@article {pmid31515862, year = {2019}, author = {Després, L}, title = {One, two or more species? Mitonuclear discordance and species delimitation.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15211}, pmid = {31515862}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {Delimiting species boundaries is central to understand ecological and evolutionary processes, and to monitor biodiversity patterns over time and space. Yet, most of our current knowledge on animal diversity and phylogeny relies on morphological and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation, a popular molecular marker also used as a barcode to assign samples to species. For morphologically undistinguishable sympatric species (cryptic species), the congruence of several independent markers is necessary to define separate species. Nuclear markers are becoming more accessible, and have confirmed that cryptic species are widespread in all animal phyla (Fišer, Robinson, & Malard, 2018). However, striking differences between the mitochondrial and nuclear variation patterns are also commonly found within single species. Mitonuclear discordance can result from incomplete lineage sorting, sex-biased dispersal, asymmetrical introgression, natural selection or Wolbachia-mediated genetic sweeps. But more generally, the distinct mode of transmission of these two types of markers (maternal vs. biparental) is sufficient to explain their distinct sensitivity to purely demographic events such as spatial range and population size fluctuations over time. In a From the Cover manuscript in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Hijonosa et al. (2019) show that highly divergent mtDNA lineages coexist in a widespread European butterfly (Figure 1). None of the hundreds of nuclear markers analyzed was associated with mt lineages, nor was Wolbachia variation. These findings rule out the presence of cryptic species but shed light on complex demographic history of lineage divergence/fusion during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and pave the way to a better integration of both mt and nuclear information in demographic models.}, }
@article {pmid31513297, year = {2019}, author = {Schwartz, RA and Al-Qubati, Y and Zieleniewski, Ł and Shah, R and Kapila, R}, title = {Onchocerciasis (river blindness): larva-induced eczema (onchodermatitis) from an important oculocutaneous tropical disease spilling over into North America and Europe.}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.14614}, pmid = {31513297}, issn = {1365-4632}, abstract = {Onchocerciasis is a leading cause of blindness in the world. It may be seen in temperate climates of the United States and Europe in immigrants and travelers from endemic regions, often linked to poverty and war. One should be aware of an incubation period that can be up to 15 months. In its early stage and throughout its course, onchocerciasis has noteworthy skin findings, facilitating diagnosis, as onchodermatitis resembles common eczema with variable degrees of papular, lichenoid, atrophic, and pigmentary alterations, features not suggestive if one is unaware of an individual's immigration and travel history. The same concept applies for the encysted worms (onchocercomas), as they tend to appear as common skin cysts and benign neoplasms. New methods can be employed to increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Ivermectin is the gold standard of therapy, the use of which has almost miraculously eliminated this disease from large areas of the earth. However, its effect remains isolated to microfilariae and can be devastating in those coinfected with Loa loa. Recently, the symbiotic relationship between adult worms and Wolbachia bacteria has been discovered and, with it, the possibility of adding doxycycline as a treatment option. We also discuss coinfection with HIV and other diseases.}, }
@article {pmid31507561, year = {2019}, author = {Meng, L and Li, X and Cheng, X and Zhang, H}, title = {16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals a Shift in the Microbiota of Diaphorina citri During the Psyllid Life Cycle.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {1948}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01948}, pmid = {31507561}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is a major pest of citrus trees as it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The composition of a host's microbiota can affect the evolution and ecological distribution of the host. This study monitored the compositional shifts in the citrus psyllid microbiota through all the life stages (egg, nymph 1-5 stages, and adult) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and quantitative real-time PCR. There were clear differences in both α- and β-diversity of microbiota through the psyllid life stages. Microbiota diversity was markedly higher in the nymph 2-5 stages than in the adult, egg, and nymph 1 stages. Proteobacteria were dominant in all the life stages of D. citri, representing >97.5% of the total bacterial community, and Candidatus Profftella armature was the dominant genus in all the life stages. Data from the qPCR analysis showed an exponential increase in the populations of three D. citri endosymbionts: Candidatus Profftella armature, Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, and Wolbachia. The gut bacterium Pantoea was present in all the life stages, but it was markedly higher in the nymph 2-5 stages. The microbiota composition substantially differed among the egg-nymph 1, nymphs 2-5, and adult stages. Therefore, we successfully characterized the microbiota dynamics and thus identified a microbiota shift during the life cycle of D. citri by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that D. citri acquired the ability to bear CLas in the nymph 1 stage. This study enhances our understanding of microbial establishment in the developing D. citri and provides a reference resource for the identification of potential biocontrol approaches against this pest.}, }
@article {pmid31505135, year = {2019}, author = {Ross, PA and Turelli, M and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Evolutionary Ecology of Wolbachia Releases for Disease Control.}, journal = {Annual review of genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043609}, pmid = {31505135}, issn = {1545-2948}, abstract = {Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic Alphaproteobacteria that can suppress insect-borne diseases through decreasing host virus transmission (population replacement) or through decreasing host population density (population suppression). We contrast natural Wolbachia infections in insect populations with Wolbachia transinfections in mosquitoes to gain insights into factors potentially affecting the long-term success of Wolbachia releases. Natural Wolbachia infections can spread rapidly, whereas the slow spread of transinfections is governed by deleterious effects on host fitness and demographic factors. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) generated by Wolbachia is central to both population replacement and suppression programs, but CI in nature can be variable and evolve, as can Wolbachia fitness effects and virus blocking. Wolbachia spread is also influenced by environmental factors that decrease Wolbachia titer and reduce maternal Wolbachia transmission frequency. More information is needed on the interactions between Wolbachia and host nuclear/mitochondrial genomes, the interaction between invasion success and local ecological factors, and the long-term stability of Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 53 is November 23, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.}, }
@article {pmid31504075, year = {2019}, author = {Perlmutter, JI and Bordenstein, SR and Unckless, RL and LePage, DP and Metcalf, JA and Hill, T and Martinez, J and Jiggins, FM and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {The phage gene wmk is a candidate for male killing by a bacterial endosymbiont.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e1007936}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1007936}, pmid = {31504075}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Wolbachia are the most widespread maternally-transmitted bacteria in the animal kingdom. Their global spread in arthropods and varied impacts on animal physiology, evolution, and vector control are in part due to parasitic drive systems that enhance the fitness of infected females, the transmitting sex of Wolbachia. Male killing is one common drive mechanism wherein the sons of infected females are selectively killed. Despite decades of research, the gene(s) underlying Wolbachia-induced male killing remain unknown. Here using comparative genomic, transgenic, and cytological approaches in fruit flies, we identify a candidate gene in the eukaryotic association module of Wolbachia prophage WO, termed WO-mediated killing (wmk), which transgenically causes male-specific lethality during early embryogenesis and cytological defects typical of the pathology of male killing. The discovery of wmk establishes new hypotheses for the potential role of phage genes in sex-specific lethality, including the control of arthropod pests and vectors.}, }
@article {pmid31500667, year = {2019}, author = {Fisher, ML and Levine, JF and Guy, JS and Mochizuki, H and Breen, M and Schal, C and Watson, DW}, title = {Lack of influence by endosymbiont Wolbachia on virus titer in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {436}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2}, pmid = {31500667}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2016scholarship//W. M. Keck Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite that requires a blood meal to molt and produce eggs. Their frequent biting to obtain blood meals and intimate association with humans increase the potential for disease transmission. However, despite more than 100 years of inquiry into bed bugs as potential disease vectors, they still have not been conclusively linked to any pathogen or disease. This ecological niche is extraordinarily rare, given that nearly every other blood-feeding arthropod is associated with some type of human or zoonotic disease. Bed bugs rely on the bacteria Wolbachia as an obligate endosymbiont to biosynthesize B vitamins, since they acquire a nutritionally deficient diet, but it is unknown if Wolbachia confers additional benefits to its bed bug host. In some insects, Wolbachia induces resistance to viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Drosophila C and Zika, and primes the insect immune system in other blood-feeding insects. Wolbachia might have evolved a similar role in its mutualistic association with the bed bug. In this study, we evaluated the influence of Wolbachia on virus replication within C. lectularius.
METHODS: We used feline calicivirus as a model pathogen. We fed 40 bed bugs from an established line of Wolbachia-cured and a line of Wolbachia-positive C. lectularius a virus-laden blood meal, and quantified the amount of virus over five time intervals post-feeding. The antibiotic rifampicin was used to cure bed bugs of Wolbachia.
RESULTS: There was a significant effect of time post-feeding, as the amount of virus declined by ~90% over 10 days in both groups, but no significant difference in virus titer was observed between the Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-cured groups.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that other mechanisms are involved in virus suppression within bed bugs, independent of the influence of Wolbachia, and our conclusions underscore the need for future research.}, }
@article {pmid31499724, year = {2019}, author = {Zheng, B and Chen, LH and Sun, QW}, title = {Analyzing the control of dengue by releasing Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes through a delay differential equation model.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {5531-5550}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2019275}, pmid = {31499724}, issn = {1551-0018}, abstract = {To date, an innovative strategy to control dengue is to release Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes into wild areas to sterilize wild female mosquito vectors by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). To investigate the efficacy of Wolbachia in blocking dengue virus transmission, we develop a deterministic mathematical model of human and mosquito populations in which one dengue serotype circulates. The delay differential equation model captures the respective extrinsic and intrinsic incu-bation periods (EIP and IIP) in the mosquito and human, as well as the maturation delay between mating and emergence of adult mosquitoes, which have received relatively little attention. We analyze the existence and stability of disease-free equilibria, and obtain a sufficient and necessary condition on the existence of the disease-endemic equilibrium. We also determine two threshold values of the release ratio $\theta$, denoted by $\theta_1^*$ and $\theta_2^*$ with $\theta_1^*>\theta_2^*$. When $\theta>\theta_1^*$, the mosquito population will be eradicated eventually. When $\theta_2^*<\theta < \theta_1^*$, a complete mosquito eradication becomes impossible, but virus eradication is ensured at the meantime. When $\theta<\theta_2^*$, the disease-endemic equilibrium emerges that allows dengue virus to circulate between humans and mosquitoes. We carry out sensitivity analysis of the threshold values in terms of the model parameters, and simulate several possible control strate-gies with different release ratios, which confirm the public awareness that reducing mosquito bites and killing adult mosquitoes are the most effective strategy to control the epidemic. Our model provides new insights on the effectiveness of Wolbachia in reducing dengue at a population level.}, }
@article {pmid31499687, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, MG and Tang, MX and Yu, JS and Zheng, B}, title = {The impact of mating competitiveness and incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility on Wolbachia-driven mosquito population suppressio.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {4741-4757}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2019238}, pmid = {31499687}, issn = {1551-0018}, abstract = {To control mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, and Zika, {\it Wolbachia}-infected male mosquitoes have been released in open areas to suppress wild mosquito population driven by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In this work, we initiate a preliminary assessment on how the CI intensity $\xi$, and the mating competitiveness $\mu$ of released males relative to wild males, impact the suppression efficacy by a delay differential equation model. Our analysis identifies a threshold CI intensity $\xi_0\in (0, 1)$ as an increasing function of the natural reproduction rate of the wild mosquitoes, and a threshold value $r^*$ for the ratio $r(t)$ between the numbers of released males and wild males. The population suppression fails when $\xi\le \xi_0$, and succeeds when $\xi>\xi_0$ and $r(t)\ge r^*$. Our analyses indicate that $\xi$ plays a more important role than $\mu$ in the population suppression. For instance, a slight decrease of $\xi$ from 1 to 0.92 is more devastating than halving $\mu$ from 1 to 0.5. In our estimation of the optimal starting date for infected male release to target a more than $95\%$ wild population reduction during the peak season of dengue in Guangzhou, we find that the optimal date is almost independent of $\mu$ but is sensitive to $\xi$. If CI is complete, then starting about two months ahead can be an optimal option for less financial and labor costs. A slight reduction in the CI intensity requires a considerably earlier starting date.}, }
@article {pmid31499668, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, YF and Sun, GW and Wang, L and Guo, ZM}, title = {Establishing Wolbachia in the wild mosquito population: The effects of wind and critical patch size.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {4399-4414}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2019219}, pmid = {31499668}, issn = {1551-0018}, abstract = {Releasing mosquitoes with Wolbachia into the wild mosquito population is becoming the very promising strategy to control mosquito-borne infections. To investigate the effects of wind and critical patch size on the Wolbachia establishment in the wild mosquito population, in this paper, we propose a diffusion-reaction-advection system in a heterogeneous environment. By studying the related eigenvalue problems, we derive various conditions under which Wolbachia can fully establish in the entire wild mosquito population. Our findings may provide some useful insights on designing practical releasing strategies to control the mosquito population.}, }
@article {pmid31497407, year = {2019}, author = {Ning, SF and Zhou, JC and Liu, QQ and Zhao, Q and Dong, H}, title = {Gradual, temperature-induced change of secondary sexual characteristics in Trichogramma pretiosum infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e7567}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.7567}, pmid = {31497407}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Intersex is an intermediate stage of sexual differentiation in insects. Determining intersex morphology and the cause of its production will aid in the understanding of the mechanism of sexual differentiation in insects. In this paper, Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma pretiosum (T. preW+) that shows thelytokous parthenogenesis were used as subjects. In order to determine the causes of the T. preW+ intersex and the influence of parental generation temperature on gradual changes in secondary masculinization in intersex offspring, we examined the occurrence of intersex offspring (F1 and F2 generation) after the parental generations were treated with high temperature (27, 29, 31, and 33 °C) and described the external morphology of the intersexes. The results showed that the T. preW+ parental generation temperature is positively correlated with the probability of intersex offspring. The probability of F1 intersex is significantly higher than that of F2 intersex in different high temperature. The degree of secondary masculinization in T. preW+ intersexes increases as parental generation temperature increases. In addition, our study first identified 11 intersex types in T. preW+ and found that the primary and secondary sexual characteristics showed a regular distribution. We also found that the D type and H type of intersex have the highest frequency of appearance. The external genitalia of most intersexes were female, and only three intersex types have male external genitalia. Conclusions were ultimately obtained: Wolbachia is a direct factor that causes the occurrence of intersexes, while high temperature is an indirect factor that determines the external morphology of intersexes. The effects of high temperature on T. preW+ intersexes is passed through the parental generation to offspring, and this maternal effect weakens as the number of generations increases. In T. preW+ intersex individuals, most exhibit female primary sexual characteristics, and secondary sexual characteristics exhibit signs of masculinization.}, }
@article {pmid31496523, year = {2019}, author = {Wan Sulaiman, WA and Kamtchum-Tatuene, J and Mohamed, MH and Ramachandran, V and Ching, SM and Sazlly Lim, SM and Hashim, HZ and Inche Mat, LN and Hoo, FK and Basri, H}, title = {Anti-Wolbachia therapy for onchocerciasis & lymphatic filariasis: Current perspectives.}, journal = {The Indian journal of medical research}, volume = {149}, number = {6}, pages = {706-714}, doi = {10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_454_17}, pmid = {31496523}, issn = {0971-5916}, abstract = {Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are human filarial diseases belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases, leading to permanent and long-term disability in infected individuals in the endemic countries such as Africa and India. Microfilaricidal drugs such as ivermectin and albendazole have been used as the standard therapy in filariasis, although their efficacy in eliminating the diseases is not fully established. Anti-Wolbachia therapy employs antibiotics and is a promising approach showing potent macrofilaricidal activity and also prevents embryogenesis. This has translated to clinical benefits resulting in successful eradication of microfilarial burden, thus averting the risk of adverse events from target species as well as those due to co-infection with loiasis. Doxycycline shows potential as an anti-Wolbachia treatment, leading to the death of adult parasitic worms. It is readily available, cheap and safe to use in adult non-pregnant patients. Besides doxycycline, several other potential antibiotics are also being investigated for the treatment of LF and onchocerciasis. This review aims to discuss and summarise recent developments in the use of anti-Wolbachia drugs to treat onchocerciasis and LF.}, }
@article {pmid31495336, year = {2019}, author = {O'Reilly, KM and Hendrickx, E and Kharisma, DD and Wilastonegoro, NN and Carrington, LB and Elyazar, IRF and Kucharski, AJ and Lowe, R and Flasche, S and Pigott, DM and Reiner, RC and Edmunds, WJ and Hay, SI and Yakob, L and Shepard, DS and Brady, OJ}, title = {Estimating the burden of dengue and the impact of release of wMel Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in Indonesia: a modelling study.}, journal = {BMC medicine}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {172}, doi = {10.1186/s12916-019-1396-4}, pmid = {31495336}, issn = {1741-7015}, support = {OPP1183567//Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes reduce dengue virus transmission, and city-wide releases in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia, are showing promising entomological results. Accurate estimates of the burden of dengue, its spatial distribution and the potential impact of Wolbachia are critical in guiding funder and government decisions on its future wider use.
METHODS: Here, we combine multiple modelling methods for burden estimation to predict national case burden disaggregated by severity and map the distribution of burden across the country using three separate data sources. An ensemble of transmission models then predicts the estimated reduction in dengue transmission following a nationwide roll-out of wMel Wolbachia.
RESULTS: We estimate that 7.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.8-17.7 million) symptomatic dengue cases occurred in Indonesia in 2015 and were associated with 332,865 (UI 94,175-754,203) lost disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The majority of dengue's burden was due to non-severe cases that did not seek treatment or were challenging to diagnose in outpatient settings leading to substantial underreporting. Estimated burden was highly concentrated in a small number of large cities with 90% of dengue cases occurring in 15.3% of land area. Implementing a nationwide Wolbachia population replacement programme was estimated to avert 86.2% (UI 36.2-99.9%) of cases over a long-term average.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest interventions targeted to the highest burden cities can have a disproportionate impact on dengue burden. Area-wide interventions, such as Wolbachia, that are deployed based on the area covered could protect people more efficiently than individual-based interventions, such as vaccines, in such dense environments.}, }
@article {pmid31491378, year = {2019}, author = {Zheng, Y and Shen, W and Bi, J and Chen, MY and Wang, RF and Ai, H and Wang, YF}, title = {Small RNA analysis provides new insights into cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster induced by Wolbachia.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103938}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103938}, pmid = {31491378}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Wolbachia is a genus of endosymbiotic bacteria that induce a wide range of effects on their insect hosts. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common phenotype mediated by Wolbachia and results in embryonic lethality when Wolbachia-infected males mate with uninfected females. Studies have revealed that bacteria can regulate many cellular processes in their hosts using small non-coding RNAs, so we investigated the involvement of small RNAs (sRNAs) in CI. Comparison of sRNA libraries between Wolbachia-infected and uninfected Drosophila melanogaster testes revealed 18 novel microRNAs (miRNAs), of which 12 were expressed specifically in Wolbachia-infected flies and one specifically in Wolbachia-uninfected flies. Furthermore, ten miRNAs showed differential expression, with four upregulated and six downregulated in Wolbachia-infected flies. Of the upregulated miRNAs, nov-miR-12 exhibited the highest upregulation in the testes of D. melanogaster. We then identified pipsqueak (psq) as the target gene of nov-miR-12 with the greatest complementarity in its 3' untranslated region (UTR). Wolbachia infection was correlated with reduced psq expression in D. melanogaster, and luciferase assays demonstrated that nov-miR-12 could downregulate psq through binding to its 3'UTR region. Knockdown of psq in Wolbachia-free fly testes significantly reduced egg hatching rate and mimicked the cellular abnormalities of Wolbachia-induced CI in embryos, including asynchronous nuclear division, chromatin bridging, and chromatin fragmentation. These results suggest that Wolbachia may induce CI in insect hosts by miRNA-mediated changes in host gene expression. Moreover, these findings reveal a potential molecular strategy for elucidating the complex interactions between endosymbionts and their insect hosts, such as Wolbachia-driven CI.}, }
@article {pmid31488182, year = {2019}, author = {Rohde, BB and Staunton, KM and Zeak, NC and Beebe, N and Snoad, N and Bondarenco, A and Liddington, C and Anderson, JA and Xiang, W and Mankin, RW and Ritchie, SA}, title = {Waterproof, low-cost, long-battery-life sound trap for surveillance of male Aedes aegypti for rear-and-release mosquito control programmes.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {417}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3647-9}, pmid = {31488182}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {DGE 1315138//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sterile male rear-and-release programmes are of growing interest for controlling Aedes aegypti, including use an "incompatible insect technique" (IIT) to suppress transmission of dengue, Zika, and other viruses. Under IIT, males infected with Wolbachia are released into the suppression area to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in uninfected populations. These and similar mosquito-release programmes require cost-effective field surveys of both sexes to optimize the locations, timing, and quantity of releases. Unfortunately, traps that sample male Ae. aegypti effectively are expensive and usually require mains power. Recently, an electronic lure was developed that attracts males using a 484 Hz sinusoidal tone mimicking the female wingbeat frequencies, broadcast in a 120 s on/off cycle. When deployed in commercially available gravid Aedes traps (GATs), the new combination, sound-GAT (SGAT), captures both males and females effectively. Given its success, there is interest in optimizing SGAT to reduce cost and power usage while maximizing catch rates.
METHODS: Options considered in this study included use of a smaller, lower-power microcontroller (Tiny) with either the original or a lower-cost speaker (lcS). A 30 s on/off cycle was tested in addition to the original 120 s cycle to minimize the potential that the longer cycle induced habituation. The original SGAT was compared against other traps incorporating the Tiny-based lures for mosquito capture in a large semi-field cage. The catch rates in waterproofed versions of this trap were then compared with catch rates in standard [BG-Sentinel 2 (BGS 2); Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany] traps during an IIT field study in the Innisfail region of Queensland, Australia in 2017.
RESULTS: The system with a low-power microcontroller and low-cost speaker playing a 30 s tone (Tiny-lcS-30s) caught the highest proportion of males. The mean proportions of males caught in a semi-field cage were not significantly different among the original design and the four low-power, low-cost versions of the SGAT. During the IIT field study, the waterproofed version of the highest-rated, Tiny-lcS-30s SGAT captured male Ae. aegypti at similar rates as co-located BGS-2 traps.
CONCLUSIONS: Power- and cost-optimized, waterproofed versions of male Ae. aegypti acoustic lures in GATs are now available for field use in areas with sterile male mosquito rear-and-release programmes.}, }
@article {pmid31481018, year = {2019}, author = {Christensen, S and Camacho, M and Sharmin, Z and Momtaz, AJMZ and Perez, L and Navarro, G and Triana, J and Samarah, H and Turelli, M and Serbus, LR}, title = {Quantitative methods for assessing local and bodywide contributions to Wolbachia titer in maternal germline cells of Drosophila.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {206}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1579-3}, pmid = {31481018}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {1656811//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; startup fund//Florida International University/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Little is known about how bacterial endosymbionts colonize host tissues. Because many insect endosymbionts are maternally transmitted, egg colonization is critical for endosymbiont success. Wolbachia bacteria, carried by approximately half of all insect species, provide an excellent model for characterizing endosymbiont infection dynamics. To date, technical limitations have precluded stepwise analysis of germline colonization by Wolbachia. It is not clear to what extent titer-altering effects are primarily mediated by growth rates of Wolbachia within cell lineages or migration of Wolbachia between cells.
RESULTS: The objective of this work is to inform mechanisms of germline colonization through use of optimized methodology. The approaches are framed in terms of nutritional impacts on Wolbachia. Yeast-rich diets in particular have been shown to suppress Wolbachia titer in the Drosophila melanogaster germline. To determine the extent of Wolbachia sensitivity to diet, we optimized 3-dimensional, multi-stage quantification of Wolbachia titer in maternal germline cells. Technical and statistical validation confirmed the identity of Wolbachia in vivo, the reproducibility of Wolbachia quantification and the statistical power to detect these effects. The data from adult feeding experiments demonstrated that germline Wolbachia titer is distinctly sensitive to yeast-rich host diets in late oogenesis. To investigate the physiological basis for these nutritional impacts, we optimized methodology for absolute Wolbachia quantification by real-time qPCR. We found that yeast-rich diets exerted no significant effect on bodywide Wolbachia titer, although ovarian titers were significantly reduced. This suggests that host diets affects Wolbachia distribution between the soma and late stage germline cells. Notably, relative qPCR methods distorted apparent wsp abundance, due to altered host DNA copy number in yeast-rich conditions. This highlights the importance of absolute quantification data for testing mechanistic hypotheses.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that absolute quantification of Wolbachia, using well-controlled cytological and qPCR-based methods, creates new opportunities to determine how bacterial abundance within the germline relates to bacterial distribution within the body. This methodology can be applied to further test germline infection dynamics in response to chemical treatments, genetic conditions, new host/endosymbiont combinations, or potentially adapted to analyze other cell and tissue types.}, }
@article {pmid31471686, year = {2019}, author = {Li, Y and Liu, X and Guo, H}, title = {Population Dynamics of Wolbachia in Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) Under Successive Stress of Antibiotics.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-019-01762-0}, pmid = {31471686}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {31672027//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; cx(16)1001//the Independent Innovation Fund of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu province, China/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia are the most common symbionts in arthropods; antibiotic treatment for eliminating the symbionts from their host is necessary to investigate the functions. Tetracycline antibiotics are widely used to remove endosymbiont Wolbachia from insect hosts. However, very little has been known on the effects of tetracycline on population size of Wolbachia in small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), an important insect pest of rice in Asia. Here, we investigated the dynamics of Wolbachia population density in females and males of L. striatellus by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method. The Wolbachia density in females and males of L. striatellus all declined sharply after treatment with 2 mg/mL tetracycline for one generation, and continued to decrease to a level which could not be detected by both qPCR and diagnostic PCR after treated for another generation, then maintained at 0 in the following three generations with continuous antibiotic treatment. Wolbachia infection did not recover in L. striatellus after stopping tetracycline treatment for ten generations. This is the first report to precisely monitor the population dynamics of Wolbachia in L. striatellus during successive tetracycline treatment and after that. The results provide a useful method for evaluating the efficiency of artificial operation of endosymbionts.}, }
@article {pmid31469838, year = {2019}, author = {Jiménez, NE and Gerdtzen, ZP and Olivera-Nappa, Á and Salgado, JC and Conca, C}, title = {A systems biology approach for studying Wolbachia metabolism reveals points of interaction with its host in the context of arboviral infection.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0007678}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007678}, pmid = {31469838}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {Wolbachia are alpha-proteobacteria known to infect arthropods, which are of interest for disease control since they have been associated with improved resistance to viral infection. Although several genomes for different strains have been sequenced, there is little knowledge regarding the relationship between this bacterium and their hosts, particularly on their dependency for survival. Motivated by the potential applications on disease control, we developed genome-scale models of four Wolbachia strains known to infect arthropods: wAlbB (Aedes albopictus), wVitA (Nasonia vitripennis), wMel and wMelPop (Drosophila melanogaster). The obtained metabolic reconstructions exhibit a metabolism relying mainly on amino acids for energy production and biomass synthesis. A gap analysis was performed to detect metabolic candidates which could explain the endosymbiotic nature of this bacterium, finding that amino acids, requirements for ubiquinone precursors and provisioning of metabolites such as riboflavin could play a crucial role in this relationship. This work provides a systems biology perspective for studying the relationship of Wolbachia with its host and the development of new approaches for control of the spread of arboviral diseases. This approach, where metabolic gaps are key objects of study instead of just additions to complete a model, could be applied to other endosymbiotic bacteria of interest.}, }
@article {pmid31462916, year = {2019}, author = {Ayala, D and Akone-Ella, O and Rahola, N and Kengne, P and Ngangue, MF and Mezeme, F and Makanga, BK and Nigg, M and Costantini, C and Simard, F and Prugnolle, F and Roche, B and Duron, O and Paupy, C}, title = {Natural Wolbachia infections are common in the major malaria vectors in Central Africa.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {1583-1594}, doi = {10.1111/eva.12804}, pmid = {31462916}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {During the last decade, the endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia has emerged as a biological tool for vector disease control. However, for long time, it was believed that Wolbachia was absent in natural populations of Anopheles. The recent discovery that species within the Anopheles gambiae complex host Wolbachia in natural conditions has opened new opportunities for malaria control research in Africa. Here, we investigated the prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia infection in 25 African Anopheles species in Gabon (Central Africa). Our results revealed the presence of Wolbachia in 16 of these species, including the major malaria vectors in this area. The infection prevalence varied greatly among species, confirming that sample size is a key factor to detect the infection. Moreover, our sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed the important diversity of Wolbachia strains that infect Anopheles. Co-evolutionary analysis unveiled patterns of Wolbachia transmission within some Anopheles species, suggesting that past independent acquisition events were followed by co-cladogenesis. The large diversity of Wolbachia strains that infect natural populations of Anopheles offers a promising opportunity to select suitable phenotypes for suppressing Plasmodium transmission and/or manipulating Anopheles reproduction, which in turn could be used to reduce the malaria burden in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid31462331, year = {2019}, author = {Shi, C and Beller, L and Deboutte, W and Yinda, KC and Delang, L and Vega-Rúa, A and Failloux, AB and Matthijnssens, J}, title = {Stable distinct core eukaryotic viromes in different mosquito species from Guadeloupe, using single mosquito viral metagenomics.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {121}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-019-0734-2}, pmid = {31462331}, issn = {2049-2618}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are the most important invertebrate viral vectors in humans and harbor a high diversity of understudied viruses, which has been shown in many mosquito virome studies in recent years. These studies generally performed metagenomics sequencing on pools of mosquitoes, without assessment of the viral diversity in individual mosquitoes. To address this issue, we applied our optimized viral metagenomics protocol (NetoVIR) to compare the virome of single and pooled Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected from different locations in Guadeloupe, in 2016 and 2017.
RESULTS: The total read number and viral reads proportion of samples containing a single mosquito have no significant difference compared with those of pools containing five mosquitoes, which proved the feasibility of using single mosquito for viral metagenomics. A comparative analysis of the virome revealed a higher abundance and more diverse eukaryotic virome in Aedes aegypti, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus harbors a richer and more diverse phageome. The majority of the identified eukaryotic viruses were mosquito-species specific. We further characterized the genomes of 11 novel eukaryotic viruses. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analyses of the six most abundant eukaryotic viruses indicated that the majority of individual mosquitoes were infected by several of the selected viruses with viral genome copies per mosquito ranging from 267 to 1.01 × 108 (median 7.5 × 106) for Ae. aegypti and 192 to 8.69 × 106 (median 4.87 × 104) for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, in Cx. quinquefasciatus, a number of phage contigs co-occurred with several marker genes of Wolbachia sp. strain wPip.
CONCLUSIONS: We firstly demonstrate the feasibility to use single mosquito for viral metagenomics, which can provide much more precise virome profiles of mosquito populations. Interspecific comparisons show striking differences in abundance and diversity between the viromes of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Those two mosquito species seem to have their own relatively stable "core eukaryotic virome", which might have important implications for the competence to transmit important medically relevant arboviruses. The presence of Wolbachia in Cx. quinquefasciatus might explain (1) the lower overall viral load compared to Ae. aegypti, (2) the identification of multiple unknown phage contigs, and (3) the difference in competence for important human pathogens. How these viruses, phages, and bacteria influence the physiology and vector competence of mosquito hosts warrants further research.}, }
@article {pmid31451771, year = {2019}, author = {Ford, SA and Allen, SL and Ohm, JR and Sigle, LT and Sebastian, A and Albert, I and Chenoweth, SF and McGraw, EA}, title = {Selection on Aedes aegypti alters Wolbachia-mediated dengue virus blocking and fitness.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41564-019-0533-3}, pmid = {31451771}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {APP1103804//Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; APP1103804//Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; }, abstract = {The dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti and pose a substantial threat to global public health. Current vaccines and mosquito control strategies have limited efficacy, so novel interventions are needed1,2. Wolbachia are bacteria that inhabit insect cells and have been found to reduce viral infection-a phenotype that is referred to as viral 'blocking'3. Although not naturally found in A. aegypti4, Wolbachia were stably introduced into this mosquito in 20114,5 and were shown to reduce the transmission potential of dengue, Zika and chikungunya6,7. Subsequent field trials showed Wolbachia's ability to spread through A. aegypti populations and reduce the local incidence of dengue fever8. Despite these successes, the evolutionary stability of viral blocking is unknown. Here, we utilized artificial selection to reveal genetic variation in the mosquito that affects Wolbachia-mediated dengue blocking. We found that mosquitoes exhibiting weaker blocking also have reduced fitness, suggesting the potential for natural selection to maintain blocking. We also identified A. aegypti genes that affect blocking strength, shedding light on a possible mechanism for the trait. These results will inform the use of Wolbachia as biocontrol agents against mosquito-borne viruses and direct further research into measuring and improving their efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid31442887, year = {2019}, author = {Genchi, M and Vismarra, A and Lucchetti, C and Viglietti, A and Crosara, S and Gnudi, G and Quintavalla, C and Schaper, R and Kramer, L}, title = {Efficacy of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot on (Advocate®, Advantage Multi®) and doxycycline for the treatment of natural Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {273}, number = {}, pages = {11-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.011}, pmid = {31442887}, issn = {1873-2550}, abstract = {Heartworm infection (also known as dirofilariosis due to Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs causes chronic pulmonary disease that, if left untreated, can lead to right-side congestive heart failure. Currently, the only registered drug for adulticide therapy in dogs with heartworm disease (HWD) is melarsomine dihydrochloride. The recent targeting of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, through antibiotic therapy of the infected host, has offered an interesting alternative for the treatment of HWD. Recent reports of the adulticide activity of an ivermectin/doxycycline combination protocol has lead the American Heartworm Society (AHS) to include in its guidelines that, in cases where arsenical therapy is not possible or is contraindicated, a monthly heartworm preventive along with doxycycline for a 4-week period might be considered. In the present study, 20 dogs with confirmed natural D. immitis infection were included following owner consent. Fourteen dogs were treated with a topical formulation containing 10% w/v imidacloprid and 2.5% w/v moxidectin (Advocate®, Advantage Multi®, Bayer), monthly for nine months, associated to doxycycline (10 mg/kg/BID) for the first 30 days. Six dogs were treated with melarsomine (Immiticide®, Merial) (2.5 mg/kg) at enrollment, followed one month later by two injections 24 h apart. The presence of circulating antigens and the number of microfilariae (mf) were evaluated at the moment of enrollment and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 24 months post enrollment. Echocardiogram and radiographs were performed at month 0, 6, 12, 18, 24. Monthly moxidectin combined with 30 days of doxycycline eliminated circulating microfilariae within one month, thus breaking the transmission cycle very quickly. Furthermore, dogs treated with the combination protocol started to become negative for circulating antigens at 4 months from the beginning of treatment and all except one were antigen negative at 9 months. All dogs treated with melarsomine were antigen negative by 5 months from the beginning of the treatment. No dogs showed worsening of pulmonary patterns or criteria indicative of pulmonary hypertension 12 to 24 months after. For the criteria mf concentration, antigen concentration, radiography and echocardiography at 12, 18 and 24 months the non-inferiority for the moxidectin group could be proven for a non-inferiority margin of 15% for the rate difference. Dogs treated with moxidectin and doxycycline became negative for microfilariae and antigens sooner when compared to melarsomine in the present study and to dogs treated with doxycycline combined with ivermectin in studies previously published.}, }
@article {pmid31442178, year = {2019}, author = {Cohnstaedt, LW and Alfonso-Parra, C}, title = {2018 Highlights of Mosquito and Vector Biology and Control in Latin America.}, journal = {Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {40-46}, doi = {10.2987/18-6769.1}, pmid = {31442178}, issn = {1943-6270}, abstract = {The 28th Annual Latin American Symposium presented by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) was held as part of the 84th Annual Meeting of the AMCA held in Kansas City, MO, in February 2018. The Latin American Symposium promotes the participation of vector control specialists, public health workers, and academic members from Latin America and the sharing of scientific data between continents. Generally, presentations are in Spanish with simultaneous translation into English. The majority of presentation slides are in English to facilitate communication among all meeting attendees. This publication includes summaries of 14 oral presentations by participants from Colombia, Mexico, and the United States of America. Topics addressed in the 3 sessions of the symposium included: larval habitats, insecticide resistance, new Aedes mosquito traps, blood meal analysis and fitness outcomes, vertical transmission of dengue, and transstadial composition of midgut microbiota. Control techniques discussed included sterile insect technique (SIT) with radiation, SIT by Wolbachia, thermal fogging, ultra-low volume pesticide applications, indoor residual spraying, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis de Barjac (Bti), and Spinosad larval treatments. Presentations were also given on species composition and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies. Presentations were related to the vector species belonging to the mosquito genera, Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex as well as phlebotomine sand flies involved in the transmission of the causal agents of malaria, arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya, Zika), and leishmaniasis.}, }
@article {pmid31434963, year = {2019}, author = {Bennett, KL and Gómez-Martínez, C and Chin, Y and Saltonstall, K and McMillan, WO and Rovira, JR and Loaiza, JR}, title = {Dynamics and diversity of bacteria associated with the disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {12160}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-48414-8}, pmid = {31434963}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus develop in the same aquatic sites where they encounter microorganisms that influence their life history and capacity to transmit human arboviruses. Some bacteria such as Wolbachia are currently being considered for the control of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Yet little is known about the dynamics and diversity of Aedes-associated bacteria, including larval habitat features that shape their tempo-spatial distribution. We applied large-scale 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to 960 adults and larvae of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from 59 sampling sites widely distributed across nine provinces of Panama. We find both species share a limited, yet highly variable core microbiota, reflecting high stochasticity within their oviposition habitats. Despite sharing a large proportion of microbiota, Ae. aegypti harbours higher bacterial diversity than Ae. albopictus, primarily due to rarer bacterial groups at the larval stage. We find significant differences between the bacterial communities of larvae and adult mosquitoes, and among samples from metal and ceramic containers. However, we find little support for geography, water temperature and pH as predictors of bacterial associates. We report a low incidence of natural Wolbachia infection for both Aedes and its geographical distribution. This baseline information provides a foundation for studies on the functions and interactions of Aedes-associated bacteria with consequences for bio-control within Panama.}, }
@article {pmid31432763, year = {2019}, author = {Charlesworth, J and Weinert, LA and Araujo, EV and Welch, JJ}, title = {Wolbachia, Cardinium and climate: an analysis of global data.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {20190273}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0273}, pmid = {31432763}, issn = {1744-957X}, abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts are very common in terrestrial arthropods, but infection levels vary widely among populations. Experiments and within-species comparisons suggest that environmental temperature might be important in explaining this variation. To investigate the importance of temperature, at broad geographical and taxonomic scales, we extended a global database of terrestrial arthropods screened for Wolbachia and Cardinium. Our final dataset contained data from more than 117 000 arthropods (over 2500 species) screened for Wolbachia and more than 18 000 arthropods (over 800 species) screened for Cardinium, including samples from 137 different countries, with mean temperatures varying from -6.5 to 29.2°C. In insects and relatives, Cardinium infection showed a clear and consistent tendency to increase with temperature. For Wolbachia, a tendency to increase with temperature in temperate climates is counteracted by reduced prevalence in the tropics, resulting in a weak negative trend overall. We discuss the implications of these results for natural and introduced symbionts in regions affected by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid31430401, year = {2019}, author = {Mathé-Hubert, H and Kaech, H and Hertaeg, C and Jaenike, J and Vorburger, C}, title = {Non-random associations of maternally transmitted symbionts in insects: The roles of drift versus biased co-transmission and selection.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15206}, pmid = {31430401}, issn = {1365-294X}, abstract = {Virtually all higher organisms form holobionts with associated microbiota. To understand the biology of holobionts we need to know how species assemble and interact. Controlled experiments are suited to study interactions between particular symbionts, but they only accommodate a tiny portion of the diversity within each species. Alternatively, interactions can be inferred by testing if associations among symbionts in the field are more or less frequent than expected under random assortment. However, random assortment may not be a valid null hypothesis for maternally transmitted symbionts since drift alone can result in associations. Here we analyse a European field survey of endosymbionts in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), confirming that symbiont associations are pervasive. To interpret them, we develop a model simulating the effect of drift on symbiont associations. We show that drift induces apparently non-random assortment, even though horizontal transmissions and maternal transmission failures tend to randomise symbiont associations. We also use this model in the approximate Bayesian computation framework to re-visit the association between Spiroplasma and Wolbachia in Drosophila neotestacea reported by Jaenike et al. (2010a). New field data reported here reveal that this association has disappeared in the investigated location, yet a significant interaction between Spiroplasma and Wolbachia can still be inferred. Our study confirms that negative and positive associations are pervasive and often induced by symbiont-symbiont interactions. Nevertheless, some associations are also likely to be driven by drift. This possibility needs to be considered when performing such analyses, and our model is helpful for this purpose. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31425852, year = {2019}, author = {Huang, HJ and Cui, JR and Chen, J and Bing, XL and Hong, XY}, title = {Proteomic analysis of Laodelphax striatellus gonads reveals proteins that may manipulate host reproduction by Wolbachia.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {103211}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103211}, pmid = {31425852}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that manipulate host reproduction by several mechanisms including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). However, the underlying mechanisms of Wolbachia-induced CI are not entirely clear. Here, we monitored the Wolbachia distribution in the male gonads of the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) at different development stages, and investigated the influence of Wolbachia on male gonads by a quantitative proteomic analysis. A total of 276 differentially expressed proteins were identified, with the majority of them participating in metabolism, modification, and reproduction. Knocking down the expression of outer dense fiber protein (ODFP) and venom allergen 5-like (VA5L) showed decreased egg reproduction, and these two genes might be responsible for Wolbachia improved fecundity in infected L. striatellus; whereas knocking down the expression of cytosol amino-peptidase-like (CAL) significantly decreased the egg hatch rate in Wolbachia-uninfected L. striatellus, but not in the Wolbachia-infected one. Considering that the mRNA/protein level of CAL was downregulated by Wolbachia infection and dsCAL treatment closely mimicked Wolbachia-induced CI, we presumed that CAL might be one of the factors determining the CI phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid31425566, year = {2019}, author = {Doremus, MR and Kelly, SE and Hunter, MS}, title = {Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e1008022}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1008022}, pmid = {31425566}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Terrestrial arthropods, including insects, commonly harbor maternally inherited intracellular symbionts that confer benefits to the host or manipulate host reproduction to favor infected female progeny. These symbionts may be especially vulnerable to thermal stress, potentially leading to destabilization of the symbiosis and imposing costs to the host. For example, increased temperatures can reduce the density of a common reproductive manipulator, Wolbachia, and the strength of its crossing incompatibility (cytoplasmic incompatibility, or CI) phenotype. Another manipulative symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, infects ~ 6-10% of Arthropods, and also can induce CI, but there is little homology between the molecular mechanisms of CI induced by Cardinium and Wolbachia. Here we investigated whether temperature disrupts the CI phenotype of Cardinium in a parasitic wasp host, Encarsia suzannae. We examined the effects of both warm (32°C day/ 29°C night) and cool (20°C day/ 17°C night) temperatures on Cardinium CI and found that both types of temperature stress modified aspects of this symbiosis. Warm temperatures reduced symbiont density, pupal developmental time, vertical transmission rate, and the strength of both CI modification and rescue. Cool temperatures also reduced symbiont density, however this resulted in stronger CI, likely due to cool temperatures prolonging the host pupal stage. The opposing effects of cool and warm-mediated reductions in symbiont density on the resulting CI phenotype indicates that CI strength may be independent of density in this system. Temperature stress also modified the CI phenotype only if it occurred during the pupal stage, highlighting the likely importance of this stage for CI induction in this symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid31417112, year = {2019}, author = {Lorenzo-Carballa, MO and Torres-Cambas, Y and Heaton, K and Hurst, GDD and Charlat, S and Sherratt, TN and Van Gossum, H and Cordero-Rivera, A and Beatty, CD}, title = {Widespread Wolbachia infection in an insular radiation of damselflies (Odonata, Coenagrionidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {11933}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-47954-3}, pmid = {31417112}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Wolbachia is one of the most common endosymbionts found infecting arthropods. Theory predicts symbionts like Wolbachia will be more common in species radiations, as host shift events occur with greatest frequency between closely related species. Further, the presence of Wolbachia itself may engender reproductive isolation, and promote speciation of their hosts. Here we screened 178 individuals belonging to 30 species of the damselfly genera Nesobasis and Melanesobasis - species radiations endemic to the Fiji archipelago in the South Pacific - for Wolbachia, using multilocus sequence typing to characterize bacterial strains. Incidence of Wolbachia was 71% in Nesobasis and 40% in Melanesobasis, and prevalence was also high, with an average of 88% in the Nesobasis species screened. We identified a total of 25 Wolbachia strains, belonging to supergroups A, B and F, with some epidemic strains present in multiple species. The occurrence of Wolbachia in both males and females, and the similar global prevalence found in both sexes rules out any strong effect of Wolbachia on the primary sex-ratio, but are compatible with the phenotype of cytoplasmic incompatibility. Nesobasis has higher species richness than most endemic island damselfly genera, and we discuss the potential for endosymbiont-mediated speciation within this group.}, }
@article {pmid31416478, year = {2019}, author = {Gonçalves, DDS and Hooker, DJ and Dong, Y and Baran, N and Kyrylos, P and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I and Simmons, CP and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Detecting wMel Wolbachia in field-collected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {404}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3666-6}, pmid = {31416478}, issn = {1756-3305}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Mosquito Program uses Wolbachia pipientis for the biocontrol of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Diagnostic testing for Wolbachia in laboratory colonies and in field-caught mosquito populations has typically employed PCR. New, simpler methods to diagnose Wolbachia infection in mosquitoes are required for large-scale operational use.
METHODS: Field-collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from North Queensland were tested using primers designed to detect the Wolbachia wsp gene, specific to the strain wMel. The results were analysed by colour change in the reaction mix. Furthermore, to confirm the efficiency of the LAMP assay, the results were compared to the gold-standard qPCR test.
RESULTS: A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) colorimetric test for the wMel strain of Wolbachia was designed, developed and validated for use in a high-throughput setting. Against the standard qPCR test, the analytical sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic metrics were: sensitivity (99.6%), specificity (92.2%), positive predictive value (97.08%) and negative predictive value (99.30%).
CONCLUSIONS: We describe an alternative, novel and high-throughput method for diagnosing wMel Wolbachia infections in mosquitoes. This assay should support Wolbachia surveillance in both laboratory and field populations of Ae. aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid31411007, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, YX and Song, ZR and Song, YL and Zhao, DS and Hong, XY}, title = {The microbiota in spider mite faeces potentially reflects intestinal bacterial communities in the host.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12716}, pmid = {31411007}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {Microorganisms provide many physiological functions to herbivorous hosts. Spider mites (genus Tetranychus) are important agricultural pests throughout the world, however, the composition of spider mite microbial community, especially gut microbiome, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the bacterial community in five spider mite species and their associated faeces by deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of the bacterial community was significantly different among the five prevalent spider mite species, and some bacterial symbionts showed host-species specificity. Moreover, the abundance of the bacterial community in spider mite faeces was significantly higher than that in the corresponding spider mite samples. However, Flavobacterium was detected in all samples, and represent a "core microbiome". Remarkably, the maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected in both spider mite and faeces. Overall, these results offer insight into the complex community of symbionts in spider mites, and give a new direction for future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid31409391, year = {2019}, author = {Lucchetti, C and Genchi, M and Venco, L and Menozzi, A and Serventi, P and Bertini, S and Bazzocchi, C and Kramer, LH and Vismarra, A}, title = {Differential ABC transporter gene expression in adult Dirofilaria immitis males and females following in vitro treatment with ivermectin, doxycycline or a combination of both.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {401}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3645-y}, pmid = {31409391}, issn = {1756-3305}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Combination doxycycline/macrocyclic lactone (ML) protocols have been shown to provide a more rapid adulticidal and microfilaricidal effect than either MLs or doxycycline alone, although female worms were reported to have a higher tolerance to treatments compared to male worms. The present study aimed to evaluate how ABC transporters may be involved in the synergic effect of the combination treatment. Adult worms of D. immitis were treated in vitro for 24 hours with doxycycline (DOXY), ivermectin (IVM) and a combination of both, and changes in the modulation of ABC transporter genes were measured. Levels of doxycycline inside different treatment media, post-treatment, were determined through HPLC analysis.
RESULTS: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed the presence of changes in the modulation of ABC transporter genes evaluated in this study. In particular, in female worms, the combination treatment induced a substantial increase in gene expressions, especially of Dim-pgp-10 and Dim-haf-4; whereas in male worms, the greatest increase in gene expression was observed for Dim-pgp-10 and Dim-pgp-11 when treated with DMSO + IVM and DMSO + DOXY/IVM. HPLC analysis of the DOXY concentrations in the media after in vitro treatments of male worms showed a slight difference between the DMSO + DOXY samples and the combination (DMSO + DOXY + IVM), while no difference was observed among females.
CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are required to explain whether the modulation of cellular efflux plays a role, even partially, in the adulticide effect of doxycycline/macrocyclic lactone combinations in heartworm-infected dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate P-gp expression in adult D. immitis.}, }
@article {pmid31407021, year = {2019}, author = {Bockoven, AA and Bondy, EC and Flores, MJ and Kelly, SE and Ravenscraft, AM and Hunter, MS}, title = {What Goes Up Might Come Down: the Spectacular Spread of an Endosymbiont Is Followed by Its Decline a Decade Later.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01417-4}, pmid = {31407021}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {DEB-1020460//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; IOS-1256905//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; }, abstract = {Facultative, intracellular bacterial symbionts of arthropods may dramatically affect host biology and reproduction. The length of these symbiont-host associations may be thousands to millions of years, and while symbiont loss is predicted, there have been very few observations of a decline of symbiont infection rates. In a population of the sweet potato whitefly species (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) in Arizona, USA, we documented the frequency decline of a strain of Rickettsia in the Rickettsia bellii clade from near-fixation in 2011 to 36% of whiteflies infected in 2017. In previous studies, Rickettsia had been shown to increase from 1 to 97% from 2000 to 2006 and remained at high frequency for at least five years. At that time, Rickettsia infection was associated with both fitness benefits and female bias. In the current study, we established matrilines of whiteflies from the field (2016, Rickettsia infection frequency = 58%) and studied (a) Rickettsia vertical transmission, (b) fitness and sex ratios associated with Rickettsia infection, (c) symbiont titer, and (d) bacterial communities within whiteflies. The vertical transmission rate was high, approximately 98%. Rickettsia infection in the matrilines was not associated with fitness benefits or sex ratio bias and appeared to be slightly costly, as more Rickettsia-infected individuals produced non-hatching eggs. Overall, the titer of Rickettsia in the matrilines was lower in 2016 than in the whiteflies collected in 2011, but the titer distribution appeared bimodal, with high- and low-titer lines, and constancy of the average titer within lines over three generations. We found neither association between Rickettsia titer and fitness benefits or sex ratio bias nor evidence that Rickettsia was replaced by another secondary symbiont. The change in the interaction between symbiont and host in 2016 whiteflies may explain the drop in symbiont frequency we observed.}, }
@article {pmid31397383, year = {2019}, author = {Anderson, ML and Rustin, RC and Eremeeva, ME}, title = {Pilot survey of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from southeastern Georgia, USA for Wolbachia and Rickettsia felis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae).}, journal = {Journal of vector borne diseases}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {92-97}, doi = {10.4103/0972-9062.263714}, pmid = {31397383}, issn = {0972-9062}, abstract = {Background & objectives: Mosquito surveillance is one of the critical functions of local health departments, particularly in the context of outbreaks of severe mosquito-borne viral infections. Unfortunately, some viral and parasitic infections transmitted by mosquitoes, manifests non-specific clinical symptoms which may actually be of rickettsial etiology, including Rickettsia felis infections. This study tested the hypothesis that mosquitoes from southeastern Georgia, USA may be infected with Rickettsia felis and Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium of the order Rickettsiales.
Methods: Specimens of the five most common mosquito species occurring in the region were collected using gravid and light-traps and identified using morphological keys. Mosquitoes were then pooled by species, sex, trap and collection site and their DNA was extracted. Molecular methods were used to confirm mosquito identification, and presence of Wolbachia and R. felis.
Results: Wolbachia DNA was detected in 90.8% of the mosquito pools tested, which included 98% pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), 95% pools of Ae. albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae), and 66.7% of pools of Cx. pipiens complex. Samples of An. punctipennis Say (Diptera: Culicidae) and An. crucians Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) were tested negative for Wolbachia DNA. Three genotypes of Wolbachia sp. belonging to Group A (1 type) and Group B (2 types) were identified. DNA of R. felis was not found in any pool of mosquitoes tested.
