@article {pmid40565514,
year = {2025},
author = {Roque-Ramírez, B and Ríos-López, KE and López-Hernández, LB},
title = {Decoding Neuromuscular Disorders: The Complex Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Regulators.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {16},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40565514},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Humans ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Neuromuscular Diseases/genetics ; DNA Methylation/genetics ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and muscular dystrophies (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD), are primarily driven by genetic mutations but are critically modulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA activity. These epigenetic processes contribute to phenotypic variability and disease progression, and emerging evidence suggests that environmental factors, particularly nutrition and exercise, may further influence the molecular pathways that modulate these diseases. Dietary bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids) exhibit epigenetic modulatory properties, which could mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle degeneration in NMDs. For example, the inhibition of DNMTs and HDACs by curcumin in ALS models and the promyogenic effects of green tea catechins in DMD suggest plausible, though still requiring investigation, therapeutic avenues. However, the clinical application of nutriepigenetic interventions is preliminary and requires further validation. This review examines the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors in ALS, SMA, and muscular dystrophies, highlighting their combined role in the heterogeneity of these diseases. Integrative therapeutic strategies combining gene therapies, epigenetic modulators, and lifestyle interventions may offer a multidimensional approach to the management of NMD. A deeper understanding of these interactions will be essential for advancing precision medicine and improving patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Epigenesis, Genetic
*Neuromuscular Diseases/genetics
DNA Methylation/genetics
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics
Animals

@article {pmid40565135,
year = {2025},
author = {Bono, N and Fruzzetti, F and Farinazzo, G and Candiani, G and Marcuzzo, S},
title = {Perspectives in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Biomarkers, Omics, and Gene Therapy Informing Disease and Treatment.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {40565135},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {//Italian Ministry of Health (RRC)/ ; T4-AN-09 prog. ZRPOS2//CALabria HUB per Ricerca Innovativa ed Avanzata- CALHUB.RIA "Creazione di Hub delle Sci-enze della Vita"/ ; ZRA124//AriSLA foundation, "Bulb-Omics"/ ; PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12377336//the European Union - Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2 - Investment 2.1 Enhancement and strengthening of biomedical research in the NHS/ ; },
mesh = {*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/genetics/diagnosis/metabolism ; Humans ; *Genetic Therapy/methods ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; C9orf72 Protein/genetics ; Animals ; Gene Editing ; Superoxide Dismutase-1/genetics ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately respiratory failure. Despite advances in understanding its genetic basis, particularly mutations in Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 (C9orf72), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein (TARDBP), and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene, current diagnostic methods result in delayed intervention, and available treatments offer only modest benefits. This review examines innovative approaches transforming ALS research and clinical management. We explore emerging biomarkers, including the fluid-based markers such as neurofilament light chain, exosomes, and microRNAs in biological fluids, alongside the non-fluid-based biomarkers, including neuroimaging and electrophysiological markers, for early diagnosis and patient stratification. The integration of multi-omics data reveals complex molecular mechanisms underlying ALS heterogeneity, potentially identifying novel therapeutic targets. We highlight current gene therapy strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), RNA interference (RNAi), and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems, alongside advanced delivery methods for crossing the blood-brain barrier. By bridging molecular neuroscience with bioengineering, these technologies promise to revolutionize ALS diagnosis and treatment, advancing toward truly disease-modifying interventions for this previously intractable condition.},
}

*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/genetics/diagnosis/metabolism
Humans
*Genetic Therapy/methods
*Biomarkers/metabolism
C9orf72 Protein/genetics
Animals
Gene Editing
Superoxide Dismutase-1/genetics

@article {pmid40564128,
year = {2025},
author = {Drewes, N and Fang, X and Gupta, N and Nie, D},
title = {Pharmacological and Pathological Implications of Sigma-1 Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines13061409},
pmid = {40564128},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Originally identified as a potential receptor for opioids, the sigma-1 receptor is now recognized as an intracellular chaperone protein associated with mitochondria-associated membranes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Over the past two decades, extensive research has revealed that the sigma-1 receptor regulates many cellular processes, such as calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress responses, protein folding, and mitochondrial function. The various functions of the sigma-1 receptor highlight its role as a central modulator of neuronal health and may be a promising pharmacological target across multiple neurodegenerative conditions. Herein, we provide an overview of the current pharmacological understanding of the sigma-1 receptor with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms involved. We examine its pathological implications in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We then highlight how sigma-1 receptor modulation may influence disease progression as well as potential pharmacological mechanisms to alter disease outcomes. The translational potential of sigma-1 receptor therapies is discussed, as well as the most up-to-date results of ongoing clinical trials. This review aims to clarify the therapeutic potential of the sigma-1 receptor in neurodegeneration and guide future research in these diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40563824,
year = {2025},
author = {Hasan, A and Scuderi, SA and Capra, AP and Giosa, D and Bonomo, A and Ardizzone, A and Esposito, E},
title = {An Updated and Comprehensive Review Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotraumas: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci15060654},
pmid = {40563824},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the biochemical bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, linking brain and gut functions. It comprises a complex network of interactions involving the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. The balance of this bidirectional pathway depends on the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. While the causes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) vary, the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in their development and prognosis. NDDs are often associated with an inflammation-related gut microbiome. However, restoring balance to the gut microbiome and reducing inflammation may have therapeutic benefits. In particular, introducing short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, key metabolites that support gut homeostasis, can help counteract the inflammatory microbiome. This strong pathological link between the gut and NDDs underscores the gut-brain axis (GBA) as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. This review, by scrutinizing the more recent original research articles published in PubMed (MEDLINE) database, emphasizes the emerging notion that GBA is an equally important pathological marker for neurological movement disorders, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and neurotraumatic disorders such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Additionally, the GBA presents a promising therapeutic target for managing these diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40563773,
year = {2025},
author = {Swash, M and de Carvalho, M},
title = {Dynamics of Onset and Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci15060601},
pmid = {40563773},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {This review focuses on the complexities of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) onset, highlighting the insidious nature of the disease and the challenges in defining its precise origin and early pathogenic mechanisms. The clinical presentation of ALS is characterised by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, often with widespread fasciculations, reflecting lower motor neuron hyperexcitability. The disease's pathogenesis involves a prolonged preclinical phase of neuronal proteinopathy, particularly TDP-43 accumulation, which eventually leads to motor neuron death and overt ALS. This review discusses the difficulties in detecting this transition and the implications for early therapeutic intervention. It also addresses the involvement of both the upper and lower motor neuron systems, as well as the importance of following presymptomatic patients with genetic mutations. The significance of understanding the distinct processes of TDP-43 deposition and subsequent neuronal degeneration in developing effective treatments is emphasised.},
}

@article {pmid40563772,
year = {2025},
author = {Artioli, G and Guardamagna, L and Succi, N and Guasconi, M and Diamanti, O and Dellafiore, F},
title = {Relational, Ethical, and Care Challenges in ALS: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Metasynthesis of Nurses' Perspectives.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci15060600},
pmid = {40563772},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe functional decline and death, imposing significant physical, emotional, and ethical burdens on patients and healthcare providers. With no curative treatment, ALS care depends on the early and sustained integration of palliative care to address complex and evolving needs. Nurses play a pivotal role in this process, yet their lived experiences remain underexplored. This study aimed to synthesize qualitative evidence on nurses' experiences in ALS care, with a focus on emotional, ethical, and palliative dimensions.

METHODS: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies was conducted using Sandelowski and Barroso's four-step method. A systematic search across five databases identified eight studies exploring nurses' experiences with ALS care. Thematic synthesis was applied to extract overarching patterns.

RESULTS: Three core themes emerged: (1) Relational Dimension: From challenges to empathy and Trust and mistrust-emphasizing communication barriers and the value of relational trust; (2) Care Dimension: Competence, Palliative care needs, and Rewarding complexity-highlighting the emotional demands of care, the need for timely palliative integration, and the professional meaning derived from ALS care; (3) Ethical Dimension: Medical interventionism and Patient-centered values-exploring dilemmas around life-sustaining treatments, patient autonomy, and end-of-life decisions.

CONCLUSION: Nurses in ALS care face complex emotional and ethical challenges that call for strong institutional support and palliative training. Enhancing palliative care integration from diagnosis, alongside targeted education and psychological support, is crucial to improving care quality and sustaining the well-being of both patients and nurses.},
}

@article {pmid40563328,
year = {2025},
author = {Chong, ZZ and Souayah, N},
title = {Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox14060696},
pmid = {40563328},
issn = {2076-3921},
abstract = {Oxidative stress has become a common impetus of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. This review introduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the nervous system, the cellular oxidative damage, and the high sensitivity of the brain to ROSs. The literature review focuses on the roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress occurs when excessively produced free radicals are beyond the capability of endogenous antioxidants to scavenge, leading to the oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, stimulating neuroinflammatory responses, causing neuronal dysfunction, senescence, and death. The dysfunctional mitochondria and aberrant activities of metabolic enzymes are the major source of ROSs. The high vulnerability of the nervous system to ROSs underlies the critical roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Gene mutations and other risk factors promote the generation of ROSs, which have been considered a crucial force causing the main pathological features of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. As a result, antioxidants hold therapeutic potential in these neurodegenerative diseases. The elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress will facilitate the development of antioxidants for the treatment of these diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40562281,
year = {2025},
author = {Sharma, J and Thakur, A and Rain, M and Khosla, R and Maity, K and Mathur, GR and Anand, A},
title = {Interplay between Exercise and Neuregulin in providing neuroprotection.},
journal = {Behavioural brain research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {115710},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115710},
pmid = {40562281},
issn = {1872-7549},
abstract = {Exercise has been shown to have a positive impact on brain health including neuroprotective function. It has been demonstrated to increase the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, support neuronal survival, and improve neuroplasticity. Concurrently, neuregulin plays a vital role in the development, maintenance, and repair of both the central and peripheral nervous system. The link between exercise and neuregulin in mediating neuroprotection has been the subject of increased research to better understand the possible applications for the deterrence of neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding this link is of great interest because it has the potential to lead to new strategies for preventing or slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. With an emphasis on exercise-induced neuregulin-mediated neuroprotection, this article reviews the literature on the neuroprotective effects of exercise and neuregulin. The synergistic effects of exercise and neuregulin on neuroprotection will be clarified and valuable insights will be gained from this review, with potential implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD).},
}

@article {pmid40560475,
year = {2025},
author = {Bamber, R and Stavroulakis, T and McDermott, C and Carlton, J},
title = {Health-related quality of life of informal carers in ALS: a systematic review of person reported outcome measures.},
journal = {Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40560475},
issn = {1573-2649},
support = {NIHR301648//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition with swift progression. The devastating impact of ALS affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of informal carers. Various person reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been used to assess HRQoL in informal carers in ALS, yet their validity remains unclear. This review aimed to identify and evaluate the content validity of HRQoL PROMs for informal carers in ALS.

METHODS: This review was conducted according to best practice COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology. Two literature searches were conducted in November 2023 and April 2024 across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL and Google Scholar, to identify HRQoL PROMs used with informal carers in ALS, PROM development articles, and psychometric literature. Evidence synthesis followed COSMIN guidance.

RESULTS: 12,276 articles were screened, and 109 PROMs were identified, with 43 undergoing full COSMIN assessment. Content validity ratings were 'Inconsistent' or 'Insufficient' for all PROMs. All PROMs, except the CarerQoL, were rated 'Insufficient' for comprehensiveness. Only 18.6% of PROMs included informal carers in development. Quality of evidence supporting content validity ratings was 'Very Low' for 93% of PROMs.

CONCLUSION: HRQoL PROMs used with informal carers in ALS lack evidence to support their content validity, restricting their utility for this purpose. Existing literature on the impact of caring in ALS on informal carers' HRQoL should be interpreted cautiously. Further research is required to establish the content validity of HRQoL PROMs used for this cohort.},
}

@article {pmid40559965,
year = {2025},
author = {Kim, WW and Zarus, G and Alman, B and Ruiz, P and Han, M and Mehta, P and Ji, C and Qureshi, H and Antonini, J and Shoeb, M},
title = {Metal-Induced Genotoxic Events: Possible Distinction Between Sporadic and Familial ALS.},
journal = {Toxics},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559965},
issn = {2305-6304},
abstract = {Metal exposure is a potential risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Increasing evidence suggests that elevated levels of DNA damage are present in both familial (fALS) and sporadic (sALS) forms of ALS, characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. However, identifying and differentiating initial biomarkers of DNA damage response (DDR) in both forms of ALS remains unclear. The toxicological profiles from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and our previous studies have demonstrated the influence of metal exposure-induced genotoxicity and neurodegeneration. A comprehensive overview of the ATSDR's toxicological profiles and the available literature identified 15 metals (aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)) showing exposure-induced genotoxicity indicators associated with ALS pathogenesis. Genetic factors including mutations seen in ALS types and with concomitant metal exposure were distinguished, showing that heavy metal exposure can exacerbate the downstream effect of existing genetic mutations in fALS and may contribute to motor neuron degeneration in sALS. Substantial evidence associates heavy metal exposure to genotoxic endpoints in both forms of ALS; however, a data gap has been observed for several of these endpoints. This review aims to (1) provide a comprehensive overview of metal exposure-induced genotoxicity in ALS patients and experimental models, and its potential role in disease risk, (2) summarize the evidence for DNA damage and associated biomarkers in ALS pathogenesis, (3) discuss possible mechanisms for metal exposure-induced genotoxic contributions to ALS pathogenesis, and (4) explore the potential distinction of genotoxic biomarkers in both forms of ALS. Our findings support the association between metal exposure and ALS, highlighting under or unexplored genotoxic endpoints, signaling key data gaps. Given the high prevalence of sALS and studies showing associations with environmental exposures, understanding the mechanisms and identifying early biomarkers is vital for developing preventative therapies and early interventions. Limitations include variability in exposure assessment and the complexity of gene-environment interactions. Studies focusing on longitudinal exposure assessments, mechanistic studies, and biomarker identification to inform preventative and therapeutic strategies for ALS is warranted.},
}

@article {pmid40559225,
year = {2025},
author = {Elgenidy, A and Hassan, IA and Hamed, Y and Hashem, HA and Abuel-Naga, O and Abdel-Rahman, HI and Mohamed, KR and Hamed, BM and Shehab, MA and Zeyada, M and Kassab, S and Abdelgawad, SSA and Ibrahim, AI and Hasanin, EH and Elhoufey, AA and Mahmoud, KH and Saad, K},
title = {Sonographic Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves and Cervical Nerve Roots in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {40559225},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Ultrasonography/methods ; *Peripheral Nerves/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; *Spinal Nerve Roots/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to nerve atrophy. Ultrasonography has a significant role in the diagnosis of ALS.

AIM: We aimed to sonographically assess the size of all peripheral nerves and cervical nerve roots in ALS compared to controls.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, and Scopus using comprehensive MeSH terms for the keywords nerve, ultrasound, and ALS. We extracted data regarding cross-sectional area (CSA) or diameter for the following nerves: vagus, phrenic, tibial, fibular, sural, radial, ulnar, and median nerves, and the roots of C5, C6, C7, and C8 in both ALS patients and controls.

RESULTS: Our study included 2683 participants, of which 1631 were ALS patients (mean age = 60.36), 792 were healthy controls (mean age = 57.79), and 260 were patients with other neurological disorders. ALS patients had significantly smaller nerve size compared to controls. Nerve size differences were observed in the vagus nerve [MD = -0.23], phrenic nerve [MD = -0.25], C5 nerve root [SMD = -0.94], C6 nerve root [SMD = -1.56], C7 nerve root [SMD = -1.18], C8 nerve root [MD = -1.9], accessory nerve [MD = -0.32], sciatic nerve [MD = -11], tibial nerve [MD = -0.68], sural nerve [MD = -0.32,], ulnar nerve [MD = -0.80], and median nerve [MD = -1.21].

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that ALS patients have a sonographically smaller nerve size than healthy controls. Therefore, this is a potential marker for neuronal diseases.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Ultrasonography/methods
*Peripheral Nerves/diagnostic imaging/pathology
*Spinal Nerve Roots/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Middle Aged

@article {pmid40558500,
year = {2025},
author = {Mai, HA and Thomas, CM and Nge, GG and Elefant, F},
title = {Modulating Cognition-Linked Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs) as a Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Trends.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells14120873},
pmid = {40558500},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {2RF1NS095799//National Institutes of Health NINDS/ ; 2RF1NS095799/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy/enzymology/drug therapy ; *Histone Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; *Cognition/physiology ; Animals ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Histones/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Acetylation ; Aging ; },
abstract = {Recent investigations into the neuroepigenome of the brain are providing unparalleled understanding into the impact of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones in regulating dynamic gene expression patterns required for adult brain cognitive function and plasticity. Histone acetylation is one of the most well-characterized PTMs shown to be required for neuronal function and cognition. Histone acetylation initiates neural circuitry plasticity via chromatin control, enabling neurons to respond to external environmental stimuli and adapt their transcriptional responses accordingly. While interplay between histone acetylation and deacetylation is critical for these functions, dysregulation during the aging process can lead to significant alterations in the neuroepigenetic landscape. These alterations contribute to impaired cognitive functions, neuronal cell death, and brain atrophy, all hallmarks of age-related neurodegenerative disease. Significantly, while age-related generation of DNA mutations remains irreversible, most neuroepigenetic PTMs are reversible. Thus, manipulation of the neural epigenome is proving to be an effective therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection in multiple types of age-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) that include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Here, we highlight recent progress in research focusing on specific HAT-based neuroepigenetic mechanisms that underlie cognition and pathogenesis that is hallmarked in age-related NDs. We further discuss how these findings have potential to be translated into HAT-mediated cognitive-enhancing therapeutics to treat these debilitating disorders.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy/enzymology/drug therapy
*Histone Acetyltransferases/metabolism
*Cognition/physiology
Animals
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Histones/metabolism
Epigenesis, Genetic
Acetylation
Aging

@article {pmid40555284,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, KH and Kim, KW},
title = {Optogenetics to Biomolecular Phase Separation in Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Molecules and cells},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100247},
doi = {10.1016/j.mocell.2025.100247},
pmid = {40555284},
issn = {0219-1032},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases involve toxic protein aggregation. Recent evidence suggests that biomolecular phase separation, a process in which proteins and nucleic acids form dynamic, liquid-like condensates, plays a key role in this aggregation. Optogenetics, originally developed to control neuronal activity with light, has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate phase separation in living systems. This is achieved by fusing disease-associated proteins to light-sensitive oligomerization domains, enabling researchers to induce or reverse condensate formation with precise spatial and temporal control. This review highlights how optogenetic systems such as OptoDroplet are being used to dissect the mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease. We examine how these tools have been applied in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. These studies implicate small oligomeric aggregates as key drivers of toxicity and highlight new opportunities for therapeutic screening. Finally, we discuss advances in light-controlled dissolution of condensates and future directions for applying optogenetics to combat neurodegeneration. By enabling precise, dynamic control of protein phase behavior in living systems, optogenetic approaches provide a powerful framework for elucidating disease mechanisms and informing the development of targeted therapies.},
}

