, while some cases of BCI may remain completely asymptomatic. SF is common and indicates a substantial force to the chest. Patients are often categorized into two groups: those with an isolated sternal fracture, which is usually a benign injury without cardiac involvement, and those with a combined sternal fracture, which is common in polytrauma patients. The association between SF and BCI remains controversial. Some studies regard SF as a general indicator of overall trauma severity, whereas others identify it as an independent risk factor for BCI. There are multiple approaches in diagnostics of BCI. Initial screening includes electrocardiography and monitoring of troponin I levels. If both are within normal limits, BCI is unlikely. Echocardiography is recommended for hemodynamically unstable patients or when initial test results are abnormal. Management includes continuous ECG monitoring, treatment of arrhythmias and analgesia. Current recommendations support screening for BCI following blunt chest trauma. Evidence is mixed on whether SF alone predicts the presence of BCI. Further prospective studies using a uniform definition of BCI are required to confirm the clinical significance of SF in the diagnosis and patient prognosis. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for BCI in patients after high-energy chest trauma.},
}

Humans
*Sternum/injuries
*Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis/etiology/complications
*Fractures, Bone/complications/diagnosis
Risk Factors
*Heart Injuries/etiology/diagnosis
*Myocardial Contusions/etiology/diagnosis

@article {pmid42660175,
year = {2026},
author = {Wyman, CG and Hirshfield, L},
title = {ERP-XTTN: interpretable prototype-guided cross-attention for cross-subject ERP classification.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/ae9f95},
pmid = {42660175},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Interpretable brain-computer interface classifiers that generalize across subjects without calibration remain an open challenge. We evaluated whether prototype-based cross-attention can provide competitive, inherently interpretable event-related potential (ERP) classification across diverse paradigms under deployment-compatible conditions.

APPROACH: We propose ERP-XTTN (ERP Cross-Attention), a cross-attention architecture that routes input electroencephalographic peaks to fixed difference-wave prototypes via query-key-only cross-attention with no value projection. Classification is based directly on prototype similarity and a separate measure of component amplitude, so that the prototype content contributes to every decision by construction. Prototypes are derived automatically from prominent extrema in the training-fold grand-average difference wave. We evaluated across three public sources (BNCI Horizon 2020, HRI Cursor, and ERP CORE) encompassing eight ERP components (ERN, LRP, ErrP, N170, P300, N2pc, MMN, N400). Evaluations used leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation with causal filtering at a three-channel montage, compared against EEGNet, EEG-Deformer, ERP Prototypical Matching Net (EPMN), and xDAWN with Riemannian geometry (xDAWN+RG).

MAIN RESULTS: At three channels, the mean performance gap between the best baseline and ERP-XTTN was 0.025 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Prototype interventions confirmed that decisions depend on the physiological content of the prototypes rather than on the routing attention pattern alone. False positives morphologically resembled true positives more than true negatives did across all datasets, indicating classification errors are neurophysiologically explicable.

SIGNIFICANCE: ERP-XTTN generalizes across diverse ERP morphologies under causal, calibration-free conditions, while retaining competitive performance and decisions that depend directly on physiological prototype content at a three-channel montage. Unlike post-hoc explanation methods for black-box models, the basis of each decision is directly observable in the trained model itself. To our knowledge, this is the first epoch-level LOSO benchmark on ERP CORE.},
}

@article {pmid42652021,
year = {2026},
author = {Lukanov, S and Dyugmedzhiev, A and Slavchev, M and Zheleva, B},
title = {Effects of Size, Body Mass and Body Condition on Tonic Immobility Occurrence in Lissotriton vulgaris.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {16},
pages = {},
pmid = {42652021},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {КP-06-N81/11//Bulgarian National Science Fund/ ; },
abstract = {Tonic immobility is a state of natural paralysis that species across the animal kingdom exhibit as an instinctive response to an external threat. In ectotherms, it has been linked with temperature, but the effects of individual size, body mass and body condition are still poorly understood. We hypothesize that under natural conditions, size, body mass and body condition play an important role in tonic immobility occurrence in smaller ectothermic animals such as the Smooth newt. In this study, we photographed, measured and weighed 357 adult Lissotriton vulgaris from four populations across Bulgaria in the period December 2025-June 2026. All observed cases of tonic immobility were noted and subsequently analyzed against the effects of newt size, body mass and body condition, as well as ambient air temperature. Our results indicated that smaller newts, with lower body mass, were more prone to displaying the behaviour than larger newts, while sex and ambient temperature had no observable effects.},
}