This study provides a pilot data on the high presence of Wolbachia in Cx. quinque-fasciatus and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes prevalent in the study region. Whether the high prevalence of Wolbachia and its genetic diversity in mosquitoes affects the mosquitoes' susceptibility to R. felis infection in Georgia will need further evaluation.}, }
@article {pmid31396100, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, L and Zhang, KJ and Rong, X and Li, YY and Liu, H}, title = {Identification of Wolbachia-Responsive miRNAs in the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {928}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.00928}, pmid = {31396100}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Laodelphax striatellus is naturally infected with the Wolbachia strain wStri, which induces strong cytoplasmic incompatibility of its host. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs that play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression at post-transcriptional level in various biological processes. Despite various studies reporting that Wolbachia affects the miRNA expression of their hosts, the molecular mechanism underlying interactions between Wolbachia and their host miRNAs has not been well understood. In order to better understand the impact of Wolbachia infection on its host, we investigated the differentially expressed miRNAs between Wolbachia-infected and Wolbachia-uninfected strains of L. striatellus. Compared with uninfected strains, Wolbachia infection resulted in up-regulation of 18 miRNAs and down-regulation of 6 miRNAs in male, while 25 miRNAs were up-regulated and 15 miRNAs were down-regulated in female. The target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs involved in immune response regulation, reproduction, redox homeostasis and ecdysteroidogenesis were also annotated in both sexes. We further verified the expression of several significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and their predicted target genes by qRT-PCR method. The results suggested that Wolbachia appears to reduce the expression of genes related to fertility in males and increase the expression of genes related to fecundity in females. At the same time, Wolbachia may enhance the expression of immune-related genes in both sexes. All of the results in this study may be helpful in further exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which Wolbachia affects on its hosts.}, }
@article {pmid31384012, year = {2019}, author = {Klinges, JG and Rosales, SM and McMinds, R and Shaver, EC and Shantz, AA and Peters, EC and Eitel, M and Wörheide, G and Sharp, KH and Burkepile, DE and Silliman, BR and Vega Thurber, RL}, title = {Phylogenetic, genomic, and biogeographic characterization of a novel and ubiquitous marine invertebrate-associated Rickettsiales parasite, Candidatus Aquarickettsia rohweri, gen. nov., sp. nov.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0482-0}, pmid = {31384012}, issn = {1751-7370}, support = {1442306//NSF | BIO | Division of Biological Infrastructure (DBI)/ ; 1130786//NSF | GEO | Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE)/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial symbionts are integral to the health and homeostasis of invertebrate hosts. Notably, members of the Rickettsiales genus Wolbachia influence several aspects of the fitness and evolution of their terrestrial hosts, but few analogous partnerships have been found in marine systems. We report here the genome, phylogenetics, and biogeography of a ubiquitous and novel Rickettsiales species that primarily associates with marine organisms. We previously showed that this bacterium was found in scleractinian corals, responds to nutrient exposure, and is associated with reduced host growth and increased mortality. This bacterium, like other Rickettsiales, has a reduced genome indicative of a parasitic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analysis places this Rickettsiales within a new genus we define as "Candidatus Aquarickettsia." Using data from the Earth Microbiome Project and SRA databases, we also demonstrate that members of "Ca. Aquarickettsia" are found globally in dozens of invertebrate lineages. The coral-associated "Candidatus A. rohweri" is the first complete genome in this new clade. "Ca. A. rohweri" lacks genes to synthesize most sugars and amino acids but possesses several genes linked to pathogenicity including Tlc, an antiporter that exchanges host ATP for ADP, and a complete Type IV secretion system. Despite its inability to metabolize nitrogen, "Ca. A. rohweri" possesses the NtrY-NtrX two-component system involved in sensing and responding to extracellular nitrogen. Given these data, along with visualization of the parasite in host tissues, we hypothesize that "Ca. A. rohweri" reduces coral health by consuming host nutrients and energy, thus weakening and eventually killing host cells. Last, we hypothesize that nutrient enrichment, which is increasingly common on coral reefs, encourages unrestricted growth of "Ca. A. rohweri" in its host by providing abundant N-rich metabolites to be scavenged.}, }
@article {pmid31381563, year = {2019}, author = {Hübner, MP and Koschel, M and Struever, D and Nikolov, V and Frohberger, SJ and Ehrens, A and Fendler, M and Johannes, I and von Geldern, TW and Marsh, K and Turner, JD and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA and Pfarr, K and Kempf, DJ and Hoerauf, A}, title = {In vivo kinetics of Wolbachia depletion by ABBV-4083 in L. sigmodontis adult worms and microfilariae.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0007636}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007636}, pmid = {31381563}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {Depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts of human pathogenic filariae using 4-6 weeks of doxycycline treatment can lead to permanent sterilization and adult filarial death. We investigated the anti-Wolbachia drug candidate ABBV-4083 in the Litomosoides sigmodontis rodent model to determine Wolbachia depletion kinetics with different regimens. Wolbachia reduction occurred in mice as early as 3 days after the initiation of ABBV-4083 treatment and continued throughout a 10-day treatment period. Importantly, Wolbachia levels continued to decline after a 5-day-treatment from 91.5% to 99.9% during a 3-week washout period. In jirds, two weeks of ABBV-4083 treatment (100mg/kg once-per-day) caused a >99.9% Wolbachia depletion in female adult worms, and the kinetics of Wolbachia depletion were recapitulated in peripheral blood microfilariae. Similar to Wolbachia depletion, inhibition of embryogenesis was time-dependent in ABBV-4083-treated jirds, leading to a complete lack of late embryonic stages (stretched microfilariae) and lack of peripheral microfilariae in 5/6 ABBV-4083-treated jirds by 14 weeks after treatment. Twice daily treatment in comparison to once daily treatment with ABBV-4083 did not significantly improve Wolbachia depletion. Moreover, up to 4 nonconsecutive daily treatments within a 14-dose regimen did not significantly erode Wolbachia depletion. Within the limitations of an animal model that does not fully recapitulate human filarial disease, our studies suggest that Wolbachia depletion should be assessed clinically no earlier than 3-4 weeks after the end of treatment, and that Wolbachia depletion in microfilariae may be a viable surrogate marker for the depletion within adult worms. Furthermore, strict daily adherence to the dosing regimen with anti-Wolbachia candidates may not be required, provided that the full regimen is subsequently completed.}, }
@article {pmid31380084, year = {2019}, author = {Yoshida, K and Sanada-Morimura, S and Huang, SH and Tokuda, M}, title = {Influences of two coexisting endosymbionts, CI-inducing Wolbachia and male-killing Spiroplasma, on the performance of their host Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {8214-8224}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5392}, pmid = {31380084}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is reported to have the endosymbiont Wolbachia, which shows a strong cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) between infected males and uninfected females. In the 2000s, female-biased L. striatellus populations were found in Taiwan, and this sex ratio distortion was the result of male-killing induced by the infection of another endosymbiont, Spiroplasma. Spiroplasma infection is considered to negatively affect both L. striatellus and Wolbachia because the male-killing halves the offspring of L. striatellus and hinders the spread of Wolbachia infection via CI. Spiroplasma could have traits that increase the fitness of infected L. striatellus and/or coexisting organisms because the coinfection rates of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma were rather high in some areas. In this study, we investigated the influences of the infection of these two endosymbionts on the development, reproduction, and insecticide resistance of L. striatellus in the laboratory. Our results show that the single-infection state of Spiroplasma had a negative influence on the fertility of L. striatellus, while the double-infection state had no significant influence. At late nymphal and adult stages, the abundance of Spiroplasma was lower in the double-infection state than in the single-infection state. In the double-infection state, the reduction of Spiroplasma density may be caused by competition between the two endosymbionts, and the negative influence of Spiroplasma on the fertility of host may be relieved. The resistance of L. striatellus to four insecticides was compared among different infection states of endosymbionts, but Spiroplasma infection did not contribute to increase insecticide resistance. Because positive influences of Spiroplasma infection were not found in terms of the development, reproduction, and insecticide resistance of L. striatellus, other factors improving the fitness of Spiroplasma-infected L. striatellus may be related to the high frequency of double infection in some L. striatellus populations.}, }
@article {pmid31380078, year = {2019}, author = {Hu, G and Zhang, L and Yun, Y and Peng, Y}, title = {Taking insight into the gut microbiota of three spider species: No characteristic symbiont was found corresponding to the special feeding style of spiders.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {14}, pages = {8146-8156}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5382}, pmid = {31380078}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Microorganisms in insect guts have been recognized as having a great impact on their hosts' nutrition, health, and behavior. Spiders are important natural enemies of pests, and the composition of the gut microbiota of spiders remains unclear. Will the bacterial taxa in spiders be same as the bacterial taxa in insects, and what are the potential functions of the gut bacteria in spiders? To gain insight into the composition of the gut bacteria in spiders and their potential function, we collected three spider species, Pardosa laura, Pardosa astrigera, and Nurscia albofasciata, in the field, and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3 and V4 regions was used to investigate the diversity of gut microbiota across the three spider species. A total of 23 phyla and 150 families were identified in these three spider species. The dominant bacterial phylum across all samples was Proteobacteria. Burkholderia, Ralstonia, Ochrobactrum, Providencia, Acinetobacter, Proteus, and Rhodoplanes were the dominant genera in the guts of the three spider species. The relative abundances of Wolbachia and Rickettsiella detected in N. albofasciata were significantly higher than those in the other two spider species. The relative abundance of Thermus, Amycolatopsis, Lactococcus, Acinetobacter Microbacterium, and Koribacter detected in spider gut was different among the three spider species. Biomolecular interaction networks indicated that the microbiota in the guts had complex interactions. The results of this study also suggested that at the genus level, some of the gut bacteria taxa in the three spider species were the same as the bacteria in insect guts.}, }
@article {pmid31380036, year = {2019}, author = {Su, Q and Wang, X and Ilyas, N and Zhang, F and Yun, Y and Jian, C and Peng, Y}, title = {Combined effects of elevated CO2 concentration and Wolbachia on Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, pages = {7112-7121}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5276}, pmid = {31380036}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is not only a major cause of global warming, but it also adversely affects the ecological diversity of invertebrates. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated CO2 concentration (ambient, 400 ppm and high, 800 ppm) and Wolbachia (Wolbachia-infected, W+ and Wolbachia-uninfected, W-) on Hylyphantes graminicola. The total survival rate, developmental duration, carapace width and length, body weight, sex ratio, net reproductive rate, nutrition content, and enzyme activity in H. graminicola were examined under four treatments: W- 400 ppm, W- 800 ppm, W+ 400 ppm, and W+ 800 ppm. Results showed that Wolbachia-infected spiders had significantly decreased the total developmental duration. Different instars showed variations up to some extent, but no obvious effect was found under elevated CO2 concentration. Total survival rate, sex ratio, and net reproductive rate were not affected by elevated CO2 concentration or Wolbachia infection. The carapace width of Wolbachia-uninfected spiders decreased significantly under elevated CO2 concentration, while the width, length and weight were not significantly affected in Wolbachia-infected spiders reared at ambient CO2 concentration. The levels of protein, specific activities of peroxidase, and amylase were significantly increased under elevated CO2 concentration or Wolbachia-infected spiders, while the total amino content was only increased in Wolbachia-infected spiders. Thus, our current finding suggested that elevated CO2 concentration and Wolbachia enhance nutrient contents and enzyme activity of H. graminicola and decrease development duration hence explore the interactive effects of factors which were responsible for reproduction regulation, but it also gives a theoretical direction for spider's protection in such a dynamic environment. Increased activities of enzymes and nutrients caused by Wolbachia infection aids for better survival of H. graminicola under stress.}, }
@article {pmid31375435, year = {2019}, author = {Dimopoulos, G}, title = {Combining Sterile and Incompatible Insect Techniques for Aedes albopictus Suppression.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {9}, pages = {671-673}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2019.07.006}, pmid = {31375435}, issn = {1471-5007}, abstract = {Traditional control strategies are failing to contain Aedes albopictus as an emerging major vector for dengue. A combination of approaches (Zheng et al., Nature, 2019) involving an artificial triple Wolbachia superinfection and low-dose irradiation enabled mass production of adult sterile males for release. The resulting suppression of field populations suggests feasibility for area-wide vector control.}, }
@article {pmid31362350, year = {2019}, author = {Satjawongvanit, H and Phumee, A and Tiawsirisup, S and Sungpradit, S and Brownell, N and Siriyasatien, P and Preativatanyou, K}, title = {Molecular Analysis of Canine Filaria and Its Wolbachia Endosymbionts in Domestic Dogs Collected from Two Animal University Hospitals in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens8030114}, pmid = {31362350}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Canine filariasis is caused by several nematode species, such as Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Brugia pahangi, Brugia malayi, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum. Zoonotic filariasis is one of the world's neglected tropical diseases. Since 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted a global filarial eradication program to eliminate filariasis by 2020. Apart from vector control strategies, the infection control of reservoir hosts is necessary for more effective filariasis control. In addition, many studies have reported that Wolbachia is necessary for the development, reproduction, and survival of the filarial nematode. Consequently, the use of antibiotics to kill Wolbachia in nematodes has now become an alternative strategy to control filariasis. Previously, a case of subconjunctival dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria spp. has been reported in a woman who resides in the center of Bangkok, Thailand. Therefore, our study aimed to principally demonstrate the presence of filarial nematodes and Wolbachia bacteria in blood collected from domestic dogs from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. A total of 57 blood samples from dogs with suspected dirofilariasis who had visited veterinary clinics in Bangkok were collected. The investigations for the presence of microfilaria were carried out by using both microscopic and molecular examinations. PCR was used as the molecular detection method for the filarial nematodes based on the COI and ITS1 regions. The demonstration of Wolbachia was performed using PCR to amplify the FtsZ gene. All positive samples by PCR were then cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the filarial nematodes were detected in 16 samples (28.07%) using microscopic examinations. The molecular detection of filarial species using COI-PCR revealed that 50 samples (87.72%) were positive; these consisted of 33 (57.89%), 13 (22.81%), and 4 (7.02%) samples for D. immitis, B. pahangi, and B. malayi, respectively. While the ITS1-PCR showed that 41 samples (71.93%) were positive-30 samples (52.63%) were identified as containing D. immitis and 11 samples (19.30%) were identified to have B. pahangi, whereas B. malayi was not detected. Forty-seven samples (82.45%) were positive for Wolbachia DNA and the phylogenetic tree of all positive Wolbachia was classified into the supergroup C clade. This study has established fundamental data on filariasis associated with Wolbachia infection in domestic dogs in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. An extensive survey of dog blood samples would provide valuable epidemiologic data on potential zoonotic filariasis in Thailand. In addition, this information could be used for the future development of more effective prevention and control strategies for canine filariasis in Thailand.}, }
@article {pmid31358201, year = {2019}, author = {Liu, XD and Guo, HF}, title = {Importance of endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia in insect resistance development.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {33}, number = {}, pages = {84-90}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.003}, pmid = {31358201}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Endosymbionts play important roles in protecting hosts from environmental stress, such as natural enemies, heat, and toxins. Many insects are infected with the facultative nonessential endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia, which are the crux in this review, although other relevant symbiont genera will also be treated. Insecticide resistance of hosts can be related to infections with Wolbachia and Rickettsia. These endosymbionts commonly increase host susceptibility to chemical insecticides, but cases of increased resistance also exist. The symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance/susceptibility varies with species of insect, species of symbiont, and chemical compound. Changes in insecticide resistance levels of insects can be associated with fluctuations in population density of endosymbionts. Effects of endosymbionts on host fitness, metabolism, immune system, and gene expression may determine how endosymbionts influence insecticide resistance. A clearer understanding of these interactions can improve our knowledge about drivers of decreasing insecticide resistance.}, }
@article {pmid31350319, year = {2019}, author = {Martin, E and Borucki, MK and Thissen, J and Garcia-Luna, S and Hwang, M and Wise de Valdez, M and Jaing, CJ and Hamer, GL and Frank, M}, title = {Adaptation of a microbial detection array as a monitoring tool revealed the presence of mosquito-borne viruses and insect-specific viruses in field-collected mosquitoes.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01202-19}, pmid = {31350319}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Several mosquito-borne diseases affecting humans are emerging or re-emerging in the United States. The early detection of pathogens in mosquito populations is essential to prevent and control the spread of these diseases. In this study, we tested the potential applicability of the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) to enhance bio-surveillance by detecting microbes present in Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex mosquitoes that are major vector species globally, including in Texas. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the LLMDA was tested in mosquito samples spiked with different concentrations of dengue virus (DENV) revealing a detection limit of >100 but <1000 pfu/mL. Additionally, field-collected mosquitoes from Chicago, Illinois and College Station, Texas of known infection status (West Nile virus (WNV) and Culex flavivirus (CxFLAV) positive) were tested on the LLMDA to confirm its efficiency. Mosquito field samples of unknown infection status, collected in San Antonio, TX and the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), TX were run on the LLMDA and further confirmed by PCR or qPCR. The analysis of the field samples with the LLMDA revealed the presence of cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) in Ae. aegypti populations. Wolbachia was also detected in several of the field samples (Ae. albopictus and Culex spp.) by the LLMDA. Our findings demonstrated that the LLMDA can be used to detect multiple arboviruses of public health importance including viruses that belong to the Flavivirus, Alphavirus and Orthobunyavirus genera. Additionally, insect-specific viruses and bacteria were also detected from field-collected mosquitoes. Another strength of this array is its ability to detect multiple viruses in the same mosquito pool allowing for the detection of co-circulating pathogens in an area, and the identification of potential ecological associations between different viruses. This array can aid in the bio-surveillance of mosquito borne viruses circulating in specific geographical areas.ImportanceViruses associated with mosquitoes have made a large impact on public and veterinary health. In the US, several viruses including WNV, DENV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are responsible for human disease. From 2015-2018, imported Zika cases were reported in the US and in 2016-2017, local Zika transmission occurred in the states of Texas and Florida. With globalization and a changing climate, the frequency of outbreaks linked to arboviruses will increase, revealing a need to better detect viruses in vector populations. With its capacity to detect viruses, bacteria and fungi, this study highlights the ability of the LLMDA to broadly screen field-collected mosquitoes and contribute to the surveillance and management of arboviral diseases.}, }
@article {pmid31346538, year = {2019}, author = {Khanmohammadi, M and Falak, R and Meamar, AR and Arshadi, M and Akhlaghi, L and Razmjou, E}, title = {Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) Isolated from Dirofilaria immitis in Northwest of Iran.}, journal = {Journal of arthropod-borne diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {83-93}, pmid = {31346538}, issn = {2322-1984}, abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia species of Dirofilaria immitis.
Methods: Adult filarial nematodes were collected from the cardiovascular and pulmonary arterial systems of naturally infected dogs, which caught in different geographical areas of Meshkin Shahr in Ardabil Province, Iran, during 2017. Dirofilaria immitis genomic DNA were extracted. Phylogenetic analysis for proofing of D. immitis was carried out using cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Afterward, the purified DNA was used to determine the molecular pattern of the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) gene sequence by PCR.
Results: Phylogeny and homology studies showed high consistency of the COI gene with the previously-registered sequences for D. immitis. Comparison of DNA sequences revealed no nucleotide variation between them. PCR showed that all of the collected parasites were infected with W. pipientis. The sequence of the WSP gene in Wolbachia species from D. immitis was significantly different from other species of Dirofilaria as well as other filarial species. The maximum homology was observed with the Wolbachia isolated from D. immitis. The greatest distance between WSP nucleotides of Wolbachia species found between D. immitis and those isolated from Onchocerca lupi.
Conclusion: PCR could be a simple but suitable method for detection of Wolbachia species. There is a pattern of host specificity between Wolbachia and Dirofilaria that can be related to ancestral evolutions. The results of this phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization may help us for better identification of Wolbachia species and understanding of their coevolution.}, }
@article {pmid31340862, year = {2019}, author = {Carvajal, TM and Hashimoto, K and Harnandika, RK and Amalin, DM and Watanabe, K}, title = {Detection of Wolbachia in field-collected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in metropolitan Manila, Philippines.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {361}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3629-y}, pmid = {31340862}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {16H05750//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 17H01624//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 17K18906//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; Bilateral Joint Research Projects//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; Core-to-Core program (Asia-Africa Science Platforms)//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; Y29-1-8//Leading Academia in Marine, Environmental Pollution Research/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent reports reveal the presence of Wolbachia in Ae. aegypti. Our study presents additional support for Wolbachia infection in Ae. aegypti by screening field-collected adult mosquitoes using two Wolbachia-specific molecular makers.
METHODS: A total of 672 Ae. aegypti adult mosquitoes were collected from May 2014 to January 2015 in Metropolitan Manila. Each individual sample was processed and screened for the presence of Wolbachia by selected markers, Wolbachia-specific 16S rDNA and its surface protein (wsp), under optimized PCR conditions and sequenced.
RESULTS: Totals of 113 (16.8%) and 89 (13.2%) individual mosquito samples were determined to be infected with Wolbachia using the wsp and 16S rDNA markers, respectively. The Ae. aegpyti wsp sample sequences were similar or identical to five known Wolbachia strains belonging to supergroups A and B while the majority of 16S rDNA sample sequences were similar to strains belonging to supergroup B. Overall, 80 (11.90%) individual mosquito samples showed positive amplifications in both markers and 69% showed congruence in supergroup identification (supergroup B).
CONCLUSIONS: By utilizing two Wolbachia-specific molecular makers, our study demonstrated the presence of Wolbachia from individual Ae. aegypti samples. Our results showed a low Wolbachia infection rate and inferred the detected strains belong to either supergroups A and B.}, }
@article {pmid31340757, year = {2019}, author = {He, Z and Zheng, Y and Yu, WJ and Fang, Y and Mao, B and Wang, YF}, title = {How do Wolbachia modify the Drosophila ovary? New evidences support the "titration-restitution" model for the mechanisms of Wolbachia-induced CI.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {608}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5977-6}, pmid = {31340757}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {31672352//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common phenotype induced by endosymbiont Wolbachia and results in embryonic lethality when Wolbachia-modified sperm fertilize eggs without Wolbachia. However, eggs carrying the same strain of Wolbachia can rescue this embryonic death, thus producing viable Wolbachia-infected offspring. Hence Wolbachia can be transmitted mainly by hosts' eggs. One of the models explaining CI is "titration-restitution", which hypothesized that Wolbachia titrated-out some factors from the sperm and the Wolbachia in the egg would restitute the factors after fertilization. However, how infected eggs rescue CI and how hosts' eggs ensure the proliferation and transmission of Wolbachia are not well understood.
RESULTS: By RNA-seq analyses, we first compared the transcription profiles of Drosophila melanogaster adult ovaries with and without the wMel Wolbachia and identified 149 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 116 genes were upregulated and 33 were downregulated by Wolbachia infection. To confirm the results obtained from RNA-seq and to screen genes potentially associated with reproduction, 15 DEGs were selected for quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Thirteen genes showed the same changing trend as RNA-seq analyses. To test whether these genes are associated with CI, we also detected their expression levels in testes. Nine of them exhibited different changing trends in testes from those in ovaries. To investigate how these DEGs were regulated, sRNA sequencing was performed and identified seven microRNAs (miRNAs) that were all upregulated in fly ovaries by Wolbachia infection. Matching of miRNA and mRNA data showed that these seven miRNAs regulated 15 DEGs. Wolbachia-responsive genes in fly ovaries were involved in biological processes including metabolism, transportation, oxidation-reduction, immunity, and development.
CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons of mRNA and miRNA data from fly ovaries revealed 149 mRNAs and seven miRNAs that exhibit significant changes in expression due to Wolbachia infection. Notably, most of the DEGs showed variation in opposite directions in ovaries versus testes in the presence of Wolbachia, which generally supports the "titration-restitution" model for CI. Furthermore, genes related to metabolism were upregulated, which may benefit maximum proliferation and transmission of Wolbachia. This provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Wolbachia-induced CI and Wolbachia dependence on host ovaries.}, }
@article {pmid31340171, year = {2019}, author = {Pogorevc, D and Panter, F and Schillinger, C and Jansen, R and Wenzel, SC and Müller, R}, title = {Production optimization and biosynthesis revision of corallopyronin A, a potent anti-filarial antibiotic.}, journal = {Metabolic engineering}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {201-211}, doi = {10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.010}, pmid = {31340171}, issn = {1096-7184}, abstract = {Corallopyronins (COR) are α-pyrone antibiotics from myxobacteria representing highly promising lead structures for the development of antibacterial therapeutic agents. Their ability to inhibit RNA polymerase through interaction with the "switch region", a novel target, distant from binding sites of previously characterized RNA polymerase inhibitors (e.g. rifampicin), makes them particularly promising as antibiotic candidates. Corallopyronin A is currently also investigated as a lead compound for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis because of its superb activity against the nematode symbiont Wolbachia. As total synthesis is not a valid production option biotechnological optimization of compound supply is of utmost importance to further develop this highly potent compound class. Here we describe decisive improvements of the previously reported heterologous COR production and engineering platform yielding production of ~100 mg/L COR A. Furthermore, we provide a revised model of COR biosynthesis shedding light on the function of several biosynthetic proteins, including an unusual ECH-like enzyme providing dehydration functionality in trans and an uncharacterized protein conferring COR self-resistance in the myxobacterial heterologous host Myxococcus xanthus DK1622. We also report two new COR derivatives, COR D and oxyCOR A discovered in genetically engineered strains.}, }
@article {pmid31334893, year = {2019}, author = {Treanor, D and Hughes, WOH}, title = {Limited female dispersal predicts the incidence of Wolbachia across ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13510}, pmid = {31334893}, issn = {1420-9101}, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is perhaps the greatest panzootic in the history of life on Earth, yet remarkably little is known regarding the factors that determine its incidence across species. One possibility is that Wolbachia more easily invades species with structured populations, due to the increased strength of genetic drift and higher initial frequency of infection. This should enable strains that induce mating incompatibilities to more easily cross the threshold prevalence above which they spread to either fixation or a stable equilibrium infection prevalence. Here, we provide empirical support for this hypothesis by analysing the relationship between female dispersal (as a proxy for population structure) and the incidence of Wolbachia across 250 species of ants. We show that species in which the dispersal of reproductive females is limited are significantly more likely to be infected with Wolbachia than species whose reproductive ecology is consistent with significant dispersal of females, and that this relationship remains after controlling for host phylogeny. We suggest that structured host populations, in this case resulting from limited female dispersal, may be an important feature determining how easily Wolbachia becomes successfully established in a novel host, and thus its occurrence across a wide diversity of invertebrate hosts.}, }
@article {pmid31334887, year = {2019}, author = {Barash, NR and Thomas, B and Birkenheuer, AJ and Breitschwerdt, EB and Lemler, E and Qurollo, BA}, title = {Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jvim.15560}, pmid = {31334887}, issn = {1939-1676}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Babesiosis is an important cause of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in dogs. Babesia vulpes, reported in European dogs and North American foxes, rarely has been reported in domestic North American dogs. Newly optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers facilitate more sensitive amplification of B. vulpes DNA.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Babesia sp. infections in dogs being tested for Babesia infection, and to describe co-infections and clinicopathologic abnormalities in B. vulpes positive dogs.
ANIMALS: Dog blood or tissue samples (n = 9367) submitted to a diagnostic laboratory between June 2015 and June 2018 were tested using an optimized Babesia PCR assay.
METHODS: Comprehensive canine vector-borne disease diagnostic testing was performed on convenience samples.
RESULTS: Babesia sp. DNA was amplified from 269/9367 (2.9%) North American dogs. Babesia sp. infections included B. gibsoni monoinfection (157; 1.7%), B. vulpes monoinfection (19; 0.20%), and B. gibsoni and B. vulpes coinfection (29; 0.31%). Forty-three of the 48 total B. vulpes-infected dogs were American Pit Bull Terrier-type breeds, of which 36 historically were involved with dog fights. Coinfections with Mycoplasma, Dirofilaria immitis, or Wolbachia and coexposures to Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. were documented in B. vulpes-infected dogs. Clinicopathologic data in B. vulpes-infected dogs both with and without coinfections included anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria.
Babesia vulpes infection in domestic North American dogs is commonly found in conjunction with other coinfections, including B. gibsoni and hemotropic Mycoplasma. Similar to B. gibsoni, dog-to-dog transmission of B. vulpes may be a frequent mode of transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31323841, year = {2019}, author = {Bakowski, MA and McNamara, CW}, title = {Advances in Antiwolbachial Drug Discovery for Treatment of Parasitic Filarial Worm Infections.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/tropicalmed4030108}, pmid = {31323841}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {The intracellular bacteria now known as Wolbachia were first described in filarial worms in the 1970s, but the idea of Wolbachia being used as a macrofilaricidal target did not gain wide attention until the early 2000s, with research in filariae suggesting the requirement of worms for the endosymbiont. This new-found interest prompted the eventual organization of the Anti-Wolbachia Consortium (A-WOL) at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, who, among others have been active in the field of antiwolbachial drug discovery to treat filarial infections. Clinical proof of concept studies using doxycycline demonstrated the utility of the antiwolbachial therapy, but efficacious treatments were of long duration and not safe for all infected. With the advance of robotics, automation, and high-speed computing, the search for superior antiwolbachials shifted away from smaller studies with a select number of antibiotics to high-throughput screening approaches, centered largely around cell-based phenotypic screens due to the rather limited knowledge about, and tools available to manipulate, this bacterium. A concomitant effort was put towards developing validation approaches and in vivo models supporting drug discovery efforts. In this review, we summarize the strategies behind and outcomes of recent large phenotypic screens published within the last 5 years, hit compound validation approaches and promising candidates with profiles superior to doxycycline, including ones positioned to advance into clinical trials for treatment of filarial worm infections.}, }
@article {pmid31323076, year = {2019}, author = {Cheng, D and Chen, S and Huang, Y and Pierce, NE and Riegler, M and Yang, F and Zeng, L and Lu, Y and Liang, G and Xu, Y}, title = {Symbiotic microbiota may reflect host adaptation by resident to invasive ant species.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e1007942}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1007942}, pmid = {31323076}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Exotic invasive species can influence the behavior and ecology of native and resident species, but these changes are often overlooked. Here we hypothesize that the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum, living in areas that have been invaded by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, displays behavioral differences to interspecific competition that are reflected in both its trophic position and symbiotic microbiota. We demonstrate that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas are less aggressive towards workers of S. invicta than those inhabiting non-invaded areas. Nitrogen isotope analyses reveal that colonies of T. melanocephalum have protein-rich diets in S. invicta invaded areas compared with the carbohydrate-rich diets of colonies living in non-invaded areas. Analysis of microbiota isolated from gut tissue shows that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas also have different bacterial communities, including a higher abundance of Wolbachia that may play a role in vitamin B provisioning. In contrast, the microbiota of workers of T. melanocephalum from S. invicta-free areas are dominated by bacteria from the orders Bacillales, Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales that may be involved in sugar metabolism. We further demonstrate experimentally that the composition and structure of the bacterial symbiont communities as well as the prevalence of vitamin B in T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded and non-invaded areas can be altered if T. melanocephalum workers are supplied with either protein-rich or carbohydrate-rich food. Our results support the hypothesis that bacterial symbiont communities can help hosts by buffering behavioral changes caused by interspecies competition as a consequence of biological invasions.}, }
@article {pmid31316207, year = {2019}, author = {Zheng, X and Zhang, D and Li, Y and Yang, C and Wu, Y and Liang, X and Liang, Y and Pan, X and Hu, L and Sun, Q and Wang, X and Wei, Y and Zhu, J and Qian, W and Yan, Z and Parker, AG and Gilles, JRL and Bourtzis, K and Bouyer, J and Tang, M and Zheng, B and Yu, J and Liu, J and Zhuang, J and Hu, Z and Zhang, M and Gong, JT and Hong, XY and Zhang, Z and Lin, L and Liu, Q and Hu, Z and Wu, Z and Baton, LA and Hoffmann, AA and Xi, Z}, title = {Incompatible and sterile insect techniques combined eliminate mosquitoes.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {572}, number = {7767}, pages = {56-61}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1407-9}, pmid = {31316207}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {The radiation-based sterile insect technique (SIT) has successfully suppressed field populations of several insect pest species, but its effect on mosquito vector control has been limited. The related incompatible insect technique (IIT)-which uses sterilization caused by the maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia-is a promising alternative, but can be undermined by accidental release of females infected with the same Wolbachia strain as the released males. Here we show that combining incompatible and sterile insect techniques (IIT-SIT) enables near elimination of field populations of the world's most invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus. Millions of factory-reared adult males with an artificial triple-Wolbachia infection were released, with prior pupal irradiation of the released mosquitoes to prevent unintentionally released triply infected females from successfully reproducing in the field. This successful field trial demonstrates the feasibility of area-wide application of combined IIT-SIT for mosquito vector control.}, }
@article {pmid31312785, year = {2019}, author = {Dietrich, CF and Chaubal, N and Hoerauf, A and Kling, K and Piontek, MS and Steffgen, L and Mand, S and Dong, Y}, title = {Review of Dancing Parasites in Lymphatic Filariasis.}, journal = {Ultrasound international open}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {E65-E74}, doi = {10.1055/a-0918-3678}, pmid = {31312785}, issn = {2509-596X}, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis is an infection transmitted by blood-sucking mosquitoes with filarial nematodes of the species Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi und B. timori . It is prevalent in tropical countries throughout the world, with more than 60 million people infected and more than 1 billion living in areas with the risk of transmission. Worm larvae with a length of less than 1 mm are transmitted by mosquitoes, develop in human lymphatic tissue to adult worms with a length of 7-10 cm, live in the human body for up to 10 years and produce millions of microfilariae, which can be transmitted further by mosquitoes. The adult worms can be easily observed by ultrasonography because of their size and fast movements (the so-called "filarial dance sign"), which can be differentiated from other movements (e. g., blood in venous vessels) by their characteristic movement profile in pulsed-wave Doppler mode. Therapeutic options include (combinations of) ivermectin, albendazole, diethylcarbamazine and doxycycline. The latter depletes endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria from the worms and thus sterilizes and later kills the adult worms (macrofilaricidal or adulticidal effect).}, }
@article {pmid31311998, year = {2019}, author = {Ke, F and You, S and Huang, S and Chen, W and Liu, T and He, W and Xie, D and Li, Q and Lin, X and Vasseur, L and Gurr, GM and You, M}, title = {Herbivore range expansion triggers adaptation in a subsequently-associated third trophic level species and shared microbial symbionts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {10314}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-46742-3}, pmid = {31311998}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {31320103922//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31230061//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Invasive species may change the life history strategies, distribution, genetic configuration and trophic interactions of native species. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., is an invasive herbivore attacking cultivated and wild brassica plants worldwide. Here we present phylogeographic analyses of P. xylostella and one of its major parasitoids, Cotesia vestalis, using mitochondrial markers, revealing the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of these two species. We find evidence that C. vestalis originated in Southwest China, then adapted to P. xylostella as a new host by ecological sorting as P. xylostella expanded its geographic range into this region. Associated with the expansion of P. xylostella, Wolbachia symbionts were introduced into local populations of the parasitoid through horizontal transfer from its newly associated host. Insights into the evolutionary history and phylogeographic system of the herbivore and its parasitoid provide an important basis for better understanding the impacts of biological invasion on genetic configuration of local species.}, }
@article {pmid31302148, year = {2019}, author = {Iftikhar, M and Iftikhar, S and Sohail, A and Javed, S}, title = {AI- modelling of molecular identification and feminization of wolbachia infected Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Progress in biophysics and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.07.001}, pmid = {31302148}, issn = {1873-1732}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The genetic control strategies of vector borne diseases includes the replacement of a vector population by "disease-refractory" mosquitoes and the release of mosquitoes with a gene to control the vector's reproduction rates. Wolbachia are common intracellular bacteria that are found in arthropods and nematodes. Wolbachia infected male mosquitos have been used in different experimental trials around the world to suppress the target population of Aedes aegypti and this genetic control strategy has proved to be a promising alternative to other treatment strategies. Due to certain limitations, the successful application of this strategy is still awaited.
METHODS: Mathematical frame work for Wolbachia induced genetic control strategy has been developed in this article. With the aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, accurate parametric values are depicted. For the first time, the model is well synchronized with the experimental findings. The model is comprised of the generalized varying coefficient and multiple mating rates between infected and uninfected compartments of Aedes aegypti dengue to forecast the disease control.
RESULTS: Two mathematical models are developed in this article to demonstrate different mating rates of the genetic control strategy. The important parameters and time varying coefficients are well demonstrated with the aid of numerical computations. The resulting thresholds and forecasting may prove to be a useful tool for future experimental studies.
CONCLUSIONS: From our analysis, we have concluded that the genetic control strategy is a promising technique and the role of Wolbachia infected male mosquitos, in genetic control strategies, can be better interpreted in an inexpensive manner with the aid of a theoretical model.}, }
@article {pmid31300838, year = {2019}, author = {White, JA and Styer, A and Rosenwald, LC and Curry, MM and Welch, KD and Athey, KJ and Chapman, EG}, title = {Endosymbiotic Bacteria Are Prevalent and Diverse in Agricultural Spiders.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01411-w}, pmid = {31300838}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {0224651//U.S. Department of Agriculture/ ; 148-502-16-377//Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation/ ; 148-502-10-261//Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts are common in arthropods, but their distribution and prevalence are poorly characterized in many host taxa. Initial surveys have suggested that vertically transmitted symbionts may be particularly common in spiders (Araneae). Here, we used diagnostic PCR and high-throughput sequencing to evaluate symbiont infection in 267 individual spiders representing 14 species (3 families) of agricultural spiders. We found 27 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are likely endosymbiotic, including multiple strains of Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium, which are all vertically transmitted and frequently associated with reproductive manipulation of arthropod hosts. Additional strains included Rickettsiella, Spiroplasma, Rhabdochlamydia, and a novel Rickettsiales, all of which could range from pathogenic to mutualistic in their effects upon their hosts. Seventy percent of spider species had individuals that tested positive for one or more endosymbiotic OTUs, and specimens frequently contained multiple symbiotic strain types. The most symbiont-rich species, Idionella rugosa, had eight endosymbiotic OTUs, with as many as five present in the same specimen. Individual specimens within infected spider species had a variety of symbiotypes, differing from one another in the presence or absence of symbiotic strains. Our sample included both starved and unstarved specimens, and dominant bacterial OTUs were consistent per host species, regardless of feeding status. We conclude that spiders contain a remarkably diverse symbiotic microbiota. Spiders would be an informative group for investigating endosymbiont population dynamics in time and space, and unstarved specimens collected for other purposes (e.g., food web studies) could be used, with caution, for such investigations.}, }
@article {pmid31300646, year = {2019}, author = {Reveillaud, J and Bordenstein, SR and Cruaud, C and Shaiber, A and Esen, ÖC and Weill, M and Makoundou, P and Lolans, K and Watson, AR and Rakotoarivony, I and Bordenstein, SR and Eren, AM}, title = {Author Correction: The Wolbachia mobilome in Culex pipiens includes a putative plasmid.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {3153}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-11234-5}, pmid = {31300646}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid31300097, year = {2019}, author = {Boucheikhchoukh, M and Mechouk, N and Benakhla, A and Raoult, D and Parola, P}, title = {Molecular evidence of bacteria in Melophagus ovinus sheep keds and Hippobosca equina forest flies collected from sheep and horses in northeastern Algeria.}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {103-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.010}, pmid = {31300097}, issn = {1878-1667}, abstract = {The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus, and the forest fly, Hippobosca equina, are parasitic dipteran insects of veterinary importance. As hematophagous insects, they might be considered as potential vectors of diseases which may be transmissible to humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to present initial primary data about these two species in Algeria. To do so, we conducted a molecular survey to detect the presence of bacterial DNA in flies collected in Algeria. A total of 712 flies including, 683 Melophagus ovinus and 29 Hippobosca equina were collected from two regions in northeastern Algeria. Monitoring the monthly kinetics of M. ovinus infestations showed something resembling annual activity, with a high prevalence in January (21.67%) and May (20.94%). Real-time quantitative PCR assays showed that for 311 tested flies, 126 were positive for the Bartonella spp. rRNA intergenic spacer gene and 77 were positive for Anaplasmataceae. A random selection of positive samples was submitted for sequencing. The DNA of Bartonella chomelii and Bartonella melophagi were amplified in, respectively, five and four H. equina. 25 M. ovinus positive samples were infected by Bartonella melophagi. Amplification and sequencing of the Anaplasma spp. 23S rRNA gene revealed that both species were infected by Wolbachia sp. which had previously been detected in Cimex lectularius bed bugs. Overall, this study expanded knowledge about bacteria present in parasitic flies of domestic animals in Algeria.}, }
@article {pmid31279737, year = {2019}, author = {Nebbak, A and Dahmana, H and Almeras, L and Raoult, D and Boulanger, N and Jaulhac, B and Mediannikov, O and Parola, P}, title = {Co-infection of bacteria and protozoan parasites in Ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in the Alsace region, France.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101241}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.06.001}, pmid = {31279737}, issn = {1877-9603}, abstract = {Fifty nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Alsace, France, identified by morphological criteria and using MALDI-TOF MS, were tested by PCR to detect tick-associated bacteria and protozoan parasites. Seventy percent (35/50) of ticks contained at least one microorganism; 26% (9/35) contained two or more species. Several human pathogens were identified including Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. (4%), Borrelia afzelii (2%), Borrelia garinii (2%), Borrelia valaisiana (4%), Borrelia miyamotoi (2%), Rickettsia helvetica (6%) and "Babesia venatorum" (2%). Bartonella spp. (10%) and a Wolbachia spp. (8%) were also detected. The most common co-infections involved Anaplasmataceae with Borrelia spp. (4%), Anaplasmataceae with Bartonella spp. (6%) and Anaplasmataceae with Rickettsia spp. (6%). Co-infection involving three different groups of bacteria was seen between bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp. (2%). Results highlight the panel of infectious agents carried by Ixodes ricinus. Co-infection suggests the possibility of transmission of more than one pathogen to human and animals during tick blood feeding.}, }
@article {pmid31274094, year = {2019}, author = {Naciri, M}, title = {[Wolbachia bacteria inhibits mosquito infection by various human pathogens].}, journal = {Medecine sciences : M/S}, volume = {35}, number = {6-7}, pages = {584-585}, doi = {10.1051/medsci/2019115}, pmid = {31274094}, issn = {1958-5381}, }
@article {pmid31267762, year = {2019}, author = {Lima-Barbero, JF and Díaz-Sanchez, S and Sparagano, O and Finn, RD and de la Fuente, J and Villar, M}, title = {Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778).}, journal = {Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1080/03079457.2019.1635679}, pmid = {31267762}, issn = {1465-3338}, abstract = {The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), is a worldwide distributed ectoparasite and considered a major pest affecting the laying hen industry in Europe. Based on available information in other ectoparasites, the mite microbiome might participate in several biological processes and the acquisition, maintenance and transmission of pathogens. However, little is known about the role of PRM as a mechanical carrier or a biological vector in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we used a metaproteomics approach to characterize the alphaproteobacteria in the microbiota of PRM, and variations in its profile with ectoparasite development (nymphs vs. adults) and feeding (unfed vs. fed). The results showed that the bacterial community associated with D. gallinae was mainly composed of environmental and commensal bacteria. Putative symbiotic bacteria of the genera Wolbachia, C. Tokpelaia and Sphingomonas were identified, together with potential pathogenic bacteria of the genera Inquilinus, Neorickettsia and Roseomonas. Significant differences in the composition of alphaproteobacterial microbiota were associated with mite development and feeding, suggesting that bacteria have functional implications in metabolic pathways associated with blood feeding. These results support the use of metaproteomics for the characterization of alphaproteobacteria associated with the D. gallinae microbiota that could provide relevant information for the understanding of mite-host interactions and the development of potential control interventions. Research highlights Metaproteomics is a valid approach for microbiome characterization in ectoparasites. Alphaproteobacteria putative bacterial symbionts were identified in D. gallinae. Mite development and feeding were related to variations in bacterial community. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified in mite microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid31265751, year = {2019}, author = {Yang, K and Xie, K and Zhu, YX and Huo, SM and Hoffmann, A and Hong, XY}, title = {Wolbachia dominate Spiroplasma in the co-infected spider mite Tetranychus truncatus.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12607}, pmid = {31265751}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are both maternally inherited endosymbionts in arthropods, and they can co-infect the same species. However, how they interact with each other in the same host is not clear. Here we investigate a co-infected Tetranychus truncatus spider mite strain that shares the same genetic background with singly infected and uninfected strains to detect the impacts of the two symbionts on their host. We found that Wolbachia-infected and Spiroplasma-infected mites can suffer significant fitness costs involving decreased fecundity, although with no effect on lifespan or development. Wolbachia induced incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility in T. truncatus both in singly infected and doubly infected strains, resulting in female killing. In both females and males of the co-infected spider mite strain, Wolbachia density was higher than Spiroplasma density. Transcriptome analysis of female adults showed that the most differentially expressed genes were found between the co-infected strain and both the singly infected Spiroplasma strain and uninfected strain. The Wolbachia strain had the fewest differentially expressed genes compared with the co-infected strain, consistent with the higher density of Wolbachia in the co-infected strain. Wolbachia, therefore, appears to have a competitive advantage in host mites over Spiroplasma and is likely maintained in populations by cytoplasmic incompatibility despite having deleterious fitness effects.}, }
@article {pmid31259313, year = {2019}, author = {Rocha, MN and Duarte, MM and Mansur, SB and Silva, BDME and Pereira, TN and Adelino, TÉR and Giovanetti, M and Alcantara, LCJ and Santos, FM and Costa, VRM and Teixeira, MM and Iani, FCM and Costa, VV and Moreira, LA}, title = {Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arboviruses: the case of yellow fever.}, journal = {Gates open research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {161}, doi = {10.12688/gatesopenres.12903.2}, pmid = {31259313}, issn = {2572-4754}, abstract = {Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and still remains the main vector of urban YFV. Although the YFV vaccine is safe and effective, it does not always reach populations at greatest risk of infection and there is an acknowledged global shortage of vaccine supply. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mosquito populations is being trialed in several countries (www.worldmosquito.org) as a biocontrol method against dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Here, we studied the ability of Wolbachia to reduce the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for Yellow fever virus (YFV). Methods: Two recently isolated YFV (primate and human) were used to challenge field-derived wild-type and Wolbachia-infected (wMel +) Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The YFV infection status was followed for 7, 14 and 21 days post-oral feeding (dpf). The YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes was evaluated via nano-injection of saliva into uninfected mosquitoes or by inoculation in mice. Results: We found that Wolbachia was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquitoes with YFV infected heads and thoraces for both viral isolates. Furthermore, analyses of mosquito saliva, through indirect injection into naïve mosquitoes or via interferon-deficient mouse model, indicated Wolbachia was associated with profound reduction in the YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes (14dpf). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wolbachia introgression could be used as a complementary strategy for prevention of urban yellow fever transmission, along with the human vaccination program.}, }
@article {pmid31254009, year = {2019}, author = {Kelly, M and Price, SL and de Oliveira Ramalho, M and Moreau, CS}, title = {Diversity of Wolbachia Associated with the Giant Turtle Ant, Cephalotes atratus.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-019-01722-8}, pmid = {31254009}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {1559779//NSF DBI/ ; 1900357//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships between organisms are common throughout the tree of life, and often these organisms share an evolutionary history. In turtle ants (Cephalotes), symbiotic associations with bacteria are known to be especially important for supplementing the nutrients that their herbivorous diets do not provide. However, much remains unknown about the diversity of many common bacterial symbionts with turtle ants, such as Wolbachia. Here, we surveyed the diversity of Wolbachia, focusing on one species of turtle ant with a particularly wide geographic range, Cephalotes atratus. Colonies were collected from the entire range of C. atratus, and we detected the presence of Wolbachia by sequencing multiple individuals per colony for wsp. Then, using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach, we determined each individual's unique sequence type (ST) based on comparison to sequences published in the Wolbachia MLST Database (https://pubmlst.org/wolbachia/). The results of this study suggest that there is a high level of diversity of Wolbachia strains among colonies from different regions, while the diversity within colonies is very low. Additionally, 13 novel variants (alleles) were uncovered. These results suggest that the level of diversity of Wolbachia within species is affected by geography, and the high level of diversity observed among Cephalotes atratus populations may be explained by their wide geographic range.}, }
@article {pmid31247412, year = {2019}, author = {Sicard, M and Bonneau, M and Weill, M}, title = {Wolbachia prevalence, diversity, and ability to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {34}, number = {}, pages = {12-20}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2019.02.005}, pmid = {31247412}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {To protect humans and domestic animals from mosquito borne diseases, alternative methods to chemical insecticides have to be found. Pilot studies using the vertically transmitted bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia were already launched in different parts of the world. Wolbachia can be used either in Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT), to decrease mosquito population, or to decrease the ability of mosquitoes to transmit pathogens. Not all mosquito species are naturally infected with Wolbachia: while in Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus almost all individuals harbor Wolbachia, putative infections have to be further investigated in Anopheles species and in Aedes aegypti. All Wolbachia-based control methods rely on the ability of Wolbachia to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) resulting in embryonic death in incompatible crossings. Knowledge on CI diversity in mosquito is required to find the better Wolbachia-mosquito associations to optimize the success of both 'sterile insect' and 'pathogen blocking' Wolbachia-based methods.}, }
@article {pmid31242186, year = {2019}, author = {Shropshire, JD and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {Two-By-One model of cytoplasmic incompatibility: Synthetic recapitulation by transgenic expression of cifA and cifB in Drosophila.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e1008221}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1008221}, pmid = {31242186}, issn = {1553-7404}, abstract = {Wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that infect arthropod species worldwide and are deployed in vector control to curb arboviral spread using cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI kills embryos when an infected male mates with an uninfected female, but the lethality is rescued if the female and her embryos are likewise infected. Two phage WO genes, cifAwMel and cifBwMel from the wMel Wolbachia deployed in vector control, transgenically recapitulate variably penetrant CI, and one of the same genes, cifAwMel, rescues wild type CI. The proposed Two-by-One genetic model predicts that CI and rescue can be recapitulated by transgenic expression alone and that dual cifAwMel and cifBwMel expression can recapitulate strong CI. Here, we use hatch rate and gene expression analyses in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster to demonstrate that CI and rescue can be synthetically recapitulated in full, and strong, transgenic CI comparable to wild type CI is achievable. These data explicitly validate the Two-by-One model in wMel-infected D. melanogaster, establish a robust system for transgenic studies of CI in a model system, and represent the first case of completely engineering male and female animal reproduction to depend upon bacteriophage gene products.}, }
@article {pmid31238839, year = {2019}, author = {Ritchie, SA and Staunton, KM}, title = {Reflections from an old Queenslander: can rear and release strategies be the next great era of vector control?.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {286}, number = {1905}, pages = {20190973}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.0973}, pmid = {31238839}, issn = {1471-2954}, abstract = {In this perspective, I discuss the great eras of vector control, centring on Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, Zika and several other viruses. Since the discovery and acceptance of the role of mosquitoes as vectors of disease agents, several significant strategies have been developed and deployed to control them and the diseases they transmit. Environmental management, insecticides and, to a lesser extent, biological control have emerged as great eras of vector control. In the past decade, the release of massive numbers of specifically modified mosquitoes that mate with wild populations has emerged as a significant new strategy to fight vector-borne diseases. These reared and released mosquitoes have been modified by the addition of a symbiont (e.g. Wolbachia bacteria), radiation or introduction of a genetic construct to either sterilize the wild mosquitoes they mate with, crashing the population, or to reduce the wild population's capacity to vector pathogens. Will these new rear and release strategies become the next great era of vector control? From my vantage point as a dengue control manager and researcher involved in two Wolbachia programmes, I will discuss the hurdles that rear and release programmes face to gain widespread acceptance and success.}, }
@article {pmid31234915, year = {2019}, author = {Zueva, T and Morchón, R and Carretón, E and Montoya-Alonso, JA and Santana, A and Bargues, MD and Mas-Coma, S and Rodríguez-Barbero, A and Simón, F}, title = {Angiogenic response in an in vitro model of dog microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with antigenic extracts from Dirofilaria immitis adult worms.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {315}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3570-0}, pmid = {31234915}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {Castilla y León//Agencia de Desarrollo Económico/ ; Spain (cofinanced with FEDER funds)//Agencia de Desarrollo Económico/ ; Project No. RD16/0027/0018//RICET Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales/ ; Project No. RD16/0027/0023//Financial support for Valencia team obtained by RICET/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology ; Antigens, Helminth/*pharmacology ; Capillaries/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dirofilaria immitis/*chemistry/microbiology ; Dogs ; Endothelial Cells/*drug effects ; Inflammation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/*drug effects ; Wolbachia/chemistry/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis can occur under pathological conditions when stimuli such as inflammation, vascular obstruction or hypoxia exist. These stimuli are present in cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria immitis). The aim of this study was to analyze the capacity of D. immitis antigens to modify the expression of angiogenic factors and trigger the formation of pseudocapillaries (tube-like structures) in an in vitro model of endothelial cells.