@article {pmid40550228,
year = {2025},
author = {Tiwari, A and Singh, B and Singh, GK and Meena, J and Agrawal, AK and Kumar, S and Modi, G},
title = {Unveiling Exosome Potential: Transforming Treatments for Neurodegeneration.},
journal = {ACS applied bio materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00096},
pmid = {40550228},
issn = {2576-6422},
abstract = {Exosomes, tiny extracellular vesicles, hold significant potential as biological nanocarriers for diverse therapeutic agents due to their exceptional ability to navigate through the barriers of biological systems. This comprehensive review delves into the capability of exosomes in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, concentrating on their potential for targeted drug delivery. It examines the complex processes involved in exosome-mediated drug delivery, including targeting, cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and therapeutic release. Insights from preclinical studies and clinical trials are exploited, highlighting the impactful applications of exosomes, particularly in the treatment of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, ALS, and Huntington's diseases. The review also addresses challenges such as immunogenicity, scalability, and regulatory obstacles while exploring emerging technologies like advanced exosome engineering, personalized medicine, and the integration of nanotechnology. Overall, this review accentuates the potential impact of exosome-based treatments in biomedicine alongside the critical need to overcome existing barriers.},
}

@article {pmid40544973,
year = {2025},
author = {Thakur, N and Kumar, T and Singh, C and Kumar, R and Kumar, A},
title = {Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles in neurodegenerative disorders management.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125875},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125875},
pmid = {40544973},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are accompanied by neuronal death because of progressive destruction in neuronal structure and function. Due to various neurological conditions, there is a significant number of deaths every year around the world. The healthcare burden is also increasing each year. Development and progress in nanotechnology enable the creation of nanocarriers that transport drugs to the site of disease, thereby enhancing the therapeutic performance of the drug. However, the transport of nanocarrier-based therapeutics to the brain is restricted by barriers such as the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCFB), which are further impeded by P-glycoproteins. Hence, current research and development focus on overcoming these obstacles. A biomimetic drug delivery system is one of the best ways to overcome these challenges. One of the promising biomimetic drug delivery systems is cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. In this review, we have comprehensively reviewed the recent progress and development in various cell membranes coated nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the effective management of a range of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Glioblastoma, Ischemic Stroke, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Glioma, Peripheral Nerve Injury, and Motor Neuron Disorder. We also reviewed the challenges associated with cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, such as biosafety hurdles, toxicity, regulatory requirements, and clinical translation. Ultimately, we provided the conclusions and future research directions that must be investigated to overcome the current limitations.},
}

@article {pmid40544661,
year = {2025},
author = {Zelek, WM and Tenner, AJ},
title = {Complement therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Immunobiology},
volume = {230},
number = {4},
pages = {153089},
doi = {10.1016/j.imbio.2025.153089},
pmid = {40544661},
issn = {1878-3279},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pose considerable therapeutic challenges, not only due to their complex pathophysiology, but also because any effective drug must be capable of penetrating the brain. Inflammation is a key feature of NDDs. Increasingly, the complement system, long studied in the context of host defence, has emerged as a central player in the brain, with roles extending far beyond its classical immune functions. Complement contributes to synaptic pruning and immune surveillance, but when dysregulated, it can drive chronic inflammation, synapse loss, and neurodegeneration. Complement is also implicated in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and mood disorders, where overactivation of the cascade impacts brain maturation and circuit stability. In this review, we take a broad view of roles of the complement system in both health and disease in the central nervous system (CNS). We summarise key mechanisms through which complement contributes to pathology, discuss emerging therapeutic strategies, and consider major hurdles in CNS drug development, including brain delivery and the need for patient stratification. As our understanding of the pathological roles of the complement system in the brain advances, it is becoming clear that complement therapeutics may offer a novel approach in slowing neurodegeneration, and in addressing a broader spectrum of disorders affecting the brain.},
}

@article {pmid40541317,
year = {2025},
author = {Frecska, E and Kovács, A and Szabo, A},
title = {The protective effect of DMT against neurodegeneration.},
journal = {International review of neurobiology},
volume = {181},
number = {},
pages = {395-420},
doi = {10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.010},
pmid = {40541317},
issn = {2162-5514},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy/prevention & control ; *Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Receptors, sigma/agonists/metabolism ; *Reperfusion Injury/metabolism/drug therapy ; Sigma-1 Receptor ; },
abstract = {This paper explores the therapeutic potential of DMT in neuroprotective strategies, particularly concerning ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and neurodegenerative disorders. Besides its potent serotonin receptor actions, DMT is also an endogenous agonist of the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R). Sigma receptors are a unique family of proteins with high expression in the brain and spinal cord and have been involved in the etiology, symptom course and treatment of several central nervous system disorders. Our previous theoretical and experimental work strongly suggest that targeting sigma (and serotonin) receptors via DMT may be particularly useful for treatment in a number of neurological conditions like stroke, global brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this article, we briefly overview the function of Sig1-R in cellular bioenergetics with a focus on the processes involved in IRI and summarize the results of our previous preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) DMT studies aiming at mitigating IRI and related cellular neuropathologies. We conclude that the effect of DMT may involve a universal role in cellular protective mechanisms suggesting therapeutic potentials against different components and types of IRIs emerging in local and generalized brain ischemia after stroke or cardiac arrest. The multiple neuroprotective mechanisms facilitated by DMT may position it as a model molecule for developing pharmacological treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy/prevention & control
*Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Receptors, sigma/agonists/metabolism
*Reperfusion Injury/metabolism/drug therapy
Sigma-1 Receptor

@article {pmid40540128,
year = {2025},
author = {Bonan, L and Bombardi, M and Di Lionardo, A and Vitiello, M and Morresi, S and Longoni, M},
title = {Co-occurence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and sarcoidosis: a case report and systematic review of the literature.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40540128},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons, with 90% of cases being sporadic. Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease affecting multiple organs, with neurological complications occurring in 5-10% of patients. Only isolated cases of this extremely rare combination of the two diseases have been reported.

METHODS: We present the case of a 45-year-old man diagnosed with ALS after a 2-year history of progressive upper limb weakness who was incidentally found to be affected by thoraco-abdominal lymphadenopathy. The biopsy confirmed the co-presence of sarcoidosis. We also make a systematic review of the literature of this rare combination.

RESULTS: The patient showed stabilization of the neurological condition and the pneumological disease after administration of immunosuppressive treatment.

CONCLUSION: Our case report and literature review highlight peculiar clinical characteristics of this extremely rare combination of diseases, deepening the understanding of this peculiar phenotype.},
}

@article {pmid40538061,
year = {2025},
author = {Guo, Z and Zhang, X and Li, Y and Chen, Y and Xu, Y},
title = {Splicing to keep splicing: A feedback system for cellular homeostasis and state transition.},
journal = {Clinical and translational medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {e70369},
pmid = {40538061},
issn = {2001-1326},
support = {82173292//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62171365//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62471378//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024SF-GJHX-40//the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province/ ; QCYRCXM-2022-209//the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province/ ; YX6J021//Young Talent Support Plan of Xi'an Jiaotong University/ ; 2022-11//Basic-Clinical Medical Integration & Innovation Project of Xi'an Jiaotong University/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Homeostasis/genetics ; *Alternative Splicing/genetics ; Feedback, Physiological ; Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing (AS) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and governing proteomic diversity by generating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Increasing evidence has highlighted the regulation for pre-mRNA splicing of the splicing factors (SFs). This review aims to examine featured mechanisms and examples of SF regulation by AS, focusing on paradigmatic feedback loops and their biological implications.

MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT: We specifically focus on the autoregulation and inter-regulation of SFs through AS machinery. These interactions give rise to a feedback system, where the negative feedback loops aid in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and the positive feedback loops play roles in triggering cellular state transitions. We examine the growing evidence highlighting the specific mechanisms employed by SFs to autoregulate their own splicing, including AS-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (AS-NMD), nuclear retention, and alternative 3'UTR regulation. We showcase the influence of AS feedback in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how master splicing factors can dominantly orchestrate splicing cascades, leading to widespread impacts in cellular processes. We also discuss how non-coding RNAs, particularly circular RNAs and microRNAs, engage in the splicing regulatory networks. Lastly, we showcase how negative and positive feedback loops can collaboratively achieve remarkable biological functions during the cell fate decision.

SHORT CONCLUSION: This review highlights the regulation of SFs by AS, providing enriched information for future investigations that aim at deciphering the intricate interplay within splicing regulatory networks.

KEY POINTS: Negative feedback of alternative splicing maintains cellular homeostasis. Positive feedback of alternative splicing triggers cellular state transitions. Alternative splicing forms integrated feedback networks with circRNAs and microRNAs to reciprocally regulate their expression and function. The coordinated interplay of distinct splicing feedback mechanisms orchestrates precise cell fate transitions. Future directions and therapeutic possibilities that could transform alternative splicing research into treatments.},
}

Humans
*Homeostasis/genetics
*Alternative Splicing/genetics
Feedback, Physiological
Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay

@article {pmid39832811,
year = {2025},
author = {Ghaderi, S and Mohammadi, S and Ahmadzadeh, AM and Darmiani, K and Arab Bafrani, M and Jashirenezhad, N and Helfi, M and Alibabaei, S and Azadi, S and Heidary, S and Fatehi, F},
title = {Thalamic Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) Alterations in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Studies.},
journal = {Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI},
volume = {62},
number = {1},
pages = {271-294},
doi = {10.1002/jmri.29698},
pmid = {39832811},
issn = {1522-2586},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain Mapping/methods ; Iron/metabolism ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; *Thalamus/diagnostic imaging ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) provides a non-invasive post-processing method to investigate alterations in magnetic susceptibility (χ), reflecting iron content within brain regions implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs).

PURPOSE: To investigate alterations in thalamic χ in patients with NDDs using QSM.

STUDY TYPE: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

POPULATION: A total of 696 patients with NDDs and 760 healthy controls (HCs) were included in 27 studies.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Three-dimensional multi-echo gradient echo sequence for QSM at mostly 3 Tesla.

ASSESSMENT: Studies reporting QSM values in the thalamus of patients with NDDs were included. Following PRISMA 2020, we searched the four major databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for peer-reviewed studies published until October 2024.

STATISTICAL TESTS: Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between patients and HCs.

RESULTS: The pooled SMD indicated a significant increase in thalamic χ in NDDs compared to HCs (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.05-0.79; k = 27). Notably, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients showed a significant increase in thalamic χ (1.09, 95% CI: 0.65-1.53, k = 2) compared to HCs. Subgroup analyses revealed significant χ alterations in younger patients (mean age ≤ 62 years; 0.56, 95% CI: 0.10-1.02, k = 11) and studies using greater coil channels (coil channels > 16; 0.64, 95% CI: 0.28-1.00, k = 9). Publication bias was not detected and quality assessment indicated that studies with a lower risk of bias presented more reliable findings (0.75, 95% CI: 0.32-1.18, k = 9). Disease type was the primary driver of heterogeneity, while other factors, such as coil type and geographic location, also contributed to variability.

DATA CONCLUSION: Our findings support the potential of QSM for investigating thalamic involvement in NDDs. Future research should focus on disease-specific patterns, thalamic-specific nucleus analysis, and temporal evolution.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Our research investigated changes in iron levels within the thalamus, a brain region crucial for motor and cognitive functions, in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The study utilized a specific magnetic resonance imaging technique called Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) to measure iron content. It identified a significant increase in thalamic iron levels in NDD patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase was particularly prominent in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, younger individuals, and studies employing advanced imaging equipment.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.},
}

Humans
*Brain Mapping/methods
Iron/metabolism
*Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/diagnostic imaging
*Thalamus/diagnostic imaging

@article {pmid39441015,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, P},
title = {Stress granules and organelles: coordinating cellular responses in health and disease.},
journal = {Protein & cell},
volume = {16},
number = {6},
pages = {418-438},
doi = {10.1093/procel/pwae057},
pmid = {39441015},
issn = {1674-8018},
support = {2023YFC3505000//National Key Research and Development Project of China/ ; 7244365//Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Stress Granules/metabolism/pathology ; *Organelles/metabolism ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Membrane-bound organelles and membraneless organelles (MLOs) coordinate various biological processes within eukaryotic cells. Among these, stress granules (SGs) are significant cytoplasmic MLOs that form in response to cellular stress, exhibiting liquid-like properties alongside stable substructures. SGs interact with diverse organelles, thereby influencing cellular pathways that are critical in both health and disease contexts. This review discusses the interplay between SGs and organelles and explores the methodologies employed to analyze interactions between SGs and other MLOs. Furthermore, it highlights the pivotal roles SGs play in regulating cellular responses and the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Gaining insights into these interactions is essential for deciphering the mechanisms underlying both physiological processes and pathological conditions.},
}

Humans
*Stress Granules/metabolism/pathology
*Organelles/metabolism
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology
Animals
*Stress, Physiological
*Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism

@article {pmid40535632,
year = {2025},
author = {Tang, X and Wang, C and Tian, S and Wen, H and Zhang, H},
title = {Acupuncture for neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms, efficacy, and future research directions.},
journal = {American journal of translational research},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {3703-3717},
pmid = {40535632},
issn = {1943-8141},
abstract = {In recent years, acupuncture has shown good therapeutic efficacy in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Studies have demonstrated that acupuncture alleviates symptoms primarily by suppressing neuroinflammation, enhancing autophagy, improving synaptic plasticity, and optimizing mitochondrial function. As molecular research advances, the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in these conditions have become increasingly clear. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of acupuncture in neurodegenerative diseases, providing a theoretical support for its clinical application.},
}

@article {pmid40533880,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, W and Wang, S and Zhang, T and Zhu, H and Chang, N and Zhang, L and Hu, Z},
title = {A Review of Preparation of Low-Carbon Cementitious Materials from Chemically Activated Red Mud: Synergy, Hydration Mechanism, Rheological Properties and Applications.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c01088},
pmid = {40533880},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {Red mud, a byproduct of the alumina refining process, is generated at a rate of 1-2.5 tonnes per tonne of alumina produced. In 2022, China's alumina production totaled 77.475 million tonnes, contributing over 4 billion tonnes of accumulated red mud, which is the third-largest industrial solid waste in the country. Red mud's high alkalinity and presence of toxic elements pose environmental challenges, particularly in terms of disposal. This review provides a comprehensive examination of red mud-based cementitious materials, focusing on their preparation, properties, and environmental impact. By combining red mud with high-calcium and silica-aluminum solid wastes and enhancing its reactivity through mechanical grinding or thermal activation, red mud's cementitious activity can be significantly improved. Optimized compositions, with a Ca/Si ratio of 2.05 and Al/S ratio of 0.70, have achieved compressive strengths of up to 63.9 MPa at 28 day. Durability studies highlight the material's resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack, with reduced permeability enhancing long-term performance. Additionally, environmental assessments confirm that stabilization and solidification techniques effectively mitigate heavy metal leaching, ensuring compliance with EPA standards. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in optimizing red mud activation processes, improving rheological properties, and reducing production costs. Future research should focus on refining activation methods, enhancing hydration mechanisms, and developing scalable industrial applications. By addressing these gaps, red mud-based cementitious materials can become a sustainable solution for eco-friendly construction, supporting global efforts to repurpose industrial byproducts into low-carbon, durable building materials.},
}

@article {pmid40528459,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, M and Zhang, A and Chen, M and Cao, J},
title = {Advances in Circulating Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Traumatic Brain Injuries, and Central Nervous System Tumors.},
journal = {Annals of laboratory medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {4},
pages = {381-390},
doi = {10.3343/alm.2024.0611},
pmid = {40528459},
issn = {2234-3814},
abstract = {Neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injuries (TBI), and central nervous system (CNS) tumors, are complex conditions that significantly impact patients globally. Timely diagnosis and monitoring are critical for improving outcomes, driving the need for reliable biomarkers. Specifically, biomarkers detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood offer important insights into disease presence and progression. This review explores the evolution of circulating blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, TBI, and CNS tumors, highlighting advanced detection technologies from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays, single-molecule arrays (Simoa), and mass spectrometry. Advanced technologies with enhanced sensitivity and specificity, particularly in detecting low-abundance analytes, facilitate the investigation of CSF biomarkers for various neurological disorders. We also describe the progress in blood-based biomarkers for , emerging as less invasive alternatives to CSF sampling. Clinically, the implementation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) blood biomarkers Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific peptide can aid the diagnosis, while p-tau181 and p-tau217 differentiates AD dementia from non-AD neurodegenerative diseases. Blood glial fibrillary acidic protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 are used in ruling out mild TBI. Despite these innovations, challenges remain, including assay standardization, sensitivity/specificity trade-offs, and the requirement for longitudinal studies to understand biomarker utility over time. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges to fully realize the potential of blood-based biomarkers in neurological disorder diagnostics and patient care.},
}

@article {pmid40527647,
year = {2025},
author = {Thijs, Z and Calzada, A and Sosa, M and Dumican, M},
title = {The Association Between Bilingualism and Voice Quality in Spanish-English Bilingual Speakers: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jvoice.2025.05.027},
pmid = {40527647},
issn = {1873-4588},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: The vast majority of the global population speaks more than one language. In the United States, Spanish-English bilingual speakers are the largest bilingual group. Yet, the potential effect of being bilingual, specifically a Spanish-English speaker, on voice quality is poorly understood. The current study consequently set out to systematically review the literature on the association between being a Spanish-English bilingual speaker and voice quality.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review.

METHODS: A systematic review of association was conducted using Moola et al's guidelines. A search string was developed and run in May 2024 across three databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL via EBSCOhost, and Scopus. After duplicate removal, title, and abstract screening, full-text screening was performed, and peer-reviewed articles considering voice quality measures in Spanish-English bilingual speakers were included. Data were extracted and presented in table format, and the quality of the articles was assessed using the Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies.

RESULTS: In total, 685 records were retrieved, with 485 remaining after duplicate removal. After title and abstract screening, 25 full texts were screened, including 8 articles in the review. Five studies included acoustic measures describing voice quality, with only three including auditory-perceptual analysis. The most commonly considered vocal trait in Spanish-English bilinguals was vocal fry, with the included studies pointing to increased vocal fry use when speaking English.

