@article {pmid42748101,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, Q and Xu, J and Li, D and Wu, X and Zhang, K and Chu, C and Fan, L},
title = {Abstract Property-selective Clusters Link Continuous Property Representations to Discrete Category-selective Regions in Human Higher Visual Cortex.},
journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-18},
doi = {10.1162/JOCN.a.2720},
pmid = {42748101},
issn = {1530-8898},
support = {2021ZD0200200//STI2030-Major Projects/ ; 82472061//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 7262231//Beijing Natural Science Foundation/ ; 2025GGXM005//Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical Research Key Project/ ; //Yantai "Double Hundred Plan" Talent Grant/ ; },
abstract = {Object representations in the human higher visual cortex (HVC) support complex recognition behaviors early in development, yet the principles linking continuous dimensional representations and discrete category-selective areas in the HVC remain incompletely understood. Here, we propose a "property-cluster-category" organization that bridges object conceptual dimensions and discrete category areas in the HVC. Using a large-scale naturalistic stimulus data set and voxel-wise encoding methods, we analyzed the encoding patterns of a low-dimensional abstract property space and identified distinct brain clusters with shared cortical property profiles. These clusters broadly aligned with category-selective areas, suggesting that category regions can be understood as local peaks within a continuous property topology. We further tested whether this visual organization could emerge in a visual-only Topographic Deep Artificial Neural Network trained without semantic supervision. The model recapitulated property tuning for physical and biological dimensions but showed weaker affective tuning, suggesting that affective dimensions may require embodied or nonvisual experience. Finally, model-based lesion and stimulation analyses showed that Topographic Deep Artificial Neural Network units aligned with brain clusters contributed selectively to object classification. Together, these results provide a framework for understanding how the continuous property topology and discrete category selectivity are jointly organized in the human HVC, and suggest that abstract visual properties-which shape this topological organization-can be learned in part from statistical regularities in visual input.},
}

@article {pmid42749210,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, X and Li, M and Hu, Z and Yang, J},
title = {Baseline cortisol level moderated the effect of stress on associative memory: Pre-encoding and pre-retrieval manipulations.},
journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108219},
doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2026.108219},
pmid = {42749210},
issn = {1095-9564},
abstract = {Stress has powerful effects on memory, but previous studies have yielded mixed findings regarding its impact on associative memory and the relationship between cortisol response and memory performance. Whether stress affects both encoding and retrieval of associative memory through a common mechanism remains unclear. In addition, an individual's baseline cortisol level should be considered to clarify the cortisol reactivity - memory relationship. In this study, we recruited 63 participants for Experiment 1 and 56 participants for Experiment 2 to learn unrelated word pairs with negative and neutral valence and complete an associative recognition task. They were exposed to a stress or control condition before either the encoding phase (Experiment 1) or the retrieval phase (Experiment 2). The results showed that pre-retrieval stress significantly impaired associative memory. For pre-encoding stress, the group difference was not significant, but stress significantly predicted the corrected recognition and FA rate in the regression analysis. Regardless of whether stress was induced at pre-encoding or pre-retrieval, cortisol reactivity positively predicted the false alarm (FA) rate, while baseline cortisol levels negatively predicted the FA rate. In addition, baseline cortisol levels moderated the effect of stress on memory performance. When the baseline cortisol levels were lower, a greater cortisol reactivity was associated with a higher FA rate in both experiments. These results suggest that stress impairs the ability to distinguish old memories from lures, which is a common mechanism across memory phases. They also highlight the role of baseline cortisol in moderating the relationship between cortisol reactivity and associative memory.},
}

@article {pmid42749481,
year = {2026},
author = {Jaikumar, V and Rifkin, LS and Wahlig, PM and Morioka, TPT and Goyal, AD and Rupp, J and Stockman, IG and Levy, L and Przepiorka, L and Monteiro, A and Lim, J and Vakharia, K and Lai, PMR and Davies, JM and Snyder, KV and Levy, EI and Siddiqui, AH},
title = {Atlas self-expandable stents versus low profile visualized intraluminal support stents for intracranial aneurysm coiling assistance: systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of neurointerventional surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/jnis-2026-025664},
pmid = {42749481},
issn = {1759-8486},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurointerventionalists performing stent assisted coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms use Neuroform Atlas stents (Stryker) for their low metal coverage, deployment ease, and lower thromboembolic risk, although low profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS) and LVIS Jr stents (Terumo Neuro) offer better wall apposition and high metal coverage, potentially promoting flow diversion and endothelialization. The next generation LVIS Evolution (LVIS EVO; Terumo Neuro) adds enhanced visibility, improved resheathability, and even higher metal coverage to address earlier limitations of LVIS and LVIS Jr. We evaluated the performance and complications of these devices.

METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched from 1 January 2017 to 31 July 2025 to identify studies comparing Atlas assisted coil embolization (AACE) versus LVIS/LVIS Jr assisted coil embolization (LACE), and single arm LVIS EVO assisted coil embolization (LeACE) studies. Meta-analyses were performed to compare baselines, procedural considerations, and occlusion rates.

RESULTS: We included five studies comparing 504 patients treated with AACE and 579 patients with LACE, and 12 studies evaluating LeACE (575 patients). Fewer aneurysms were ruptured at presentation in the AACE group than in the LACE (OR 0.09; P<0.01) and LeACE (0.7% vs 15.2%; P<0.01) groups. Comparable technical failure rates were found between AACE and LeACE (1.8% vs 5.4%; P=0.15), contrasting with the superiority of AACE over LACE (OR 0.14; P<0.01). AACE resulted in higher immediate adequate occlusion than LACE (OR 1.62; P=0.02), but comparable with LeACE (83% vs 90.8%; P=0.28). Follow-up complete occlusion rates were similar between AACE and LACE (OR 1.31; P=0.16) and between AACE and LeACE (82.4% vs 81.2%; P=0.86).

CONCLUSIONS: The superior outcomes of the Atlas over LVIS/LVIS Jr were matched by the LVIS EVO. Thromboembolic complications occurred more frequently with the LVIS EVO.},
}

@article {pmid42749849,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, D and Cui, G and Yang, K and Lu, C and Jiang, Y and Zhang, L and Wu, Q and Dixit, D and Zhu, Z and Gimple, RC and Gu, D and Gao, J and Lin, Q and Yu, H and Shi, Z and Chen, Y and Wang, Q and Jin, G and Lin, F and Shao, J and Zhou, Q and Liu, C and Li, C and You, Y and Zhang, N and Zhang, J and Qian, X and Zhang, Q and Rich, JN and Wang, X},
title = {Author Correction: Inhibiting macrophage-derived lactate transport restores cGAS-STING signalling and enhances antitumour immunity in glioblastoma.},
journal = {Nature cell biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41556-026-02083-8},
pmid = {42749849},
issn = {1476-4679},
}

@article {pmid42750660,
year = {2026},
author = {Chetty, N and Bennett, J and Schone, HR and Fry, A and Yoo, PE and Lacomis, D and Oxley, TJ and Collinger, JL and Putrino, DF and Weber, DJ},
title = {Measuring motor intent for BCI control-A comparative analysis of signal quality of simultaneously recorded vECoG and scalp EEG.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {42750660},
issn = {1741-2552},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces/standards ; *Electroencephalography/methods/standards/instrumentation ; *Scalp/physiology ; Male ; *Electrocorticography/methods/standards/instrumentation ; *Intention ; Female ; Movement/physiology ; },
abstract = {Objective.Stent-electrode arrays enable endovascular brain-computer interfaces (BCI) by recording cortical neural activity from within the superior sagittal sinus and have recently been evaluated in an early feasibility clinical trial in the United States (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05035823). For a BCI to be viable, the signals need to be high quality to enable accurate decoding of user intent. Compared to electrodes placed on the scalp for electroencephalography (EEG), stent-electrode arrays lie closer to the cortical surface and would presumably offer higher signal quality yet a direct comparison of intravascular and scalp-based neural recordings in humans has not yet been investigated.Approach.We directly compared the signal quality of vascular electrocorticography (vECoG) versus scalp EEG signals in one participant with severe upper limb paralysis due to ALS. During two experimental sessions, the participant underwent simultaneous recording with the stent-electrode array and a scalp EEG using a gel cap. The participant was visually cued to attempt motor tasks, such as repeated flexion and extension of the ankles. Signal quality was assessed by quantifying motor modulation strength, differentiation of movement effort, and spatial lateralization. Noise metrics evaluated the relative impact of artifacts including 60 Hz line noise, electrocardiogram contamination, eye blinks, jaw clenching, and vocalization.Main results.Both recording modalities exhibited significant modulation during attempted movement relative to rest, with vECoG generally demonstrating significantly stronger modulation per channel in some frequency bands and conditions. Motor modulation was significantly reduced during motor imagery compared to overt movement in both modalities. Spatial source localization between left and right ankle movement did not reach significance for either modality. Each modality was vulnerable to some artifacts while generally unaffected by others. Scalp EEG showed large susceptibility to ocular artifacts and cranial muscle activity due to its proximity to superficial physiological sources, whereas vECoG exhibited prominent cardiac activity.Significance.Within this participant, the large modulation during attempted movement recorded with vECoG, unaffected by the attenuating effects of the skull, coupled with fewer artifacts in the frequency bands of interest, provides preliminary evidence that the stent-electrode arrays can acquire high quality neural signals that could support BCI control.},
}

Humans
*Brain-Computer Interfaces/standards
*Electroencephalography/methods/standards/instrumentation
*Scalp/physiology
Male
*Electrocorticography/methods/standards/instrumentation
*Intention
Female
Movement/physiology

@article {pmid42751287,
year = {2025},
author = {ElSayed, Z and Westerkamp, G and Liu, JY and Pedapati, E},
title = {Brian Intensify: An Adaptive Machine Learning Framework for Auditory EEG Stimulation and Cognitive Enhancement in FXS.},
journal = {2025 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (AIBThings)},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/AIBThings66987.2025.11296220},
pmid = {42751287},
support = {R01 HD108222/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Neurodevelopmental disorders such as Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are characterized by disrupted cortical oscillatory activity, particularly in the alpha and gamma frequency bands. These abnormalities are linked to deficits in attention, sensory processing, and cognitive function. In this work, we present an adaptive machine learning-based brain-computer interface (BCI) system designed to modulate neural oscillations through frequency-specific auditory stimulation to enhance cognitive readiness in individuals with FXS. EEG data were recorded from 38 participants using a 128-channel system under a stimulation paradigm consisting of a 30-second baseline (no stimulus) followed by 60-second auditory entrainment episodes at 7Hz, 9Hz, 11Hz, and 13Hz. A comprehensive analysis of power spectral features (Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Theta, Beta) and cross-frequency coupling metrics (Alpha-Gamma, Alpha-Beta, etc.) was conducted. The results identified Peak Alpha Power, Peak Gamma Power, and Alpha Power per second per channel as the most discriminative biomarkers. The 13Hz stimulation condition consistently elicited a significant increase in Alpha activity and suppression of Gamma activity, aligning with our optimization objective. A supervised machine learning framework was developed to predict EEG responses and dynamically adjust stimulation parameters, enabling real-time, subject-specific adaptation. This work establishes a novel EEG-driven optimization framework for cognitive neuromodulation, providing a foundational model for next-generation AI-integrated BCI systems aimed at personalized neurorehabilitation in FXS and related disorders.},
}

@article {pmid42751597,
year = {2026},
author = {Akhter, J and Nazeer, H and Naseer, N},
title = {fNIRS dataset of motor hand-gripping activity using the NIRSport2 system.},
journal = {Neurophotonics},
volume = {13},
number = {Suppl 3},
pages = {S32604},
pmid = {42751597},
issn = {2329-423X},
abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: The functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) dataset acquired with the NIRSport2 device provides noninvasive recordings. The analysis of the fNIRS dataset can be used to refine existing models or propose new models to understand the motor cortex during voluntary motor activities, such as neuroplasticity and task-specific neural activation patterns.

AIM: The hand-gripping dataset provides open-access fNIRS recordings of motor task-related brain activity to support the development and refinement of signal processing and machine learning models in brain-computer interface (BCI) research.

APPROACH: Twenty healthy right-handed participants' fNIRS data is acquired during a hand-gripping task from the motor cortex using an 8 × 8 optodes configuration (twenty channels) following the international 10 / 20 system. The NIRSport2 device (NIRx Medizintechnik GmbH, Germany) is used to record hemodynamic cortical activity with a sampling frequency of 10.1725 Hz in the form of light intensity. Signal processing software nirsLAB (version: v201904_64bit) is used for preprocessing and converting the light intensity into optical density, which is then converted into hemoglobin concentration changes (oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin) and finally filtered out for physiological artifacts, consistent with our previous work on this dataset.

RESULTS: This dataset is intended to explore patterns of brain activation during hand gripping, contributing to research on rehabilitation, motor learning, and neuroplasticity, and could be used to develop and validate classification algorithms, contributing to the field of BCI.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the dataset is reliable and suitable for motor task analysis, benchmarking, and fNIRS-based machine learning studies.},
}

@article {pmid42743863,
year = {2026},
author = {Güner Yılmaz, ÖZ and Duranlar, Ö and Yılmaz, A and Çetin, S and Torkay-Çay, G and Özdemir-Kumral, ZN and Bal-Öztürk, A and Açma, H and Yaman, S and Güner, FS},
title = {Injectable biochar-reinforced alginate hydrogels for hemostasis under wet and deformable conditions.},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {269},
number = {},
pages = {116172},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.116172},
pmid = {42743863},
issn = {1873-4367},
abstract = {Uncontrolled bleeding under wet and deformable conditions remains a major challenge for conventional hemostatic materials, which often suffer from limited tissue adhesion and poor mechanical adaptability. Here, we developed an injectable sodium alginate hydrogel ionically cross-linked with Ca[2][+] and reinforced with hazelnut branch-derived biochar (HB) to improve structural stability and local hemostatic performance. The HB-containing hydrogel exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior, high injectability, enhanced wet tissue adhesion, and self-healing efficiency exceeding 80%, while achieving an adhesive strength of approximately 420 kPa. Physicochemical characterization indicated homogeneous HB incorporation and Ca[2][+] retention by HB, which may influence the local ionic environment of the hydrogel network. In vitro studies demonstrated good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. In hemostatic assays, 6A7C-HB exhibited a blood clotting index (BCI) of 4.45%, markedly lower than that of the commercial oxidized cellulose hemostat Surgicel® (26.98%), and shortened the clotting time to 4.4 min compared with 7.5 min for the untreated blood control and 7.2 min for Surgicel®. In vivo evaluation in rat tail transection and liver injury models showed effective hemorrhage control, reducing blood loss by approximately 45-55% compared with untreated controls, while subcutaneous implantation demonstrated acceptable biocompatibility without evidence of significant systemic toxicity or adverse histopathological responses. These findings demonstrate that HB reinforcement provides a simple and effective strategy for developing injectable alginate hydrogels with improved mechanical adaptability and localized hemostatic performance under wet and deformable conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42743888,
year = {2026},
author = {Denost, Q and Rouanet, P and Teruel, E and Borg, C and Lelong, B and Etienne, PL and Maingon, P and Rio, E and Tuech, JJ and Noiret, B and Nougaret, S and Pezzela, V and Gourgou, S and Conroy, T and , },
title = {Oncological impact of adjuvant chemotherapy after rectal cancer excision in the era of FOLFIRINOX-based TNT: A pooled post-hoc analysis of GRECCAR4-PRODIGE23.},
journal = {European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)},
volume = {247},
number = {},
pages = {117046},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejca.2026.117046},
pmid = {42743888},
issn = {1879-0852},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) remains controversial, mainly based on colon cancer protocols, with recent validation of the equivalence of the 3- and 6-month CT regimens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oncological impact of AC in the era of TNT in patients with LARC.

METHODS: We conducted a post hoc analysis of ypN+ and ypN0/cN+ subgroups from two French multicentre randomized trials GRECCAR 4(NCT01333709) and PRODIGE 23(NCT01804790). Patients received either long-course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or TNT with FOLFIRINOX 4-6 cycles followed by CRT.In each subgroup, outcomes of patients who received AC (AC+) were compared with those who did not(AC-).The primary outcome was 3-year Disease-free survival(DFS).Secondary endpoints included 3-year overall survival(OS),distant metastasis and local recurrence free-survival(3y-DMFS and 3y-LRFS). Survivals were adjusted on propensity score.

RESULTS: Among 489 patients were eligible, 152 AC- (25ypN+ and 127ypN0/cN+)vs 337 AC+ (119 ypN+ and 218 ypN0/cN+).Baseline tumor characteristics were similar. Median follow-up was 70 months. Overall 3y-DFS was 77% and was significantly improved in AC+ group for ypN+ after CRT (p < 0.001), but not after TNT. For ypN0/cN+, no statistically significant association was observed regarding the 3y-DFS whatever the neoadjuvant treatment,TNT (p = 0.33) or CRT (p = 0.45).Similarly, the AC+ group had a significantly better 3y-OS (p < 0.001), 3y-DMFS (p ≤ 0.001) and 3y-LRFS (p ≤ 0.001) for ypN+ after CRT, but not after TNT. For ypN0/cN+, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding 3y-OS(p = 0.74), 3y-DMFS(p = 0.72) and 3y-LRFS(p = 0.71),whatever the neoadjuvant treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with significantly improved oncological outcomes in ypN+ patients after CRT, whereas no significant association was observed after TNT, irrespective of nodal status. These findings may support de-escalation of adjuvant therapy in the TNT era and inform a more individualised postoperative strategy.},
}

@article {pmid42744316,
year = {2026},
author = {Riveros-Matthey, CD and Connick, MJ and Lichtwark, GA and Carroll, T},
title = {Cycling cadence selections at different saddle heights minimize muscle activation rather than energy cost.},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface},
volume = {23},
number = {242},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2026.0006},
pmid = {42744316},
issn = {1742-5662},
support = {CHILE/2018-72190123//Chilean National Agency for Research and Development/ ; FT190100129//Australian Research Council Future Fellowship/ ; },
mesh = {*Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Humans ; *Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; *Bicycling/physiology ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Muscle Fatigue/physiology ; },
abstract = {Unlike walking and running, people do not consistently choose cadences that minimize energy consumption when cycling. This suggests either that the neural control system for locomotion relies on indirect sensorimotor cues to energetic cost that are approximately accurate during walking but not cycling, or that an alternative objective function applies that correlates with energy expenditure in walking but not cycling. This study compared how objective functions derived as proxies to (i) energy cost or (ii) an avoidance of muscle fatigue predicted self-selected cycling cadences (SSC) at different saddle heights. Saddle height systematically affected SSC, with lower saddles increasing SSC and higher saddles decreasing SSC (n = 12). Both fatigue-avoidance and energy-expenditure cost functions derived from muscle activation measurements showed minima that closely approximated the SSCs. By contrast, metabolic power derived from VO2 uptake was minimal at cadences well below the SSC across all saddle height variations. The mismatch between the cadence versus muscle activation and the cadence versus metabolic energy relations is probably owing to additional energy costs associated with performing mechanical work at higher cadences. The results suggest that the nervous system places greater emphasis on muscle activation than on energy consumption for action selections in cycling.},
}

*Energy Metabolism/physiology
Humans
*Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
*Bicycling/physiology
Male
Oxygen Consumption/physiology
Muscle Fatigue/physiology

@article {pmid42744781,
year = {2026},
author = {Depannemaecker, D and d'Hollande, A and Casagrande, G and Wu, J and Rozenberg, MJ},
title = {A minimal model of working memory in neural systems and neuromorphic circuits.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42744781},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {SGA 101147319//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/ ; ANR-23-CE30-0040//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)/ ; AWARD # DE-SC0019273//US Department of Energy/ ; },
mesh = {*Models, Neurological ; *Neurons/physiology ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; *Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; *Nerve Net/physiology ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Phenomenological spiking neuron models such as Izhikevich, adaptive quadratic integrate-and-fire (aQIF), and Adaptive Exponential (AdEx) are widely used because of their simplicity and numerical efficiency. These models reproduce diverse neuronal dynamics through a slow self-inhibitory adaptation variable. Here we introduce their symmetric counterpart by replacing adaptation with slow self-excitation, motivated by intrinsic calcium-mediated membrane currents. This minimal modification enables robust persistent spiking and working-memory dynamics without compromising computational efficiency. These properties remain in excitatory spiking neural networks. We then derive and validate a mean-field neural mass model that remains stable while retaining working-memory functionality. Additionally, we implement the single-neuron model in a minimal memristor-based neuromorphic circuit and experimentally confirm its dynamics. These results provide scalable tools for large-scale brain simulations and neuromorphic applications in robotics, brain-machine interfaces, and edge AI devices.},
}

*Models, Neurological
*Neurons/physiology
*Neural Networks, Computer
*Memory, Short-Term/physiology
*Nerve Net/physiology
Action Potentials/physiology
Animals
Computer Simulation
Humans

@article {pmid42744792,
year = {2026},
author = {Rajeswaran, P and Payeur, A and Lajoie, G and Orsborn, AL},
title = {Assistive algorithms influence neural representations in motor brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42744792},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {898220//Simons Foundation/ ; 898220//Simons Foundation/ ; 898220//Simons Foundation/ ; 898220//Simons Foundation/ ; K12HD073945//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)/ ; NS134634//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)/ ; Accelnet INBIC fellowship//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; IVADO postdoctoral fellowship//Canada First Research Excellence Fund (Fonds d'excellence en recherche Apog&ée Canada)/ ; RGPIN-2018-04821//Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology)/ ; R01 NS134634/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Motor Cortex/physiology ; *Algorithms ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/physiology ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Movement/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; },
abstract = {Task errors are used to learn and refine motor skills. We investigated how task assistance influences learned neural representations using Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), which map neural activity into movement via a decoder. We analyzed motor cortex activity as monkeys practiced BCI with a decoder that adapted to improve or maintain performance over days. Over time, task-relevant information became concentrated in fewer neurons, unlike with fixed decoders. At the population level, task information also became largely confined to a few neural modes that accounted for a small fraction of the population variance. A neural network model suggests the adaptive decoders directly contribute to forming these more compact neural representations. Our findings suggest that assistive decoders manipulate error information used for long-term learning computations like credit assignment, which may explain the altered neural representations and inform real-world BCI design.},
}