METHODS: The expression of VEGF-A, sFlt, mEndoglin and sEndoglin in cultures of canine microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with extract of adult worms of D. immitis obtained from an untreated dog (DiSA) and from a dog treated for 15 days with doxycycline (tDiSA), was determined by using commercial kits. The capacity of pseudocapillary formation was evaluated analyzing cell connections and cell groups in Matrigel cell cultures stimulated with DiSA and tDiSA. In both cases non-stimulated cultures were used as controls.
RESULTS: First, we demonstrated that worms obtained from the dog treated with doxycycline showed a significantly lower amount of Wolbachia (less than 60%) than worms removed from the untreated dog. Only DiSA was able to significantly increase the expression of the proangiogenic factor VEGF-A in the endotelial cells cultures. None of the D. immitis extracts modified the expression of sFlt. tDiSA extract was able to modify the expression of the endoglins, significantly decreasing the expression of the pro-angiogenic mEndoglin and increasing the anti-angiogenic sEndoglin. The formation of pseudocapillaries was negatively influenced by tDiSA, which reduced the organization and number of cellular connections.
CONCLUSIONS: The ability of antigens from adult D. immitis worms to modify the expression of pro and anti-angiogenic factors in endotelial cell cultures was demonstrated, as well as the trend to form pseudocapillaries in vitro. The capacity of stimulation may be linked to the amount of Wolbachia present in the antigenic extracts.}, }
@article {pmid31234774, year = {2019}, author = {Thapa, S and Zhang, Y and Allen, MS}, title = {Bacterial microbiomes of Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from Massachusetts and Texas, USA.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {138}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1514-7}, pmid = {31234774}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, is the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in North America. Though the tick is found across the eastern United States, Lyme disease is endemic to the northeast and upper midwest and rare or absent in the southern portion of the vector's range. In an effort to better understand the tick microbiome from diverse geographic and climatic regions, we analysed the bacterial community of 115 I. scapularis adults collected from vegetation in Texas and Massachusetts, representing extreme ends of the vector's range, by massively parallel sequencing of the 16S V4 rRNA gene. In addition, 7 female I. scapularis collected from dogs in Texas were included in the study.
RESULTS: Male I. scapularis ticks had a more diverse bacterial microbiome in comparison to the female ticks. Rickettsia spp. dominated the microbiomes of field-collected female I. scapularis from both regions, as well as half of the males from Texas. In addition, the male and female ticks captured from Massachusetts contained high proportions of the pathogens Anaplasma and Borrelia, as well as the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia. None of these were found in libraries generated from ticks collected in Texas. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were significantly differently abundant (p < 0.05) between the male ticks from Massachusetts and Texas. Anaplasma and Borrelia were found in 15 and 63% of the 62 Massachusetts ticks, respectively, with a co-infection rate of 11%. Female ticks collected from Texas dogs were particularly diverse, and contained several genera including Rickettsia, Pseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Sediminibacterium, and Ralstonia.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the bacterial microbiomes of I. scapularis ticks vary by sex and geography, with significantly more diversity in male microbiomes compared to females. We found that sex plays a larger role than geography in shaping the composition/diversity of the I. scapularis microbiome, but that geography affects what additional taxa are represented (beyond Rickettsia) and whether pathogens are found. Furthermore, recent feeding may have a role in shaping the tick microbiome, as evident from a more complex bacterial community in female ticks from dogs compared to the wild-caught questing females. These findings may provide further insight into the differences in the ability of the ticks to acquire, maintain and transmit pathogens. Future studies on possible causes and consequences of these differences will shed additional light on tick microbiome biology and vector competence.}, }
@article {pmid31233646, year = {2019}, author = {Hinojosa, JC and Koubínová, D and Szenteczki, MA and Pitteloud, C and Dincă, V and Alvarez, N and Vila, R}, title = {A mirage of cryptic species: Genomics uncover striking mitonuclear discordance in the butterfly Thymelicus sylvestris.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15153}, pmid = {31233646}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {CGL2016-76322-P//AEI/ERDF/ ; BES-2017-080641//Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad/ ; PP00P3_172899//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; 2017-SGR-991//Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; }, abstract = {Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing has led to an unprecedented rise in the identification of cryptic species. However, it is widely acknowledged that nuclear DNA (nuDNA) sequence data are also necessary to properly define species boundaries. Next generation sequencing techniques provide a wealth of nuclear genomic data, which can be used to ascertain both the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of putative cryptic species. Here, we focus on the intriguing case of the butterfly Thymelicus sylvestris (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). We identified six deeply diverged mitochondrial lineages; three distributed all across Europe and found in sympatry, suggesting a potential case of cryptic species. We then sequenced these six lineages using double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq). Nuclear genomic loci contradicted mtDNA patterns and genotypes generally clustered according to geography, i.e., a pattern expected under the assumption of postglacial recolonization from different refugia. Further analyses indicated that this strong mtDNA/nuDNA discrepancy cannot be explained by incomplete lineage sorting, sex-biased asymmetries, NUMTs, natural selection, introgression or Wolbachia-mediated genetic sweeps. We suggest that this mitonuclear discordance was caused by long periods of geographic isolation followed by range expansions, homogenizing the nuclear but not the mitochondrial genome. These results highlight T. sylvestris as a potential case of multiple despeciation and/or lineage fusion events. We finally argue, since mtDNA and nuDNA do not necessarily follow the same mechanisms of evolution, their respective evolutionary history reflects complementary aspects of past demographic and biogeographic events.}, }
@article {pmid31229556, year = {2019}, author = {Parvathi, A and Jasna, V and Aswathy, VK and Aparna, S and Nathan, VK and Jyothibabu, R}, title = {Dominance of Wolbachia sp. in the deep-sea sediment bacterial metataxonomic sequencing analysis in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.06.019}, pmid = {31229556}, issn = {1089-8646}, abstract = {The Bay of Bengal, located in the north-eastern part of the Indian Ocean is world's largest bay occupying an area of ~8,39,000 mile2. The variability in bacterial community structure and function in sediment ecosystems of the Bay of Bengal is examined by Illumina high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. Of five metataxonomics data sets presented, two (SD1 and SD2) were from stations close to the shore and three (SD4, SD5, and SD6) were from the deep-sea (~3000 m depth). Phylum Proteobacteria (90.27 to 92.52%) dominated the deep-sea samples, whereas phylum Firmicutes (65.35 to 90.98%) dominated the coastal samples. Comparative analysis showed that coastal and deep-sea sediments showed distinct microbial communities. Wolbachia species, belonging to class Alphaproteobacteria was the most dominant species in the deep-sea sediments. The gene functions of bacterial communities were predicted for deep-sea and coastal sediment ecosystems. The results indicated that deep-sea sediment bacterial communities were involved in metabolic activities like dehalogenation and sulphide oxidation.}, }
@article {pmid31229468, year = {2019}, author = {Bock, W and Jayathunga, Y}, title = {Optimal control of a multi-patch Dengue model under the influence of Wolbachia bacterium.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {315}, number = {}, pages = {108219}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108219}, pmid = {31229468}, issn = {1879-3134}, abstract = {In this work, a multi-patch model for dengue transmission dynamics including the bacterium Wolbachia is studied and by that the control efforts to minimize the disease spread by host and vector control are investigated. The multi-patch system models the host movement within the patches which coupled via a residence-time budgeting matrix P. Numerical results confirm that the control mechanism embedded in incidence rates of the disease transmission, effectively reduce the spread of the disease.}, }
@article {pmid31227544, year = {2019}, author = {Cooper, BS and Vanderpool, D and Conner, WR and Matute, DR and Turelli, M}, title = {Wolbachia Acquisition by Drosophila yakuba-Clade Hosts and Transfer of Incompatibility Loci Between Distantly Related Wolbachia.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {212}, number = {4}, pages = {1399-1419}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.119.302349}, pmid = {31227544}, issn = {1943-2631}, support = {R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM121750/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia infect about half of insect species, yet the predominant mode(s) of Wolbachia acquisition remains uncertain. Species-specific associations could be old, with Wolbachia and hosts codiversifying (i.e., cladogenic acquisition), or relatively young and acquired by horizontal transfer or introgression. The three Drosophila yakuba-clade hosts [(D. santomea, D. yakuba) D. teissieri] diverged ∼3 MYA and currently hybridize on the West African islands Bioko and São Tomé. Each species is polymorphic for nearly identical Wolbachia that cause weak cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)-reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia are closely related to wMel, globally polymorphic in D. melanogaster We use draft Wolbachia and mitochondrial genomes to demonstrate that D. yakuba-clade phylogenies for Wolbachia and mitochondria tend to follow host nuclear phylogenies. However, roughly half of D. santomea individuals, sampled both inside and outside of the São Tomé hybrid zone, have introgressed D. yakuba mitochondria. Both mitochondria and Wolbachia possess far more recent common ancestors than the bulk of the host nuclear genomes, precluding cladogenic Wolbachia acquisition. General concordance of Wolbachia and mitochondrial phylogenies suggests that horizontal transmission is rare, but varying relative rates of molecular divergence complicate chronogram-based statistical tests. Loci that cause CI in wMel are disrupted in D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia; but a second set of loci predicted to cause CI are located in the same WO prophage region. These alternative CI loci seem to have been acquired horizontally from distantly related Wolbachia, with transfer mediated by flanking Wolbachia-specific ISWpi1 transposons.}, }
@article {pmid31222094, year = {2019}, author = {Mateos, M and Silva, NO and Ramirez, P and Higareda-Alvear, VM and Aramayo, R and Erickson, JW}, title = {Effect of heritable symbionts on maternally-derived embryo transcripts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {8847}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-45371-0}, pmid = {31222094}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {R03 AI078348//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; }, abstract = {Maternally-transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria are ubiquitous in insects. Among other influential phenotypes, many heritable symbionts of arthropods are notorious for manipulating host reproduction through one of four reproductive syndromes, which are generally exerted during early developmental stages of the host: male feminization; parthenogenesis induction; male killing; and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Major advances have been achieved in understanding mechanisms and identifying symbiont factors involved in reproductive manipulation, particularly male killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Nonetheless, whether cytoplasmically-transmitted bacteria influence the maternally-loaded components of the egg or early embryo has not been examined. In the present study, we investigated whether heritable endosymbionts that cause different reproductive phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster influence the mRNA transcriptome of early embryos. We used mRNA-seq to evaluate differential expression in Drosophila embryos lacking endosymbionts (control) to those harbouring the male-killing Spiroplasma poulsonii strain MSRO-Br, the CI-inducing Wolbachia strain wMel, or Spiroplasma poulsonii strain Hyd1; a strain that lacks a reproductive phenotype and is naturally associated with Drosophila hydei. We found no consistent evidence of influence of symbiont on mRNA composition of early embryos, suggesting that the reproductive manipulation mechanism does not involve alteration of maternally-loaded transcripts. In addition, we capitalized on several available mRNA-seq datasets derived from Spiroplasma-infected Drosophila melanogaster embryos, to search for signals of depurination of rRNA, consistent with the activity of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) encoded by Spiroplasma poulsonii. We found small but statistically significant signals of depurination of Drosophila rRNA in the Spiroplasma treatments (both strains), but not in the symbiont-free control or Wolbachia treatment, consistent with the action of RIPs. The depurination signal was slightly stronger in the treatment with the male-killing strain. This result supports a recent report that RIP-induced damage contributes to male embryo death.}, }
@article {pmid31215133, year = {2019}, author = {Su, QC and Wang, X and Deng, C and Yun, YL and Zhao, Y and Peng, Y}, title = {Transcriptome responses to elevated CO2 level and Wolbachia-infection stress in Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae).}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12701}, pmid = {31215133}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2016YFD0200900//State's Key Project of Research and Development Plan/ ; 31672317//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016jzxjh012//Competitive Planning Projects of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Hylyphantes graminicola is a resident spider species found in maize and cotton fields and is an important biological control agent of various pests. Previous studies have demonstrated that stress from elevated CO2 and Wolbachia infection can strongly affect spider species. Thus, based on CO2 levels (400 ppm, current atmospheric CO2 concentration and 800 ppm, high CO2 concentration) and Wolbachia status (Wolbachia-infected, W+ and Wolbachia-uninfected, W-), we divided H. graminicola individuals into four treatment groups: W- 400 ppm, W- 800 ppm, W+ 400 ppm, and W+ 800 ppm. To investigate the effects of elevated CO2 levels (W- 400 vs W- 800), Wolbachia infection (W- 400 vs W+ 400), and the interactions between these two factors (W- 400 vs W+ 800), high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was employed to characterize the de novo transcriptome of the spiders and identify stress-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). De novo assembly of complementary DNA sequences generated 86 688 unigenes, 23 938 of which were annotated in public databases. A total of 84, 21, and 157 DEGs were found among W- 400 vs W- 800, W- 400 vs W+ 400, and W- 400 vs W+ 800, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that metabolic processes, signaling, and catalytic activity were significantly affected by elevated CO2 levels and Wolbachia infection. Our findings suggest that the impact of elevated CO2 levels and Wolbachia infection on the H. graminicola transcriptome was, to a large extent, on genes involved in metabolic processes. This study is the first description of transcriptome changes in response to elevated CO2 levels and Wolbachia infection in spiders.}, }
@article {pmid31214820, year = {2019}, author = {Konecka, E and Olszanowski, Z}, title = {First Evidence of Intracellular Bacteria Cardinium in Thermophilic Mite Microzetorchestes emeryi (Acari: Oribatida): Molecular Screening of Bacterial Endosymbiont Species.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {9}, pages = {1038-1044}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-019-01717-5}, pmid = {31214820}, issn = {1432-0991}, abstract = {We undertook the issue of the distribution of intracellular bacteria among Oribatida (Acari). Six genera of bacteria were detected by PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing: Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Arsenophonus, and Hamiltonella. Our research, for the first time, revealed the presence of Cardinium in Microzetorchestes emeryi in two subpopulations separated from each other by 300 m. The percentages of infected animals were the same in both subpopulations-ca. 20%. The identity of 16S rDNA sequences of Cardinium between these two subpopulations of M. emeryi was 97%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Cardinium in M. emeryi was clustered into the group A. The occurrence of M. emeryi in Poland has not been reported before and our report is the first one. Cardinium maybe help the thermophilic M. emeryi to adapt to low temperatures in the Central Europe.}, }
@article {pmid31208002, year = {2019}, author = {Schebeck, M and Feldkirchner, L and Stauffer, C and Schuler, H}, title = {Dynamics of an Ongoing Wolbachia Spread in the European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10060172}, pmid = {31208002}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {P26749-B25//Austrian Science Fund/ ; J-3527-B22//Austrian Science Fund/ ; P31441-B29//Austrian Science Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Numerous terrestrial arthropods are infected with the alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia. This endosymbiont is usually transmitted vertically from infected females to their offspring and can alter the reproduction of hosts through various manipulations, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), enhancing its spread in new host populations. Studies on the spatial and temporal dynamics of Wolbachia under natural conditions are scarce. Here, we analyzed Wolbachia infection frequencies in populations of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.), in central Germany-an area of an ongoing spread of the CI-inducing strain wCer2. In total, 295 individuals from 19 populations were PCR-screened for the presence of wCer2 and their mitochondrial haplotype. Results were compared with historic data to understand the infection dynamics of the ongoing wCer2 invasion. An overall wCer2 infection frequency of about 30% was found, ranging from 0% to 100% per population. In contrast to an expected smooth transition from wCer2-infected to completely wCer2-uninfected populations, a relatively scattered infection pattern across geography was observed. Moreover, a strong Wolbachia-haplotype association was detected, with only a few rare misassociations. Our results show a complex dynamic of an ongoing Wolbachia spread in natural field populations of R. cerasi.}, }
@article {pmid31204356, year = {2019}, author = {Watanabe, A and Takaku, S and Yokota, K and Hayashi, S and Tamaki, N and Kokeguchi, S}, title = {A survey of Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) in Japanese Dental Clinics.}, journal = {Biocontrol science}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {117-121}, doi = {10.4265/bio.24.117}, pmid = {31204356}, issn = {1884-0205}, abstract = {This study was to survey the capturing rate in Japanese dental clinics of the Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetles) , and to evaluate the beetle's potential as a carrier for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. L. serricorne imagoes were captured in pheromone traps in 14 Japanese dental clinics in August and September 2012 and 2013, and their numbers recorded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the bacterial antibiotic-resistant genes mecA, vanA, vanB, blaIMP, and blaVIM was performed on the captured L. serricorne imagoes. Bacterial species in the captured specimens were identified by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing analysis. The L. serricorne imagoes were captured from 10 dental clinics (71.4%) . We failed to detect the presence of nosocomial antibiotic-resistant pathogens in L. serricorne imagoes. The bacterial species detected most commonly in the imagoes was Wolbachia sp., an intracellular proteobacterium infecting certain insect species. Monitoring of insects including L. serricorne should be incorporated into regiment of the infection control.}, }
@article {pmid31194893, year = {2019}, author = {Ant, TH and Herd, C and Louis, F and Failloux, AB and Sinkins, SP}, title = {Wolbachia transinfections in Culex quinquefasciatus generate cytoplasmic incompatibility.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12604}, pmid = {31194893}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {BB/K004506//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; 202888//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Culex quinquefasciatus is an important mosquito vector of a number of viral and protozoan pathogens of humans and animals, and naturally carries the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, strain wPip. Wolbachia are used in two distinct vector control strategies: firstly, population suppression caused by mating incompatibilities between mass-released transinfected males and wild females; and secondly, the spread of pathogen transmission-blocking strains through populations. Using embryonic microinjection, two novel Wolbachia transinfections were generated in C. quinquefasciatus using strains native to the mosquito Aedes albopictus: a wAlbB single infection, and a wPip plus wAlbA superinfection. The wAlbB infection showed full bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) with wild-type C. quinquefasciatus in reciprocal crosses. The wPipwAlbA superinfection showed complete unidirectional CI, and therefore population invasion potential. Whereas the wAlbB strain showed comparatively low overall densities, similar to the native wPip, the wPipwAlbA superinfection reached over 400-fold higher densities in the salivary glands compared to the native wPip, suggesting it may be a candidate for pathogen transmission blocking.}, }
@article {pmid31191980, year = {2019}, author = {Koh, C and Audsley, MD and Di Giallonardo, F and Kerton, EJ and Young, PR and Holmes, EC and McGraw, EA}, title = {Sustained Wolbachia-mediated blocking of dengue virus isolates following serial passage in Aedes aegypti cell culture.}, journal = {Virus evolution}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {vez012}, doi = {10.1093/ve/vez012}, pmid = {31191980}, issn = {2057-1577}, abstract = {Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont of insects that inhibits the replication of a range of pathogens in its arthropod hosts. The release of Wolbachia into wild populations of mosquitoes is an innovative biocontrol effort to suppress the transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) to humans, most notably dengue virus. The success of the Wolbachia-based approach hinges upon the stable persistence of the 'pathogen blocking' effect, whose mechanistic basis is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that Wolbachia may affect viral replication via a combination of competition for host resources and activation of host immunity. The evolution of resistance against Wolbachia and pathogen blocking in the mosquito or the virus could reduce the public health impact of the symbiont releases. Here, we investigate if dengue 3 virus (DENV-3) is capable of accumulating adaptive mutations that improve its replicative capacity during serial passage in Wolbachia wMel-infected cells. During the passaging regime, viral isolates in Wolbachia-infected cells exhibited greater variation in viral loads compared to controls. The viral loads of these isolates declined rapidly during passaging due to the blocking effects of Wolbachia carriage, with several being lost all together and the remainder recovering to low but stable levels. We attempted to sequence the genomes of the surviving passaged isolates but, given their low abundance, were unable to obtain sufficient depth of coverage for evolutionary analysis. In contrast, viral loads in Wolbachia-free control cells were consistently high during passaging. The surviving isolates passaged in the presence of Wolbachia exhibited a reduced ability to replicate even in Wolbachia-free cells. These experiments demonstrate the challenge for dengue in evolving resistance to Wolbachia-mediated blocking.}, }
@article {pmid31186318, year = {2019}, author = {Chrostek, E and Gerth, M}, title = {Is Anopheles gambiae a Natural Host of Wolbachia?.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/mBio.00784-19}, pmid = {31186318}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) is an intraovarially transmitted symbiont of insects able to exert striking phenotypes, including reproductive manipulations and pathogen blocking. These phenotypes make Wolbachia a promising tool to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Although Wolbachia is present in the majority of terrestrial arthropods, including many disease vectors, it was considered absent from Anopheles gambiae mosquitos, the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2014, Wolbachia sequences were detected in A. gambiae samples collected in Burkina Faso. Subsequently, similar evidence came from collections all over Africa, revealing a high Wolbachia 16S rRNA sequence diversity, low abundance, and a lack of congruence between host and symbiont phylogenies. Here, we reanalyze and discuss recent evidence on the presence of Wolbachia sequences in A. gambiae. We find that although detected at increasing frequencies, the unusual properties of these Wolbachia sequences render them insufficient to diagnose natural infections in A. gambiae Future studies should focus on uncovering the origin of Wolbachia sequence variants in Anopheles and seeking sequence-independent evidence for this new symbiosis. Understanding the ecology of Anopheles mosquitos and their interactions with Wolbachia will be key in designing successful, integrative approaches to limit malaria spread. Although the prospect of using Wolbachia to fight malaria is intriguing, the newly discovered strains do not bring it closer to realization.IMPORTANCEAnopheles gambiae mosquitos are the main vectors of malaria, threatening around half of the world's population. The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia can interfere with disease transmission by other important insect vectors, but until recently, it was thought to be absent from natural A. gambiae populations. Here, we critically analyze the genomic, metagenomic, PCR, imaging, and phenotypic data presented in support of the presence of natural Wolbachia infections in A. gambiae We find that they are insufficient to diagnose Wolbachia infections and argue for the need of obtaining robust data confirming basic Wolbachia characteristics in this system. Determining the Wolbachia infection status of Anopheles is critical due to its potential to influence Anopheles population structure and Plasmodium transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31174466, year = {2019}, author = {Baião, GC and Schneider, DI and Miller, WJ and Klasson, L}, title = {The effect of Wolbachia on gene expression in Drosophila paulistorum and its implications for symbiont-induced host speciation.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {465}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5816-9}, pmid = {31174466}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2014-4353//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; P28255-B22//Austrian Science Fund/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Neotropical fruit fly Drosophila paulistorum (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a species complex in statu nascendi comprising six reproductively isolated semispecies, each harboring mutualistic Wolbachia strains. Although wild type flies of each semispecies are isolated from the others by both pre- and postmating incompatibilities, mating between semispecies and successful offspring development can be achieved once flies are treated with antibiotics to reduce Wolbachia titer. Here we use RNA-seq to study the impact of Wolbachia on D. paulistorum and investigate the hypothesis that the symbiont may play a role in host speciation. For that goal, we analyze samples of heads and abdomens of both sexes of the Amazonian, Centro American and Orinocan semispecies of D. paulistorum.
RESULTS: We identify between 175 and 1192 differentially expressed genes associated with a variety of biological processes that respond either globally or according to tissue, sex or condition in the three semispecies. Some of the functions associated with differentially expressed genes are known to be affected by Wolbachia in other species, such as metabolism and immunity, whereas others represent putative novel phenotypes involving muscular functions, pheromone signaling, and visual perception.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that Wolbachia affect a large number of biological functions in D. paulistorum, particularly when present in high titer. We suggest that the significant metabolic impact of the infection on the host may cause several of the other putative and observed phenotypes. We also speculate that the observed differential expression of genes associated with chemical communication and reproduction may be associated with the emergence of pre- and postmating barriers between semispecies, which supports a role for Wolbachia in the speciation of D. paulistorum.}, }
@article {pmid31173475, year = {2019}, author = {Xie, K and Lu, YJ and Yang, K and Huo, SM and Hong, XY}, title = {Co-infection of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in spider mite Tetranychus truncatus increases male fitness.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12696}, pmid = {31173475}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are intracellular bacteria that are of great interest to entomologists, because of their ability to alter insect host biology in multiple ways. In the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus, co-infection of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma can induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and fitness costs; however, little is known about the effect of co-infection at the genetic level and the molecular mechanisms underlying CI. In this study, we explored the influence of the two symbionts on male mite host fitness and used RNA sequencing to generate the transcriptomes of T. truncatus with four different types of infection. In total, we found symbiont-infected lines had a higher hatch proportion than the uninfected line, and the development time of the uninfected line was longer than that of the other lines. Co-infection changed the expression of many genes related to digestion detoxification, reproduction, immunity and oxidation reduction. Our results indicate that co-infection of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma confers multiple effects on their hosts, and helps illuminate the complex interactions between endosymbionts and arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid31167953, year = {2019}, author = {Bonning, BC}, title = {The Insect Virome: Opportunities and Challenges.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {34}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.21775/cimb.034.001}, pmid = {31167953}, issn = {1467-3045}, abstract = {The insect virome is composed of a myriad of viruses. Both field populations and laboratory colonies of insects harbour diverse viruses, including viruses that infect the insect itself, viruses of microbes associated with the insect, and viruses associated with ingested materials. Metagenomics analysis for identification of virus-derived sequences has allowed for new appreciation of the extent and diversity of the insect virome. The complex interactions between insect viruses and host antiviral immune pathways (RNA interference and apoptosis), and between viruses and other members of the microbiome (e.g. Wolbachia) are becoming apparent. In this chapter, an overview of the diversity of viruses in insects and recent virus discovery research for specific insects and insect-derived cell lines is provided. The opportunities and challenges associated with the insect virome, including the potential impacts of viruses on both research and insect management programs are also addressed.}, }
@article {pmid31162017, year = {2019}, author = {Batsa Debrah, L and Phillips, RO and Pfarr, K and Klarmann-Schulz, U and Opoku, VS and Nausch, N and Owusu, W and Mubarik, Y and Sander, AL and Lämmer, C and Ritter, M and Layland, LE and Jacobsen, M and Debrah, AY and Hoerauf, A}, title = {The Efficacy of Doxycycline Treatment on Mansonella perstans Infection: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial in Ghana.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, pages = {84-92}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.18-0491}, pmid = {31162017}, issn = {1476-1645}, abstract = {Treating Mansonella perstans is challenged by the low efficacy of registered antihelminthics. Wolbachia endobacteria provide an alternative treatment target because depletion results in amicrofilaremia in filarial infections with Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus infections. This open-label, randomized study sought to confirm that i) Wolbachia are present in M. perstans in Ghana and ii) doxycycline treatment will deplete Wolbachia and cause a slow, sustained decline in microfilariae (MF). Two hundred and two Ghanaians with M. perstans infection were randomized into early (immediate) and delayed (6 months deferred) treatment groups, given doxycycline 200 mg/day for 6 weeks, and monitored for MF and Wolbachia levels at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 months after the study onset (= time of randomization and start of treatment for the early group). Per protocol analysis revealed that the median MF/mL in the early group declined from 138 at baseline to 64 at month 4 and further to 0 at month 12. In the delayed group, MF load did not change from a baseline median of 97 to 102 at month 4 but declined to 42 at month 12, that is, 6 months after receiving treatment, trailing the early group as expected. By month 24, both treatment groups had reached a median MF level of 0. After treatment, Wolbachia were depleted from MF by ≥ 1-log drop compared with baseline levels. We conclude that M. perstans in Ghana harbor Wolbachia that are effectively depleted by doxycycline with subsequent reduction in MF loads, most likely because of interruption of fertility of adult worms.}, }
@article {pmid31161026, year = {2019}, author = {Kulkarni, A and Yu, W and Jiang, J and Sanchez, C and Karna, AK and Martinez, KJL and Hanley, KA and Buenemann, M and Hansen, IA and Xue, RD and Ettestad, P and Melman, S and Duguma, D and Debboun, M and Xu, J}, title = {Wolbachia pipientis occurs in Aedes aegypti populations in New Mexico and Florida, USA.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {6148-6156}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.5198}, pmid = {31161026}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {P20 GM103451/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus Skuse are the major vectors of dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses worldwide. Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium present in many insects, is being utilized in novel vector control strategies to manipulate mosquito life history and vector competence to curb virus transmission. Earlier studies have found that Wolbachia is commonly detected in Ae. albopictus but rarely detected in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used a two-step PCR assay to detect Wolbachia in wild-collected samples of Ae. aegypti. The PCR products were sequenced to validate amplicons and identify Wolbachia strains. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and used for detecting Wolbachia in selected mosquito specimens as well. We found Wolbachia in 85/148 (57.4%) wild Ae. aegypti specimens from various cities in New Mexico, and in 2/46 (4.3%) from St. Augustine, Florida. Wolbachia was not detected in 94 samples of Ae. aegypti from Deer Park, Harris County, Texas. Wolbachia detected in Ae. aegypti from both New Mexico and Florida was the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia pipientis. A Wolbachia-positive colony of Ae. aegypti was established from pupae collected in Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2018. The infected females of this strain transmitted Wolbachia to their progeny when crossed with males of Rockefeller strain of Ae. aegypti, which does not carry Wolbachia. In contrast, none of the progeny of Las Cruces males mated to Rockefeller females were infected with Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid31159272, year = {2019}, author = {Gichuhi, J and Khamis, FM and Van den Berg, J and Ekesi, S and Herren, JK}, title = {Unexpected Diversity of Wolbachia Associated with Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10060155}, pmid = {31159272}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {IBCARP//European Union/ ; }, abstract = {Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important pest of fruit-bearing plants in many countries worldwide. In Africa, this pest has spread rapidly and has become widely established since the first invasion report in 2003. Wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont that can significantly influence aspects of the biology and, in particular, the reproduction of its host. In this study, we screened B. dorsalis specimens collected from several locations in Africa between 2005 and 2017 for Wolbachia using a PCR-based assay to target the Wolbachia surface protein wsp. Of the 357 individuals tested, 10 were positive for Wolbachia using the wsp assay. We identified four strains of Wolbachia infecting two B. dorsalis mitochondrial haplotypes. We found no strict association between the infecting strain and host haplotype, with one strain being present in two different host haplotypes. All the detected strains belonged to Super Group B Wolbachia and did not match any strains reported previously in B. dorsalis in Asia. These findings indicate that diverse Wolbachia infections are present in invasive populations of B. dorsalis.}, }
@article {pmid31143363, year = {2019}, author = {Yashiro, T and Lo, N}, title = {Comparative screening of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the asexual and sexual lineages of the termite Glyptotermes nakajimai.}, journal = {Communicative & integrative biology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {55-58}, doi = {10.1080/19420889.2019.1592418}, pmid = {31143363}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Males provide opportunities both for sexual reproduction and for sex-based phenotypic differences within animal societies. In termites, the ubiquitous presence of both male and female workers and soldiers indicate that males play a critical role in colonies of these insects. However, we have recently reported all-female asexual societies in a lineage of the termite Glyptotermes nakajimai - a dramatic transition from mixed-sex to all-female asexual societies. It is known that female-producing parthenogenesis in insects can be induced by maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Rickettsia. Here, we screen for the presence of endosymbiotic bacteria in the asexual and sexual lineages of G. nakajimai. Our bacterial screening of the asexual lineage did not reveal any likely causal agents for parthenogenetic reproduction, whereas screening of the sexual lineage resulted in Wolbachia being detected. Our findings suggest that the asexuality in G. nakajimai is likely to be maintained without manipulation by endosymbiotic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid31134014, year = {2019}, author = {Wasala, SK and Brown, AMV and Kang, J and Howe, DK and Peetz, AB and Zasada, IA and Denver, DR}, title = {Variable Abundance and Distribution of Wolbachia and Cardinium Endosymbionts in Plant-Parasitic Nematode Field Populations.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {964}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00964}, pmid = {31134014}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia interacts with different invertebrate hosts, engaging in diverse symbiotic relationships. Wolbachia is often a reproductive parasite in arthropods, but an obligate mutualist in filarial nematodes. Wolbachia was recently discovered in plant-parasitic nematodes, and, is thus far known in just two genera Pratylenchus and Radopholus, yet the symbiont's function remains unknown. The occurrence of Wolbachia in these economically important plant pests offers an unexplored biocontrol strategy. However, development of Wolbachia-based biocontrol requires an improved understanding of symbiont-host functional interactions and the symbiont's prevalence among nematode field populations. This study used a molecular-genetic approach to assess the prevalence of a Wolbachia lineage (wPpe) in 32 field populations of Pratylenchus penetrans. Populations were examined from eight different plant species in Washington, Oregon, and California. Nematodes were also screened for the endosymbiotic bacterium Cardinium (cPpe) that was recently shown to co-infect P. penetrans. Results identified wPpe in 9/32 and cPpe in 1/32 of P. penetrans field populations analyzed. No co-infection was observed in field populations. Wolbachia was detected in nematodes from 4/8 plant-hosts examined (raspberry, strawberry, clover, and lily), and in all three states surveyed. Cardinium was detected in nematodes from mint in Washington. In the wPpe-infected P. penetrans populations collected from raspberry, the prevalence of wPpe infection ranged from 11 to 58%. This pattern is unlike that in filarial nematodes where Wolbachia is an obligate mutualist and occurs in 100% of the host. Further analysis of wPpe-infected populations revealed female-skewed sex ratios (up to 96%), with the degree of skew positively correlating with wPpe prevalence. Uninfected nematode populations had approximately equal numbers of males and females. Comparisons of 54 wPpe 16S ribosomal RNA sequences revealed high similarity across the geographic isolates, with 45 of 54 isolates being identical at this locus. The complete absence of wPpe among some populations and low prevalence in others suggest that this endosymbiont is not an obligate mutualist of P. penetrans. The observed sex ratio bias in wPpe-infected nematode populations is similar to that observed in arthropods where Wolbachia acts as a reproductive manipulator, raising the question of a similar role in plant-parasitic nematodes.}, }
@article {pmid31128084, year = {2019}, author = {Guo, Y and Gong, JT and Mo, PW and Huang, HJ and Hong, XY}, title = {Wolbachia localization during Laodelphax striatellus embryogenesis.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {116}, number = {}, pages = {125-133}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.006}, pmid = {31128084}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria carried by thousands of arthropod species. The success of Wolbachia is due to efficient vertical transmission by the host maternal germline. Wolbachia's behavior during host oogenesis is well characterized, although their behavior during embryogenesis is unclear. Vertical transmission of Wolbachia wStri in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus is extraordinarily efficient. To understand why, we investigated its localization and dynamics in L. striatellus embryos. Microscopic observations indicated that the Wolbachia were mainly localized at the anterior region of the embryo during early embryogenesis. The distribution of Wolbachia within the anterior region was established during oogenesis, and according to a phylogenetic analysis, may be due to intrinsic factors in Wolbachia. We observed that wStri migrated to the posterior part cells during late embryogenesis, in the region where gonads were formed. An expression profile of Wolbachia-infected host embryonic development genes revealed Ddx1 mRNAs, which is required for host viability and in the germ line, accumulated in the posterior region of 3-day-old embryos, while other development genes mRNAs were significantly more abundant in the posterior region of 6-day-old embryos. These genes thus appear to be associated with the localization of Wolbachia wStri in the anterior region, although their functions remain unclear. These results can explain Wolbachia wStri high prevalence in L. striatellus.}, }
@article {pmid31121066, year = {2019}, author = {Hubert, J and Nesvorna, M and Klimov, P and Dowd, SE and Sopko, B and Erban, T}, title = {Differential allergen expression in three Tyrophagus putrescentiae strains inhabited by distinct microbiome.}, journal = {Allergy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/all.13921}, pmid = {31121066}, issn = {1398-9995}, support = {18-04-01092//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; 19-09998S//Czech Science Foundation (GACR)/ ; 16-14-10109//Russian Science Foundation/ ; CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008503//Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic/ ; RO0418//Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic/ ; }, }
@article {pmid31120156, year = {2019}, author = {Chouin-Carneiro, T and Ant, TH and Herd, C and Louis, F and Failloux, AB and Sinkins, SP}, title = {Wolbachia strain wAlbA blocks Zika virus transmission in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12384}, pmid = {31120156}, issn = {1365-2915}, support = {282378//FP7 Health/ ; ZK/16-021//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; 108508//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 202888//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Transinfections of the maternally transmitted endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis can reduce RNA virus replication and prevent transmission by Aedes aegypti, and also have the capacity to invade wild-type populations, potentially reaching and maintaining high infection frequencies. Levels of virus transmission blocking are positively correlated with Wolbachia intracellular density. Despite reaching high densities in Ae. aegypti, transinfections of wAlbA, a strain native to Aedes albopictus, showed no blocking of Semliki Forest Virus in previous intrathoracic injection challenges. To further characterize wAlbA blocking in Ae. aegypti, adult females were intrathoracically challenged with Zika (ZIKV) and dengue viruses, and then fed a ZIKV-containing bloodmeal. No blocking was observed with either virus when challenged by intrathoracic injection. However, when ZIKV was delivered orally, wAlbA-infected females showed a significant reduction in viral replication and dissemination compared with uninfected controls, as well as a complete absence of virus in saliva. Although other Wolbachia strains have been shown to cause more robust viral blocking in Ae. aegypti, these findings demonstrate that, in principle, wAlbA could be used to reduce virus transmission in this species. Moreover, the results highlight the potential for underestimation of the strength of virus-blocking when based on intrathoracic injection compared with more natural oral challenges.}, }
@article {pmid31115477, year = {2019}, author = {Gómez-Díaz, JS and Montoya-Lerma, J and Muñoz Valencia, V}, title = {Prevalence and Diversity of Endosymbionts in Cassava Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) From Colombia.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/iez047}, pmid = {31115477}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Hemiptera/genetics/*microbiology ; Manihot ; Nymph/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Whiteflies cause huge economic losses for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation. Damage can be caused directly when the insects feed on the phloem and/or indirectly by the transmission of viruses. It has been found that whiteflies maintain a close relationship with some endosymbiotic bacteria and that this interaction produces different effects on host biology and can also facilitate viral transmission. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of secondary endosymbionts (SE) present in whiteflies associated with cassava. Whitefly adults and nymphs were collected from cassava crops at nine locations in Southwestern Colombia. Molecular identification of insects and endosymbionts was carried out using specific mtCOI, wsp, 23s rRNA, and 16s rRNA primers. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from these sequences, both for whitefly species and the endosymbionts found. In addition, morphological identification of whitefly species was made using last instar nymphs. Molecular and morphological evaluation revealed that the most abundant whitefly species was Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) followed by Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar. One hundred percent of the individuals contained the primary endosymbiont Portiera. The SE Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, and Fritschea were not detected in the samples tested. Prevalence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus were variable at each locality, Cardinium being most prevalent in A. socialis adults. This study is the first report on the presence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus in A. socialis and T. variabilis. It is also the first report of endosymbiotic diversity in whiteflies associated with cassava in Colombia.}, }
@article {pmid31107912, year = {2019}, author = {Caragata, EP and Rocha, MN and Pereira, TN and Mansur, SB and Dutra, HLC and Moreira, LA}, title = {Pathogen blocking in Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti is not affected by Zika and dengue virus co-infection.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {e0007443}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007443}, pmid = {31107912}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia's ability to restrict arbovirus transmission makes it a promising tool to combat mosquito-transmitted diseases. Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti are currently being released in locations such as Brazil, which regularly experience concurrent outbreaks of different arboviruses. A. aegypti can become co-infected with, and transmit multiple arboviruses with one bite, which can complicate patient diagnosis and treatment.
Using experimental oral infection of A. aegypti and then RT-qPCR, we examined ZIKV/DENV-1 and ZIKV/DENV-3 co-infection in Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti and observed that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes experienced lower prevalence of infection and viral load than wildtype mosquitoes, even with an extra infecting virus. Critically, ZIKV/DENV co-infection had no significant impact on Wolbachia's ability to reduce viral transmission. Wolbachia infection also strongly altered expression levels of key immune genes Defensin C and Transferrin 1, in a virus-dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that pathogen interference in Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti is not adversely affected by ZIKV/DENV co-infection, which suggests that Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti will likely prove suitable for controlling mosquito-borne diseases in environments with complex patterns of arbovirus transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31100967, year = {2019}, author = {Rahayu, A and Saraswati, U and Supriyati, E and Kumalawati, DA and Hermantara, R and Rovik, A and Daniwijaya, EW and Fitriana, I and Setyawan, S and Ahmad, RA and Wardana, DS and Indriani, C and Utarini, A and Tantowijoyo, W and Arguni, E}, title = {Prevalence and Distribution of Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta City before Deployment of Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph16101742}, pmid = {31100967}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Indonesia is one of the countries where dengue infection is prevalent. In this study we measure the prevalence and distribution of dengue virus (DENV) DENV-infected Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, during the wet season when high dengue transmission period occurred, as baseline data before implementation of a Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti trial for dengue control. We applied One-Step Multiplex Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) for the type-specific-detection of dengue viruses in field-caught adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In a prospective field study conducted from December 2015 to May 2016, adult female Aedes aegypti were caught from selected areas in Yogyakarta City, and then screened by using RT-PCR. During the survey period, 36 (0.12%) mosquitoes from amongst 29,252 female mosquitoes were positive for a DENV type. In total, 22.20% of dengue-positive mosquitoes were DENV-1, 25% were DENV-2, 17% were DENV-3, but none were positive for DENV-4. This study has provided dengue virus infection prevalence in field-caught Aedes aegypti and its circulating serotype in Yogyakarta City before deployment of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid31095639, year = {2019}, author = {Hosseinzadeh, S and Ramsey, J and Mann, M and Bennett, L and Hunter, WB and Shams-Bakhsh, M and Hall, DG and Heck, M}, title = {Color morphology of Diaphorina citri influences interactions with its bacterial endosymbionts and 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0216599}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216599}, pmid = {31095639}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Diaphorina citri is a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' (CLas), associated with Huanglongbing, (HLB, or citrus greening) disease in citrus. D. citri exhibits three different color morph variants, blue, gray and yellow. Blue morphs have a greater capacity for long-distance flight as compared to non-blue morphs, but little else is known about how color morphology influences vector characteristics. In this study, we show that the color morphology of the insect is derived from pigmented cells of the fat body. Blue morphs acquire a lower level of CLas in their bodies from infected trees as compared to their gray and yellow conspecifics, referred to in this paper collectively as non-blue morphs. Accordingly, CLas titer in citrus leaves inoculated by non-blue insects was 6-fold higher than in leaves inoculated by blue insects. Blue color morphs harbored lower titers of Wolbachia and 'Candidatus Profftella armatura,' two of the D. citri bacterial endosymbionts. Expression of hemocyanin, a copper-binding oxygen transport protein responsible for the blue coloration of hemolymph of other arthropods and mollusks, was previously correlated with blue color morphology and is highly up-regulated in insects continuously reared on CLas infected citrus trees. Based on our results, we hypothesized that a reduction of hemocyanin expression would reduce the D. citri immune response and an increase in the titer of CLas would be observed. Surprisingly, a specific 3-fold reduction of hemocyanin-1 transcript levels using RNA silencing in blue adult D. citri morphs had an approximately 2-fold reduction on the titer of CLas. These results suggest that hemocyanin signaling from the fat body may have multiple functions in the regulation of bacterial titers in D. citri, and that hemocyanin is one of multiple psyllid genes involved in regulating CLas titer.}, }
@article {pmid31092581, year = {2019}, author = {Teramoto, T and Huang, X and Armbruster, PA and Padmanabhan, R}, title = {Infection of Aedes albopictus Mosquito C6/36 Cells with the wMelpop Strain of Wolbachia Modulates Dengue Virus-Induced Host Cellular Transcripts and Induces Critical Sequence Alterations in the Dengue Viral Genome.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {93}, number = {15}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00581-19}, pmid = {31092581}, issn = {1098-5514}, abstract = {Dengue virus (DENV) causes frequent epidemics infecting ∼390 million people annually in over 100 countries. There are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for treatment of infected patients. However, there is a novel approach to control DENV transmission by the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, using the Wolbachia symbiont. The wMelPop strain of Wolbachia suppresses DENV transmission and shortens the mosquito life span. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To clarify this mechanism, either naive A. albopictus (C6/36) or wMelPop-C6/36 cells were infected with DENV serotype 2 (DENV2). Analysis of host transcript profiles by transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) revealed that the presence of wMelPop dramatically altered the mosquito host cell transcription in response to DENV2 infection. The viral RNA evolved from wMelPop-C6/36 cells contained low-frequency mutations (∼25%) within the coding region of transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) of E protein. Mutations with >97% frequencies were distributed within other regions of E, the NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5POL) domain, and the TMDs of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B. Moreover, while DENV2-infected naive C6/36 cells showed syncytium formation, DENV2-infected wMelPop-C6/36 cells did not. The Wolbachia-induced mutant DENV2 can readily infect and replicate in naive C6/36 cells, whereas in mutant DENV2-infected BHK-21 or Vero cells, virus replication was delayed. In LLC-MK2 cells, the mutant failed to produce plaques. Additionally, in BHK-21 cells, many mutations in the viral genome reverted to the wild type (WT) and compensatory mutations in NS3 gene appeared. Our results indicate that wMelPop impacts significantly the interactions of DENV2 with mosquito and mammalian host cells.IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne diseases are of global significance causing considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Dengue virus (DENV; serotypes 1 to 4), a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes millions of infections annually. Development of a safe vaccine is hampered due to absence of cross-protection and increased risk in secondary infections due to antibody-mediated immune enhancement. Infection of vector mosquitoes with Wolbachia bacteria offers a novel countermeasure to suppress DENV transmission, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the host transcription profiles and viral RNA sequences were analyzed in naive A. albopictus (C6/36) and wMelPop-C6/36 cells by RNAseq. Our results showed that the wMelPop symbiont caused profound changes in host transcription profiles and morphology of DENV2-infected C6/36 cells. Accumulation of several mutations throughout DENV2 RNA resulted in loss of infectivity of progeny virions. Our findings offer new insights into the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated suppression of DENV transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31088494, year = {2019}, author = {Shah, A and Hoffman, JI and Schielzeth, H}, title = {Transcriptome assembly for a colour-polymorphic grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibiricus) with a very large genome size.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {370}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5756-4}, pmid = {31088494}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {SCHI 1188/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Contig Mapping ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genome Size ; Grasshoppers/*genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus is a Gomphocerinae grasshopper with a promising future as model species for studying the maintenance of colour-polymorphism, the genetics of sexual ornamentation and genome size evolution. However, limited molecular resources are available for this species. Here, we present a de novo transcriptome assembly as reference resource for gene expression studies. We used high-throughput Illumina sequencing to generate 5,070,036 paired-end reads after quality filtering. We then combined the best-assembled contigs from three different de novo transcriptome assemblers (Trinity, SOAPdenovo-trans and Oases/Velvet) into a single assembly.
RESULTS: This resulted in 82,251 contigs with a N50 of 1357 and a TransRate assembly score of 0.325, which compares favourably with other orthopteran transcriptome assemblies. Around 87% of the transcripts could be annotated using InterProScan 5, BLASTx and the dammit! annotation pipeline. We identified a number of genes involved in pigmentation and green pigment metabolism pathways. Furthermore, we identified 76,221 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms residing in 8400 contigs. We also assembled the mitochondrial genome and investigated levels of sequence divergence with other species from the genus Gomphocerus. Finally, we detected and assembled Wolbachia sequences, which revealed close sequence similarity to the strain pel wPip.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study has generated a significant resource for uncovering genotype-phenotype associations in a species with an extraordinarily large genome, while also providing mitochondrial and Wolbachia sequences that will be useful for comparative studies.}, }
@article {pmid31083952, year = {2019}, author = {Fabre, B and Korona, D and Lees, JG and Lazar, I and Livneh, I and Brunet, M and Orengo, CA and Russell, S and Lilley, KS}, title = {Comparison of Drosophila melanogaster Embryo and Adult Proteome by SWATH-MS Reveals Differential Regulation of Protein Synthesis, Degradation Machinery, and Metabolism Modules.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {2525-2534}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00076}, pmid = {31083952}, issn = {1535-3907}, abstract = {An important area of modern biology consists of understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype. However, to understand this relationship it is essential to investigate one of the principal links between them: the proteome. With the development of recent mass-spectrometry approaches, it is now possible to quantify entire proteomes and thus relate them to different phenotypes. Here, we present a comparison of the proteome of two extreme developmental states in the well-established model organism Drosophila melanogaster: adult and embryo. Protein modules such as ribosome, proteasome, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, or oxidative phosphorylation were found differentially expressed between the two developmental stages. Analysis of post-translation modifications of the proteins identified in this study indicates that they generally follow the same trend as their corresponding protein. Comparison between changes in the proteome and the transcriptome highlighted patterns of post-transcriptional regulation for the subunits of protein complexes such as the ribosome and the proteasome, whereas protein from modules such as TCA cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation seem to be coregulated at the transcriptional level. Finally, the impact of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis on the proteome of both developmental states was also investigated.}, }
@article {pmid31074963, year = {2019}, author = {Xu, Z and Fang, SM and Bakowski, MA and Rateb, ME and Yang, D and Zhu, X and Huang, Y and Zhao, LX and Jiang, Y and Duan, Y and Hull, MV and McNamara, CW and Shen, B}, title = {Discovery of Kirromycins with Anti- Wolbachia Activity from Streptomyces sp. CB00686.}, journal = {ACS chemical biology}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1174-1182}, doi = {10.1021/acschembio.9b00086}, pmid = {31074963}, issn = {1554-8937}, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis diseases caused by filarial parasite infections can lead to profound disability and affect millions of people worldwide. Standard mass drug administration campaigns require repetitive delivery of anthelmintics for years to temporarily block parasite transmission but do not cure infection because long-lived adult worms survive the treatment. Depletion of the endosymbiont Wolbachia, present in most filarial nematode species, results in death of adult worms and therefore represents a promising target for the treatment of filariasis. Here, we used a high-content imaging assay to screen the pure compounds collection of the natural products library at The Scripps Research Institute for anti- Wolbachia activity, leading to the identification of kirromycin B (1) as a lead candidate. Two additional congeners, kirromycin (2) and kirromycin C (3), were isolated and characterized from the same producing strain Streptomyces sp. CB00686. All three kirromycin congeners depleted Wolbachia in LDW1 Drosophila cells in vitro with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in nanomolar range, while doxycycline, a registered drug with anti- Wolbachia activity, showed lower activity with an IC50 of 152 ± 55 nM. Furthermore, 1-3 eliminated the Wolbachia endosymbiont in Brugia pahangi ovaries ex vivo with higher efficiency (65%-90%) at 1 μM than that of doxycycline (50%). No cytotoxicity against HEK293T and HepG2 mammalian cells was observed with 1-3 at the highest concentration (40 μM) used in the assay. These results suggest kirromycin is an effective lead scaffold, further exploration of which could potentially lead to the development of novel treatments for filarial nematode infections.}, }
@article {pmid31068442, year = {2019}, author = {Bakowski, MA and Shiroodi, RK and Liu, R and Olejniczak, J and Yang, B and Gagaring, K and Guo, H and White, PM and Chappell, L and Debec, A and Landmann, F and Dubben, B and Lenz, F and Struever, D and Ehrens, A and Frohberger, SJ and Sjoberg, H and Pionnier, N and Murphy, E and Archer, J and Steven, A and Chunda, VC and Fombad, FF and Chounna, PW and Njouendou, AJ and Metuge, HM and Ndzeshang, BL and Gandjui, NV and Akumtoh, DN and Kwenti, TDB and Woods, AK and Joseph, SB and Hull, MV and Xiong, W and Kuhen, KL and Taylor, MJ and Wanji, S and Turner, JD and Hübner, MP and Hoerauf, A and Chatterjee, AK and Roland, J and Tremblay, MS and Schultz, PG and Sullivan, W and Chu, XJ and Petrassi, HM and McNamara, CW}, title = {Discovery of short-course antiwolbachial quinazolines for elimination of filarial worm infections.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {491}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3523}, pmid = {31068442}, issn = {1946-6242}, abstract = {Parasitic filarial nematodes cause debilitating infections in people in resource-limited countries. A clinically validated approach to eliminating worms uses a 4- to 6-week course of doxycycline that targets Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont required for worm viability and reproduction. However, the prolonged length of therapy and contraindication in children and pregnant women have slowed adoption of this treatment. Here, we describe discovery and optimization of quinazolines CBR417 and CBR490 that, with a single dose, achieve >99% elimination of Wolbachia in the in vivo Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial infection model. The efficacious quinazoline series was identified by pairing a primary cell-based high-content imaging screen with an orthogonal ex vivo validation assay to rapidly quantify Wolbachia elimination in Brugia pahangi filarial ovaries. We screened 300,368 small molecules in the primary assay and identified 288 potent and selective hits. Of 134 primary hits tested, only 23.9% were active in the worm-based validation assay, 8 of which contained a quinazoline heterocycle core. Medicinal chemistry optimization generated quinazolines with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in mice. Potent antiwolbachial activity was confirmed in L. sigmodontis, Brugia malayi, and Onchocerca ochengi in vivo preclinical models of filarial disease and in vitro selectivity against Loa loa (a safety concern in endemic areas). The favorable efficacy and in vitro safety profiles of CBR490 and CBR417 further support these as clinical candidates for treatment of filarial infections.}, }
@article {pmid31066101, year = {2019}, author = {Hodson, CN and Perlman, SJ}, title = {Population biology of a selfish sex ratio distorting element in a booklouse (Psocodea: Liposcelis).}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {32}, number = {8}, pages = {825-832}, doi = {10.1111/jeb.13484}, pmid = {31066101}, issn = {1420-9101}, support = {//Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Arthropods harbour a variety of selfish genetic elements that manipulate reproduction to be preferentially transmitted to future generations. A major ongoing question is to understand how these elements persist in nature. In this study, we examine the population dynamics of an unusual selfish sex ratio distorter in a recently discovered species of booklouse, Liposcelis sp. (Psocodea: Liposcelididae) to gain a better understanding of some of the factors that may affect the persistence of this element. Females that carry the selfish genetic element only ever produce daughters, although they are obligately sexual. These females also only transmit the maternal half of their genome. We performed a replicated population cage experiment, varying the initial frequency of females that harbour the selfish element, and following female frequencies for 20 months. The selfish genetic element persisted in all cages, often reaching very high (and thus severely female-biased) frequencies. Surprisingly, we also found that females that carry the selfish genetic element had much lower fitness than their nondistorter counterparts, with lower lifetime fecundity, slower development and a shorter egg-laying period. We suggest that differential fitness plays a role in the maintenance of the selfish genetic element in this species. We believe that the genetic system in this species, paternal genome elimination, which allows maternal control of offspring sex ratio, may also be important in the persistence of the selfish genetic element, highlighting the need to consider species with diverse ecologies and genetic systems when investigating the effects of sex ratio manipulators on host populations.}, }
@article {pmid31060581, year = {2019}, author = {Farnesi, LC and Belinato, TA and Gesto, JSM and Martins, AJ and Bruno, RV and Moreira, LA}, title = {Embryonic development and egg viability of wMel-infected Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {211}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3474-z}, pmid = {31060581}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/embryology/*microbiology ; Animals ; Cell Survival ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Ovum/*growth & development ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is a major disease vector in urban habitats, involved in the transmission of dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Despite innumerous attempts to contain disease outbreaks, there are neither efficient vaccines nor definite vector control methods nowadays. In recent years, an innovative strategy to control arboviruses, which exploits the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, emerged with great expectations. The success of the method depends on many aspects, including Wolbachia's cytoplasmic incompatibility and pathogen interference phenotypes, as well as its effect on host fitness. In this work, we investigated the influence the Wolbachia strain wMel exerts on embryo development and egg viability and speculate on its field release use.