CONCLUSIONS: Only a few articles discuss potential vocal changes in Spanish-English bilinguals. Further research is needed to elucidate any potential vocal changes related to being a bilingual speaker, as the current small number of studies and mixed findings make drawing conclusions difficult. More standardization across voice and language assessment could be beneficial.},
}

@article {pmid40525139,
year = {2025},
author = {Abou Izzeddine, N and Ahmad, K and Bacha, C and Jabbour, M and Najjar, M and Salhab, S and Ghadieh, HE and Kanaan, A and Azar, S and Khattar, ZA and Harb, F},
title = {The microbial guardians: Unveiling the role of gut microbiota in shaping neurodegenerative disease.},
journal = {IBRO neuroscience reports},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {17-37},
pmid = {40525139},
issn = {2667-2421},
abstract = {The gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, plays a pivotal role in human health. Recent studies have highlighted its significant impact on neurodegenerative diseases, conditions that pose profound challenges to affected individuals and society at large. This review explores the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. We delve into the dynamic ecosystem of gut microbiota, examining factors influencing its composition and the bidirectional communication established via the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota can modulate neurodegenerative disease progression through mechanisms including inflammatory responses, production of neuroactive substances, and regulation of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting gut microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. While promising, these interventions face challenges and limitations that must be addressed through ongoing research. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for developing innovative therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40524150,
year = {2025},
author = {Cozzi, M and Tedesco, B and Ferrari, V and Chierichetti, M and Pramaggiore, P and Cornaggia, L and Magdalena, R and Brodnanova, M and Mohamed, A and Milioto, C and Piccolella, M and Galbiati, M and Rusmini, P and Crippa, V and Gellera, C and Magri, S and Taroni, F and Cristofani, R and Poletti, A},
title = {One gene, many phenotypes: the role of KIF5A in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.},
journal = {Cell communication and signaling : CCS},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {287},
pmid = {40524150},
issn = {1478-811X},
support = {Travelling Fellowship n. JCSTF2205742//Company of Biologists/ ; Scientific Exchange Grant n. 9643//European Molecular Biology Organization/ ; 2025 grant//CureHSPB8,USA/ ; piano di sviluppo della ricerca (PSR) UNIMI//Università degli Studi di Milano/ ; piano di sviluppo della ricerca (PSR) UNIMI//Università degli Studi di Milano/ ; piano di sviluppo della ricerca (PSR) UNIMI//Università degli Studi di Milano/ ; R21AR080407/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R21AR080407/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; 2020 grant//Kennedy's Disease Association/ ; 2018 grant//Kennedy's Disease Association/ ; PRIN-Progetti di ricerca di interesse nazionale n. 2020PBS5MJ//Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca/ ; PRIN- Progetti di ricerca di interesse nazionale - bando 2022, PNRR finanziato dall'Unione europea- Next Generation EU, componente M4C2, investimento 1.1 n. P20225R4Y5//Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca/ ; PRIN-Progetti di ricerca di interesse nazionale n. 2022EFLFL8//Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca/ ; 739510//European Network for Rare Neurological Disorders/ ; 739510//European Network for Rare Neurological Disorders/ ; 739510//European Network for Rare Neurological Disorders/ ; RF-2018-12367768//Ministero della Salute/ ; CP 20/2018 (Care4NeuroRare)//Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica/ ; . 2021-1544//Fondazione Cariplo/ ; 23236//AFM-Téléthon/ ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Kinesin family member 5 A (KIF5A) is a neuron-specific molecular motor involved in anterograde transport. KIF5A mediates a wide range of trafficking processes that are only partially shared with the other members of the KIF5 family. Since 2002, several disease-causing mutations have been found in the KIF5A gene and a link between the specific domain in the encoded protein affected by mutations and the associated phenotype has become evident. Point mutations targeting KIF5A motor and stalk domains, that are expected to impair KIF5A motility, mainly associate with spastic paraplegia type 10 (SPG10) and axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Oppositely, translational frameshifts causing the elongation of KIF5A tail enhance KIF5A migration towards cell periphery, induce kinesin aggregation, and are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or neonatal intractable myoclonus (NEIMY). This review correlates KIF5A structure and roles in neuronal trafficking with its involvement in the above-mentioned neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-025-02277-x.},
}

@article {pmid40523602,
year = {2025},
author = {Horikawa, I and Yamada, L and Harris, BT and Harris, CC},
title = {Δ133p53α-mediated inhibition of astrocyte senescence and neurotoxicity as a possible therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.031},
pmid = {40523602},
issn = {1873-7544},
abstract = {Non-neuronal glial cells in the brain, such as astrocytes, play essential roles in maintaining the functional integrity of neuronal cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that cellular senescence of astrocytes, characterized by loss of proliferative potential and secretion of neurotoxic cytokines, makes significant contribution to neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease and a wide range of other neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the beneficial effects of Δ133p53α, a natural p53 protein isoform that inhibits p53-mediated cellular senescence, thereby protecting astrocytes from senescence, highlights its potential as a therapeutic target, and underscores the need for continued research in this area. Both in senescent human astrocytes in culture, whether induced by replicative exhaustion, irradiation or exposure to amyloid-β, and in brain tissues with increased senescent astrocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease, the expression levels of endogenous Δ133p53α protein were consistently and significantly reduced. The lentiviral vector-driven expression of Δ133p53α protected cultured human astrocytes from cellular senescence and neurotoxic secretory phenotype, leading to their cellular reprogramming to a neuroprotective state associated with neurotrophic growth factors. We thus propose that Δ133p53α is worth testing as a therapeutic target that can be enhanced in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases with accumulated senescent astrocytes, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to traumatic brain injury. We hypothesize that a Δ133p53α-mediated cellular reprogramming approach and a senolytic or senomorphic approach, both targeting non-neuronal cells, may be complementary with each other, and may cooperate with neuron-protecting or amyloid-β-targeting therapies currently in use.},
}

@article {pmid40516772,
year = {2025},
author = {Rawat, E and Sharma, S and Vyas, S and Alsaidan, OA and Kapoor, DU and Prajapati, BG},
title = {Advances in alginate-based nanoformulations: Innovative and effective strategies for targeting and treating brain disorders.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125851},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125851},
pmid = {40516772},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {Brain disorders, encompassing neurodegenerative conditions and intracranial neoplasms, present formidable obstacles in the realm of pharmacological delivery due to the existence of athe blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the restricted bioavailability of therapeutic agents. Alginate-derived nanoformulations have emerged as highly promising systems for drug delivery, offering attributes such as biocompatibility, regulated release, and improved targeting efficacies. This review investigates contemporary advancements in alginate-based nanoformulations, with a particular emphasis on their efficacy in surmounting obstacles to successful pharmacological delivery to the brain. Initially, we furnish a comprehensive overview of alginate, underscoring its pertinent properties, biomedical applications, and inherent limitations. Subsequently, the discourse progresses to strategies for nanoformulation, which encompass lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic methodologies, with a focus on their benefits in relation to cerebral targeting. Moreover, this review entails the therapeutic potential of alginate-based nanoformulations in addressing significant neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain tumours, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. By amalgamating cutting-edge nanotechnology with the distinctive properties of alginate, these formulations signify a promising pathway for the advancement of efficacious therapies aimed at brain targeting. Additionally, prospective research trajectories and challenges associated with the optimization of alginate-based nanocarriers for clinical applications are also elucidated.},
}

@article {pmid39835561,
year = {2025},
author = {Rai, A and Shukla, S and Gupta, RK and Mishra, A},
title = {ALS: A Silent Slayer of Motor Neurons. Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine as an Effective Therapy.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
volume = {31},
number = {17},
pages = {1328-1346},
pmid = {39835561},
issn = {1873-4286},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Motor Neurons/drug effects/pathology ; *Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor symptoms, and cognitive impairment. The complexity in treating ALS arises from genetic and environmental factors, contributing to the gradual decline of lower and upper motor neurons. The anticipated pharmaceutical market valuation for ALS is projected to reach $1,038.94 million by 2032. This projection underscores the escalating impact of ALS on global healthcare systems. ALS prevalence is expected to surge to 376,674 cases by 2040. In 2022, India ranked among the top 3 Asian-Pacific nations, while North America dominated the global ALS market. Ongoing investigations explore the potential of neuroprotective drugs like riluzole and edaravone in ALS treatment. Recently approved drugs, Relyvrio (sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol) and Tofersen (Qalsody) have completed the trials, and others are currently undergoing extensive clinical trials. Continuous research and exploration of therapeutic avenues, including gene therapy and neuroprotective treatments, are imperative to address the challenges posed by ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) approaches and clinical trials are being explored for treating ALS symptoms, targeting neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, and muscle weakness, showcasing the potential benefits of integrating traditional and modern approaches in ALS management.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy
*Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Motor Neurons/drug effects/pathology
*Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Animals

@article {pmid40515812,
year = {2025},
author = {Jellinger, KA},
title = {Prevalence and impact of comorbidities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.},
journal = {Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40515812},
issn = {1435-1463},
support = {Society for the Promotion of Research in Experimental Neurology, Vienna, Austria//Society for the Promotion of Research in Experimental Neurology, Vienna, Austria/ ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of multifaceted nature and variable progression that poses considerable challenges to our understanding of its evolution and interplay with different comorbid conditions. The etiopathogenesis of ALS is still unexplained and multimorbidity is common, but its influence on the ALS susceptibility and disease course is a matter of discussion. This study using medical databases tries to find diseases associated with ALS and their impact on disease onset and progression. Diseases associated with the risk of ALS include diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias and cardiovascular comorbidities that may play an important role in the prognosis of ALS. Hypometabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases may have a protective effect on ALS incidence, while coronary heart disease and hypertension have a negative effect on disease progression. Other comorbidities include Parkinson disease, TDP-43 pathology, progressive supranuclear palsy, progressive aphasia, myasthenia gravis, cancer and autoimmune disorders, while there is no evidence for a shared genetic background of common risk variants in ALS and multiple sclerosis. Among non-motor manifestations of ALS, cognitive and behavioral impairments are important. Other comorbidities include sleep disorders, traumatic encephalopathy, sarcoidosis, prionopathies, schizophrenia, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, psoriasis and others. The tremendous heterogeneity of concomitant pathologies and comorbidities observed across the ALS spectrum may be caused by a complex interplay between genetic, pathogenetic, inflammatory and other risk factors that are still poorly understood. Further research should provide increasing insight into their relationship with motor system disorders in order to find better diagnostic tools and probable effective therapies for these disease-modifying comorbidities.},
}

@article {pmid40513028,
year = {2025},
author = {Bromberg, MB},
title = {What Is in the Literature.},
journal = {Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {176-183},
doi = {10.1097/CND.0000000000000526},
pmid = {40513028},
issn = {1537-1611},
mesh = {Humans ; *Motor Neuron Disease/therapy/diagnosis ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {This issue of What Is in the Literature focuses on articles over the past year on clinical aspects of motor neuron disease, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Disease-modifying treatment for ALS remains a challenge as 2 formal drug trials did not hold up to retesting. There are new thoughts based on a multistep model to partially explain why ALS develops relatively late in life. New information on fluid biomarkers, sex differences, efficacy of medical marijuana for common symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction are discussed. For the clinic, there are updated guidelines for multidisciplinary management. Other articles address how frequently the topic of sexual health is brought up in the clinic, and insights into how patients view end-of-life issues and quality of life when using tracheal ventilation. PLS has diagnostic challenges and practical aspects, which are reviewed.},
}

Humans
*Motor Neuron Disease/therapy/diagnosis
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis

@article {pmid40511793,
year = {2025},
author = {Parks, ASE and Gotlib Conn, L and Amog, K and Bodmer, NS and King, JW and McLaren, AMR and Reid, M and Kishibe, T and Abrahao, A and Zinman, L and Sale, JEM},
title = {Age and life stage in the experience of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a scoping review.},
journal = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-27},
doi = {10.1080/21678421.2025.2515914},
pmid = {40511793},
issn = {2167-9223},
abstract = {Objective: Understanding the experiences of people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (plwALS) is necessary to appreciate their unique needs. Age and stage in the life course influence how illness is experienced; however, the extent to which age-specific complexities of living with ALS have been examined remains unexplored. This review aims to map the available evidence exploring age, age-graded role, or life-course transition with regards to the experience of ALS and to identify age-specific gaps in the literature. Methods: A scoping review guided by Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was undertaken. Eligible articles included peer-reviewed primary research studies, published in English from 2010 onward, investigating illness experience of adults with ALS with consideration for how age, age-graded roles, or life-course transitions influenced experience. Database sources included: Ovid's Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO; EBSCO CINAHL; and ProQuest Sociological Abstracts. Findings related to ALS experience and dimensions of age were summarized descriptively and categorized using qualitative content analysis. Results: Six thousand one hundred and eighty individual records were identified and screened. Forty-five articles, reporting 42 studies, were included. Findings regarding thoughts, feelings, or emotions of plwALS were most common and varied depending on whether they were in reference to chronological age or age-graded role. Despite the importance of life-course transitions for illness experience, they were not routinely considered. Conclusion: Numerous aspects of the experience of plwALS have been reported in reference to age; however, the significance of age-graded roles and life-course transitions warrants further examination. Recognition of age-related complexities of living with ALS will facilitate more personalized ALS care.},
}

@article {pmid40510202,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, L and Lv, L and Wang, Z and Liu, X and Wang, Q and Zhu, H and Jiang, B and Han, Y and Pan, X and Zhou, X and Ren, L and Chang, Z},
title = {From copper homeostasis to cuproptosis: a new perspective on CNS immune regulation and neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1581045},
pmid = {40510202},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Copper, an essential trace element for the human body, plays a key role in energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, redox reactions, and neural signal transmission. The recently proposed concept of "cuproptosis" has further revealed the unique status of copper in cellular regulation: when copper abnormally accumulates within cells, it can directly bind to the lipoylated proteins of the mitochondrial TCA cycle, triggering protein aggregation and metabolic disorders, ultimately leading to cell death. This form of cell death plays an important role in various neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke. This review summarizes recent research on the mechanisms of cuproptosis, providing new perspectives and a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40508048,
year = {2025},
author = {Tolochko, C and Shiryaeva, O and Alekseeva, T and Dyachuk, V},
title = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies (Part 2).},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms26115240},
pmid = {40508048},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology/drug therapy/metabolism/therapy/etiology/pathology ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Motor Neurons/metabolism/pathology/drug effects ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with damage to motor neurons and leading to severe muscle weakness and, eventually, death. Over the past decade, understanding of the key pathogenetic links of ALS, including glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, has significantly advanced. This review considers the recent evidence on molecular mechanisms of these processes, as well as the therapeutic strategies aimed at their modulation. Special attention is paid to antiglutamatergic and antioxidant drugs as approaches to the ALS pathogenetic therapy.},
}

*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology/drug therapy/metabolism/therapy/etiology/pathology
Humans
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Animals
Antioxidants/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Motor Neurons/metabolism/pathology/drug effects
Glutamic Acid/metabolism
Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid40506782,
year = {2025},
author = {Briscoe, S and Martin Pintado, C and Sutcliffe, K and Melendez-Torres, GJ and Garside, R and Lawal, HM and Orr, N and Shaw, L and Thompson Coon, J},
title = {Evidence of inequities experienced by the rare disease community with respect to receipt of a diagnosis and access to services: a scoping review of UK and international evidence.},
journal = {Orphanet journal of rare diseases},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {303},
pmid = {40506782},
issn = {1750-1172},
support = {NIHR200695//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Services Accessibility ; *Healthcare Disparities ; *Rare Diseases/diagnosis ; United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: People with a rare disease find it difficult to obtain a diagnosis and access appropriate services. Evidence suggests that this can lead to health inequity amongst the rare disease community, i.e. systemic, unfair and avoidable differences in health opportunities and outcomes. This scoping review aims to identify and describe evidence on health inequities experienced by the rare disease community with regards to receipt of a diagnosis and access to health and social care services.

METHODS: We searched ASSIA, CINAHL, Embase, HMIC, MEDLINE and Social Policy and Practice for relevant studies. Studies were double screened at title and abstract and full-text using pre-specified inclusion criteria. As this research was commissioned by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Policy Research Programme, primary studies were limited to UK settings. These were supplemented with international systematic reviews. We also applied a 2010 date limit. Relevant data were extracted and presented narratively and tabulated.

RESULTS: One hundred thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria, including 96 primary studies and 40 systematic reviews. The most frequently occurring rare diseases were motor neurone disease, cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. Seventeen types of inequity were identified: delayed diagnosis, lack of knowledge amongst clinicians, lack of information provision, limited services provision (across six different services), limited services for undiagnosed conditions, lack of care co-ordination; in addition, inequity was identified relating to place of residence, race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, age and disability.