Animals
*Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Motor Cortex/physiology
*Algorithms
Macaca mulatta
Neurons/physiology
Neural Networks, Computer
Learning/physiology
Male
Movement/physiology
Models, Neurological

@article {pmid42747931,
year = {2026},
author = {Shaikh, UQ and Kalra, AM and Lowe, A and Niazi, IK},
title = {SPAR-EEG: Selective Pass-Wise Artifact Reduction for Wearable Single-Channel EEG Denoising.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3734253},
pmid = {42747931},
issn = {1558-0210},
abstract = {Single-channel electroencephalography (EEG) is attractive for wearable neurotechnology and brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, including assistive interfaces and clinical monitoring, but artifact suppression is difficult when auxiliary channels, artifact labels, or user-selected clean baseline segments are unavailable. We introduce SPAR-EEG, a self-contained framework for Selective Pass-wise Artifact Reduction in single-channel EEG. The framework applies three artifactspecific attenuation passes to each EEG epoch: a variational mode decomposition (VMD)-based pass for high-frequency electromyo-graphic (EMG) bursts, a singular spectrum analysis (SSA)-based pass for blink-like electrooculographic (EOG) transients, and an SSA-based pass for slow motion-related drift. Rather than rejecting components globally, each pass estimates artifact-dominant regions and attenuation strength directly from the input channel. SPAR-EEG was evaluated using controlled EEGdenoiseNet and PhysioBank benchmarks, pass ablations, task-locked event-related potential (ERP) preservation, runtime diagnostics, dry-electrode exercise EEG, and a downstream rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)/P300 speller task using only FP1 and FP2. Across 26 EEGdenoiseNet input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels, it obtained the largest average artifact-region SNR improvement among the tested wavelet, empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and artifact-label-guided wavelet quantile normalization (WQN) baselines for EMG, EOG, and combined EOG+EMG contamination (9.05, 8.28, and 8.00 dB, respectively). In exercise EEG, denoising reduced high-amplitude artifact burden and increased alpha and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) spectral-prominence metrics. In the P300 validation, the full SPAR-EEG sequence increased repetition-curve area under the curve (AUC) by 0.048 (Holm-adjusted p = 0.0069) and improved final Letter@15 accuracy by 7.8 percentage points. These results suggest that artifact-specific selective attenuation can provide a practical self-contained alternative for single-channel EEG denoising in low-burden and movement-prone settings.},
}

@article {pmid42747938,
year = {2026},
author = {Han, Y and Ke, Y and Ming, D},
title = {Calibration-Efficient Dual-Frequency SSVEP-BCI for Head-Mounted AR-Based UAV Control.},
journal = {IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/JBHI.2026.3734494},
pmid = {42747938},
issn = {2168-2208},
abstract = {Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) integrated with head-mounted augmented reality (AR) enable wearable, intuitive interaction, yet two fundamental issues limit practical adoption: (i) the role of different dual-frequency stimulation paradigms in head-mounted optical see-through displays is not systematically understood, and (ii) calibration-efficient decoding under multi-target settings remains challenging. This study presents a 16-target AR-SSVEP-BCI on HoloLens 2 and conducts a controlled comparison between a conventional single-frequency paradigm and three dual-frequency binocular paradigms derived from joint frequency-phase modulation. To address calibration burden, we propose a calibration-efficient encoding-decoding framework that leverages a row-column encoding strategy and a row-column decoding strategy with a task-related component analysis (TRCA)-based ensemble spatial filtering scheme, enabling reuse of shared frequency-phase components across targets. In offline evaluations, the best-performing right-and-left field dual-frequency and phase modulation paradigm achieved an average information transfer rate of 99.79 ± 18.96 bits/min with only five calibration blocks. Building on this paradigm, we developed an online AR-SSVEP-BCI with a training-free dynamic stopping strategy and a control-state detection module for asynchronous decision making. In online tasks, under the optimal world-referenced mode, the system reached 89.32 ± 8.43% accuracy in a 16-target Random Cue Task and 95.13 ± 4.39% accuracy in an 8-command Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Control Task, demonstrating robust, calibration-efficient multi-command control. These findings provide practical guidance for designing calibration-efficient, wearable AR-SSVEP BCIs that can support accessible assistive control-an important step toward real-world applications.},
}

@article {pmid42740182,
year = {2026},
author = {Peksa, J},
title = {Dataset Fragmentation, Cognitive Variability, and Reproducibility Challenges in EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Review.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740182},
issn = {1424-8220},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Electroencephalography ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Cognition/physiology ; },
abstract = {Public EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) datasets are expanding rapidly, yet differences in sensors, experimental protocols, task/event semantics, preprocessing, participant context, and evaluation limit reproducibility and cross-dataset learning. This review examined whether heterogeneous EEG-BCI resources can support reproducible analysis across sources. A PRISMA-based systematic mapping review of literature published from 2014 to June 2026 was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and ACM Digital Library, yielding 16,920 records. Following screening and evidence-focused curation, a curated synthesis corpus of 129 publications was retained and confirmed by full-text review. Evidence was coded across structural, semantic, procedural, human/contextual, and computational fragmentation, and reporting transparency was assessed using ten criteria. The synthesis identified heterogeneity in acquisition, channel layouts, task/event definitions, preprocessing, participant/session context, and evaluation design. Existing standards, ontologies, software platforms, benchmark frameworks, and transfer-learning methods address complementary layers but do not provide complete semantic interoperability. Within the retained corpus, the median transparency score was 9/10; data availability was stated in 61.2% and code or pipeline availability in 20.9%. These frequencies describe the curated corpus rather than the field as a whole. Scalable cross-dataset analysis requires analysis-dependent compatibility rules, explicit provenance, contextual metadata, and auditable transformations that preserve dataset identity, uncertainty, and information loss.},
}

Humans
*Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Electroencephalography
Reproducibility of Results
*Cognition/physiology

@article {pmid42740196,
year = {2026},
author = {Röhrling, L and Breuer, S and Arnberger, C and Aigner, C and Grechenig, T and Baranyi, R},
title = {Motor Imagery Acquisition and Classification Using a Low-Cost 8-Channel EEG System in a VR ADHD Serious Game Environment: A Case Study.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740196},
issn = {1424-8220},
mesh = {Humans ; *Electroencephalography/methods ; *Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Video Games ; *Virtual Reality ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; },
abstract = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves difficulties in sustaining attention and resisting distraction. This has motivated the development of feedback-driven environments for cognitive control training. Integrating electroencephalography (EEG) sensors into Virtual Reality (VR) serious games for cognitive therapy remains relatively underexplored and requires reliable, non-invasive brain-computer interfaces. The existing solutions use multi-channel systems that primarily suffer from requiring complex hardware, while not combining motor imagery (MI) with concentration levels. Therefore, this case study evaluates the feasibility and data quality of a lightweight, cost-effective sensor configuration for real-time control of mental state. A non-invasive, eight-channel OpenBCI Cyton board was integrated with an EEG cap using the international 10-20 placement system, alongside a Meta Quest 2 headset, to capture MI and concentration signals directly from the user's scalp. Signal acquisition was hindered by high impedance and channel railing, which required conductive gel mitigation, while mechanical tension from the VR headset strap introduced motion artifacts and noise. Nevertheless, under stable signal conditions, the optimized eight-channel sensor setup achieved a subject-specific online classification accuracy of up to 90% using the deep learning model "EEGNet". The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of acquiring and classifying EEG activity using a low-cost eight-channel sensor configuration in an interactive VR-BCI Serious Gaming application, provided that skin-electrode impedance and mechanical sensor interferences are managed. The results provide a basis for future investigation of such systems in cognitive-training applications, while further studies, including clinical evaluations, are required to assess their applicability in therapeutic contexts.},
}

Humans
*Electroencephalography/methods
*Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology
Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Video Games
*Virtual Reality
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

@article {pmid42740237,
year = {2026},
author = {Mokienko, O and Lukyanov, E and Kim, L and Isaev, M and Gabuzov, G and Bobrov, D and Lyukmanov, R and Suponeva, N and Ustinova, K and Bobrov, P},
title = {EEG vs. Hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCI for FES Control in Healthy Subjects: A Blind Randomized Study and an Open Dataset.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740237},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {125022602910-2.//Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Electroencephalography/methods ; Male ; Adult ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods ; Female ; *Electric Stimulation ; Algorithms ; Healthy Volunteers ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Among the various brain-computer interface (BCI) modifications used in post-stroke rehabilitation, BCI systems combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) are considered the most effective. As a preliminary step toward optimizing such systems for clinical application, it remains unclear whether using electroencephalography (EEG) alone versus a hybrid EEG and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) approach affects real-time three-class BCI-FES control performance in healthy individuals. In a blind randomized study, 16 healthy volunteers completed five BCI-FES training sessions across three days. In one group, FES of wrist extensor muscles was driven by a hybrid EEG-fNIRS classifier; in the other, by EEG only. Classification accuracy, sense of agency, attention, and physical comfort were assessed. No statistically significant between-group differences were found in any outcome measure (p > 0.05). Median real-time three-class classification recall was 53.5% in the hybrid group and 57.3% in the EEG-only group. The median agency score reached approximately 75% of the maximum possible value in both groups. Simulation analysis showed comparable accuracy for unimodal fNIRS-only and EEG-only classifiers. Genetic algorithm-based channel selection identified C3 and C4 as the most informative EEG channels, while optimal fNIRS placement required individual optimization. Within the constraints of the classification and fusion pipeline used here, these findings suggest that signal acquisition modality does not significantly influence BCI-FES performance or sense of agency in healthy subjects. The complete EEG-fNIRS dataset is publicly available through NITRC.},
}

Humans
*Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Electroencephalography/methods
Male
Adult
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods
Female
*Electric Stimulation
Algorithms
Healthy Volunteers
Young Adult

@article {pmid42740363,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, T and Qi, Y and Jia, S and Zhang, L and Feng, F and Cui, ZX and Liang, D},
title = {Highly Accelerating Joint Intracranial and Carotid Vessel Wall Imaging Using ESPIRiT-Driven Diffusion Model Reconstruction.},
journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/mrm.70567},
pmid = {42740363},
issn = {1522-2594},
support = {62125111//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62206273//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62301548//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62476268//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021YFF0501503//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2022YFA1004203//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2025A1515010915//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2024B1212010010//Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodality Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces/ ; B2502039//Shenzhen Medical Research Fund/ ; JCYJ20240813155840052//Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; JCYJ20241202124859016//Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To propose ESPIRiT-Diffusion, a physics-guided score-based diffusion reconstruction framework incorporating multi-set ESPIRiT map-based data-consistency constraints for 8.8- and 10.7-fold accelerated joint intracranial and carotid vessel wall imaging (VWI) with an isotropic resolution of 0.6 mm[3].

THEORY AND METHODS: ESPIRiT-Diffusion exploits the powerful generative capability of the diffusion framework for the reconstruction of large-FOV 3D VWI images, aiming to recover vessel wall details and improve image quality at high acceleration factors. By further incorporating multi-set ESPIRiT coil sensitivity maps into the Langevin equation, it enforces accurate data consistency, thereby improving VWI reconstruction quality while constraining unreliable generation. In addition, diffusion performed directly in the image domain leads to clearer fine details and faster reconstruction.

RESULTS: In retrospective experiments with Cartesian, CAIPI, and variable-density undersampling at acceleration factors of 8.8× and 10.7×, ESPIRiT-Diffusion showed improved reconstruction performance compared with ESPIRiT, DL-ESPIRiT, SENSE-Diffusion, and SPIRiT-Diffusion in the evaluated retrospective experiments, with better preservation of fine vessel wall structures. In prospective patient experiments, ESPIRiT-Diffusion provided favorable visualization of vessel wall lesions, with no statistically significant differences in reader scores from the 3-fold CS reference across either individual vascular segments or Overall comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS: ESPIRiT-Diffusion for VWI reconstruction mitigates some limitations related to instability and sampling-pattern dependence in unfolding-based methods, while also alleviating image blurring and reducing reconstruction time compared with k-space diffusion. As a result, ESPIRiT-Diffusion showed improved reconstruction quality and clearer fine structural details in the evaluated experiments, while reducing the required acquisition time.},
}

@article {pmid42740917,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, H and Yin, M},
title = {Beyond privacy calculus: public acceptance of non-invasive therapeutic brain-computer interfaces in China.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1904359},
pmid = {42740917},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; China ; Female ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces/psychology ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Middle Aged ; *Privacy ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are rapidly transitioning from laboratory settings to clinical rehabilitation and mental health applications. However, unlike ordinary consumer technologies, therapeutic BCIs are adopted under health imperatives rather than discretionary choice. In such contexts, the "privacy calculus" logic underlying the Value-based Adoption Model (VAM), which assumes users rationally weigh benefits against sacrifices, may not adequately capture adoption decisions. This study aimed to explore the public's acceptance of non-invasive therapeutic BCIs in China, identify influencing factors, and examine the moderating roles of age, monthly income, and disease status.

METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey design, 337 valid questionnaires were collected from Chinese adults via snowball sampling on the Wenjuanxing online platform. A structural equation model (SEM) incorporating perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, perceived value, and a second-order latent variable "external drivers" was constructed and tested. Hierarchical regression analysis examined moderation effects.

RESULTS: The mean usage intention score was 3.93 (SD = 0.63). Perceived benefit strongly and positively predicted perceived value (β = 0.951, p < 0.001), while perceived value (β = 0.749, p < 0.001) and external drivers (β = 0.241, p = 0.027) positively predicted usage intention. The negative effect of perceived sacrifice on perceived value was non-significant (β = -0.091, p = 0.061); a post-hoc power analysis confirmed the study was adequately powered (power > 0.99 for a medium effect), suggesting this effect is negligible. Age positively moderated the "perceived sacrifice → perceived value" path (β = 0.118, p < 0.01), with older respondents showing greater tolerance for technological costs.

CONCLUSION: In the context of non-invasive therapeutic BCIs, the negative effect of perceived sacrifice on perceived value was not supported, suggesting that the classic privacy calculus logic may be attenuated when health imperatives are salient. We propose "cost desensitization" as a tentative mechanism warranting further mixed-methods validation research. These findings inform clinical expectation management and ethical governance of emerging neurotechnologies.},
}

Humans
China
Female
*Brain-Computer Interfaces/psychology
Adult
Cross-Sectional Studies
Male
Surveys and Questionnaires
Middle Aged
*Privacy
Young Adult

@article {pmid42742411,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, T and Meng, W and Yu, X and Pan, G and Han, R},
title = {SimCP-NS: Similarity-based Copy Paste for Semi-Supervised 3D EM Neuron Segmentation.},
journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btag560},
pmid = {42742411},
issn = {1367-4811},
abstract = {MOTIVATION: Semi-supervised neuron segmentation in 3D electron microscopy (EM) is important for connectomics because it enables accurate neuron reconstruction while reducing dependence on costly manual annotations. However, existing approaches remain limited by the distribution mismatch between the small labeled dataset and the much larger unlabeled dataset, where the labeled data fails to adequately capture the true data distribution, leading models trained on them to generate low-quality segmentation masks and ultimately degrading overall performance.

RESULTS: To address this issue, we propose a similarity-based copy-paste for semi-supervised 3D EM neuron segmentation (SimCP-NS) method, which employs a similarity-based copy-paste strategy to exchange the least similar labeled and unlabeled sub-volumes, thereby enriching data diversity and mitigating distribution mismatch. A teacher network is first pre-trained on unlabeled volumes to capture structural priors, which subsequently guides the student segmentation network. During student training, the similarity-based copy-paste mechanism generates hybrid samples and constructs supervision targets by fusing teacher-generated pseudo-labels with ground-truth affinity maps, optimized via mean squared error loss. Invariant representation learning is further integrated to enhance robustness of the proposed method. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of SimCP-NS over existing 3D EM neuron segmentation methods.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Codes and other supporting materials are provided in the Supplementary Material.},
}

@article {pmid42743800,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, H and Wu, Z and Liu, X},
title = {Mamba-GRN: A Mamba-inspired framework for no-overlap held-out regulatory edge prediction.},
journal = {Computational biology and chemistry},
volume = {126},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {109369},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.109369},
pmid = {42743800},
issn = {1476-928X},
abstract = {Reliable evaluation of gene regulatory network (GRN) inference requires strict separation between training and held-out regulatory edges, particularly for negative edges in sparse networks. We present Mamba-GRN, a compact Mamba-inspired gene representation and edge-decoding framework evaluated under a corrected no-overlap protocol in which validation and test negatives are excluded from the training-negative pool. The implemented encoder combines expression-derived features and learnable gene-identity embeddings with residual blocks composed of layer normalization, linear expansion, depthwise one-dimensional convolution, GELU activation, and linear projection; it does not implement a selective-scan state-space recurrence. Across seven non-tiny GSD datasets and three random seeds, the full model achieved mean AUROC 0.6225, AUPRC 0.4754, and Precision@P 0.4444, compared with 0.5708/0.4022/0.4444 for GENIE3 and 0.5671/0.4446/0.3810 for GRNBoost2. Paired mean improvements over the mature tree-based baselines were positive, but Holm-adjusted Wilcoxon tests did not reach the 0.05 threshold; the revised analysis therefore reports effect estimates, bootstrap confidence intervals, and win rates without claiming universal statistical superiority. Sensitivity analyses showed broadly stable performance across 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1 training-negative ratios, while larger representation dimensions improved mean performance at increased parameter cost. In an independent K562 Perturb-seq benchmark with 2284 aligned genes and 20,795 perturbation-response associations, source-matched hard-negative evaluation yielded AUROC 0.7582 ± 0.0071 and AUPRC 0.6114 ± 0.0124. The pretrained frozen backbone provided only a modest, seed-dependent advantage over a randomly initialized frozen backbone. These results support Mamba-GRN as a controlled framework for held-out edge recovery, while limiting the claims to the evaluated networks, candidate-edge setting, and functional perturbation-response associations.},
}

@article {pmid42729330,
year = {2026},
author = {Fu, K and Li, P and Peng, X and Li, S and Zhao, Y and Chen, X and Ding, Y and Ye, C},
title = {From technological closed-loop to human-machine trust: a systematic review of ethical and communication challenges of brain-computer interface in elderly care.},
journal = {Frontiers in digital health},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {1877688},
pmid = {42729330},
issn = {2673-253X},
abstract = {As the global population ages, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a promising technological pathway for restoring communication, motor function, and cognitive support in elderly care settings. However, the ethical and communication challenges accompanying BCI deployment in these contexts remain insufficiently understood. This systematic review identified 177 studies meeting the inclusion criteria from 12,423 records. Through comprehensive analysis, six core ethical themes were identified: privacy and data security, informed consent and autonomy, personhood and identity, technical risks and safety, equity and accessibility, and risk-benefit trade-offs. Beyond cataloging these ethical challenges, this review proposes a three-level analytical framework encompassing human-computer interaction, interpersonal communication, and public opinion dissemination to examine how ethical risks manifest as communication breakdowns across the closed-loop BCI process of neural signal acquisition, intention decoding, and external feedback. Furthermore, a three-dimensional mapping integrating ethical issues, communication challenges, and application scenarios (rehabilitation assistance, communication assistance, monitoring and prevention, and emotional support) is constructed to reveal scenario-specific ethical configurations. The findings indicate that BCI's ethical risks are not peripheral but structurally embedded in the technology's interaction logic-decoding uncertainty can translate into care misjudgment, neural data inferability extends privacy risks beyond information leakage to psychological exposure and power asymmetry, and technology-mediated communication creates structural tensions in trust and responsibility. The review concludes that responsible BCI deployment in elderly care requires not merely algorithmic improvement but the systematic engineering of ethical principles into care processes, including uncertainty disclosure at the interface level, data minimization and layered informed consent at the institutional level, and interdisciplinary collaboration with long-term support systems.},
}

@article {pmid42729429,
year = {2026},
author = {Shen, Y and Degras, D},
title = {A confidence-gated source selection strategy for cross-session transfer in brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1895016},
pmid = {42729429},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {Cross-session variability remains a major obstacle to the reliable operation of motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI), particularly when systems are reused across multiple days. When multiple prior sessions from the same subject are available, two key questions arise before domain transfer: which source sessions to select and how to effectively utilize them. We address these questions by developing confidence-gated, selective-transfer pipelines: a Minimum-Distance Multi-Source Pipeline (MMP) that only uses source sessions close to the target, and a Bridge Domain Pipeline (BDP) that exploits both near and far sources to improve robustness. We evaluated these novel pipelines against uniform-pooling (MAP) and distance-weighted-pooling (DWP) baseline methods on two public motor imagery EEG datasets under matched experimental configurations of feature extraction, classification, and domain adaptation algorithms. The benchmark results support an endpoint-specific interpretation rather than a single accuracy ranking. Specifically, MAP achieved the highest maximum-configuration accuracy, DWP demonstrated the highest average accuracy across configurations, and on the primary dataset MAP, DWP, and BDP exhibited no statistically significant differences as the top-performing pipelines for data-driven configuration selection. In contrast, MMPmta performed similarly under fixed configurations but proved less effective during data-driven configuration selection. Overall, the best-performing proposed pipeline (BDP) ranks among the highest-performing approaches with respect to accuracy while requiring substantially reduced execution time and fewer source sessions than full pooling-demonstrating that BDP transforms the CI-gated retention idea into a more reliable and computationally efficient framework for automated configuration selection. These results indicate that in cross-session MI decoding, the primary challenge in selective transfer extends beyond session selection alone to encompass how retained sessions are integrated downstream, offering significant implications for longitudinal rehabilitation and assistive BCI use.},
}