METHODS: Wild-type (Br or Rockefeller) and Wolbachia-harboring specimens (wMelBr) were blood-fed and submitted to synchronous egg laying for embryo development assays. Samples were analyzed for morphological markers, developmental endpoint and egg resistance to desiccation (ERD). Quiescent egg viability over time was also assessed.
RESULTS: wMelBr samples completed embryogenesis 2-3 hours later than wild-type. This delay was also observed through the onset of both morphological and physiological markers, respectively by the moments of germband extension and ERD acquisition. Following the end of embryonic development, wMelBr eggs were slightly less resistant to desiccation and showed reduced viability levels, which rapidly decayed after 40 days into quiescence, from approximately 75% to virtually 0% in less than a month.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data revealed that the wMel strain of Wolbachia slightly delays embryogenesis and also affects egg quality, both through reduced viability and desiccation resistance. These findings suggest that, although embryonic fitness is somehow compromised by wMel infection, an efficient host reproductive manipulation through cytoplasmic incompatibility seems sufficient to overcome these effects in nature and promote bacterial invasion, as shown by successful ongoing field implementation.}, }
@article {pmid31052498, year = {2019}, author = {Cao, LJ and Jiang, W and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Life History Effects Linked to an Advantage for wAu Wolbachia in Drosophila.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects10050126}, pmid = {31052498}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {DP120100916//Australian Research Council/ ; R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1118640//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; GJHZ2017-5//Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/ ; LE150100083//Australian Research Council/ ; 5R01GM104325//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia endosymbiont infections can persist and spread in insect populations without causing apparent effects on reproduction of their insect hosts, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we test for fitness effects of the wAu infection of Drosophila simulans by comparing multiple infected and uninfected polymorphic isofemale lines derived from nature. We show a fitness advantage (higher offspring number) for lines with the wAu Wolbachia infection when breeding on grapes, but only where there was Talaromyces and Penicillium fungal mycelial growth. When breeding on laboratory medium, the wAu infection extended the development time and resulted in larger females with higher fecundity, life history traits, which may increase fitness. A chemical associated with the fungi (ochratoxin A) did not specifically alter the fitness of wAu-infected larvae, which developed slower and emerged with a greater weight regardless of toxin levels. These findings suggest that the fitness benefits of Wolbachia in natural populations may reflect life history changes that are advantageous under particular circumstances, such as when breeding occurs in rotting fruit covered by abundant mycelial growth.}, }
@article {pmid31048806, year = {2019}, author = {Crunkhorn, S}, title = {Inhibiting Wolbachia to treat parasitic diseases.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Drug discovery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41573-019-00058-z}, pmid = {31048806}, issn = {1474-1784}, }
@article {pmid31031440, year = {2019}, author = {Kaushik, S and Sharma, KK and Ramani, R and Lakhanpaul, S}, title = {Detection of Wolbachia Phage (WO) in Indian Lac Insect [Kerria lacca (Kerr.)] and Its Implications.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {237-240}, doi = {10.1007/s12088-018-0763-8}, pmid = {31031440}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {Wolbachia, a maternally inherited bacterium induces reproductive alterations in its hosts such as feminization of males, male killing and parthenogenesis. It is the most diverse endosymbiont infecting more than 70% of the insects ranging from pests to pollinators. Kerria lacca-a hemipteran is a sedentary, oriental insect known to produce lac-the only resin of animal origin. The present study was conducted to screen the presence of Wolbachia and its associated phages in the two infrasubspecific forms (four insect lines) of K. lacca viz. kusmi and rengeeni differing from each other on the basis of host preference. Wolbachia and its associated phage were found to be prevalent in all the insect lines analyzed. We, hereby, report the presence of WO-phage (Wolbachia phage) for the first time in K. lacca. Further, phylogenetic data differentiated the kusmi and rengeeni infrasubspecific forms into two different groups on the basis of WO-phage sequences.}, }
@article {pmid31028710, year = {2019}, author = {}, title = {Evolutionary Genetics of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Genes cifA and cifB in Prophage WO of Wolbachia.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1320}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz079}, pmid = {31028710}, issn = {1759-6653}, }
@article {pmid31024463, year = {2019}, author = {Monteiro, VVS and Navegantes-Lima, KC and de Lemos, AB and da Silva, GL and de Souza Gomes, R and Reis, JF and Rodrigues Junior, LC and da Silva, OS and Romão, PRT and Monteiro, MC}, title = {Aedes-Chikungunya Virus Interaction: Key Role of Vector Midguts Microbiota and Its Saliva in the Host Infection.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {492}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00492}, pmid = {31024463}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Aedes mosquitoes are important vectors for emerging diseases caused by arboviruses, such as chikungunya (CHIKV). These viruses' main transmitting species are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, which are present in tropical and temperate climatic areas all over the globe. Knowledge of vector characteristics is fundamentally important to the understanding of virus transmission. Only female mosquitoes are able to transmit CHIKV to the vertebrate host since they are hematophagous. In addition, mosquito microbiota is fundamentally important to virus infection in the mosquito. Microorganisms are able to modulate viral transmission in the mosquito, such as bacteria of the Wolbachia genus, which are capable of preventing viral infection, or protozoans of the Ascogregarina species, which are capable of facilitating virus transmission between mosquitoes and larvae. The competence of the mosquito is also important in the transmission of the virus to the vertebrate host, since their saliva has several substances with biological effects, such as immunomodulators and anticoagulants, which are able to modulate the host's response to the virus, interfering in its pathogenicity and virulence. Understanding the Aedes vector-chikungunya interaction is fundamentally important since it can enable the search for new methods of combating the virus' transmission.}, }
@article {pmid31008514, year = {2019}, author = {Mains, JW and Kelly, PH and Dobson, KL and Petrie, WD and Dobson, SL}, title = {Localized Control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Miami, FL, via Inundative Releases of Wolbachia-Infected Male Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz051}, pmid = {31008514}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {As part of the response to autochthonous Zika transmission in the United States, the City of South Miami implemented a 6-mo period in which Wolbachia-infected WB1 Aedes aegypti (L.) males were released into an ~170-acre area. Intracellular Wolbachia bacteria infections in Ae. aegypti cause early embryonic arrest (known as cytoplasmic incompatibility [CI]) and egg hatch failure, and inundative introductions have been suggested as a potential control tool. Throughout the release period, the Ae. aegypti population was monitored within both the release area and an equivalent area that did not receive WB1 male releases. The results show a significant reduction in egg hatch at the area receiving WB1 males, which is consistent with expectations for CI. Similarly, the number of Ae. aegypti was significantly reduced at the area receiving WB1 males, relative to the untreated area. The observed population reduction and results encourage additional work and replication of the Wolbachia biopesticide approach against Ae. aegypti, as an additional tool to be integrated with existing control tools for the control of this medically important vector and nuisance pest.}, }
@article {pmid31006611, year = {2019}, author = {Vila, A and Estrada-Peña, A and Altet, L and Cusco, A and Dandreano, S and Francino, O and Halos, L and Roura, X}, title = {Endosymbionts carried by ticks feeding on dogs in Spain.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {848-852}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.003}, pmid = {31006611}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Dermacentor/microbiology ; Dogs/*parasitology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Ixodidae/microbiology ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus/microbiology ; Spain ; *Symbiosis ; Tick Infestations/microbiology/*veterinary ; Tick-Borne Diseases/microbiology/*veterinary ; Ticks/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {Studies on tick microbial communities historically focused on tick-borne pathogens. However, there is an increasing interest in capturing relationships among non-pathogenic endosymbionts and exploring their relevance for tick biology. The present study included a total of 1600 adult ticks collected from domestic dogs in 4 different biogeographical regions of Spain. Each pool formed by 1 to 10 halves of individuals representing one specific ticks species was examined by PCR for the presence of Coxiellaceae, Rickettsia spp., Rickettsiales, Wolbachia spp., and other bacterial DNA. Of the pools analyzed, 92% tested positive for endosymbiont-derived DNA. Coxiella spp. endosymbionts were the most prevalent microorganisms, being always present in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) pools. Rickettsia spp. DNA was detected in 60% of Dermacentor reticulatus pools and 40% of R. sanguineus s.l. pools, with a higher diversity of Rickettsia species in R. sanguineus s.l. pools. Our study reveals a negative relationship of Rickettsia massiliae with the presence of tick-borne pathogens in the same pool of ticks. An additional endosymbiont, 'Candidatus Rickettsiella isopodorum', was only detected in D. reticulatus pools. Data from this study indicate that dogs in Spain are exposed to several endosymbionts. Due to the importance of tick-borne pathogens, characterizing the role of endosymbionts for tick physiology and prevalence, may lead to novel control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid31003827, year = {2019}, author = {Shropshire, JD and Leigh, B and Bordenstein, SR and Duplouy, A and Riegler, M and Brownlie, JC and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {Models and Nomenclature for Cytoplasmic Incompatibility: Caution over Premature Conclusions - A Response to Beckmann et al.}, journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {397-399}, doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2019.03.004}, pmid = {31003827}, issn = {0168-9525}, }
@article {pmid31002720, year = {2019}, author = {Ross, PA and Ritchie, SA and Axford, JK and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Loss of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti under field conditions.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0007357}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007357}, pmid = {31002720}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria are now being introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations for dengue control. When Wolbachia infections are at a high frequency, they influence the local transmission of dengue by direct virus blocking as well as deleterious effects on vector mosquito populations. However, the effectiveness of this strategy could be influenced by environmental temperatures that decrease Wolbachia density, thereby reducing the ability of Wolbachia to invade and persist in the population and block viruses. We reared wMel-infected Ae. aegypti larvae in the field during the wet season in Cairns, North Queensland. Containers placed in the shade produced mosquitoes with a high Wolbachia density and little impact on cytoplasmic incompatibility. However, in 50% shade where temperatures reached 39°C during the day, wMel-infected males partially lost their ability to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility and females had greatly reduced egg hatch when crossed to infected males. In a second experiment under somewhat hotter conditions (>40°C in 50% shade), field-reared wMel-infected females had their egg hatch reduced to 25% when crossed to field-reared wMel-infected males. Wolbachia density was reduced in 50% shade for both sexes in both experiments, with some mosquitoes cleared of their Wolbachia infections entirely. To investigate the critical temperature range for the loss of Wolbachia infections, we held Ae. aegypti eggs in thermocyclers for one week at a range of cyclical temperatures. Adult wMel density declined when eggs were held at 26-36°C or above with complete loss at 30-40°C, while the density of wAlbB remained high until temperatures were lethal. These findings suggest that high temperature effects on Wolbachia are potentially substantial when breeding containers are exposed to partial sunlight but not shade. Heat stress could reduce the ability of Wolbachia infections to invade mosquito populations in some locations and may compromise the ability of Wolbachia to block virus transmission in the field. Temperature effects may also have an ecological impact on mosquito populations given that a proportion of the population becomes self-incompatible.}, }
@article {pmid31001816, year = {2019}, author = {Meany, MK and Conner, WR and Richter, SV and Bailey, JA and Turelli, M and Cooper, BS}, title = {Loss of cytoplasmic incompatibility and minimal fecundity effects explain relatively low Wolbachia frequencies in Drosophila mauritiana.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, pages = {1278-1295}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13745}, pmid = {31001816}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM124701//National Institute of General Medical Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria infect about half of all insect species. Many Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. Although CI produces a frequency-dependent fitness advantage that leads to high equilibrium Wolbachia frequencies, it does not aid Wolbachia spread from low frequencies. Indeed, the fitness advantages that produce initial Wolbachia spread and maintain non-CI Wolbachia remain elusive. wMau Wolbachia infecting Drosophila mauritiana do not cause CI, despite being very similar to CI-causing wNo from Drosophila simulans (0.068% sequence divergence over 682,494 bp), suggesting recent CI loss. Using draft wMau genomes, we identify a deletion in a CI-associated gene, consistent with theory predicting that selection within host lineages does not act to increase or maintain CI. In the laboratory, wMau shows near-perfect maternal transmission; but we find no significant effect on host fecundity, in contrast to published data. Intermediate wMau frequencies on the island of Mauritius are consistent with a balance between unidentified small, positive fitness effects and imperfect maternal transmission. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest that group-B Wolbachia, including wMau and wPip, diverged from group-A Wolbachia, such as wMel and wRi, 6-46 million years ago, more recently than previously estimated.}, }
@article {pmid31001690, year = {2019}, author = {Michalik, K and Szklarzewicz, T and Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk, M and Michalik, A}, title = {Bacterial associates of Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, and Steingelia gorodetskia - scale insects of archaeoccoid families Ortheziidae, Matsucoccidae, and Steingeliidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha).}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {256}, number = {5}, pages = {1205-1215}, doi = {10.1007/s00709-019-01377-z}, pmid = {31001690}, issn = {1615-6102}, support = {IP2015050374//Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego/ ; }, abstract = {The biological nature, ultrastructure, distribution, and mode of transmission between generations of the microorganisms associated with three species (Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, Steingelia gorodetskia) of primitive families (archaeococcoids = Orthezioidea) of scale insects were investigated by means of microscopic and molecular methods. In all the specimens of Orthezia urticae and Matsucoccus pini examined, bacteria Wolbachia were identified. In some examined specimens of O. urticae, apart from Wolbachia, bacteria Sodalis were detected. In Steingelia gorodetskia, the bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were found. In contrast to most plant sap-sucking hemipterans, the bacterial associates of O. urticae, M. pini, and S. gorodetskia are not harbored in specialized bacteriocytes, but are dispersed in the cells of different organs. Ultrastructural observations have shown that bacteria Wolbachia in O. urticae and M. pini, Sodalis in O. urticae, and Sphingomonas in S. gorodetskia are transovarially transmitted from mother to progeny.}, }
@article {pmid30999960, year = {2019}, author = {Sabūnas, V and Radzijevskaja, J and Sakalauskas, P and Petkevičius, S and Karvelienė, B and Žiliukienė, J and Lipatova, I and Paulauskas, A}, title = {Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Lithuania.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {177}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3406-y}, pmid = {30999960}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {VP1-3.1-ŠMM-01-V-02-003//Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba (LT)/ ; }, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Child ; *Dirofilaria repens/microbiology ; Dirofilariasis/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Eye Diseases/parasitology ; Female ; Humans ; Lithuania/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Lithuania, the first case of canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis was recorded in 2010. Since then, an increasing number of cases of canine dirofilariosis have been documented in different veterinary clinics throughout the country. Human dirofilariosis was diagnosed in Lithuania for the first time in September 2011. However, to the authors' knowledge, there are no published data on the presence and prevalence of autochthonous dirofilariosis in dogs and humans in the country. The present study provides information about the predominant species and prevalence of Dirofilaria in dogs and describes the cases of human dirofilariosis in Lithuania. It also outlines PCR detection of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia that contributes to the inflammatory features of filarioid infection.
RESULTS: A total of 2280 blood samples and six adult worms from pet and shelter dogs were collected in the central and eastern regions of Lithuania in 2013-2015. Based on their morphological appearance, morphometric measurements and molecular analysis, all the adult nematodes were identified as Dirofilaria repens. The diagnosis of microfilariae in blood samples was based on blood smear analysis and Knott's test. The PCR and sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region and cox1 gene confirmed the presence of D. repens. Overall, 61 (2.7%) of the 2280 blood samples were found to be positive for the presence of D. repens. The infection rate of D. repens was significantly higher in shelter dogs (19.0%; 19/100) than in pet dogs (1.9%; 42/2180) (χ2 = 100.039, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Forty-nine DNA samples of D. repens-infected dogs were tested for the presence of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia and, of these, 40 samples (81.6%) were found to be positive. Three ocular and six subcutaneous cases of human dirofilariosis were diagnosed in Lithuania in the period 2011-2018.
CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of autochthonous D. repens infection in dogs and humans in Lithuania. The present data demonstrate that D. repens is the main etiological agent of dirofilariosis in Lithuania. The DNA of the filarioid endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia was detected in the vast majority of dogs infected with D. repens.}, }
@article {pmid30997886, year = {2018}, author = {Carvajal, TM and Capistrano, JDR and Hashimoto, K and Go, KJD and Cruz, MAIJ and Martinez, MJLB and Tiopianco, VSP and Amalin, DM and Watanabe, K}, title = {Detection and distribution of Wolbachia endobacteria in Culex quinquefasciatus populations (Diptera : Culicidae) from Metropolitan Manila, Philippines.}, journal = {Journal of vector borne diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {265-270}, doi = {10.4103/0972-9062.256561}, pmid = {30997886}, issn = {0972-9062}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cities ; Culex/*microbiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology ; Philippines ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Wolbachia/*classification/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Background & objectives: Culex quinquefasciatus is a peridomestic mosquito known for its ability to transmit pathogenic diseases such as filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. The development and use of novel and innovative vector control measures such as the utilization of Wolbachia, along with the existing ones, are necessary to prevent the transmission of these diseases. Studies exploring the diversity of Wolbachia, particularly in Cx. quinquefasciatus are very limited in the Philippines. Thus, the aim of the study was to detect the presence, distribution, and phylogenetic relationship of Wolbachia infections in Cx. quinquefasciatus in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines.
Methods: Adult Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected using a commercially available light-trap from May 2014-January 2015. Based on their sampling grids (n = 51), the adult mosquito abdomens were pooled and subjected to Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene amplification assay. Five selected wsp-positive samples were then sequenced and further analyzed to infer their phylogenetic relationship with known Wolbachia strains.
Results: A total of 1090 adult Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected. Pooled abdomens (n = 53) were then sorted based on their sampling grids for subsequent screening of wsp gene. Wolbachia infection rate was 59% (31/53). These infections were located at 29 (57%) sampling grids, and were observed to be widely distributed in the study area. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sample sequences were Wolbachia pipientis isolated from known hosts, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus belonging to supergroup B clade.
The study was able to demonstrate the prevalence and distribution of Wolbachia in Cx. quinquefasciatus in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The findings of this study are geared towards proposing a vector control program that utilizes the potential of Wolbachia as a biological control agent in preventing the transmission of Culex-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30992179, year = {2019}, author = {Muñoz-Leal, S and Macedo, C and Gonçalves, TC and Dias Barreira, J and Labruna, MB and de Lemos, ERS and Ogrzewalska, M}, title = {Detected microorganisms and new geographic records of Ornithodoros rietcorreai (Acari: Argasidae) from northern Brazil.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {853-861}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.004}, pmid = {30992179}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Anaplasmataceae/genetics/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Babesia/genetics/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Borrelia/genetics/isolation & purification ; Brazil ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics/isolation & purification ; Female ; Geography ; Larva/microbiology ; Male ; Nymph/microbiology ; Ornithodoros/*microbiology/*parasitology ; *Phylogeny ; Rickettsia/genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Reliable data on distributional ranges of soft ticks (Argasidae) and assessments of putative tick-borne agents enhance the understanding on tick-associated microorganisms. A total of 96 ticks morphologicaly and molecularly identified as Ornithodoros rietcorreai were collected in Tocantins State, Brazil, using Noireau traps with living bait as CO2 source. Ninety-six ticks (54 nymphs, 32 males, 10 females) with different engorgement degrees were collected. Fourty-seven (48.9%) of them were individually screened by PCR for detecting bacteria of Anaplasmataceae family and genera Rickettsia, and Borrelia. The presence of protozoans of the genus Babesia was assessed as well. Fourty seven ticks were submitted to analysis. Nine ticks (19.1%) yielded sequences for gltA and htrA genes most identical with a series of endosymbiont rickettsiae and Rickettsia bellii, respectively. Upon two ticks (4.2%) we retrieved DNA of a potential new Wolbachia sp., and DNA of a putative novel Hepatozoon was characterized from three (6.4%) specimens. No DNA of Babesia or Borrelia was detected. Remarkably, amplicons of unidentified eukaryotic organisms, most closely related with apicomplexans but also with dinoflagellates (91% of identity after BLAST analyses), were recovered from two ticks (4.2%) using primers designed for Babesia 18S rRNA gene. Our records expand the distribution of O. rietcorreai into Brazilian Cerrado biome and introduce the occurrence of microorganisms in this tick species.}, }
@article {pmid30991952, year = {2019}, author = {Dhaygude, K and Nair, A and Johansson, H and Wurm, Y and Sundström, L}, title = {The first draft genomes of the ant Formica exsecta, and its Wolbachia endosymbiont reveal extensive gene transfer from endosymbiont to host.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {301}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5665-6}, pmid = {30991952}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {252411 and 284666 (Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions)//Academy of Finland/ ; BB/K004204/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; NE/L00626X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*genetics/*microbiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Insect/genetics ; *Genomics ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adapting to changes in the environment is the foundation of species survival, and is usually thought to be a gradual process. However, transposable elements (TEs), epigenetic modifications, and/or genetic material acquired from other organisms by means of horizontal gene transfer (HGTs), can also lead to novel adaptive traits. Social insects form dense societies, which attract and maintain extra- and intracellular accessory inhabitants, which may facilitate gene transfer between species. The wood ant Formica exsecta (Formicidae; Hymenoptera), is a common ant species throughout the Palearctic region. The species is a well-established model for studies of ecological characteristics and evolutionary conflict.
RESULTS: In this study, we sequenced and assembled draft genomes for F. exsecta and its endosymbiont Wolbachia. The F. exsecta draft genome is 277.7 Mb long; we identify 13,767 protein coding genes, for which we provide gene ontology and protein domain annotations. This is also the first report of a Wolbachia genome from ants, and provides insights into the phylogenetic position of this endosymbiont. We also identified multiple horizontal gene transfer events (HGTs) from Wolbachia to F. exsecta. Some of these HGTs have also occurred in parallel in multiple other insect genomes, highlighting the extent of HGTs in eukaryotes.
CONCLUSION: We present the first draft genome of ant F. exsecta, and its endosymbiont Wolbachia (wFex), and show considerable rates of gene transfer from the symbiont to the host. We expect that especially the F. exsecta genome will be valuable resource in further exploration of the molecular basis of the evolution of social organization.}, }
@article {pmid30991073, year = {2019}, author = {Zheng, B and Liu, X and Tang, M and Xi, Z and Yu, J}, title = {Use of age-stage structural models to seek optimal Wolbachia-infected male mosquito releases for mosquito-borne disease control.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {472}, number = {}, pages = {95-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.04.010}, pmid = {30991073}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {Due to the lack of vaccines and effective clinical cures, current methods to control mosquito-borne viral diseases such as dengue and Zika are primarily targeting to eradicate the major mosquito vectors. However, traditional means, including larval source reduction and applications of insecticides etc, are not sufficient to keep vector population density below the epidemic risk threshold. An innovative and operational strategy is to release Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes into wild areas to sterilize wild female mosquitoes by cytoplasmic incompatibility. To help design optimal release strategies before large scale and expensive operations, we started with an age-stage discrete model to track daily abundances of wild female mosquitoes, which fitted the field data collected by Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2015 to 2017 with an average Pearson correlation coefficient 0.7283. Then, we modeled the Wolbachia interference by introducing the proportional releases of Wolbachia-infected males, and eight optimal release policies which guarantee more than 95% suppression efficiency were sought. Finally, we assessed the robustness of the optimality of the eight release policies by allowing the migration of females or the contamination of Wolbachia-infected females by two further extended mathematical models.}, }
@article {pmid30976027, year = {2019}, author = {Lefoulon, E and Vaisman, N and Frydman, HM and Sun, L and Foster, JM and Slatko, BE}, title = {Large Enriched Fragment Targeted Sequencing (LEFT-SEQ) Applied to Capture of Wolbachia Genomes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {5939}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-42454-w}, pmid = {30976027}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Symbiosis is a major force of evolutionary change, influencing virtually all aspects of biology, from population ecology and evolution to genomics and molecular/biochemical mechanisms of development and reproduction. A remarkable example is Wolbachia endobacteria, present in some parasitic nematodes and many arthropod species. Acquisition of genomic data from diverse Wolbachia clades will aid in the elucidation of the different symbiotic mechanisms(s). However, challenges of de novo assembly of Wolbachia genomes include the presence in the sample of host DNA: nematode/vertebrate or insect. We designed biotinylated probes to capture large fragments of Wolbachia DNA for sequencing using PacBio technology (LEFT-SEQ: Large Enriched Fragment Targeted Sequencing). LEFT-SEQ was used to capture and sequence four Wolbachia genomes: the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, wBm, (21-fold enrichment), Drosophila mauritiana flies (2 isolates), wMau (11-fold enrichment), and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, wAlbB (200-fold enrichment). LEFT-SEQ resulted in complete genomes for wBm and for wMau. For wBm, 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), relative to the wBm reference, were identified and confirmed by PCR. A limit of LEFT-SEQ is illustrated by the wAlbB genome, characterized by a very high level of insertion sequences elements (ISs) and DNA repeats, for which only a 20-contig draft assembly was achieved.}, }
@article {pmid30975197, year = {2019}, author = {Lee, WS and Webster, JA and Madzokere, ET and Stephenson, EB and Herrero, LJ}, title = {Mosquito antiviral defense mechanisms: a delicate balance between innate immunity and persistent viral infection.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {165}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-019-3433-8}, pmid = {30975197}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {DE140101493//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*immunology/*virology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Mosquito Control ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Viral ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases are associated with major global health burdens. Aedes spp. and Culex spp. are primarily responsible for the transmission of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. Despite the burden of these pathogens on human populations, the interactions between viruses and their mosquito hosts remain enigmatic. Viruses enter the midgut of a mosquito following the mosquito's ingestion of a viremic blood meal. During infection, virus recognition by the mosquito host triggers their antiviral defense mechanism. Of these host defenses, activation of the RNAi pathway is the main antiviral mechanism, leading to the degradation of viral RNA, thereby inhibiting viral replication and promoting viral clearance. However, whilst antiviral host defense mechanisms limit viral replication, the mosquito immune system is unable to effectively clear the virus. As such, these viruses can establish persistent infection with little or no fitness cost to the mosquito vector, ensuring life-long transmission to humans. Understanding of the mosquito innate immune response enables the discovery of novel antivectorial strategies to block human transmission. This review provides an updated and concise summary of recent studies on mosquito antiviral immune responses, which is a key determinant for successful virus transmission. In addition, we will also discuss the factors that may contribute to persistent infection in mosquito hosts. Finally, we will discuss current mosquito transmission-blocking strategies that utilize genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes for resistance to pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30970277, year = {2019}, author = {Sigle, LT and McGraw, EA}, title = {Expanding the canon: Non-classical mosquito genes at the interface of arboviral infection.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {109}, number = {}, pages = {72-80}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.004}, pmid = {30970277}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {Mosquito transmitted viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in human populations. Despite the use of insecticides and other measures of vector control, arboviral diseases are on the rise. One potential solution for limiting disease transmission to humans is to render mosquitoes refractory to viral infection through genetic modification. Substantial research effort in Drosophila, Aedes and Anopheles has helped to define the major innate immune pathways, including Toll, IMD, Jak/Stat and RNAi, however we still have an incomplete picture of the mosquito antiviral response. Transcriptional profiles of virus-infected insects reveal a much wider range of pathways activated by the process of infection. Within these lists of genes are unexplored mosquito candidates of viral defense. Wolbachia species are endosymbiotic bacteria that naturally limit arboviral infection in mosquitoes. Our understanding of the Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking mechanism is poor, but it does not appear to operate via the classical immune pathways. Herein, we reviewed the transcriptomic response of mosquitoes to multiple viral species and put forth consensus gene types/families outside the immune canon whose expression responds to infection, including cytoskeleton and cellular trafficking, the heat shock response, cytochromes P450, cell proliferation, chitin and small RNAs. We then examine emerging evidence for their functional role in viral resistance in diverse insect and mammalian hosts and their potential role in Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking. These candidate gene families offer novel avenues for research into the nature of insect viral defense.}, }
@article {pmid30958712, year = {2019}, author = {Clare, RH and Clark, R and Bardelle, C and Harper, P and Collier, M and Johnston, KL and Plant, H and Plant, D and McCall, E and Slatko, BE and Cantin, L and Wu, B and Ford, L and Murray, D and Rich, K and Wigglesworth, M and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA}, title = {Development of a High-Throughput Cytometric Screen to Identify Anti- Wolbachia Compounds: The Power of Public-Private Partnership.}, journal = {SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {537-547}, doi = {10.1177/2472555219838341}, pmid = {30958712}, issn = {2472-5560}, abstract = {The Anti- Wolbachia (A·WOL) consortium at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) has partnered with the Global High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Centre at AstraZeneca to create the first anthelmintic HTS for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The A·WOL consortium aims to identify novel macrofilaricidal drugs targeting the essential bacterial symbiont (Wolbachia) of the filarial nematodes causing onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Working in collaboration, we have validated a robust high-throughput assay capable of identifying compounds that selectively kill Wolbachia over the host insect cell. We describe the development and validation process of this complex, phenotypic high-throughput assay and provide an overview of the primary outputs from screening the AstraZeneca library of 1.3 million compounds.}, }
@article {pmid30953430, year = {2019}, author = {Landmann, F}, title = {The Wolbachia Endosymbionts.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/microbiolspec.BAI-0018-2019}, pmid = {30953430}, issn = {2165-0497}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/microbiology ; Filarioidea/microbiology ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Insecta/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The Wolbachia endosymbionts encompass a large group of intracellular bacteria of biomedical and veterinary relevance, closely related to Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia. This genus of Gram-negative members of the Alphaproteobacteria does not infect vertebrates but is instead restricted to ecdysozoan species, including terrestrial arthropods and a family of parasitic filarial nematodes, the Onchocercidae. The Wolbachia profoundly impact not only the ecology and evolution but also the reproductive biology of their hosts, through a wide range of symbiotic interactions. Because they are essential to the survival and reproduction of their filarial nematode hosts, they represent an attractive target to fight filariasis. Their abilities to spread through insect populations and to affect vector competence through pathogen protection have made Wolbachia a staple for controlling vector-borne diseases. Estimated to be present in up to 66% of insect species, the Wolbachia are probably the most abundant endosymbionts on earth. Their success resides in their unique capacity to infect and manipulate the host germ line to favor their vertical transmission through the maternal lineage. Because the Wolbachia resist genetic manipulation and growth in axenic culture, our understanding of their biology is still in its infancy. Despite these limitations, the "-omics" revolution combined with the use of well-established and emerging experimental host models is accelerating our comprehension of the host phenotypes caused by Wolbachia, and the identification of Wolbachia effectors is ongoing.}, }
@article {pmid30950399, year = {2019}, author = {Walden, PM and Whitten, AE and Premkumar, L and Halili, MA and Heras, B and King, GJ and Martin, JL}, title = {The atypical thiol-disulfide exchange protein α-DsbA2 from Wolbachia pipientis is a homotrimeric disulfide isomerase.}, journal = {Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology}, volume = {75}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {283-295}, doi = {10.1107/S2059798318018442}, pmid = {30950399}, issn = {2059-7983}, support = {FL0992138//Australian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry ; Disulfides/*chemistry ; Escherichia coli K12/enzymology ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/*chemistry ; Scattering, Small Angle ; Wolbachia/*enzymology ; }, abstract = {Disulfide-bond-forming (DSB) oxidative folding enzymes are master regulators of virulence that are localized to the periplasm of many Gram-negative bacteria. The archetypal DSB machinery from Escherichia coli K-12 consists of a dithiol-oxidizing redox-relay pair (DsbA/B), a disulfide-isomerizing redox-relay pair (DsbC/D) and the specialist reducing enzymes DsbE and DsbG that also interact with DsbD. By contrast, the Gram-negative bacterium Wolbachia pipientis encodes just three DSB enzymes. Two of these, α-DsbA1 and α-DsbB, form a redox-relay pair analogous to DsbA/B from E. coli. The third enzyme, α-DsbA2, incorporates a DsbA-like sequence but does not interact with α-DsbB. In comparison to other DsbA enzymes, α-DsbA2 has ∼50 extra N-terminal residues (excluding the signal peptide). The crystal structure of α-DsbA2ΔN, an N-terminally truncated form in which these ∼50 residues are removed, confirms the DsbA-like nature of this domain. However, α-DsbA2 does not have DsbA-like activity: it is structurally and functionally different as a consequence of its N-terminal residues. Firstly, α-DsbA2 is a powerful disulfide isomerase and a poor dithiol oxidase: i.e. its role is to shuffle rather than to introduce disulfide bonds. Moreover, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of α-DsbA2 reveals a homotrimeric arrangement that differs from those of the other characterized bacterial disulfide isomerases DsbC from Escherichia coli (homodimeric) and ScsC from Proteus mirabilis (PmScsC; homotrimeric with a shape-shifter peptide). α-DsbA2 lacks the shape-shifter motif and SAXS data suggest that it is less flexible than PmScsC. These results allow conclusions to be drawn about the factors that are required for functionally equivalent disulfide isomerase enzymatic activity across structurally diverse protein architectures.}, }
@article {pmid30949677, year = {2019}, author = {Pillonel, T and Bertelli, C and Aeby, S and de Barsy, M and Jacquier, N and Kebbi-Beghdadi, C and Mueller, L and Vouga, M and Greub, G}, title = {Sequencing the Obligate Intracellular Rhabdochlamydia helvetica within Its Tick Host Ixodes ricinus to Investigate Their Symbiotic Relationship.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1334-1344}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz072}, pmid = {30949677}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; Chlamydiales/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The Rhabdochlamydiaceae family is one of the most widely distributed within the phylum Chlamydiae, but most of its members remain uncultivable. Rhabdochlamydia 16S rRNA was recently reported in more than 2% of 8,534 pools of ticks from Switzerland. Shotgun metagenomics was performed on a pool of five female Ixodes ricinus ticks presenting a high concentration of chlamydial DNA, allowing the assembly of a high-quality draft genome. About 60% of sequence reads originated from a single bacterial population that was named "Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia helvetica" whereas only few thousand reads mapped to the genome of "Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii," a symbiont normally observed in all I. ricinus females. The 1.8 Mbp genome of R. helvetica is smaller than other Chlamydia-related bacteria. Comparative analyses with other chlamydial genomes identified transposases of the PD-(D/E)XK nuclease family that are unique to this new genome. These transposases show evidence of interphylum horizontal gene transfers between multiple arthropod endosymbionts, including Cardinium spp. (Bacteroidetes) and diverse proteobacteria such as Wolbachia, Rickettsia spp. (Rickettsiales), and Caedimonas varicaedens (Holosporales). Bacterial symbionts were previously suggested to provide B-vitamins to hematophagous hosts. However, incomplete metabolic capacities including for B-vitamin biosynthesis, high bacterial density and limited prevalence suggest that R. helvetica is parasitic rather than symbiotic to its host. The identification of novel Rhabdochlamydia strains in different hosts and their sequencing will help understanding if members of this genus have become highly specialized parasites with reduced genomes, like the Chlamydiaceae, or if they could be pathogenic to humans using ticks as a transmission vector.}, }
@article {pmid30941647, year = {2019}, author = {Barradas, I and Vázquez, V}, title = {Backward Bifurcation as a Desirable Phenomenon: Increased Fecundity Through Infection.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, pages = {2029-2050}, doi = {10.1007/s11538-019-00604-1}, pmid = {30941647}, issn = {1522-9602}, abstract = {Backward or subcritical bifurcation is usually considered an undesirable phenomenon in epidemiology since control measures require a reduction in R0 not below one but below a much smaller value. However, there are contexts for which a backward or subcritical bifurcation is not a bad thing; it can even be desirable. Such is the case for any characteristic that can be passed to the next generation (genetically fixed or not) and that increases the effective reproductive rate of the host or the total number of individuals. In the present work, we study an epidemiological model consisting of two classes, susceptible and "infected" individuals; the model considers a characteristic that is passed from "infected" to "susceptible" by direct "contact," for instance increased fecundity. We analyze conditions for the appearance of a backward or subcritical bifurcation. We discuss the advantage for the population under infection, since the total number of individuals increases at equilibrium. If one takes that as a proxy for increased fitness, it would increase the species' ecological success. One key element in the model is the fact that "susceptible" individuals have "susceptible" descendants, but "infected" individuals can have "infected" descendants as well as "susceptible" ones. A somehow rare addition for epidemiological models, the fact that "infected" individuals reproduce more rapidly than the susceptible ones, leads to unexpected consequences. Facilitating the "inoculation" increases the total population size, i.e., the backward or subcritical bifurcation appears, with desirable consequences for the population. We show that an increase in the number of susceptible newborns is the main reason for the appearance of a backward or subcritical bifurcation, which induces a bigger population size. We analyze the effect of different combinations of susceptible/infected birth rates. This kind of phenomenon has been observed for bacterial infections in several insects-bacteria and nematodes-bacteria interactions; in particular, it has been intensely studied in interactions of wasps and flies with the genus Wolbachia. It has also been shown in amphibians.}, }
@article {pmid30930872, year = {2019}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Sanda, NB and Huang, Y and Hou, Y}, title = {Pyrosequencing Uncovers a Shift in Bacterial Communities Across Life Stages of Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {466}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00466}, pmid = {30930872}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Bacterial symbionts of insects affect a wide array of host traits including fitness and immunity. Octodonta nipae (Maulik), commonly known as hispid leaf beetle is a destructive palm pest around the world. Understanding the dynamics of microbiota is essential to unravel the complex interplay between O. nipae and its bacterial symbionts. In this study, bacterial 16S rRNA V3-V4 region was targeted to decipher the diversity and dynamics of bacterial symbionts across different life stages [eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult (male and female)] and reproductive organs (ovaries and testis) of O. nipae. Clustering analysis at ≥97% similarity threshold produced 3,959 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that belonged to nine different phyla. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes represented the bulk of taxa that underwent notable changes during metamorphosis. Enterobacteriaceae and Dermabacteraceae were the most abundant families in immature stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae), while Anaplasmataceae family was dominated in adults (male and female) and reproductive organs (ovaries and testis). The genus Serratia and Lactococcus were most abundant in eggs, whereas Pantoea and Brachybacterium represented the bulk of larvae and pupae microbiota. Interestingly the genus Wolbachia found positive to all tested samples and was recorded extremely high (>64%) in the adults and reproductive organs. The bacteria varied across the developmental stages and responsible for various metabolic activities. Selection choice exerted by the insect host as a result of its age or developmental stage could be the main reason to ascertain the shift in the bacteria populations. Maternally inherited Wolbachia was found to be an obligate endosymbiont infecting all tested life stages, body parts, and tissues. These outcomes foster our understanding of the intricate associations between bacteria and O. nipae and will incorporate in devising novel pest control strategies against this palm pest.}, }
@article {pmid30924288, year = {2019}, author = {Zhang, X and Li, TP and Zhou, CY and Zhao, DS and Zhu, YX and Bing, XL and Huang, HJ and Hong, XY}, title = {Antibiotic exposure perturbs the bacterial community in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12675}, pmid = {30924288}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {804015//Nanjing Agricultural University/ ; 31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Bacteria symbionts in herbivores play an important role in host biology and ecology, and are affected by environmental factors such as temperature, diet, habitat, antibiotics and so on. However, the effects of antibiotics on the microbiome of the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (SBPH) remain unclear. Here, we studied the effects of tetracycline on the diversity and composition of bacterial colonies in different tissues of SBPH using high throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons. Our results show that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria were most abundant in SBPH, and the genera Asaia and Wolbachia were most abundant in all body parts of SBPH. Antibiotic treatment had persistent effects on the composition of the SBPH microbiome. Tetracycline depleted the population of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes and Fusobacteria, and nearly 100% eliminated Wolbachia, Bacteroides and Abiotrophia in SBPH. Together, these results suggest that antibiotic exposure affects the bacteria symbionts of different body parts in SBPH and will facilitate future studies of the bacterial symbionts of arthropod hosts.}, }
@article {pmid30915518, year = {2019}, author = {Kolasa, M and Ścibior, R and Mazur, MA and Kubisz, D and Dudek, K and Kajtoch, Ł}, title = {How Hosts Taxonomy, Trophy, and Endosymbionts Shape Microbiome Diversity in Beetles.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01358-y}, pmid = {30915518}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {DEC-2013/11/D/NZ8/00583//National Science Centre, Poland/ ; small grants for young researchers//Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial communities play a crucial role in the biology, ecology, and evolution of multicellular organisms. In this research, the microbiome of 24 selected beetle species representing five families (Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Scarabaeidae) and three trophic guilds (carnivorous, herbivorous, detrivorous) was examined using 16S rDNA sequencing on the Illumina platform. The aim of the study was to compare diversity within and among species on various levels of organization, including evaluation of the impact of endosymbiotic bacteria. Collected data showed that beetles possess various bacterial communities and that microbiota of individuals of particular species hosts are intermixed. The most diverse microbiota were found in Carabidae and Scarabaeidae; the least diverse, in Staphylinidae. On higher organization levels, the diversity of bacteria was more dissimilar between families, while the most distinct with respect to their microbiomes were trophic guilds. Moreover, eight taxa of endosymbiotic bacteria were detected including common genera such as Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma, as well as the rarely detected Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Buchnera, Sulcia, Regiella, and Serratia. There were no correlations among the abundance of the most common Wolbachia and Rickettsia; a finding that does not support the hypothesis that these bacteria occur interchangeably. The abundance of endosymbionts only weakly and negatively correlates with diversity of the whole microbiome in beetles. Overall, microbiome diversity was found to be more dependent on host phylogeny than on the abundance of endosymbionts. This is the first study in which bacteria diversity is compared between numerous species of beetles in a standardized manner.}, }
@article {pmid30914397, year = {2019}, author = {Konecka, E and Olszanowski, Z and Koczura, R}, title = {Wolbachia of phylogenetic supergroup E identified in oribatid mite Gustavia microcephala (Acari: Oribatida).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {230-235}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.019}, pmid = {30914397}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mites/*microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; Wolbachia/*classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Heritable endosymbionts have been observed in arthropod and nematode hosts. The most-known among them is Wolbachia. Although the bacterium was previously identified in oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida), it was not assigned to any phylogenetic group. Endosymbionts have a profound influence on their hosts, playing various functions that affect invertebrate's biology such as changing the way of reproduction. Oribatida provide the very unique examples of groups in which even whole families appear to be thelytokous, so we considered that it is worth to investigate the occurrence of endosymbiotic microorganisms in oribatid mites, especially that the knowledge on the symbionts occurrence in this invertebrate group is negligible. We report for the first time Wolbachia in oribatid mite Gustavia microcephala. The sequences of 16S rDNA, gltA, and ftsZ genes of the endosymbiont from the mite showed the highest similarity to Wolbachia found in Collembola. Phylogenetic analysis based on single gene and concatenated alignments of three genes revealed that the bacteria from G. microcephala and Collembola were related and clustered together with supergroup E. Relatively close relationship of Wolbachia from oribatid and collembolan hosts might mean at the evolutionary scale that horizontal transfer of bacteria between these two groups of invertebrates may take place.}, }
@article {pmid30912316, year = {2019}, author = {Guo, J and Liu, X and Poncelet, N and He, K and Francis, F and Wang, Z}, title = {Detection and geographic distribution of seven facultative endosymbionts in two Rhopalosiphum aphid species.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, pages = {e00817}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.817}, pmid = {30912316}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {2017YFD0201802//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; //China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02)/ ; //CARE AgricultureIsLife (University of Liège)/ ; BJ2018009//Young Talent Program of Hebei Higher Education/ ; }, abstract = {Study of the mutualistic associations between facultative symbionts and aphids are developed only in a few models. That survey on the situation and distribution of the symbionts in a certain area is helpful to obtain clues for the acquisition and spread of them as well as their roles played in host evolution. To understand the infection patterns of seven facultative symbionts (Serratia symbiotica, Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Wolbachia, and Arsenophonus) in Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), we collected 882 R. maidis samples (37 geographical populations) from China and 585 R. padi samples (32 geographical populations) from China and Europe. Results showed that both species were widely infected with various symbionts and totally 50.8% of R. maidis and 50.1% of R. padi were multi-infected with targeted symbionts. However, very few Rhopalosiphum aphids were infected with S. symbiotica. The infection frequencies of some symbionts were related to the latitude of collecting sites, suggesting the importance of environmental factors in shaping the geographic distribution of facultative symbionts. Also, R. maidis and R. padi were infected with different H. defensa strains based on phylogenetic analysis which may be determined by host ×symbiont genotype interactions. According to our results, the ubiquitous symbionts may play important roles in the evolution of their host aphid and their impacts on adaptation of R. padi and R. maidis were discussed as well.}, }
@article {pmid30912174, year = {2019}, author = {Bing, XL and Zhao, DS and Hong, XY}, title = {Bacterial reproductive manipulators in rice planthoppers.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {101}, number = {2}, pages = {e21548}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21548}, pmid = {30912174}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {31672035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 804015//the startup grant from Nanjing Agricultural University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Female ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology ; Male ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Rice planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) are notorious pests for rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia, posing a serious threat to rice production and grain security. Rice planthoppers harbor diverse bacterial symbionts, including Wolbachia, Cardinium, Spiroplasma, and Arsenophonus, which are known to manipulate reproduction in arthropod hosts. This microreview is to introduce current knowledge of bacterial reproductive manipulators in rice planthoppers, including their diversity, population dynamics, localization, transmission, and biological functions.}, }
@article {pmid30894837, year = {2019}, author = {Tolley, SJA and Nonacs, P and Sapountzis, P}, title = {Wolbachia Horizontal Transmission Events in Ants: What Do We Know and What Can We Learn?.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {296}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00296}, pmid = {30894837}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {While strict vertical transmission insures the durability of intracellular symbioses, phylogenetic incongruences between hosts and endosymbionts suggest horizontal transmission must also occur. These horizontal acquisitions can have important implications for the biology of the host. Wolbachia is one of the most ecologically successful prokaryotes in arthropods, infecting an estimated 50-70% of all insect species. Much of this success is likely due to the fact that, in arthropods, Wolbachia is notorious for manipulating host reproduction to favor transmission through the female germline. However, its natural potential for horizontal transmission remains poorly understood. Here we evaluate the fundamental prerequisites for successful horizontal transfer, including necessary environmental conditions, genetic potential of bacterial strains, and means of mediating transfers. Furthermore, we revisit the relatedness of Wolbachia strains infecting the Panamanian leaf-cutting ant, Acromyrmex echinatior, and its inquiline social parasite, Acromyrmex insinuator, and compare our results to a study published more than 15 years ago by Van Borm et al. (2003). The results of this pilot study prompt us to reevaluate previous notions that obligate social parasitism reliably facilitates horizontal transfer and suggest that not all Wolbachia strains associated with ants have the same genetic potential for horizontal transmission.}, }
@article {pmid30893296, year = {2019}, author = {Fattouh, N and Cazevieille, C and Landmann, F}, title = {Wolbachia endosymbionts subvert the endoplasmic reticulum to acquire host membranes without triggering ER stress.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, pages = {e0007218}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007218}, pmid = {30893296}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*microbiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism/microbiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism/*microbiology ; Stress, Physiological/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology ; Vacuoles/microbiology ; Wolbachia/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The reproductive parasites Wolbachia are the most common endosymbionts on earth, present in a plethora of arthropod species. They have been introduced into mosquitos to successfully prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases, yet the strategies of host cell subversion underlying their obligate intracellular lifestyle remain to be explored in depth in order to gain insights into the mechanisms of pathogen-blocking. Like some other intracellular bacteria, Wolbachia reside in a host-derived vacuole in order to replicate and escape the immune surveillance. Using here the pathogen-blocking Wolbachia strain from Drosophila melanogaster, introduced into two different Drosophila cell lines, we show that Wolbachia subvert the endoplasmic reticulum to acquire their vacuolar membrane and colonize the host cell at high density. Wolbachia redistribute the endoplasmic reticulum, and time lapse experiments reveal tight coupled dynamics suggesting important signalling events or nutrient uptake. Wolbachia infection however does not affect the tubular or cisternal morphologies. A fraction of endoplasmic reticulum becomes clustered, allowing the endosymbionts to reside in between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, possibly modulating the traffic between these two organelles. Gene expression analyses and immunostaining studies suggest that Wolbachia achieve persistent infections at very high titers without triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress or enhanced ERAD-driven proteolysis, suggesting that amino acid salvage is achieved through modulation of other signalling pathways.}, }
@article {pmid30889242, year = {2019}, author = {Endersby-Harshman, NM and Axford, JK and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Environmental Concentrations of Antibiotics May Diminish Wolbachia infections in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1078-1086}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz023}, pmid = {30889242}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes for control of dengue transmission are being released experimentally in tropical regions of Australia, south-east Asia, and South America. To become established, the Wolbachia Hertig (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) strains used must induce expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in matings between infected males and uninfected females so that infected females have a reproductive advantage, which will drive the infection through field populations. Wolbachia is a Rickettsia-like alphaproteobacterium which can be affected by tetracycline antibiotics. We investigated whether exposure of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to chlortetracycline at environmentally relevant levels during their aquatic development resulted in loss or reduction of infection in three strains, wAlbB, wMel, and wMelPop. Wolbachia density was reduced for all three strains at the tested chlortetracycline concentrations of 5 and 50 µg/liter. Two of the strains, wMel and wMelPop, showed a breakdown in CI. The wAlbB strain maintained CI and may be useful at breeding sites where tetracycline contamination has occurred. This may include drier regions where Ae. aegypti can utilize subterranean water sources and septic tanks as breeding sites.}, }
@article {pmid30889229, year = {2019}, author = {Portillo, A and Palomar, AM and de Toro, M and Santibáñez, S and Santibáñez, P and Oteo, JA}, title = {Exploring the bacteriome in anthropophilic ticks: To investigate the vectors for diagnosis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213384}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213384}, pmid = {30889229}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiome of hard ticks with affinity to bite humans in La Rioja (North of Spain).