CONCLUSION: This review has drawn attention to experiences of the rare disease community with respect to receipt of a diagnosis and access to services which are different to experiences in the general population, and within the rare disease community itself. Some of these experiences are clearly attributable to factors which are unfair, avoidable and systemic, particularly those which relate to specific groups in the rare disease community. Experiences relating to delayed diagnosis, lack of knowledge, information, care co-ordination and access to various services, also appeared to indicate inequity. These issues are less likely to be encountered with respect to more common diseases experienced in the general population.},
}

Humans
*Health Services Accessibility
*Healthcare Disparities
*Rare Diseases/diagnosis
United Kingdom

@article {pmid40500504,
year = {2025},
author = {Niu, J and Verkhratsky, A and Butt, A and Yi, C},
title = {Oligodendroglia in Ageing and Age-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Advances in neurobiology},
volume = {43},
number = {},
pages = {363-405},
pmid = {40500504},
issn = {2190-5215},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oligodendroglia/pathology/physiology/metabolism ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/metabolism ; *Aging/pathology/physiology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The central nervous system is susceptible to gradual decline with age, affecting all types of glial cells in the process. Compared to other glial cells, the oligodendroglial lineage is highly vulnerable to ageing and undergoes significant characteristic changes that impact upon its structure and impair its physiological functions. Therefore, the ageing and degeneration of oligodendroglia become major risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. During the age-related disease process, changes in oligodendroglia lead to a decline in their ability to regenerate myelin and respond to the aged microenvironment, which are closely linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, facilitating the emergence of these diseases in older populations. In this chapter, we introduce the physiological changes of oligodendroglia during ageing and the related mechanisms and then summarise their pathophysiological contributions to age-related cognitive disorders. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target oligodendroglia for future research on neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

Humans
*Oligodendroglia/pathology/physiology/metabolism
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/metabolism
*Aging/pathology/physiology
Animals

@article {pmid40498024,
year = {2025},
author = {Pisoni, L and Donini, L and Gagni, P and Pennuto, M and Ratti, A and Verde, F and Ticozzi, N and Mandrioli, J and Calvo, A and Basso, M},
title = {Barriers in the Nervous System: Challenges and Opportunities for Novel Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {40498024},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {MUR PNRR project iNEST - Interconnected Nord-Est Innovation Ecosystem (ECS00000043)//NextGenerationEU/ ; PERMEALS - PNRR-MAD-2022-12375731//Ministero della Salute/ ; CUP E53D23019700001, project "MYSTICALS"//European Union - Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 1/ ; RF-2016-02361616//Ministero della Salute/ ; EVTestInALS//AriSLA/ ; Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics//Università degli Studi di Milano/ ; MUR-PRIN 2022 project EV-PRINT 2022CS9H53//Next Generation EU/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/diagnosis ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by wide phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite efforts to carefully define and stratify ALS patients according to their clinical and genetic features, prognosis prediction still remains unreliable. Biomarkers that reflect changes in the central nervous system would be useful, but the physical impossibility of direct sampling and analysis of the nervous system makes them challenging to validate. A highly explored option is the identification of neuronal-specific markers that could be analyzed in peripheral biofluids. This review focuses on the description of the physical and biological barriers to the central nervous system and of the composition of biofluids in which ALS disease biomarkers are actively searched. Finally, we comment on already validated biomarkers, such as the neurofilament light chain, and show the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell-free DNA as additional biomarkers for disease prediction.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/diagnosis
*Biomarkers/metabolism
Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid40495464,
year = {2025},
author = {Majtan, T and Mijatovic, E and Petrosino, M},
title = {Understanding the Impact of Mutations in the Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Gene: Towards Novel Therapeutics for Homocystinuria.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/10985549.2025.2511338},
pmid = {40495464},
issn = {1098-5549},
abstract = {Protein misfolding and conformational instability drive protein conformational disorders, causing either accelerated degradation and loss-of-function, as in inherited metabolic disorders like lysosomal storage disorders, or toxic aggregation and gain-of-function, as in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Classical homocystinuria (HCU), an inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism, results from cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency. CBS regulates methionine conversion into metabolites critical for redox balance (cysteine, glutathione) and signaling (H2S). Pathogenic missense mutations in the CBS gene often impair folding, cofactor binding, stability or oligomerization rather than targeting the key catalytic residues of the CBS enzyme. Advances in understanding of CBS folding and assembly as well as CBS interactions with cellular proteostasis network offer potential for therapies using pharmacological chaperones (PCs), i.e., compounds facilitating proper folding, assembly or cellular trafficking. This review discusses progress in identifying PCs for HCU, including chemical chaperones, cofactors, and proteasome inhibitors. We outline future directions, focusing on high-throughput screening and structure-based drug design to develop CBS-specific PCs. These could stabilize mutant CBS, enhance its stability and restore activity, providing new treatments for HCU and possibly other conditions related to dysregulated CBS, such as cancer or Down's syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid40493155,
year = {2025},
author = {Kang, A and Qiao, Y and Pan, S and Yan, F and Chen, H and Bai, Y},
title = {From RIPK1 to Necroptosis: Pathogenic Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Neurochemical research},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
pages = {194},
pmid = {40493155},
issn = {1573-6903},
support = {24JRRA346//Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; CY2023-QN-B03//"Cuiying Science and Technology Program" of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University/ ; (23)0207//Foundation for International Medical Exchanges/ ; (23)1263//China Health Promotion Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Necroptosis/physiology/drug effects ; *Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/pathology/drug therapy ; Animals ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; },
abstract = {Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-mediated necroptosis, a newly identified mode of regulated cell death, represents a significant pathogenic mechanism in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Substantial experimental evidence indicates that RIPK1 regulates necroptotic cell death pathways in both neuronal and glial cell populations through activation of the canonical RIPK3-MLKL signaling cascade, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammatory responses and accelerating neurodegenerative progression. The pathological relevance of this molecular pathway has been extensively validated across multiple major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Pharmacological interventions targeting RIPK1 or its downstream effectors-particularly RIPK3 and MLKL-have demonstrated significant efficacy in mitigating disease-associated pathological manifestations. This highlights the RIPK1 signaling axis as a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotective strategies. Consequently, thorough investigation of RIPK1-mediated necroptosis in neurodegenerative settings holds considerable translational potential. Such inquiry deepens mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis while accelerating the advancement of innovative therapeutic approaches with direct clinical relevance.},
}

Humans
*Necroptosis/physiology/drug effects
*Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/pathology/drug therapy
Animals
Signal Transduction/physiology

@article {pmid40488810,
year = {2025},
author = {Kulkarni, SR and Thokchom, B and Abbigeri, MB and Bhavi, SM and Singh, SR and Metri, N and Yarajarla, RB},
title = {The role of L-DOPA in neurological and neurodegenerative complications: a review.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular biochemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40488810},
issn = {1573-4919},
abstract = {L-DOPA remains a cornerstone treatment for Parkinson's disease and is increasingly recognized for its role in various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. As a direct precursor to dopamine, L-DOPA is synthesized from L-tyrosine through the action of tyrosine hydroxylase and is subsequently converted into dopamine via aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes it a crucial therapeutic agent for restoring dopaminergic neurotransmission, thereby influencing motor function, cognition, and neuroprotection. Beyond Parkinson's, L-DOPA's therapeutic potential extends to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Lewy body dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, where dopamine modulation plays a critical role. Furthermore, L-DOPA has demonstrated efficacy in neurological disorders including epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular diseases, and traumatic brain injury, suggesting broader neurobiological applications. However, long-term use is associated with challenges such as motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and loss of therapeutic efficacy due to progressive neurodegeneration and alterations in dopaminergic pathways. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems, combination therapies, and nanotechnology, including plant-derived carbon dots, offer promising strategies to enhance L-DOPA's effectiveness while mitigating its limitations. This comprehensive review explores L-DOPA's synthesis, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and its evolving role in neurological diseases, while highlighting ongoing challenges and future directions for optimizing its clinical application.},
}

@article {pmid40488544,
year = {2025},
author = {Benzo-Iglesias, MJ and Rocamora-Pérez, P and Valverde-Martínez, MLÁ and García-Luengo, AV and Benzo-Iglesias, PM and López-Liria, R},
title = {Efficacy of respiratory muscle training in improving pulmonary function and survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {17534666251346095},
pmid = {40488544},
issn = {1753-4666},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology/mortality/therapy/diagnosis ; *Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology ; *Breathing Exercises/adverse effects/methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Quality of Life ; Muscle Strength ; *Lung/physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome ; Recovery of Function ; Male ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, loss of function, and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. Due to the lethal prognosis of ALS, respiratory muscle training has been proposed as a potentially beneficial intervention.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the efficacy of respiratory muscle training on lung function and respiratory muscle strength in ALS patients.

DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: Articles published in PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to July 2024. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement guideline was followed. Included studies had (1) ALS patients, (2) respiratory muscle training, (3) physical exercise, usual care or no intervention were provided as a comparison group, (4) assessments of lung function, respiratory muscle strength, quality of life, survival, fatigue, and functional capacity outcome measures, and (5) a randomized controlled trial design. Methodological quality was analyzed using the PEDro scale, and risk of bias with the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analyses were performed with Review Manager software.

RESULTS: Five randomized controlled trials with 170 participants were included. The results showed that respiratory muscle training improved muscle strength, particularly maximum expiratory and inspiratory pressures. One study suggested inspiratory muscle training as a survival predictor in ALS patients. No significant effects were observed in forced vital capacity or quality of life. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSION: Respiratory muscle training improves ventilatory function, particularly respiratory muscle strength, in people with ALS. While evidence is limited, it shows promise as an adjuvant therapy to enhance quality of life and survival. It has been registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42024568235).},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology/mortality/therapy/diagnosis
*Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology
*Breathing Exercises/adverse effects/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Quality of Life
Muscle Strength
*Lung/physiopathology
Treatment Outcome
Recovery of Function
Male

@article {pmid38778614,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, H and Xia, Y and Zhu, R and Zhang, Y and Zhang, X and Zhang, Y and Wang, J},
title = {Ribosomal DNA and Neurological Disorders.},
journal = {Current molecular medicine},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {556-566},
pmid = {38778614},
issn = {1875-5666},
support = {G2022027010L//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 82061138005//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; T2020009, 337/370//Hubei Provincial Department of Education/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Nervous System Diseases/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; *DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Huntington Disease/genetics ; },
abstract = {Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is important in the nucleolus and nuclear organization of human cells. Defective rDNA repeat maintenance has been reported to be closely associated with neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, depression, suicide, etc. However, there has not been a comprehensive review on the role of rDNA in these disorders. In this review, we have summarized the role of rDNA in major neurological disorders to sort out the correlation between rDNA and neurological diseases and provided insights for therapy with rDNA as a target.},
}

Humans
*Nervous System Diseases/genetics/metabolism/pathology
*DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/metabolism
Animals
Huntington Disease/genetics

@article {pmid40485888,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y and Ren, Y and Song, P},
title = {Traditional Chinese medicine for intractable and rare diseases: Research progress and future strategies.},
journal = {Intractable & rare diseases research},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {109-121},
pmid = {40485888},
issn = {2186-3644},
abstract = {Rare diseases have become a global public health challenge due to their low prevalence, difficult diagnosis, and limited treatment options. Intractable diseases are more common but often involve complex mechanisms, treatment with limited efficacy, and high medical costs, placing a heavy burden on patients and healthcare systems. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has demonstrated unique advantages in the treatment of intractable and rare diseases and has gradually become an important complementary treatment. The current work is a systematic review of the progress of clinical and experimental research on TCM in typical rare diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, aplastic anemia (AA), and Wilson's disease (WD). It focuses on the multi-target therapeutic mechanisms of key Chinese herbal compound formulas, including immune regulation, antioxidative stress, and neuroprotection. The core TCM theories of "syndrome differentiation", "different treatments for the same disease" and the "same treatment for different diseases" are also discussed in the context of personalized medicine. In recent years, China has continuously promoted the development of TCM through a series of national plans and supportive policies, such as the 14th Five-Year Plan for TCM development, funding for key special projects, expedited approval pathways, and expanded coverage by medical insurance. These efforts have provided strong support for the clinical translation of TCM and technological innovation in the field of intractable and rare diseases. Notwithstanding the encouraging advances, the field of Chinese medicine continues to grapple with numerous challenges. In the future, the enhancement of mechanistic studies and quality multicenter clinical trials needs to be promoted while further enhancing policy support and international collaboration to substantiate the scientific basis and clinical value of TCM in the prevention and treatment of intractable and rare diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40482451,
year = {2025},
author = {Attiq, A and Afzal, S and Raman, H and Ahmad, W},
title = {Neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration: Boulevard of broken nerves.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {161},
number = {},
pages = {115015},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115015},
pmid = {40482451},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Neuroinflammation is caused by various factors, such as the activation of glial cells, the excessive release of chemokines and cytokines, and the accumulation of blood cells in the brain parenchyma. The inflammatory processes occur in acute and chronic phases, with traumatic brain injuries triggering the release of neurotoxins from CNS-specific glial cells. Furthermore, activation of microglia, astrocytes, and mast cells worsens the situation by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and glia maturation factors. Chronic activation of astroglia and microglial cells promotes loss of neurons, memory, and impaired learning capacity, leading to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These implications have led to a rational search for inflammatory druggable targets. Based on various preclinical and clinical studies, NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and mefenamic acid), SSRIs (fluoxetine and sertraline), antipsychotics (risperidone), corticosteroids (dexamethasone), antidiabetics (metformin and rosiglitazone), and statins (simvastatin and atorvastatin) have exhibited promising results. These drugs have anti-inflammatory and neuromodulation activities that enhance neuroplasticity and effectively manage neurodegenerative symptoms. In addition, non-pharmacological interventions such as art creation and physical exercise have been linked with improving neural development and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can attenuate disease progression and promote synaptic plasticity. Hence, it is imperative to understand the complex interplay between glial cells, inflammatory signalling and neural pathways. We reviewed the interconnected pathways between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Moreover, recommendations for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to address these issues are discussed herein.},
}

@article {pmid40476303,
year = {2025},
author = {Mustafa, MA and Bansal, P and Pallavi, MS and Panigrahi, R and Nathiya, D and Kumar, S and Al-Hasnaawei, S and Chauhan, AS and Singla, S},
title = {Exploring the Role of NLRP3 in Neurodegeneration: Cutting-Edge Therapeutic Strategies and Inhibitors.},
journal = {Developmental neurobiology},
volume = {85},
number = {3},
pages = {e22982},
doi = {10.1002/dneu.22982},
pmid = {40476303},
issn = {1932-846X},
mesh = {*NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; Humans ; Animals ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy ; *Inflammasomes/metabolism ; *Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Inflammasomes, particularly the NLRP3 inflammasome, play a pivotal role in mediating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD). Recent findings indicate that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and astrocytes triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18, which contribute to chronic inflammation and neuronal damage. This process accelerates neurodegeneration and exacerbates disease progression. Misfolded protein aggregates, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are key factors in the pathological activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these diseases. Recent studies have highlighted that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, either through direct inhibitors like MCC950 or natural compounds such as oridonin and β-hydroxybutyrate, shows promise in mitigating neuroinflammation and protecting neuronal integrity. These inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in animal models of AD, PD, and MS, presenting a new therapeutic approach for halting disease progression. However, the complexity of NLRP3 regulation requires further investigation to balance its inflammatory and protective roles. This review examines the recent advancements in NLRP3 inflammasome research and discusses potential strategies for modulating inflammasome activity to slow or prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

*NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
Humans
Animals
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy
*Inflammasomes/metabolism
*Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid40470490,
year = {2025},
author = {Ren, S and Che, X and Hu, S and Feng, X and Zhang, J and Shi, P},
title = {The effect of exercise intervention on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1499407},
pmid = {40470490},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Quantitative evaluation of the effect of exercise intervention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

METHODS: The CNKI, WOS, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched by computer, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise intervention in ALS were screened out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the PICOS principle. Stata 12.0 software was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs including 430 participants were included. Meta-analysis results show that exercise intervention can significantly improve the overall function, walking test (WT) distance and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) of ALS patients (p < 0.05). However, exercise interventions did not show significant effects on fatigue, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in ALS patients (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that resistance exercise is the most effective intervention for improving the function of ALS patients, while aerobic exercise is the most effective intervention for improving FVC in ALS patients.

CONCLUSION: Exercise intervention in ALS has a positive effect, but due to the small number of included studies and possible heterogeneity, risk of bias and sensitivity issues, further research is needed.},
}

@article {pmid40468389,
year = {2025},
author = {Rummens, J and Da Cruz, S},
title = {RNA-binding proteins in ALS and FTD: from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic insights.},
journal = {Molecular neurodegeneration},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {64},
pmid = {40468389},
issn = {1750-1326},
support = {G064721N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 1S15218N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 962700//Muscular Dystrophy Association/ ; SAO-FRA 20230035//Alzheimer's Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/genetics ; *Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism/pathology/genetics ; *RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Protein FUS/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are devastating neurodegenerative disorders with overlapping clinical, genetic and pathological features. A large body of evidence highlights the critical role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) - in particular TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and Fused in sarcoma (FUS) - in the pathogenesis of these diseases. These RBPs normally regulate various key aspects of RNA metabolism in the nervous system (by assembling into transient biomolecular condensates), but undergo cytoplasmic mislocalization and pathological aggregation in ALS and FTD. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that RBP-containing aggregates may propagate through the nervous system in a prion-like manner, driving the progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the genetic and neuropathological findings that establish RBP dysfunction as a central theme in ALS and FTD, and discuss the role of disease-associated RBPs in health and disease. Furthermore, we review emerging evidence regarding the prion-like properties of RBP pathology, and explore the downstream mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration. By unraveling the complex role of RBPs in ALS and FTD, we ultimately aim to provide insights into potential avenues for therapeutic intervention in these incurable disorders.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/genetics
*Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism/pathology/genetics
*RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Animals
DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
RNA-Binding Protein FUS/metabolism

@article {pmid40464816,
year = {2025},
author = {Savran, Z and Baltaci, SB and Aladag, T and Mogulkoc, R and Baltaci, AK},
title = {Vitamin D and Neurodegenerative Diseases Such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A Review of Current Literature.},
journal = {Current nutrition reports},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {77},
pmid = {40464816},
issn = {2161-3311},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy ; *Vitamin D/metabolism ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Alzheimer Disease ; Parkinson Disease ; Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Animals ; Cholecalciferol ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review explores the role of Vitamin D3 and its derivatives as inhibitors of pathological metabolic modifications in neurodegenerative diseases. The manuscript investigates how Vitamin D3 impacts neuronal calcium regulation, antioxidative pathways, immunomodulation, and neuroprotection during detoxification, beyond its known functions in intestinal, bone, and kidney calcium and phosphorus absorption, as well as bone mineralization.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have highlighted the synthesis of the active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 (vitamin D) in glial cells via the hydroxylation process of CY-P24A1, an enzyme in the cytochrome P450 system in the brain. The effects of vitamin D occur through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear steroid receptor, which has been identified in various brain regions, including the cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory system, temporal, and orbital regions. Neurodegeneration is primarily associated with oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and autophagy changes, all of which Vitamin D and VDR are believed to influence. Vitamin D and VDR are recognized as both environmental and genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). A deficiency in Vitamin D is postulated to have detrimental effects on the brain and other diseases throughout various stages of life. This review consolidates findings from clinical and experimental studies, as well as past publications, focusing on the implications of Vitamin D deficiency in these neurodegenerative conditions. Current articles published in PubMed were extensively considered for this review.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy
*Vitamin D/metabolism
Multiple Sclerosis
Alzheimer Disease
Parkinson Disease
Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Animals
Cholecalciferol

@article {pmid40464500,
year = {2025},
author = {Dedoni, S and Avdoshina, V and Olianas, MC and Onali, P},
title = {Role of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Neurological Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications.},
journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {28245},
doi = {10.31083/FBL28245},
pmid = {40464500},
issn = {2768-6698},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lysophospholipids/metabolism ; *Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology/metabolism/drug therapy ; Animals ; Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid molecule, has been identified as a critical regulator of several cellular processes in the central nervous system, with significant impacts on neuronal function, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammatory responses. While Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease have garnered considerable attention due to their incidence and socioeconomic significance, many additional neurological illnesses remain unclear in terms of underlying pathophysiology and prospective treatment targets. This review synthesizes evidence linking LPA's function in neurological diseases such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cerebellar ataxia, cerebral ischemia, seizures, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, autism, migraine, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated complications Despite recent advances, the specific mechanisms underlying LPA's actions in various neurological disorders remain unknown, and further research is needed to understand the distinct roles of LPA across multiple disease conditions, as well as to investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting LPA receptors in these pathologies. The purpose of this review is to highlight the multiple functions of LPA in the aforementioned neurological diseases, which frequently share the same poor prognosis due to a scarcity of truly effective therapies, while also evaluating the role of LPA, its receptors, and signaling as promising actors for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to those proposed today.},
}