@article {pmid42729594,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, P and Chen, C and Zang, Y and Li, X and Ming, D},
title = {Intracortical Microstimulation in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Evoking Perception and Plasticity.},
journal = {Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {0690},
pmid = {42729594},
issn = {2692-7632},
abstract = {Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), the activation of specific neuronal populations via microelectrodes implanted in the cortex, has emerged as a key technology for invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This article reviews the technical foundations and functional applications of ICMS within the BCI field, highlighting its diverse capabilities in both perception construction and targeted neuromodulation, while emphasizing the interface and parameter constraints that shape its long-term use. At the technical level, we analyze the evolution of ICMS microelectrode interfaces from rigid arrays to flexible, biomimetic, and biohybrid strategies, alongside key pulse-train parameters relevant to neural recruitment and application safety. Functionally, we discuss how biomimetic and spatiotemporally patterned ICMS generates high-resolution artificial tactile and visual perception, and how ICMS can serve as learnable information channels to guide behavior. We further consider temporally contingent and closed-loop ICMS as plasticity-based approaches for modulating cortical functional connectivity and pathological network activity in selected experimental models, while noting translational challenges related to stability, scalability, safety, and patient variability. Finally, we extend the discussion to novel biohybrid neural interfaces, including cell-seeded interface modifications, axon-guidance strategies, and stem-cell- and brain-organoid-integrated platforms, which provide a theoretical reference for next-generation biointegrated neuromodulation technologies in BCIs. Together, this review evaluates ICMS in BCIs along 2 central lines: evoking artificial perception and engaging plasticity-based modulation, while highlighting that long-term translation will require coordinated advances in interface reliability, stimulation encoding, closed-loop calibration, safety evaluation, and biohybrid integration.},
}

@article {pmid42730660,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, Y and Guan, S and Zhang, Y and Peng, F and Guo, T and Yao, J and Li, W and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Wang, T},
title = {A Multimodal Assay to Infer Body Temperature Set-Point Shifts in Freely Moving Mice.},
journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
volume = {},
number = {235},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3791/71693},
pmid = {42730660},
issn = {1940-087X},
mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Body Temperature Regulation/physiology ; *Body Temperature/physiology ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology ; Male ; },
abstract = {Homeothermic animals maintain a stable core body temperature (Tc) at a set-point around 37 °C. Thermoregulatory homeostasis maintains Tc around the set-point, even when ambient temperature varies considerably. While most studies of thermoregulation focus on laboratory animals' systemic responses to changes in ambient temperature, little is known about how the central nervous system controls the Tc set-point. To facilitate such research, we developed an experimental strategy to infer Tc set-point shifts in freely moving mice. The core assay is based on the relationship between Tc and preferred environmental temperature (Tp), measured simultaneously within a thermal gradient apparatus (15-50 °C), thereby enabling evaluation of inferred Tc set-point changes through integrated physiological and behavioral responses in a single experiment. To support the interpretation of inferred set-point shifts, complementary thermoregulatory readouts were incorporated, including brown adipose tissue (BAT) surface temperature (TBAT) as an indirect proxy for thermogenesis and tail skin temperature (Ttail) as a measure of cutaneous heat loss. To demonstrate the utility of this assay, we bidirectionally manipulated the neuronal activity of EP3 receptor-expressing neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (MPA[EP3R] neurons). Chemogenetic activation was performed in hM3Dq-expressing mice (n = 7), whereas inhibition was performed in hM4Di-expressing mice (n = 6). Deschloroclozapine and vehicle treatments were administered using a randomized within-subject design with a 24 h washout interval. Chemogenetic activation of MPA[EP3R] neurons reduced Tc, along with coordinated cold-seeking behavior, reduced thermogenesis, and enhanced heat-loss responses, consistent with an inferred downward shift in the Tc set-point. Conversely, inhibition of these neurons induced warm-seeking behavior, enhanced thermogenesis, and heat-conservation responses, accompanied by elevated Tc, suggesting an inferred upward shift in the Tc set-point. Overall, this strategy provides a practical and reproducible approach for inferring Tc set-point dynamics in mice and will facilitate mechanistic studies of thermoregulation.},
}

Animals
Mice
*Body Temperature Regulation/physiology
*Body Temperature/physiology
Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
Male

@article {pmid42730848,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, X and Huang, Y and Xu, H},
title = {Vagal PIEZO2-Positive Neurons Mediate Blood Volume Sensing and Circulatory Homeostasis Regulation.},
journal = {Neuroscience bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42730848},
issn = {1995-8218},
}

@article {pmid42730849,
year = {2026},
author = {Deng, L and Li, F and Song, M},
title = {Speech Brain-Computer Interfaces: A New Pathway for Restoring Communication in Anarthria.},
journal = {Neuroscience bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42730849},
issn = {1995-8218},
}

@article {pmid42732314,
year = {2026},
author = {G, A},
title = {Target-Session early stopping for cross-session EEG mental workload classification: a reusable deployment-oriented method.},
journal = {MethodsX},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {104125},
pmid = {42732314},
issn = {2215-0161},
abstract = {Cross-session EEG mental workload classifiers degrade severely when applied to new recording sessions from the same individual. A key but overlooked cause is the model selection criterion: standard within-session validation rewards checkpoints that exploit session-specific noise, systematically selecting against cross-session generalisation. This article describes Target-Session Early Stopping (TSES), a method that replaces the within-session validation set used for early stopping with a small held-out set of 50 labelled epochs from the target session. TSES requires no gradient updates on target-session data, no architectural changes, and no additional hyperparameter tuning. It improves binary cross-session accuracy on all 14 directional transfer pairs tested across three EEG subsets spanning two drift regimes. Combined with a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov drift screen on the same 50 epochs, the complete pre-deployment protocol requires approximately four minutes of dedicated target-session recording. • TSES improved binary cross-session accuracy on all 14 directional transfer pairs tested across three EEG subsets spanning both high-drift (100% feature shift) and low-drift (52% feature shift) conditions. • Target-session early stopping is more data-efficient than calibration fine-tuning, which requires >100 labelled target epochs before showing any benefit under high drift. • Combined with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov drift screen on the same 50 epochs, the complete pre-deployment protocol requires approximately four minutes of dedicated target-session recording.},
}

@article {pmid42732697,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, B and Wang, J and Zhu, J and Zhao, W and Yang, D and Ni, G},
title = {Are there distinctive EEG Signatures of tinnitus-related emotional distress? Evidence from spectral parameterization and source-level functional connectivity.},
journal = {Hearing research},
volume = {481},
number = {},
pages = {109807},
doi = {10.1016/j.heares.2026.109807},
pmid = {42732697},
issn = {1878-5891},
abstract = {Subjective tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an external acoustic source. This study used resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) to characterize abnormal neural oscillatory activity and electrophysiological features potentially associated with tinnitus-related emotional distress. Resting-state EEG data were collected from patients with tinnitus and healthy controls. Spectral parameterization was applied to separate aperiodic and periodic components and to extract the alpha center frequency. At the same time, source-level phase-locking value (PLV) was calculated to assess inter-regional functional connectivity. Patients with tinnitus exhibited a significantly higher aperiodic exponent than healthy controls, consistent with altered cortical excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance. In addition, the alpha peak frequency was significantly reduced in temporal regions, indicating slowing of local oscillatory activity within auditory cortical networks. Functional connectivity analysis revealed increased synchronization within and between auditory and parietal regions, accompanied by decreased connectivity involving the auditory regions, the anterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal regions. These findings suggest that tinnitus is characterized by altered neural oscillatory activity and functional connectivity. These alterations may reflect abnormal auditory-network synchronization and altered cortical dynamics in tinnitus and may represent electrophysiological characteristics associated with tinnitus-related emotional distress that are not fully consistent with some findings previously reported in primary depressive disorders. These results further clarify the neurophysiological basis of tinnitus and may inform future neuromodulatory interventions.},
}

@article {pmid42733633,
year = {2026},
author = {Smutny, Z and Hudec, M and Kožuh, I},
title = {Vision Restoration to People with Long-Term Blindness Using the Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Sociotechnical Research Framework to Improve Usefulness for Users.},
journal = {Patient preference and adherence},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {615486},
pmid = {42733633},
issn = {1177-889X},
abstract = {Invasive and non-invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) represent a promising technology for treating various diseases and disabilities. BCI-based invasive solutions also include visual prostheses. Currently, there is rapid development of cortical prostheses and bold statements, eg, about the potential of Neuralink's experimental neuroprosthetic Blindsight to restore vision. However, questions arise about the usefulness of such solutions for people with long-term blindness, considering other compensatory aids and referring to the empirical basis of cases where vision has been successfully restored surgically in the past. These cases reveal that biological restoration of sight does not guarantee functional vision. Moreover, technological limitations, such as low-resolution phosphene-based vision, individual variability or postoperative complications, reduce usability and usefulness for potential users. Therefore, we draw on literature on visual prostheses, documented cases of vision restoration, and employ a sociotechnical approach used in design science to discuss aspects that influence the usefulness of the vision restoration to people with long-term blindness, with emphasis on cortical prostheses. This approach emphasises the need to include or inscribe social values into designed BCI solutions to reveal what people with blindness need and what can be achieved with current technology. Research on user values and needs must shape the visual prostheses design, and their functions must be helpful to the user and synergistically complement his or her sociotechnical context (eg, interacting with other used aids and smart environments, or supporting needed social skills). Sociotechnical research can guide iterative design, improve future user acceptance and adoption, align prosthetic development with real-life needs, and prevent users from reverting to life with blindness due to cognitive overload or poor functional adaptation. Thus, we call for systematic and long-term sociotechnical research, which is lacking in this area. For this purpose, a relevant sociotechnical research framework and future research agenda are presented.},
}

@article {pmid42735423,
year = {2026},
author = {Davidson, LS and Uchanski, RM and Geers, AE and Spehar, B},
title = {The Effect of Between-Ear Speech Perception Asymmetry on Localization, Spoken Language, and Literacy for Adolescents With Cochlear Implants.},
journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-01063},
pmid = {42735423},
issn = {1558-9102},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects of between-ear speech perception asymmetry on localization, spoken language, and reading in adolescents with early cochlear implants (CIs).

METHOD: Eighty adolescents, who have long-term bilateral device use, participated: 10 with bimodal (BM) devices (CI plus hearing aid at the nonimplanted ear) and 70 with bilateral CIs (BCIs; 14 simultaneous, 56 sequential). Participants completed localization, unilateral speech perception, receptive language, and reading tests. Principal component analysis created composite scores for better-ear speech perception and between-ear speech perception asymmetry. Hierarchical regression examined the effects of demographics, audiological factors, and asymmetry on outcomes.

RESULTS: Localization scores for the two BCI groups did not differ significantly. Both BCI groups' localization scores were, however, significantly better than those of the BM group. Language and reading scores were not significantly different for the three groups. Regression analyses of localization scores revealed positive effects for earlier receipt of CI/s and negative effects of longer duration of acoustic experience, although this effect was moderated by degree of residual hearing. Larger speech perception asymmetry negatively affected localization scores but had no effect on language or reading scores.

CONCLUSIONS: Speech perception asymmetry negatively affected localization but not language or reading in adolescent CI users. Prolonged acoustic experience (via BM use) increased speech perception asymmetry and reduced localization skills. Localization skills had no significant effects on spoken language or reading scores in adolescence. Clinically, asymmetry guides device recommendations, but asymmetry's impact, if any, differs by outcome. For children with better residual hearing, early acoustic hearing (via BM use) benefits both localization and language. Thus, careful timing of BCIs is advised.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.33490615.},
}

@article {pmid42735699,
year = {2026},
author = {Fink Skular, A and Tostaeva, G and Ho, E and Dister, J and Cummins, DD and Barth, K and Nunez, L and Poole, A and Mermel, CH and Rapoport, BI and Bederson, JB and Saez, I},
title = {Ultra high-density, 4096-channel intraoperative neurophysiological brain mapping for functional localization of the human central sulcus.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea70f},
pmid = {42735699},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {Intraoperative localization of the central sulcus (CS) using somatosensory evoked-potential (SSEP) phase reversal is routinely performed with sparse subdural strip electrodes. We evaluated whether a multi-array, 4096-channel surface micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) configuration could provide dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent sensorimotor responses within a standard neurosurgical workflow. Approach. Four Precision Neuroscience Layer 7 μECoG arrays (1024 platinum electrodes per array on a flexible polyimide substrate, 400 μm electrode pitch, ~1.5 cm[2] active area per array) were deployed during resection of a right parafalcine meningioma in a 56-year-old male. Two arrays were placed horizontally on the exposed precentral gyrus; two were inserted under the intact dura overlying the postcentral gyrus, using a custom flexible stylet. SSEPs were recorded across five contralateral stimulation conditions (median nerve, ulnar nerve, index finger, middle finger, ring finger). Per-electrode SSEP responses were classified without anatomical labels, and spatial organization was quantified across stimulation conditions. Stimulus-locked high-gamma activity, digit-response maps, and signal quality across micro- and macroelectrodes were also evaluated. Main results. Aggregate channel yield was 91.3% (3739/4096) at a 2 MΩ impedance criterion (per-array range 86.7-97.0%). Per-electrode amplitude maps resolved continuous phase-reversal contours with stimulus-specific spatial structure; reversal latencies were 19, 21, 25, 26, and 25 ms for median, ulnar, index, middle, and ring stimulation respectively. Phase reversal occurred within a single array in eight of ten sensory-array recordings, with the phase-reversal pattern varying across stimulation conditions. Digit responses showed measurable spatial differentiation within substantially overlapping response fields. Automated classification of the phase-reversal responses recovered the expected motor and sensory organization, consistent with the standard-of-care intraoperative localization performed in the same case. Significance. The deployment shows that a four-array Layer 7 μECoG configuration can be used within a standard neurosurgical exposure and provides dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent phase-reversal patterns across the peri-Rolandic recording field. The measured responses were correlated across approximately 3-4 mm of cortex, an order of magnitude coarser than the 400 μm electrode pitch, so the contribution demonstrated here is dense spatial sampling rather than submillimeter physiological resolution. Dense sampling rendered the polarity transition as a continuous two-dimensional boundary across the recording field rather than as a reversal between two adjacent contacts. The platform supports future evaluation of high-density surface μECoG for intraoperative mapping and chronic brain-computer-interface applications. .},
}

@article {pmid42736349,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, Y and Tang, A and Xu, X and Li, J and Ding, K and Chen, Y and Wang, Y and Hu, S and Lai, J},
title = {Gut single-microbe landscape in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42736349},
issn = {1476-5578},
support = {82471542//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82571735//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
abstract = {Microbial communities in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many play critical roles in health and disease. Their functioning depends not only on species composition and diversity but also on intra- and intercellular transcriptional dynamics. Robust technologies capable of capturing single-microbe RNA sequencing information are urgently needed to understand microbial heterogeneity and host interactions. In this exploratory study, we applied droplet-based single-microbe RNA sequencing (smRNA-seq2) to analyze gut microbiomes from five patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), five with bipolar disorder (BD), and five healthy participants (HP), generating a transcriptional atlas of 33,174 single microbial cells. Unsupervised clustering based on RNA expression profiles partitioned these cells into 37 distinct clusters, reflecting both taxonomic diversity and intra-species functional heterogeneity. The most dominant clusters were identified as Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Phocaeicola dorei, Enterocloster sp000431375, and Clostridium_Q sp003024715. Compositional and transcriptional differences were observed across diagnostic groups, with clustering patterns appearing to be influenced by disease, gender, and age. Functional heterogeneity was evident in oxidative stress and metabolic genes such as sodB, mdh2, and eno2 in Phocaeicola dorei, while stress-response genes (htpG_1, groL, dnaK, clpB) were upregulated in BD. Focusing on the ko03110 pathway (chaperones and folding catalysts), species-specific patterns emerged: Clostridium_Q_sp003024715 was positively associated with health but decreased in disease status; Enterocloster_sp000431375 and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans were upregulated in BD; and Phocaeicola dorei was downregulated in MDD. Together, these findings suggest the presence of functional and phenotypic heterogeneity within the gut microbiome in mood disorders and identify exploratory microbial transcriptomic features that may be associated with group-level differences, warranting further validation in larger cohorts.},
}

@article {pmid42736405,
year = {2026},
author = {Qi, Y},
title = {High-performance handwriting brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42736405},
issn = {1471-0048},
}

@article {pmid42736415,
year = {2026},
author = {Brosler, SC and Liu, JR and Silva, AB and Hallinan, IP and Kurtz-Miott, CM and Dunkel Wilker, JFB and Tu-Chan, A and Ganguly, K and Chang, EF},
title = {Simultaneous speech and gesture decoding for multimodal communication in paralysis.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42736415},
issn = {1546-1726},
support = {JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; JPMJMS2012//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; 5U01DC018671//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)/ ; },
abstract = {Stroke and neurodegenerative diseases can impair speech and nonverbal gestures, limiting natural communication. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to restore these functions by translating neural activity into commands for external devices, although prior work has primarily focused on decoding speech or gestures in isolation. Here we show that neural signals recorded with a single high-density electrocorticography implant can support simultaneous decoding of speech and gestures in people with paralysis. We first show that isolated upper-limb and orofacial movements can be reliably decoded among three participants. Using parallel speech and gesture decoders, we then enabled participants to control a personalized virtual avatar by attempting speech and gestures simultaneously or in isolation. Training models on both isolated and simultaneous data improved performance across behavioral contexts. These findings demonstrate that one cortical implant can support multi-effector control and provide a step toward BCIs that enable more natural communication for people with paralysis.},
}

@article {pmid42737467,
year = {2026},
author = {Shin, H and Kwon, YJ and Hwang, H and Ko, T and Choi, EB and Kim, YT and Han, YM and Kim, JG and Zhou, Q and Yang, S and Yang, S},
title = {Altered Excitation-Inhibition Balance and mGluR1/5-Driven Plasticity in the Motor Cortical Surface in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42737467},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {RS-2022-NR069408//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism ; *Motor Cortex/metabolism/physiopathology ; Rats ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; *Parkinson Disease/metabolism/physiopathology/etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism ; Oxidopamine ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Male ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; },
abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic degeneration and maladaptive motor cortical plasticity. However, the cellular pathways underlying cortical surface activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) remain unclear, despite serving as a potential target for electrotherapy. We investigated the excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance and synaptic plasticity of superficial M1 circuits in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD. Using extracellular local field potential and whole-cell patch recordings from the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 hemispheres of hemi-parkinsonian rats, we observed a significantly elevated field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) input-output function but unchanged intrinsic neuronal excitability in the M1 superficial layer. An altered relative contribution between alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission was reflected by a significantly increased AMPA/NMDA ratio. Markedly reduced inhibitory synaptic tone was also evidenced by the decreased amplitude and frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), supporting an E-I imbalance favoring excitation in PD. Furthermore, group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1/5)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) was abolished in the ipsilateral PD hemisphere, whereas NMDAR-dependent LTD remained intact. In summary, dopamine depletion appears to enhance network excitation and disrupt mGluR1/5-mediated control of M1 surface circuitry. Our findings identify altered cortical surface mGluR-dependent plasticity in the hemi-parkinsonian model; however, the relationship between these electrophysiological alterations and individual motor outcomes remains to be determined.},
}

Animals
*Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
*Motor Cortex/metabolism/physiopathology
Rats
*Neuronal Plasticity
*Parkinson Disease/metabolism/physiopathology/etiology
Disease Models, Animal
*Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism
Oxidopamine
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Male
Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
Rats, Sprague-Dawley

@article {pmid42738542,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, L and Ma, Y and Li, Z and Li, M},
title = {Dynamic Hippocampal-Striatal Information Flow Accompanies Behavioral Strategy Transitions During Sequential Learning in Pigeons: A Preliminary Study.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42738542},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {62301496//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Sequential decision-making requires animals to flexibly balance model-based (MB) and model-free (MF) strategies to adapt to changing environments. The hippocampus (Hp) and striatum (ST) are two important components of the broader neural networks supporting these processes; however, how their dynamic interactions reorganize during learning-dependent strategy transitions remains poorly understood. Here, we trained pigeons on a two-step sequential decision-making task while simultaneously recording local field potentials (LFPs) from the Hp and ST. A dynamic reinforcement learning framework combined with a sliding-window approach was used to characterize temporal changes in behavioral strategies, and phase transfer entropy (PTE) was applied to estimate directed information flow between the Hp and ST across theta, beta, and broad gamma (30-80 Hz) frequency bands. Behavioral modeling revealed a gradual transition from early MB-like, task-structure-sensitive control toward later MF-like value-guided behavior as learning progressed. PTE analysis demonstrated a consistent Hp-to-ST directional bias across all analyzed frequency bands during task acquisition. Notably, gamma-band Hp-to-ST information flow exhibited a consistent decline over training, whereas theta- and beta-band interactions showed less consistent changes across individuals. Additional analyses showed that relative MB model evidence and gamma-band Hp-to-ST information flow covaried across learning, but this association was no longer significant after controlling for learning progression, indicating parallel rather than independently coupled changes. These preliminary findings indicate that hippocampal-striatal communication undergoes frequency-specific reorganization during sequential learning. The reduction in gamma-band Hp-to-ST information flow accompanies, rather than independently predicts, the behavioral strategy transition, suggesting learning-related modulation of interregional coordination as task demands change.},
}