METHODS: A total of 88 adult ticks (22 Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, 27 Haemaphysalis punctata, 30 Dermacentor marginatus and 9 Ixodes ricinus) and 120 I. ricinus nymphs (CRETAV collection, La Rioja, Spain), representing the main anthropophilic species in our environment, were subjected to a metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Data obtained with Greengenes database were refined with BLAST. Four groups of samples were defined, according to the four tick species.
RESULTS: Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum observed in all groups. Gammaproteobacteria was the most abundant class, followed by Alphaproteobacteria for R. sanguineus, H. punctata and D. marginatus but the relative abundance of reads for these classes was reversed for I. ricinus. This tick species showed more than 46% reads corresponding to 'not assigned' OTUs (Greengenes), and >97% of them corresponded to 'Candidatus Midichloriaceae' using BLAST. Within Rickettsiales, 'Candidatus Midichloria', Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia' and Wolbachia were detected. I. ricinus was the most alpha-diverse species. Regarding beta-diversity, I. ricinus and H. punctata samples grouped according to their tick species but microbial communities of some R. sanguineus and D. marginatus specimens clustered together.
CONCLUSIONS: The metagenomics approach seems useful to discover the spectrum of tick-related bacteria. More studies are needed to identify and differentiate bacterial species, and to improve the knowledge of tick-borne diseases in Spain.}, }
@article {pmid30889213, year = {2019}, author = {Kanakala, S and Ghanim, M}, title = {Global genetic diversity and geographical distribution of Bemisia tabaci and its bacterial endosymbionts.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e0213946}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213946}, pmid = {30889213}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in agriculture, causing significant losses to many important crops on a global scale. The dramatic increase and availability of sequence data for B. tabaci species complex and its bacterial endosymbionts is critical for developing emerging sustainable pest management strategies which are based on pinpointing the global diversity of this important pest and its bacterial endosymbionts. To unravel the global genetic diversity of B. tabaci species complex focusing on its associated endosymbionts, along with Israeli whitefly populations collected in this study, we combined available sequences in databases, resulting in a total of 4,253 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequences from 82 countries and 1,226 16S/23S rRNA endosymbiont sequences from 32 countries that were analyzed. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, we identified two new B. tabaci groups within the species complex and described the global distribution of endosymbionts within this complex. Our analyses revealed complex divergence of the different endosymbiont sequences within the species complex, with overall one Hamiltonella, two Porteria (P1 and P2), two Arsenophonus (A1 and A2), two Wolbachia (super-groups O and B), four Cardinium (C1-C4) and three Rickettsia (R1-R3) groups were identified. Our comprehensive analysis provides an updated important resource for this globally important pest and its secondary symbionts, which have been a major subject for research in last three decades.}, }
@article {pmid30869785, year = {2019}, author = {Balaji, S and Jayachandran, S and Prabagaran, SR}, title = {Evidence for the natural occurrence of Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {366}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnz055}, pmid = {30869785}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Wolbachia, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known to be present in arthropods and nematodes. Of late, great impetus is given to employ this intracellular bacterium, as an alternative to conventional biocontrol agents for the control of mosquitoes because of its inherent ability to induce sperm-egg incompatibility, feminisation etc. By employing molecular tools, we have shown the presence of Wolbachia from Aedes aegypti mosquito population collected from Coimbatore, India by PCR amplifying the Ae. aegypti mosquito genome with Wolbachia specific 16S rRNA, wsp and ftsZ gene primers. The phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences incorporating MLST and GenBank reference sequences has confirmed the occurrence of Wolbachia supergroup B in Ae. aegypti. In addition, qRT-PCR results have shown the dynamics of Wolbachia across the developmental stages of mosquito. The absence of Wolbachia in tetracycline-treated Ae. aegypti mosquitoes evidenced by transmission electron microscopy reinforced our finding conclusively. After confirming their persistence through generations, we have designated Wolbachia from Ae. aegypti as wAegB. In our considered view, wAegB could play a dynamic role in impeding mosquito multiplication and consequently impinging transmission of the dreadful dengue.}, }
@article {pmid30867321, year = {2019}, author = {Taylor, MJ and von Geldern, TW and Ford, L and Hübner, MP and Marsh, K and Johnston, KL and Sjoberg, HT and Specht, S and Pionnier, N and Tyrer, HE and Clare, RH and Cook, DAN and Murphy, E and Steven, A and Archer, J and Bloemker, D and Lenz, F and Koschel, M and Ehrens, A and Metuge, HM and Chunda, VC and Ndongmo Chounna, PW and Njouendou, AJ and Fombad, FF and Carr, R and Morton, HE and Aljayyoussi, G and Hoerauf, A and Wanji, S and Kempf, DJ and Turner, JD and Ward, SA}, title = {Preclinical development of an oral anti-Wolbachia macrolide drug for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {483}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.aau2086}, pmid = {30867321}, issn = {1946-6242}, support = {MR/L018756/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {There is an urgent global need for a safe macrofilaricide drug to accelerate elimination of the neglected tropical diseases onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. From an anti-infective compound library, the macrolide veterinary antibiotic, tylosin A, was identified as a hit against Wolbachia This bacterial endosymbiont is required for filarial worm viability and fertility and is a validated target for macrofilaricidal drugs. Medicinal chemistry was undertaken to develop tylosin A analogs with improved oral bioavailability. Two analogs, A-1535469 and A-1574083, were selected. Their efficacy was tested against the gold-standard second-generation tetracycline antibiotics, doxycycline and minocycline, in mouse and gerbil infection models of lymphatic filariasis (Brugia malayi and Litomosoides sigmodontis) and onchocerciasis (Onchocerca ochengi). A 1- or 2-week course of oral A-1535469 or A-1574083 provided >90% Wolbachia depletion from nematodes in infected animals, resulting in a block in embryogenesis and depletion of microfilarial worm loads. The two analogs delivered comparative or superior efficacy compared to a 3- to 4-week course of doxycycline or minocycline. A-1574083 (now called ABBV-4083) was selected for further preclinical testing. Cardiovascular studies in dogs and toxicology studies in rats and dogs revealed no adverse effects at doses (50 mg/kg) that achieved plasma concentrations >10-fold above the efficacious concentration. A-1574083 (ABBV-4083) shows potential as an anti-Wolbachia macrolide with an efficacy, pharmacology, and safety profile that is compatible with a short-term oral drug course for treating lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.}, }
@article {pmid30860942, year = {2019}, author = {Wang, J and Zhu, X and Ying, Z and Han, Q and Liao, C and Wang, J and Zhao, J and Sun, J and Lindsay, DS}, title = {Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infections In Dogs and Cats In Hainan Island/Province and Three Other Coastal Cities of China Based On Antigen Testing and PCR.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, pages = {199-202}, pmid = {30860942}, issn = {1937-2345}, abstract = {Canine and feline heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a serious and sometimes fatal infection transmitted by mosquitos. Little is known about the prevalence or distribution of D. immitis infection in dogs and cats on the island of Hainan island/province or coastal cities of China. The present study examined the occurrence of D. immitis infections in dogs (n = 869) and cats (n = 51) in Hainan island/province and prevalence in dogs from 3 coastal cities (Shenzhen [n = 55], Shanghai [n = 69], and Hangzhou [n = 45]) in southern and eastern China. A commercial antigen detection (AD) test and 2 PCR methods (16S ribosomal RNA and Wolbachia surface protein [ WSP] genes) were used to determine the prevalence of D. immitis from animals >6 mo old with no previous history of D. immitis preventive treatment or heartworm infection. Gene sequencing was used to confirm positive PCR samples. The AD test was not used on cat samples. Using the AD test, the prevalence in dogs was 0.5% (4/869) in Hainan island/province, 0% (0/55) in Shenzhen, 1.5% (1/69) in Shanghai, and 0% (0/45) in Hangzhou. Prevalence by 16S rRNA gene PCR was 7.4% (64/869) of dogs from Hainan island/province, 0% (0/55) in dogs from Shenzhen, 1.5% (1/69) in dogs from Shanghai, and 0% (0/45) in dogs from Hangzhou. Prevalence by WSP gene PCR in dogs was 5.3% (46/869) in Hainan island/province, 0% (0/55) in Shenzhen, 1.5% (1/69) in Shanghai, and 0% (0/45) in Hangzhou. Prevalence in the 51 cats from Hainan island/province was 9.8% and 5.9% by 16S rRNA and WSP gene PCR, respectively. The present study demonstrates that canine heartworm exposure occurs in dogs and cats in Hainan island/province and that PCR methods detected a higher prevalence than did the AD method. The 16S rRNA gene PCR detected more positive samples than did the WSP gene PCR in both dogs and cats. The 3 coastal cities had very few dogs that had evidence of D. immitis exposure.}, }
@article {pmid30857919, year = {2019}, author = {Brinker, P and Fontaine, MC and Beukeboom, LW and Falcao Salles, J}, title = {Host, Symbionts, and the Microbiome: The Missing Tripartite Interaction.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {480-488}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2019.02.002}, pmid = {30857919}, issn = {1878-4380}, abstract = {Symbiosis between microbial associates and a host is a ubiquitous feature of life on earth, modulating host phenotypes. In addition to endosymbionts, organisms harbour a collection of host-associated microbes, the microbiome that can impact important host traits. In this opinion article we argue that the mutual influences of the microbiome and endosymbionts, as well as their combined influence on the host, are still understudied. Focusing on the endosymbiont Wolbachia, we present growing evidence indicating that host phenotypic effects are exerted in interaction with the remainder microbiome and the host. We thus advocate that only through an integrated approach that considers multiple interacting partners and environmental influences will we be able to gain a better understanding of host-microbe associations.}, }
@article {pmid30847475, year = {2019}, author = {Davydov, II and Salamin, N and Robinson-Rechavi, M}, title = {Large-Scale Comparative Analysis of Codon Models Accounting for Protein and Nucleotide Selection.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {1316-1332}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msz048}, pmid = {30847475}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animals ; *Codon ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Models, Genetic ; *Mutation Rate ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Silent Mutation ; Vertebrates/genetics ; }, abstract = {There are numerous sources of variation in the rate of synonymous substitutions inside genes, such as direct selection on the nucleotide sequence, or mutation rate variation. Yet scans for positive selection rely on codon models which incorporate an assumption of effectively neutral synonymous substitution rate, constant between sites of each gene. Here we perform a large-scale comparison of approaches which incorporate codon substitution rate variation and propose our own simple yet effective modification of existing models. We find strong effects of substitution rate variation on positive selection inference. More than 70% of the genes detected by the classical branch-site model are presumably false positives caused by the incorrect assumption of uniform synonymous substitution rate. We propose a new model which is strongly favored by the data while remaining computationally tractable. With the new model we can capture signatures of nucleotide level selection acting on translation initiation and on splicing sites within the coding region. Finally, we show that rate variation is highest in the highly recombining regions, and we propose that recombination and mutation rate variation, such as high CpG mutation rate, are the two main sources of nucleotide rate variation. Although we detect fewer genes under positive selection in Drosophila than without rate variation, the genes which we detect contain a stronger signal of adaptation of dynein, which could be associated with Wolbachia infection. We provide software to perform positive selection analysis using the new model.}, }
@article {pmid30841858, year = {2019}, author = {Idro, R and Anguzu, R and Ogwang, R and Akun, P and Abbo, C and Mwaka, AD and Opar, B and Nakamya, P and Taylor, M and Elliott, A and Vincent, A and Newton, C and Marsh, K}, title = {Doxycycline for the treatment of nodding syndrome (DONS); the study protocol of a phase II randomised controlled trial.}, journal = {BMC neurology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, doi = {10.1186/s12883-019-1256-z}, pmid = {30841858}, issn = {1471-2377}, support = {MR/M025489/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antiparasitic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Double-Blind Method ; Doxycycline/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Nodding Syndrome/*drug therapy ; Onchocerca volvulus/immunology ; Quality of Life ; Research Design ; Treatment Outcome ; Uganda ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nodding syndrome is a poorly understood neurological disorder of unknown aetiology, affecting several thousand children in Africa. There has been a consistent epidemiological association with infection by the filarial parasite, Onchocerca volvulus and antibodies to leiomodin and DJ-1, cross-reacting with O.volvulus proteins, have been reported. We hypothesized that nodding syndrome is a neuro-inflammatory disorder, induced by antibodies to O.volvulus or its symbiont, Wolbachia, cross-reacting with human neuron proteins and that doxycycline, which kills Onchocerca through effects on Wolbachia, may be used as treatment.
METHODS: This will be a two-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of doxycycline 100 mg daily for six weeks in 230 participants. Participants will be patients' ages≥8 years with nodding syndrome. They will receive standard of care supportive treatment. All will be hospitalised for 1-2 weeks during which time baseline measurements including clinical assessments, EEG, cognitive and laboratory testing will be performed and antiepileptic drug doses rationalised. Participants will then be randomised to either oral doxycycline (Azudox®, Kampala Pharmaceutical Industries) 100 mg daily or placebo. Treatment will be initiated in hospital and continued at home. Participants will be visited at home at 2, 4 and 6 weeks for adherence monitoring. Study outcomes will be assessed at 6, 12, 18 and 24-month visits. Analysis will be by intention to treat. The primary efficacy outcome measure will be the proportion of patients testing positive and the levels or titires of antibodies to host neuron proteins (HNPs) and/or leiomodin at 24 months. Secondary outcome measures will include effect of the intervention on seizure control, inflammatory markers, cognitive function, disease severity and quality of life.
DISCUSSION: This trial postulates that targeting O.volvulus through drugs which kill Wolbachia can modify the pathogenic processes in nodding syndrome and improve outcomes. Findings from this study are expected to substantially improve the understanding and treatment of nodding syndrome.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered with clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02850913 on 1st August, 2016.}, }
@article {pmid30841606, year = {2019}, author = {Kwon, M and Seo, SS and Kim, MK and Lee, DO and Lim, MC}, title = {Compositional and Functional Differences between Microbiota and Cervical Carcinogenesis as Identified by Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing.}, journal = {Cancers}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cancers11030309}, pmid = {30841606}, issn = {2072-6694}, support = {1610210//National Cancer Center/Republic of Korea ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have reported the potential role of microbiomes in cervical disease. However, little is known about the microbiome composition and function in cervical carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify the compositional and functional alterations of cervical microbiomes in cases of cervical carcinogenesis of Korean women using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. In this study, using shotgun sequencing, we sequenced the cervical metagenomes of cervical intraneoplasia 2/3 (n = 17), cervical cancer (n = 12), and normal controls (n = 18) to identify the microbial abundances and enriched metabolic functions in cervical metagenomes. At the genus level, the microbiota of cervical cancer were differentially enriched with genera Alkaliphilus, Pseudothermotoga, and Wolbachia. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 were enriched with Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Candidatus Endolissoclinum. The normal group was enriched with Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrobacter. Further characterization of the functionalities of the metagenomes may suggest that six Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologies (KOs) that are involved in 10 pathways are associated with an increased risk of CIN2/3 and cervical cancer. Specifically, cervical metagenomes were enriched in the course of peptidoglycan synthesis and depleted by dioxin degradation and 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase. The Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) category 'Defense mechanisms' was depleted in cervical cancer patients. Our findings based on shotgun metagenomic sequencing suggest that cervical microbiome community compositions and their metagenomics profiles differed between cervical lesions and normal subjects. Future studies should have larger sample sizes and/or aggregate their results to have sufficient power to detect reproducible and significant associations.}, }
@article {pmid30837458, year = {2019}, author = {Reveillaud, J and Bordenstein, SR and Cruaud, C and Shaiber, A and Esen, ÖC and Weill, M and Makoundou, P and Lolans, K and Watson, AR and Rakotoarivony, I and Bordenstein, SR and Eren, AM}, title = {The Wolbachia mobilome in Culex pipiens includes a putative plasmid.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1051}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-08973-w}, pmid = {30837458}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {R01 AI132581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI133522/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriophages/genetics ; Culex/*microbiology ; Female ; France ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Host Microbial Interactions/genetics ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology ; Ovary/microbiology ; Plasmids/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/virology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a genus of obligate intracellular bacteria found in nematodes and arthropods worldwide, including insect vectors that transmit dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses. Wolbachia's unique ability to alter host reproductive behavior through its temperate bacteriophage WO has enabled the development of new vector control strategies. However, our understanding of Wolbachia's mobilome beyond its bacteriophages is incomplete. Here, we reconstruct near-complete Wolbachia genomes from individual ovary metagenomes of four wild Culex pipiens mosquitoes captured in France. In addition to viral genes missing from the Wolbachia reference genome, we identify a putative plasmid (pWCP), consisting of a 9.23-kbp circular element with 14 genes. We validate its presence in additional Culex pipiens mosquitoes using PCR, long-read sequencing, and screening of existing metagenomes. The discovery of this previously unrecognized extrachromosomal element opens additional possibilities for genetic manipulation of Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid30834147, year = {2019}, author = {Pagel, L and Bultman, T and Górzyńska, K and Lembicz, M and Leuchtmann, A and Sangliana, A and Richards, N}, title = {Botanophila flies, vectors of Epichloë fungal spores, are infected by Wolbachia.}, journal = {Mycology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1080/21501203.2018.1515119}, pmid = {30834147}, issn = {2150-1203}, abstract = {Epichloë fungi are endophytes within grasses that can form stromata on culms of their hosts. Botanophila flies visit the stromata for egg laying and in the process can vector spermatial spores, thereby cross fertilising the fungus. Following egg hatch, larval flies consume fungal tissue and spores. Thus, Epichloë individuals with traits that limit larval consumption could be at a selective advantage. We assessed Botanophila fly larvae from sites within the United States and Europe for infection by the bacterial sexual parasite Wolbachia through amplification of the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp). Nearly 70% of fly larvae in our samples were infected by Wolbachia. This is the first record of infection by Wolbachia within Botanophila and could have far reaching effects on not only the fly host, but also the Epichloë fungi upon which Botanophila feeds as well as the grass host within which the fungi live. For example, infection by Wolbachia could limit consumption of Epichloë spores by Botanophila larvae if the bacteria promoted premature larval death.}, }
@article {pmid30820826, year = {2019}, author = {Onder, Z and Ciloglu, A and Duzlu, O and Yildirim, A and Okur, M and Yetismis, G and Inci, A}, title = {Molecular detection and identification of Wolbachia endosymbiont in fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera).}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s12223-019-00692-5}, pmid = {30820826}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of Wolbachia bacteria in natural population of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) in Turkey, and to exhibit the molecular characterization and the phylogenetic reconstruction at the positive isolates with other species in GenBank, based on 16S rDNA sequences. One hundred twenty-four flea samples belonging to the species Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, and Pulex irritans were collected from animal shelters in Kayseri between January and August 2017. All flea species were individually screened for the presence of Wolbachia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. According to PCR analyses, Wolbachia spp. were found prevalent in C. canis and P. irritans fleas, while it was not detected in the C. felis species. Totally, 20 isolates were purified from agarose gel and sequenced with the same primers for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses. The sequence analyses revealed 17 polymorphic sites and 2 genetically different Wolbachia isolates, representing two different haplotypes in two flea species. The distribution patterns, molecular characterization, and phylogenetic status of Wolbachia spp. of fleas in Turkey are presented for the first time with this study. Understanding of the role of Wolbachia in vector biology may provide information for developing Wolbachia-based biological control tools.}, }
@article {pmid30819117, year = {2019}, author = {Fortin, M and Meunier, J and Laverré, T and Souty-Grosset, C and Richard, FJ}, title = {Joint effects of group sex-ratio and Wolbachia infection on female reproductive success in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {65}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-019-1391-6}, pmid = {30819117}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Fertility ; Isopoda/microbiology/*physiology ; Male ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; *Sex Ratio ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In species that reproduce with sexual reproduction, males and females often have opposite strategies to maximize their own fitness. For instance, males are typically expected to maximize their number of mating events, whereas an excessive number of mating events can be costly for females. Although the risk of sexual harassment by males and resulting costs for females are expected to increase with the proportion of males, it remains unknown whether and how parasitic distorters of a host population's sex-ratio can shape this effect on the fitness of females. Here, we addressed this question using Armadillidium vulgare and its parasite Wolbachia that alters the sex-ratio of a population. We set up Wolbachia-free and Wolbachia-infected females in experimental groups exhibiting 100, 80, 50% or 20% females for 1 year, during which we measured changes in survival, fertility and fecundity.
RESULTS: Wolbachia infection shaped the effects of both population sex-ratio and reproductive season on female fecundity. Compared to Wolbachia-free females, Wolbachia-infected females were less likely to be gravid in populations exhibiting an excess of females and did not exhibit the otherwise negative effect of seasons on this likelihood. Group sex-ratio and Wolbachia infection have independent effects on other measured traits. Male-biased populations had females both exhibiting the lowest survival rate after 6 months and producing the smallest number of offspring, independent of Wolbachia infection. Conversely, Wolbachia-infected females had the lowest likelihood of producing at least one offspring, independent of group sex-ratio. Wolbachia infection had no effect on female survival rate.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that male-biased sex-ratio and the presence of Wolbachia are costly for females due to sexual harassment by males and bacterial infection, respectively. Interestingly, Wolbachia infection triggers another negative effect. This effect does not come from an excess of males and its associated sexual harassment of females but instead from a lack of males and the associated risk for females of remaining unmated. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of social pressures and infection on female fitness and provide insights into our general understanding of the joint and opposite effects of these two parameters in the evolution of reproductive strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30818326, year = {2019}, author = {von Geldern, TW and Morton, HE and Clark, RF and Brown, BS and Johnston, KL and Ford, L and Specht, S and Carr, RA and Stolarik, DF and Ma, J and Rieser, MJ and Struever, D and Frohberger, SJ and Koschel, M and Ehrens, A and Turner, JD and Hübner, MP and Hoerauf, A and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA and Marsh, K and Kempf, DJ}, title = {Discovery of ABBV-4083, a novel analog of Tylosin A that has potent anti-Wolbachia and anti-filarial activity.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0007159}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007159}, pmid = {30818326}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; *Drug Discovery ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy ; Female ; Filaricides/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Filarioidea/drug effects/microbiology ; Gerbillinae ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Onchocerciasis/drug therapy ; Symbiosis/drug effects ; Tylosin/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology ; Wolbachia/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {There is a significant need for improved treatments for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, diseases caused by filarial worm infection. In particular, an agent able to selectively kill adult worms (macrofilaricide) would be expected to substantially augment the benefits of mass drug administration (MDA) with current microfilaricides, and to provide a solution to treatment of onchocerciasis / loiasis co-infection, where MDA is restricted. We have identified a novel macrofilaricidal agent, Tylosin A (TylA), which acts by targeting the worm-symbiont Wolbachia bacterium. Chemical modification of TylA leads to improvements in anti-Wolbachia activity and oral pharmacokinetic properties; an optimized analog (ABBV-4083) has been selected for clinical evaluation.}, }
@article {pmid30817823, year = {2019}, author = {Staunton, KM and Yeeles, P and Townsend, M and Nowrouzi, S and Paton, CJ and Trewin, B and Pagendam, D and Bondarenco, A and Devine, GJ and Snoad, N and Beebe, NW and Ritchie, SA}, title = {Trap Location and Premises Condition Influences on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Catches Using Biogents Sentinel Traps During a 'Rear and Release' Program: Implications for Designing Surveillance Programs.}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {1102-1111}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz018}, pmid = {30817823}, issn = {1938-2928}, abstract = {As the incidence of arboviral diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever increases globally, controlling their primary vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), is of greater importance than ever before. Mosquito control programs rely heavily on effective adult surveillance to ensure methodological efficacy. The Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap is the gold standard for surveilling adult Aedes mosquitoes and is commonly deployed worldwide, including during modern 'rear and release' programs. Despite its extensive use, few studies have directly assessed environmental characteristics that affect BGS trap catches, let alone how these influences change during 'rear and release' programs. We assessed male and female Ae. aegypti spatial stability, as well as premises condition and trap location influences on BGS trap catches, as part of Debug Innisfail 'rear and release' program in northern Australia. We found similar trends in spatial stability of male and female mosquitoes at both weekly and monthly resolutions. From surveillance in locations where no males were released, reduced catches were found at premises that contained somewhat damaged houses and unscreened properties. In addition, when traps were located in areas that were unsheltered, more than 10 m from commonly used sitting areas or more visually complex catches were also negatively affected. In locations where males were released, we found that traps in treatment sites, relative to control sites, displayed increased catches in heavily shaded premises and were inconsistently influenced by differences in house sets and building materials. Such findings have valuable implications for a range of Ae. aegypti surveillance programs.}, }
@article {pmid30813886, year = {2019}, author = {Bykov, RА and Yudina, MA and Gruntenko, NE and Zakharov, IK and Voloshina, MA and Melashchenko, ES and Danilova, MV and Mazunin, IO and Ilinsky, YY}, title = {Prevalence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia endosymbiont and mtDNA in Palearctic populations of Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {19}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {48}, doi = {10.1186/s12862-019-1372-9}, pmid = {30813886}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {F32 MH010832/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Prevalence ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/cytology/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Maternally inherited Wolbachia symbionts infect D. melanogaster populations worldwide. Infection rates vary greatly. Genetic diversity of Wolbachia in D. melanogaster can be subdivided into several closely related genotypes coinherited with certain mtDNA lineages. mtDNA haplotypes have the following global distribution pattern: mtDNA clade I is mostly found in North America, II and IV in Africa, III in Europe and Africa, V in Eurasia, VI is global but very rare, and VIII is found in Asia. The wMel Wolbachia genotype is predominant in D. melanogaster populations. However, according to the hypothesis of global Wolbachia replacement, the wMelCS genotype was predominant before the XX century when it was replaced by the wMel genotype. Here we analyse over 1500 fly isolates from the Palearctic region to evaluate the prevalence, genetic diversity and distribution pattrern of the Wolbachia symbiont, occurrence of mtDNA variants, and finally to discuss the Wolbachia genotype global replacement hypothesis.
RESULTS: All studied Palearctic populations of D. melanogaster were infected with Wolbachia at a rate of 33-100%. We did not observe any significant correlation between infection rate and longitude or latitude. Five previously reported Wolbachia genotypes were found in Palearctic populations with a predominance of the wMel variant. The mtDNA haplotypes of the I_II_III clade and V clade were prevalent in Palearctic populations. To test the recent Wolbachia genotype replacement hypothesis, we examined three genomic regions of CS-like genotypes. Low genetic diversity was observed, only two haplotypes of the CS genotypes with a 'CCG' variant predominance were found.
CONCLUSION: The results of our survey of Wolbachia infection prevalence and genotype diversity in Palearctic D. melanogaster populations confirm previous studies. Wolbachia is ubiquitous in the Palearctic region. The wMel genotype is dominant with local occurrence of rare genotypes. Together with variants of the V mtDNA clade, the variants of the 'III+' clade are dominant in both infected and uninfected flies of Palearctic populations. Based on our data on Wolbachia and mtDNA in different years in some Palearctic localities, we can conclude that flies that survive the winter make the predominant symbiont contribution to the subsequent generation. A comprehensive overview of mtDNA and Wolbachia infection of D. melanogaster populations worldwide does not support the recent global Wolbachia genotype replacement hypothesis. However, we cannot exclude wMelCS genotype rate fluctuations in the past.}, }
@article {pmid30810656, year = {2019}, author = {Cândido, EL and Silva, UMD and Cavalcanti, LPG}, title = {New record and extended geographical distribution of Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz, 1904) in Ceará, northeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {e20180286}, doi = {10.1590/0037-8682-0286-2018}, pmid = {30810656}, issn = {1678-9849}, mesh = {Aedes/*classification ; Animals ; Brazil ; Ecosystem ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification ; Spatial Analysis ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Aedes fluviatilis(Lutz, 1904) is considered a potential vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses and is naturally infected by Wolbachia.
METHODS: In March 2018, during a field activity in the municipality of Saboeiro, 163 mosquito larvae were collected in a dammed area of the Jaguaribe River.
RESULTS: Of the larvae collected, 143 (87.7%) were identified asAe. fluviatilis.
CONCLUSIONS: We report the first documentation of Ae. fluviatilis in the municipality of Saboeiro, northeastern Brazil. It is important to conduct additional entomological surveys to characterize the local Culicidae fauna. Ignoring the presence and dispersion of this vector could be a public health risk.}, }
@article {pmid30807733, year = {2019}, author = {Bagheri, Z and Talebi, AA and Asgari, S and Mehrabadi, M}, title = {Wolbachia induce cytoplasmic incompatibility and affect mate preference in Habrobracon hebetor to increase the chance of its transmission to the next generation.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2019.02.005}, pmid = {30807733}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Wolbachia are common intracellular bacteria that are generally found in arthropods, including a high proportion of insects and also some nematodes. This intracellular symbiont can affect sex ratio with a variety of reproductive anomalies in the host, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in haplodiploids. In this study, we questioned if the parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Hym.: Braconidae), an important biological control agent of many lepidopteran larvae, is infected with Wolbachia. To test this, DNA was extracted from adult insects and subjected to PCR using specific primers to Wolbachia target genes. The results showed a high rate of Wolbachia infection in this parasitoid wasp. To determine the biological function of Wolbachia in H. hebetor, we removed this bacterium from the wasps using antibiotic treatment (cured wasps). Results of crossing experiments revealed that Wolbachia induced CI in H. hebetor in which cured females crossed with infected males produced only males, while both male and female progeny were observed for other crosses. Also, we showed that the presence of Wolbachia in females increased fecundity and female offspring of this parasitoid wasp. The presence of Wolbachia in the males had no significant effect on fecundity and female production, but might have incurred costs. We also investigated the effect of Wolbachia on mate choice and found that Wolbachia affects mating behavior of H. hebetor. Together, we showed that Wolbachia induces CI in H. hebetor and affects host mating behavior in favor of its transmission. Wolbachia utilize these strategies to increase the frequency of infected females in the host population.}, }
@article {pmid30798391, year = {2019}, author = {Singhal, K and Mohanty, S}, title = {Genome organisation and comparative genomics of four novel Wolbachia genome assemblies from Indian Drosophila host.}, journal = {Functional & integrative genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {617-632}, doi = {10.1007/s10142-019-00664-5}, pmid = {30798391}, issn = {1438-7948}, abstract = {Wolbachia has long been known to share an endosymbiotic relationship with its host as an obligate intracellular organism. Wolbachia diversity as different supergroups is found to be host-specific in most cases except a few, where the host species is seen to accommodate multiple strains. Besides, the Wolbachia genome must have undergone several changes in response to the evolving host genome in order to adapt and establish a strong association with its host, thus making a distinctive Wolbachia-host alliance. The present study focusses on four novel genome assembly and genome-wide sequence variations of Indian Wolbachia strains, i.e. wMel and wRi isolated from two different Drosophila hosts. The genome assembly has an average size of ~ 1.1 Mb and contains ~ 1100 genes, which is comparable with the previously sequenced Wolbachia genomes. The comparative genomics analysis of these genomes and sequence-wide comparison of some functionally significant genes, i.e. ankyrin repeats, Wsp and T4SS, highlight their sequence similarities and dissimilarities, further supporting the strain-specific association of Wolbachia to its host. Interestingly, some of the sequence variations are also found to be restricted to only Indian Wolbachia strains. Further analysis of prophage and their flanking regions in the Wolbachia genome reveals the presence of several functional genes which may assist the phage to reside inside the bacterial host, thus providing a trade-off for the endosymbiont-host association. Understanding this endosymbiont genome in different eco-geographical conditions has become imperative for the recent use of Wolbachia in medical entomology as a vector-control agent.}, }
@article {pmid30796064, year = {2019}, author = {Newton, ILG and Slatko, BE}, title = {Symbiosis Comes of age at the 10th Biennial Meeting of Wolbachia Researchers.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03071-18}, pmid = {30796064}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis is an alpha-proteobacterial, obligate intracellular microbe and arguably the most successful infection on our planet, colonizing 40-60% of insect species. Wolbachia are also present in most, but not all, filarial nematodes where they are obligate mutualists and are the targets for anti-filarial drug discovery. Although Wolbachia are related to important human pathogens they do not infect mammals, but instead are well known for their reproductive manipulations of insect populations, inducing the following phenotypes: male-killing, feminization, parthenogenesis induction, or cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). The most common of these, CI, results in a sperm-egg incompatibility and increases the relative fecundity of infected females in a population. In the last decade, Wolbachia have also been shown to provide a benefit to insects, where the infection can inhibit RNA virus replication within the host. Wolbachia cannot be cultivated outside of host cells and no genetic tools are available in the symbiont, limiting approaches available to its study. This means that many questions fundamental to our understanding of Wolbachia basic biology remained unknown for decades. The tenth biennial international Wolbachia conference, "Wolbachia Evolution, Ecology, Genomics and Cell Biology: A Chronicle of the Most Ubiquitous Symbiont", was held on June 17-22, 2018, Salem, MA USA. In the review below we highlight the new science presented at the meeting, link it to prior efforts to answer these questions across the Wolbachia genus, and the importance to the field of symbiosis. The topics covered in this review are based on the presentations at the conference.}, }
@article {pmid30762095, year = {2019}, author = {Martínez-Rodríguez, P and Rolán-Alvarez, E and Del Mar Pérez-Ruiz, M and Arroyo-Yebras, F and Carpena-Catoira, C and Carvajal-Rodríguez, A and Bella, JL}, title = {Geographic and Temporal Variation of Distinct Intracellular Endosymbiont Strains of Wolbachia sp. in the Grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus: a Frequency-Dependent Mechanism?.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, pages = {1036-1047}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01338-2}, pmid = {30762095}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {CGL2016-75482-P//Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a/ ; BFU2013-44635//Ministerio de Econom?a, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa?a/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Coevolution ; Computer Simulation ; Geography ; Grasshoppers/*microbiology ; Linear Models ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Seasons ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont that can produce a range of effects on host fitness, but the temporal dynamics of Wolbachia strains have rarely been experimentally evaluated. We compare interannual strain frequencies along a geographical region for understanding the forces that shape Wolbachia strain frequency in natural populations of its host, Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera, Acrididae). General linear models show that strain frequency changes significantly across geographical and temporal scales. Computer simulation allows to reject the compatibility of the observed patterns with either genetic drift or sampling errors. We use consecutive years to estimate total Wolbachia strain fitness. Our estimation of Wolbachia fitness is significant in most cases, within locality and between consecutive years, following a negatively frequency-dependent trend. Wolbachia spp. B and F strains show a temporal pattern of variation that is compatible with a negative frequency-dependent natural selection mechanism. Our results suggest that such a mechanism should be at least considered in future experimental and theoretical research strategies that attempt to understand Wolbachia biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid30761981, year = {2019}, author = {Showler, AJ and Kubofcik, J and Ricciardi, A and Nutman, TB}, title = {Differences in the Clinical and Laboratory Features of Imported Onchocerciasis in Endemic Individuals and Temporary Residents.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {1216-1222}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.18-0757}, pmid = {30761981}, issn = {1476-1645}, abstract = {Many parasitic infections have different presenting features in endemic individuals (ENDs) and immunologically naive temporary residents (TRs). Temporary residents with loiasis often display acute symptoms and hypereosinophilia, in contrast to a parasite-induced subclinical state in chronically infected ENDs. Few studies have examined differences in ENDs and TRs infected with the related filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. We identified 40 TRs and 36 ENDs with imported onchocerciasis at the National Institutes of Health between 1976 and 2016. All study subjects received an extensive pretreatment medical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. We performed additional parasite-specific serologic testing on stored patient sera. Asymptomatic infection occurred in 12.5% of TRs and no ENDs (P = 0.06). Papular dermatitis was more common in TRs (47.5% versus 2.7%, P < 0.001), whereas more pigmentation changes occurred in ENDs (41.7% versus 15%, P = 0.01). Only endemic patients reported visual disturbance (13% versus 0%, P = 0.03). One TR (3.3%) had onchocercal eye disease, compared with 22.6% of ENDs (P = 0.053). Absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) were similar in ENDs and TRs (P = 0.5), and one-third of subjects had a normal AEC. Endemic individuals had higher filarial-specific IgG4 and were more likely to be positive for IgG4 antibodies to Ov-16. Temporary residents and ENDs with imported O. volvulus infection presented with different dermatologic manifestations; ocular involvement occurred almost exclusively in ENDs. Unlike Loa loa, clinical differences appear not to be eosinophil-mediated and may reflect chronicity, intensity of infection, or the presence of Wolbachia in O. volvulus.}, }
@article {pmid30747079, year = {2019}, author = {Chegeni, TN and Fakhar, M}, title = {Promising role of Wolbachia as anti-parasitic drug target and eco-friendly biocontrol agent.}, journal = {Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/1574891X14666190211162403}, pmid = {30747079}, issn = {2212-4071}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia is the most common endosymbiotic bacteria in insect-borne parasites and it is the most common reproductive parasite in the world. Wolbachia has been found worldwide in numerous arthropod and parasite species, including: insects, terrestrial isopods, spiders, mites and filarial nematodes. There is a complicated relationship between Wolbachia and its hosts and in some cases, they create a mutual relationship instead of a parasitic relationship. Some species are not able to reproduce in the absence of infection with Wolbachia. Thus, use of existing strains of Wolbachia bacteria offers a potential strategy for control the population of mosquitoes and other pests and diseases.
METHODS: We searched ten databases and reviewed published papers regarding the role of Wolbachia as promising drug target and emerging biological control agent of parasitic diseases between 1996 and 2017 (22 years) were considered eligible. Also, in the current study several patents (WO008652), (US7723062), (US 0345249 A1) were reviewed.
RESULTS: Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria, which is inherited from mothers, is transmitted to mosquitoes and interfere with pathogen transmission. They can change the reproduction of their host. Wolbachia is transmitted through the cytoplasm of eggs and have evolved different mechanisms for manipulating reproduction of its hosts, including induction of reproductive incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization. Wolbachia extensive effects on reproduction and host fitness have made Wolbachia the issue of growing attention as a potential biocontrol agent.
CONCLUSION: Wolbachia has opened a new window to design costly, potent and eco-friendly for effective treatment and elimination of vector-borne parasitic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30744707, year = {2019}, author = {Augustinos, AA and Moraiti, CA and Drosopoulou, E and Kounatidis, I and Mavragani-Tsipidou, P and Bourtzis, K and Papadopoulos, NT}, title = {Old residents and new arrivals of Rhagoletis species in Europe.}, journal = {Bulletin of entomological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000063}, pmid = {30744707}, issn = {1475-2670}, abstract = {The genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises more than 65 species distributed throughout Europe, Asia and America, including many species of high economic importance. Currently, there are three Rhagoletis species that infest fruits and nuts in Europe. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (may have invaded Europe a long time ago from the Caucasian area of West Asia), and two invasive species (recently introduced from North America): the eastern American cherry fruit fly, R. cingulata, and the walnut husk fly, R. completa. The presence of different Rhagoletis species may enhance population dynamics and establish an unpredictable economic risk for several fruit and nut crops in Europe. Despite their excessive economic importance, little is known on population dynamics, genetics and symbiotic associations for making sound pest control decisions in terms of species-specific, environmental friendly pest control methods. To this end, the current paper (a) summarizes recently accumulated genetic and population data for the European Rhagoletis species and their association with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, and (b) explores the possibility of using the current knowledge for implementing the innovative biological control methods of sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique.}, }
@article {pmid30735918, year = {2019}, author = {Ju, H and Zhu, D and Qiao, M}, title = {Effects of polyethylene microplastics on the gut microbial community, reproduction and avoidance behaviors of the soil springtail, Folsomia candida.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {247}, number = {}, pages = {890-897}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.097}, pmid = {30735918}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/drug effects/*physiology ; Avoidance Learning ; Bacteria ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; Microbiota ; Plastics/toxicity ; Polyethylene/*toxicity ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants/*toxicity ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging contaminant and are confirmed to be ubiquitous in the environment. Adverse effects of MPs on aquatic organisms have been widely studied, whereas little research has focused on soil invertebrates. We exposed the soil springtail Folsomia candida to artificial soils contaminated with polyethylene MPs (<500 μm) for 28 d to explore the effects of MPs on avoidance, reproduction, and gut microbiota. Springtails exhibited avoidance behaviors at 0.5% and 1% MPs (w/w in dry soil), and the avoidance rate was 59% and 69%, respectively. Reproduction was inhibited when the concentration of MPs reached 0.1% and was reduced by 70.2% at the highest concentration of 1% MPs compared to control. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value based on reproduction for F. candida was 0.29% MPs. At concentrations of 0.5% dry weight in the soil, MPs significantly altered the microbial community and decreased bacterial diversity in the springtail gut. Specifically, the relative abundance of Wolbachia significantly decreased while the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Ensifer and Stenotrophomonas significantly increased. Our results demonstrated that MPs exerted a significant toxic effect on springtails and can change their gut microbial community. This can provide useful information for risk assessment of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid30730745, year = {2019}, author = {Jacobs, RT and Lunde, CS and Freund, YR and Hernandez, V and Li, X and Xia, Y and Carter, DS and Berry, PW and Halladay, J and Rock, F and Stefanakis, R and Easom, E and Plattner, JJ and Ford, L and Johnston, KL and Cook, DAN and Clare, R and Cassidy, A and Myhill, L and Tyrer, H and Gamble, J and Guimaraes, AF and Steven, A and Lenz, F and Ehrens, A and Frohberger, SJ and Koschel, M and Hoerauf, A and Hübner, MP and McNamara, CW and Bakowski, MA and Turner, JD and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA}, title = {Boron-Pleuromutilins as Anti- Wolbachia Agents with Potential for Treatment of Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, pages = {2521-2540}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01854}, pmid = {30730745}, issn = {1520-4804}, abstract = {A series of pleuromutilins modified by introduction of a boron-containing heterocycle on C(14) of the polycyclic core are described. These analogs were found to be potent anti- Wolbachia antibiotics and, as such, may be useful in the treatment of filarial infections caused by Onchocerca volvulus, resulting in Onchocerciasis or river blindness, or Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi and related parasitic nematodes resulting in lymphatic filariasis. These two important neglected tropical diseases disproportionately impact patients in the developing world. The lead preclinical candidate compound containing 7-fluoro-6-oxybenzoxaborole (15, AN11251) was shown to have good in vitro anti- Wolbachia activity and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties providing high exposure in plasma. The lead was effective in reducing the Wolbachia load in filarial worms following oral administration to mice.}, }
@article {pmid30729921, year = {2019}, author = {Simo, G and Kanté, ST and Madinga, J and Kame, G and Farikou, O and Ilombe, G and Geiger, A and Lutumba, P and Njiokou, F}, title = {Molecular identification of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {5}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2019005}, pmid = {30729921}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Coinfection/microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Digestive System/*microbiology ; Enterobacteriaceae/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Symbiosis ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {During the last 30 years, investigations on the microbiome of different tsetse species have generated substantial data on the bacterial flora of these cyclical vectors of African trypanosomes, with the overarching goal of improving the control of trypanosomiases. It is in this context that the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius was studied in wild populations of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps. Of the 700 Glossina f. quanzensis captured, 360 were dissected and their midguts collected and analyzed. Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia were identified by PCR. The Wolbachia-positive samples were genetically characterized with five molecular markers. PCR revealed 84.78% and 15.55% midguts infected by Wolbachia and S. glossinidius, respectively. The infection rates varied according to capture sites. Of the five molecular markers used to characterize Wolbachia, only the fructose bis-phosphate aldolase gene was amplified for about 60% of midguts previously found with Wolbachia infections. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of Wolbachia and revealed the presence of S. glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina f. quanzensis. A low level of midguts were naturally co-infected by both bacteria. The data generated in this study open a framework for investigations aimed at understanding the contribution of these symbiotic microorganisms to the vectorial competence of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis.}, }
@article {pmid30729319, year = {2019}, author = {Horváth, G and Garamszegi, LZ and Bereczki, J and Urszán, TJ and Balázs, G and Herczeg, G}, title = {Roll with the fear: environment and state dependence of pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare) personalities.}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {106}, number = {3-4}, pages = {7}, doi = {10.1007/s00114-019-1602-4}, pmid = {30729319}, issn = {1432-1904}, support = {OTKA-K 105517//Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok/ ; OTKA-K 109223//Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok/ ; SNN 125627//National Research, Development and Innovation Fund for international cooperation/ ; CGL2015-70639-P//Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/ ; K 115970//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; K 129215//National Research, Development and Innovation Office/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; *Environment ; Isopoda/microbiology/*physiology ; Models, Animal ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Most studies on animal personality evaluate individual mean behaviour to describe individual behavioural strategy, while often neglecting behavioural variability on the within-individual level. However, within-individual behavioural plasticity (variation induced by environment) and within-individual residual variation (regulatory behavioural precision) are recognized as biologically valid components of individual behaviour, but the evolutionary ecology of these components is still less understood. Here, we tested whether behaviour of common pill bugs (Armadillidium vulgare) differs on the among- and within-individual level and whether it is affected by various individual specific state-related traits (sex, size and Wolbachia infection). To this aim, we assayed risk-taking in familiar vs. unfamiliar environments 30 times along 38 days and applied double modelling statistical technique to handle the complex hierarchical structure for both individual-specific trait means and variances. We found that there are significant among-individual differences not only in mean risk-taking behaviour but also in environment- and time-induced behavioural plasticity and residual variation. Wolbachia-infected individuals took less risk than healthy conspecifics; in addition, individuals became more risk-averse with time. Residual variation decreased with time, and individuals expressed higher residual variation in the unfamiliar environment. Further, sensitization was stronger in females and in larger individuals in general. Our results suggest that among-individual variation, behavioural plasticity and residual variation are all (i) biologically relevant components of an individual's behavioural strategy and (ii) responsive to changes in environment or labile state variables. We propose pill bugs as promising models for personality research due to the relative ease of getting repeated behavioural measurements.}, }
@article {pmid30727958, year = {2019}, author = {Kampfraath, AA and Klasson, L and Anvar, SY and Vossen, RHAM and Roelofs, D and Kraaijeveld, K and Ellers, J}, title = {Genome expansion of an obligate parthenogenesis-associated Wolbachia poses an exception to the symbiont reduction model.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {106}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5492-9}, pmid = {30727958}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {865.12.003//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 15494//Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology/physiology ; DNA Repair ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Parthenogenesis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Theory predicts that dependency within host-endosymbiont interactions results in endosymbiont genome size reduction. Unexpectedly, the largest Wolbachia genome was found in the obligate, parthenogenesis-associated wFol. In this study, we investigate possible processes underlying this genome expansion by comparing a re-annotated wFol genome to other Wolbachia genomes. In addition, we also search for candidate genes related to parthenogenesis induction (PI).
RESULTS: Within wFol, we found five phage WO regions representing 25.4% of the complete genome, few pseudogenized genes, and an expansion of DNA-repair genes in comparison to other Wolbachia. These signs of genome conservation were mirrored in the wFol host, the springtail F. candida, which also had an expanded DNA-repair gene family and many horizontally transferred genes. Across all Wolbachia genomes, there was a strong correlation between gene numbers of Wolbachia strains and their hosts. In order to identify genes with a potential link to PI, we assembled the genome of an additional PI strain, wLcla. Comparisons between four PI Wolbachia, including wFol and wLcla, and fourteen non-PI Wolbachia yielded a small set of potential candidate genes for further investigation.