Humans
*Lysophospholipids/metabolism
*Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology/metabolism/drug therapy
Animals
Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid40464332,
year = {2025},
author = {Naim, A and Farooqui, AM and Badruddeen, and Khan, MI and Akhtar, J and Ahmad, A and Islam, A},
title = {The Role of Kinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Treatment.},
journal = {The European journal of neuroscience},
volume = {61},
number = {11},
pages = {e70156},
doi = {10.1111/ejn.70156},
pmid = {40464332},
issn = {1460-9568},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/enzymology/drug therapy/metabolism ; Animals ; *Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and dysfunction, with protein kinases playing crucial roles in their pathogenesis. This article explores the involvement of protein kinases in these disorders, focusing on their contributions to disease mechanisms, potential as therapeutic targets and challenges in developing effective treatments. In Alzheimer's disease, kinases such as CDK5, GSK3β and MARK4 are implicated in tau hyperphosphorylation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Kinases also regulate amyloid-β processing and plaque formation. In Parkinson's disease, LRRK2, PINK1 and other kinases contribute to α-synuclein pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. LRRK2 inhibitors and PROTACs have shown promise in preclinical models. Huntington's disease involves altered kinase activity, with CK2, GSK3 and MAPK pathways influencing mutant huntingtin toxicity and aggregation. Kinases are also implicated in less common neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS and spinocerebellar ataxias. Despite the therapeutic potential of targeting kinases, challenges remain, including the complexity of kinase networks, blood-brain barrier permeability and the lack of robust biomarkers. Emerging technologies, such as covalent inhibitors, targeted protein degradation and combination therapies, offer new avenues for addressing these challenges and developing more effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/enzymology/drug therapy/metabolism
Animals
*Protein Kinases/metabolism
Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use

@article {pmid40463912,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, T and Sun, W and Guo, S and Yuan, Z and Zhu, M and Lu, J and Chen, T and Qu, Y and Feng, C and Yang, T},
title = {Role of mitochondrial quality control in neurodegenerative disease progression.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {1588645},
pmid = {40463912},
issn = {1662-5102},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of neurological disorders, in which abnormal mitochondrial function is closely associated with their development and progression. This has generated significant research interest in the field. The proper functioning of mitochondria relies on the dynamic regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system. Key processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics (division/fusion) are essential for maintaining this balance. These processes collectively govern mitochondrial function and homeostasis. Therefore, the mitochondrial quality control system plays a critical role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This article provides a concise overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics, explores their interactions, and summarizes current research progress in understanding the mitochondrial quality control system in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40460337,
year = {2025},
author = {van Unnik, JWJ and Ing, L and Oliveira Santos, M and McDermott, CJ and de Carvalho, M and van Eijk, RPA},
title = {Remote Monitoring of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Digital Health Technologies: Shifting Toward Digitalized Care and Research?.},
journal = {Neurology},
volume = {105},
number = {1},
pages = {e213738},
doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000213738},
pmid = {40460337},
issn = {1526-632X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis ; *Telemedicine ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Videoconferencing ; Digital Technology ; *Biomedical Technology ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Digital Health ; },
abstract = {Current care and research pathways for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) primarily rely on regularly scheduled visits to specialized centers. These visits provide intermittent clinical information to health care professionals and require patients to travel to the clinic. Digital health technologies enable continuous data collection directly from the patient's home, bringing new opportunities for personalized, timely care and a refined assessment of disease severity in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the state of the art in digital health technologies for remote monitoring of patients with ALS, ranging from televisits through videoconferencing to sensor-based wearable devices. We explore how these technologies can benefit clinical care and advance treatment development. Despite significant progress, real-world adoption of these technologies remains limited. An overview is provided of the key barriers hindering their widespread implementation and the opportunities to advance the field. Significantly, there is an urgent need for harmonization across stakeholders through consensus guidelines and consortia. These efforts are essential to accelerate progress and harness the full potential of digital health technologies to better meet the needs of patients.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis
*Telemedicine
Wearable Electronic Devices
Videoconferencing
Digital Technology
*Biomedical Technology
Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
Digital Health

@article {pmid40459673,
year = {2025},
author = {Dengri, C and Mayberry, W and Koriesh, A and Nouh, A},
title = {Neurology of Androgens and Androgenic Supplements.},
journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {39},
pmid = {40459673},
issn = {1534-6293},
mesh = {Humans ; *Androgens/metabolism/therapeutic use ; *Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism ; *Dietary Supplements ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Animals ; Testosterone/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article explores the intricate relationship between androgens, androgen receptors, and the central nervous system. We examine the role of physiologically derived androgens and androgenic supplements in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity and delve into the involvement of androgen pathways in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders.

RECENT FINDINGS: This review highlights the increasing recognition of testosterone and androgen signaling in various neurological conditions, with evidence of both protective and harmful effects depending on dosage and context. Although limited to experimental use, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) may serve potential benefits in the management of multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, headache, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. On the other hand, androgen-blocking treatments may help alter disease progression in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Testosterone supplementation can have potential adverse events when used at a supratherapeutic level, and prenatal testosterone exposure is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disease. Additionally, androgen-blocking agents could increase the risk of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Despite the above findings, there is no established indication of TRT or androgen-blocking medication in neurological disorders. The body of evidence highlighting the involvement of androgens and androgen receptors (ARs) in pathogenesis of neurological diseases is growing. This includes ongoing research exploring the potential therapeutic targets involving the androgen signaling pathway for management of neurological disorders. Future placebo-controlled clinical trials are essential to determine the efficacy and safety of TRT or androgen-blocking therapies in managing neurological disease.},
}

Humans
*Androgens/metabolism/therapeutic use
*Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism
*Dietary Supplements
Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
Animals
Testosterone/therapeutic use

@article {pmid40454774,
year = {2025},
author = {Madrer, N and Perera, ND and Uccelli, NA and Abbondanza, A and Andersen, JV and Carsana, EV and Demmings, MD and Fernandez, RF and de Fragas, MG and Gbadamosi, I and Kulshrestha, D and Lima-Filho, RAS and Marian, OC and Markussen, KH and McGovern, AJ and Neal, ES and Sarkar, S and Šimončičová, E and Soto-Verdugo, J and Yandiev, S and Fernández-Moncada, I},
title = {Neural Metabolic Networks: Key Elements of Healthy Brain Function.},
journal = {Journal of neurochemistry},
volume = {169},
number = {6},
pages = {e70084},
pmid = {40454774},
issn = {1471-4159},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain/metabolism ; Animals ; *Nerve Net/metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism/physiology ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology ; *Neurons/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Neural networks are responsible for processing sensory stimuli and driving the synaptic activity required for brain function and behavior. This computational capacity is expensive and requires a steady supply of energy and building blocks to operate. Importantly, the neural networks are composed of different cell populations, whose metabolic profiles differ between each other, thus endowing them with different metabolic capacities, such as, for example, the ability to synthesize specific metabolic precursors or variable proficiency to manage their metabolic waste. These marked differences likely prompted the emergence of diverse intercellular metabolic interactions, in which the shuttling and cycling of specific metabolites between brain cells allows the separation of workload and efficient control of energy demand and supply within the central nervous system. Nevertheless, our knowledge about brain bioenergetics and the specific metabolic adaptations of neural cells still warrants further studies. In this review, originated from the Fourth International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and Journal of Neurochemistry (JNC) Flagship School held in Schmerlenbach, Germany (2022), we describe and discuss the specific metabolic profiles of brain cells, the intercellular metabolic exchanges between these cells, and how these bioenergetic activities shape synaptic function and behavior. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of faulty brain metabolic activity in the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We foresee that a deeper understanding of neural networks metabolism will provide crucial insights into how higher-order brain functions emerge and reveal the roots of neuropathological conditions whose hallmarks include impaired brain metabolic function.},
}

Humans
*Brain/metabolism
Animals
*Nerve Net/metabolism
*Energy Metabolism/physiology
*Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology
*Neurons/metabolism

@article {pmid40439916,
year = {2025},
author = {Porel, P and Hunjan, G and Kaur, N and Sharma, V and Kaur, M and Mittal, Y and Kaur, R and Aran, KR},
title = {Unlocking the neuroprotective potential of peptide nucleic acids 5 (PNA5) in neurological diseases: molecular mechanisms to therapeutic approaches.},
journal = {Metabolic brain disease},
volume = {40},
number = {5},
pages = {213},
pmid = {40439916},
issn = {1573-7365},
mesh = {Humans ; *Peptide Nucleic Acids/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism ; *Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic nucleic acid analogues offering distinct structural and functional advantages over conventional RNA and DNA, positioning them as powerful molecules in molecular biology. Recently, PNAs have gained significant attention for their potential in the prevention and management of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), depression, and anxiety. PNA5, a specific PNA variant, is highly expressed in neocortical association regions, particularly in primates, and plays a critical role in high-level cognitive functions such as reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving. It can form stable, sequence-specific hybridizations with nucleic acids, resist nuclease degradation, and efficiently cross cellular membranes, making them ideal candidates for targeting disease-related genes in the brain. PNA5 has shown neuroprotective properties by improving cognitive function, reducing neuroinflammation, and preserving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, it supports critical processes such as neural migration, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis, which are vital for maintaining proper brain function. This review explores the mechanisms by which PNAs, particularly PNA5, exert therapeutic effects in neurological disorders. It highlights their role in gene modulation, protein regulation, and potential strategies for enhancing PNA delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) and its related disorders.},
}

Humans
*Peptide Nucleic Acids/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Animals
*Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism
*Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects/metabolism

@article {pmid40036368,
year = {2025},
author = {Ervilha Pereira, P and De Bleecker, JL and Bogaert, E and Dermaut, B},
title = {Myopathic aggregation-prone variants in the TDP-43 prion-like domain: genetics paving the way.},
journal = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
volume = {148},
number = {6},
pages = {1876-1887},
doi = {10.1093/brain/awaf076},
pmid = {40036368},
issn = {1460-2156},
support = {3G0H8318//Research Foundation Flanders/ ; G0AC724N//Research Foundation Flanders/ ; //Funds W. Pyleman and Cremers-Opdebeeck/ ; 2023-J1141680-231086//King Baudouin Foundation/ ; 01N10319//Ghent University Special Research Fund/ ; //Ghent University Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *TDP-43 Proteinopathies/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; *Muscular Diseases/genetics/pathology ; *Prions/genetics/metabolism ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {While neuropathological and genetic studies have established the crucial involvement of TDP-43 proteinopathy in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and related neurodegenerative disorders, multiple studies have described the presence of TDP-43 inclusions in muscular disorders, including inclusion body myositis but also other related rimmed vacuole myopathies. In addition, TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) has been reported to be essential in normal muscle physiology as it is implicated in the formation of so-called amyloid-like myogranules during normal muscle regeneration after injury. However, genetic evidence supporting a primary role for TDP-43 proteinopathy in muscle disease has been missing. In the present review we highlight recent landmark discoveries linking novel pathogenic TDP-43 variants [p.(W385IfsX10) and p.(G376V)] within the prion-like domain with unusual aggregation-propensity and muscle rather than neuronal pathology. We discuss these studies in the context of known TDP-43-related pathways in ALS/FTD pathogenesis and show how they challenge some widely accepted views such as ALS as a pure neurogenic presynaptic neuromuscular disease and the direct correlation between TDP-43 aggregation-propensity and neurotoxicity. Finally, we discuss TDP-43 as part of a growing list of RNA-binding proteins including hnRNPA2B1 and hnRNPA1 as genetic causes of myopathies and relate this to the idea of 'multisystem proteinopathy'.},
}

Humans
*DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*TDP-43 Proteinopathies/genetics/pathology
Animals
*Muscular Diseases/genetics/pathology
*Prions/genetics/metabolism
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics

@article {pmid40439808,
year = {2025},
author = {Singh, H and Gupta, R and Gupta, M and Ahmad, A},
title = {Aging-induced alterations in microglial cells and their impact on neurodegenerative disorders.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {515},
pmid = {40439808},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Humans ; *Microglia/metabolism/pathology ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; *Aging/pathology/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; Cellular Senescence ; },
abstract = {Senescence causes deterioration in the functioning and physiology of an organism. Microglia, the standing resident immune brain cells transform from neuroprotective to neurotoxic with age. Rapid process motility and cellular migration of microglia in the developing brain, and other characteristics are regarded to be crucial for immunological defense and tissue repair. As they mature, microglia not only differ in their morphology but also in their functioning. However, the exact mechanism related to the atrophies caused by aged microglia or their role in neurodegenerative diseases is still uncertain. The aim of this updated review is to provide insights of how aging microglial cells change and how this influences the development of neurodegenerative diseases. As life expectancy rises, there is an increase in the accumulation of iron, ROS/NOS, protein misfolding and insufficient clearing of debris. This is attributed to the age-dependent alterations in the genes linked to energy metabolism, mitochondrial and lysosome function, and neuroinflammation. Aging microglia often shifts towards a pro-inflammatory state with a reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Aging microglia fail to clear amyloid-beta plaques, accelerates tau-pathology and enhances the chronic neuroinflammation, exacerbating the α-synuclein aggregation. These changes significantly impacted the onset of various neurogenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease etc. However, it is important to note that these microglial aging effects might not be perceived as absolute, due to various limitations such as microglial heterogeneity, intercellular complexity across brain regions and variability in human aging owing to genetic and epigenetic variations. Regardless of this the future perspective of such insights are of immense relevance as novel therapeutic approaches can be formulated if the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging microglial perturbations are understood. Future research should focus on restoring microglial homeostasis to mitigate the effects of aging on the brain and slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.},
}

Humans
*Microglia/metabolism/pathology
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/pathology
*Aging/pathology/metabolism
Animals
Brain/metabolism/pathology
Cellular Senescence

@article {pmid40398193,
year = {2025},
author = {Carra, S and Fabian, B and Taghavi, H and Milanetti, E and Giliberti, V and Ruocco, G and Shepherd, J and Vendruscolo, M and Fuxreiter, M},
title = {Virus-like particles of retroviral origin in protein aggregation and neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Molecular aspects of medicine},
volume = {103},
number = {},
pages = {101369},
doi = {10.1016/j.mam.2025.101369},
pmid = {40398193},
issn = {1872-9452},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *Protein Aggregates ; *Endogenous Retroviruses/metabolism/genetics ; *Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism/virology ; Animals ; *Virion/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; },
abstract = {A wide range of human diseases are associated with protein misfolding and amyloid aggregates. Recent studies suggest that in certain neurological disorders, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and various tauopathies, protein aggregation may be promoted by virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). The molecular mechanisms by which these VLPs contribute to protein aggregation, however, remain enigmatic. Here, we discuss possible molecular mechanisms of ERV-derived VLPs in the formation and spread of protein aggregates. An intriguing possibility is that liquid-like condensates may facilitate the formation of both protein aggregates and ERV-derived VLPs. We also describe how RNA chaperoning, and the encapsulation and trafficking of misfolded proteins, may contribute to protein homeostasis through the elimination of protein aggregates from cells. Based on these insights, we discuss future potential therapeutic opportunities.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/pathology
*Protein Aggregates
*Endogenous Retroviruses/metabolism/genetics
*Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism/virology
Animals
*Virion/metabolism
Protein Folding

@article {pmid40431734,
year = {2025},
author = {Kim, DH and Kim, JH and Jeon, MT and Kim, KS and Kim, DG and Choi, IS},
title = {The Role of TDP-43 in SARS-CoV-2-Related Neurodegenerative Changes.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {40431734},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {25-BR-02-03//Korea Brain Research Institute/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *COVID-19/complications/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/pathology/etiology ; Virus Replication ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been linked to long-term neurological effects with multifaceted complications of neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies have found that pathological changes in transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) are involved in these cases. This review explores the causal interactions between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and TDP-43 from multiple perspectives. Some viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to induce pathological changes in TDP-43 through its cleavage, aggregation, and mislocalization. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause liquid-liquid phase separation and stress granule formation, which accelerate the condensation of TDP-43, resulting in host RNA metabolism disruption. TDP-43 has been proposed to interact with SARS-CoV-2 RNA, though its role in viral replication remains to be fully elucidated. This interaction potentially facilitates viral replication, while viral-induced oxidative stress and protease activity accelerate TDP-43 pathology. Evidence from both clinical and experimental studies indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to long-term neurological sequelae, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like and frontotemporal dementia-like features, as well as increased phosphorylated TDP-43 deposition in the central nervous system. Biomarker studies further support the link between TDP-43 dysregulation and neurological complications of long-term effects of COVID-19 (long COVID). In this review, we presented a novel integrative framework of TDP-43 pathology, bridging a gap between SARS-CoV-2 infection and mechanisms of neurodegeneration. These findings underscore the need for further research to clarify the TDP-43-related neurodegeneration underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating long-term neurological effects in patients with long COVID.},
}

Humans
*DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*COVID-19/complications/metabolism/virology/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/pathology/etiology
Virus Replication
Animals

@article {pmid40429767,
year = {2025},
author = {Bokulic Panichi, L and Stanca, S and Dolciotti, C and Bongioanni, P},
title = {The Role of Oligodendrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unwrapping the Layers.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {40429767},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oligodendroglia/metabolism/pathology ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology/metabolism/etiology ; Animals ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism/pathology ; },
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease, and multiple sclerosis, are characterized by progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to severe cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments. They pose a significant and growing challenge due to their rising prevalence and impact on global health systems. The societal and emotional toll on patients, caregivers, and healthcare infrastructures is considerable. While significant progress has been made in elucidating the pathological hallmarks of these disorders, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Increasing evidence implicates oligodendrocytes and their progenitors-oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)-in the pathogenesis of several NDs, beyond their traditionally recognized role in demyelinating conditions such as MS. Oligodendrocytes are essential for axonal myelination, metabolic support, and neural circuit modulation in the central nervous system. Disruptions in oligodendrocyte function and myelin integrity-manifesting as demyelination, hypomyelination, or dysmyelination-have been associated with disease progression in various neurodegenerative contexts. This review consolidates recent findings on the role of OPCs in NDs, explores the concept of myelin plasticity, and discusses therapeutic strategies targeting oligodendrocyte dysfunction. By highlighting emerging research in oligodendrocyte biology, this review aims to provide a short overview of its relevance to neurodegenerative disease progression and potential therapeutic advances.},
}

Humans
*Oligodendroglia/metabolism/pathology
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology/metabolism/etiology
Animals
Myelin Sheath/metabolism/pathology