@article {pmid42740021,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, J and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Huang, D},
title = {DSGF-Net: A Lightweight Dual-Stream Gated Fusion Network for Cross-Subject fNIRS Motor Task Classification.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740021},
issn = {1424-8220},
mesh = {Humans ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Neural Networks, Computer ; Algorithms ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; },
abstract = {Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become an important signal source in motor imagery (MI) brain-computer interface research due to its non-invasive nature and high application flexibility. However, fNIRS signals exhibit significant inter-subject variability, complementary information from oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), and complex spatiotemporal dynamics, making their efficient and robust classification challenging. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Dual-Stream Gated Fusion Network (DSGF-Net). This model employs a dual-branch architecture to perform complementary feature modeling of fNIRS signals: one branch focuses on extracting multi-scale temporal dynamic features, while the other learns the spatial distribution of hemodynamic features across channels, thereby effectively characterizing the signals from different perspectives. Upon this foundation, a gated fusion mechanism was designed to adaptively adjust the importance of different feature dimensions after the fusion of the two feature streams, thereby enhancing the discriminative power of the fused representation. On two public datasets, MI and UFFT, experimental results based on leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation show that the proposed method achieves competitive performance across metrics such as classification accuracy, F1-score, and Kappa coefficient. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of performance under different network component configurations validates the contributions of the dual-branch structure and the gated fusion mechanism to performance improvements. Furthermore, complexity analysis results show that DSGF-Net achieves superior classification performance while maintaining a relatively small parameter size, striking a good balance between performance and computational complexity. DSGF-Net provides an effective, lightweight deep learning framework for offline fNIRS-based motor task classification, with potential applications in cross-subject BCI systems and brain signal decoding.},
}

Humans
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods
Brain-Computer Interfaces
*Neural Networks, Computer
Algorithms
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

@article {pmid42740056,
year = {2026},
author = {Liang, Y and Zhang, L and Jiang, Y and Zhu, J and Zhao, Y and Qin, P and Chen, D and Peng, J and Li, Y and Hu, X},
title = {A Wearable Multimodal Assistive Interface for Virtual Cursor Control in Stroke Survivors with Upper-Limb Impairment.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740056},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {2022ZD0208900//STI 2030-Major Projects/ ; 2018B030339001//the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province, China/ ; 202007030007//the Key Realm Research and Development Program of Guangzhou, China/ ; 2024D02J0008//the Guangzhou Talent Plan/ ; 32371098//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Stroke/physiopathology ; *Wearable Electronic Devices ; *User-Computer Interface ; Female ; Male ; Electroencephalography ; *Upper Extremity/physiopathology ; *Stroke Rehabilitation/methods ; Middle Aged ; Electrooculography ; Adult ; Survivors ; Aged ; },
abstract = {Stroke survivors with upper-limb impairments often have difficulty using conventional computer interfaces, which limits their ability to perform daily computer-related activities independently. This study developed a wearable multimodal assistive interface that enables computer interaction through a virtual cursor. A lightweight headband equipped with electrooculography (EOG), electroencephalography (EEG), and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) was used to acquire multimodal signals for interaction control. EOG signals were processed to detect voluntary blinks to generate clicks, head movements were mapped to cursor movements through IMU-based control, and frontal EEG signals were used to estimate attention as an auxiliary mechanism for command verification. A rapid user-specific calibration procedure was introduced to adapt blink-detection thresholds to individual EOG characteristics without requiring extensive training. Thirty stroke patients with upper-limb impairments participated in experiments involving common computer tasks, including news reading, video playback, and character spelling. The system achieved an average operation accuracy of 87.53 ± 4.92%, an average operation time of 3.49 ± 0.49 s, and an information transfer rate of 62.04 ± 15.93 bits/min in the spelling task. The mean NASA-TLX score was 32.1 ± 5.4, indicating a moderate subjective workload during system use. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed wearable multimodal assistive interface for supporting computer interaction in stroke survivors with upper-limb impairments.},
}

Humans
*Stroke/physiopathology
*Wearable Electronic Devices
*User-Computer Interface
Female
Male
Electroencephalography
*Upper Extremity/physiopathology
*Stroke Rehabilitation/methods
Middle Aged
Electrooculography
Adult
Survivors
Aged

@article {pmid42740064,
year = {2026},
author = {Żyliński, M and Śmigielski, BT and Cybulski, G},
title = {The Deep-Match Framework for Event-Related Potential Detection in EEG.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740064},
issn = {1424-8220},
mesh = {*Electroencephalography/methods ; Humans ; *Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Deep Learning ; Algorithms ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; },
abstract = {Reliable detection of event-related potentials (ERPs) at the single-trial level remains a challenge due to low signal-to-noise ratio and high variability in electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. This work investigates the use of the Deep-Match framework (Deep-MF) for ERP detection. We examine whether incorporating prior knowledge of an ERP template into deep learning models improves detection performance. As a proof-of-concept study, the framework was evaluated on a single dataset with multi-channel EEG recordings during laser stimulation. The model was trained in two stages. First, an encoder-decoder architecture was trained to reconstruct input EEG signals in order to learn compact signal representations. In the second stage, the decoder was replaced with a detection module and the network was fine-tuned for ERP identification. Two model variants were evaluated: a standard model with randomly initialized filters and a Deep-MF model in which input kernels were initialized using ERP templates. Models performance was assessed on a single-trial ERP detection task during leave-one-out validation, and then compared with matched filter detector. The neural network models outperformed the matched filter detector and proposed that the Deep-MF model slightly outperformed the detector with standard kernel initialization for the majority of held-out subjects. Although both approaches exhibited substantial inter-subject variability, Deep-MF achieved a higher average F1-score (0.37) compared to the standard network (0.34), indicating improved robustness to cross-subject differences. Performance varied considerably across participants. The best performance obtained by Deep-MF reached an F1-score of 0.71, exceeding the maximum score achieved by the standard model (0.59). These results showed that ERP-informed kernel initialization provides improvements in single-trial ERP detection under subject-independent evaluation. These findings demonstrate that integrating domain knowledge with deep learning architectures can improve single-trial ERP detection. The proposed approach provides a step towards practical wearable EEG and passive brain-computer interface applications, as well as towards real-time monitoring of cognitive processes.},
}

*Electroencephalography/methods
Humans
*Evoked Potentials/physiology
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Deep Learning
Algorithms
Neural Networks, Computer
Signal-To-Noise Ratio

@article {pmid42740092,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, C and Lv, D and Sun, J and Liu, L and Li, S and Pan, M and Tian, C and Li, Z and Wu, F and Zhang, N and Jing, T},
title = {EEG Subject Identification and Open-Set Rejection Across Paradigms.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
pmid = {42740092},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {2025CXGC010610, 2023CXPT039//Key R&D Program of Shandong Province/ ; 202428048//Jinan Science and Technology Plan "Challenge-Driven" Project/ ; },
mesh = {*Electroencephalography/methods ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Algorithms ; },
abstract = {Objective: To compare electroencephalography (EEG)-based subject-identification and open-set rejection performance across experimental paradigms while examining model robustness and cross-session generalization. Methods: The M3CV database was analyzed across resting state, transient sensory stimulation, steady-state sensory stimulation, P300 Oddball, and motor execution. Closed-set identification was evaluated across feature representations, conventional machine-learning models, and raw-EEG deep-learning baselines. Open-set performance was further assessed using an identity-first leakage-free nested procedure with 60 enrolled identities, 15 development unknown identities, and 20 final-test unknown identities. Results: Under the P4 within-session protocol, transient sensory stimulation achieved the highest Rank-1 accuracy (98.10%). Differential entropy and shrinkage linear discriminant analysis achieved mean Rank-1 accuracies of 98.01% and 98.29%, respectively. Under leakage-free nested open-set evaluation, transient sensory stimulation achieved DIR@FPIR = 5%, DIR@FPIR = 1%, and AU-OSCR values of 91.75%, 77.32%, and 97.36%, respectively. Deep-learning analyses confirmed strong within-session identity discrimination but showed model-dependent open-set paradigm rankings. In contrast, strict cross-session transfer produced marked degradation across all model families, with Rank-1 accuracy falling to approximately 1.9-5.4% and verification AUC to approximately 0.53-0.56; unsupervised target normalization provided little recovery. Conclusions: EEG paradigms exhibited strong but largely session-dependent identity discriminability. Transient sensory stimulation provided the most favorable within-session open-set performance under the primary conventional framework, whereas cross-session variability dominated paradigm-dependent differences under zero-shot transfer.},
}

*Electroencephalography/methods
Humans
Machine Learning
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Algorithms

@article {pmid42729169,
year = {2026},
author = {Ko, KJ and Chung, JH},
title = {Early continence and postoperative urodynamic findings after single-port transvesical robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a preliminary prospective physiologic case series.},
journal = {Translational andrology and urology},
volume = {15},
number = {8},
pages = {279},
pmid = {42729169},
issn = {2223-4691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Single-port transvesical robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (SP-TVRP), which enables early continence outcomes, has recently emerged. This study aimed to describe objective postoperative urodynamic findings at 3 months after SP-TVRP and to determine whether these findings are compatible with early continence recovery in a preliminary prospective physiologic case series.

METHODS: This prospective single-center, single-surgeon case series enrolled 11 patients who underwent SP-TVRP for prostate cancer without radiologic nodal or distant metastasis. All patients completed validated functional questionnaires and underwent comprehensive urodynamic study (UDS) at 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS: Postoperative UDS showed a favorable storage profile, with a median maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) of 450 mL and median bladder compliance of 64 mL/cmH2O. Median bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) and bladder contractility index (BCI) values were 16 and 93, respectively. After correction for intravesical-pressure drift during urethral pressure (Pura) profilometry, functional urethral length (FUL) estimates ranged from ≤1 cm to approximately 2.4 cm. Abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) testing showed no provoked leakage in 72.7% of patients. Zero-pad continence rates were 36.4%, 54.5%, and 90.9% immediately after catheter removal, at 1 month, and at 3 months, respectively, and the 3-month 0-1 safety-pad rate was 100%. The positive surgical margin rate was 45.5%, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) persistence occurred in 18.2% of patients, emphasizing important oncologic limitations in this initial experience.

CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary physiologic case series, 3-month postoperative UDS findings were compatible with favorable early continence recovery after SP-TVRP. However, because preoperative UDS and a control group were not available, these data cannot establish true preservation, improvement, or superiority of continence mechanisms. The high positive surgical margin rate and PSA persistence require cautious interpretation, careful patient selection, and longer oncologic follow-up before SP-TVRP can be considered broadly applicable.},
}

@article {pmid42728336,
year = {2026},
author = {Abdelmagid, M and Yusuf, M and ElHalawany, BM and Fares, A},
title = {NeuroStream: spectral-spatio-temporal deep learning for visual stimulus classification from EEG.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42728336},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Humans ; *Deep Learning ; *Electroencephalography/methods ; *Photic Stimulation/methods ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Wavelet Analysis ; Algorithms ; },
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG)-based visual classification is a challenging task due to low spatial resolution, complex temporal dynamics, and potential experimental confounds, yet with the recent advances in EEG classification, it offers a cost-effective, portable alternative with millisecond-level temporal resolution to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for large scale studies and real-time applications. We propose a novel Spectral-Spatio-Temporal (SST) representation that transforms raw EEG signals into a structured, video-like format. Specifically, we compute wavelet transforms for all channels, aggregate log power into frequency bands, and map these features to electrode positions over time, thereby synthesizing the signal's multi-dimensional dynamics into a unified, high-fidelity sequence. Building on this representation, we introduce the NeuroStream-SST framework, featuring a lightweight deep learning architecture optimized for spatiotemporal feature extraction. Experiments on the EEGCVPR40 dataset show that our approach reaches [Formula: see text] accuracy in the high-gamma band using standard dataset splits, outperforming existing methods evaluated under an identical protocol and demonstrating its ability to capture complex neural characteristics effectively. Furthermore, we implement a set of evaluation protocols designed to expose and quantify the contribution of temporal correlations to reported accuracy. decoding performance declines steadily as the association between class labels and recording sessions is weakened, and falls to the majority-class baseline once the sessions of the evaluated classes are withheld entirely. These findings highlight our framework as a promising direction for EEG-based visual decoding, with implications for brain-computer interfaces and cognitive neuroscience.},
}

Humans
*Deep Learning
*Electroencephalography/methods
*Photic Stimulation/methods
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Wavelet Analysis
Algorithms

@article {pmid42721166,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, H and Zhu, L and He, B and Liu, D and Wang, K and Zeng, L and Kong, W},
title = {Toward Trustworthy Collaborative BCI: Uncertainty-Aware Graph Reasoning for Dual-Brain Multimodal Target Detection.},
journal = {IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/JBHI.2026.3732871},
pmid = {42721166},
issn = {2168-2208},
abstract = {Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have shown strong potential for target detection in complex visual search tasks. Collaborative BCIs can further improve decision robustness by combining information from multiple users. However, most existing methods focus mainly on aggregating more evidence, while paying less attention to how the exchanged information affects other sources and whether it remains beneficial after propagation across subjects and modalities. In dual-brain multimodal RSVP, local prediction confidence does not necessarily reflect collaborative value: a locally confident source may still propagate misleading information, whereas an uncertain source may retain useful information. To address this gap, we propose DBMMNet, an uncertainty-aware dual-brain multimodal framework that moves collaborative BCI from indiscriminate evidence fusion toward trustworthy collaboration. DBMMNet combines node representations and predictive entropy to estimate sender-level propagation reliability. The reliability estimator is supervised by the counterfactual propagation utility of outgoing messages, and the resulting reliability regulates inter-source message passing. Experiments on 15 predefined two-subject groups under cross-block evaluation show that DBMMNet consistently outperforms competing methods and achieves improved robustness and stability. These findings recast trustworthy collaborative BCI from an evidence-aggregation problem into a propagation-control problem. Our code is available at: https://github.com/BillySturate/DBMMNet.},
}

@article {pmid42721172,
year = {2026},
author = {Vermehren, M and Peekhaus, N and Colucci, A and Wiskow, M and Haslacher, D and Curio, G and Soekadar, SR},
title = {Robust brain-computer interface (BCI) control during frequency-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).},
journal = {IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
volume = {PP},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2026.3732552},
pmid = {42721172},
issn = {1558-0210},
abstract = {Integrating frequency-tuned, adaptive brain stimulation with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allows direct tests of the causal role of brain oscillations and advances BCIs toward bi-directional operation. A central challenge is that stimulation-induced artifacts overlap with endogenous brain rhythms, undermining robust real-time signal decoding and contingent BCI feedback. Here, we overcome this limitation by introducing an artifact-suppression approach that enables robust motor-imagery BCI control during frequency-tuned amplitude-modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-tACS). We developed a real-time spatial filtering pipeline that combines spatio-spectral decomposition (SSD) with beamforming and evaluated its performance against a standard Laplacian filter in 14 healthy participants. BCI control was assessed both in the absence of stimulation and during stimulation. We hypothesized that only the SSD-beamforming approach would preserve robust BCI control under stimulation. In the absence of stimulation, both pipelines supported robust BCI control (SSD-beamforming: 73 ± 9%; Laplacian: 72 ± 8%; p = .849). During AM-tACS, Laplacian filtering showed a marked performance decline to near chance level (58 ± 9%; p < .001). However, with SSD-beamforming, robust BCI control was preserved (76 ± 9%). These results demonstrate that robust BCI control during frequency-tuned AM-tACS is achievable. By enabling simultaneous stimulation and decoding, this approach establishes a new paradigm for testing the causal contributions of brain rhythms during ongoing BCI control and for advancing stimulation-informed, bi-directional BCI interventions. Future work will determine how AM-tACS can be leveraged to enhance BCI performance but also promote neuroplasticity during restorative BCI applications.},
}

@article {pmid42721195,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, J and Yuan, Y and Xu, H and Luan, G},
title = {Scientific and Technological Developments in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Dual Bibliometric Analysis of Articles and Patents.},
journal = {JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e95902},
pmid = {42721195},
issn = {2369-2529},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is undergoing rapid translation from laboratory research to clinical applications, heralding a fundamental restructuring of human-machine relationships, with profound societal implications. Existing bibliometric analyses of this domain have exclusively relied on scholarly article databases, critically overlooking patent data that is essential for capturing the full spectrum of technological innovation in this highly translational field.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the overall scientific and technological trajectories, key research drivers (journals, institutions, countries, and funding agencies), as well as research topics and trends in the BCI field through a comprehensive analysis of scientific and technical literature (articles and patents).

METHODS: BCI-related articles (11,346) and granted patents (1551) published from 2015 to 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) and the incoPat database, respectively. VOSviewer, CiteSpace (Dr Chaomei Chen), Microsoft Excel, and InCites (Clarivate) were used to summarize bibliometric features. Additionally, the Disruptive Index was calculated to characterize the developmental trajectory of scientific and technological advancements in BCIs.

RESULTS: The number of BCI articles and patents has been continuously increasing over the past decade. The Journal of Neural Engineering published the largest number of BCI articles. The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranked first in article output, while the University of California System achieved the greatest citation impact, and Tianjin University from China led in patent filings. At the country level, China dominated article output and patent filings, whereas the United States attained the highest article citation impact and the most extensive international patent portfolios. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) was the most prolific funding agency for BCI articles. Disruptive Index analysis revealed that BCI scientific research (article-based) maintained sustained growth in disruptiveness, whereas technological development (patent-based) demonstrated a pattern of fluctuation rather than consistent growth during the observation period. A total of 5 major research topics were identified, with neural interfaces and motor control attracting the greatest attention. In parallel, the leading technology categories were computer input or output interface devices (IPC: G06F3) and diagnostic measurement and human identification (IPC: A61B5). Citation analysis revealed an average knowledge transfer lag of 8.8 years, alongside limited bidirectional article-patent linkages.

CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a rapidly expanding yet strategically differentiated global BCI landscape dominated by China and the United States, with the former leading in output volume and the latter achieving the highest citation impact and international patent portfolios. BCI scientific research maintains active disruptive potential, whereas technological development lacks a commensurate upward trajectory; this asynchrony, compounded by prolonged knowledge transfer lag and weak article-patent linkages, points to translational challenges that require strengthened mechanisms for converting scientific discovery into technical innovations.},
}

@article {pmid42721596,
year = {2026},
author = {Lou, C and Lei, Y and Noppeney, U and Chen, L},
title = {EEG signatures for tactile object individuation on a finger tip.},
journal = {Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {336-356},
doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2026.08.014},
pmid = {42721596},
issn = {1973-8102},
abstract = {Object individuation (OI), i.e., segmenting sensory signals into individual objects based on spatial or temporal cues, has been studied predominantly in vision but remained largely unexplored in touch. Using EEG we studied the neural activity associated with OI in touch. In two experiments, participants (Experiment 1: n=28; Experiment 2: n=27) were presented with one to eight pins on their index fingertip. In Experiment 1, they enumerated the number of pins, a task relying on OI. In Experiment 2, they detected a brief temporal flicker in the tactile stimulus, a task that did not involve OI. Multivariate analyses showed that neural activity around 860 msec post-stimulus encoded the number of pins, but only during enumeration. Moreover, for Experiment 1, we observed that the amplitudes of two ERP indices, the late contralateral negativity (N1000cc) and the tactile contralateral delay activity (tCDA), increased with the number of enumerated items, peaking at three objects. Time-frequency analysis revealed greater oscillatory power in the alpha-band for small numerosities (1-3 items), corresponding to the range typically associated with tactile subitizing, relative to larger numerosities (4-6 items), suggesting an attentional control mechanism that aids in separating tactile objects from the background while reducing interference from irrelevant sensory information during capacity-limited OI processing. Importantly, these neural effects were not observed in Experiment 2. Collectively, our results provide evidence that tactile object individuation is capacity-limited and is associated with distinct N1000cc, tCDA, and alpha-band activity.},
}

@article {pmid42721971,
year = {2026},
author = {Di, Y and An, X and Li, HH},
title = {Distinct oscillatory neural rhythms support representational precision and confidence in working memory.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.08.041},
pmid = {42721971},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Working memory enables the maintenance of information to guide behavior, yet its representations are inherently noisy and variable. To act effectively, observers must track the uncertainty of their own memory. However, the neural mechanisms supporting uncertainty representations in working memory remain poorly understood, particularly at the level of neural dynamics. Here, we combined electroencephalography (EEG) with a spatial visual working memory task that elicited trial-by-trial uncertainty reports to investigate how oscillatory activity encodes memory uncertainty. We identified two forms of uncertainty supported by distinct oscillatory neural activity. Using a probabilistic encoding-decoding model, we found that memory content can be reconstructed from alpha-band activity and that the precision of these representations predicts subsequent uncertainty reports, consistent with probabilistic mnemonic representations. In parallel, beta-band activity contained a scalar, magnitude-based representation of uncertainty. This signal exhibited slow, persistent dynamics across task epochs and tracked uncertainty reports for both the current and previous trials. Together, these findings show that the human brain multiplexes two forms of memory uncertainty, representational precision and a scalar confidence signal, across distinct oscillatory rhythms, providing a neural dynamical account of metacognitive access to working memory.},
}

@article {pmid42722303,
year = {2026},
author = {Yi, C and Wang, J and Luo, T and Li, Q and Yu, H and Yang, M and Yao, D and Ma, X and Li, F and Xu, P},
title = {Salience network orchestrates large-scale brain dynamics during target detection: Insights from an EEG dFNC study.},
journal = {Brain research bulletin},
volume = {245},
number = {},
pages = {112117},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112117},
pmid = {42722303},
issn = {1873-2747},
abstract = {Efficient detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli is essential for adaptive cognition and has potential cognitive and neurotechnological applications. However, how large-scale brain networks dynamically coordinate this process remains poorly understood. Here, we leveraged electroencephalogram (EEG)-based dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) to investigate large-scale network organization during target and standard conditions in a visual oddball paradigm. Across distinct post-stimulus windows, condition-dependent changes occurred within a "filtering-integration-regulation" three-stage framework. Early (150-250 ms) differences (standard > target) were observed mainly in the Visual Network (VN), Sensory/Somatomotor Network (SMN), and Salience Network (SN), reflecting rapid sensory discrimination and pre-attentive tagging of frequent and predictable non-target events. The mid (350-450 ms) and late (450-550 ms) windows involved widespread connectivity increases for targets (target > standard) across the memory retrieval network (MRN), default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), frontoparietal task control network (FPCN), SN, VN, and cingulo-opercular network (CON). The central hubs shifted from SN in the mid stage to FPCN in the late stage, reflecting a transition from integrative processing to regulatory control. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) analysis identified early and late SN, late DAN, and mid-to-late DMN as the most critical networks for distinguishing target from standard stimuli and uncovered a functional dissociation centered on SN, with its engagement strength alone predicting P300 amplitude, while its timing best predicted P300 latency, alongside contributions from FPCN and DAN dynamics. These findings highlight the central role of SN-centered network dynamics in target detection, offering a large-scale perspective on the neural mechanisms of processing behaviorally relevant stimuli.},
}