CONCLUSIONS: The strong similarities in genome content of wFol and its host, as well as the correlation between host and Wolbachia gene numbers suggest that there may be some form of convergent evolution between endosymbiont and host genomes. If such convergent evolution would be strong enough to overcome the evolutionary forces causing genome reduction, it would enable expanded genomes within long-term obligate endosymbionts.}, }
@article {pmid30723148, year = {2019}, author = {Buchman, A and Gamez, S and Li, M and Antoshechkin, I and Li, HH and Wang, HW and Chen, CH and Klein, MJ and Duchemin, JB and Paradkar, PN and Akbari, OS}, title = {Engineered resistance to Zika virus in transgenic Aedes aegypti expressing a polycistronic cluster of synthetic small RNAs.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {9}, pages = {3656-3661}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1810771116}, pmid = {30723148}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {K22 AI113060/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI123937/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/*genetics/virology ; Saliva/virology ; Viral Load/genetics ; Wolbachia/pathogenicity/virology ; Zika Virus/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Zika Virus Infection/*genetics/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have highlighted the necessity for development of novel vector control strategies to combat arboviral transmission, including genetic versions of the sterile insect technique, artificial infection with Wolbachia to reduce population size and/or vectoring competency, and gene drive-based methods. Here, we describe the development of mosquitoes synthetically engineered to impede vector competence to ZIKV. We demonstrate that a polycistronic cluster of engineered synthetic small RNAs targeting ZIKV is expressed and fully processed in Aedes aegypti, ensuring the formation of mature synthetic small RNAs in the midgut where ZIKV resides in the early stages of infection. Critically, we demonstrate that engineered Ae. aegypti mosquitoes harboring the anti-ZIKV transgene have significantly reduced viral infection, dissemination, and transmission rates of ZIKV. Taken together, these compelling results provide a promising path forward for development of effective genetic-based ZIKV control strategies, which could potentially be extended to curtail other arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid30716462, year = {2019}, author = {Odeniran, PO and Macleod, ET and Ademola, IO and Welburn, SC}, title = {Endosymbionts interaction with trypanosomes in Palpalis group of Glossina captured in southwest Nigeria.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {70}, number = {}, pages = {64-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2019.01.011}, pmid = {30716462}, issn = {1873-0329}, mesh = {Animals ; Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/parasitology ; Nigeria ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; *Symbiosis ; Trypanosoma/microbiology/*physiology ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Glossina species epidemiological studies were conducted in "fly-belt" endemic zone of southwest Nigeria. Two major study areas were identified and four Nzi traps were set in each site for tsetse collection. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of endosymbionts (Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia) in natural field-trapped populations of G. p. palpalis and G. tachinoides and investigate the corresponding interactions with African trypanosomes. A total of 64 tsetse flies were collected, these included G. p. palpalis (n = 28) and G. tachinoides (n = 36). Trypanosome infection and endosymbionts of these flies were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The infection rates of W. glossinidia was 100.0% in both species, no flies were positive for Wolbachia. Sodalis glossinidius prevalence was similar between the two-tsetse species, with G. p. palpalis and G. tachinoides showing prevalence of 35.7% (95%CI: 20.7-54.2) and 27.8% (95%CI: 15.9-44.0) respectively. No relationship was found between the endosymbionts and trypanosomes in trapped tsetse flies. More studies are needed to enhance the potential control interventions mediated by endosymbionts to reduce parasitic infections.}, }
@article {pmid30715337, year = {2019}, author = {Sinha, A and Li, Z and Sun, L and Carlow, CKS}, title = {Complete Genome Sequence of the Wolbachia wAlbB Endosymbiont of Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {706-720}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz025}, pmid = {30715337}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Ankyrins/genetics ; Cell Line ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Prophages/genetics ; Proteome ; Type IV Secretion Systems ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia, an alpha-proteobacterium closely related to Rickettsia, is a maternally transmitted, intracellular symbiont of arthropods and nematodes. Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are naturally infected with Wolbachia strains wAlbA and wAlbB. Cell line Aa23 established from Ae. albopictus embryos retains only wAlbB and is a key model to study host-endosymbiont interactions. We have assembled the complete circular genome of wAlbB from the Aa23 cell line using long-read PacBio sequencing at 500× median coverage. The assembled circular chromosome is 1.48 megabases in size, an increase of more than 300 kb over the published draft wAlbB genome. The annotation of the genome identified 1,205 protein coding genes, 34 tRNA, 3 rRNA, 1 tmRNA, and 3 other ncRNA loci. The long reads enabled sequencing over complex repeat regions which are difficult to resolve with short-read sequencing. Thirteen percent of the genome comprised insertion sequence elements distributed throughout the genome, some of which cause pseudogenization. Prophage WO genes encoding some essential components of phage particle assembly are missing, while the remainder are found in five prophage regions/WO-like islands or scattered around the genome. Orthology analysis identified a core proteome of 535 orthogroups across all completed Wolbachia genomes. The majority of proteins could be annotated using Pfam and eggNOG analyses, including ankyrins and components of the Type IV secretion system. KEGG analysis revealed the absence of five genes in wAlbB which are present in other Wolbachia. The availability of a complete circular chromosome from wAlbB will enable further biochemical, molecular, and genetic analyses on this strain and related Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid30714238, year = {2019}, author = {Fromont, C and Adair, KL and Douglas, AE}, title = {Correlation and causation between the microbiome, Wolbachia and host functional traits in natural populations of drosophilid flies.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {1826-1841}, doi = {10.1111/mec.15041}, pmid = {30714238}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {BIO 1241099//National Science Foundation/International ; }, abstract = {Resident microorganisms are known to influence the fitness and traits of animals under controlled laboratory conditions, but the relevance of these findings to wild animals is uncertain. This study investigated the host functional correlates of microbiota composition in a wild community of three sympatric species of mycophagous drosophilid flies, Drosophila falleni, Drosophila neotestacea and Drosophila putrida. Specifically, we quantified bacterial communities and host transcriptomes by parallel 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and RNA-Seq of individual flies. Among-fly variation in microbiota composition did not partition strongly by sex or species, and included multiple modules, that is, sets of bacterial taxa whose abundance varied in concert across different flies. The abundance of bacteria in several modules varied significantly with multiple host transcripts, especially in females, but the identity of the correlated host transcriptional functions differed with host species, including epithelial barrier function in D. falleni, muscle function in D. putrida, and insect growth and development in D. neotestacea. In D. neotestacea, which harbours the endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, Wolbachia promotes the abundance of Spiroplasma, and is positively correlated with abundance of Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales. Furthermore, most correlations between host gene expression and relative abundance of bacterial modules were co-correlated with abundance of Wolbachia (but not Spiroplasma), indicative of an interdependence between host functional traits, microbiota composition and Wolbachia abundance in this species. These data suggest that, in these natural populations of drosophilid flies, different host species interact with microbial communities in functionally different ways that can vary with the abundance of endosymbionts.}, }
@article {pmid30708172, year = {2019}, author = {Shaikevich, E and Bogacheva, A and Rakova, V and Ganushkina, L and Ilinsky, Y}, title = {Wolbachia symbionts in mosquitoes: Intra- and intersupergroup recombinations, horizontal transmission and evolution.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {24-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.020}, pmid = {30708172}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Culicidae/*microbiology ; Databases, Genetic ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Many mosquitoes harbour Wolbachia symbionts that could affect the biology of their host in different ways. Evolutionary relationships of mosquitoes' Wolbachia infection, geographical distribution and symbiont prevalence in many mosquito species are not yet clear. Here, we present the results of Wolbachia screening of 17 mosquito species of four genera-Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia and Culex collected from five regions of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus in 2012-2016. Based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data previously published and generated in this study, we try to reveal genetic links between mosquitoes' and other hosts' Wolbachia. The Wolbachia symbionts are found in Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and Coquillettidia richiardii and for the first time in Aedes cinereus and Aedes cantans, which are important vectors of human pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated multiple origins of infection in mosquitoes although the one-allele-criterion approach revealed links among B-supergroup mosquito Wolbachia with allele content of lepidopteran hosts. The MLST gene content of strain wAlbA from the A-supergroup is linked with different ant species. Several cases of intersupergroup recombinations were found. One of them occurred in the wAlbaB strain of Aedes albopictus, which contains the coxA allele of the A-supergroup, whereas other loci, including wsp, belong to supergroup B. Other cases are revealed for non-mosquito symbionts and they exemplified genetic exchanges of A, B and F supergroups. We conclude that modern Wolbachia diversity in mosquitoes and in many other insect taxa is a recent product of strain recombination and symbiont transfers.}, }
@article {pmid30708135, year = {2019}, author = {Konecka, E and Olszanowski, Z}, title = {Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rDNA, gltA, gatB, and hcpA gene sequences of Wolbachia from the novel host Ceratozetes thienemanni (Acari: Oribatida).}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {70}, number = {}, pages = {175-181}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.032}, pmid = {30708135}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {We determined the occurrence of intracellular endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Hamiltonella, flavobacteria, and microsporidia) in oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) with the use of PCR technique. For the first time we looked for and detected Wolbachia in parthenogenetic oribatid mite Ceratozetes thienemanni Willmann, 1943. The 16S rDNA, gatB, hcpA, and gltA sequences of Wolbachia in C. thienemanni showed the highest similarity (≥ 90%) to the genes of Wolbachia from springtails (Collembola) and oribatid mite Gustavia microcephala. We found the unique sequence 5'-GGGGTAATGGCC-3' in 16S rDNA of Wolbachia from C. thienemanni and collembolan representing group E. The phylogeny of Wolbachia based on the analysis of single genes as well as concatenated alignments of four bacterial loci showed that the bacteria from C. thienemanni belonged to Wolbachia group E, like the endosymbionts from springtail hosts and G. microcephala. Considering coexisting of representatives of Oribatida and Collembola in the same soil habitat and similar food, it is possible that the source of Wolbachia infection was the same. Residues of dead invertebrates could be in organic matter of their soil food, so the scenario of infection transferred by eating of remains of soil cohabitates is also possible. It could explain the similarity and relationship of the Wolbachia in these two arthropod groups. Oribatid mite C. thienemanni is a parthenogenetic mite which is a unique feature in the genus Ceratozetes. Moreover, this species, within the entire genus Ceratozetes, is characterized by the most northerly distribution. It is difficult to determine either it is parthenogenesis or the presence of endosymbionts that are in some way responsible for this kind of evolutionary success. Maybe we are dealing here with a kind of synergy of both factors?}, }
@article {pmid30700657, year = {2019}, author = {Fukui, Y and Inokuma, H}, title = {Subclinical Infections of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis in Dogs from Ibaraki, Japan.}, journal = {Japanese journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {168-172}, doi = {10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.470}, pmid = {30700657}, issn = {1884-2836}, mesh = {Anaplasma/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolation & purification ; Anaplasmosis/blood/*epidemiology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Dog Diseases/blood/*epidemiology/*microbiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary ; Japan/epidemiology ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {We evaluated the prevalence of Anaplasma infection in 332 dogs from Ibaraki, Japan, using serological and molecular methods. An immunofluorescence antibody assay against Anaplasma phagocytophilum indicated that 7 of the 328 serum samples tested (2.1%) were positive for A. phagocytophilum. Screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis demonstrated that 8 of the 331 peripheral blood samples tested (2.4%) were positive for Anaplasmataceae. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial 16S rRNA sequence of the PCR amplicons revealed that 6 sequences were most similar to the 16S rRNA sequence of a Wolbachia sp., and the remaining 2 to A. bovis. Further analysis by A. phagocytophilum-specific nested PCR demonstrated that 1 dog infected with A. bovis was also positive for A. phagocytophilum. This is the first study to report the dual infection of a dog in Japan with A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum.}, }
@article {pmid30699194, year = {2019}, author = {Russell, SL and Lemseffer, N and Sullivan, WT}, title = {Correction: Wolbachia and host germline components compete for kinesin-mediated transport to the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e1007557}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1007557}, pmid = {30699194}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007216.].}, }
@article {pmid30696916, year = {2019}, author = {Kajtoch, Ł and Kolasa, M and Kubisz, D and Gutowski, JM and Ścibior, R and Mazur, MA and Holecová, M}, title = {Using host species traits to understand the Wolbachia infection distribution across terrestrial beetles.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {847}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-38155-5}, pmid = {30696916}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {DEC-2013/11/D/NZ8/00583//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; DEC-2013/11/D/NZ8/00583//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; DEC-2013/11/D/NZ8/00583//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of Wolbachia prevalence with respect to its hosts is restricted mainly to taxonomic/phylogenetic context. In contrast, relations between infection and most host's ecological and biological traits are poorly understood. This study aimed to elaborate on relations between bacteria and its beetle hosts in taxonomic and the ecological contexts. In particular, the goal is to verify which ecological and biological traits of beetles could cause them to be prone to be infected. Verification of Wolbachia infection status across 297 beetle taxa showed that approximately 27% of taxa are infected by supergroups A and B. Only minor support for coevolution between bacteria and its beetle hosts was observed in some genera of beetles, but in general coevolution between beetles and Wolbachia was rejected. Some traits of beetles were found to be unrelated to Wolbachia prevalence (type of range and thermal preferences); some traits were related with ambiguous effects (habitats, distribution, mobility and body size); some were substantially related (reproduction mode and trophy). The aforementioned summary does not show obvious patterns of Wolbachia prevalence and diversity in relation to host taxonomy, biology, and ecology. As both Wolbachia and Coleoptera are diverse groups, this lack of clear patterns is probably a reflection of nature, which is characterised by highly diversified and probably unstable relations.}, }
@article {pmid30685209, year = {2019}, author = {Beckmann, JF and Bonneau, M and Chen, H and Hochstrasser, M and Poinsot, D and Merçot, H and Weill, M and Sicard, M and Charlat, S}, title = {The Toxin-Antidote Model of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility: Genetics and Evolutionary Implications.}, journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {175-185}, doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2018.12.004}, pmid = {30685209}, issn = {0168-9525}, support = {R01 GM046904/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM053756/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 GM046904/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria inhabit the cells of about half of all arthropod species, an unparalleled success stemming in large part from selfish invasive strategies. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), whereby the symbiont makes itself essential to embryo viability, is the most common of these and constitutes a promising weapon against vector-borne diseases. After decades of theoretical and experimental struggle, major recent advances have been made toward a molecular understanding of this phenomenon. As pieces of the puzzle come together, from yeast and Drosophila fly transgenesis to CI diversity patterns in natural mosquito populations, it becomes clearer than ever that the CI induction and rescue stem from a toxin-antidote (TA) system. Further, the tight association of the CI genes with prophages provides clues to the possible evolutionary origin of this phenomenon and the levels of selection at play.}, }
@article {pmid30680117, year = {2019}, author = {Duffy, E and Archer, CR and Sharma, MD and Prus, M and Joag, RA and Radwan, J and Wedell, N and Hosken, DJ}, title = {Wolbachia infection can bias estimates of intralocus sexual conflict.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {328-338}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.4744}, pmid = {30680117}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Males and females share most of their genome and develop many of the same traits. However, each sex frequently has different optimal values for these shared traits, creating intralocus sexual conflict. This conflict has been observed in wild and laboratory populations of insects and affects important evolutionary processes such as sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and possibly even speciation. Given the broad impacts of intralocus conflict, accurately detecting and measuring it is important. A common way to detect intralocus sexual conflict is to calculate the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness, with negative values suggesting conflict. Here, we highlight a potential confounder of this measure-cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Infection with Wolbachia can generate negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness in insects, suggestive of intralocus sexual conflict. This is because cytoplasmic incompatibility reduces the fitness of uninfected females mated to infected males, while uninfected males will not suffer reductions in fitness if they mate with infected females and may even be fitter than infected males. This can lead to strong negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness, mimicking intralocus conflict. We illustrate this issue using simulations and then present Drosophila simulans data that show how reproductive incompatibilities caused by Wolbachia infection can generate signals of intralocus sexual conflict. Given that Wolbachia infection in insect populations is pervasive, but populations usually contain both infected and uninfected individuals providing scope for cytoplasmic incompatibility, this is an important consideration for sexual conflict research but one which, to date, has been largely underappreciated.}, }
@article {pmid30679245, year = {2019}, author = {Gruntenko, NE and Karpova, EK and Adonyeva, NV and Andreenkova, OV and Burdina, EV and Ilinsky, YY and Bykov, RA and Menshanov, PN and Rauschenbach, IY}, title = {Drosophila female fertility and juvenile hormone metabolism depends on the type of Wolbachia infection.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.195347}, pmid = {30679245}, issn = {1477-9145}, abstract = {Maternally inherited intracellular bacteria Wolbachia cause both parasitic and mutualistic effects on their numerous insect hosts, including manipulating the host reproductive system in order to increase the bacteria spreading in a host population, and increasing the host fitness. Here, we demonstrate that the type of Wolbachia infection determines the effect on Drosophila melanogaster egg production as a proxy for fecundity, and metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH), which acts as gonadotropin in adult insects. For this study, we used six D. melanogaster lineages carrying the nuclear background of interbred Bi90 lineage and cytoplasmic backgrounds with or without Wolbachia of different genotype variants. The wMelCS genotype of Wolbachia decreases egg production in infected D. melanogaster females in the beginning of oviposition and increases it later (from the sixth day after eclosion), whereas the wMelPop Wolbachia strain causes the opposite effect, and the wMel, wMel2 and wMel4 genotypes of Wolbachia do not show any effect on these traits compared with uninfected Bi90 D. melanogaster females. The intensity of JH catabolism negatively correlates with the fecundity level in the flies carrying both wMelCS and wMelPop Wolbachia The JH catabolism in females infected with genotypes of the wMel group does not differ from that in uninfected females. The effects of wMelCS and wMelPop infection on egg production can be levelled by the modulation of JH titre (via precocene/JH treatment of the flies). Thus, at least one of the mechanisms promoting the effect of Wolbachia on D. melanogaster female fecundity is mediated by JH.}, }
@article {pmid30673989, year = {2019}, author = {Fallon, AM}, title = {Conditions facilitating infection of mosquito cell lines with Wolbachia, an obligate intracellular bacterium.}, journal = {In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {120-129}, doi = {10.1007/s11626-019-00319-6}, pmid = {30673989}, issn = {1543-706X}, support = {AI081322//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/cytology/drug effects/*microbiology ; Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Bacterial Infections/*microbiology ; Cell Line ; Intracellular Space/*microbiology ; Methotrexate/pharmacology ; Wolbachia/drug effects/pathogenicity/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Factors that influence establishment of Wolbachia, an obligate intracellular bacterium, in novel insect hosts or uninfected insect cell lines are poorly understood. Infectivity of Wolbachia strain wStr was correlated with flow cytometric profiles to define optimal conditions for harvesting an infectious inoculum. Wolbachia recovered from the cell culture supernatant after gentle pipetting of infected cells represented about 1% of the total bacterial population and were more infectious than Wolbachia that remained associated with intact cells and/or membranes after low-speed centrifugation. Optimal establishment of a robust infection in naïve cells required 6 d, at a ratio of 80 to 160 bacteria per cell. Among Aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines, an aneuploid line with a 4n + 1 karyotype was more susceptible to infection than diploid lines. These findings contribute to the in vitro manipulation of Wolbachia, illustrate some of the many factors that influence infectivity, and identify areas for future investigation.}, }
@article {pmid30668787, year = {2019}, author = {Chebbi, MA and Becking, T and Moumen, B and Giraud, I and Gilbert, C and Peccoud, J and Cordaux, R}, title = {The Genome of Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea, Isopoda) Provides Insights into Sex Chromosome Evolution in the Context of Cytoplasmic Sex Determination.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {727-741}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msz010}, pmid = {30668787}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Genome ; Isopoda/*genetics ; Male ; *Sex Chromosomes ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {The terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare is an original model to study the evolution of sex determination and symbiosis in animals. Its sex can be determined by ZW sex chromosomes, or by feminizing Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts. Here, we report the sequence and analysis of the ZW female genome of A. vulgare. A distinguishing feature of the 1.72 gigabase assembly is the abundance of repeats (68% of the genome). We show that the Z and W sex chromosomes are essentially undifferentiated at the molecular level and the W-specific region is extremely small (at most several hundreds of kilobases). Our results suggest that recombination suppression has not spread very far from the sex-determining locus, if at all. This is consistent with A. vulgare possessing evolutionarily young sex chromosomes. We characterized multiple Wolbachia nuclear inserts in the A. vulgare genome, none of which is associated with the W-specific region. We also identified several candidate genes that may be involved in the sex determination or sexual differentiation pathways. The A. vulgare genome serves as a resource for studying the biology and evolution of crustaceans, one of the most speciose and emblematic metazoan groups.}, }
@article {pmid30668658, year = {2019}, author = {Moreira, M and Aguiar, AMF and Bourtzis, K and Latorre, A and Khadem, M}, title = {Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales) Infections in Isolated Aphid Populations from Oceanic Islands of the Azores Archipelago: Revisiting the Supergroups M and N.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {326-334}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy189}, pmid = {30668658}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/genetics/*microbiology ; Azores ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) have provided a suitable model to study endosymbionts, their community, and dynamics since the discovery of the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola in these organisms. In previous studies, Wolbachia was found in some aphid species. In the present study, we report the prevalence of Wolbachia in aphids sampled from a geographically isolated region (Azores Islands), aiming at a better understanding and characterization of the two newly reported supergroups, M and N. The description of the supergroup M was based on 16S rRNA as well as some protein-coding genes. However, the assignment of the supergroup N was according to 16S rRNA gene sequences of a very few samples. We collected aphid samples and performed phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene as well as four protein-coding genes (gatB, ftsZ, coxA, and hcpA). The results demonstrate that the 16S rRNA gene data can unambiguously assign the strain supergroup and that the two supergroups, N and M, are equally prevalent in Azorean aphids. The available sequence data for the protein-coding markers can identify supergroup M but the status of supergroup N is inconclusive, requiring further studies. The data suggest that horizontal transmission of Wolbachia (Hertig and Wolbach) between two phylogenetically distant aphid species cohabiting the same plant host.}, }
@article {pmid30650347, year = {2019}, author = {Haqshenas, G and Terradas, G and Paradkar, PN and Duchemin, JB and McGraw, EA and Doerig, C}, title = {A Role for the Insulin Receptor in the Suppression of Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in Wolbachia-Infected Mosquito Cells.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {529-535.e3}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.068}, pmid = {30650347}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes are refractory to super-infection with arthropod-borne pathogens, but the role of host cell signaling proteins in pathogen-blocking mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we use an antibody microarray approach to provide a comprehensive picture of the signaling response of Aedes aegypti-derived cells to Wolbachia. This approach identifies the host cell insulin receptor as being downregulated by the bacterium. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown and treatment with a small-molecule inhibitor of the insulin receptor kinase concur to assign a crucial role for this enzyme in the replication of dengue and Zika viruses in cultured mosquito cells. Finally, we show that the production of Zika virus in Wolbachia-free live mosquitoes is impaired by treatment with the selective inhibitor mimicking Wolbachia infection. This study identifies Wolbachia-mediated downregulation of insulin receptor kinase activity as a mechanism contributing to the blocking of super-infection by arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid30646951, year = {2019}, author = {da Silva Gonçalves, D and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I and Martins-da-Silva, A and Telleria, EL and Rocha, MN and Traub-Csekö, YM and O'Neill, SL and Sant'Anna, MRV and Moreira, LA}, title = {Wolbachia introduction into Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) cell lines and its effects on immune-related gene expression and interaction with Leishmania infantum.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3227-4}, pmid = {30646951}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; *Gene Expression ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Factors/*biosynthesis ; Leishmania infantum/*growth & development ; *Microbial Interactions ; Parasite Load ; Psychodidae/*immunology/microbiology ; Wolbachia/growth & development/*immunology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The leishmaniases are important neglected diseases caused by Leishmania spp. which are transmitted by sand flies, Lutzomyia longipalpis being the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. The methodologies for leishmaniasis control are not efficient, causing 1.5 million reported cases annually worldwide, therefore showing the need for development of novel strategies and interventions to control transmission of the disease. The bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is being used to control viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue and Zika, and its introduction in disease vectors has been effective against parasites such as Plasmodium. Here we show the first successful establishment of Wolbachia into two different embryonic cell lines from L. longipalpis, LL-5 and Lulo, and analysed its effects on the sand fly innate immune system, followed by in vitro Leishmania infantum interaction.
RESULTS: Our results show that LL-5 cells respond to wMel and wMelPop-CLA strains within the first 72 h post-infection, through the expression of antimicrobial peptides and inducible nitric oxide synthase resulting in a decrease of Wolbachia detection in the early stages of infection. In subsequent passages, the wMel strain was not able to infect any of the sand fly cell lines while the wMelPop-CLA strain was able to stably infect Lulo cells and LL-5 at lower levels. In Wolbachia stably infected cells, the expression of immune-related genes involved with downregulation of the IMD, Toll and Jak-Stat innate immune pathways was significantly decreased, in comparison with the uninfected control, suggesting immune activation upon Wolbachia transinfection. Furthermore, Wolbachia transinfection did not promote a negative effect on parasite load in those cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Initial strong immune responses of LL5 cells might explain the inefficiency of stable infections in these cells while we found that Lulo cells are more permissive to infection with Wolbachia causing an effect on the cell immune system, but not against in vitro L. infantum interaction. This establishes Lulo cells as a good system for the adaptation of Wolbachia in L. longipalpis.}, }
@article {pmid30644356, year = {2019}, author = {Shaikevich, E and Bogacheva, A and Ganushkina, L}, title = {Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {2}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2019002}, pmid = {30644356}, issn = {1776-1042}, mesh = {Animals ; Black Sea ; Culex/microbiology/parasitology ; Culicidae/*microbiology/*parasitology ; DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification ; Dirofilaria immitis/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Dirofilaria repens/isolation & purification/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*epidemiology/*transmission ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Larva/microbiology/parasitology ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/parasitology ; Russia/epidemiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Dirofilariasis is endemic in Russia, as well as in many other European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of mosquitoes to transfer Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in regions with temperate and subtropical climates. The possible impact of the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia on Dirofilaria transmission was also investigated. 5333 female mosquitoes were collected at 11 points in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast during the period 2013-2017. Out of 20 mosquito species examined, 14 were infected with D. repens and 13 with D. immitis. Both species of Dirofilaria were found in different climatic regions. The total Dirofilaria spp. estimated infection rate (EIR) in the central part of Russia varied from 3.1% to 3.7% and, in the southern region, from 1.1% to 3.0%. The highest estimated infection rate was found in Anopheles messeae, the lowest in Culex pipiens. The greatest epidemiological danger was represented by Aedes aegypti, Ae. geniculatus, An. messeae and Ae. communis. Six out of 20 mosquito species were infected with Wolbachia. Pools of Aedes albopictus, Cx. pipiens and Coquillettidia richiardii were simultaneously infected with Dirofilaria and Wolbachia. After checking mosquitoes individually, it was found that there was no development of Dirofilaria to the infective larval stage in specimens infected with Wolbachia. Twenty-two Dirofilaria-infective pools were Wolbachia-free and only two mosquito pools were Wolbachia-infected. The potential for transmission of Dirofilaria in mosquito species naturally uninfected with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is higher than in species infected with the bacterium.}, }
@article {pmid30642130, year = {2019}, author = {Foo, IJ and Hoffmann, AA and Ross, PA}, title = {Cross-Generational Effects of Heat Stress on Fitness and Wolbachia Density in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/tropicalmed4010013}, pmid = {30642130}, issn = {2414-6366}, support = {1132412//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; 1118640//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; LE150100083//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia symbionts are now being released into the field to control the spread of pathogenic human arboviruses. Wolbachia can spread throughout vector populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility and can reduce disease transmission by interfering with virus replication. The success of this strategy depends on the effects of Wolbachia on mosquito fitness and the stability of Wolbachia infections across generations. Wolbachia infections are vulnerable to heat stress, and sustained periods of hot weather in the field may influence their utility as disease control agents, particularly if temperature effects persist across generations. To investigate the cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density and mosquito fitness, we subjected Ae. aegypti with two different Wolbachia infection types (wMel, wAlbB) and uninfected controls to cyclical heat stress during larval development over two generations. We then tested adult starvation tolerance and wing length as measures of fitness and measured the density of wMel in adults. Both heat stress and Wolbachia infection reduced adult starvation tolerance. wMel Wolbachia density in female offspring was lower when mothers experienced heat stress, but male Wolbachia density did not depend on the rearing temperature of the previous generation. We also found cross-generational effects of heat stress on female starvation tolerance, but there was no cross-generational effect on wing length. Fitness costs of Wolbachia infections and cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density may reduce the ability of Wolbachia to invade populations and control arbovirus transmission under specific environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30632016, year = {2019}, author = {Öhlund, P and Lundén, H and Blomström, AL}, title = {Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence.}, journal = {Virus genes}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {127-137}, doi = {10.1007/s11262-018-01629-9}, pmid = {30632016}, issn = {1572-994X}, support = {2016-01251//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; vice chancellor career support//Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arboviruses/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Culicidae/genetics/virology ; Flaviviridae/genetics/pathogenicity ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Insect Viruses/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Pest Control, Biological ; Species Specificity ; Togaviridae/genetics/pathogenicity ; Virus Diseases/*genetics/virology ; Virus Replication/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has spurred a new age of viral discovery. Arthropods is the largest group of animals and has shown to be a major reservoir of different viruses, including a group known as insect-specific viruses (ISVs). The majority of known ISVs have been isolated from mosquitoes and shown to belong to viral families associated with animal arbovirus pathogens, such as Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Phenuiviridae. These insect-specific viruses have a strict tropism and are unable to replicate in vertebrate cells, these properties are interesting for many reasons. One is that these viruses could potentially be utilised as biocontrol agents using a similar strategy as for Wolbachia. Mosquitoes infected with the viral agent could have inferior vectorial capacity of arboviruses resulting in a decrease of circulating arboviruses of public health importance. Moreover, insect-specific viruses are thought to be ancestral to arboviruses and could be used to study the evolution of the switch from single-host to dual-host. In this review, we discuss new discoveries and hypothesis in the field of arboviruses and insect-specific viruses.}, }
@article {pmid30629155, year = {2019}, author = {Sazama, EJ and Ouellette, SP and Wesner, JS}, title = {Bacterial Endosymbionts Are Common Among, but not Necessarily Within, Insect Species.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {127-133}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvy188}, pmid = {30629155}, issn = {1938-2936}, mesh = {Animals ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Linear Models ; Rickettsiales ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts, particularly Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), and Cardinium (Bacteroidales: Bacteroidaceae), are commonly found in several arthropod groups, including insects. Most estimates of the global infection rate of Wolbachia (52% [95% credible intervals: 44-60]) show that these bacteria infect more than half of all insect species. Other endosymbionts, such as Rickettsia (24% [confidence intervals [CIs] 20-42]) and Cardinium (13% [CIs 13-55]), infect a smaller but still substantial proportion of insect species. In spite of these observations, it is unclear what proportion of individuals within those species are infected. Here, we used published databases to estimate the proportion of individuals that are infected with either Wolbachia, Rickettsia, or Cardinium. We found that the majority (69%) of Wolbachia-infected species have less than half of their individuals infected with Wolbachia, indicating that although the bacterium may be common among species, it is not common within species. The same was true for Rickettsia (81%) and Cardinium (87%). This discrepancy was consistent across orders, in which less than 10% of individuals were typically infected, even though more than 50% of species within orders were infected. For example, according to our model, nearly 50% of beetle (Coleoptera) species are infected with Wolbachia (i.e., contain at least one individual that has tested positive for Wolbachia), but less than 5% of all individuals are infected. These results add to the growing knowledge base about endosymbionts in insects and should guide future sampling efforts and investigations on the role that these bacteria play in populations.}, }
@article {pmid30624116, year = {2018}, author = {Dossi, FCA and da Silva, EP and Cônsoli, FL}, title = {Shifting the Balance: Heat Stress Challenges the Symbiotic Interactions of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae).}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {235}, number = {3}, pages = {195-203}, doi = {10.1086/699755}, pmid = {30624116}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Hemiptera/*physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Global warming may impact biodiversity by disrupting biological interactions, including long-term insect-microbe mutualistic associations. Symbiont-mediated insect tolerance to high temperatures is an ecologically important trait that significantly influences an insect's life history. Disruption of microbial symbionts that are required by insects would substantially impact their pest status. Diaphorina citri, a worldwide citrus pest, is associated with the mutualistic symbionts Candidatus Carsonella ruddii and Candidatus Profftella armatura. Wolbachia is also associated with D. citri, but its contribution to the host is unknown. Symbiont density is dependent on a range of factors, including the thermosensitivity of the host and/or symbiont to heat stress. Here, we predicted that short-term heat stress of D. citri would disrupt the host-symbiont phenological synchrony and differentially affect the growth and density of symbionts. We investigated the effects of exposing D. citri eggs to different temperatures for different periods of time on the growth dynamics of symbionts during the nymphal development of D. citri (first instar to fifth instar) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Symbiont densities were assessed as the number of gene copies, using specific molecular markers: 16S rRNA for Carsonella and Profftella and ftsZ for Wolbachia. Statistical modeling of the copy numbers of symbionts revealed differences in their growth patterns, particularly in the early instars of heat-shocked insects. Wolbachia was the only symbiont to benefit from heat-shock treatment. Although the symbionts responded differently to heat stress, the lack of differences in symbiont densities between treated and control late nymphs suggests the existence of an adaptive genetic process to restore phenological synchrony during the development of immatures in preparation for adult life. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the potential deleterious effects of high temperatures on host-symbiont interactions. Our data also suggest that the effects of host exposure to high temperatures in symbiont growth are highly variable and dependent on the interactions among members of the community of symbionts harbored by a host. Such dependence points to unpredictable consequences for agroecosystems worldwide due to climate change-related effects on the ecological traits of symbiont-dependent insect pests.}, }
@article {pmid30622893, year = {2019}, author = {Millán, J and Travaini, A and Cevidanes, A and Sacristán, I and Rodríguez, A}, title = {Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {63-70}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.11.007}, pmid = {30622893}, issn = {2213-2244}, abstract = {We collected blood and/or ectoparasites from 49 South American grey foxes (Lycalopex griseus) and two Andean foxes (L. culpaeus) caught in two National Parks of southern Argentine Patagonia (Bosques Petrificados, BPNP; and Monte León, MLNP) where dogs are nearly absent (density < 0.01 dog/km2). Common ectoparasites were the flea Pulex irritans (88% prevalence) and the tick Amblyomma tigrinum (29%). Conventional PCR and sequencing of 49 blood samples, 299 fleas analysed in 78 pools, and 21 ticks revealed the presence of DNA of the following canine vector-borne pathogens: in grey foxes, Rickettsia sp. (3%), hemoplasmas (8%), including Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Hepatozoon sp. (50%); in P. irritans, Bartonella spp. (72% of flea pools from 76% of foxes), mostly B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii but also B. rochalimae, Anaplasmataceae (Wolbachia sp.; 60% and 54%), and M. haemocanis/haemofelis (29% and 18%); and in A. tigrinum, Hepatozoon sp. (33% of ticks in 4 of 7 foxes). No piroplasmid DNA was detected in any sample. Andean foxes were negative for all tested pathogens. Two different Hepatozoon haplotypes were detected: the most prevalent was phylogenetically associated with H. felis, and the other with H. americanum and related sequences. Amblyomma tigrinum and Hepatozoon sp. were more abundant and/or prevalent in BPNP than in colder MLNP, 300 km southwards, perhaps located close to the limit for tick suitability. Bartonella v. berkhoffii was also significantly more prevalent in fleas of foxes in BPNP than in MLNP. This study provides novel information about natural host-pathogen associations in wildlife, markedly extends the distribution area in South America of arthropods and vector-borne pathogens of veterinary and public health interest, and contributes preliminary evidence about the potential role of A. tigrinum and P. irritans as vectors, respectively, for potentially new species of Hepatozoon from Lycalopex spp. and for M. haemocanis that should be further investigated.}, }
@article {pmid30622399, year = {2018}, author = {Kirichenko, N and Triberti, P and Kobayashi, S and Hirowatari, T and Doorenweerd, C and Ohshima, I and Huang, GH and Wang, M and Magnoux, E and Lopez-Vaamonde, C}, title = {Systematics of Phyllocnistis leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) feeding on dogwood (Cornus spp.) in Northeast Asia, with the description of three new species.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {736}, pages = {79-118}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.736.20739}, pmid = {30622399}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {During an ongoing DNA-barcoding campaign of the leaf-mining moths that feed on woody plants in Northeast Asia, four lineages of the genus Phyllocnistis (Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae) were discovered on dogwood (Cornus spp): P. cornella Ermolaev, 1987 on C. controversa Hemsl. (Japan: Hokkaido) and three new species - one feeding on C. controversa, C. florida L. and C. macrophylla Wall. in Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), a second species on C. macrophylla in China (Yunnan) and a third on Siberian dogwood Cornus alba L. in Russia (Siberia). All these species showed differences in morphology, in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene and in two nuclear genes (histone H3 and 28S ribosomal RNA). No correlation was found between the deep mitochondrial splits observed and the Wolbachia infection pattern. Based on both morphological and molecular evidence, the three recently discovered lineages are described here as new species: P. indistincta Kobayashi & Triberti, sp. n. (Japan), P. saepta Kirichenko, Ohshima & Huang, sp. n. (China) and P. verae Kirichenko, Triberti & Lopez-Vaamonde, sp. n. (Russia). In addition, the authors re-describe the adult morphology of P. cornella, provide the first record of this species from Japan and highlight the diagnostic characters that allow these Cornus-feeding Phyllocnistis species to be distinguished.}, }
@article {pmid30620733, year = {2019}, author = {Garcia, GA and Sylvestre, G and Aguiar, R and da Costa, GB and Martins, AJ and Lima, JBP and Petersen, MT and Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R and Shadbolt, MF and Rašić, G and Hoffmann, AA and Villela, DAM and Dias, FBS and Dong, Y and O'Neill, SL and Moreira, LA and Maciel-de-Freitas, R}, title = {Matching the genetics of released and local Aedes aegypti populations is critical to assure Wolbachia invasion.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0007023}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007023}, pmid = {30620733}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*drug effects/genetics/*virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*growth & development ; Biological Control Agents ; Brazil ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Wolbachia/*growth & development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Traditional vector control approaches such as source reduction and insecticide spraying have limited effect on reducing Aedes aegypti population. The endosymbiont Wolbachia is pointed as a promising tool to mitigate arbovirus transmission and has been deployed worldwide. Models predict a rapid increase on the frequency of Wolbachia-positive Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in local settings, supported by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and high maternal transmission rate associated with the wMelBr strain.
Wolbachia wMelBr strain was released for 20 consecutive weeks after receiving >87% approval of householders of the isolated community of Tubiacanga, Rio de Janeiro. wMelBr frequency plateued~40% during weeks 7-19, peaked 65% but dropped as releases stopped. A high (97.56%) maternal transmission was observed. Doubling releases and deploying mosquitoes with large wing length and low laboratory mortality produced no detectable effects on invasion trend. By investigating the lab colony maintenance procedures backwardly, pyrethroid resistant genotypes in wMelBr decreased from 68% to 3.5% after 17 generations. Therefore, we initially released susceptible mosquitoes in a local population highly resistant to pyrethroids which, associated with the over use of insecticides by householders, ended jeopardizing Wolbachia invasion. A new strain (wMelRio) was produced after backcrossing wMelBr females with males from field to introduce mostly pyrethroid resistance alleles. The new strain increased mosquito survival but produced relevant negative effects on Ae. aegypti fecundity traits, reducing egg clutche size and egg hatch. Despite the cost on fitness, wMelRio successful established where wMelBr failed, revealing that matching the local population genetics, especially insecticide resistance background, is critical to achieve invasion.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Local householders support was constantly high, reaching 90% backing on the second release (wMelRio strain). Notwithstanding the drought summer, the harsh temperature recorded (daily average above 30°C) did not seem to affect the expression of maternal transmission of wMel on a Brazilian background. Wolbachia deployment should match the insecticide resistance profile of the wild population to achieve invasion. Considering pyrethroid-resistance is a widely distributed phenotype in natural Ae. aegypti populations, future Wolbachia deployments must pay special attention in maintaining insecticide resistance in lab colonies for releases.}, }
@article {pmid30617067, year = {2019}, author = {Hong, WD and Benayoud, F and Nixon, GL and Ford, L and Johnston, KL and Clare, RH and Cassidy, A and Cook, DAN and Siu, A and Shiotani, M and Webborn, PJH and Kavanagh, S and Aljayyoussi, G and Murphy, E and Steven, A and Archer, J and Struever, D and Frohberger, SJ and Ehrens, A and Hübner, MP and Hoerauf, A and Roberts, AP and Hubbard, ATM and Tate, EW and Serwa, RA and Leung, SC and Qie, L and Berry, NG and Gusovsky, F and Hemingway, J and Turner, JD and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA and O'Neill, PM}, title = {AWZ1066S, a highly specific anti-Wolbachia drug candidate for a short-course treatment of filariasis.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, pages = {1414-1419}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1816585116}, pmid = {30617067}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy/microbiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Onchocerciasis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Quinazolines/pharmacology ; Wolbachia/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are two neglected tropical diseases that together affect ∼157 million people and inflict severe disability. Both diseases are caused by parasitic filarial nematodes with elimination efforts constrained by the lack of a safe drug that can kill the adult filaria (macrofilaricide). Previous proof-of-concept human trials have demonstrated that depleting >90% of the essential nematode endosymbiont bacterium, Wolbachia, using antibiotics, can lead to permanent sterilization of adult female parasites and a safe macrofilaricidal outcome. AWZ1066S is a highly specific anti-Wolbachia candidate selected through a lead optimization program focused on balancing efficacy, safety and drug metabolism/pharmacokinetic (DMPK) features of a thienopyrimidine/quinazoline scaffold derived from phenotypic screening. AWZ1066S shows superior efficacy to existing anti-Wolbachia therapies in validated preclinical models of infection and has DMPK characteristics that are compatible with a short therapeutic regimen of 7 days or less. This candidate molecule is well-positioned for onward development and has the potential to make a significant impact on communities affected by filariasis.}, }
@article {pmid30609847, year = {2019}, author = {Bustamante-Brito, R and Vera-Ponce de León, A and Rosenblueth, M and Martínez-Romero, JC and Martínez-Romero, E}, title = {Metatranscriptomic Analysis of the Bacterial Symbiont Dactylopiibacterium carminicum from the Carmine Cochineal Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae).}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life9010004}, pmid = {30609847}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {IN207718//Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ ; 253116//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; }, abstract = {The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces high amounts of carminic acid, which has historically been used as a pigment by pre-Hispanic American cultures. Nowadays carmine is found in food, cosmetics, and textiles. Metagenomic approaches revealed that Dactylopius spp. cochineals contain two Wolbachia strains, a betaproteobacterium named Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium carminicum and Spiroplasma, in addition to different fungi. We describe here a transcriptomic analysis indicating that Dactylopiibacterium is metabolically active inside the insect host, and estimate that there are over twice as many Dactylopiibacterium cells in the hemolymph than in the gut, with even fewer in the ovary. Albeit scarce, the transcripts in the ovaries support the presence of Dactylopiibacterium in this tissue and a vertical mode of transmission. In the cochineal, Dactylopiibacterium may catabolize plant polysaccharides, and be active in carbon and nitrogen provisioning through its degradative activity and by fixing nitrogen. In most insects, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the gut, but in this study they are shown to occur in the hemolymph, probably delivering essential amino acids and riboflavin to the host from nitrogen substrates derived from nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid30602718, year = {2019}, author = {Clare, RH and Bardelle, C and Harper, P and Hong, WD and Börjesson, U and Johnston, KL and Collier, M and Myhill, L and Cassidy, A and Plant, D and Plant, H and Clark, R and Cook, DAN and Steven, A and Archer, J and McGillan, P and Charoensutthivarakul, S and Bibby, J and Sharma, R and Nixon, GL and Slatko, BE and Cantin, L and Wu, B and Turner, J and Ford, L and Rich, K and Wigglesworth, M and Berry, NG and O'Neill, PM and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA}, title = {Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-07826-2}, pmid = {30602718}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Aedes ; Animals ; Cell Line ; *Drug Discovery ; Filaricides/*analysis ; *High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Nematodes causing lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis rely on their bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, for survival and fecundity, making Wolbachia a promising therapeutic target. Here we perform a high-throughput screen of AstraZeneca's 1.3 million in-house compound library and identify 5 novel chemotypes with faster in vitro kill rates (<2 days) than existing anti-Wolbachia drugs that cure onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. This industrial scale anthelmintic neglected tropical disease (NTD) screening campaign is the result of a partnership between the Anti-Wolbachia consortium (A∙WOL) and AstraZeneca. The campaign was informed throughout by rational prioritisation and triage of compounds using cheminformatics to balance chemical diversity and drug like properties reducing the chance of attrition from the outset. Ongoing development of these multiple chemotypes, all with superior time-kill kinetics than registered antibiotics with anti-Wolbachia activity, has the potential to improve upon the current therapeutic options and deliver improved, safer and more selective macrofilaricidal drugs.}, }
@article {pmid30596784, year = {2018}, author = {Fortin, M and Vitet, C and Souty-Grosset, C and Richard, FJ}, title = {How do familiarity and relatedness influence mate choice in Armadillidium vulgare?.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e0209893}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0209893}, pmid = {30596784}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Isopoda/microbiology/*physiology ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal/*physiology ; Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Mate choice is an important process in sexual selection and usually prevents inbreeding depression in populations. In the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare, the close physical proximity between individuals may increase the risk of reproducing with siblings. Moreover, individuals of this species can be infected with the feminizing bacteria of Wolbachia, which influence male mate choice. However, little is known about the kinship or familiarity assessment of the selected partner that occurs when a male can choose between females with or without Wolbachia. To investigate the potential mechanisms leading to mate choice and the potential impact of the parasite, we performed behavioral choice tests on males where they could choose between sibling vs. nonsibling females, familiar vs. unfamiliar females, and sibling familiar vs. unfamiliar nonsibling females. To investigate the costs of inbreeding, we compared the reproductive success of both sibling and nonsibling mates. Our results revealed that male copulation attempts were higher for familiar females and for nonsibling females when both females were Wolbachia-infected, but the duration was longer when both females were Wolbachia-free. When males mated with a sibling female, their fecundity was severely decreased, consistent with inbreeding depression. Overall, we observed copulations with all types of females and demonstrated discrimination capacities and potential preferences. We highlight the complexity of the tradeoff between kinship, familiarity and parasite transmission assessment for mate choice.}, }
@article {pmid30596205, year = {2018}, author = {O'Neill, SL and Ryan, PA and Turley, AP and Wilson, G and Retzki, K and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I and Dong, Y and Kenny, N and Paton, CJ and Ritchie, SA and Brown-Kenyon, J and Stanford, D and Wittmeier, N and Anders, KL and Simmons, CP}, title = {Scaled deployment of Wolbachia to protect the community from dengue and other Aedes transmitted arboviruses.}, journal = {Gates open research}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {36}, doi = {10.12688/gatesopenres.12844.2}, pmid = {30596205}, issn = {2572-4754}, abstract = {Background: A number of new technologies are under development for the control of mosquito transmitted viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika that all require the release of modified mosquitoes into the environment. None of these technologies has been able to demonstrate evidence that they can be implemented at a scale beyond small pilots. Here we report the first successful citywide scaled deployment of Wolbachia in the northern Australian city of Townsville. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into a local Aedes aegypti genotype and mass reared mosquitoes were deployed as eggs using mosquito release containers (MRCs). In initial stages these releases were undertaken by program staff but in later stages this was replaced by direct community release including the development of a school program that saw children undertake releases. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken with Biogents Sentinel (BGS) traps and individual mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia with a Taqman qPCR or LAMP diagnostic assay. Dengue case notifications from Queensland Health Communicable Disease Branch were used to track dengue cases in the city before and after release. Results: Wolbachia was successfully established into local Ae. aegypti mosquitoes across 66 km in four stages over 28 months with full community support. A feature of the program was the development of a scaled approach to community engagement. Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable since deployment and to date no local dengue transmission has been confirmed in any area of Townsville after Wolbachia has established, despite local transmission events every year for the prior 13 years and an epidemiological context of increasing imported cases. Conclusion: Deployment of Wolbachia into Ae. aegypti populations can be readily scaled to areas of ~60km quickly and cost effectively and appears in this context to be effective at stopping local dengue transmission.}, }
@article {pmid30595344, year = {2019}, author = {Gangwar, M and Jha, R and Goyal, M and Srivastava, M}, title = {Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Recombinase A from Wolbachia endosymbiont of filarial nematode Brugia malayi (wBmRecA).}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {571-580}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.015}, pmid = {30595344}, issn = {1873-2518}, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis causes global morbidity. Wolbachia, an endo-symbiotic intracellular bacterium of the filarial nematode helps in their growth and development, regulates fecundity in female worms and contributes to the immunopathogenesis of the disease. However, genes and proteins of Wolbachia that may act as putative vaccine candidates are not known. In this study, we cloned recombinase-A protein of Wolbachia from Brugia malayi (wBmRecA) and carried out its detailed biochemical and immunological characterization. Bioinformatics analysis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectral studies showed significant sequence and structural similarities between wBmRecA and RecA of other alpha-proteo- bacterial species. wBmRecA was ubiquitously expressed in all the three major life stages of B. malayi, including excretory-secretory products of the adult worm. In silico studies suggested immunogenic potential of wBmRecA, and mice immunized with wBmRecA exhibited elevated levels of immunoglobulins IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 in their serum along with increased percentages of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells in their spleens. Notably, splenocytes from immunized mice showed increased m-RNA expression of T-bet, elevated proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12, while peritoneal MФs exhibited increased levels of iNOS, downregulated Arg-1 and secreted copious amounts of nitric oxide which contributed to severely impaired development of the infective larvae (Bm-L3). Interestingly, sera from immunized mice promoted significant cellular adherence and cytotoxicity against microfilariae and Bm-L3. Importantly, wBmRecA demonstrated strong immuno-reactivity with bancroftian sera from endemic normal individuals. These results suggest that wBmRecA is highly immunogenic, and should be explored further as a putative vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis.}, }
@article {pmid30587225, year = {2018}, author = {Savadelis, MD and Day, KM and Bradner, JL and Wolstenholme, AJ and Dzimianski, MT and Moorhead, AR}, title = {Efficacy and side effects of doxycycline versus minocycline in the three-dose melarsomine canine adulticidal heartworm treatment protocol.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {671}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3264-z}, pmid = {30587225}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {054333-01//American Heartworm Society/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; Arsenicals/*administration & dosage ; Dirofilaria immitis/*drug effects/microbiology/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dogs ; Doxycycline/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Filaricides/*administration & dosage ; Male ; Minocycline/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Triazines/*administration & dosage ; Wolbachia/*drug effects/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The American Heartworm Society currently recommends the use of a monthly macrocyclic lactone, a 28-day course of 10 mg/kg doxycycline BID, and the 3-dose protocol of melarsomine dihydrochloride for the treatment of canine heartworm disease. Doxycycline is necessary for the reduction of the bacterium Wolbachia, found in all heartworm life-stages. Previous price increases and decreasing availability prompted us to evaluate alternative tetracycline antibiotics, i.e. minocycline, for the reduction of Wolbachia during canine heartworm treatment.
METHODS: Thirty-two heartworm-positive dogs were randomized to receive 10 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg of either doxycycline or minocycline for 28 days BID, for a total of 8 dogs per experimental group. All dogs received 6 months of Heartgard Plus® (ivermectin/pyrantel) and the 3-dose protocol of 2.5 mg/kg melarsomine dihydrochloride. Blood samples were collected prior to the initiation of treatment, every 7 days throughout tetracycline treatment, and then monthly thereafter until the dog tested negative for the presence of heartworm antigen. DNA was isolated from circulating microfilarial samples and qPCR was performed on each sample.
RESULTS: A greater number of dogs in the 10 mg/kg doxycycline and minocycline treated groups experienced gastrointestinal side effects as compared to the 5 mg/kg doxycycline and minocycline treated groups. All eight dogs in the 10 mg/kg doxycycline-treated group tested negative for the presence of Wolbachia DNA by 28 days post-tetracycline treatment. A total of two dogs in both the 5 mg/kg doxycycline- and 10 mg/kg minocycline-treated groups and three dogs in the 5 mg/kg minocycline-treated group remained positive for the presence of Wolbachia DNA by the end of tetracycline treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: No lung pathology was assessed in this clinical trial, therefore the clinical effect of the remaining Wolbachia DNA in the 10 mg/kg minocycline-, 5 mg/kg doxycycline- and 5 mg/kg minocycline-treated groups cannot be determined. Owner compliance in the proper administration of these tetracyclines may be impacted by the increased severe gastrointestinal side effects reported for the 10 mg/kg doxycycline- and minocycline-treated groups. We recommend that veterinarians prescribe the recommended 10 mg/kg doxycycline for canine heartworm treatment and reduce the dosage to 5 mg/kg in cases of severe gastrointestinal side effects in order to improve owner compliance in administration of medications.}, }
@article {pmid30585387, year = {2018}, author = {Altinli, M and Soms, J and Ravallec, M and Justy, F and Bonneau, M and Weill, M and Gosselin-Grenet, AS and Sicard, M}, title = {Sharing cells with Wolbachia: the transovarian vertical transmission of Culex pipiens densovirus.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14511}, pmid = {30585387}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {//Campus France/ ; //Ministère des affaires étrangères/ ; ANR-10-INBS-04//French National Research Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Culex pipiens densovirus (CpDV), a single stranded DNA virus, has been isolated from Culex pipiens mosquitoes but differs from other mosquito densoviruses in terms of genome structure and sequence identity. Its transmission from host to host, the nature of its interactions with both its host and host's endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia are not known. Here, we report the presence of CpDV in the ovaries and eggs of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes in close encounters with Wolbachia. In the ovaries, CpDV amount significantly differed between mosquito lines harbouring different strains of Wolbachia and these differences were not linked to variations in Wolbachia densities. CpDV was vertically transmitted in all laboratory lines to 17%-20% of the offspring. For some females, however, the vertical transmission reached 90%. Antibiotic treatment that cured the host from Wolbachia significantly decreased both CpDV quantity and vertical transmission suggesting an impact of host microbiota, including Wolbachia, on CpDV transmission. Overall our results show that CpDV is transmitted vertically via transovarian path along with Wolbachia with which it shares the same cells. Our results are primordial to understand the dynamics of densovirus infection, their persistence and spread in populations considering their potential use in the regulation of mosquito vector populations.}, }
@article {pmid30583749, year = {2018}, author = {Kittayapong, P and Kaeothaisong, NO and Ninphanomchai, S and Limohpasmanee, W}, title = {Combined sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique: sex separation and quality of sterile Aedes aegypti male mosquitoes released in a pilot population suppression trial in Thailand.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {657}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3214-9}, pmid = {30583749}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Animals ; Female ; Infertility, Male ; Longevity ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Pilot Projects ; Population Control ; Pupa ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Determination Analysis ; Thailand ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The sterile insect technique (SIT), which is based on irradiation-induced sterility, and incompatible insect technique (IIT), which is based on Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (a kind of male sterility), have been used as alternative methods to reduce mosquito vector populations. Both methods require the release of males to reduce fertile females and suppress the number of natural populations. Different techniques of sex separation to obtain only males have been investigated previously. Our work involves an application of mechanical larval-pupal glass separators to separate Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti males from females at the pupal stage, prior to irradiation, and for use in a pilot field release and to assess the quality of males and females before and after sex separation and sterilization.