@article {pmid40428407,
year = {2025},
author = {Škarica, M and Acsadi, G and Živković, SA},
title = {Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1 and Associated Neuronopathies.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes16050585},
pmid = {40428407},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Humans ; *Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/genetics/pathology ; *Cerebellar Diseases/genetics/pathology ; },
abstract = {Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is a rare neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by severe hypoplasia or atrophy of pons and cerebellum that may be associated with other brain malformations, microcephaly, optic nerve atrophy, dystonia, ataxia and neuromuscular disorders. At this time, there are 17 variants of PCH distinguished by clinical presentation and distinctive radiological and biochemical features in addition to pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia. PCH1 is defined as PCH variant associated with anterior horn degeneration in the spinal cord with muscle weakness and hypotonia, and is associated with recessive variants in genes VRK1, EXOSC3, EXOSC8, EXOSC9 and SLC25A46. Neuromuscular manifestations may clinically present as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motor neuropathy (HMN) or neuronopathy (non-5q spinal muscular atrophy; SMA) or sensorimotor polyneuropathy (HMSN). Physiologic functions of PCH1-associated genes include regulation of RNA metabolism, mitochondrial fission and neuronal migration. Overall, complex phenotypes associated with PCH1 gene variants ranging from PCH and related neurodevelopmental disorders combined with neuromuscular disorders to isolated neuromuscular disorders have variable outcomes with isolated neuromuscular disorders typically having later onset with better outcomes. Improved understanding of pathogenesis of pontocerebellar hypoplasia and its association with motor neuronopathies and peripheral neuropathies may provide us with valuable insights and lead to potential new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.},
}

Humans
*Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/genetics/pathology
*Cerebellar Diseases/genetics/pathology

@article {pmid40428092,
year = {2025},
author = {Vaccarino, F and Quattrocchi, CC and Parillo, M},
title = {Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI): Technical Aspects and Applications in Brain MRI for Neurodegenerative Disorders.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bioengineering12050473},
pmid = {40428092},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence sensitive to substances that alter the local magnetic field, such as calcium and iron, allowing phase information to distinguish between them. SWI is a 3D gradient-echo sequence with high spatial resolution that leverages both phase and magnitude effects. The interaction of paramagnetic (such as hemosiderin and deoxyhemoglobin), diamagnetic (including calcifications and minerals), and ferromagnetic substances with the local magnetic field distorts it, leading to signal changes. Neurodegenerative diseases are typically characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and their supporting cells within the neurovascular unit. This cellular decline is associated with a corresponding deterioration of both cognitive and motor abilities. Many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased iron accumulation or microhemorrhages in various brain regions, making SWI a valuable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Suggestive SWI findings are known in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, atypical parkinsonian syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary ataxias, Huntington's disease, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This review will assist radiologists in understanding the technical framework of SWI sequences for a correct interpretation of currently established MRI findings and for its potential future clinical applications.},
}

@article {pmid40427919,
year = {2025},
author = {Howarth, NE and Ji, C and Batten, J and Pearce, AJ and Dawes, H and White, AJ and DeLuca, G and Bureau, S and Nowinski, CJ and Miller, MA},
title = {Neurodegenerative Disease and Association Football (NDAF): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph22050806},
pmid = {40427919},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Soccer/injuries ; *Football/injuries ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {There is increasing concern that head injuries in Association Football (or soccer) may lead to adverse health outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine whether head impacts or injuries are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease. We performed a systematic search using PubMed, Embase, and Ovid (up to April 2025). Studies included investigated neurodegenerative diseases in football in comparison to control athletic and general populations. Data were extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies with an odds ratio (OR) were included in the meta-analysis. A total of ten studies were included in this review, of which nine were suitable for meta-analysis from eight cohorts. The risk for developing any neurodegeneration was 1.69 OR (95%CI 1.11 to 2.59; p = 0.01); for Dementia, it was 2.16 OR (95%CI 1.60 to 2.93; p < 0.01; for Motor Neurone Disease (MND), it was 1.39 OR (95%CI 0.67 to 2.53; p = 0.21); for Parkinson's Disease (PD), it was 1.14 OR (95%CI 0.55 to 2.89; p = 0.79). Heterogeneity was reduced following the removal of two studies and the revised risk scores for any neurodegenerative disease; Dementia increased, with that for MND reaching significance, 1.81 OR (95%CI 1.22 to 2.30; p = 0.01), but there remained no association with PD. Evidence suggests that professional football significantly increases the odds of neurodegenerative disease.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
*Soccer/injuries
*Football/injuries
Risk Factors

@article {pmid40427436,
year = {2025},
author = {Minuti, A and Raffaele, I and Scuruchi, M and Lui, M and Muscarà, C and Calabrò, M},
title = {Role and Functions of Irisin: A Perspective on Recent Developments and Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox14050554},
pmid = {40427436},
issn = {2076-3921},
support = {Current Research Funds 2025 (RRC-2025-23686388)//Ministero della Salute/ ; },
abstract = {Irisin is a peptide derived from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and is primarily produced by muscle fibers under the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) during exercise. Irisin has been the subject of extensive research due to its potential as a metabolic regulator and its antioxidant properties. Notably, it has been associated with protective actions within the brain. Despite growing interest, many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. This review summarizes recent findings on irisin, highlighting its pleiotropic functions and the biological processes and molecular cascades involved in its action, with a particular focus on the central nervous system. Irisin plays a crucial role in neuron survival, differentiation, growth, and development, while also promoting mitochondrial homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and facilitating autophagy-processes essential for normal neuronal function. Emerging evidence suggests that irisin may improve conditions associated with non-communicable neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Given its diverse benefits, irisin holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and treating neurological diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40426973,
year = {2025},
author = {Ivantsik, O and Exarchos, TP and Vrahatis, AG and Vlamos, P and Krokidis, MG},
title = {Exploring Protein Misfolding in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Structural and Functional Insights.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines13051146},
pmid = {40426973},
issn = {2227-9059},
support = {TAEDR-0535850.//This work was partially supported by the European Union-Next Generation EU, Greece 2.0 Na-tional Recovery and Resilience Plan Flagship program TAEDR-0535850./ ; },
abstract = {Protein functionality depends on its proper folding, making protein misfolding crucial for the function of proteins and, by extension, cells and the whole organism. Increasing evidence supports the role of protein misfolding in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a rapidly progressive disease diagnosed at a prevalence of 5 cases per 100,000, with approximately 2-3 patients per 100,000 diagnosed each year. To date, there is no cure, and the disease usually leads to death within 2 to 5 years from diagnosis. There are two types of the disorder: familial ALS (fALS), accounting for approximately 10% of cases, and sporadic (sALS), accounting for the remaining 90%. The hallmark of ALS, regardless of type, is the protein aggregates found in patients' tissues. This suggests that the disruption of proteostasis plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Herein, we stress the distinct factors that lead to protein misfolding and aggregate formation in ALS. Specifically, we highlight several triggering factors affecting protein misfolding, namely mutations, errors in the processes of protein production and trafficking, and failures of folding and chaperone machinery. Gaining a deeper understanding of protein aggregation will improve our comprehension of disease pathogenesis and potentially uncover new therapeutic approaches.},
}

@article {pmid40422183,
year = {2025},
author = {Verde, EM and Secco, V and Ghezzi, A and Mandrioli, J and Carra, S},
title = {Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Aggregation in ALS-FTD: Focus on TDP-43 and Cellular Protective Responses.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {40422183},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {SUMOsolvable//AriSLA/ ; AHA MCA 2022//Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation and AirAlzh/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/genetics ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism/pathology/genetics ; *Protein Aggregates ; *Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism ; Animals ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) are two neurodegenerative disorders that share common genes and pathomechanisms and are referred to as the ALS-FTD spectrum. A hallmark of ALS-FTD pathology is the abnormal aggregation of proteins, including Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS), and dipeptide repeat proteins resulting from C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansions. Genetic mutations linked to ALS-FTD disrupt protein stability, phase separation, and interaction networks, promoting misfolding and insolubility. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying protein aggregation in ALS-FTD, with a particular focus on TDP-43, as it represents the main aggregated species inside pathological inclusions and can also aggregate in its wild-type form. Moreover, this review describes the protective mechanisms activated by the cells to prevent protein aggregation, including molecular chaperones and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Understanding these regulatory pathways could offer new insights into targeted interventions aimed at mitigating cell toxicity and restoring cellular function.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism/pathology/genetics
*DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Frontotemporal Dementia/metabolism/pathology/genetics
*Protein Aggregates
*Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism
Animals
Protein Processing, Post-Translational

@article {pmid40419749,
year = {2025},
author = {Monteiro Neto, JR and de Souza, GF and Dos Santos, VM and de Holanda Paranhos, L and Ribeiro, GD and Magalhães, RSS and Queiroz, DD and Eleutherio, ECA},
title = {SOD1, A Crucial Protein for Neural Biochemistry: Dysfunction and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.},
journal = {Molecular neurobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40419749},
issn = {1559-1182},
support = {201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 201.174/2022//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; PROBRAL 88881.986154/2024-01//CAPES-DAAD/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 309635/2023-3//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {Neurons are very susceptible to oxidative stress. They are the major consumers of oxygen in the brain, which is used to provide energy through oxidative phosphorylation, the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, compared to other tissues, neurons have lower levels of catalase and glutathione and increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation due to the elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids. These characteristics increasingly emphasize the antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) to maintain neuronal redox homeostasis. In the last decade, SOD1 gained additional roles which are also important to the metabolism of neurons. SOD1 controls the production of ROS by the electron transport chain, activates the expression of genes involved in the protection against oxidative stress, and regulates the shift from oxidative to fermentative metabolism involved in astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Furthermore, impaired interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and SOD1 seems to result in TDP-43 hyperphosphorylation, the main proteinopathy found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. However, this enzyme is ubiquitously expressed, mutated, and damaged forms of SOD1 cause disease in motor neurons. In this review, we discuss the pivotal functions of SOD1 in neuronal biochemistry and their implications for ALS.},
}

@article {pmid40414644,
year = {2025},
author = {Manusha, S and Varsha, N and Varshini, R and Sivamani, Y and Pokkuluri, KS and Elayaperumal, S},
title = {Altered microbiome influence on the enteric neuromuscular system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).},
journal = {International review of neurobiology},
volume = {180},
number = {},
pages = {95-123},
doi = {10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.006},
pmid = {40414644},
issn = {2162-5514},
mesh = {*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/microbiology/physiopathology ; Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Enteric Nervous System/physiopathology/microbiology ; *Dysbiosis/physiopathology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disease marked by the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. While the cause of ALS is uncertain, research indicates that changes in the gut microbiome may influence the disease's progression. This chapter explores how alterations in gut microbiota affect the enteric neuromuscular system (ENS) in ALS. In ALS patients, disrupted gut microbiota are linked to the brain-gut axis, impacting both gastrointestinal function and neuronal health. Studies show that microbial changes are associated with inflammation, immune instability, and neurodegeneration, which exacerbate the disease. Gastrointestinal issues like constipation and dysphagia in ALS are tied to ENS dysregulation. Understanding the connections between the gut microbiome, ENS, and central nervous system (CNS) may lead to novel therapies targeting neurodegeneration and microbial dysbiosis in ALS.},
}

*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/microbiology/physiopathology
Humans
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Enteric Nervous System/physiopathology/microbiology
*Dysbiosis/physiopathology
Animals

@article {pmid40411245,
year = {2025},
author = {Giacobbe, A and Hiana, J and Wang, O and Benatar, M and Wicks, P and Mascias Cadavid, J and Jhooty, S and McDermott, C and Pattee, G and Bertorini, T and Heiman-Patterson, T and Ratner, D and Barkhaus, P and Carter, G and Jackson, C and Denson, K and Brown, A and Armon, C and Sun, Y and Nguyen, A and Bedlack, R and Li, X},
title = {ALSUntangled #79: alpha-lipoic acid.},
journal = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1080/21678421.2025.2507166},
pmid = {40411245},
issn = {2167-9223},
abstract = {Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid. It serves as an essential cofactor for enzymatic reactions in mitochondrial energy production, is a potent antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory effects, which are plausible mechanisms in slowing ALS progression. In ALS preclinical studies, ALA slowed motor function decline and improved survival. There were self-reported cases of improved muscle strength in ALS patients when ALA was taken with numerous additional supplements, making it difficult to discern its efficacy. One small, 6-month open-label study showed improved quality of life, fatigue, and mood after participants took it with B vitamins and amino acids for the first 3 months. So far, no clinical trials have been published in people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS). Given the insufficient clinical data, we cannot endorse ALA and will support more research on its efficacy in slowing ALS progression.},
}

@article {pmid40406043,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, L and Ma, L and Gao, Z and Wang, Y and Qiu, J},
title = {Significance of gene therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {1515255},
pmid = {40406043},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Gene therapy is an approach that employs vectors to deliver genetic material to target cells, aiming to correct genes with pathogenic mutations and modulate one or more genes responsible for disease progression. It holds significant value for clinical applications and offers broad market potential due to the large patient population affected by various conditions. For instance, in 2023, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 55 new drugs, including five specifically for gene therapy targeting hematologic and rare diseases. Recently, with advancements in understanding the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), gene therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), particularly in personalized medicine. Notably, the FDA has approved three clinical applications for combating SMA, utilizing viral vectors delivered via intravenous and intrathecal injections. However, gene therapy for other NDDs remains in clinical trials, necessitating improvements in viral vectors, exploration of new vectors, optimization of delivery routes, and further investigation into pathogenesis to identify novel targets. This review discusses recent advancements in gene therapy for NDDs, offering insights into developing new therapeutic strategies.},
}

@article {pmid40355001,
year = {2025},
author = {Ognard, J and El Hajj, G and Verma, O and Ghozy, S and Kadirvel, R and Kallmes, DF and Brinjikji, W},
title = {Advances in endovascular brain computer interface: Systematic review and future implications.},
journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods},
volume = {420},
number = {},
pages = {110471},
doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110471},
pmid = {40355001},
issn = {1872-678X},
mesh = {*Brain-Computer Interfaces/trends ; Animals ; Humans ; *Endovascular Procedures/methods/trends ; *Brain/physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate neural activity into real-world commands. While traditional invasive BCIs necessitate craniotomy, endovascular BCIs offer a minimally invasive alternative using the venous system for electrode placement.

NEW METHOD: This systematic review evaluates the technical feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of endovascular BCIs, discussing their future implications. A systematic review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. The search spanned PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using keywords related to neural interfaces and endovascular approaches. Studies were included if they reported on endovascular BCIs in preclinical or clinical settings. Dual independent screening and extraction focused on electrode material, recording capabilities, safety parameters, and clinical efficacy.

RESULTS: From 1385 initial publications, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies investigated the Stentrode device. Among the 24 preclinical studies, 16 used ovine or rodent models, and 9 addressed engineering or simulation aspects. Two clinical studies reported six ALS patients successfully using an endovascular BCI for digital communication. Preclinical data established the endovascular ovine model, demonstrating stable neural recordings and vascular changes with long-term implantation. Key challenges include thrombosis risk, long-term electrode stability, and anatomical variability.

Endovascular BCI reduced invasiveness, improved safety profiles, with comparable neural recording fidelity to invasive methods, and promising preliminary clinical outcomes in severely paralyzed patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Early results are promising, but clinical data remain scarce. Further research is needed to optimize signal processing, enhance electrode biocompatibility, and refine endovascular procedures for broader clinical applications.},
}

*Brain-Computer Interfaces/trends
Animals
Humans
*Endovascular Procedures/methods/trends
*Brain/physiology
Electrodes, Implanted

@article {pmid40405710,
year = {2025},
author = {Clift, A and Rowen, D and Knox, L and Griffiths, AW and McDermott, CJ},
title = {A Systematic Review of Attributes Influencing Preferences for Treatments and Interventions in People With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).},
journal = {Muscle & nerve},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/mus.28437},
pmid = {40405710},
issn = {1097-4598},
support = {//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that has no cure, and treatments predominantly focus on improving quality of life. Patient-centred care is central to bringing about meaningful improvements to quality of life. This review addresses the lack of consolidated evidence on what matters most to people with ALS (pwALS) by synthesizing 44 preference-based studies covering six different treatment and intervention categories. Data-based convergent synthesis identified five overarching factors influencing preferences: ease of use, accessibility, making life easier, autonomy, and safety/reliability. Simplifying and enhancing accessibility of treatment delivery across disease stages aligns with the nature of neurodegenerative disorders such as ALS, where function declines as the disease progresses. The value in perceived and real control reflects the profound impact ALS has on an individual's independence. Safety and reliability are crucial for people with ALS and are recognized as fundamental requirements for quality healthcare. The themes identified in this review can inform the attributes of preference elicitation methods. Systematically varying the levels of these attributes elicits quantitative measures of preferences. These findings can be used to inform and develop healthcare policy and clinical practice in ALS care. Specifically, preferences related to drug treatments can then be integrated into target product profiles (TPPs) to align drug development with the needs and values of pwALS. Integrating patient preferences into clinical practice promotes patient-centred care, increasing both patient satisfaction and treatment effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid40405223,
year = {2025},
author = {Yoonesi, S and Abedi Azar, R and Arab Bafrani, M and Yaghmayee, S and Shahavand, H and Mirmazloumi, M and Moazeni Limoudehi, N and Rahmani, M and Hasany, S and Idjadi, FZ and Aalipour, MA and Gharedaghi, H and Salehi, S and Asadi Anar, M and Soleimani, MS},
title = {Facial expression deep learning algorithms in the detection of neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Biomedical engineering online},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {64},
pmid = {40405223},
issn = {1475-925X},
mesh = {*Deep Learning ; Humans ; *Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis ; *Facial Expression ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders, ranging from common conditions like Alzheimer's disease that is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and remains the most common cause of dementia worldwide to rare disorders such as Angelman syndrome, impose a significant global health burden. Altered facial expressions are a common symptom across these disorders, potentially serving as a diagnostic indicator. Deep learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have shown promise in detecting these facial expression changes, aiding in diagnosing and monitoring neurological conditions.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the performance of deep learning algorithms in detecting facial expression changes for diagnosing neurological disorders.

METHODS: Following PRISMA2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published up to August 2024. Data from 28 studies were extracted, and the quality was assessed using the JBI checklist. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled accuracy estimates. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on neurological disorders, and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I[2] statistic.

RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 24 studies from 2019 to 2024, with neurological conditions such as dementia, Bell's palsy, ALS, and Parkinson's disease assessed. The overall pooled accuracy was 89.25% (95% CI 88.75-89.73%). High accuracy was found for dementia (99%) and Bell's palsy (93.7%), while conditions such as ALS and stroke had lower accuracy (73.2%).

CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning models, particularly CNNs, show strong potential in detecting facial expression changes for neurological disorders. However, further work is needed to standardize data sets and improve model robustness for motor-related conditions.},
}

*Deep Learning
Humans
*Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis
*Facial Expression

@article {pmid40403957,
year = {2025},
author = {Zeng, L and Yang, J and Zhang, C and Zhu, J and Zhong, S and Liu, X and Xie, H and Wang, L and Chen, L and Zhong, M and Hua, F and Liang, W},
title = {Miro1: A potential target for treating neurological disorders.},
journal = {Neuroscience},
volume = {577},
number = {},
pages = {228-239},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.05.019},
pmid = {40403957},
issn = {1873-7544},
abstract = {The Miro1 protein is a member of the mitochondrial Rho GTPase (Miro) protein family and plays a crucial role in regulating the dynamic processes of mitochondria and participating in cellular movement and mitochondrial transport. In the nervous system, it ensures adequate energy supply for normal neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Additionally, Miro1 actively participates in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control and stress responses within neurons. Its primary function is to sense intracellular stress signals to regulate mitochondrial movement and metabolism, thereby adapting to environmental changes. Multiple studies have indicated that the Miro1 protein is associated with the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease(AD), Parkinson's Disease(PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS). This article reviews the mechanistic role of Miro1 in these diseases and summarizes the latest research on its involvement in neurological disorders. These efforts aim to provide unified treatment strategies for certain neurological disorders and explore the potential for treating complex neurological diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40403503,
year = {2025},
author = {Dhapola, R and Paidlewar, M and Kumari, S and Sharma, P and Vellingiri, B and Medhi, B and HariKrishnaReddy, D},
title = {cGAS-STING and neurodegenerative diseases: A molecular crosstalk and therapeutic perspective.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {159},
number = {},
pages = {114902},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114902},
pmid = {40403503},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) share key pathological features, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic dysfunction, and DNA damage. By identifying cytosolic DNA and triggering the type I interferon response, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway regulates neuroinflammation. Dysregulated cGAS-STING signaling has been linked to neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration across multiple neurodegenerative conditions. In many neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammation is mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway. Mitochondrial malfunction and impaired autophagy cause cytosolic DNA buildup in Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases, which activates cGAS-STING and drives chronic inflammation. This pathway is triggered by TDP-43 pathology and nucleic acid dysregulation in ALS and FTD, which leads to neuronal destruction. Both central demyelination and peripheral immunological responses are linked to cGAS-STING activation in multiple sclerosis. Various inhibitors, such as RU.521, H-151, and naturally occurring compounds like metformin, potentially attenuate cGAS-STING-mediated neuroinflammation and associated pathologies. H-151 significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in murine macrophage J774 cells activated with cGAMP: TNF-α by 68 %, IFN-β by 84 %, and CXCL10 by 96 %. cGAS-STING inhibitors target neuroinflammation, offering a disease-modifying approach unlike current symptomatic treatments. However, challenges like blood-brain barrier penetration, off-target effects, and immune suppression hinder clinical translation, necessitating optimized drug delivery and immune modulation. With a focus on its potential for future clinical applications, this review explores the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in neurodegeneration and new treatment approaches.},
}

@article {pmid40400898,
year = {2025},
author = {Aziz, S and Anbreen, S and Shahzad, S and Ahmed, MS and Sharma, V and Yang, J and Ali, L},
title = {Investigating nanoparticle's utilization in stem cell therapy for neurological disorders.},
journal = {American journal of stem cells},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {1-13},
pmid = {40400898},
issn = {2160-4150},
abstract = {Stem cell therapy is a promising area of regenerative medicine, offering potential treatments for various life-threatening disorders. Stem cells are classified based on their differentiation potential into totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells. Among them, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine due to their tissue regeneration capabilities and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Stem cells are being explored for treating neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These conditions result from progressive neuronal degeneration, leading to irreversible damage. Challenges such as cell survival, immune rejection, tumor formation, and ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cells need to be addressed. Nanotechnology is emerging as a tool for enhancing stem cell therapy, improving targeted delivery and effectiveness. Nanoparticles possess the ability to create microenvironments as substrates, facilitate targeted administration, and enable real-time, precise imaging of stem cells. This review explores the integration of stem cells and nanotechnology as regenerative medicine tool for neurodegenerative disease treatment, analyzing current strategies and therapeutic approaches. Integrating nanotechnology with stem cell therapy may significantly improve targeted delivery and enhance regenerative outcomes for neurodegenerative disorders.},
}

@article {pmid40398684,
year = {2025},
author = {Naufal, E and Shadbolt, C and Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M and Rele, S and Sahebjada, S and Thuraisingam, S and Babazadeh, S and Choong, PF and Dowsey, MM},
title = {Clinical prediction models to guide treatment of periprosthetic joint infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.04.035},
pmid = {40398684},
issn = {1532-2939},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several clinical prediction models that aim to guide decisions about the management of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) have been developed. While some models have been recommended for use in clinical settings, their suitability remains uncertain.

METHODS: We systematically reviewed and critically appraised all multivariable prediction models for the treatment of PJI. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception until March 1st, 2024 and included studies that developed or validated models that predict the outcome of PJI. We used PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) to assess the risk of bias and applicability. Model performance estimates were pooled via random effect meta-analysis.

RESULTS: Thirteen predictive models and seven external validations were identified. Methodological issues were identified in all studies. Pooled estimates indicated that the KLIC (Kidney, Liver, Index surgery, Cemented prosthesis, C-reactive protein) score had fair discriminative performance (pooled c-statistic 0.62, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.69). Both the τ2 (0.02) and I2 (33.4) estimates indicated that between study heterogeneity was minimal. Meta-analysis indicated Shohat et al's model had good discriminative performance (pooled c-statistic 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.85). Both the τ2 (0.0) and I2 (0.0) indicated that between study heterogeneity was minimal.

CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of limitations in the methods used to develop available models to predict outcomes of PJI. As no models have consistently demonstrated adequate performance across external validation studies, it remains unclear if any available models would provide reliable information if used to guide clinical decision-making.},
}

@article {pmid40396445,
year = {2025},
author = {Hu, X and Cheng, J and Yuan, R and Zhou, Y and Rao, J and Wan, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, X and Li, R},
title = {Gold Nanoparticles: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications in Neurodegenerative Disorders.},
journal = {Journal of drug targeting},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-39},
doi = {10.1080/1061186X.2025.2509287},
pmid = {40396445},
issn = {1029-2330},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and prion diseases, pose a significant and escalating health challenge in the context of an aging population. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as promising agents in the diagnostic and therapeutic realms of NDDs, due to their unique ability to enhance drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the application of GNPs in the context of NDDs diagnosis and therapy, highlighting their potential to transform patient management. Additionally, we systematically address the critical challenges associated with the use of GNPs in the treatment and diagnosis of NDDs, focusing on pharmacokinetics and metabolism, toxicity, long-term biocompatibility, regulatory challenges, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, we synthesize ongoing clinical studies to provide a holistic perspective on the current state of research in this field. We also explore the prospective trajectories and clinical translational potential of GNPs, which may usher in a new era in the treatment of NDDs.},
}

@article {pmid40395983,
year = {2025},
author = {Beckers, J and Van Damme, P},
title = {The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).},
journal = {Autophagy reports},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {2474796},
pmid = {40395983},
issn = {2769-4127},
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent two extremes of a neurodegenerative disease spectrum characterised by overlapping genetic, clinical, and neuropathological features. This review covers the intricate relationship between both ALS and FTD and defects in the autophagy and endolysosomal pathway as recent evidence has pointed towards alterations in these pathways as being a root cause of disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the interplay between ALS/FTD and lysosomebased proteostasis pathways and carefully asses the steps of the autophagy and endolysosomal pathways that are impaired by ALS or FTDcausing variants. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring autophagic and lysosomal function as potential avenues for mitigating the impact of these devastating diseases. Through this review, we aim to enhance the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involving autophagy and/or the endolysosomal system that underlie the ALS-FTD spectrum and underscore the necessity for specific therapeutic approaches that target these shared vulnerabilities.},
}

@article {pmid40395088,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, S and Gu, J and Yang, Y and Li, J and Ni, L},
title = {Evolution Trend of Brain Science Research: An Integrated Bibliometric and Mapping Approach.},
journal = {Brain and behavior},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e70451},
doi = {10.1002/brb3.70451},
pmid = {40395088},
issn = {2162-3279},
support = {2020Z388//Jiangsu Postdoctoral Research Foundation/ ; //Top Talent Support Program for young and middle-aged people of the Wuxi Health Committee/ ; M202033//Wuxi Health Commission Scientific Research Project/ ; 24CC00903//Beijing Academy of Science and Technology Think Tank Research Project/ ; ZYYB05//Wuxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {*Bibliometrics ; Humans ; *Biomedical Research/trends ; *Neurosciences/trends ; *Brain/physiology ; United States ; China ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Brain science research is considered the crown jewel of 21st-century scientific research; the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan have elevated brain science research to a national strategic level. This study employs bibliometric analysis and knowledge graph visualization to map global trends, research hotspots, and collaborative networks in brain science, providing insights into the field's evolving landscape and future directions.

METHODS: We analyzed 13,590 articles (1990-2023) from the Web of Science Core Collection using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Metrics included publication volume, co-authorship networks, citation patterns, keyword co-occurrence, and burst detection. Analytical tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and online bibliometric platforms were employed to facilitate this investigation.

RESULTS: The United States, China, and Germany dominated research output, with China's publications rising from sixth to second globally post-2016, driven by national initiatives like the China Brain Project. However, China exhibited limited international collaboration compared to the United States and European Union. Key journals included Human Brain Mapping and Journal of Neural Engineering, while emergent themes centered on "task analysis," "deep learning," and "brain-computer interfaces" (BCIs). Research clusters revealed three focal areas: (1) Brain Exploration (e.g., fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging), (2) Brain Protection (e.g., stroke rehabilitation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapies), and (3) Brain Creation (e.g., neuromorphic computing, BCIs integrated with AR/VR). Despite China's high output, its influence lagged in highly cited scholars, reflecting a "quantity-over-quality" challenge.

CONCLUSION: Brain science research is in a golden period of development. This bibliometric analysis offers the first comprehensive review, encapsulating research trends and progress in brain science. It reveals current research frontiers and crucial directions, offering a strategic roadmap for researchers and policymakers to navigate countries when planning research layouts.},
}

*Bibliometrics
Humans
*Biomedical Research/trends
*Neurosciences/trends
*Brain/physiology
United States
China

@article {pmid40389567,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, WL and Gong, XX and Qin, ZH and Wang, Y},
title = {Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases-an update.},
journal = {Acta pharmacologica Sinica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40389567},
issn = {1745-7254},
abstract = {Glutamate excitotoxicity is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, exerting a profound influence on cognitive functions such as learning and memory in mammals. Glutamate, while crucial for these processes, can lead to neuronal damage and death when present in excessive amounts. Our previous review delved into the cascade of excitotoxic injury events and the underlying mechanisms of excitotoxicity. Building on that foundation, this update summarizes the latest research on the role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as new cutting-edge techniques applied in the study of excitotoxicity. We also explore the mechanisms of action of various excitotoxicity inhibitors and their clinical development status. This comprehensive analysis aims to enhance our understanding of the nexus between excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases, offering valuable insights for therapeutic strategies in these conditions.},
}

@article {pmid40389171,
year = {2025},
author = {Das, D and Das, A and Bhattacharya, K and Koch, KP and Deuri, DJ and Saikia, D and Chanu, NR and Deka, S},
title = {Xanthones as Neuroprotective Agents: A Comprehensive Review of Their Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Ageing research reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102772},
doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2025.102772},
pmid = {40389171},
issn = {1872-9649},
abstract = {Over the recent years, numerous research efforts have been focused toward xanthones, a class of heterocyclic compounds characterized by a three-ring core structure and a diverse range of biological activities. Despite extensive studies, no xanthone-based molecule has successfully progressed through clinical trials to reach pharmaceutical applications. Xanthones belong to the class of secondary metabolites that exist naturally, found in various plant species, and their structural diversity has been further expanded through synthetic modifications to enhance their pharmacological efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive description of the therapeutic potential of xanthone derivatives within the scope of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and neuroinflammation. Existing literature has been rigorously examined to highlight the pharmacological relevance of xanthones in these disorders. Additionally, the pathophysiological aspects of each disease are discussed in detail to establish a mechanistic understanding of how xanthone derivatives may exert neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the SAR of xanthones is explored to elucidate key molecular features responsible for their bioactivity, providing insights into rational drug design. By synthesizing and critically analyzing the existing research, this review is focused in highlighting the therapeutic relevance of xanthones in neurodegenerative diseases and their potential as lead candidates for further drug development.},
}

@article {pmid40388191,
year = {2025},
author = {De Marchi, F and Lombardi, I and Bombaci, A and Diamanti, L and Olivero, M and Perciballi, E and Tornabene, D and Vulcano, E and Ferrari, D and Mazzini, L},
title = {Recent therapeutic advances in the treatment and management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the era of regenerative medicine.},
journal = {Expert review of neurotherapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14737175.2025.2508781},
pmid = {40388191},
issn = {1744-8360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite decades of research, effective disease-modifying treatments for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) remain scarce, with riluzole and edaravone offering only limited benefits. The emergence of regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapy, gene-based interventions, and bioengineering strategies, presents a new frontier for ALS treatment.

AREAS COVERED: This review is based on a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Scopus and clinical trials databases on the recent therapeutic advancements in ALS, giving particular focus to regenerative medicine. The article includes coverage of stem cell-based therapies, including mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells; all of which may offer potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Gene therapy, particularly antisense oligonucleotides targeting ALS-related mutations, has gained traction, with tofersen becoming the first FDA-approved genetic therapy for ALS. The article also covers emerging approaches such as extracellular vesicles, immune-modulating therapies, and bioengineering techniques, including CRISPR-based gene editing and cellular reprogramming, that hold promise for altering disease progression.

EXPERT OPINION: While regenerative medicine provides hope for ALS patients, significant challenges remain. Biomarkers will play a crucial role in guiding personalized treatment strategies, ensuring targeted and effective interventions. Future research should prioritize optimizing combinatory approaches, integrating different therapy strategies to maximize patient outcomes. Although regenerative medicine is still in its early clinical stages, its integration into ALS treatment paradigms could redefine disease management and potentially alter its natural course.},
}

@article {pmid40381433,
year = {2025},
author = {Begh, MZA and Zehravi, M and Bhuiyan, MAK and Molla, MR and Raman, K and Emran, TB and Ullah, MH and Ahmad, I and Osman, H and Khandaker, MU},
title = {Recent advances in stem cell approaches to neurodegeneration: A comprehensive review with mechanistic insight.},
journal = {Pathology, research and practice},
volume = {271},
number = {},
pages = {156013},
doi = {10.1016/j.prp.2025.156013},
pmid = {40381433},
issn = {1618-0631},
abstract = {The progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, presents substantial problems because current treatments are still obscure. Stem cell-based treatments are emerging as a viable solution to address the significant gaps in treating these severe diseases. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in stem cell research, focusing on the treatment of NDs. Various types of stem cells, such as adult, induced pluripotent, and embryonic stem cells, and their potential applications in immunomodulation, neurotrophic factor release, and neuronal development are also discussed. Recent clinical studies reveal outcomes, challenges, and solutions, with advancements in disease-specific neural cell production, gene editing, and improved stem cell transplantation transport strategies. The review discussed future perspectives on developing more effective stem cell-based interventions. Biomaterials are being used for cell distribution and personalized medicine techniques to improve treatment outcomes, while exploring stem cell treatments for NDs and identifying areas for further research.},
}

@article {pmid40378897,
year = {2025},
author = {Fontanelli, L and Nisini, N and Pirola, S and Recchia, FA},
title = {Neuromuscular and cardiac organoids and assembloids: Advanced platforms for drug testing.},
journal = {Pharmacology & therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108876},
doi = {10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108876},
pmid = {40378897},
issn = {1879-016X},
abstract = {The inherent technical difficulties, ethical/regulatory issues and costs of experimental studies in animal models is prompting investigators to replace as much as possible living organisms with in vitro physiological models named organoids and assembloids. Generated from induced pluripotent stem cells, these three-dimensional structures approximate the complexity of tissues and their interactions, enabling personalized disease modelling and drug testing. The integration of multiple components in assembloids further enhances their predictive value for multi-system interactions and toxicities. This review describes how neuromuscular organoids, incorporating functional neuromuscular junctions and contractile muscle tissue, have been used to replicate, in vitro, complex neuromuscular morpho-functional structures, offering very valuable platforms to study molecular mechanisms and drug effects in models of incurable diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the cardiological field, cardiac organoids and assembloids are proving reliable models for testing drug effects at molecular, morphological, electrophysiological and mechanical level. Recently, the integration of neuronal components into cardiac organoids has provided a potential approach to investigate autonomic function, a fundamental aspect of many neurological, neuromuscular and cardiac diseases. Challenges and limitations still remain, including the non-uniform differentiation protocols across studies, the incomplete maturation of cell phenotypes, and the lack of integrated pharmacokinetic modelling. We discussed some future developments aimed at overcoming such hurdles. Despite their current limitations, organoids and assembloids clearly hold great promises and will help advancing many fields of biomedicine.},
}

@article {pmid40374790,
year = {2025},
author = {Verma, KK and Gaur, PK and Gupta, SL and Lata, K and Kaushik, R and Sharma, V},
title = {Metabolomics: a new frontier in neurodegenerative disease biomarker discovery.},
journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {67},
pmid = {40374790},
issn = {1573-3890},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/diagnosis ; *Biomarkers/metabolism/analysis ; *Metabolomics/methods ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of debilitating diseases affecting the central nervous system, and are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, leading to declines in cognitive function, movement, and overall quality of life. While the exact causes remain elusive, it's believed that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to their development. Metabolites, the end products of cellular processes, reflect the physiological state of an organism. By analysing these molecules, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the underlying metabolic changes associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims to explore the possibilities between metabolites and their association with neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD).