@article {pmid42722314,
year = {2026},
author = {Xu, Y and Zhang, Y and Peng, Y and Yan, B and Wu, Z and Ding, M and Chen, L},
title = {A Generalizable OPM-MEG Framework for Time-resolved Language Decoding During Natural Speech Production.},
journal = {NeuroImage},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {122219},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122219},
pmid = {42722314},
issn = {1095-9572},
abstract = {Non-invasive decoding of rapidly evolving cognitive and motor states is limited by trade-offs between temporal precision, spatial fidelity and tolerance to natural movement. We present a modality-matched benchmarking framework that evaluates optically pumped magnetometer magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) against electroencephalography (EEG) during visually cued overt speech production. Ten native Mandarin speakers produced six isolated vowel rhymes (100 repetitions per class) while OPM-MEG and EEG were recorded under the same task. We compared six feature representations and five classifiers using time-resolved decoding, temporal generalization, pairwise classification, and source-space searchlight analyses. Decoding remained near chance before stimulus onset and increased after onset. In the principal common spatial patterns (CSP) analysis, exact paired cluster-mass permutation tests identified significant OPM-MEG > EEG clusters for all five classifiers within 150-500 ms. Averaged across classifiers over 150-500 ms, CSP was the strongest feature representation (57.9% for OPM-MEG and 55.0% for EEG). Across features, linear support vector machine (Linear SVM) achieved the highest mean accuracy (56.4% and 54.1%, respectively). CSP with Linear SVM was the best feature-classifier combination, yielding mean accuracies of 60.3% for OPM-MEG and 56.7% for EEG; late peak accuracies reached 63.0% and 60.1%, respectively. Temporal-generalization matrices were dominated by a narrow main diagonal, with limited off-diagonal generalization (50.7-52.1%), indicating predominantly time-specific discriminative information. In the pairwise analysis, CSP with Linear SVM achieved a mean accuracy of 60.1%, and /i/ versus /u/ reached a maximum of 61.2%. Exploratory source-space searchlight analysis identified time-evolving cortical parcels with above-chance local decoding from 100 to 450 ms, whereas no parcel reached significance at 0 or 50 ms; these patterns do not directly establish activation or coherent functional-network recruitment. These results support OPM-MEG as a high-resolution non-invasive platform for time-resolved decoding and provide practical guidance for feature and classifier selection in speech-related neuroimaging and brain-computer interface studies.},
}

@article {pmid42727580,
year = {2026},
author = {Dai, D and Zhang, B and Zhang, X and Chen, S and Sun, L and Yang, H and Ni, J and Duan, S},
title = {A hypothalamic-vagal pathway mediates stress-induced feeding suppression and gastric dysfunction.},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2026.08.011},
pmid = {42727580},
issn = {1097-4199},
abstract = {Acute stress alters feeding behavior and is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Although the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is traditionally considered to mediate stress responses through neuroendocrine pathways, whether it coordinates stress-related behavioral responses through neural circuits remains unclear. Here, we identify PVN neurons expressing neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY1R) as a population rapidly activated by diverse acute stressors. Selective activation of PVN NPY1R neurons projecting to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) suppresses feeding, whereas inhibition of this pathway reverses stress-induced hypophagia. Further investigation reveals that PVN NPY1R neurons form direct synaptic connections with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the DVC, and inhibition of DVC ChAT neurons partially restores stress-induced feeding suppression. Moreover, activation of the PVN NPY1R-DVC pathway induces gastrointestinal dysmotility, whereas inhibition of this pathway rescues stress-induced impairment of gastric emptying. Together, our findings reveal a hypothalamic-brainstem circuit linking acute stress to feeding suppression and gastric dysfunction.},
}

@article {pmid42715333,
year = {2026},
author = {Saha, M and Khan, IN and Joy, B and Chen, SY and Yang, HT and Patel, P and Jang, K and Zhang, P and Azeemi, F and Sarkar, D},
title = {Magnetically actuated nanoantennas for wireless glioblastoma therapy.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {12},
number = {37},
pages = {eaeb1237},
pmid = {42715333},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {*Glioblastoma/therapy/pathology/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Brain Neoplasms/therapy/pathology ; Temozolomide/pharmacology ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; *Wireless Technology ; },
abstract = {Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable clinical challenge, characterized by invasive growth, therapeutic resistance, and dismal patient survival. We report the development of HITMAN (highly localized electric field-induced tumor therapy using magnetically actuated nanoantennas), a wireless bioelectric therapy that selectively eradicates GBM cells with cellular precision. Magnetically actuated nanoantennas convert low-frequency (≤200 kHz), deep-brain-penetrant magnetic fields into localized electric fields, thereby triggering protein unfolding, membrane disruption, and ER stress. In vitro, HITMAN demonstrated superior efficacy compared to temozolomide (TMZ), significantly decreasing viability in drug-resistant, patient-derived GBM cells by 52.2%, versus 10% with TMZ while sparing neurons and astrocytes. Mechanistically, HITMAN activated the unfolded protein response and autophagy pathways, suppressed cell cycle and adhesion genes, reduced Ki-67 expression, disrupted cytoskeletal architecture, and elevated p53 levels, underscoring a multifaceted antitumor mechanism. In orthotopic mouse models, HITMAN significantly inhibited tumor growth, extended median survival by more than 50%, and exhibited no systemic toxicity. Thus, HITMAN offers a minimally invasive, spatially precise, and clinically translatable therapy for GBM.},
}

*Glioblastoma/therapy/pathology/metabolism
Humans
Animals
Mice
Cell Line, Tumor
*Brain Neoplasms/therapy/pathology
Temozolomide/pharmacology
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
*Wireless Technology

@article {pmid42713217,
year = {2026},
author = {Tahmasebi, S and Farmanbordar, H and Mohammadi, R},
title = {Antibacterial and antioxidant okra-based hydrogels enhanced with Ag@HKUST-1 as a next-generation wound dressing.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics: X},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100633},
pmid = {42713217},
issn = {2590-1567},
abstract = {Wound management represents a significant global challenge. This study aims to develop an innovative multifunctional Okra/PAAm/PAA/Ag@HKUST-1 hydrogel to enhance wound dressing properties. The hydrogel was synthesized by functionalizing okra polysaccharide with dialdehyde/dicarboxylate groups, followed by polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid. This method yielded a super absorbent material with notable swelling properties, effectively controlling wound exudates while maintaining a moist healing environment. The hydrogel gained impressive antibacterial and antioxidant properties by integrating HKUST-1 and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which Ag NPs were synthesized and stabilized by Calendula officinalis (CO) extract. Characterization by FT-IR, SEM, and XRD verified that the hydrogel was successfully synthesized. The Hydrogel/Ag@HKUST-1 composite demonstrated notable bacteria-inhibiting activity toward E. coli (inhibition zones ∼18 mm) and S. aureus (inhibition zone ∼22 mm) and strong antioxidant capacity, with an activity level of 52.06%. Hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity assays on HFF-2 cells showed minimal hemolysis (0.58%) and low cytotoxicity (99.21% at 24 h and 98.54% at 48 h). The hydrogel's blood clotting test demonstrated pro-coagulant characteristics (BCI = 22%) for quick bleeding stoppage and improved wound closure. These findings emphasize the Hydrogel/Ag@HKUST-1's promise as a potent wound dressing.},
}

@article {pmid42715105,
year = {2026},
author = {Zeng, X and Zhou, T and Li, C and Hasegawa, I and Tanigawa, H},
title = {Protocol for mapping frequency-specific information transfer between cortical areas using ECoG and Granger causality.},
journal = {STAR protocols},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {104833},
doi = {10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104833},
pmid = {42715105},
issn = {2666-1667},
abstract = {This protocol details the application of Granger causality (GC) analysis to primate electrocorticography (ECoG) data to map frequency-specific information transfer. We describe steps for computing pairwise GC and generating spatial GC maps, including differential maps to isolate task-specific activity. We then explain how to perform hierarchical clustering on GC patterns to identify and visualize the spatial distribution of functional electrode clusters, revealing the organization of information flow. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhou et al.[1].},
}

@article {pmid42715660,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhu, Y and Chen, H and Xie, Q and Lei, C and Lin, Z and Meng, L and Niu, L},
title = {Noninvasive acoustic vagus nerve stimulation modulates Emotion-Related brain networks.},
journal = {Ultrasonics},
volume = {169},
number = {},
pages = {108294},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultras.2026.108294},
pmid = {42715660},
issn = {1874-9968},
abstract = {The vagus nerve, a critical bidirectional pathway linking the central nervous system and peripheral organ systems, plays a core role in emotional regulation. Here, we introduce a noninvasive acoustic vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) paradigm and systematically characterize its modulatory effects on emotion-related brain circuitry using in vivo fiber photometry, behavioral assays, and transcriptomic profiling. The pulsed aVNS protocol was defined as follows: fundamental frequency = 1 MHz, sonication duration = 1 s, inter-stimulus interval = 9 s, pulse repetition frequency = 100 Hz, tone-burst duration = 0.5 ms, duty cycle = 5 %, and acoustic pressure = 3 MPa. Acoustic field mapping confirmed a spatially confined ultrasound beam, supporting localized stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve region. In vivo calcium imaging revealed robust aVNS-evoked neural responses across multiple emotion-associated brain regions, with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) showing the strongest response magnitude, as indicated by significantly increased area under the curve values during both the stimulation period (0-1 s, p = 0.0156) and the post-stimulation period (1-10 s, p = 0.0156). Response-profile and inter-regional similarity analyses further demonstrated that aVNS organized distributed neural responses into a coordinated network-level activation pattern rather than inducing isolated regional excitation. Behaviorally, aVNS alleviated anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in acute lipopolysaccharide-treated mice (0.5 mg/kg), as shown by increased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze (EPM; p = 0.0018) and reduced immobility in the tail suspension test (TST; p = 0.0045), as well as in chronic restraint stress mice (6 h/day for 28 consecutive days), as shown by increased open-arm exploration (p = 0.0167) and reduced immobility time (p = 0.0057). Bulk RNA sequencing further showed that repeated aVNS partially reversed stress-induced transcriptional alterations in the mPFC, particularly inflammation-related signatures. Together, these findings demonstrate that noninvasive aVNS modulates emotion-related brain networks and provide neural, behavioral, and molecular evidence supporting its potential for intervention in emotional dysfunction.},
}

@article {pmid42716082,
year = {2026},
author = {Seri, T and Iwama, S and Ushiba, J},
title = {Jogging imagery congruent with avatar gait is associated with enhanced avatar ownership during multimodal BCI control.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea4f5},
pmid = {42716082},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Multimodal brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) integrate neural and non-neural signals to enable intuitive interaction with external devices. However, BCI controllability is still predominantly evaluated based on neural signal strength, leaving the role of embodied self-experience largely unclear. Here, we investigated how kinesthetic congruence between motor imagery (MI) and avatar gait under BCI control contributes to subjective embodiment.

APPROACH: Participants navigated a virtual avatar with a jogging gait through a curved course using a multimodal BCI. Locomotion was controlled by MI-related sensorimotor rhythm event-related desynchronization (SMR-ERD) derived from scalp electroencephalography (EEG), whereas movement direction was controlled by eye gaze. To manipulate kinesthetic congruence between MI and avatar gait, participants performed imagery of jogging (congruent condition) or sustained right-hand opening (incongruent condition). Subjective embodiment toward the controlled avatar was assessed using questionnaires.

MAIN RESULTS: Participants reported significantly greater ownership in the congruent condition than in the incongruent condition. Although jogging imagery elicited weaker MI-related SMR-ERD than hand-opening imagery, no statistically significant condition differences were detected in course completion rate or time remaining upon completion.

SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that, in multimodal BCIs, neural signal strength and embodied experience may dissociate, and that imagery-action congruence should be considered alongside conventional decoding metrics. By showing that action-congruent imagery enhances avatar ownership despite weaker neural signatures, this study motivates a shift from signal-centric toward context-aware BCI design for more intuitive and embodied interaction.},
}

@article {pmid42716220,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Luo, K and Liu, X and Ye, N and Lin, W and Liu, Z and Cheng, X and Huang, Z and Xiao, Y and Zeng, H and Lian, Y and Zhang, Y and Li, M and Huang, S and Wang, Z and Wang, X and Zhang, L and Lin, H and Zhang, Y and Chen, Q and Wang, D and Ni, J and Wang, N and Fu, Y and Gan, S and , },
title = {Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation for Treatment of Multiple System Atrophy Cerebellar Type: A Randomized Controlled Trial.},
journal = {Brain stimulation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103205},
doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2026.103205},
pmid = {42716220},
issn = {1876-4754},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: No disease-modifying treatments exist for the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C). Because transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has demonstrated safety and efficacy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, a cerebellar disorder, we tested whether tACS improves clinical outcomes in MSA-C.

METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tACS in MSA-C. Participants received daily 40-minute sessions of 70 Hz, 2 mA tACS or sham stimulation, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 2 weeks in the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) total score. Secondary assessments included the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT), MSA quality of life (MSA-QoL), gait analysis, and fMRI.

RESULTS: The primary endpoint-the change from baseline in UMSARS scores-favored active stimulation: A-tACS -4.48 (4.64) versus S-tACS 0.30 (3.98), with a mean difference of -4.78 (95% CI -6.61 to -2.94), P < 0.001. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. Active tACS also improved SARA and gait outcomes but not SCOPA-AUT or MSA-QoL. In exploratory fMRI analyses, no between-group effects survived FDR correction at the whole-connectome edgewise or network-pair level. A subsequent post hoc seed-based screen identified comparatively extensive connectivity-change patterns for Left Frontal Control (ContB.PFClv) and Default Mode (DefaultB.PFCd) parcels; because the seed screen was not corrected across the full 400-seed search space, these findings are hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.

CONCLUSION: Our results show that tACS produced a statistically significant clinical improvement in MSA-C and was well tolerated. The underlying mechanisms may include enhanced brain network function.},
}

@article {pmid42716512,
year = {2026},
author = {Waddell, JT and Okey, SA and Metrik, J and Corbin, WR},
title = {Continuing cannabis use after initiation: The role of social context, craving and problem severity during acute cannabis use episodes.},
journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/add.70593},
pmid = {42716512},
issn = {1360-0443},
support = {//Sharon Manne Research Fund at Arizona State University/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Cannabis craving is a central component of cannabis use disorder and is thought to increase during acute cannabis use episodes. However, our understanding of the relations between social contexts and naturalistic cannabis craving, and for whom these relations exist during daily life use episodes, remains scant. Equally limited is research characterizing the within-episode progression of cannabis use, particularly if social context and craving may be associated with continuation of use after initiation. The current study tested a theoretical model wherein social (vs. solitary) cannabis use contexts are associated with acute, in-the-moment cannabis craving and likelihood of continuation of cannabis use, particularly for individuals with more severe cannabis problems.

DESIGN: Participants completed a baseline assessment and 14 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). As part of the EMA protocol, participants completed four random reports throughout the day and event-contingent cannabis use reports shortly after cannabis initiation, which triggered follow-up reports 1.5 hours and 3 hours later. Baseline and event-contingent reports were used in analyses.

SETTING: Arizona, United States of America.

PARTICIPANTS: N = 104 individuals (Mage = 36.16; 53% female) completed the study protocol.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants reported their severity of cannabis problems at baseline. Participants reported their current social context, type and potency of cannabis used and cannabis craving during cannabis use reports, and reported if they used any additional cannabis 1.5 and 3 hours later during follow-up cannabis reports.

RESULTS: Higher cannabis craving during cannabis initiation reports was associated with higher likelihood of continuing to use cannabis [standardized beta (b) = 0.22, 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) = 0.09-0.33]. There was a statistically significant interaction between social context and severity of cannabis problems in relation to craving (b = 0.36, 95% BCI = 0.12-0.56), such that social (vs. solitary) cannabis use contexts were associated with higher cannabis craving, but only within individuals reporting above average (but not below average) cannabis use problems. Thus, there was a conditional indirect association of social context on cannabis use continuation operating via augmented cannabis craving in individuals reporting more (b = 0.06, 95% BCI = 0.01-0.16) but not less (b = -0.06, 95% BCI = -0.17, 0.01) severe cannabis problems. Findings were consistent when estimating continuation of cannabis occurring 1.5 and 3 hours after the cannabis use report, when covarying for other cannabis use products, and when conducting subgroup analyses within cannabis flower vs. edible occasions.

SUMMARY: Within individuals who report more severe cannabis problems, social (vs. solitary) contexts appear to be associated with amplified craving, which appears to be associated with higher likelihood of continued cannabis use.},
}

@article {pmid42716666,
year = {2026},
author = {van der Meer, A and van der Weel, R},
title = {The development of looming motion perception in infants: From blinking responses to BabyBCI.},
journal = {Advances in child development and behavior},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {63-83},
doi = {10.1016/bs.acdb.2026.08.004},
pmid = {42716666},
issn = {0065-2407},
mesh = {Humans ; *Motion Perception/physiology ; Infant ; *Child Development/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; *Blinking/physiology ; },
abstract = {This chapter reviews the development of looming motion perception in infancy, tracing the progression from early behavioral defensive behaviors, such as blinking, to contemporary EEG-based brain-computer interface approaches. Grounded in ecological optics, it examines how infants learn to detect approaching objects that signal impending collision and how this skill becomes increasingly refined with age and locomotor experience. Behavioral studies show that younger infants tend to rely on simpler cues, such as the visual angle of the approaching object, whereas older infants and crawlers increasingly use time-to-collision information for more accurate responses. High-density EEG studies extend these findings by revealing developmental changes in parieto-occipital brain activity, theta and alpha synchronization, and more efficient neural timing strategies. The chapter also highlights differences between full-term and preterm children, with preterm children showing poorer prospective control and delayed visual motion processing, resulting in sustained vulnerabilities in dorsal-stream function. Recent work further demonstrates that EEG-based BCI methods can detect infant perceptual responses to looming stimuli with promising classification accuracy, pointing toward future applications in early cognitive monitoring and intervention. Overall, the chapter presents looming perception as a powerful window into the developing perception-action system and a potential tool for identifying atypical developmental trajectories early.},
}

Humans
*Motion Perception/physiology
Infant
*Child Development/physiology
Electroencephalography
*Blinking/physiology

@article {pmid42716992,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, XY and Yu, H and Liu, GL and Wu, ZY and Dong, HL},
title = {Non-coding repeat expansions within NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 genes contribute to unsolved inherited peripheral neuropathies.},
journal = {Journal of human genetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42716992},
issn = {1435-232X},
abstract = {Non-coding GGC repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC and AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1 have been implicated in NIID and CANVAS, respectively. Both disorders classically present with peripheral neuropathy as an initial manifestation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of short tandem repeat (STR) expansions in NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 among patients with genetically undiagnosed inherited peripheral neuropathy (IPN). In this cohort study, we screened 103 such patients for STR expansions using repeat-primed PCR and fragment analysis. Clinical, electrophysiological, and skin histopathological features of patients were comprehensively analyzed. Additionally, a systematic literature review was conducted to summarize all published NOTCH2NLC-related IPN cases. Four patients with IPN (3.9%, 4/103) were found to have heterozygous GGC repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC. Two patients harboring biallelic AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1 exhibited predominantly sensory axonal neuropathy. A total of 107 patients in seven reports were identified. The most prevalent clinical features were impaired motor function (66/86, 76.7%), followed by sensory abnormalities, tremor, and muscle atrophy. The size of the expanded GGC repeats ranged from 68 to 517. Sporadic NIID cases presented with later onset and milder features compared to familial cases. Radiological and cognitive manifestations correlated with onset age but not with repeat size. Our results indicate that STR expansions account for 5.8% (6/103) of genetically undiagnosed IPN cases in our cohort. This study broadens the clinical spectrum of NOTCH2NLC and RFC1 repeat expansions and highlights the importance of screening for STR expansions among genetically undefined IPN patients.},
}

@article {pmid42717197,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, H and Luo, S and Wang, X and Lin, L and Liang, R and Zhong, C and Zhang, Y and Zhao, W and Chen, Z and Liu, X and Gao, Y and Chen, F and Sun, N and Huang, J and Fei, T},
title = {Towards efficient perturbation for the noncoding genome.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42717197},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {32470673//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Genome ; Humans ; Animals ; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism/genetics ; *Gene Editing/methods ; },
abstract = {Deciphering the functionality of the noncoding genome, which includes important cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcribed noncoding RNA genes, remains technically challenging. Here, using massively parallel genetic screening, we systematically benchmark the performance of five representative loss-of-function perturbation tools, including single-guide RNA (gRNA) mediated SpCas9 cleavage or CRISPR interference, and paired gRNA (pgRNA) involved dual-SpCas9, Big Papi (paired SpCas9 and SaCas9) or dual-enAsCas12a fragment deletion methods, in decoding the roles of the noncoding genome. For targeting CREs such as enhancers, dual-SpCas9 outperforms other methods with superior efficiency in destroying functional genomic regions. For perturbing noncoding RNA genes, in addition to dual-SpCas9, other RNA-targeting methods such as RNA interference are recommended to discriminate transcript-dependent or -independent roles. A deep learning model, DeepDC, with an associated web server, is built to facilitate optimal dual-SpCas9 pgRNA design for efficiently deleting a genomic fragment. Together, our work provides practical guidance on selecting appropriate loss-of-function tools to resolve the functional complexity of the noncoding genome.},
}

CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
*RNA, Untranslated/genetics
RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
*Genome
Humans
Animals
CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism/genetics
*Gene Editing/methods

@article {pmid42717381,
year = {2026},
author = {Jalal, MS and Figuet, O and Di Bacco, K and Hubert, M and Adame, S and Stelzle, D and Winkler, AS and Budke, CM and Carabin, H},
title = {An updated estimate of the proportion of neurocysticercosis among people with epileptic seizures: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis.},
journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42717381},
issn = {2049-9957},
support = {PDTF-001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; https://doi.org/10.69777/333900//Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS)/ ; https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4954//Canada Research Chair in Epidemiology and One Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Neurocysticercosis/epidemiology/parasitology/complications ; Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; *Epilepsy/epidemiology/parasitology ; *Seizures/epidemiology/parasitology ; Animals ; Prevalence ; Female ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. This systematic review (PROSPERO identifier: CRD42021266596) aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of NCC among people with epileptic seizures (PWES) between 1990 and 2023, and to assess whether this proportion changed between January 1990 to May 2008 and June 2008 to May 2023 across endemic regions.