RESULTS: This study was the first to demonstrate the efficiency of mechanical glass separators in separating males for use in an Ae. aegypti suppression trial by a combined SIT/IIT approach. Our results indicated that male and female pupae of Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were significantly different (p < 0.05) in weight, size, and emergence-time, which made it easier for sex separation by this mechanical method. During the pilot field release, the percentage of female contamination was detected to be quite low and significantly different between the first (0.10 ± 0.13) and the second (0.02 ± 0.02) twelve-week period. Both males and females were almost completely sterile after exposure to 70 Gy irradiation dose. We observed that both irradiated Wolbachia-infected males and females survived and lived longer than two weeks, but males could live longer than females (p < 0.05) when they were irradiated at the same irradiation dose. When comparing irradiated mosquitoes with non-irradiated ones, there was no significant difference in longevity and survival-rate between those males, but non-irradiated females lived longer than irradiated ones (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Mechanical sex separation by using a larval-pupal glass separator was practically applied to obtain only males for further sterilization and open field release in a pilot population suppression trial of Ae. aegypti in Thailand. Female contamination was detected to be quite low, and skilled personnel can reduce the risk for female release. The irradiated Wolbachia-infected females accidentally released were found to be completely sterile, with shorter life span than males.}, }
@article {pmid30583743, year = {2018}, author = {Moretti, R and Marzo, GA and Lampazzi, E and Calvitti, M}, title = {Cytoplasmic incompatibility management to support Incompatible Insect Technique against Aedes albopictus.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {649}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3208-7}, pmid = {30583743}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Cytoplasm/microbiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Population Control ; Risk Assessment ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The transinfection of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia provides a method to produce functionally sterile males to be used to suppress mosquito vectors. ARwP is a wPip Wolbachia infected Aedes albopictus which exhibits a bidirectional incompatibility pattern with wild-types. We coupled a modelistic approach with laboratory experiments to test ARwP as a control tool and evaluate the possible occurrence of population replacement following the release of ARwP females in a wild-type (SANG) population. Repeated male-only releases were simulated and tested in the laboratory in comparison with releases contaminated with 1% ARwP females. Model simulations also investigated how migration affects the outcome of contaminated releases. Finally, the mean level of egg fertility and the long-term evolution of populations constituted by two Wolbachia infection types were studied by testing SANG and ARwP Ae. albopictus and performing more general model simulations.
RESULTS: The model was parametrized with laboratory data and simulations were compared with results of biological trials. Small populations of ARwP males and females were theoretically and experimentally demonstrated to rapidly become extinct when released in larger SANG populations. Male-only releases at a 5:1 ratio with respect to the wild-type males led to a complete suppression of the SANG population in a few generations. Contaminated releases were efficient as well but led to population replacement in the long term, when the wild-type population approached eradication. Migration significantly contrasted this trend as a 5% population turnover was sufficient to avoid any risk of population replacement. At equal frequencies between ARwP and SANG individuals, the mean egg fertility of the overall population was more than halved and suppression was self-sustaining until one of the two infection types extinguished.
CONCLUSIONS: In the case of bidirectional incompatibility patterns, the repeated release of incompatible males with small percentages of contaminant females could lead to population replacement in confined environments while it could be managed to target high efficiency and sustainability in wild-type suppression when systems are open to migration. This possibility is discussed based on various contexts and taking into consideration the possibility of integration with other control methods such as SIT and the use of larvicides.}, }
@article {pmid30583288, year = {2019}, author = {Parry, R and Bishop, C and De Hayr, L and Asgari, S}, title = {Density-dependent enhanced replication of a densovirus in Wolbachia-infected Aedes cells is associated with production of piRNAs and higher virus-derived siRNAs.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {528}, number = {}, pages = {89-100}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.006}, pmid = {30583288}, issn = {1096-0341}, mesh = {Aedes/cytology/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cytoplasm/virology ; DNA Replication ; Densovirus/*physiology ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; RNA, Small Interfering/*genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; *Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis has been shown to restrict a range of RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster and transinfected dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Here, we show that Wolbachia infection enhances replication of Aedes albopictus densovirus (AalDNV-1), a single stranded DNA virus, in Aedes cell lines in a density-dependent manner. Analysis of previously produced small RNAs of Aag2 cells showed that Wolbachia-infected cells produced greater absolute abundance of virus-derived short interfering RNAs compared to uninfected cells. Additionally, we found production of virus-derived PIWI-like RNAs (vpiRNA) produced in response to AalDNV-1 infection. Nuclear fractions of Aag2 cells produced a primary vpiRNA signature U1 bias whereas the typical "ping-pong" signature (U1 - A10) was evident in vpiRNAs from the cytoplasmic fractions. This is the first report of the density-dependent enhancement of DNA viruses by Wolbachia. Further, we report the generation of vpiRNAs in a DNA virus-host interaction for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid30583042, year = {2019}, author = {Elias-Costa, AJ and Confalonieri, VA and Lanteri, AA and Rodriguero, MS}, title = {Game of clones: Is Wolbachia inducing speciation in a weevil with a mixed reproductive mode?.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {133}, number = {}, pages = {42-53}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.027}, pmid = {30583042}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Weevils/classification/genetics/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Parthenogenesis is widely distributed in Metazoa but it is especially frequent in weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with one fifth of all known cases. Previous studies have shown that in the tribe Naupactini parthenogenetic reproduction most likely originated with an infection of the endoparasitic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis. In particular, Pantomorus postfasciatus possess a mixed reproductive mode: some populations have males while in others they are absent, and females produce clones by thelytoky. To better understand this scenario, we studied the population structure and infection status in 64 individuals of P. postfasciatus from Argentina and Brazil. We sequenced two mitochondrial (COI and COII) and one nuclear (ITS-1) fragments and obtained two very divergent haplogroups, one corresponding to the sexual populations uninfected with Wolbachia, and another conforming a monophyletic parthenogenetic (or presumptively parthenogenetic) and infected clade. Each of these haplogroups was identified as an independently evolutionary unit by all species delimitation analyses accomplished: multilocus *BEAST and BP&P, and single locus GMYC and K/θ rule. Additionally, present evidence suggests that Wolbachia infection occurred at least twice in all-female populations of P. postfasciatus with two different bacterial strains. Speciation mediated by Wolbachia is a recently described phenomenon and the case of P. postfasciatus is the first known case in a diplo-diploid insect. A model that describes how thelytoky-inducing phenotypes of Wolbachia could generate new lineages is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid30581476, year = {2018}, author = {Niang, EHA and Bassene, H and Fenollar, F and Mediannikov, O}, title = {Biological Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: The Potential of Wolbachia-Based Interventions in an IVM Framework.}, journal = {Journal of tropical medicine}, volume = {2018}, number = {}, pages = {1470459}, doi = {10.1155/2018/1470459}, pmid = {30581476}, issn = {1687-9686}, abstract = {People living in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world face an enormous health burden due to mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis. Historically and today, targeting mosquito vectors with, primarily, insecticide-based control strategies have been a key control strategy against major mosquito-borne diseases. However, the success to date of such approaches is under threat from multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms while vector control (VC) options are still limited. The situation therefore requires the development of innovative control measures against major mosquito-borne diseases. Transinfecting mosquitos with symbiotic bacteria that can compete with targeted pathogens or manipulate host biology to reduce their vectorial capacity are a promising and innovative biological control approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about the association between mosquitoes and Wolbachia, emphasizing the limitations of different mosquito control strategies and the use of mosquitoes' commensal microbiota as innovative approaches to control mosquito-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30564272, year = {2018}, author = {Martínez-Rodríguez, P and Bella, JL}, title = {Chorthippus parallelus and Wolbachia: Overlapping Orthopteroid and Bacterial Hybrid Zones.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {604}, doi = {10.3389/fgene.2018.00604}, pmid = {30564272}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {Wolbachia is a well-known endosymbiotic, strictly cytoplasmic bacterium. It establishes complex cytonuclear relations that are not necessarily deleterious to its host, but that often result in reproductive alterations favoring bacterial transmission. Among these alterations, a common one is the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that reduces the number of descendants in certain crosses between infected and non-infected individuals. This CI induced by Wolbachia appears in the hybrid zone that the grasshoppers Chorthippus parallelus parallelus (Cpp) and C. p. erythropus (Cpe) form in the Pyrenees: a reputed model in evolutionary biology. However, this cytonuclear incompatibility is the result of sophisticated processes of the co-divergence of the genomes of the bacterial strains and the host after generations of selection and coevolution. Here we show how these genome conflicts have resulted in a finely tuned adjustment of the bacterial strain to each pure orthopteroid taxon, and the striking appearance of another, newly identified recombinant Wolbachia strain that only occurs in hybrid grasshoppers. We propose the existence of two superimposed hybrid zones: one organized by the grasshoppers, which overlaps with a second, bacterial hybrid zone. The two hybrid zones counterbalance one another and have evolved together since the origin of the grasshopper's hybrid zone.}, }
@article {pmid30560551, year = {2018}, author = {Maleki-Ravasan, N and Akhavan, N and Raz, A and Jafari, M and Zakeri, S and Dinparast Djadid, N}, title = {Co-occurrence of pederin-producing and Wolbachia endobacteria in Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1840 (Coleoptera: Staphilinidae) and its evolutionary consequences.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e777}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.777}, pmid = {30560551}, issn = {2045-8827}, abstract = {The dual occurrence of Pseudomonas-like and Wolbachia endobacteria has not been investigated in the Pederus beetles yet. We investigated pederin-producing bacteria (PPB) infection in Paederus fuscipes specimens from the southern margins of the Caspian Sea by designed genus-specific (OprF) and species-specific (16S rRNA) primers. Wolbachia infection was studied through a nested-PCR assay of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene. Of the 125 analyzed beetles, 42 females (82.35%) and 15 males (20.27%) were positive to PPB infection; this is the first study reporting male P. fuscipes infection to PPB. Wolbachia infection was found in 45 female (88.23%) and 50 male (67.57%) analyzed beetles. Surprisingly, a number of 36 females (70.59%) and 13 males (17.57%) were found to be infected with both PPB and Wolbachia endosymbionts. In general, population infection rates to PPB and Wolbachia were determined to be 45.6% and 76%, respectively. The infection rates of female beetles to PPB and PPB-Wolbachia were significantly higher than males. In Paederus species, only female beetles shelter PPB and the discovery of this bacterium in adult males may reflect their cannibalistic behavior on the contaminated stages. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences of OprF gene were unique among Pseudomonas spp.; however, sequences of 16S rRNA gene were related to the PPB of Pederus species. The co-occurrence and random distribution of these endobacteria may imply putative tripartite interactions among PPB, Wolbachia, and Paederus. In order to elucidate these possible tripartite interactions, further studies are required even at gender level.}, }
@article {pmid30552191, year = {2019}, author = {Asselin, AK and Villegas-Ospina, S and Hoffmann, AA and Brownlie, JC and Johnson, KN}, title = {Contrasting Patterns of Virus Protection and Functional Incompatibility Genes in Two Conspecific Wolbachia Strains from Drosophila pandora.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02290-18}, pmid = {30552191}, issn = {1098-5336}, support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia infections can present different phenotypes in hosts, including different forms of reproductive manipulation and antiviral protection, which may influence infection dynamics within host populations. In populations of Drosophila pandora two distinct Wolbachia strains coexist, each manipulating host reproduction: strain wPanCI causes cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), whereas strain wPanMK causes male killing (MK). CI occurs when a Wolbachia-infected male mates with a female not infected with a compatible type of Wolbachia, leading to nonviable offspring. wPanMK can rescue wPanCI-induced CI but is unable to induce CI. The antiviral protection phenotypes provided by the wPanCI and wPanMK infections were characterized; the strains showed differential protection phenotypes, whereby cricket paralysis virus (CrPV)-induced mortality was delayed in flies infected with wPanMK but enhanced in flies infected with wPanCI compared to their respective Wolbachia-cured counterparts. Homologs of the cifA and cifB genes involved in CI identified in wPanMK and wPanCI showed a high degree of conservation; however, the CifB protein in wPanMK is truncated and is likely nonfunctional. The presence of a likely functional CifA in wPanMK and wPanMK's ability to rescue wPanCI-induced CI are consistent with the recent confirmation of CifA's involvement in CI rescue, and the absence of a functional CifB protein further supports its involvement as a CI modification factor. Taken together, these findings indicate that wPanCI and wPanMK have different relationships with their hosts in terms of their protective and CI phenotypes. It is therefore likely that different factors influence the prevalence and dynamics of these coinfections in natural Drosophila pandora hosts.IMPORTANCEWolbachia strains are common endosymbionts in insects, with multiple strains often coexisting in the same species. The coexistence of multiple strains is poorly understood but may rely on Wolbachia organisms having diverse phenotypic effects on their hosts. As Wolbachia is increasingly being developed as a tool to control disease transmission and suppress pest populations, it is important to understand the ways in which multiple Wolbachia strains persist in natural populations and how these might then be manipulated. We have therefore investigated viral protection and the molecular basis of cytoplasmic incompatibility in two coexisting Wolbachia strains with contrasting effects on host reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid30551145, year = {2019}, author = {Hellemans, S and Kaczmarek, N and Marynowska, M and Calusinska, M and Roisin, Y and Fournier, D}, title = {Bacteriome-associated Wolbachia of the parthenogenetic termite Cavitermes tuberosus.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy235}, pmid = {30551145}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {Wolbachia has deeply shaped the ecology and evolution of many arthropods, and interactions between the two partners are a continuum ranging from parasitism to mutualism. Non-dispersing queens of the termite Cavitermes tuberosus are parthenogenetically produced through gamete duplication, a mode of ploidy restoration generally induced by Wolbachia. These queens display a bacteriome-like structure in the anterior part of the mesenteron. Our study explores the possibility of a nutritional mutualistic, rather than a parasitic, association between Wolbachia and C. tuberosus. We found a unique strain (wCtub), nested in the supergroup F, in 28 nests collected in French Guiana, the island of Trinidad and the state of Paraíba, Brazil (over 3500 km). wCtub infects individuals regardless of caste, sex or reproductive (sexual versus parthenogenetic) origin. qPCR assays reveal that Wolbachia densities are higher in the bacteriome-like structure and in the surrounding gut compared to other somatic tissues. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing reveals that Wolbachia represents over 97% of bacterial reads present in the bacteriome structure. BLAST analyses of 16S rRNA, bioA (a gene of the biosynthetic pathway of B vitamins) and five multilocus sequence typing genes indicated that wCtub shares 99% identity with wCle, an obligate nutritional mutualist of the bedbug Cimex lectularius.}, }
@article {pmid30545384, year = {2018}, author = {Baldini, F and Rougé, J and Kreppel, K and Mkandawile, G and Mapua, SA and Sikulu-Lord, M and Ferguson, HM and Govella, N and Okumu, FO}, title = {First report of natural Wolbachia infection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in Tanzania.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {635}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3249-y}, pmid = {30545384}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 14-AXA-PDOC-130//AXA Reseach Fund/ ; 43-2014//EMBO/ ; WT102350/Z/13//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/classification/*microbiology ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Malaria/*transmission ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tanzania ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Natural infections of the endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia have recently been discovered in populations of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa. This Anopheles specific strain wAnga limits the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum infections in the mosquito, thus it offers novel opportunities for malaria control.
RESULTS: We investigated Wolbachia presence in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, which are the two main malaria vectors in the Kilombero Valley, a malaria endemic region in south-eastern Tanzania. We found 3.1% (n = 65) and 7.5% (n = 147) wAnga infection prevalence in An. arabiensis in mosquitoes collected in 2014 and 2016, respectively, while no infection was detected in An. funestus (n = 41). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two distinct strains of wAnga were detected, both belonging to Wolbachia supergroup A and B.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of natural Wolbachia in malaria vectors in Tanzania, which opens novel questions on the ecological and genetic basis of its persistence and pathogen transmission in the vector hosts. Understanding the basis of interactions between Wolbachia, Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria parasites is crucial for investigation of its potential application as a biocontrol strategy to reduce malaria transmission, and assessment of how natural wAnga infections influence pathogen transmission in different ecological settings.}, }
@article {pmid30541614, year = {2018}, author = {Kanté, ST and Melachio, T and Ofon, E and Njiokou, F and Simo, G}, title = {Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {630}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-018-3229-2}, pmid = {30541614}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Cameroon/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; Trypanosoma/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Trypanosomiasis, African/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology/*parasitology/physiology ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: African trypanosomiases are caused by trypanosomes that are cyclically transmitted by tsetse. Investigations aiming to generate knowledge on the bacterial fauna of tsetse have revealed distinct symbiotic microorganisms. Furthermore, studies addressing the tripartite association between trypanosomes-tsetse-symbionts relationship have so far been contradictory. Most studies included Sodalis glossinudius and, consequently, the association involving Wolbachia is poorly understood. Understanding the vectorial competence of tsetse requires decrypting these tripartite associations. In this study, we identified Wolbachia and trypanosomes in Glossina palpalis palpalis from three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in southern Cameroon.
METHODS: Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps in the Bipindi, Campo and Fontem HAT foci. After morphological identification, DNA was extracted from whole tsetse flies and Wolbachia and trypanosomes were identified by PCR using different trypanosome-specific primers and two Wolbachia-specific primers (Wolbachia surface protein and 16S rRNA genes). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the trypanosome and Wolbachia infection rates between villages and different foci and to look for an association between these microorganisms.
RESULTS: From a total of 2122 tsetse flies, 790 G. p. palpalis were analyzed. About 25.32% of flies hosted Wolbachia and 31.84% of non-teneral flies were infected by at least one trypanosome species. There was no significant difference between the global Wolbachia prevalence revealed by the two markers while some differences were observed between HAT foci. From 248 G. p. palpalis with trypanosome infections, 62.90% were with T. vivax, 34.68% with T. congolense forest, 16.13% with T. brucei (s.l.) and 2.42% with T. congolense savannah. Of all trypanosome-infected flies, 29.84% hosted Wolbachia and no association was observed between Wolbachia and trypanosome co-infections.
CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed differences in the prevalence of Wolbachia and trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis according to HAT foci. The use of only one marker has underestimated the prevalence of Wolbachia, thus more markers in subsequent studies may improve its detection. The presence of Wolbachia seems to have no impact on the establishment of trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis. The tripartite association between tsetse, Wolbachia and trypanosomes varies according to studied areas. Studies aiming to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Wolbachia and its density in tsetse flies could help to better understand this association.}, }
@article {pmid30483601, year = {2018}, author = {Jeffries, CL and Lawrence, GG and Golovko, G and Kristan, M and Orsborne, J and Spence, K and Hurn, E and Bandibabone, J and Tantely, LM and Raharimalala, FN and Keita, K and Camara, D and Barry, Y and Wat'senga, F and Manzambi, EZ and Afrane, YA and Mohammed, AR and Abeku, TA and Hedge, S and Khanipov, K and Pimenova, M and Fofanov, Y and Boyer, S and Irish, SR and Hughes, GL and Walker, T}, title = {Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa.}, journal = {Wellcome open research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {113}, pmid = {30483601}, issn = {2398-502X}, support = {R21 AI124452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI129507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species across five malaria endemic countries to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species A, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species A. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species A but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30535314, year = {2019}, author = {Leimeister, CA and Schellhorn, J and Dörrer, S and Gerth, M and Bleidorn, C and Morgenstern, B}, title = {Prot-SpaM: fast alignment-free phylogeny reconstruction based on whole-proteome sequences.}, journal = {GigaScience}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gigascience/giy148}, pmid = {30535314}, issn = {2047-217X}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification ; Databases, Protein ; *Phylogeny ; Plants/classification ; Proteome/*chemistry ; Sequence Alignment/*methods ; *Software ; }, abstract = {Word-based or 'alignment-free' sequence comparison has become an active research area in bioinformatics. While previous word-frequency approaches calculated rough measures of sequence similarity or dissimilarity, some new alignment-free methods are able to accurately estimate phylogenetic distances between genomic sequences. One of these approaches is Filtered Spaced Word Matches. Here, we extend this approach to estimate evolutionary distances between complete or incomplete proteomes; our implementation of this approach is called Prot-SpaM. We compare the performance of Prot-SpaM to other alignment-free methods on simulated sequences and on various groups of eukaryotic and prokaryotic taxa. Prot-SpaM can be used to calculate high-quality phylogenetic trees for dozens of whole-proteome sequences in a matter of seconds or minutes and often outperforms other alignment-free approaches. The source code of our software is available through Github: https://github.com/jschellh/ProtSpaM.}, }
@article {pmid30535231, year = {2019}, author = {Qi, LD and Sun, JT and Hong, XY and Li, YX}, title = {Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Horizontal Transmission of Endosymbionts Between Whiteflies and Their Parasitoids.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {894-905}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy367}, pmid = {30535231}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Endosymbionts are widely distributed among insects via intraspecific vertical transmission and interspecific horizontal transmission. Parasitoids have attracted considerable interest due to their possible role in the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts. Horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between whiteflies via parasitoids has been revealed in the laboratory. However, whether this occurs under field conditions remains unknown. Here, the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of endosymbionts in 1,350 whiteflies and 36 parasitoids that emerged from whitefly nymphs collected from three locations in Jiangsu Province of China were investigated. Only Rickettsia and Wolbachia were identified in both whiteflies and parasitoids, with an overall infection frequency of 22.67% in whiteflies and 16.67% in parasitoids for Wolbachia and of 12.15% in whiteflies and 25% in parasitoids for Rickettsia. Despite the distant relationship between whiteflies and their parasitoids, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Rickettsia and Wolbachia individuals collected from the two types of organisms were grouped together. Furthermore, shared haplotypes were also identified, which was consistent with the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between parasitoids and whiteflies. In addition, a parasitoid resistance-related symbiont, Hamiltonella, was detected in whiteflies at a 100% infection frequency, probably accounting for the relatively low parasitism of the whiteflies in the field. The factors affecting the infection frequency of the four secondary endosymbionts in whiteflies were also examined.}, }
@article {pmid30534598, year = {2018}, author = {Chung, M and Munro, JB and Tettelin, H and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Using Core Genome Alignments To Assign Bacterial Species.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {30534598}, issn = {2379-5077}, support = {U19 AI110820/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {With the exponential increase in the number of bacterial taxa with genome sequence data, a new standardized method to assign species designations is needed that is consistent with classically obtained taxonomic analyses. This is particularly acute for unculturable, obligate intracellular bacteria with which classically defined methods, like DNA-DNA hybridization, cannot be used, such as those in the Rickettsiales. In this study, we generated nucleotide-based core genome alignments for a wide range of genera with classically defined species, as well as those within the Rickettsiales. We created a workflow that uses the length, sequence identity, and phylogenetic relationships inferred from core genome alignments to assign genus and species designations that recapitulate classically obtained results. Using this method, most classically defined bacterial genera have a core genome alignment that is ≥10% of the average input genome length. Both Anaplasma and Neorickettsia fail to meet this criterion, indicating that the taxonomy of these genera should be reexamined. Consistently, genomes from organisms with the same species epithet have ≥96.8% identity of their core genome alignments. Additionally, these core genome alignments can be used to generate phylogenomic trees to identify monophyletic clades that define species and neighbor-network trees to assess recombination across different taxa. By these criteria, Wolbachia organisms are delineated into species different from the currently used supergroup designations, while Rickettsia organisms are delineated into 9 distinct species, compared to the current 27 species. By using core genome alignments to assign taxonomic designations, we aim to provide a high-resolution, robust method to guide bacterial nomenclature that is aligned with classically obtained results. IMPORTANCE With the increasing availability of genome sequences, we sought to develop and apply a robust, portable, and high-resolution method for the assignment of genera and species designations that can recapitulate classically defined taxonomic designations. Using cutoffs derived from the lengths and sequence identities of core genome alignments along with phylogenetic analyses, we sought to evaluate or reevaluate genus- and species-level designations for diverse taxa, with an emphasis on the order Rickettsiales, where species designations have been applied inconsistently. Our results indicate that the Rickettsia genus has an overabundance of species designations, that the current Anaplasma and Neorickettsia genus designations are both too broad and need to be divided, and that there are clear demarcations of Wolbachia species that do not align precisely with the existing supergroup designations.}, }
@article {pmid30533772, year = {2018}, author = {Chung, M and Teigen, L and Libro, S and Bromley, RE and Kumar, N and Sadzewicz, L and Tallon, LJ and Foster, JM and Michalski, ML and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Multispecies Transcriptomics Data Set of Brugia malayi, Its Wolbachia Endosymbiont wBm, and Aedes aegypti across the B. malayi Life Cycle.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {7}, number = {18}, pages = {}, pmid = {30533772}, issn = {2576-098X}, support = {U19 AI110820/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Here, we present a comprehensive transcriptomics data set of Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its vector host. This study samples from 16 stages across the entire B. malayi life cycle, including stage 1 through 4 larvae, adult males and females, embryos, immature microfilariae, and mature microfilariae.}, }
@article {pmid30533608, year = {2018}, author = {Newton, ILG and Sheehan, KB}, title = {Gateway Entry Vector Library of Wolbachia pipientis Candidate Effectors from Strain wMel.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {30533608}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular symbiont that modifies host biology using a type IV secretion system to inject bacterial effectors into the host cytoplasm. We utilized a bioinformatics approach to predict Wolbachia effectors and cloned the candidates into an entry vector, which can be utilized for subsequent analyses.}, }
@article {pmid30503908, year = {2019}, author = {McLean, BJ and Dainty, KR and Flores, HA and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Differential suppression of persistent insect specific viruses in trans-infected wMel and wMelPop-CLA Aedes-derived mosquito lines.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {527}, number = {}, pages = {141-145}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.012}, pmid = {30503908}, issn = {1096-0341}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Coinfection ; Flavivirus/*physiology ; Microbial Interactions ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/virology ; Orthobunyavirus/*physiology ; RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia suppresses the replication of +ssRNA viruses such as dengue and Zika viruses in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, the range of viruses affected by this endosymbiont is yet to be explored. Recently, novel insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have been described from numerous mosquito species and mosquito-derived cell lines. Cell-fusing agent virus (Flaviviridae) and Phasi Charoen-like virus (Bunyaviridae) persistently infect the Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2 which has been used for experimental studies with both the wMel and wMelPop-CLA strains. Wolbachia was found to restrict the replication of CFAV but not the PCLV infection in these lines. Furthermore, an additional Ae. albopictus cell line (RML-12) which contained either wMel or wMelPop-CLA was assessed. While no infectious +ssRNA or dsRNA viruses were detected, a PCLV infection was identified. These observations provide additional evidence to support that insect-specific, +ssRNA viruses can be suppressed in cell culture by Wolbachia but -ssRNA viruses may not.}, }
@article {pmid30514847, year = {2018}, author = {Rahimi-Kaldeh, S and Ashouri, A and Bandani, A and Ris, N}, title = {Abiotic and biotic factors influence diapause induction in sexual and asexual strains of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym: Trichogrammatidae).}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {17600}, pmid = {30514847}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The effects of some abiotic (maternal photoperiod and offspring developmental temperature) and biotic (host quality during both maternal and offspring generations) factors on diapause induction were investigated for two sympatric strains of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) differing by infection status with regard to Wolbachia. The mode of reproduction, developmental temperature, maternal photoperiod and the quality of the host significantly affected diapause induction. The highest percentage of diapausing individuals were observed with the sexual strain reared at 14 °C using a "high quality" host and after a long photophase during the maternal generation. Environment-by-Environment, as well as Genotype-by-Environment interactions, was observed. All these patterns were discussed with the goal of providing relevant protocols for the commercial mass-rearing of such biocontrol agents. A successful diapause in beneficial insects could affect the efficiency of mass rearing by increasing the duration of storage conditions based on a high percent emergence and providing a large number of individuals at the appropriate time in the field season.}, }
@article {pmid30498246, year = {2018}, author = {Jeffries, CL and Tantely, LM and Raharimalala, FN and Hurn, E and Boyer, S and Walker, T}, title = {Diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains in Culicine mosquitoes from Madagascar.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {17456}, pmid = {30498246}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria are widespread throughout insect species and Wolbachia transinfected in Aedes mosquito species has formed the basis for biocontrol programs as Wolbachia strains inhibit arboviral replication and can spread through populations. Resident strains in wild Culicine mosquito populations (the vectors of most arboviruses) requires further investigation given resident strains can also affect arboviral transmission. As Madagascar has a large diversity of both Culicine species and has had recent arboviral outbreaks, an entomology survey was undertaken, in five ecologically diverse sites, to determine the Wolbachia prevalence. We detected diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains within the Aedeomyia, Culex, Ficalbia, Mansonia and Uranotaenia genera. Wolbachia prevalence rates and strain characterisation through Sanger sequencing with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analysis revealed significant diversity and we detected co-infections with the environmentally acquired bacteria Asaia. Mosquitoes were screened for major arboviruses to investigate if any evidence could be provided for their potential role in transmission and we report the presence of Rift Valley fever virus in three Culex species: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex antennatus and Culex decens. The implications of the presence of resident Wolbachia strains are discussed and how the discovery of novel strains can be utilized for applications in the development of biocontrol strategies.}, }
@article {pmid30496431, year = {2019}, author = {Sakamoto, H and Suzuki, R and Nishizawa, N and Matsuda, T and Gotoh, T}, title = {Effects of Wolbachia/Cardinium Infection on the Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Oligonychus castaneae (Acari: Tetranychidae).}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {883-893}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy354}, pmid = {30496431}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {A wide range of invertebrates harbor intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria. Within these endosymbionts, Wolbachia and Cardinium, have been attracting particular attention because these bacteria frequently affect the genetic structure and genetic diversity of their hosts. They cause various reproductive alterations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis induction, male-killing, and feminization. Through these alterations, they also affect the maternally inherited organelles of their hosts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be used for molecular phylogenetic analysis of invertebrates. However, in Wolbachia- or Cardinium-infected invertebrates, phylogenetic trees based on mtDNA are often inconsistent with those based on nuclear DNA. In the present study, we determined the Wolbachia/Cardinium infection status of 45 populations of the mite, Oligonychus castaneae Ehara & Gotoh (Acari: Tetranychidae), collected throughout Japan. Then, we compared phylogenetic trees of O. castaneae based on both the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mtDNA and the 28S rRNA gene of nuclear DNA to clarify the effects of Wolbachia and/or Cardinium infection. We found 106 Wolbachia-infected individuals and 250 Cardinium-infected individuals in a total of 450 individuals, indicating an infection rate of 79%. No double-infected individuals were observed. In the 28S tree, almost all populations formed a single group. In the COI tree, O. castaneae formed four separate groups that more closely followed Wolbachia/Cardinium infection than geographic distribution. These results strongly suggest that the endosymbionts affected mitochondrial variation of O. castaneae.}, }
@article {pmid30474731, year = {2019}, author = {Hosseinzadeh, S and Shams-Bakhsh, M and Mann, M and Fattah-Hosseini, S and Bagheri, A and Mehrabadi, M and Heck, M}, title = {Distribution and Variation of Bacterial Endosymbiont and "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Titer in the Huanglongbing Insect Vector, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, pages = {206-222}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-018-1290-1}, pmid = {30474731}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {5300-163//California Citrus Research Board/ ; 2016-70016-24779//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 8062-22410-006-00-D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Citrus/*microbiology/parasitology ; Endophytes/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Female ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/physiology ; Male ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Rhizobiaceae/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an economic insect pest in most citrus-growing regions and the vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), one of at least three known bacteria associated with Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening disease). D. citri harbors bacterial endosymbionts, including Wolbachia pipientis (strain Wolbachia wDi), 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii,' and 'Candidatus Profftella armatura.' Many important functions of these bacteria can be inferred from their genome sequences, but their interactions with each other, CLas, and their D. citri host are poorly understood. In the present study, the titers of the endosymbionts in different tissues, in each sex, and in insects reared on healthy citrus (referred to as unexposed) and CLas-infected citrus (referred to as CLas-exposed) D. citri were investigated using real-time, quantitative PCR (qPCR) using two different quantitative approaches. Wolbachia and CLas were detected in all insect tissues. The titer of Wolbachia was higher in heads of CLas-exposed males as compared to unexposed males. In males and females, Wolbachia titer was highest in the Malpighian tubules. The highest titer of CLas was observed in the gut. Profftella and Carsonella titers were significantly reduced in the bacteriome of CLas-exposed males compared with that of unexposed males, but this effect was not observed in females. In ovaries of CLas-exposed females, the Profftella and Carsonella titers were increased as compared to non-exposed females. CLas appeared to influence the overall levels of the symbionts but did not drastically perturb the overall microbial community structure. In all the assessed tissues, CLas titer in males was significantly higher than that of females using absolute quantification. These data provide a better understanding of multi-trophic interactions regulating symbiont dynamics in the HLB pathosystem.}, }
@article {pmid30470196, year = {2018}, author = {Doudoumis, V and Augustinos, A and Saridaki, A and Parker, A and Abd-Alla, AMM and Bourtzis, K and Tsiamis, G}, title = {Different laboratory populations similar bacterial profile? The case of Glossina palpalis gambiensis.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {148}, pmid = {30470196}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/isolation & purification ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Male ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology ; Wigglesworthia/genetics ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Microbiota plays an important role in the biology, ecology and evolution of insects including tsetse flies. The bacterial profile of 3 Glossina palpalis gambiensis laboratory colonies was examined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to evaluate the dynamics of the bacterial diversity within and between each G. p. gambiensis colony.
RESULTS: The three G. p. gambiensis laboratory colonies displayed similar bacterial diversity indices and OTU distribution. Larval guts displayed a higher diversity when compared with the gastrointestinal tract of adults while no statistically significant differences were observed between testes and ovaries. Wigglesworthia and Sodalis were the most dominant taxa. In more detail, the gastrointestinal tract of adults was more enriched by Wigglesworthia while Sodalis were prominent in gonads. Interestingly, in larval guts a balanced co-existence between Wigglesworthia and Sodalis was observed. Sequences assigned to Wolbachia, Propionibacterium, and Providencia were also detected but to a much lesser degree. Clustering analysis indicated that the bacterial profile in G. p. gambiensis exhibits tissue tropism, hence distinguishing the gut bacterial profile from that present in reproductive organs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that age, gender and the origin of the laboratory colonies did not significantly influence the formation of the bacterial profile, once these populations were kept under the same rearing conditions. Within the laboratory populations a tissue tropism was observed between the gut and gonadal bacterial profile.}, }
@article {pmid30470190, year = {2018}, author = {Augustinos, AA and Meki, IK and Demirbas-Uzel, G and Ouédraogo, GMS and Saridaki, A and Tsiamis, G and Parker, AG and Abd-Alla, AMM and Bourtzis, K}, title = {Nuclear and Wolbachia-based multimarker approach for the rapid and accurate identification of tsetse species.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {147}, pmid = {30470190}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Insect Vectors/*classification ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Typing/economics/*methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Tsetse Flies/*classification/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are solely responsible for the transmission of African trypanosomes, causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock. Due to the lack of efficient vaccines and the emergence of drug resistance, vector control approaches such as the sterile insect technique (SIT), remain the most effective way to control disease. SIT is a species-specific approach and therefore requires accurate identification of natural pest populations at the species level. However, the presence of morphologically similar species (species complexes and sub-species) in tsetse flies challenges the successful implementation of SIT-based population control.
RESULTS: In this study, we evaluate different molecular tools that can be applied for the delimitation of different Glossina species using tsetse samples derived from laboratory colonies, natural populations and museum specimens. The use of mitochondrial markers, nuclear markers (including internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and different microsatellites), and bacterial symbiotic markers (Wolbachia infection status) in combination with relatively inexpensive techniques such as PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, and to some extent sequencing provided a rapid, cost effective, and accurate identification of several tsetse species.
CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of SIT benefits from the fine resolution of species limits in nature. The present study supports the quick identification of large samples using simple and cost effective universalized protocols, which can be easily applied by countries/laboratories with limited resources and expertise.}, }
@article {pmid30470187, year = {2018}, author = {Ouedraogo, GMS and Demirbas-Uzel, G and Rayaisse, JB and Gimonneau, G and Traore, AC and Avgoustinos, A and Parker, AG and Sidibe, I and Ouedraogo, AG and Traore, A and Bayala, B and Vreysen, MJB and Bourtzis, K and Abd-Alla, AMM}, title = {Prevalence of trypanosomes, salivary gland hypertrophy virus and Wolbachia in wild populations of tsetse flies from West Africa.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {153}, pmid = {30470187}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Animals ; Cytomegalovirus/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Geography ; Ghana ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Prevalence ; Spiroplasma/isolation & purification ; Symbiosis ; Trypanosoma/*isolation & purification ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology/*parasitology/*virology ; Wolbachia/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies are vectors of African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause sleeping sickness (or human African trypanosomosis) in humans and nagana (or animal African trypanosomosis) in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, four symbiotic bacteria Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and one pathogen, the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been reported in different tsetse species. We evaluated the prevalence and coinfection dynamics between Wolbachia, trypanosomes, and SGHV in four tsetse species (Glossina palpalis gambiensis, G. tachinoides, G. morsitans submorsitans, and G. medicorum) that were collected between 2008 and 2015 from 46 geographical locations in West Africa, i.e. Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Guinea, and Senegal.
RESULTS: The results indicated an overall low prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia and a high prevalence of trypanosomes in the sampled wild tsetse populations. The prevalence of all three infections varied among tsetse species and sample origin. The highest trypanosome prevalence was found in Glossina tachinoides (61.1%) from Ghana and in Glossina palpalis gambiensis (43.7%) from Senegal. The trypanosome prevalence in the four species from Burkina Faso was lower, i.e. 39.6% in Glossina medicorum, 18.08%; in Glossina morsitans submorsitans, 16.8%; in Glossina tachinoides and 10.5% in Glossina palpalis gambiensis. The trypanosome prevalence in Glossina palpalis gambiensis was lowest in Mali (6.9%) and Guinea (2.2%). The prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia was very low irrespective of location or tsetse species with an average of 1.7% for SGHV and 1.0% for Wolbachia. In some cases, mixed infections with different trypanosome species were detected. The highest prevalence of coinfection was Trypanosoma vivax and other Trypanosoma species (9.5%) followed by coinfection of T. congolense with other trypanosomes (7.5%). The prevalence of coinfection of T. vivax and T. congolense was (1.0%) and no mixed infection of trypanosomes, SGHV and Wolbachia was detected.
CONCLUSION: The results indicated a high rate of trypanosome infection in tsetse wild populations in West African countries but lower infection rate of both Wolbachia and SGHV. Double or triple mixed trypanosome infections were found. In addition, mixed trypanosome and SGHV infections existed however no mixed infections of trypanosome and/or SGHV with Wolbachia were found.}, }
@article {pmid30470186, year = {2018}, author = {Kariithi, HM and Boucias, DG and Murungi, EK and Meki, IK and Demirbaş-Uzel, G and van Oers, MM and Vreysen, MJB and Abd-Alla, AMM and Vlak, JM}, title = {Coevolution of hytrosaviruses and host immune responses.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {183}, pmid = {30470186}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Coevolution ; Cytomegalovirus/*genetics/immunology ; DNA Viruses/genetics ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genome Size ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Houseflies/immunology/virology ; Insect Viruses/genetics/immunology ; Phylogeny ; Salivary Glands/pathology/virology ; Tsetse Flies/immunology/*virology ; Virion/immunology ; Virus Replication ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hytrosaviruses (SGHVs; Hytrosaviridae family) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) syndrome in flies. Two structurally and functionally distinct SGHVs are recognized; Glossina pallidipes SGHV (GpSGHV) and Musca domestica SGHV (MdSGHV), that infect the hematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly, respectively. Genome sizes and gene contents of GpSGHV (~ 190 kb; 160-174 genes) and MdSGHV (~ 124 kb; 108 genes) may reflect an evolution with the SGHV-hosts resulting in differences in pathobiology. Whereas GpSGHV can switch from asymptomatic to symptomatic infections in response to certain unknown cues, MdSGHV solely infects symptomatically. Overt SGH characterizes the symptomatic infections of SGHVs, but whereas MdSGHV induces both nuclear and cellular hypertrophy (enlarged non-replicative cells), GpSGHV induces cellular hyperplasia (enlarged replicative cells). Compared to GpSGHV's specificity to Glossina species, MdSGHV infects other sympatric muscids. The MdSGHV-induced total shutdown of oogenesis inhibits its vertical transmission, while the GpSGHV's asymptomatic and symptomatic infections promote vertical and horizontal transmission, respectively. This paper reviews the coevolution of the SGHVs and their hosts (housefly and tsetse fly) based on phylogenetic relatedness of immune gene orthologs/paralogs and compares this with other virus-insect models.
RESULTS: Whereas MdSGHV is not vertically transmitted, GpSGHV is both vertically and horizontally transmitted, and the balance between the two transmission modes may significantly influence the pathogenesis of tsetse virus. The presence and absence of bacterial symbionts (Wigglesworthia and Sodalis) in tsetse and Wolbachia in the housefly, respectively, potentially contributes to the development of SGH symptoms. Unlike MdSGHV, GpSGHV contains not only host-derived proteins, but also appears to have evolutionarily recruited cellular genes from ancestral host(s) into its genome, which, although may be nonessential for viral replication, potentially contribute to the evasion of host's immune responses. Whereas MdSGHV has evolved strategies to counteract both the housefly's RNAi and apoptotic responses, the housefly has expanded its repertoire of immune effector, modulator and melanization genes compared to the tsetse fly.
CONCLUSIONS: The ecologies and life-histories of the housefly and tsetse fly may significantly influence coevolution of MdSGHV and GpSGHV with their hosts. Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding the pathogenesis of SGHVs, and the extent to which microbiota influence expression of overt SGH symptoms, SGHVs are attractive 'explorers' to elucidate the immune responses of their hosts, and the transmission modes of other large DNA viruses.}, }
@article {pmid30470185, year = {2018}, author = {Schneider, DI and Parker, AG and Abd-Alla, AM and Miller, WJ}, title = {High-sensitivity detection of cryptic Wolbachia in the African tsetse fly (Glossina spp.).}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {140}, pmid = {30470185}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/*methods ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Limit of Detection ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In African tsetse flies Glossina, spp. detection of bacterial symbionts such as Wolbachia is challenging since their prevalence and distribution are patchy, and natural symbiont titers can range at levels far below detection limit of standard molecular techniques. Reliable estimation of symbiont infection frequency, especially with regard to interrelations between symbionts and their potential impact on host biology, is of pivotal interest in the context of future applications for the control and eradication of Glossina-vectored African trypanosomosis. The presence or absence of symbionts is routinely screened with endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has numerous advantages, but reaches its limits, when detecting infections at natural low titer. To not only determine presence of native tsetse symbionts but also to localize them to specific host tissues, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied. However, classic FISH assays may not detect low-titer infections due to limitations in sensitivity.
RESULTS: We have compared classic endpoint PCR with high-sensitivity blot-PCR. We demonstrate that the latter technique allows for clear detection of low-titer Wolbachia in the morsitans and palpalis groups while classic endpoint PCR does not. In order to localize Wolbachia in situ in high and low-titer Glossina species, we applied high-end Stellaris® rRNA-FISH. We show that with this high sensitivity method, even low amounts of Wolbachia can be traced in specific tissues. Furthermore, we highlight that more tissues and organs than previously recorded are infested with Wolbachia in subspecies of the morsitans and palpalis groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that overall symbiont infection frequencies as well as the presence in specific host tissues may be underestimated when using low-sensitivity methods. To better understand the complex interrelation of tsetse flies and their native symbionts plus the pathogenic trypanosomes, it is important to consider application of a broader range of high-sensitivity detection tools.}, }
@article {pmid30470179, year = {2018}, author = {Demirbas-Uzel, G and De Vooght, L and Parker, AG and Vreysen, MJB and Mach, RL and Van Den Abbeele, J and Abd-Alla, AMM}, title = {Combining paratransgenesis with SIT: impact of ionizing radiation on the DNA copy number of Sodalis glossinidius in tsetse flies.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {160}, pmid = {30470179}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*radiation effects ; Enterobacteriaceae/*genetics/*radiation effects ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections ; Female ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Male ; *Radiation, Ionizing ; Symbiosis ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the cyclical vectors of the causative agents of African Trypanosomosis, which has been identified as a neglected tropical disease in both humans and animals in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has shown to be a powerful method to manage tsetse fly populations when used in the frame of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) program. To date, the release of sterile males to manage tsetse fly populations has only been implemented in areas to reduce transmission of animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT). The implementation of the SIT in areas with Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) would require additional measures to eliminate the potential risk associated with the release of sterile males that require blood meals to survive and hence, might contribute to disease transmission. Paratransgenesis offers the potential to develop tsetse flies that are refractory to trypanosome infection by modifying their associated bacteria (Sodalis glossinidius) here after referred to as Sodalis. Here we assessed the feasibility of combining the paratransgenesis approach with SIT by analyzing the impact of ionizing radiation on the copy number of Sodalis and the vectorial capacity of sterilized tsetse males.
RESULTS: Adult Glossina morsitans morsitans that emerged from puparia irradiated on day 22 post larviposition did not show a significant decline in Sodalis copy number as compared with non-irradiated flies. Conversely, the Sodalis copy number was significantly reduced in adults that emerged from puparia irradiated on day 29 post larviposition and in adults irradiated on day 7 post emergence. Moreover, irradiating 22-day old puparia reduced the copy number of Wolbachia and Wigglesworthia in emerged adults as compared with non-irradiated controls, but the radiation treatment had no significant impact on the vectorial competence of the flies.
CONCLUSION: Although the radiation treatment significantly reduced the copy number of some tsetse fly symbionts, the copy number of Sodalis recovered with time in flies irradiated as 22-day old puparia. This recovery offers the opportunity to combine a paratransgenesis approach - using modified Sodalis to produce males refractory to trypanosome infection - with the release of sterile males to minimize the risk of disease transmission, especially in HAT endemic areas. Moreover, irradiation did not increase the vector competence of the flies for trypanosomes.}, }
@article {pmid30470177, year = {2018}, author = {Kame-Ngasse, GI and Njiokou, F and Melachio-Tanekou, TT and Farikou, O and Simo, G and Geiger, A}, title = {Prevalence of symbionts and trypanosome infections in tsetse flies of two villages of the "Faro and Déo" division of the Adamawa region of Cameroon.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {159}, pmid = {30470177}, issn = {1471-2180}, mesh = {Animals ; Cameroon ; Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation & purification ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; *Symbiosis ; Trypanosoma/genetics/isolation & purification ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Wolbachia/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies are vectors of human and animal African trypanosomiasis. In spite of many decades of chemotherapy and vector control, the disease has not been eradicated. Other methods like the transformation of tsetse fly symbionts to render the fly refractory to trypanosome infection are being evaluated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between trypanosome infections and the presence of symbionts in these tsetse species. Tsetse flies were trapped in two villages of the "Faro and Déo" Division of the Adamawa region of Cameroon. In the field, tsetse fly species were identified and their infection by trypanosomes was checked by microscopy. In the laboratory, DNA was extracted from their midguts and the presence of symbionts (Sodalis glossinidius and Wolbachia sp.) and trypanosomes was checked by PCR. Symbionts/trypanosomes association tests were performed.
RESULTS: Three tsetse fly species including Glossina tachinoides (90.1%), Glossina morsitans submorsitans (9.4%) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (0.5%) were caught. In all the population we obtained an occurrence rate of 37.2% for Sodalis glossinidius and 67.6% for Wolbachia irrespective to tsetse flies species. S. glossinidius and Wolbachia sp. occurrence rates were respectively 37 and 68% for G. tachinoides and 28.6 and 59.5% for G. m. submorsitans. Between Golde Bourle and Mayo Dagoum significant differences were observed in the prevalence of symbionts. Prevalence of trypanosomes were 34.8% for Glossina tachinoides and 40.5% for Glossina morsitans submorsitans. In G. tachinoides, the trypanosome infection rates were 11, 2.6 and 13.7%, respectively, for T. brucei s.l., T. congolense forest type and T. congolense savannah type. In G. m. submorsitans, these infection rates were 16.7, 9.5 and, 2.4% respectively, for T. brucei s.l., T. congolense forest type and T. congolense savannah type.