Metabolomic studies could potentially illuminate altered biochemical pathways, facilitating earlier detection and treatment of these conditions. Metabolomic investigations have revealed the role of oxidative stress, alterations in glucose and fat metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, glutamate excitotoxicity and alterations in myelin composition in neurodegenerative disorders. The common metabolic biomarkers identified includes glutamate, taurine, uric acid, branched chain amino acids, acylcarnitine, creatinine, choline, with some more amino acids and lipids. Metabolomics offers valuable insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets by identifying biochemical and metabolic alterations, but still there are several aspects to be explored for accurate mapping of metabolites with specific pathway involved in the disease.},
}

Humans
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/diagnosis
*Biomarkers/metabolism/analysis
*Metabolomics/methods
Animals

@article {pmid40364088,
year = {2025},
author = {Plotti, F and Martinelli, A and Terranova, C and De Cicco Nardone, C and Montera, R and Luvero, D and Guzzo, F and Di Donato, V and Cundari, GB and Manco, S and Angioli, R},
title = {Laparoscopic Lateral Suspension (LLS) for Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP): Update and Systematic Review of Prospective and Randomised Trials.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {40364088},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) significantly impacts women's quality of life, especially in postmenopausal patients. Although laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) is the gold standard for advanced apical prolapse, its complexity and risk of complications have led to alternative approaches like laparoscopic lateral suspension (LLS), a minimally invasive technique with promising results. Methods: A comprehensive search using PubMed databases was performed. The search was conducted from June 2024 to September 2024. The search string used was as follows: (pelvic organ prolapse) AND (lateral suspension) OR (laparoscopic lateral suspension). We included randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, prospective observational studies, and case studies. We excluded retrospective studies, small case series, case reports, and articles not published in English. All selected articles were screened based on the titles and abstracts. Relevant data were extracted and tabulated. Results: An overall number of 12 studies were included in our analysis. LLS demonstrated high anatomical success rates: 91.15% for the anterior, 94.95% for the central, and 86.55% for the posterior compartments. The randomized controlled studies exhibit comparable effectiveness between both methods (LLS vs. LSC) and LLS appears to be the best option for anterior repair or anterior-apical repair. Patient satisfaction rates exceeded 90%, with reduced operative times (123 ± 33 min and 193 ± 55.6 min for ALS and ASC, respectively). According to the Claiven-Dindo scale, 0.17% of postoperative complications were graded more than III. The rate of mesh erosion was 0% to 10%. The technique showed particular benefit for uterine preservation and in obese patients but was less effective for severe posterior prolapse. Conclusions: Laparoscopic lateral suspension offers a safe, effective alternative for POP management, with significant anatomical and functional benefits. Its minimally invasive nature, shorter surgery time, and high satisfaction rates make it suitable for tailored patient care. Further studies should standardize evaluation metrics and assess long-term outcomes. The review was not registered. No funding was received. The authors declare no competing interests.},
}

@article {pmid40362582,
year = {2025},
author = {Kitaoka, Y and Uchihashi, T and Kawata, S and Nishiura, A and Yamamoto, T and Hiraoka, SI and Yokota, Y and Isomura, ET and Kogo, M and Tanaka, S and Spigelman, I and Seki, S},
title = {Role and Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Biomarker Discovery and Development of Treatment Strategies for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {40362582},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {24K13154//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 21K10091//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K13113//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23K09351//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K13112//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
mesh = {*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis/metabolism ; Humans ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Proteomics/methods ; Neuroimaging/methods ; Deep Learning ; },
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), present significant challenges owing to their complex pathologies and a lack of curative treatments. Early detection and reliable biomarkers are critical but remain elusive. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling advancements in biomarker discovery, diagnostic accuracy, and therapeutic development. From optimizing clinical-trial designs to leveraging omics and neuroimaging data, AI facilitates understanding of disease and treatment innovation. Notably, technologies such as AlphaFold and deep learning models have revolutionized proteomics and neuroimaging, offering unprecedented insights into ALS pathophysiology. This review highlights the intersection of AI and ALS, exploring the current state of progress and future therapeutic prospects.},
}

*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/diagnosis/metabolism
Humans
*Biomarkers/metabolism
*Artificial Intelligence
Proteomics/methods
Neuroimaging/methods
Deep Learning

@article {pmid40362512,
year = {2025},
author = {Chong, ZZ and Souayah, N},
title = {Targeting Gene C9orf72 Pathogenesis for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {40362512},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*C9orf72 Protein/genetics/metabolism ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics/pathology/metabolism/therapy ; Humans ; DNA Repeat Expansion ; Animals ; Mutation ; Autophagy ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult neurodegenerative disorder. Since no cure has been found, finding effective therapeutic targets for ALS remains a major challenge. Gene C9orf72 mutations with the formation of hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) expansion (HRE) have been considered the most common genetic pathogenesis of ALS. The literature review indicates that the C9orf72 HRE causes both the gain-of-function toxicity and loss of function of C9ORF72. The formation of RNA foci and dipeptide repeats (DPRs) resulting from HRE is responsible for toxic function gain. The RNA foci can interfere with RNA processing, while DPRs directly bind to and sequester associated proteins to disrupt processes of rRNA synthesis, mRNA translation, autophagy, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The mutations of C9orf72 and HRE result in the loss of functional C9ORF72. Under physiological conditions, C9ORF72 binds to Smith-Magenis chromosome region 8 and WD repeat-containing protein and forms a protein complex. Loss of C9ORF72 leads to autophagic impairment, increased oxidative stress, nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment, and inflammatory response. The attempted treatments for ALS have been tried by targeting C9orf72 HRE; however, the outcomes are far from satisfactory yet. More studies should be performed on pharmacological and molecular modulators against C9orf72 HRE to evaluate their efficacy by targeting HRE.},
}

*C9orf72 Protein/genetics/metabolism
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics/pathology/metabolism/therapy
Humans
DNA Repeat Expansion
Animals
Mutation
Autophagy

@article {pmid40133096,
year = {2025},
author = {Shenouda, M and McKeever, PM and Robertson, J},
title = {The long and the short of TDP-43.},
journal = {Trends in neurosciences},
volume = {48},
number = {5},
pages = {313-314},
doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2025.03.003},
pmid = {40133096},
issn = {1878-108X},
mesh = {Humans ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {In a recent study, Dykstra and colleagues show that shortened TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (sTDP-43) isoforms are generated as by-products of TDP-43 autoregulation. sTDP-43 levels are regulated through nonsense-mediated decay and proteasomal and autophagic degradation, and elicit toxicity through dominant negative effects on TDP-43 splicing activity. These results identify mechanisms contributing to sTDP-43 accumulation and toxicity in disease.},
}

Humans
*DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Animals
Protein Isoforms/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid40362304,
year = {2025},
author = {Shiryaeva, O and Tolochko, C and Alekseeva, T and Dyachuk, V},
title = {Targets and Gene Therapy of ALS (Part 1).},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms26094063},
pmid = {40362304},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/genetics/pathology ; *Genetic Therapy/methods ; Animals ; Superoxide Dismutase-1/genetics ; C9orf72 Protein/genetics ; Mutation ; Gene Editing ; RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; RNA Interference ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Motor Neurons/metabolism/pathology ; },
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons, which causes muscle atrophy. Genetic forms of ALS are recorded only in 10% of cases. However, over the past decade, studies in genetics have substantially contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ALS. The identification of key mutations such as SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TARDBP has led to the development of targeted therapy that is gradually being introduced into clinical trials, opening up a broad range of opportunities for correcting these mutations. In this review, we aimed to present an extensive overview of the currently known mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration associated with mutations in these genes and also the gene therapy methods for inhibiting the expression of their mutant proteins. Among these, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference (siRNA and miRNA), and gene-editing (CRISPR/Cas9) methods are of particular interest. Each has shown its efficacy in animal models when targeting mutant genes, whereas some of them have proven to be efficient in human clinical trials.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy/genetics/pathology
*Genetic Therapy/methods
Animals
Superoxide Dismutase-1/genetics
C9orf72 Protein/genetics
Mutation
Gene Editing
RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics
Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
CRISPR-Cas Systems
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
RNA Interference
MicroRNAs/genetics
Disease Models, Animal
RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
Motor Neurons/metabolism/pathology

@article {pmid40360341,
year = {2025},
author = {Lin, W and Huang, C and Tan, Z and Xu, H and Wei, W and Wang, L},
title = {Cu[II]-bis(thioureido) Complex: A Potential Radiotracer for Detecting Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Seminars in nuclear medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.03.008},
pmid = {40360341},
issn = {1558-4623},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration and associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, present significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This review explores the potential of copper(II)-bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes, particularly Cu-ATSM, as a dual-purpose radiopharmaceutical for imaging and therapeutic interventions. Cu-ATSM exhibits unique redox-dependent retention in pathological microenvironments, driven by mitochondrial dysfunction and hyper-reductive states, which enables the noninvasive detection of oxidative stress via positron emission tomography (PET). Preclinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in mitigating neuroinflammation by suppressing glial activation, reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, MCP-1), and increasing the expression of neuroprotective metallothionein-1 (MT1). Some Clinical research reveals elevated [64]Cu-ATSM uptake in Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, correlating with disease severity and regional oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, Cu-ATSM derivatives show promise in modulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, enhancing amyloid-β clearance, and restoring copper homeostasis in ALS models. Despite these advances, limitations such as small cohort sizes and heterogeneity in clinical studies underscore the need for larger-scale validation. Multimodal imaging integrating PET and MRI, alongside novel structural analogs targeting Aβ plaques and redox imbalances, emerges as a strategic direction for future research. Collectively, Cu-ATSM represents a transformative tool for elucidating neuropathological mechanisms and advancing therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative disorders.},
}

@article {pmid40353906,
year = {2025},
author = {Kleinerova, J and Querin, G and Pradat, PF and Siah, WF and Bede, P},
title = {New developments in imaging in ALS.},
journal = {Journal of neurology},
volume = {272},
number = {6},
pages = {392},
pmid = {40353906},
issn = {1432-1459},
support = {JPND-Cofund-2-2019-1/HRBI_/Health Research Board/Ireland ; HRB EIA-2017-019/HRBI_/Health Research Board/Ireland ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/pathology ; *Neuroimaging/methods/trends ; *Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {Neuroimaging in ALS has contributed considerable academic insights in recent years demonstrating genotype-specific topological changes decades before phenoconversion and characterising longitudinal propagation patterns in specific phenotypes. It has elucidated the radiological underpinnings of specific clinical phenomena such as pseudobulbar affect, apathy, behavioural change, spasticity, and language deficits. Academic concepts such as sexual dimorphism, motor reserve, cognitive reserve, adaptive changes, connectivity-based propagation, pathological stages, and compensatory mechanisms have also been evaluated by imaging. The underpinnings of extra-motor manifestations such as cerebellar, sensory, extrapyramidal and cognitive symptoms have been studied by purpose-designed imaging protocols. Clustering approaches have been implemented to uncover radiologically distinct disease subtypes and machine-learning models have been piloted to accurately classify individual patients into relevant diagnostic, phenotypic, and prognostic categories. Prediction models have been developed for survival in symptomatic patients and phenoconversion in asymptomatic mutation carriers. A range of novel imaging modalities have been implemented and 7 Tesla MRI platforms are increasingly being used in ALS studies. Non-ALS MND conditions, such as PLS, SBMA, and SMA, are now also being increasingly studied by quantitative neuroimaging approaches. A unifying theme of recent imaging papers is the departure from describing focal brain changes to focusing on dynamic structural and functional connectivity alterations. Progressive cortico-cortical, cortico-basal, cortico-cerebellar, cortico-bulbar, and cortico-spinal disconnection has been consistently demonstrated by recent studies and recognised as the primary driver of clinical decline. These studies have led the reconceptualisation of ALS as a "network" or "circuitry disease".},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/pathology
*Neuroimaging/methods/trends
*Brain/diagnostic imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid40350993,
year = {2025},
author = {Vedeler, A and Tartaglia, GG and Pastore, A},
title = {Annexin, a Protein for All Seasons: From Calcium Dependent Membrane Metabolism to RNA Recognition.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70019},
doi = {10.1002/bies.70019},
pmid = {40350993},
issn = {1521-1878},
support = {ASTRA_855923//ERC / ; PNRRCN00000041andEPNRRCN3//Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza of Italian MUR/ ; IVBM4PAP_101098989//EIC Pathfinder/ ; ARUK_PG2019B-020//ARUK / ; },
abstract = {Annexins are a protein family well known to bind to phospholipids in a calcium-dependent way. They are involved in several different crucial cellular processes such as cell division, calcium signaling, membrane repair, vesicle trafficking, and apoptosis. Although RNA binding for some members of the family was reported long ago, it was only recently that it was shown that a common feature of the family is also the ability to bind RNA, a discovery that has added significantly to our perception of the cellular role of these proteins. In the present review, we discuss the properties of annexins under an updated light and the current knowledge on the RNA binding properties of annexins. We then focus specifically on annexin A11, because this is a less characterized member of the family but, at the same time, a potentially important component of the mRNA transport machinery in neurons. We hope to offer to the reader a more complete picture of the annexins' binding properties and new tools to evaluate the multifaceted functions of this important protein family.},
}

@article {pmid40350723,
year = {2025},
author = {Kuznetsova, DR and Kutlubaev, MA and Pervushina, EV},
title = {[Oculomotor disorders in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].},
journal = {Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova},
volume = {125},
number = {4},
pages = {7-12},
doi = {10.17116/jnevro20251250417},
pmid = {40350723},
issn = {1997-7298},
mesh = {Humans ; *Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/complications/physiopathology ; *Ocular Motility Disorders/etiology/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Saccades ; Eye Movements ; },
abstract = {Oculomotor disorders are not typical manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Occasionally, this disease is associated with vertical gaze paresis, presenting a distinct type as «ALS+progressive supranuclear palsy». Studies using eye-tracking methods have revealed a variety of subclinical oculomotor disorders in this disease. These disorders can manifest as changes in reflex and voluntary saccades, antisaccades, smooth tracking eye movements, and fixations. A significant association between oculomotor disorders and clinical manifestations of ALS was reported. The occurrence of oculomotor disorders indicates the involvement of broader neuroanatomical structures, including the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. The lack of consistency in the data from different studies and their limited number emphasize the need for further research in this area.},
}

Humans
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/complications/physiopathology
*Ocular Motility Disorders/etiology/physiopathology/diagnosis
Saccades
Eye Movements

@article {pmid40350633,
year = {2025},
author = {Ishiura, H},
title = {[Genetics of Motor Neuron Diseases and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia].},
journal = {Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo},
volume = {77},
number = {5},
pages = {481-491},
doi = {10.11477/mf.188160960770050481},
pmid = {40350633},
issn = {1881-6096},
mesh = {Humans ; *Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/genetics/diagnosis/therapy ; *Motor Neuron Disease/genetics/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Motor neuron diseases encompass a range of phenotypes, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Related conditions include spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P). Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP)-a group of disorders primarily affecting the corticospinal tract-also exhibits diverse clinical manifestations. This review summarizes the genetic basis of these diseases, along with their clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and disease-specific therapies.},
}

Humans
*Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/genetics/diagnosis/therapy
*Motor Neuron Disease/genetics/diagnosis

@article {pmid40350140,
year = {2025},
author = {Amin, MA and Zehravi, M and Sweilam, SH and Shatu, MM and Durgawale, TP and Qureshi, MS and Durgapal, S and Haque, MA and Vodeti, R and Panigrahy, UP and Ahmad, I and Khan, S and Emran, TB},
title = {Neuroprotective potential of epigallocatechin gallate in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights into molecular mechanisms and clinical Relevance.},
journal = {Brain research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {149693},
doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149693},
pmid = {40350140},
issn = {1872-6240},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pose significant challenges due to their complex pathophysiology and lack of effective treatments. Green tea, rich in the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) polyphenolic component, has demonstrated potential as a neuroprotective agent with numerous medicinal applications. EGCG effectively reduces tau and Aβ aggregation in ND models, promotes autophagy, and targets key signaling pathways like Nrf2-ARE, NF-κB, and MAPK. This review explores the molecular processes that underlie EGCG's neuroprotective properties, including its ability to regulate mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. Clinical research indicates that EGCG may enhance cognitive and motor abilities, potentially inhibiting disease progression despite absorption and dose optimization limitations. The substance has been proven to slow the amyloidogenic process, prevent protein aggregation, decrease amyloid cytotoxicity, inhibit fibrillogenesis, and restructure fibrils for synergistic therapeutic effects. The review highlights the potential of EGCG as a natural, multi-targeted strategy for NDs but emphasizes the need for further clinical trials to enhance its therapeutic efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40347374,
year = {2025},
author = {Varshney, V and Gabble, BC and Bishoyi, AK and Varma, P and Qahtan, SA and Kashyap, A and Panigrahi, R and Nathiya, D and Chauhan, AS},
title = {Exploring Exosome-Based Approaches for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases.},
journal = {Molecular neurobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40347374},
issn = {1559-1182},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), present an increasingly significant global health burden, primarily due to the lack of effective early diagnostic tools and treatments. Exosomes-nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types-have emerged as promising candidates for both biomarkers and therapeutic agents in NDs. This review examines the biogenesis, molecular composition, and diverse functions of exosomes in NDs. Exosomes play a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication. They are capable of reflecting the biochemical state of their parent cells and have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In doing so, they facilitate the propagation of pathological proteins, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn), while also enabling the targeted delivery of neuroprotective compounds. Recent advancements in exosome isolation and engineering have opened up new possibilities for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. These range from the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers to innovative approaches in gene therapy and drug delivery systems. However, challenges related to standardization, safety, and long-term effects must be addressed before exosomes can be translated into clinical applications. This review highlights both the promising potential and the obstacles that must be overcome to leverage exosomes in the treatment of NDs and the transformation of personalized medicine.},
}

@article {pmid40344943,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, ZD and Yi, L and Popławska-Domaszewicz, K and Chaudhuri, KR and Jankovic, J and Tan, EK},
title = {Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in neurodegenerative diseases: Promises and challenges.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {216},
number = {},
pages = {107770},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107770},
pmid = {40344943},
issn = {1096-1186},
abstract = {Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GRA) belong to a class of compounds that reduce blood glucose and energy intake by simulating actions of endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1 after it is released by the gut following food consumption. They are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity and have systemic effects on various organs, including the brain, liver, pancreas, heart, and the gut. Patients with T2DM have a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD), accompanied by more severe motor deficits and faster disease progression, suggesting dysregulation of insulin signaling in these diseases. Experimental studies have shown that GRA have protective effects to modulate neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial and autophagic functions, and protein misfolding. Hence the compounds have generated enormous interest as novel therapeutic agents against NDs. To date, clinical trials have shown that three GRA, exenatide, liraglutide and lixisenatide can improve motor deficits as an add-on therapy in PD patients and liraglutide can improve cognitive function in AD patients. The neuroprotective effects of these and other GRA, such as PT320 (a sustained-released exenatide) and semaglutide, are still under investigation. The dual GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in AD and PD mice models. Overall, GRA are highly promising novel drugs, but future clinical studies should identify which subsets of patients should be targeted as potential candidates for their symptomatic and/or neuroprotective benefits, investigate whether combinations with other classes of drugs can further augment their efficacy, and evaluate their long-term disease-modifying and adverse effects.},
}