METHODS: Twenty electronic databases were searched in May 2023 for records on NCC published between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened all records. Original studies that reported NCC frequency among PWES, used neuroimaging, biopsy, or autopsy to diagnose NCC, and were not prone to high level of selection bias were included. Reviews, book-chapters and case series with fewer than 20 participants were excluded. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for prevalence studies. Bayesian models were used to estimate pooled NCC proportions and assess their changes by study periods and regions.

RESULTS: Among 16,202 screened records, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five studies included PWES from both sexes, all age groups (children and adults), and used clear case definitions. The pooled proportion of NCC among PWES in these studies was 25.2% [95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 19.5%-32.2%], with fairly-high between-study heterogeneity (τ = 1.0; 95% BCI: 0.8-1.3). Studies without clear definitions for NCC or epileptic seizures reported considerably lower proportions, suggesting misclassification error. NCC proportion did not vary by sex or age. NCC proportion declined between June 2008 and May 2023, across Africa, the Americas and Southeast Asia.

CONCLUSION: This study provides an updated estimate of NCC proportion among PWES between 1990 and 2023, with implications for burden estimation, and highlights its decline in endemic regions. However, substantial between-study heterogeneity indicates context-specific differences; therefore, the pooled estimates should be interpreted cautiously and not as universally generalizable. Further research should determine whether the observed decline in NCC proportion is real or reflects an apparent reduction resulting from changes in case definitions, study populations, neuroimaging technologies, or underlying causes of epileptic seizures.},
}

*Neurocysticercosis/epidemiology/parasitology/complications
Humans
Bayes Theorem
*Epilepsy/epidemiology/parasitology
*Seizures/epidemiology/parasitology
Animals
Prevalence
Female

@article {pmid42717838,
year = {2026},
author = {Anil, K and Hall, S and Freeman, JA and Marsden, J and Ganis, G},
title = {Bidirectional EEG Neurofeedback of Sensorimotor Beta Oscillations Reveals Asymmetric Modulation and Strategy-Dependent Learning.},
journal = {The European journal of neuroscience},
volume = {64},
number = {5},
pages = {e70681},
doi = {10.1111/ejn.70681},
pmid = {42717838},
issn = {1460-9568},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurofeedback/methods ; Female ; *Beta Rhythm/physiology ; Male ; *Learning/physiology ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; *Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Young Adult ; Double-Blind Method ; },
abstract = {EEG-based neurofeedback (ENF) may be utilised as an intervention for improvement of motor performance in Parkinson's movement impairment. This exploratory study aimed to determine the ability of healthy participants to bidirectionally modulate sensorimotor beta power using ENF in real time and examine learning trends. The protocol trained participants to increase and decrease the amplitude of their individual beta power over C3 using a double-blind sham-controlled and within-subjects design. Fifteen healthy participants completed the study (mean age = 38.9, SD = 14.9, age range = 20-66; nine female and six male). Thirteen participants successfully decreased beta activity, three participants successfully increased it and two participants demonstrated bidirectional control. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that successful EEG control during real ENF was significantly higher than sham ENF when participants received the sham condition first (Z = 3.80, p < 0.001). When participants received the real condition first, the difference in success was not statistically significant (Z = 1.19, p = 0.233), indicating a transfer learning effect from real to sham sessions. ENF performance varied across ENF training based on modulation direction and cognitive variables, including mental strategy, engagement and fatigue. This study showed that initial ENF performance depends critically on how performance is defined and measured. Learning trends between real and sham conditions further suggest that early ENF performance primarily reflects strategy-dependent, effort-based control rather than stable neurophysiological plasticity. These findings highlight the need for a more precise framework for ENF evaluation, one that separates transient modulation, strategic learning and durable physiological adaptation.},
}

Humans
*Neurofeedback/methods
Female
*Beta Rhythm/physiology
Male
*Learning/physiology
Adult
Middle Aged
Aged
*Sensorimotor Cortex/physiology
Electroencephalography/methods
Young Adult
Double-Blind Method

@article {pmid42718751,
year = {2026},
author = {Qayyum, T and Tariq, A and Belkacem, AN},
title = {PQ-Neurolink: latency-aware post-quantum-ready secure communication for distributed brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1891041},
pmid = {42718751},
issn = {1662-5137},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Distributed electroencephalography (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) systems increasingly transmit neural data and control messages between a head-worn device, a nearby hub, and cloud-assisted services. These links require integrity, authenticity, replay protection, and low latency, while migration to post-quantum cryptography can increase session-establishment cost.

METHODS: We present PQ-NeuroLink, a latency-aware post-quantum-ready communication framework that separates authenticated session establishment from the symmetric streaming fast path. The design supports classical X25519, post-quantum ML-KEM-768, and hybrid ML-KEM-768 plus X25519 key establishment, with pinned ML-DSA public keys for endpoint identity binding. The prototype was evaluated using EEG-derived traffic from public datasets over BLE-like and Wi-Fi-like link profiles, 1-hop and 2-hop topologies, symmetric key-update and public-key refresh events, active tampering scenarios, and MCU-informed resource and processing-energy projections.

RESULTS: Identity pinning and transcript binding prevented successful modeled session-splicing attempts. Post-quantum and hybrid modes primarily increased handshake bytes rather than steady-state streaming latency. In the most constrained BLE 1-hop summary condition, the hybrid M3 mode increased p95 latency by 0.45 ms relative to the unsecured M0 baseline while maintaining 99.0% packet delivery.

DISCUSSION: Post-quantum-ready authenticated session establishment can be integrated into distributed EEG communication prototypes when public-key operations are kept off the per-frame path. PQ-NeuroLink provides a reproducible communication-layer basis for secure next-generation BCI deployment studies requiring low-latency operation and long-horizon post-quantum protection.},
}

@article {pmid42719006,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, C and Pan, X and Chen, S and Cheng, H and Yao, Y and Zhang, G and Zheng, F},
title = {Large-scale neuromorphic modeling of cortical networks on FPGA for investigating anesthetic-induced neural dynamics.},
journal = {Frontiers in systems neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1866947},
pmid = {42719006},
issn = {1662-5137},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying general anesthesia remains a significant challenge in neuroscience and clinical practice. Traditional software-based simulations of large-scale brain networks are often constrained by high computational costs and fail to achieve real-time performance.

METHODS: In this paper, we propose a high-performance hardware implementation of large-scale neuromorphic system to investigate anesthetic-induced neural dynamics. The system successfully models a cortical network comprising 10,000 spiking neurons (8,000 excitatory and 2,000 inhibitory) utilizing the biologically plausible Izhikevich neuron model. Deployed on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the proposed architecture exploits high parallelism to achieve real-time simulation speeds. By adjusting synaptic weights and network parameters to mimic the pharmacological eects of anesthetic agents, our system can continuously monitor and evaluate state transitions in neural synchronization and firing patterns.

RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the hardware-accelerated neuromorphic approach provides an efficient, scalable, and real-time platform for investigating large-scale neural dynamics.

DISCUSSION: Pending future validation against empirical clinical EEG data, this foundational framework paves the way for advanced brain-machine interfaces and closed-loop anesthetic delivery systems.},
}

@article {pmid42720607,
year = {2026},
author = {Ferrari, SSAR and Ramos, MV and de Abreu, FMC and de Oliveira, DA and Silva, LDDS and Ferreira, CS and da Silva Linhares, BQH and Titze-de-Almeida, R and Tavares, MCH and Titze-de-Almeida, SS},
title = {The effects of physical and sensory activities on motor and cognitive functions in the aging brain: a review.},
journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/gerona/glag224},
pmid = {42720607},
issn = {1758-535X},
abstract = {Brain aging characterized by progressive structural and functional changes, including atrophy of the hippocampus and frontal cortex, reduced neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and disruptions in network connectivity, collectively impairing memory, attention, and executive functions. However, aging is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous process, with variability in decline and preservation of certain cognitive capacities supported by compensatory mechanisms. Neuroplasticity plays a central role in mitigating age-related losses by enabling functional reorganization and maintaining neural connectivity. This integrative review synthesizes evidence on the effects of physical activity, sensory stimulation, and multisystem interventions on brain aging. Aerobic and multicomponent exercise programs, particularly those lasting 8-24 weeks, have been associated with improvements in hippocampal volume, executive function, and mobility. These benefits appear to be mediated by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, lactate signaling, and cathepsin B, which support synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and cerebral perfusion. Sensory stimulation enhances neural processing through multisensory integration, strengthening connectivity within attentional and executive networks. Combined interventions that integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive components appear promising and may offer advantages over single‑domain approaches, although direct comparative evidence remains limited. Activities such as dance, proprioceptive training, and musical engagement exemplify sensorimotor integration, promoting cognitive reserve. In addition, emerging technologies, including virtual reality and brain-computer interfaces, further support personalized, neuroplasticity-driven rehabilitation. Together, these findings highlight sensorimotor integration as a central mechanism for preserving cognitive and functional capacity and promoting healthy brain aging.},
}

@article {pmid42706445,
year = {2026},
author = {Miller, KJ and Giampiccolo, D and Akram, H and Schalk, G},
title = {Ethical considerations for implantable human brain-computer interfaces.},
journal = {Nature neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42706445},
issn = {1546-1726},
}

@article {pmid42708118,
year = {2026},
author = {Mokin, M and Knopman, J and Davies, JM and Hassan, AE and Harbaugh, RE and Khalessi, A and Fiehler, J and Levy, EI and Gross, BA and Grandhi, R and Tarpley, J and Sivakumar, W and Bain, M and Crowley, RW and Link, TW and Fraser, JF and Levitt, MR and Chen, PR and Hanel, RA and Bernard, JD and Jumaa, M and Youssef, P and Cress, MC and Chaudry, MI and Shakir, HJ and Lesley, WS and Billingsley, J and Jones, J and Koch, MJ and Paul, AR and Mack, WJ and Osbun, JW and Dlouhy, K and Grossberg, JA and Kellner, CP and Sahlein, DH and Santarelli, J and Schirmer, CM and Mazaris, P and Liu, JJ and Majjhoo, AQ and Wolfe, T and Patel, NV and Roark, C and Siddiqui, AH},
title = {Timing of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization and Surgery: Analysis of the EMBOLISE Trial.},
journal = {Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {e002359},
pmid = {42708118},
issn = {2694-5746},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The EMBOLISE trial (The Embolization of the Middle Meningeal Artery With Onyx Liquid Embolic System in the Treatment of Subacute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma) demonstrated that middle meningeal artery embolization as an adjunct to surgical drainage reduces recurrence of symptomatic subacute and chronic subdural hematomas. We performed a subgroup analysis of the EMBOLISE surgical cohort to determine how the timing of embolization relative to surgery impacted various outcomes.

METHODS: We performed a post hoc subgroup analysis to examine the association of the timing of embolization relative to surgery with the primary end point (hematoma reoperation within 90 days), secondary end points (clinical and radiographic outcomes), and safety end points (serious adverse events, neurological death, all-cause death, and stroke).

RESULTS: Middle meningeal artery embolization before surgery (embolization-first group) and middle meningeal artery embolization after surgery (surgery-first group) were performed in 107 and 78 patients, respectively. Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. The core laboratory confirmed the procedure to be successful in all patients with similar rates of distal penetration of Onyx into middle meningeal artery branches at the end of the embolization procedure in both groups (49.5% and 48.7%, respectively, P>0.99). Six of 103 patients in the embolization-first group (5.8%) and none in the surgery-first group needed reoperation within 90 days (analysis with observed data, P=0.08). Hematoma volumes at 90 and 180 days were similar except for lower hematoma thickness in the surgery-first group (2.3±3.0 mm versus 4.4±5.6 mm, P=0.03) at 180 days. Clinical and safety outcomes at 30, 90, and 180 days were similar.

CONCLUSIONS: Performing surgical drainage before embolization in patients with subacute and chronic subdural hematomas may help minimize treatment failures and enhance hematoma resolution.

REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04402632.},
}

@article {pmid42708130,
year = {2026},
author = {Leuthardt, EC and Wilk, SJ and Souders, L and Carr, KB and Coker, R and Wilding, GE and Zuleger, D and Acland, BT and Carter, AR},
title = {At-Home BCI Rehabilitation Therapy for Chronic Upper Extremity Deficit After Stroke (BCI-REHAB): A Randomized Trial.},
journal = {Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {e002345},
pmid = {42708130},
issn = {2694-5746},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: At-home stroke rehabilitation methods have strong potential to supplement limited clinical resources, but realizing that potential for survivors in the chronic phase of recovery requires developing and validating more effective options than the home exercise programs typically used today. BCI-REHAB (At-Home BCI Rehabilitation Therapy for Chronic Upper Extremity Deficit After Stroke) compared an at-home brain-computer interface (BCI) therapy system (IpsiHand System) versus an at-home exercise program for improving upper extremity function in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke.

METHODS: Participants aged 18 to 85 years with a history of stroke ≥6 months before enrollment and right or left upper extremity paresis or plegia were screened and randomly assigned to either an at-home exercise program or to a BCI electroencephalogram system coupled to a range-of-motion assist handpiece. Participants completed 12 weeks of at-home therapy (5 sessions per week). The primary outcome was the change in the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment from baseline to 12 weeks.

RESULTS: Overall, 109 participants were assessed for eligibility; 85 met the inclusion criteria and were randomized (43 intervention, 42 control). Of the 42 control participants, n=17 declined to participate further due to dissatisfaction with study arm assignment. A total of 62 participants were analyzed for the primary outcome (37 intervention, 25 control). The primary outcome (mean change) was significantly higher in the BCI group (6.0 [95% CI, 3.9-8.1]; P<0.0001) versus the control group (1.5 [95% CI, -0.1 to 3.1]; P=0.07), with an estimated treatment difference of 4.5 ([95% CI, 1.9-7.1]; P=0.0007). Participants who received the BCI intervention showed an estimated response rate of 55.5% (95% CI, 33.7%-77.2%), compared with 9.6% (95% CI, -2.9% to 22.1%) in the control group. This corresponds to an absolute increase in response of 45.8% ([95% CI, 20.9%-70.8%]; P=0.0003), yielding a number needed to treat of 2.2.

CONCLUSIONS: At-home BCI therapy provides clinically meaningful improvement in upper extremity function for chronic stroke survivors compared with standard at-home exercise programs.

REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05965713.},
}

@article {pmid42708234,
year = {2026},
author = {Wan, L and Zhang, Q and Zhu, X and Wu, L and Zhang, Y},
title = {Robust Cross-Batch SERS Quantification of Nitric Oxide Enabled by Au@Ag@Au Nanocubes and TabPFN Full-Spectrum Learning.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e75674},
doi = {10.1002/smll.75674},
pmid = {42708234},
issn = {1613-6829},
support = {62205146//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62205053//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20252018//Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; SJCX25_0146//Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 26CXJH0835//Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; //Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Quantitative analysis of gasotransmitters using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in complex biological environments remains challenging. Reaction-based sensing mechanisms often induce coupled variations across multiple vibrational modes, weakening the robustness of conventional univariate calibration strategies. Moreover, batch-to-batch variations of plasmonic substrates and interference from biological matrices further limit the generalization capability of quantitative models. Here, we present a quantitative framework that integrates structurally controllable nanoprobes with full-spectrum regression based on in-context learning. Gold-core@silver-shell@gold-outer-shell nanocubes (Au@Ag@Au NCs) were synthesized to improve reproducibility of plasmonic responses across batches. Meanwhile, a Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) model was employed to capture nonlinear correlations among multidimensional spectral features without iterative retraining. Using nitric oxide (NO) as a representative gasotransmitter, the proposed strategy was first validated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid to assess robustness against matrix interference, and subsequently applied to monitor intracellular NO fluctuations in hydrogen peroxide-induced inflammatory cell models. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the TabPFN-based approach reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 66.69% in unseen matrix batches compared with conventional single-batch calibration methods. This work provides a practical solution for quantitative SERS analysis of gasotransmitters and highlights the potential of full-spectrum in-context learning for improving cross-batch robustness in complex biological sensing scenarios.},
}

@article {pmid42710299,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, E and Zhao, K and Yuan, Q and Hu, H and Wang, J and Yu, S and Chen, G and Zhang, D and Yuan, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhang, S},
title = {FoME: A foundation model for EEG using adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling.},
journal = {Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society},
volume = {135},
number = {},
pages = {102817},
doi = {10.1016/j.compmedimag.2026.102817},
pmid = {42710299},
issn = {1879-0771},
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG) is a vital tool to measure and record brain activity in neuroscience and clinical applications, yet its potential is constrained by signal heterogeneity, low signal-to-noise ratios, and limited labeled datasets. In this paper, we propose FoME (Foundation Model for EEG), a novel approach using adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling to address above-mentioned challenges. FoME is pre-trained on a diverse 1.7TB dataset of scalp and intracranial EEG recordings, comprising 745M parameters trained for 1,096k steps. Our model introduces two key innovations: a time-frequency fusion embedding technique and an adaptive temporal-lateral attention scaling (ATLAS) mechanism. These components synergistically capture complex temporal and spectral EEG dynamics, enabling FoME to adapt to varying patterns across diverse data streams and facilitate robust multi-channel modeling. Evaluations across four downstream tasks demonstrate FoME's superior performance in classification and forecasting applications, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results. To conclude, FoME establishes a new paradigm for EEG analysis, offering a versatile foundation that advances brain-computer interfaces, clinical diagnostics, and cognitive research across neuroscience and related fields. Code will be released upon publication.},
}

@article {pmid42710528,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, S and Wang, Z and Wang, Y and Yang, Y},
title = {Identifying shared and personalized brain functional connectivity subspace across neuropsychiatric disorders.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea44a},
pmid = {42710528},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {Neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit complex functional connectivity (FC) alterations, yet disentangling transdiagnostic mechanisms from disorder-specific network perturbations remains challenging due to clinical heterogeneity and multisite data confounds. Approach: We aggregated large-scale resting-state fMRI data from 1,923 patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and site-matched controls from the REST-meta-MDD, ABIDE, and ADHD-200 consortia. We applied the established Common Orthogonal Basis Extraction (COBE) algorithm to decompose individual FC matrices into shared and personalized subspaces following site-level normalization. Main results: We validated that shared subspaces captured robust pathological signatures capable of distinguishing patients from independent healthy controls from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). A hierarchical analysis of these shared subspaces revealed a transdiagnostic core defined by widespread default mode network (DMN) decoupling alongside divergent subcortical connectivity patterns: hyper-connectivity in MDD but hypo-connectivity in ASD and ADHD. Despite these conserved commonalities, we demonstrated a functional dissociation in clinical utility: personalized subspaces exhibited significantly higher utility for precision characterization, achieving superior performance in predicting individual symptom severity and in discriminating between diagnostic groups (macro-F1: 77.6%)- tasks where shared features lacked sufficient specificity. Significance: These findings provide evidence consistent with a hierarchical neurobiological architecture wherein shared subspaces map conserved vulnerabilities, while personalized subspaces capture the heterogeneity underlying diagnostic distinctions and individual symptom expression. This work supports the value of modeling personalized neural signatures to advance precision psychiatry. .},
}

@article {pmid42710532,
year = {2026},
author = {Yao, Y and Salamanca González, C and Geirnaert, S and Gillebert, CR and Tuytelaars, T and Bertrand, A},
title = {Eccentricity confound in EEG-based visual attention decoding from gaze-fixated neural tracking of motion in natural videos.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea449},
pmid = {42710532},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Decoding visual attention from brain signals during naturalistic video viewing has emerged as a new direction in brain-computer interface research. Current methods assume that stronger coupling between object motion and neural activity indicates higher attention, but this can be confounded by eye movement artifacts and stimulus properties. This study investigates how visual eccentricity-the distance between a visual object and the fixation point-affects neural responses when eye movement artifacts are controlled.

APPROACH: EEG signals were recorded across three tasks that manipulated object eccentricity and attention conditions while participants maintained gaze fixation. Correlation analysis and match-mismatch decoding were performed to quantify the neural tracking of object motion.

MAIN RESULTS: The analysis supports three conclusions: (1) neural tracking of object motion in natural videos works under gaze fixation; (2) the strength of this tracking under gaze fixation is modulated by attention; and (3) there exists a significant eccentricity confound in the EEG responses, with poorer neural tracking of motion at larger eccentricities.

SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate that findings from previous free-viewing studies also reflect genuine neural processing rather than mere oculomotor artifacts. However, the identified eccentricity effect highlights a major limitation for current decoding approaches that assume coupling strength reflects attention levels alone.},
}

@article {pmid42711410,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, X and Liu, J and Wang, X},
title = {Correction: The transformational power of psychedelics: catalysts for creativity, consciousness, and mental health.},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41380-026-03863-2},
pmid = {42711410},
issn = {1476-5578},
}

@article {pmid42712602,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, S and Sun, Q and Mo, H and Cui, W},
title = {Perioperative management for invasive brain-computer interface implantation under surgical navigation in a patient with traumatic spinal cord injury: a case report.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1892331},
pmid = {42712602},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The clinical application of invasive brain-computer interface combined with surgical navigation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury remains limited, and there is a lack of a standardized perioperative nursing cooperation strategy. This paper summarized the intraoperative cooperation and nursing experience from a single case, aim to provide a reference for clinical practice.