@article {pmid42653040,
year = {2026},
author = {Tomás, DJ and Pais-Vieira, M and Pais-Vieira, C},
title = {Linking Embodiment, Simulator Sickness, and EEG Activity During XR-BCI Use: A Single-Participant Case Study.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42653040},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {FCT exploratory project 2023.11597.PEX//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/04501/2025//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/04279/2025//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Subjective experience is increasingly recognised as an important component of brain-computer interface (BCI) performance in extended reality (XR) environments. Although embodiment and simulator sickness are known to influence user experience, their relationships with cortical activity during XR-BCI operation remain poorly understood. Building upon our previous investigations of embodiment and simulator sickness in XR-BCIs, the present study examined whether these subjective dimensions are associated with distinct neurophysiological patterns during repeated XR-BCI use in a participant with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Seventeen XR-BCI sessions performed by a participant with chronic complete SCI were analysed. Bayesian correlation analyses examined associations among embodiment, simulator sickness, BCI performance, and EEG activity. Multiple linear regression was used to identify variables independently associated with sensorimotor beta activity, and the robustness of the regression findings was evaluated using bootstrap estimation and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. Results: Bayesian analyses identified two principal patterns of association. Sense of embodiment was positively associated with frontal theta activity (F3), whereas simulator sickness showed a negative association with sensorimotor beta activity (C3-C4). As expected, classifier acquisition accuracy was strongly associated with subsequent BCI performance. Multiple regression demonstrated that simulator sickness was the only variable independently associated with C3-C4 beta activity after accounting for embodiment and BCI performance. This association remained robust following bootstrap estimation and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Although limited to a single participant, these findings suggest that different dimensions of subjective experience during XR-BCI operation are associated with partially distinct neurophysiological correlates. In particular, simulator sickness was the variable most consistently associated with sensorimotor beta activity across all analyses. These findings provide a foundation for future longitudinal investigations of the neural mechanisms linking subjective experience and cortical dynamics during XR-BCI use.},
}

@article {pmid42655181,
year = {2026},
author = {Kim, JW and Yeh, JY},
title = {Climatic Associations of Akabane Virus Occurrence in East Asia: Temperature-Driven Patterns Based on the Köppen-Geiger Classification.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42655181},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {RS-2025-02304897//Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries/ ; },
abstract = {Akabane virus (AKAV) is a Culicoides-borne arbovirus that causes congenital malformations and reproductive losses in ruminants, resulting in substantial economic losses in livestock production. Because vector activity and virus transmission are strongly influenced by environmental conditions, defining climatic factors associated with AKAV distribution is critical for understanding its epidemiology. However, such relationships have not been systematically evaluated in East Asia. In this study, we applied the Köppen-Geiger climate classification to characterize regional climatic zones in South Korea and Japan and examined their associations with AKAV case counts. AKAV cases were predominantly observed in temperate climate zones (Cfa and Cwa). Temperature-related variables showed consistent positive associations with AKAV case counts, with a 1 °C increase in annual mean temperature associated with approximately 1.38-1.56-fold increases in reported cases. In contrast, precipitation variables exhibited weak or negative associations. These findings indicate that temperature is an important climatic factor associated with AKAV case counts, suggesting that climate-dependent modulation of vector dynamics may contribute to observed patterns of AKAV occurrence. This study provides a climate-based framework for understanding the spatial distribution of AKAV and supports the development of targeted surveillance and control strategies under changing environmental conditions.},
}