CASE SUMMARY: Preoperatively, the patient presented with a muscle strength of grade 4 in both forearms and upper arms, and grade 0 in both hands. Surgical navigation-assisted invasive brain-computer interface implantation was planned. The operation was successfully completed, and device activation was performed on August 13, 2025. At the 6-month follow-up, an assessment using the Upper Extremity Motor Score indicated that the patient achieved a grip score of 6 points for the left hand and 4 points for the right hand, with total scores of 11 points for the left hand and 8 points for the right hand, respectively. Improvement in bilateral upper limb motor function was observed. The patient regained voluntary motor function, and the complete paralysis was alleviated. No adverse events occurred during the hospitalization and follow-up period, and the patient and his family members reported a high level of satisfaction.

CONCLUSION: This paper summarized the perioperative care experience of a patient with traumatic spinal cord injury who underwent an invasive brain-computer interface implantation under surgical navigation. During the perioperative period, refined nursing cooperation was implemented through establishing a multidisciplinary team, conducting comprehensive preoperative preparations, precisely coordinating with surgical navigation, strictly preventing surgical site infections, standardizing postoperative monitoring, and enhancing post-discharge follow-up. The precise perioperative nursing plan is scientifically sound and clinically feasible, providing a practical foundation for the future implementation of perioperative nursing strategies for similar surgical procedures.},
}

@article {pmid42687878,
year = {2026},
author = {van der Veen, T},
title = {Genomic dimensions deconstruct the clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder.},
journal = {Research square},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42687878},
issn = {2693-5015},
abstract = {Bipolar disorder's (BD) clinical heterogeneity has an unresolved genetic basis. We meta-analyzed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 16 BD subphenotypes in 226,032 individuals from 57 cohorts (38,022 cases); 10 advanced to multivariate and multi-trait analyses. Four factors (compulsive, psychotic, dysregulated, internalizing) explained 82.8% of shared genetic variance. BD1 and BD2 loaded on distinct factors despite a high genetic correlation; 87.0% of common-factor loci were significant in neither subtype. Unipolar mania aligned with psychosis over internalizing, and was distinguishable from BD1, and rapid cycling showed heritable cross-domain liability. We identified 356 risk loci, 158 novel, including the first univariate-GWAS associations for psychosis, unipolar mania, rapid cycling and schizoaffective disorder-and 249 credible genes (89 high-confidence), 12 with approved-drug or clinical-phase annotations. Cell-type association showed a midbrain dopaminergic-GABAergic gradient along the psychotic factor. BD's genetic architecture appears hierarchical-a general liability resolving into dimensions of course and comorbidity, beyond subtypes.},
}

@article {pmid42702788,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, S and Liu, Y and Wang, J and Zhang, R and Wang, Y and Jiang, H and Li, S and Li, T and Pan, G},
title = {EEG Biomarkers for Affective Disorders Diagnosis: An Evaluation and Validation Study.},
journal = {Human brain mapping},
volume = {47},
number = {13},
pages = {e70628},
pmid = {42702788},
issn = {1097-0193},
support = {2021ZD0200400//STI 2030 Major Projects/ ; 62476240//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; LZ24F020004//the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Electroencephalography/methods/standards ; Female ; Adult ; *Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis ; *Schizophrenia/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Male ; Biomarkers ; *Major Depressive Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis ; *Mood Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; *Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Electroencephalography (EEG) provides real-time, dynamic insights into brain function, making it a valuable tool for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of affective disorders. The use of EEG-derived features as biomarkers for affective disorder diagnosis has attracted growing attention. In this work, we introduce 25 commonly used EEG features and categorize them into four domains: time-domain, frequency-domain, complexity, and connectivity. Each feature captures distinct aspects of emotional processing and serves as a potential biomarker for diagnosing affective disorders. To evaluate their diagnostic utility, we analyzed two independent resting-state EEG datasets. The first dataset comprised 84 healthy controls, 62 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 43 patients with schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and 32 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), while the second included 28 healthy controls and 32 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). These features are extracted and used for classification, allowing us to identify biomarkers with strong discriminative power. Finally, we provide a comprehensive discussion on key issues in the field, including multimodal biomarker integration, challenges in EEG-based diagnosis, variability in classification results, and factors influencing EEG feature extraction.},
}

Humans
*Electroencephalography/methods/standards
Female
Adult
*Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis
*Schizophrenia/physiopathology/diagnosis
Male
Biomarkers
*Major Depressive Disorder/physiopathology/diagnosis
*Mood Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology
Middle Aged
*Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology/diagnosis
Young Adult

@article {pmid42702933,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, S and Zhen, Z and Lai, C and Huang, P and Sun, Z and Yang, T and Yu, F and Chen, W and Zuo, Z and Chen, W},
title = {Choroid Plexus Microstructural Alterations Link Glymphatic Dysfunction and White Matter Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease.},
journal = {CNS neuroscience & therapeutics},
volume = {32},
number = {9},
pages = {e71039},
pmid = {42702933},
issn = {1755-5949},
support = {524Z2Q31//7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Translational Medicine Center of Southwest Hospital/ ; 2023XQN31//the Special Project for Enhancing Technological Innovation Capability of Army Medical University/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging/pathology/complications/physiopathology ; Male ; *Choroid Plexus/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Aged ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Middle Aged ; *Glymphatic System/diagnostic imaging ; *White Matter/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Glymphatic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, both choroid plexus (CP) alterations and white matter abnormalities have been linked to glymphatic dysfunction. However, how CP microstructural abnormalities relate to glymphatic function, corpus callosum (CC) degeneration, and clinical impairment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations in PD.

METHODS: Eighty-one patients with idiopathic PD and eighty age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent MRI scanning. CP microstructural metrics (free water [FW], FW-corrected fractional anisotropy [FAFWcorr] and FW-corrected mean diffusivity [MDFWcorr]) were extracted, along with the diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index and CC subregional volumes. Group comparisons, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Patients with PD showed significantly higher CP FW and MDFWcorr values and a lower DTI-ALPS index than HC. Higher CP MDFWcorr was associated with worse motor symptoms and poorer cognitive performance after covariate adjustment. Mediation analysis suggested that the ALPS index mediated the associations between CP microstructural alterations and CC subregional volumes.

CONCLUSIONS: CP microstructural abnormalities were associated with DTI-ALPS alterations, CC degeneration, and clinical impairment in PD. FW-DTI metrics of the CP may provide useful imaging markers for characterizing CP-related changes in PD.},
}

Humans
Female
*Parkinson Disease/diagnostic imaging/pathology/complications/physiopathology
Male
*Choroid Plexus/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Aged
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Middle Aged
*Glymphatic System/diagnostic imaging
*White Matter/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid42703192,
year = {2026},
author = {Pang, Z and Li, Z and Xie, X and Shao, Y and Cui, H and Chen, X},
title = {A high-rate 480-target hybrid BCI system based on SSVEP and sEMG.},
journal = {Cognitive neurodynamics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {167},
pmid = {42703192},
issn = {1871-4080},
abstract = {In the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), a sufficiently high information transfer rate (ITR) serves as the prerequisite guarantee for the realization of practical application of electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCIs. Hybrid BCIs combining multiple biosignals with EEG can broaden the command set and improve ITR. We propose a hybrid BCI system combining surface electromyography (sEMG) and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which utilizes 120 flicker frequencies and 4 gesture movements to encode 480 targets. Moreover, high-density electrodes are used to acquire more EEG information. In the online experiment, the average classification accuracy achieved 84.55 ± 7.23%, with an average ITR of 260.07 ± 30.41 bits/min. In this study, an advanced high-performance hybrid BCI system is constructed. The size of command set of the proposed system is nearly identical to that of the state-of-the-art system with the maximum number of targets, and its performance also ranks among the top tier. This research provides technical advancements and a valuable reference for the implementation of BCI systems with large command sets.},
}

@article {pmid42705226,
year = {2026},
author = {Agnesi, F and Emedoli, D and Albano, L and Romeni, S and Gasperotti, F and Colombo, F and Pompeo, E and Sacco, M and Fossati, V and Ciucci, C and Toni, L and Losanno, E and Tettamanti, A and Alemanno, F and Brugliera, L and Castellazzi, P and Padul, JD and Barzaghi, LR and Mandelli, C and Mura, C and Caravati, H and Butera, C and Del Carro, U and Castellano, A and Falini, A and Carpaneto, J and Proietti, T and Shokur, S and Agosta, F and Filippi, M and Iannaccone, S and Mortini, P and Micera, S},
title = {Restoring locomotion in motor-complete spinal cord injury via trunk-mediated control using a commercial epidural spinal cord stimulator.},
journal = {Med (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101273},
doi = {10.1016/j.medj.2026.101273},
pmid = {42705226},
issn = {2666-6340},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation is emerging as a novel approach to restore movement in patients affected by spinal cord injury. Recent advances have shown restoration of locomotion in patients with complete motor lesions using sophisticated new systems including a brain machine interface. Despite the great potential, this approach is hindered by the inherent complexity and absence of approvals for clinical use.

METHODS: Here, we tested a novel strategy to restore locomotion in patients with motor-complete spinal cord injury using voluntary trunk movements to modulate the motor output produced by a commercially available epidural spinal cord stimulator.

FINDINGS: Four participants with thoracic AIS A-B injuries gained volitional modulation of stimulation-enabled movement without external interfaces or brain decoding, achieving standing and walking over four months of rehabilitation. The approach transformed passive stimulation into self-initiated movement, enabling functional mobility.

CONCLUSIONS: This simple and potentially scalable method successfully leverages clinically available spinal cord stimulators to allow locomotion even in patients unable to produce voluntary contractions below the lesion, advancing accessible neuromodulation for motor-complete spinal cord injury.

FUNDING: This work was funded by Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Boston Scientific Spa, Fondazione Cariplo, Bertarelli Foundation, #NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU), and the Ministry of University and Research (MUR).},
}

@article {pmid42705454,
year = {2026},
author = {Wagner, A and Goldberg, M and Eisenkolb, VM and Altawalbeh, G and Albrecht, C and Kram, L and Ohlerth, AK and Zhang, H and Gempt, J and Krieg, SM and Meyer, B and Negwer, C},
title = {Preoperative navigated TMS workflow for intracortical BCI implantation in post-stroke aphasia: a case report.},
journal = {Brain stimulation},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {103204},
doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2026.103204},
pmid = {42705454},
issn = {1876-4754},
}

@article {pmid42705844,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, Q and Yang, MX and Zhang, QQ and Li, YQ and Wang, ZQ},
title = {Efficacy and Durability of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {e70199},
doi = {10.1111/psyg.70199},
pmid = {42705844},
issn = {1479-8301},
support = {2022ZD0208506//STI 2030-Major Projects/ ; 82201628//National Natural Sciencen Foundation of China/ ; U24A20274//National Natural Sciencen Foundation of China/ ; S23042//SiChuan Province Medical Research Project Program/ ; 513//2024 Annual Specialized Research Project on Traditional Chinese Medicine of SiChuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease/therapy/psychology ; *Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods ; *Cognition/physiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Cognitive Enhancement ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Aged ; },
abstract = {Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown potential for improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though findings remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and durability of rTMS in patients with mild to moderate AD and explored potential moderating factors. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing active rTMS with sham stimulation were identified through systematic searches of major databases. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges' g, with random-effects models applied. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Five RCTs (N = 143) were included in the primary analysis. rTMS showed a small-to-moderate improvement in MMSE scores (g = 0.41, 95% CI [0.06, 0.75], p = 0.021, I[2] = 6.5%). Excluding two studies with methodological concerns yielded a similar effect (g = 0.46), though with wider confidence intervals. Sensitivity analysis including studies with change scores confirmed the robustness of results (g = 0.48). Given the limited number of studies (k < 10), formal publication bias tests and trim-and-fill adjustment were not applied, in line with current methodological guidance. Notably, all five studies employed excitatory stimulation protocols (high-frequency rTMS or iTBS), with four of five targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggesting that excitatory stimulation of key cognitive network hubs represents the most consistent evidence base to date. Meta-regression identified treatment duration as a significant moderator (β = -0.193, p = 0.034), suggesting shorter, more intensive protocols may be more effective. Follow-up analyses indicated a nonsignificant trend towards sustained benefits (g = 0.25), while time-trend analysis demonstrated a stable overall effect (g = 0.38). In conclusion, rTMS provides modest cognitive benefits in mild to moderate AD, with excitatory protocols targeting the left DLPFC showing the most consistent efficacy and treatment duration influencing outcomes. However, evidence remains limited, highlighting the need for larger, standardised, multi-centre trials with long-term follow-up.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease/therapy/psychology
*Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods
*Cognition/physiology
Treatment Outcome
Cognitive Enhancement
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Aged

@article {pmid42705914,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruan, J and Ma, C and Qiao, Y and Dong, X and Qiu, M and Klar, P and Wang, J and Fan, L and Northoff, G and Liu, N},
title = {Evolutionary Reorganization of the Self-Processing Network Across Primates.},
journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0439-26.2026},
pmid = {42705914},
issn = {1529-2401},
abstract = {Understanding the evolutionary origins of the structural substrates underlying self-processing is central to elucidating the neural basis of human cognition. Although self-related behaviors differ markedly across primates, the extent to which the underlying neural architecture is conserved or reorganized remains unclear. Here, we investigated shared and species-specific characteristics of the self-processing network (SPN) across humans (n = 46, 19 males), chimpanzees (n = 46, 18 males), and macaques (n = 43, 22 males) using a comparative connectomic framework. We mapped a meta-analysis-derived human SPN onto nonhuman primates within a shared homologous connectivity space defined by conserved white-matter tracts. We compared local microstructural properties and gene expression signatures between humans and macaques, and further included chimpanzees as an intermediate evolutionary reference for large-scale structural connectivity. SPN regions exhibited highly similar myelin-sensitive contrast profiles in humans and macaques, accompanied by shared expression patterns of related genes, which were also enriched for human-accelerated brain genes. Large-scale connectivity revealed pronounced species differences, with chimpanzees occupying an intermediate position between humans and macaques. Importantly, evolutionary modifications of the SPN were domain-specific: Interoceptive-processing subnetworks showed greater similarity between macaques and chimpanzees; Exteroceptive-processing subnetworks showed closer correspondence between chimpanzees and humans; and Mental-self-processing subnetworks exhibited greater interspecies differentiation. Moreover, these changes were accompanied by a progressive reorganization of network hubs from insular regions in macaques to cingulate regions in humans. Together, these findings reveal a scale-dependent evolutionary organization of SPN structural substrates and provide a framework for understanding the conservation and reorganization of self-processing architectures across primates.Significance Statement Self is a central construct in cognition, yet its neural evolution remains poorly understood. By comparing local biological features between humans and macaques and using chimpanzees as an intermediate reference for structural connectivity, this study reveals a scale-dependent dissociation in the reorganization of self-processing network (SPN) structural substrates across primates. Local microstructural and transcriptional features of the SPN are highly conserved between humans and macaques, whereas large-scale network architecture is selectively and nonuniformly reorganized. This reorganization follows domain-specific patterns that diverge from whole-brain evolutionary trends and is accompanied by systematic shifts in network hub organization. These findings provide a framework for understanding how neural architectures associated with human self-processing may have emerged from conserved primate brain systems.},
}

@article {pmid42698736,
year = {2026},
author = {Gao, J and Hu, J and Chai, Y and Ning, W},
title = {A study on Chinese college students' acceptance of brain-computer interface technology and its underlying logic-an empirical analysis based on the extended UTAUT model.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1884532},
pmid = {42698736},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the acceptance and influencing factors of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology among Chinese college students based on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model.

METHODS: A questionnaire survey was administered to 800 students recruited from 10 universities across eastern, central, and western China using a convergent mixed-methods design. Additionally, 40 students were selected for semi-structured in-depth interviews. We analyzed the quantitative data using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and the qualitative data using thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Teacher support (β = 0.337, p < 0.001), personal innovativeness (β = 0.219, p < 0.001), and effort expectancy (β = 0.156, p < 0.001) were positively associated with behavioral intention, while social influence showed a smaller, marginally significant association (β = 0.121, p = 0.049). Neither performance expectancy nor facilitating conditions turned out to be significant predictors, and neuroethical concerns did not reach significance either (β = -0.044). The model still accounted for a substantial 62.6% of the variance in behavioral intention (R[2] = 0.626). On the qualitative side, four broad barrier categories emerged from the data: privacy anxiety, technological unfamiliarity, insufficient institutional readiness, and the absence of ethical review.

CONCLUSION: The findings reveal that BCI technology acceptance follows a distinct psychological mechanism from traditional IT. Teacher support, rather than performance expectancy, emerges as the strongest predictor. Four main barriers were identified: privacy anxiety, technological unfamiliarity, insufficient institutional readiness, and the absence of ethical review. The study expands the UTAUT framework for neurotechnology applications in higher education and provides evidence-based recommendations for implementation.},
}

@article {pmid42698799,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, R and Bian, S and Deng, Y and Wei, X and Yang, S and Liu, Y and Chen, J},
title = {A group brain-controlled method for UAVs using a hybrid paradigm of hand movements and visual evoked potentials.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurorobotics},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1858496},
pmid = {42698799},
issn = {1662-5218},
abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are among the most prominent communication technologies that establish a direct channel for information exchange between the brain and external devices. They have been extensively applied in the field of aerospace. However, traditional BCI technology faces challenges, including a limited number of brain control commands and insufficient recognition accuracy in electroencephalography (EEG) decoding. These limitations make it difficult for traditional BCIs to perform complex tasks with high accuracy. Therefore, this study proposed a novel group BCI (G-BCI) system and further constructed a brain-machine shared control method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm control. First, a novel G-BCI paradigm combining precise hand movements and visual evoked potentials was designed. Moreover, an improved multi-domain feature fusion convolutional neural network (MDFF-CNN) was employed to decode EEG and electromyography (EMG) signals from precise hand movements, while a Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns with Canonical Correlation Analysis (FBCCA) method was used for Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) decoding. Furthermore, a task-driven shared control model mapping the G-BCI system and the leader-follower UAV swarm control strategy was proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, eight participants were recruited to conduct both offline and online experiments. The proposed G-BCI system achieved an offline accuracy of 88.91 ± 5.06% and an online accuracy of 88.89 ± 1.96%. All the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.},
}

@article {pmid42699697,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiong, Y and Zhu, Z and Shen, C and Deng, W and Cheng, Y},
title = {Heart-Brain Axis Dysregulation in Depression: Mechanisms and Implications for Neuromodulation.},
journal = {Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment},
volume = {22},
number = {},
pages = {623896},
pmid = {42699697},
issn = {1176-6328},
abstract = {Major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder involving dysregulation of the heart-brain axis (HBA). Mounting evidence links impaired HBA signaling to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Emerging data indicate that neuromodulation-mediated autonomic alterations correlate with depressive symptom remission. Although neuromodulatory therapies are widely deployed clinically, HBA-based biomarkers remain experimental, and no consistent physiological predictors of treatment response have been established to date. This review summarizes HBA dysfunction in depression across neural, biochemical, and mechanical pathways, integrating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. We critically evaluate recent advances in leveraging these pathways to optimize neuromodulation strategies. Emerging evidence suggests that certain neuromodulation approaches-including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and deep brain stimulation (DBS)-may modulate heart-brain axis function. It has been hypothesized that such modulation could represent a physiological pathway contributing to mood improvement, providing a rationale for a heart-oriented framework in neuromodulation research. However, the clinical utility of this framework and its underlying biomarkers remain to be established through rigorous long-term investigations. By bridging the conventional conceptual divide between psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases, this review offers a systems-level perspective on neuromodulation efficacy and highlights the potential of HBA-related biomarkers for assessing pathological states and guiding treatment strategies in depression and other psychosomatic conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42700673,
year = {2026},
author = {Sun, Y and Xing, Y and He, Y and Zhou, J and Gong, Z and Zhu, P and Zhong, Z},
title = {Cycle-dependent mechanical behavior of individual muscles in soft-bodied organisms revealed by scanning probe microscopy.},
journal = {Journal of biomechanics},
volume = {207},
number = {},
pages = {113556},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2026.113556},
pmid = {42700673},
issn = {1873-2380},
abstract = {Soft-bodied organisms offer a fertile ground for uncovering fundamental principles of locomotion, yet direct mechanical access to their microscale muscles has remained elusive due to their fragility, compliance, and limited experimental accessibility. Here, we introduce a single-axis in situ tensile framework based on scanning probe microscopy (SPM), enabling direct cyclic stress-stretch measurements of individual muscles in Drosophila larvae with high spatial and force resolution. We reveal that these microscale muscles exhibit a distinctive cycle-dependent mechanical response, characterized by evolving J-shaped nonlinearity, progressive hysteresis modulation, and stiffness adaptation during repeated loading. Remarkably, this behavior is quantitatively captured by a minimal pseudo-elastic model, which links the observed hysteresis evolution to energy dissipation and potential structural adaptation at the sarcomeric scale. These findings provide new insights into the intrinsic passive mechanics of soft-bodied locomotion and establish a high-resolution experimental framework for investigating the mechanical behavior of biological soft tissues.},
}

@article {pmid42700720,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Wu, X and Dong, S and Zheng, L and Pan, L and Zhan, L and Xiao, H and Yang, L and Wang, X and Ma, H and Xu, H and Pan, B and Wang, L and Wang, H},
title = {ERK-dependent hyperexcitability of BLA neurons projecting to dCA3 underlies social dysfunction in a male mouse model of fragile X syndrome.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {132},
number = {},
pages = {106478},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106478},
pmid = {42700720},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social dysfunction is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including fragile X syndrome (FXS), but its underlying neural circuits and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous studies have implicated the amygdala and hippocampus in social behaviour, yet the specific pathways and signalling events linking genetic deficits to behavioural dysfunction have not been fully delineated.

METHODS: Using activity-dependent c-Fos mapping, fibre photometry, closed-loop optogenetics, pharmacological inhibition, and shRNA-mediated knockdown, we investigated the role of the BLA-dCA3 projection and ERK signalling in male Fmr1 KO mice, complemented by re-analysis of human ASD snRNA-seq data and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

FINDINGS: We found that BLA-dCA3 projecting neurons are aberrantly hyperactivated in Fmr1 KO mice during interactions with both novel and familiar mice, and that closed-loop activation of this pathway in WT mice during familiar interaction impairs social discrimination, whereas its inhibition in KO mice rescues the deficit. Additionally, ERK signalling is upregulated in the BLA of both patients with ASD and Fmr1 KO mice; knocking down FMR1 in the adult BLA recapitulates both the social deficit and ERK hyperactivation, while pharmacological ERK inhibition rescues social behaviour and normalises neuronal hyperexcitability.

INTERPRETATION: These findings pinpoint the BLA-dCA3 circuit and BLA-specific ERK signalling as critical mediators of social discrimination deficits in FXS. Our study establishes a causal link from FMRP loss to circuit dysfunction and ERK pathway dysregulation, and suggests that targeting this pathway may offer a promising strategy for treating social dysfunction in ASD and FXS.

FUNDING: This work was supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD0214701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171014, 31970940, and 32500889), Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute (010904018), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LMS25C090004).},
}

@article {pmid42701577,
year = {2026},
author = {Sah, NKP and Rathi, H and Gangwar, S and Tiwari, R and Saxena, S and Singh, P},
title = {Neuroplasticity-driven technology-Assisted physiotherapy in cerebral dysfunction: A review of current evidence and clinical applications.},
journal = {Bioinformation},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {3534-3538},
pmid = {42701577},
issn = {0973-2063},
abstract = {Long-term motor and functional disability following cerebral dysfunction remains a major global rehabilitation challenge despite advances in conventional physiotherapy approaches. Therefore, it is of interest to synthesise existing evidence on neuroplasticity and technology- based physiotherapy interventions for cerebral dysfunction and to evaluate their mechanistic foundations, clinical effectiveness and translational potential. Technology-based modalities such as robotic exoskeletons, VR systems, BCIs and non-invasive neuro-stimulation enhance cortical reorganisation, motor relearning and functional independence compared with traditional physiotherapy. Neuroplasticity- driven and technology-assisted physiotherapy represent a paradigm shift in the management of cerebral dysfunction, as evidenced by large- scale randomised controlled trials. Technology-assisted physiotherapy increases the neurorehabilitation outcomes regarding stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy.},
}

@article {pmid42701919,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, X and Liu, C and Pang, M and Shi, Z and Ming, D and Liu, X},
title = {Blood-Brain Barrier Regulation: Evolving From Classic Strategies to Electrochemical Ion and Reactive Oxygen Species Control.},
journal = {Advanced healthcare materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e71685},
doi = {10.1002/adhm.71685},
pmid = {42701919},
issn = {2192-2659},
support = {ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-H15//Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty/ ; 82472098//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 24JCJQJC00250//Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Project/ ; 25JCLMJC00030//General Program/ ; 24ZXZSSS00510//Major Science and Technology Special Projects and Engineering-Major Project of National Key Laboratories/ ; 2025YFE0214400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 24HHNJSS00003//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 24HHNJSS00005//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 24HHNJSS00010//Autonomous Project of Haihe Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interaction and Human-Machine Integration/ ; 2024-JKCS-16//Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; },
abstract = {The blood-brain barrier (BBB), while indispensable for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, constitutes the principal impediment to effective therapeutic delivery for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly hindering spatially resolved modulation of extracellular ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the neural microenvironment. Contemporary electrochemical methodologies have emerged as a paradigm shift for dynamically reconciling these dual parameters, thereby enabling targeted neuroregulation. Critical review of this field reveals a distinct evolution from passive physiological interventions to active electrochemical engineering approaches. Current research, however, encounters persistent translational barriers including insufficient spatiotemporal resolution in neural interfaces, incomplete mechanistic understanding of ROS-ionic crosstalk, and scalability limitations of nanoscale delivery systems. To transcend these limitations, the synergistic convergence of electrochemical platforms with machine learning (ML)-guided predictive analytics, near-infrared (NIR) phototherapy, and biocompatible nanocarrier-mediated delivery systems constitutes a strategic imperative in next-generation neurotherapeutic development. Such interdisciplinary convergence is not merely incremental but rather a fundamental prerequisite for realizing clinically translatable neural microenvironment modulation.},
}

@article {pmid42702607,
year = {2026},
author = {Teng, T and Wenliang, LK and Zhang, H},
title = {Human learning of probability distributions is biased toward moderate structural complexity.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42702607},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {32171095//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32471152//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2022ZD0204800//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; *Learning/physiology ; Probability ; Female ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Adult ; Cognition/physiology ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Inferring hidden environmental structures, which commonly involves learning arbitrary probability distributions from limited samples, is essential to optimal and adaptive behaviors across various cognitive domains. However, it remains largely unknown how the internal representations constructed by humans may deviate from actual probabilistic structures, and what computational processes, operated under inherent cognitive limitations, give rise to these representations. We first develop a structured distribution report task to reveal human participants' internal representations, with findings verified in a further distribution recognition task. Across eight behavioral experiments (including one pre-registered study) in two modalities, participants estimate the overall probability density reasonably well, but exhibit a systematic bias toward moderate structural complexity, reporting too many clusters when the true distribution is a single Gaussian and too few when it contains many clusters. We then build a series of learning models in the framework of approximate Bayesian inference fit to our behavioral data. Through model comparisons, we reconstruct the prior beliefs guiding the evolution of participants' internal representations. The best-fitting model for human reports reduces structure growth rate as complexity increases, effectively constraining the complexity of internal representations within memory limitations.},
}

Humans
Bayes Theorem
*Learning/physiology
Probability
Female
Male
Memory/physiology
Adult
Cognition/physiology
Young Adult

@article {pmid42695982,
year = {2026},
author = {Feldman, AK and Kacker, K and Yun, R and Chetty, N and Bennett, J and Yoo, PE and Nogueira, RG and Collinger, JL and Opie, NL and Oxley, TJ and Putrino, DF and Weber, DJ},
title = {Preserving Motor Features by Alternative Re-Referencing to Remove Heart Artifact on the Stentrode.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e76647},
pmid = {42695982},
issn = {2198-3844},
abstract = {Vascular electrocorticography (vECoG) has shown great promise as a less-invasive alternative to penetrating electrode arrays for neural signal acquisition. This study investigates the signal quality of the Stentrode device, a leading vECoG platform, by contrasting artifact persistence with the preservation of low frequency motor cortical activity. Typical (re-)referencing schemes, including a monopolar stent-mounted reference, a common average reference, and a Laplacian reference, are shown to significantly reduce the presence of electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts compared to a distal monopolar reference. However, resting state beta activity is also significantly diminished when employing these techniques. By using Band-Limited Independent Component Analysis (BL-ICA), a type of spatial filter that allows weighting of the noise on each electrode differently, ECG artifacts are easily separated from vECoG recordings. With this cleaning methodology, signals are reconstructed without the ECG component and the reduction in cross-channel correlation is evaluated, as well as the increase in relative entropy between rest and go distributions. To ensure that low-frequency motor features are preserved, beta bursts features are evaluated in both the source space and reconstructed signal space. BL-ICA is an effective technique to remove widespread ECG artifacts while maintaining typical motor-related features in beta band activity.},
}

@article {pmid42696468,
year = {2026},
author = {Tates, A and Matran-Fernandez, A and Halder, S and Daly, I},
title = {Decoding speech imagery or just noise?: a symptom of the replicability crisis.},
journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/aea294},
pmid = {42696468},
issn = {1741-2552},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Speech Imagery (SI) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) control, attracting growing interest due to its intuitive nature--allowing users to interact with the system by internally saying a command. In this study, we investigate the replicability and reproducibility of SI decoding methods. These two aspects are critical in BCI research, where prior literature has highlighted that many studies suffer from incomplete methodological reporting or flawed evaluation procedures, making reproduction difficult. The inherent variability of brain signals further complicates the replication of results. Evaluating the reproducibility of SI decoding approaches is therefore essential to assess the true feasibility of SI as a viable BCI paradigm.

APPROACH: To assess reproducibility, we selected two of the most widely used open-access SI datasets and attempted to reproduce four published decoding pipelines for each dataset. We followed each implementation step-by-step, documented missing or ambiguous information, detailed how we addressed it, and compared our decoding results to those originally reported. To assess replicability, we applied standard decoding pipelines across different timefrequency configurations to three open SI datasets and our own collected dataset. For context and validation, we conducted the same procedure on four publicly available and widely used motor imagery (MI) datasets.

MAIN RESULTS: All evaluated SI studies contained some form of missing methodological detail, and others did not include cross-validation procedures. Our reproduction attempts consistently yielded lower classification accuracies than originally reported, with discrepancies ranging from 2 to 39% (x = 11.25 ± 12.41%). In the replication analysis, we found no consistent time-frequency patterns across SI datasets. Furthermore, only 36% of SI participants achieved classification accuracies above statistical significance thresholds, compared to 91% of the participants in MI datasets. Significance . This is the first comprehensive assessment of both reproducibility and replicability in SI decoding. Our findings raise important concerns about the reliability of current SI research and suggest that the feasibility of SI as a practical BCI paradigm may have been overestimated.},
}

@article {pmid42692887,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, W and Chu, C and Li, W and Fan, L and Li, S and Cheng, L and Song, M and Wang, H and Dong, Z and Di, S and Zhong, Y and Ma, Y and Jiang, W and Li, K and Liu, Q and Zhao, B and Zhang, Y and Jiang, T},
title = {Dynamic embeddedness within the structural connectome characterizes macroscale functional organization of the human brain.},
journal = {Science bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.scib.2026.08.060},
pmid = {42692887},
issn = {2095-9281},
}

@article {pmid42693255,
year = {2026},
author = {Chugh, P and Dhillod, S and Singh, N and Bidhan, DS and Sharma, V and Singh, M},
title = {Impact of temperature-humidity index and microclimatic modifications on behavioral responses and buffalo comfort index in lactating Murrah buffaloes.},
journal = {Tropical animal health and production},
volume = {58},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {42693255},
issn = {1573-7438},
mesh = {Animals ; *Buffaloes/physiology ; Female ; *Microclimate ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Humidity ; Lactation ; *Temperature ; *Housing, Animal ; India ; *Animal Husbandry/methods ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microclimatic modifications on the behavior of Murrah buffaloes under summer conditions in order to mitigate these effects. The research was carried out at the buffalo farm of the Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India, between August and October 2024. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were allocated into three treatment groups, each consisting of six animals, within a loose housing system: (T1) Concrete flooring with corrugated asbestos roofing (control); (T2) Concrete flooring with 50 mm thick glass wool on the false ceiling and white paint on the upper side of the roof; (T3) Concrete flooring with 70 mm thick expanded polyethylene sheet on the ceiling and white paint on the upper side of the roof. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microclimatic changes on the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and behavioral responses of Murrah buffaloes. THI levels were significantly reduced in both T2 and T3 treatment groups. Behavioral observations indicated an increase in lying time, sitting time, and time spent in covered areas during T2, whereas standing time, time in open areas, and aggressive behaviors were diminished in treatments with microclimatic modifications. The Buffalo Comfort Index (BCI) was highest in the T2 group, followed by the T3 group. THI exhibited a strong positive correlation with time spent in open areas, while showing a negative correlation with time spent in covered areas and the buffalo comfort index (BCI). In summary, the implementation of microclimatic modifications, specifically the use of glass wool and expanded polyethylene sheets, in conjunction with white paint on the roof, effectively mitigated heat stress, enhanced thermal comfort, and improved the overall behavioral response of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Based on these findings, we recommend the adoption of glass wool insulation (50 mm thickness) combined with white-painted roofing as an effective heat stress mitigation strategy for dairy buffaloes in tropical loose housing systems, particularly during summer months.},
}

Animals
*Buffaloes/physiology
Female
*Microclimate
*Behavior, Animal
*Humidity
Lactation
*Temperature
*Housing, Animal
India
*Animal Husbandry/methods

@article {pmid42694198,
year = {2026},
author = {Scheppink, HA and Herpers, R and Thielen, J and Volosyak, I},
title = {Beyond flickering: introducing code-modulated motion visual evoked potentials for brain-computer interfacing.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroergonomics},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1884144},
pmid = {42694198},
issn = {2673-6195},
abstract = {This study presents a novel code-modulated motion visual evoked potential (c-MVEP) paradigm for brain-computer interfacing (BCI). To avoid the visual discomfort and fatigue often associated with traditional flickering stimuli, this paradigm uses pseudo-random sequences to visually stimulate objects using motion. We conducted offline and online experiments, to investigate signal characteristics and evaluate practical feasibility, respectively. In the offline experiment, EEG data were recorded and compared during sequential stimulation of a single target under four conditions: c-MVEP, code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP), steady-state motion visual evoked potential (SSMVEP), and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). The c-MVEP evoked similar temporal and broadband spectral responses as c-VEP, with a comparable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), although c-MVEP responses were more focused in the lower frequency range. While SSMVEP and SSVEP both showed clear harmonic oscillations, SSVEP yielded higher SNRs. Spatially, both motion-based stimulations peaked at Oz but spread across multiple electrodes, whereas both flicker-based stimulations were more localized at Oz. In the online experiment, we evaluated a four-target BCI using the same four conditions, testing the practical feasibility of the c-MVEP paradigm. The c-MVEP BCI reached a mean accuracy of 85.67% with an average selection time of 2.61 s, which was significantly lower than c-VEP (97.81%; 1.15 s) and SSVEP (93.42%; 1.94 s), but significantly higher than SSMVEP (64.91%; 4.18 s). The subjective ratings revealed no clear preference between the motion- and flicker-based paradigms, indicating comparable user comfort. Overall, this study demonstrates the strong potential of the newly proposed c-MVEP paradigm. By providing an effective, non-flickering alternative to traditional c-VEP and SSVEP, c-MVEP offers a highly viable approach for user-friendly BCI applications.},
}

@article {pmid42694671,
year = {2026},
author = {Tao, R and Duan, C and Zhang, YP},
title = {Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke sensorimotor loop restoration.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1882653},
pmid = {42694671},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Stroke recovery is increasingly understood as a process shaped by disrupted interactions among motor intention, descending motor output, peripheral movement, and sensory feedback, rather than by motor weakness alone. After stroke, residual motor intention may not be effectively translated into spinal motor output, peripheral movement may be too limited to provide sufficient sensory feedback, and compensatory network recruitment may not always support efficient motor control. Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces offer a mechanistically motivated approach to this problem by detecting motor imagery, motor attempt, or sensorimotor rhythms in real time and translating these signals into contingent functional electrical stimulation, robotic assistance, virtual reality, multisensory feedback, or neuromodulation. By partially restoring the temporal coupling between detected motor intention, assisted or stimulated movement, and sensory feedback, these systems are hypothesized to promote activity-dependent plasticity, reinforce sensorimotor circuits, and modulate distributed motor, sensory, attentional, and interhemispheric networks. In this review, we synthesize the neurobiological basis, recovery mechanisms, implementation strategies, and emerging predictive biomarkers of closed-loop brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke sensorimotor rehabilitation. Although closed-loop brain-computer interfaces show promise for selected patients, treatment effects remain heterogeneous and depend on patient characteristics, decodability of motor-related brain signals, intervention dose, feedback modality, and trial design. Future progress will require mechanism-informed patient stratification, adaptive decoding, individualized feedback, standardized outcomes, and real-world validation.},
}

@article {pmid42695250,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, X and Zeng, X and Li, C and Hu, D and Tanigawa, H},
title = {Evaluating a Transparent Cranial Window for In Vivo Observation of µECoG Arrays on the Macaque Visual Cortex.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {25},
number = {8},
pages = {52601},
doi = {10.31083/JIN52601},
pmid = {42695250},
issn = {0219-6352},
support = {B2504002//Shenzhen Medical Research Fund/ ; 31872776//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Visual Cortex/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; *Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; *Electrocorticography/methods/instrumentation/standards ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-density micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) provides the spatiotemporal resolution necessary to probe columnar-level cortical architecture. However, chronic multimodal interfacing is fundamentally challenged by aggressive post-surgical tissue responses that rapidly obscure optical access, in addition to localization uncertainties due to brain shift. In this study, established a transparent cranial window interface on the macaque visual cortex. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we primarily focused on assessing strategies to mitigate dural tissue regrowth and documenting the inherent biological complications (e.g., hemorrhage), while exploring the potential for direct, in vivo visual localization of µECoG arrays.

METHODS: A custom transparent chamber assembly integrated with a 64-channel µECoG array was implanted in the visual cortex of two rhesus macaques (n = 2). We compared two dural interface designs-a floating Tecoflex sheet versus a bonded silicone ring-to optimize optical clarity and interface stability. Physical stability of the electrodes relative to vascular landmarks was quantified. Electrophysiological performance was longitudinally evaluated using impedance monitoring, visual evoked potentials, and support vector machine (SVM) neural decoding to discriminate between red-green and black-white grating stimuli, with statistical significance assessed via bootstrap tests.

RESULTS: Regarding the biological and electrical interfaces, while long-term optical maintenance proved challenging due to tissue regrowth or hemorrhage, the bonded silicone ring design effectively mitigated peripheral tissue invasion. Electrophysiologically, array performance captured the dynamic biological transitions of the interface. Stable impedance profiles and statistically significant gamma-band (30-80 Hz) responses-modulating from initial widespread coverage (up to 100%) to restricted subsets (e.g., 16% at five months)-alongside robust SVM classification accuracy (p < 0.001) were tracked longitudinally. Additionally, as a preliminary observation in a single subject, the transparent window permitted the precise identification of electrode positions relative to cortical vasculature, revealing minor physical displacements (median = 0.20 mm) within the initial two weeks post-implantation.

CONCLUSIONS: Comparing two dural interface designs highlights the mechanical and biological trade-offs required for chronic optical access, emphasizing that optimizing the mechanical compliance of the dural seal is a critical consideration for long-term multimodal interfaces. Furthermore, this interface shows the potential to overcome conventional localization limitations through early-stage visual co-registration. Although maintaining permanent optical clarity remains a fundamental challenge due to aggressive tissue responses, the system supports longitudinal high-density recording, providing a critical platform for multimodal studies bridging macroscopic network dynamics and microscopic cellular activity.},
}

Animals
*Visual Cortex/physiology
Macaca mulatta
*Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology
*Electrocorticography/methods/instrumentation/standards
Electrodes, Implanted
Male

@article {pmid42686077,
year = {2026},
author = {Mu, Y and Pan, Z and Zhao, H and Huang, X and Zhang, N and Xu, Z and Yang, B and He, Q and Yang, X and Luo, P and Yan, H},
title = {Tannic acid protects against lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting cathepsin activity and repairing lysosomal membrane permeabilization.},
journal = {Toxicology and applied pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {118028},
doi = {10.1016/j.taap.2026.118028},
pmid = {42686077},
issn = {1096-0333},
abstract = {Lapatinib is an important targeted drug used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. However, its hepatotoxicity restricts its clinical efficacy. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of lapatinib's hepatotoxicity. Through in vivo models, we found that lapatinib treatment led to significant increases in serum ALT/AST levels and pathological damage to liver tissue in mice. It also induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis in AML12 liver cells in vitro. Furthermore, this study revealed that lapatinib causes damage to both the mitochondria and the lysosomes. This led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and blocked mitochondrial autophagy, resulting in cathepsin leakage into the cytoplasm. Based on these findings, we discovered that the FDA-approved food additive tannic acid (TA) as a cathepsin inhibitor can effectively protect liver cells and alleviate liver damage in mice without affecting lapatinib's ability to kill SKBR3 breast cancer cells. This study has revealed a new mechanism of lapatinib hepatotoxicity involving the lysosome for the first time, providing a new target and an experimental basis for developing selective liver protection strategies in clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid42686758,
year = {2026},
author = {Barbier, E and Höglund, L and Xu, L and Salem, NA and Osterndorff-Kahanek, EA and Barchiesi, R and Lacorte, A and Fenno, LE and Messing, RO and Mayfield, RD and Heilig, M},
title = {Identification and validation of central amygdala FGFR1 as a therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder using single-nucleus sequencing in rats.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42686758},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {2013-07434//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2019-01138//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2022-06568//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; 2024-02537//Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)/ ; K00AA029955//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AA012404//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; U01AA020926//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; K00AA029955 (NAS)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AA012404(RDM)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; U01AA020926(RDM)//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; AA013520//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)/ ; AA028807//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism/drug effects ; Rats ; *Alcoholism/genetics/metabolism/drug therapy ; Neurons/metabolism/drug effects ; Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism ; Self Administration ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ethanol/administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {A significant minority of alcohol users develop alcohol addiction, characterized by continued use despite negative consequences, referred to as compulsive-like. We previously showed that vulnerability to compulsive-like alcohol use can be modeled in rats using punished alcohol self-administration and in male rats is mediated by PKCδ+ neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Here, we used cell-type-specific transcriptomics to identify molecular mechanisms underlying individual differences in this behavior. Transcriptional changes were restricted to a limited number of CeA neuronal populations, including PKCδ+ neurons, where weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified an upregulated co-expression module in punishment-resistant rats with FGFR1 as a druggable upstream regulator. Selective silencing of FgfR1 in PKCδ+ neurons normalized elevated PKCδ+ expression, and reduced punishment-resistant alcohol self-administration. This effect was recapitulated by systemic administration of the FgfR1-antagonist PD173074. These findings identify distinct CeA circuits that promote addiction vulnerability, and position FGFR1 as potential therapeutic targets.},
}

Animals
Male
*Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors
*Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/metabolism/drug effects
Rats
*Alcoholism/genetics/metabolism/drug therapy
Neurons/metabolism/drug effects
Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism
Self Administration
Disease Models, Animal
Ethanol/administration & dosage
Pyrimidines/pharmacology