CONCLUSIONS: The rate of tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes was low compared to those obtained in HAT foci of south Cameroon, and this rate was not statistically linked to the rate of symbiont occurrence. This study allowed to show for the first time the presence of Wolbachia sp. in the tsetse fly sub-species Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina tachinoides.}, }
@article {pmid30470176, year = {2018}, author = {Zaidman-Rémy, A and Vigneron, A and Weiss, BL and Heddi, A}, title = {What can a weevil teach a fly, and reciprocally? Interaction of host immune systems with endosymbionts in Glossina and Sitophilus.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {150}, pmid = {30470176}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {R01 AI051584/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Enterobacteriaceae/immunology ; Host Microbial Interactions/*immunology ; Pest Control ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; Tsetse Flies/immunology/*microbiology ; Weevils/immunology/*microbiology ; Wigglesworthia/immunology ; Wolbachia/immunology ; }, abstract = {The tsetse fly (Glossina genus) is the main vector of African trypanosomes, which are protozoan parasites that cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the frame of the IAEA/FAO program 'Enhancing Vector Refractoriness to Trypanosome Infection', in addition to the tsetse, the cereal weevil Sitophilus has been introduced as a comparative system with regards to immune interactions with endosymbionts. The cereal weevil is an agricultural pest that destroys a significant proportion of cereal stocks worldwide. Tsetse flies are associated with three symbiotic bacteria, the multifunctional obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia, the facultative commensal Sodalis glossinidius and the parasitic Wolbachia. Cereal weevils house an obligatory nutritional symbiosis with the bacterium Sodalis pierantonius, and occasionally Wolbachia. Studying insect host-symbiont interactions is highly relevant both for understanding the evolution of symbiosis and for envisioning novel pest control strategies. In both insects, the long co-evolution between host and endosymbiont has led to a stringent integration of the host-bacteria partnership. These associations were facilitated by the development of specialized host traits, including symbiont-housing cells called bacteriocytes and specific immune features that enable both tolerance and control of the bacteria. In this review, we compare the tsetse and weevil model systems and compile the latest research findings regarding their biological and ecological similarities, how the immune system controls endosymbiont load and location, and how host-symbiont interactions impact developmental features including cuticle synthesis and immune system maturation. We focus mainly on the interactions between the obligate symbionts and their host's immune systems, a central theme in both model systems. Finally, we highlight how parallel studies on cereal weevils and tsetse flies led to mutual discoveries and stimulated research on each model, creating a pivotal example of scientific improvement through comparison between relatively distant models.}, }
@article {pmid30468769, year = {2019}, author = {Bi, J and Zheng, Y and Wang, RF and Ai, H and Haynes, PR and Brownlie, JC and Yu, XQ and Wang, YF}, title = {Wolbachia infection may improve learning and memory capacity of Drosophila by altering host gene expression through microRNA.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {106}, number = {}, pages = {47-54}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.11.007}, pmid = {30468769}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria present in a wide range of invertebrates. Although their dramatic effects on host reproductive biology have been well studied, little is known about the effects of Wolbachia on the learning and memory capacity (LMC) of hosts, despite their distribution in the host nervous system, including brain. In this study, we found that Wolbachia infection significantly enhanced LMC in both Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Expression of LMC-related genes was significantly increased in the head of D. melanogaster infected with the wMel strain, and among these genes, crebA was up-regulated the most. Knockdown of crebA in Wolbachia-infected flies significantly decreased LMC, while overexpression of crebA in Wolbachia-free flies significantly enhanced the LMC of flies. More importantly, a microRNA (miRNA), dme-miR-92b, was identified to be complementary to the 3'UTR of crebA. Wolbachia infection was correlated with reduced expression of dme-miR-92b in D. melanogaster, and dme-miR-92b negatively regulated crebA through binding to its 3'UTR region. Overexpression of dme-miR-92b in Wolbachia-infected flies by microinjection of agomirs caused a significant decrease in crebA expression and LMC, while inhibition of dme-miR-92b in Wolbachia-free flies by microinjection of antagomirs resulted in a significant increase in crebA expression and LMC. These results suggest that Wolbachia may improve LMC in Drosophila by altering host gene expression through a miRNA-target pathway. Our findings help better understand the host-endosymbiont interactions and, in particular, the impact of Wolbachia on cognitive processes in invertebrate hosts.}, }
@article {pmid30459726, year = {2018}, author = {Brown, AMV and Wasala, SK and Howe, DK and Peetz, AB and Zasada, IA and Denver, DR}, title = {Comparative Genomics of Wolbachia-Cardinium Dual Endosymbiosis in a Plant-Parasitic Nematode.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2482}, pmid = {30459726}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Wolbachia and Cardinium are among the most important and widespread of all endosymbionts, occurring in nematodes and more than half of insect and arachnid species, sometimes as coinfections. These symbionts are of significant interest as potential biocontrol agents due to their abilities to cause major effects on host biology and reproduction through cytoplasmic incompatibility, sex ratio distortion, or obligate mutualism. The ecological and metabolic effects of coinfections are not well understood. This study examined a Wolbachia-Cardinium coinfection in the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN), Pratylenchus penetrans, producing the first detailed study of such a coinfection using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and comparative genomic analysis. Results from FISH and single-nematode PCR showed 123/127 individuals in a focal population carried Cardinium (denoted strain cPpe), and 48% were coinfected with Wolbachia strain wPpe. Both endosymbionts showed dispersed tissue distribution with highest densities in the anterior intestinal walls and gonads. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed an early place of cPpe and long distance from a sister strain in another PPN, Heterodera glycines, supporting a long history of both Cardinium and Wolbachia in PPNs. The genome of cPpe was 1.36 Mbp with 35.8% GC content, 1,131 predicted genes, 41% having no known function, and missing biotin and lipoate synthetic capacity and a plasmid present in other strains, despite having a slightly larger genome compared to other sequenced Cardinium. The larger genome revealed expansions of gene families likely involved in host-cellular interactions. More than 2% of the genes of cPpe and wPpe were identified as candidate horizontally transferred genes, with some of these from eukaryotes, including nematodes. A model of the possible Wolbachia-Cardinium interaction is proposed with possible complementation in function for pathways such as methionine and fatty acid biosynthesis and biotin transport.}, }
@article {pmid30459180, year = {2019}, author = {Singh, ND}, title = {Wolbachia Infection Associated with Increased Recombination in Drosophila.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {229-237}, doi = {10.1534/g3.118.200827}, pmid = {30459180}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/microbiology ; Fertility/genetics ; Genome, Insect/genetics ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a maternally-transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that infects a large diversity of arthropod and nematode hosts. Some strains of Wolbachia are parasitic, manipulating host reproduction to benefit themselves, while other strains of Wolbachia exhibit obligate or facultative mutualisms with their host. The effects of Wolbachia on its host are many, though primarily relate to host immune and reproductive function. Here we test the hypothesis that Wolbachia infection alters the frequency of homologous recombination during meiosis. We use D. melanogaster as a model system, and survey recombination in eight wild-derived Wolbachia-infected (strain wMel) and Wolbachia-uninfected strains, controlling for genotype. We measure recombination in two intervals of the genome. Our results indicate that Wolbachia infection is associated with increased recombination in one genomic interval and not the other. The effect of Wolbachia infection on recombination is thus heterogenous across the genome. Our data also indicate a reproductive benefit of Wolbachia infection; infected females show higher fecundity than their uninfected genotypic controls. Given the prevalence of Wolbachia infection in natural populations, our findings suggest that Wolbachia infection is likely to contribute to recombination rate and fecundity variation among individuals in nature.}, }
@article {pmid30456532, year = {2019}, author = {Schneider, DI and Ehrman, L and Engl, T and Kaltenpoth, M and Hua-Van, A and Le Rouzic, A and Miller, WJ}, title = {Symbiont-Driven Male Mating Success in the Neotropical Drosophila paulistorum Superspecies.}, journal = {Behavior genetics}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {83-98}, doi = {10.1007/s10519-018-9937-8}, pmid = {30456532}, issn = {1573-3297}, mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*microbiology ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Reproductive Isolation ; Sex Attractants/metabolism/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Microbial symbionts are ubiquitous associates of living organisms but their role in mediating reproductive isolation (RI) remains controversial. We addressed this knowledge gap by employing the Drosophila paulistorum-Wolbachia model system. Semispecies in the D. paulistorum species complex exhibit strong RI between each other and knockdown of obligate mutualistic Wolbachia bacteria in female D. paulistorum flies triggers loss of assortative mating behavior against males carrying incompatible Wolbachia strains. Here we set out to determine whether de novo RI can be introduced by Wolbachia-knockdown in D. paulistorum males. We show that Wolbachia-knockdown D. paulistorum males (i) are rejected as mates by wild type females, (ii) express altered sexual pheromone profiles, and (iii) are devoid of the endosymbiont in pheromone producing cells. Our findings suggest that changes in Wolbachia titer and tissue tropism can induce de novo premating isolation by directly or indirectly modulating sexual behavior of their native D. paulistorum hosts.}, }
@article {pmid30449670, year = {2018}, author = {Hamilton, PT and Hodson, CN and Curtis, CI and Perlman, SJ}, title = {Genetics and Genomics of an Unusual Selfish Sex Ratio Distortion in an Insect.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {23}, pages = {3864-3870.e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.035}, pmid = {30449670}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Diverse selfish genetic elements have evolved the ability to manipulate reproduction to increase their transmission, and this can result in highly distorted sex ratios [1]. Indeed, one of the major explanations for why sex determination systems are so dynamic is because they are shaped by ongoing coevolutionary arms races between sex-ratio-distorting elements and the rest of the genome [2]. Here, we use genetic crosses and genome analysis to describe an unusual sex ratio distortion with striking consequences on genome organization in a booklouse species, Liposcelis sp. (Insecta: Psocodea), in which two types of females coexist. Distorter females never produce sons but must mate with males (the sons of nondistorting females) to reproduce [3]. Although they are diploid and express the genes inherited from their fathers in somatic tissues, distorter females only ever transmit genes inherited from their mothers. As a result, distorter females have unusual chimeric genomes, with distorter-restricted chromosomes diverging from their nondistorting counterparts and exhibiting features of a giant non-recombining sex chromosome. The distorter-restricted genome has also acquired a gene from the bacterium Wolbachia, a well-known insect reproductive manipulator; we found that this gene has independently colonized the genomes of two other insect species with unusual reproductive systems, suggesting possible roles in sex ratio distortion in this remarkable genetic system.}, }
@article {pmid30448462, year = {2019}, author = {Hu, L and Huang, M and Tang, M and Yu, J and Zheng, B}, title = {Wolbachia spread dynamics in multi-regimes of environmental conditions.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {462}, number = {}, pages = {247-258}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.009}, pmid = {30448462}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever and Zika kill more than 700,000 people each year in the world. A novel strategy to control these diseases employs the bacterium Wolbachia whose infection in mosquitoes blocks virus replication. The prerequisite for this measure is to release Wolbachia -infected mosquitoes to replace wild population. Due to the fluctuation of environmental conditions for mosquito growth, we develop and analyze a model of differential equations with parameters randomly changing over multiple environmental regimes. By comparing the dynamics between the stochastic system and constructed auxiliary systems, combined with other techniques, we provide sharp estimates on the threshold releasing level for Wolbachia fixation. We define the alarm period of disease transmission to measure the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Our numerical simulations suggest that more frequent inter-regime transitions help reduce the alarm period, and the disease transmission is more sensitive to the average climatic conditions than the number of sub-regimes over a given time period. Further numerical examples also indicate that the reduction in the waiting time to suppress 95% of wild population is more evident when the releasing amount is increased up to a double of the wild population.}, }
@article {pmid30448382, year = {2019}, author = {Herran, B and Cerveau, N and Houdelet, C and Bernier, C and Debenest, C and Delaunay, C and Raimond, M and Bertaux, J and Grève, P}, title = {IGFBP-rP1, a strongly conserved member of the androgenic hormone signalling pathway in Isopoda.}, journal = {General and comparative endocrinology}, volume = {272}, number = {}, pages = {9-19}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.006}, pmid = {30448382}, issn = {1095-6840}, mesh = {Androgens ; Animals ; Female ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Isopoda/*metabolism ; Male ; Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {The first protein which has been described to interact with the malacostracan Androgenic Gland Hormone (AGH) is a binding protein called IGFBP-rP1. It has been identified and studied in several species of decapods, in which its interaction with the masculinizing hormone and its expression patterns have been established in several ways. However, this protein remains uncharacterised to date in the other malacostracan orders, like Amphipoda and Isopoda, although they were historically the first ones in which the androgenic gland and the corresponding hormone were respectively described. In this article, we identified the IGFBP-rP1 of isopods and established its implication in the pathway of the AGH with a silencing approach in the model species Armadillidium vulgare. We also showed that this gene is expressed in all the tissues of males and females, with a similar pattern in animals infected with Wolbachia, a feminizing endosymbiont of several isopod species. The expression pattern did not differ during the development of uninfected and infected animals either. We finally studied the evolution of the IGFBP-rP1 in 68 isopod species, looking for conserved motifs and evidence of natural selection. Altogether, our results showed that this gene is constitutively expressed and strongly conserved in isopods, in which it likely constitutes a key element of the insulin/IGF signalling pathway. However, we also illustrated that IGFBP-rP1 is not sufficient on its own to explain the different developmental paths taken by the males and the females or feminized genetic males.}, }
@article {pmid30440032, year = {2018}, author = {Gomes, FM and Barillas-Mury, C}, title = {Infection of anopheline mosquitoes with Wolbachia: Implications for malaria control.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e1007333}, pmid = {30440032}, issn = {1553-7374}, support = {Z01 AI000947/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*microbiology ; Insect Vectors ; Malaria/metabolism/*prevention & control/virology ; Wolbachia/*virology ; }, }
@article {pmid30426159, year = {2019}, author = {Mohanty, I and Rath, A and Swain, SP and Pradhan, N and Hazra, RK}, title = {Wolbachia Population in Vectors and Non-vectors: A Sustainable Approach Towards Dengue Control.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {133-143}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-018-1596-8}, pmid = {30426159}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {0//Lady Tata Memorial Trust/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology ; Animals ; Biological Control Agents ; Communicable Disease Control/*methods ; Dengue/*prevention & control/transmission ; Female ; India ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/classification/*microbiology ; Ovary/microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Salivary Glands/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is gram negative obligate endosymbiont known for reproductive manipulation in the host. It is important to study the presence of natural Wolbachia in mosquitoes which can later help in understanding the effect of transfected strain on indigenous strain. With this view, the present study is undertaken to focus on the prevalence, diversity, infection frequencies, phylogeny and density of indigenous Wolbachia strains in wild mosquito species of Odisha. Our study confirms Wolbachia presence in Ae. albopictus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. gelidus, Ar. subalbatus, Mn. uniformis, and Mn. indiana. Wolbachia in the above mosquitoes were separated into two supergroups (A and B). Ae. albopictus, the major vector of dengue and chikungungunya had both super-infection and mono-infection. The ovaries of Ae. albopictus were highest in density of Wolbachia as compared to midguts or salivary glands. wAlBA and wAlbB density were variable in mosquitoes of F1 generation for both the sex and at different age. We also found that Wolbachia super-infection in females tends to increase whereas wAlbA density reduced completely as compared to wAlbB in males when they grew old. Giemsa stained squashed ovaries revealed pink pleomorphic Wolbachia cells with different shapes and forms. This study is unique in its kind covering the major aspects of the endosymbiont Wolbachia and focusing on its potential as a biocontrol agent in arboviral outbreaks. Knowledge on potential of the indigenous strain and interactions between Wolbachia and viruses can be utilized further to reduce the global burden of vector borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30425700, year = {2018}, author = {Hubert, J and Nesvorna, M and Sopko, B and Smrz, J and Klimov, P and Erban, T}, title = {Two Populations of Mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae) Differ in Response to Feeding on Feces-Containing Diets.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2590}, pmid = {30425700}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Background:Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a ubiquitous mite species in soil, stored products and house dust and infests food and causes allergies in people. T. putrescentiae populations harbor different bacterial communities, including intracellular symbionts and gut bacteria. The spread of microorganisms via the fecal pellets of T. putrescentiae is a possibility that has not been studied in detail but may be an important means by which gut bacteria colonize subsequent generations of mites. Feces in soil may be a vector for the spread of microorganisms. Methods: Extracts from used mite culture medium (i.e., residual food, mite feces, and dead mite bodies) were used as a source of feces-inhabiting microorganisms as food for the mites. Two T. putrescentiae populations (L and P) were used for experiments, and they hosted the intracellular bacteria Cardinium and Wolbachia, respectively. The effects of the fecal fraction on respiration in a mite microcosm, mite nutrient contents, population growth and microbiome composition were evaluated. Results: Feces from the P population comprised more than 90% Bartonella-like sequences. Feces from the L population feces hosted Staphylococcus, Virgibacillus, Brevibacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacillus. The mites from the P population, but not the L population, exhibited increased bacterial respiration in the microcosms in comparison to no-mite controls. Both L- and P-feces extracts had an inhibitory effect on the respiration of the microcosms, indicating antagonistic interactions within feces-associated bacteria. The mite microbiomes were resistant to the acquisition of new bacterial species from the feces, but their bacterial profiles were affected. Feeding of P mites on P-feces-enriched diets resulted in an increase in Bartonella abundance from 6 to 20% of the total bacterial sequences and a decrease in Bacillus abundance. The population growth was fivefold accelerated on P-feces extracts in comparison to the control. Conclusion: The mite microbiome, to a certain extent, resists the acquisition of new bacteria when mites are fed on feces of the same species. However, a Bartonella-like bacteria-feces-enriched diet seems to be beneficial for mite populations with symbiotic Bartonella-like bacteria. Coprophagy on the feces of its own population may be a mechanism of bacterial acquisition in T. putrescentiae.}, }
@article {pmid30422992, year = {2018}, author = {Grobler, Y and Yun, CY and Kahler, DJ and Bergman, CM and Lee, H and Oliver, B and Lehmann, R}, title = {Whole genome screen reveals a novel relationship between Wolbachia levels and Drosophila host translation.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e1007445}, pmid = {30422992}, issn = {1553-7374}, support = {/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; P30 CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P40 OD018537/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae ; Drosophila/genetics/microbiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/microbiology ; Genome ; Host Microbial Interactions/*genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Mosquito Vectors ; RNA Interference ; Symbiosis ; Viruses/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that infects a remarkable range of insect hosts. Insects such as mosquitos act as vectors for many devastating human viruses such as Dengue, West Nile, and Zika. Remarkably, Wolbachia infection provides insect hosts with resistance to many arboviruses thereby rendering the insects ineffective as vectors. To utilize Wolbachia effectively as a tool against vector-borne viruses a better understanding of the host-Wolbachia relationship is needed. To investigate Wolbachia-insect interactions we used the Wolbachia/Drosophila model that provides a genetically tractable system for studying host-pathogen interactions. We coupled genome-wide RNAi screening with a novel high-throughput fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to detect changes in Wolbachia levels in a Wolbachia-infected Drosophila cell line JW18. 1117 genes altered Wolbachia levels when knocked down by RNAi of which 329 genes increased and 788 genes decreased the level of Wolbachia. Validation of hits included in depth secondary screening using in vitro RNAi, Drosophila mutants, and Wolbachia-detection by DNA qPCR. A diverse set of host gene networks was identified to regulate Wolbachia levels and unexpectedly revealed that perturbations of host translation components such as the ribosome and translation initiation factors results in increased Wolbachia levels both in vitro using RNAi and in vivo using mutants and a chemical-based translation inhibition assay. This work provides evidence for Wolbachia-host translation interaction and strengthens our general understanding of the Wolbachia-host intracellular relationship.}, }
@article {pmid30416203, year = {2018}, author = {Treanor, D and Pamminger, T and Hughes, WOH}, title = {The evolution of caste-biasing symbionts in the social hymenoptera.}, journal = {Insectes sociaux}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {513-519}, pmid = {30416203}, issn = {0020-1812}, abstract = {The separation of individuals into reproductive and worker castes is the defining feature of insect societies. However, caste determination is itself a complex phenomenon, dependent on interacting genetic and environmental factors. It has been suggested by some authors that widespread maternally transmitted symbionts such as Wolbachia may be selected to interfere with caste determination, whilst others have discounted this possibility on theoretical grounds. We argue that there are in fact three distinct evolutionary scenarios in which maternally transmitted symbionts might be selected to influence the process of caste determination in a social hymenopteran host. Each of these scenarios generate testable predictions which we outline here. Given the increasing recognition of the complexity and multi-faceted nature of caste determination in social insects, we argue that maternally transmitted symbionts should also be considered as possible factors influencing the development of social hymenopterans.}, }
@article {pmid30414119, year = {2019}, author = {Schuler, H and Lopez, JA and Doellman, MM and Hood, GR and Egan, SP and Feder, JL}, title = {Target-Enriched Endosymbiont Sequencing (TEEseq): A New High-Throughput Sequencing Approach Applied to the Comprehensive Characterization of Endosymbionts.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {1858}, number = {}, pages = {195-212}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-8775-7_14}, pmid = {30414119}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Computational Biology/*methods ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Intracellular bacteria are ubiquitous in the insect world, with perhaps the best-studied example being the alphaproteobacterium, Wolbachia. Like most endosymbionts, Wolbachia cannot be cultivated outside of its host cells, hindering traditional microbial characterization techniques. Furthermore, multiple Wolbachia strains can be present within a single host, and certain strains can be present in densities below the detection limit of current methods. To date, Wolbachia has most commonly been studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Sanger DNA sequencing by targeting specific genes in the bacterium's genome. PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of multiple Wolbachia strains requires analysis of individually cloned sequences, which is resource and labor intensive. To help mitigate these difficulties, we present a modified double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach to target and sequence in parallel multiple genes by adding restriction enzyme recognition sites to gene-specific PCR primers. Adopting this strategy allows us to uniquely tag and sequence amplicons from multiple hosts simultaneously on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Our approach represents an efficient and cost-effective method to characterize multiple target genes in population surveys.}, }
@article {pmid30400987, year = {2018}, author = {Niang, EHA and Bassene, H and Makoundou, P and Fenollar, F and Weill, M and Mediannikov, O}, title = {First report of natural Wolbachia infection in wild Anopheles funestus population in Senegal.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {408}, pmid = {30400987}, issn = {1475-2875}, support = {Méditerranée Infection 10-IAHU- 03//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/*analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*analysis ; Senegal ; Sequence Alignment ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Until very recently, Anopheles were considered naturally unable to host Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterium regarded as a potential biological control tool. Their detection in field populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, suggests that they may also be present in many more anopheline species than previously thought.
RESULTS: Here, is reported the first discovery of natural Wolbachia infections in Anopheles funestus populations from Senegal, the second main malaria vector in Africa. Molecular phylogeny analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed at least two Wolbachia genotypes which were named wAnfu-A and wAnfu-B, according to their close relatedness to the A and B supergroups. Furthermore, both wAnfu genotypes displayed high proximity with wAnga sequences previously described from the An. gambiae complex, with only few nucleotide differences. However, the low prevalence of infection, together with the difficulties encountered for detection, whatever method used, highlights the need to develop an effective and sensitive Wolbachia screening method dedicated to anopheline.
CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of natural Wolbachia infection in An. funestus, another major malaria vector, may overcome the main limitation of using a Wolbachia-based approach to control malaria through population suppression and/or replacement.}, }
@article {pmid30391314, year = {2019}, author = {Konecka, E and Olszanowski, Z}, title = {A new Cardinium group of bacteria found in Achipteria coleoptrata (Acari: Oribatida).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {64-71}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.043}, pmid = {30391314}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mites/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {The understanding of the biology of arthropods requires an understanding of their bacterial associates. We determined the distribution of bacteria Wolbachia sp., Rickettsia sp., Cardinium sp., Spiroplasma sp., Arsenophonus sp., Hamiltonella sp., and Flavobacterium in oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida). We identified Cardinium sp. in Achipteria coleoptrata. This is the first report of this bacterium in A. coleoptrata. Approximately 30% of the mite population was infected by Cardinium sp. The Cardinium 16S rDNA was examined for the presence of two sequences unique for this microorganism. One of them was noted in Cardinium sp. of A. coleoptrata. In the second sequence, we found nucleotide substitution in the 7th position: A instead of T. In our opinion, this demonstrated the unique nature of Cardinium sp. of A. coleoptrata. We also determined phylogenetic relationship between Cardinium sp., including the strain found in A. coleoptrata by studying the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. It revealed that Cardinium from A. coleoptrata did not cluster together with strains from groups A, B, C or D, and constituted a separate clade E. These observations make A. coleoptrata a unique Cardinium host in terms of the distinction of the strain.}, }
@article {pmid30382151, year = {2018}, author = {Rosso, F and Tagliapietra, V and Albanese, D and Pindo, M and Baldacchino, F and Arnoldi, D and Donati, C and Rizzoli, A}, title = {Reduced diversity of gut microbiota in two Aedes mosquitoes species in areas of recent invasion.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {16091}, pmid = {30382151}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Aedes mosquitoes are considered highly successful global invasive species and vectors of several pathogens of relevance for public health. Their midgut's microbiota can play an important role in affecting not only their vectorial competence but also their fitness, physiology, food digestion, metabolism, immunity and adaptation to new environmental conditions. Using high-throughput sequencing we compared the microbiota of Aedes albopictus collected in Italy with those reported in populations from France and Vietnam. We also analysed Aedes koreicus gut microbiota for the first time. We found remarkable individual difference along with common bacterial taxa in both species. Ae. albopictus collected in Italy had a lower richness and a different composition of microbiota in respect to specimens collected in France and Vietnam. It also showed a core microbiota formed mainly of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Overall, the two Aedes species (Ae. albopictus and Ae. koreicus) collected in Italy, showed a large core microbiota with 75.98% of the identified Operational Taxonomic Units. Furthermore, Ae. albopictus had 2.5% prevalence of Wolbachia and 0.07% of Asaia spp, while Ae. koreicus had 14.42% of Asaia spp. and no Wolbachia. This study provides new informations on the spatial variation of the midgut bacterial communities in mosquitoes of medical relevance within areas of recent invasion and provide the basis for further studies aimed at assessing the effects of such variation on vectorial capacity for a range of pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30380317, year = {2018}, author = {Strugarek, M and Vauchelet, N and Zubelli, JP}, title = {Quantifying the survival uncertainty of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in a spatial model.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {961-991}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2018043}, pmid = {30380317}, issn = {1551-0018}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/prevention & control/transmission ; Computer Simulation ; Dengue/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Mathematical Concepts ; *Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods/statistics & numerical data ; Uncertainty ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control/transmission ; }, abstract = {Artificial releases of Wolbachia-infected Aedes mosquitoes have been under study in the past yearsfor fighting vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and zika.Several strains of this bacterium cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and can also affect their host's fecundity or lifespan, while highly reducing vector competence for the main arboviruses. We consider and answer the following questions: 1) what should be the initial condition (i.e. size of the initial mosquito population) to have invasion with one mosquito release source? We note that it is hard to have an invasion in such case. 2) How many release points does one need to have sufficiently high probability of invasion? 3) What happens if one accounts for uncertainty in the release protocol (e.g. unequal spacing among release points)? We build a framework based on existing reaction-diffusion models for the uncertainty quantification in this context,obtain both theoretical and numerical lower bounds for the probability of release successand give new quantitative results on the one dimensional case.}, }
@article {pmid30374735, year = {2019}, author = {Hashmi, TR and Devi, SR and Ahmad, A and Meshram, NM and Prasad, R}, title = {Genetic Status and Endosymbionts Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on Hosts Belonging to Family Malvaceae in India.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {207-218}, doi = {10.1007/s13744-018-0639-y}, pmid = {30374735}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Abelmoschus ; Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; DNA Primers ; Gossypium ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; India ; *Malvaceae ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {A study was instigated to examine the genetic status and distribution of known endosymbionts namely Portiera, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus in the populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from three host plants: cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), and China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) belonging to the family Malvaceae. The presence of four secondary endosymbionts Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus was checked in Bemisia tabaci populations. Phylogenetic analyses grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1) unveiled the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1, and Asia II 7 genetic groups for Bemisia tabaci on abovementioned crops. Individuals were examined for symbiotic bacterial infection with specific primers amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for Portiera, Rickettsia, Cardinium, and Wolbachia, and the 23S rRNA gene for Arsenophonus. The results show that Portiera was present in all the Bemisia tabaci samples. However, variations were noted in the circulation frequencies of secondary endosymbionts among the Bemisia tabaci populations. A significant difference was noticed in the distribution frequency of Rickettsia between cotton and China rose or okra with their p values as 0.016 and 0.033 respectively. The uneven incidence of secondary endosymbionts ropes the assumption that each endosymbiotic bacterium not only has a role in the endurance but may contribute to the polyphagous nature of Bemisia tabaci. It also brings an uncomplicated evidence for progressive studies on control measures of this notorious insect pest.}, }
@article {pmid30337547, year = {2018}, author = {Morioka, E and Oida, M and Tsuchida, T and Ikeda, M}, title = {Nighttime activities and peripheral clock oscillations depend on Wolbachia endosymbionts in flies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {15432}, pmid = {30337547}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {JP16H04651//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP16H04651//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia are ubiquitous bacterial endosymbionts of arthropods and affect host gene expression. Although Wolbachia infections were suggested to modulate sleep in flies, their influence on the circadian clock remained obscure. Here, we screened bacterial symbionts in a laboratory Drosophila melanogaster colony, and observed widespread infections of wMel strain Wolbachia. We established a Wolbachia-free strain from a clock gene reporter strain, period-luciferase (per-luc). Temperature (19-29 °C)-compensated free-running periods were detected regardless of infections which may reflect the lack of wMel infections in central circadian pacemaker neurons. However, locomotor activity levels during the night or subjective night were significantly amplified in uninfected flies. Moreover, the behavioral phenotype of F1 offspring of an uninfected female and infected male resembled that of uninfected flies. This trait is consistent with maternal transmission of Wolbachia infection. Interestingly, per-luc activities in headless bodies, as an index of peripheral circadian oscillators, were severely damped in uninfected flies. Additionally, circadian amplitudes of PER immunoreactivities in Malpighian tubules were reduced in uninfected flies. These results demonstrate that Wolbachia boost fly peripheral clock oscillations and diurnal behavioral patterns. Genetic mechanisms underlying behavioral rhythms have been widely analyzed using mutant flies whereas screening of Wolbachia will be necessary for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid30321239, year = {2018}, author = {Bonneau, M and Landmann, F and Labbé, P and Justy, F and Weill, M and Sicard, M}, title = {The cellular phenotype of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Culex pipiens in the light of cidB diversity.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e1007364}, pmid = {30321239}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics/*microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Culex/genetics/*microbiology ; Cytoplasm/*microbiology/pathology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*microbiology ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology/pathology ; Host Specificity ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria, widespread among arthropods thanks to host reproductive manipulations that increase their prevalence into host populations. The most commonly observed manipulation is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI leads to embryonic death in crosses between i) infected males and uninfected females and ii) individuals infected with incompatible Wolbachia strains. CI can be conceptualized as a toxin-antidote system where a toxin deposited by Wolbachia in the sperm would induce embryonic death unless countered by an antidote produced by Wolbachia present in the eggs. In Drosophila melanogaster, transgenic expression of Wolbachia effector cidB revealed its function of CI-inducing toxin. Moreover in Culex pipiens, the diversity of cidB variants present in wPip strains accounts for the diversity in crossing-types. We conducted cytological analyses to determine the CI mechanisms that lead to embryonic death in C. pipiens, and assess whether diversity in crossing-types could be based on variations in these mechanisms. We revealed that paternal chromatin condensation and segregation defects during the first embryonic division are always responsible for embryonic death. The strongest observed defects lead to an exclusion of the paternal chromatin from the first zygotic division, resulting in haploid embryos unable to hatch. The proportion of unhatched haploid embryos, developing with only maternal chromatin, which reflects the frequency of strong defects can be considered as a proxy of CI intensity at the cellular level. We thus studied the putative effect of variations in crossing types and cidB diversification on CI defects intensity. Incompatible crosses involving distinct wPip strains revealed that CI defects intensity depends on the Wolbachia strains hosted by the males and is linked to the diversity of cidB genes harbored in their genomes. These results support that, additionally to its implication in C. pipiens crossing type variability, cidB diversification also influences the strength of CI embryonic defects.}, }
@article {pmid30319574, year = {2018}, author = {Santos-Garcia, D and Juravel, K and Freilich, S and Zchori-Fein, E and Latorre, A and Moya, A and Morin, S and Silva, FJ}, title = {To B or Not to B: Comparative Genomics Suggests Arsenophonus as a Source of B Vitamins in Whiteflies.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2254}, pmid = {30319574}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Insect lineages feeding on nutritionally restricted diets such as phloem sap, xylem sap, or blood, were able to diversify by acquiring bacterial species that complement lacking nutrients. These bacteria, considered obligate/primary endosymbionts, share a long evolutionary history with their hosts. In some cases, however, these endosymbionts are not able to fulfill all of their host's nutritional requirements, driving the acquisition of additional symbiotic species. Phloem-feeding members of the insect family Aleyrodidae (whiteflies) established an obligate relationship with Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, which provides its hots with essential amino acids and carotenoids. In addition, many whitefly species harbor additional endosymbionts which may potentially further supplement their host's diet. To test this hypothesis, genomes of several endosymbionts of the whiteflies Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurodicus floccissimus and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were analyzed. In addition to Portiera, all three species were found to harbor one Arsenophonus and one Wolbachia endosymbiont. A comparative analysis of Arsenophonus genomes revealed that although all three are capable of synthesizing B vitamins and cofactors, such as pyridoxal, riboflavin, or folate, their genomes and phylogenetic relationship vary greatly. Arsenophonus of A. floccissimus and T. vaporariorum belong to the same clade, and display characteristics of facultative endosymbionts, such as large genomes (3 Mb) with thousands of genes and pseudogenes, intermediate GC content, and mobile genetic elements. In contrast, Arsenophonus of A. dispersus belongs to a different lineage and displays the characteristics of a primary endosymbiont-a reduced genome (670 kb) with ~400 genes, 32% GC content, and no mobile genetic elements. However, the presence of 274 pseudogenes suggests that this symbiotic association is more recent than other reported primary endosymbionts of hemipterans. The gene repertoire of Arsenophonus of A. dispersus is completely integrated in the symbiotic consortia, and the biosynthesis of most vitamins occurs in shared pathways with its host. In addition, Wolbachia endosymbionts have also retained the ability to produce riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and folate, and may make a nutritional contribution. Taken together, our results show that Arsenophonus hold a pivotal place in whitefly nutrition by their ability to produce B vitamins.}, }
@article {pmid30314399, year = {2018}, author = {Paris, V and Cottingham, E and Ross, PA and Axford, JK and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Effects of Alternative Blood Sources on Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti Females within and across Generations.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects9040140}, pmid = {30314399}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria have been identified as a tool for reducing the transmission of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Research groups around the world are now mass rearing Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti for deliberate release. We investigated the fitness impact of a crucial element of mass rearing: the blood meal required by female Ae. aegypti to lay eggs. Although Ae. aegypti almost exclusively feed on human blood, it is often difficult to use human blood in disease-endemic settings. When females were fed on sheep or pig blood rather than human blood, egg hatch rates decreased in all three lines tested (uninfected, or infected by wMel, or wAlbB Wolbachia). This finding was particularly pronounced when fed on sheep blood, although fecundity was not affected. Some of these effects persisted after an additional generation on human blood. Attempts to keep populations on sheep and pig blood sources only partly succeeded, suggesting that strong adaptation is required to develop a stably infected line on an alternative blood source. There was a decrease in Wolbachia density when Ae. aegypti were fed on non-human blood sources. Density increased in lines kept for multiple generations on the alternate sources but was still reduced relative to lines kept on human blood. These findings suggest that sheep and pig blood will entail a cost when used for maintaining Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti. These costs should be taken into account when planning mass release programs.}, }
@article {pmid30311871, year = {2018}, author = {Taylor, MJ and Bordenstein, SR and Slatko, B}, title = {Microbe Profile: Wolbachia: a sex selector, a viral protector and a target to treat filarial nematodes.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {164}, number = {11}, pages = {1345-1347}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.000724}, pmid = {30311871}, issn = {1465-2080}, support = {R01 AI132581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI133522/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology ; Filarioidea/*microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Host Specificity/*physiology ; Humans ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is the most widespread genus of endosymbiotic bacteria in the animal world, infecting a diverse range of arthropods and nematodes. A broad spectrum of associations from parasitism to mutualism occur, with a tendency to drive reproductive manipulation or influence host fecundity to spread infection through host populations. These varied effects of Wolbachia are exploited for public health benefits. Notably, the protection of insect hosts from viruses is being tested as a potential control strategy for human arboviruses, and the mutualistic relationship with filarial nematodes makes Wolbachia a target for antibiotic therapy of human and veterinary nematode diseases.}, }
@article {pmid30311675, year = {2018}, author = {Leftwich, PT and Hutchings, MI and Chapman, T}, title = {Diet, Gut Microbes and Host Mate Choice: Understanding the significance of microbiome effects on host mate choice requires a case by case evaluation.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, pages = {e1800053}, doi = {10.1002/bies.201800053}, pmid = {30311675}, issn = {1521-1878}, support = {BB/K000489/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Diet ; Drosophila melanogaster/physiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {All organisms live in close association with microbes. However, not all such associations are meaningful in an evolutionary context. Current debate concerns whether hosts and microbes are best described as communities of individuals or as holobionts (selective units of hosts plus their microbes). Recent reports that assortative mating of hosts by diet can be mediated by commensal gut microbes have attracted interest as a potential route to host reproductive isolation (RI). Here, the authors discuss logical problems with this line of argument. The authors briefly review how microbes can affect host mating preferences and evaluate recent findings from fruitflies. Endosymbionts can potentially influence host RI given stable and recurrent co-association of hosts and microbes over evolutionary time. However, observations of co-occurrence of microbes and hosts are ripe for misinterpretation and such associations will rarely represent a meaningful holobiont. A framework in which hosts and their microbes are independent evolutionary units provides the only satisfactory explanation for the observed range of effects and associations.}, }
@article {pmid30311439, year = {2019}, author = {Zhu, YX and Song, YL and Hoffmann, AA and Jin, PY and Huo, SM and Hong, XY}, title = {A change in the bacterial community of spider mites decreases fecundity on multiple host plants.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {e00743}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.743}, pmid = {30311439}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {31672035, 31871976//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial symbionts may influence the fitness of their herbivore hosts, but such effects have been poorly studied across most invertebrate groups. The spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, is a polyphagous agricultural pest harboring various bacterial symbionts whose function is largely unknown. Here, by using a high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach, we characterized the bacterial diversity and community composition of spider mites fed on five host plants after communities were modified following tetracycline exposure. We demonstrated that spider mite bacterial diversity and community composition were significantly affected by host plants and antibiotics. In particular, the abundance of the maternally inherited endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma significantly differed among spider mites that were reared on different plant species and were completely removed by antibiotics. There was an overall tendency for daily fecundity to be lower in the mites with reduced bacterial diversity following the antibiotic treatment. Our data suggest that host plants and antibiotics can shape spider mite bacterial communities and that bacterial symbionts improve mite performance.}, }
@article {pmid30305458, year = {2018}, author = {Bakovic, V and Schebeck, M and Telschow, A and Stauffer, C and Schuler, H}, title = {Correction to 'Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations'.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0683}, pmid = {30305458}, issn = {1744-957X}, }
@article {pmid30283652, year = {2017}, author = {Kageyama, D and Ohno, M and Sasaki, T and Yoshido, A and Konagaya, T and Jouraku, A and Kuwazaki, S and Kanamori, H and Katayose, Y and Narita, S and Miyata, M and Riegler, M and Sahara, K}, title = {Feminizing Wolbachia endosymbiont disrupts maternal sex chromosome inheritance in a butterfly species.}, journal = {Evolution letters}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, pages = {232-244}, pmid = {30283652}, issn = {2056-3744}, abstract = {Wolbachia is a maternally inherited ubiquitous endosymbiotic bacterium of arthropods that displays a diverse repertoire of host reproductive manipulations. For the first time, we demonstrate that Wolbachia manipulates sex chromosome inheritance in a sexually reproducing insect. Eurema mandarina butterfly females on Tanegashima Island, Japan, are infected with the wFem Wolbachia strain and produce all-female offspring, while antibiotic treatment results in male offspring. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that wFem-positive and wFem-negative females have Z0 and WZ sex chromosome sets, respectively, demonstrating the predicted absence of the W chromosome in wFem-infected lineages. Genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that wFem-positive females lay only Z0 eggs that carry a paternal Z, whereas females from lineages that are naturally wFem-negative lay both WZ and ZZ eggs. In contrast, antibiotic treatment of adult wFem females resulted in the production of Z0 and ZZ eggs, suggesting that this Wolbachia strain can disrupt the maternal inheritance of Z chromosomes. Moreover, most male offspring produced by antibiotic-treated wFem females had a ZZ karyotype, implying reduced survival of Z0 individuals in the absence of feminizing effects of Wolbachia. Antibiotic treatment of wFem-infected larvae induced male-specific splicing of the doublesex (dsx) gene transcript, causing an intersex phenotype. Thus, the absence of the female-determining W chromosome in Z0 individuals is functionally compensated by Wolbachia-mediated conversion of sex determination. We discuss how Wolbachia may manipulate the host chromosome inheritance and that Wolbachia may have acquired this coordinated dual mode of reproductive manipulation first by the evolution of female-determining function and then cytoplasmically induced disruption of sex chromosome inheritance.}, }
@article {pmid30275487, year = {2018}, author = {de Moraes, LA and Muller, C and Bueno, RCOF and Santos, A and Bello, VH and De Marchi, BR and Watanabe, LFM and Marubayashi, JM and Santos, BR and Yuki, VA and Takada, HM and de Barros, DR and Neves, CG and da Silva, FN and Gonçalves, MJ and Ghanim, M and Boykin, L and Pavan, MA and Krause-Sakate, R}, title = {Distribution and phylogenetics of whiteflies and their endosymbiont relationships after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14589}, pmid = {30275487}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect and a successful vector of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a species complex and in Brazil native species from the New World (NW) group, as well as the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported. For better understanding the distribution of the different species four years after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil, whiteflies were collected from 237 locations throughout the country between the years of 2013 and 2017, species were identified and the facultative endosymbionts detected. The survey revealed that MEAM1 was the prevalent species found on major crops across Brazil. It is the only species present in North, Northwestern and Central Brazil and was associated with virus-infected plants. MED was found in five States from Southeast to South regions, infesting mainly ornamental plants and was not associated with virus-infected plants. The prevalent endosymbionts identified in MEAM1 were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia; and the mtCOI analysis revealed low genetic diversity for MEAM1. In contrast, several different endosymbionts were identified in MED including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus; and two distinct genetic groups were found based on the mtCOI analysis. Monitoring the distribution of the whiteflies species in Brazil is essential for proper management of this pest.}, }
@article {pmid30274467, year = {2018}, author = {van den Hurk, AF}, title = {From Incriminating Stegomyia fasciata to Releasing Wolbachia pipientis: Australian Research on the Dengue Virus Vector, Aedes aegypti, and Development of Novel Strategies for Its Surveillance and Control.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {30274467}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {Globally, the dengue viruses (DENVs) infect approximately 300 million people annually. Australia has a history of epidemic dengue, with outbreaks in the early decades of the twentieth century responsible for tens of thousands of cases. Seminal experiments conducted by Australian scientists during these outbreaks were the first to incriminate Aedes aegypti as a major vector of dengue viruses. One hundred years later, Australian scientists are playing a lead role in the development of surveillance and suppression strategies that target this mosquito species. Surveillance of Ae. aegypti populations and their associated dengue risk was greatly improved by understanding the contribution of key premises, key containers, and cryptic larval habitats to mosquito productivity, and, more recently, the development of novel adult traps. In terms of mosquito control, targeted indoor residual pyrethroid spraying and community-based biological control utilizing predatory copepods can significantly reduce Ae. aegypti populations. The release of Ae. aegypti transinfected with the virus-blocking bacterium, Wolbachia, provides a promising strategy for limiting DENV transmission. These diverse strategies developed by Australian scientists have the potential to alleviate the burden of dengue in the future, whether it is at the local level or as part of a country-wide program.}, }
@article {pmid30266092, year = {2018}, author = {Pers, D and Lynch, JA}, title = {Ankyrin domain encoding genes from an ancient horizontal transfer are functionally integrated into Nasonia developmental gene regulatory networks.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {148}, pmid = {30266092}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {R03 HD078578/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R03 HD087476/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; 1R03HD087476/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R03HD078578/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ankyrin Repeat ; Body Patterning ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Insect ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Wasps/embryology/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: How regulatory networks incorporate additional components and how novel genes are functionally integrated into well-established developmental processes are two important and intertwined questions whose answers have major implications for understanding the evolution of development. We recently discovered a set of lineage-restricted genes with strong and specific expression patterns along the dorsal-ventral (DV) axis of the embryo of the wasp Nasonia that may serve as a powerful system for addressing these questions. We sought to both understand the evolutionary history of these genes and to determine their functions in the Nasonia DV patterning system.
RESULTS: We have found that the novel DV genes are part of a large family of rapidly duplicating and diverging ankyrin domain-encoding genes that originated most likely by horizontal transfer from a prokaryote in a common ancestor of the wasp superfamily Chalcidoidea. We tested the function of those ankyrin-encoding genes expressed along the DV axis and found that they participate in early embryonic DV patterning. We also developed a new wasp model system (Melittobia) and found that some functional integration of ankyrin genes have been preserved for over 90 million years.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that regulatory networks can incorporate novel genes that then become necessary for stable and repeatable outputs. Even a modest role in developmental networks may be enough to allow novel or duplicate genes to be maintained in the genome and become fully integrated network components.}, }
@article {pmid30261054, year = {2018}, author = {Carpinone, EM and Li, Z and Mills, MK and Foltz, C and Brannon, ER and Carlow, CKS and Starai, VJ}, title = {Identification of putative effectors of the Type IV secretion system from the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {e0204736}, pmid = {30261054}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {R01 AI100913/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics ; Brugia malayi/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; *Type IV Secretion Systems/genetics/metabolism ; *Wolbachia/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an unculturable, intracellular bacterium that persists within an extremely broad range of arthropod and parasitic nematode hosts, where it is transmitted maternally to offspring via vertical transmission. In the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, a causative agent of human lymphatic filariasis, Wolbachia is an endosymbiont, and its presence is essential for proper nematode development, survival, and pathogenesis. While the elucidation of Wolbachia:nematode interactions that promote the bacterium's intracellular persistence is of great importance, research has been hampered due to the fact that Wolbachia cannot be cultured in the absence of host cells. The Wolbachia endosymbiont of B. malayi (wBm) has an active Type IV secretion system (T4SS). Here, we have screened 47 putative T4SS effector proteins of wBm for their ability to modulate growth or the cell biology of a typical eukaryotic cell, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Five candidates strongly inhibited yeast growth upon expression, and 6 additional proteins showed toxicity in the presence of zinc and caffeine. Studies on the uptake of an endocytic vacuole-specific fluorescent marker, FM4-64, identified 4 proteins (wBm0076 wBm00114, wBm0447 and wBm0152) involved in vacuole membrane dynamics. The WAS(p)-family protein, wBm0076, was found to colocalize with yeast cortical actin patches and disrupted actin cytoskeleton dynamics upon expression. Deletion of the Arp2/3-activating protein, Abp1p, provided resistance to wBm0076 expression, suggesting a role for wBm0076 in regulating eukaryotic actin dynamics and cortical actin patch formation. Furthermore, wBm0152 was found to strongly disrupt endosome:vacuole cargo trafficking in yeast. This study provides molecular insight into the potential role of the T4SS in the Wolbachia endosymbiont:nematode relationship.}, }
@article {pmid30258200, year = {2018}, author = {Kaczmarczyk, A and Kucharczyk, H and Kucharczyk, M and Kapusta, P and Sell, J and Zielińska, S}, title = {First insight into microbiome profile of fungivorous thrips Hoplothrips carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) at different developmental stages: molecular evidence of Wolbachia endosymbiosis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {14376}, pmid = {30258200}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Insects' exoskeleton, gut, hemocoel, and cells are colonized by various microorganisms that often play important roles in their host life. Moreover, insects are frequently infected by vertically transmitted symbionts that can manipulate their reproduction. The aims of this study were the characterization of bacterial communities of four developmental stages of the fungivorous species Hoplothrips carpathicus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), verification of the presence of Wolbachia, in silico prediction of metabolic potentials of the microorganisms, and sequencing its mitochondrial COI barcode. Taxonomy-based analysis indicated that the bacterial community of H. carpathicus contained 21 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Firmicutes, and the most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with different proportions in the total share. For pupa and imago (adult) the most abundant genus was Wolbachia, which comprised 69.95% and 56.11% of total bacterial population respectively. Moreover, similarity analysis of bacterial communities showed that changes in microbiome composition are congruent with the successive stages of H. carpathicus development. PICRUSt analysis predicted that each bacterial community should be rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair processes.}, }
@article {pmid30250462, year = {2018}, author = {Hegde, S and Khanipov, K and Albayrak, L and Golovko, G and Pimenova, M and Saldaña, MA and Rojas, MM and Hornett, EA and Motl, GC and Fredregill, CL and Dennett, JA and Debboun, M and Fofanov, Y and Hughes, GL}, title = {Microbiome Interaction Networks and Community Structure From Laboratory-Reared and Field-Collected Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Vectors.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2160}, pmid = {30250462}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {U01CK000512//ACL HHS/United States ; R21 AI124452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007526/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI138074/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI129507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Microbial interactions are an underappreciated force in shaping insect microbiome communities. Although pairwise patterns of symbiont interactions have been identified, we have a poor understanding regarding the scale and the nature of co-occurrence and co-exclusion interactions within the microbiome. To characterize these patterns in mosquitoes, we sequenced the bacterial microbiome of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus caught in the field or reared in the laboratory and used these data to generate interaction networks. For collections, we used traps that attracted host-seeking or ovipositing female mosquitoes to determine how physiological state affects the microbiome under field conditions. Interestingly, we saw few differences in species richness or microbiome community structure in mosquitoes caught in either trap. Co-occurrence and co-exclusion analysis identified 116 pairwise interactions substantially increasing the list of bacterial interactions observed in mosquitoes. Networks generated from the microbiome of Ae. aegypti often included highly interconnected hub bacteria. There were several instances where co-occurring bacteria co-excluded a third taxa, suggesting the existence of tripartite relationships. Several associations were observed in multiple species or in field and laboratory-reared mosquitoes indicating these associations are robust and not influenced by environmental or host factors. To demonstrate that microbial interactions can influence colonization of the host, we administered symbionts to Ae. aegypti larvae that either possessed or lacked their resident microbiota. We found that the presence of resident microbiota can inhibit colonization of particular bacterial taxa. Our results highlight that microbial interactions in mosquitoes are complex and influence microbiome composition.}, }
@article {pmid30247733, year = {2018}, author = {Ritchie, SA}, title = {Wolbachia and the near cessation of dengue outbreaks in Northern Australia despite continued dengue importations via travellers.}, journal = {Journal of travel medicine}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jtm/tay084}, pmid = {30247733}, issn = {1708-8305}, mesh = {Australia ; Dengue/*prevention & control/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Mosquito Control/*trends ; Queensland/epidemiology ; *Wolbachia ; }, }
@article {pmid30244151, year = {2019}, author = {Schön, I and Kamiya, T and Van den Berghe, T and Van den Broecke, L and Martens, K}, title = {Novel Cardinium strains in non-marine ostracod (Crustacea) hosts from natural populations.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {406-415}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.008}, pmid = {30244151}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*microbiology ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Crustacea/genetics/*microbiology ; Diptera/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Endosymbiotic bacteria are known from many metazoan taxa, where they manipulate host biology and reproduction. Here, we used classic PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing with universal primers for four different endosymbionts to test for their presence in more than 300 specimens of three recent non-marine ostracod superfamilies from different geographic areas and aquatic habitats. We verified these results with "high throughput" amplicon sequencing of 16S of nine selected specimens and evolutionary placement algorithms. The phylogenetic position of endosymbionts detected in ostracod hosts was compared to known endosymbionts from other metazoans. While Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and Rickettsia are absent, we find evidence for the general presence of Cardinium bacteria in natural populations of various non-marine ostracod species. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on Cardinium 16S data and estimates of genetic distances both indicate that Cardinium from ostracods are distantly related to Cardinium from Diptera and Nematoda but represent novel strains with a monophyletic origin. Cardinium bacteria from different ostracod hosts have genetic distances of up to 3.8%, providing evidence against recent and frequent horizontal transmissions amongst the three ostracod superfamilies. High throughput sequencing reveals more than 400 different 16S amplicon sequence variants in the investigated ostracods as well as the presence of different Cardinium strains within individual Eucypris virens and Heterocypris hosts. These results call for future, more in-depth investigations. Mapping Cardinium infections on COI trees of non-marine ostracod hosts shows that the occurrence of these endosymbionts is not linked to genetic species identity or phylogenetic host groups and, except for one ostracod morphospecies, prevalence never reaches 100%.}, }
@article {pmid30239661, year = {2018}, author = {Guégan, M and Minard, G and Tran, FH and Tran Van, V and Dubost, A and Valiente Moro, C}, title = {Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy188}, pmid = {30239661}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteroidetes/growth & development ; Chryseobacterium/growth & development ; Climate ; Dysbiosis/*chemically induced ; Flavobacteriaceae/growth & development ; Humans ; Microbiota/*drug effects ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology ; Temperature ; Wolbachia/growth & development ; }, abstract = {Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of microbiota in the biology of the Aedes albopictus mosquito vector. This species is highly anthropogenic and exhibits marked ecological plasticity, with a resulting high potential to colonize a wide range of habitats-including anthropized areas-under various climatic conditions. We put forward the hypothesis that climate and anthropogenic activities, such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and human medicine, might affect the mosquito-associated bacterial community. We thus studied the additive impact of a temperature decrease and antibiotic ingestion on the temporal dynamics of Ae. albopictus survival and its associated bacterial communities. The results showed no effects of disturbances on mosquito survival. However, short-term temperature impacts on bacterial diversity were observed, while both the community structure and bacterial diversity were affected by early antibiotic ingestion. The genera Elizabethkingia, Chryseobacterium and Wolbachia, as well as an unclassified member of the Bacteroidales order were particularly affected. Antibiotics negatively impacted Elizabethkingia abundance, while Chryseobacterium was completely eliminated following both disturbances, to the benefit of Wolbachia and the unclassified Bacteroidales species. These results generated fresh insight into the effects of climate and anthropogenic activities such as the use of antibiotics on mosquito microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid30233514, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, Y and Hoffmann, AA and Xu, XQ and Mo, PW and Huang, HJ and Gong, JT and Ju, JF and Hong, XY}, title = {Vertical Transmission of Wolbachia Is Associated With Host Vitellogenin in Laodelphax striatellus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2016}, pmid = {30233514}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Wolbachia in host germ lines are essential for their vertical transmission to the next generation. It is unclear how the regulation of host oocyte development influences Wolbachia location and the mechanistic basis of transmission. Here, we investigated whether vitellogenin influences Wolbachia transmission in Laodelphax striatellus. Wolbachia increased in density and spread from the anterior tropharium to developing oocytes as ovaries developed. Microscopic observations indicated that Wolbachia invaded ovarioles from the tropharium of its anterior side rather than the pedicel side. Wolbachia utilized the host Vg transovarial transportation system to enter the ovaries and were transmitted from the tropharium into the developing oocytes through nutritive cords. These observations were supported by knocking down the Vg transcript, in which low Wolbachia titers were detected in ovaries and fewer Wolbachia were transmitted into oocytes. Our findings establish a link between the Vg-related mode of transovarial transmission and efficient maternal transmission of Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid30233221, year = {2018}, author = {Cheng, YH and Lin, YJ and Chen, SC and You, SH and Chen, WY and Hsieh, NH and Yang, YF and Liao, CM}, title = {Assessing health burden risk and control effect on dengue fever infection in the southern region of Taiwan.}, journal = {Infection and drug resistance}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1423-1435}, pmid = {30233221}, issn = {1178-6973}, abstract = {Background: The high prevalence of dengue in Taiwan and the consecutive large dengue outbreaks in the period 2014-2015 suggest that current control interventions are suboptimal. Understanding the effect of control effort is crucial to inform future control strategies.
Objectives: We developed a framework to measure season-based health burden risk from 2001 to 2014. We reconstructed various intervention coverage to assess the attributable effect of dengue infection control efforts.
Materials and methods: A dengue-mosquito-human transmission dynamic was used to quantify the vector-host interactions and to estimate the disease epidemics. We used disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to assess health burden risk. A temperature-basic reproduction number (R0)-DALYs relationship was constructed to examine the potential impacts of temperature on health burden. Finally, a health burden risk model linked a control measure model to evaluate the effect of dengue control interventions.
Results: We showed that R0 and DALYs peaked at 25°C with estimates of 2.37 and 1387, respectively. Results indicated that most dengue cases occurred in fall with estimated DALYs of 323 (267-379, 95% CI) at 50% risk probability. We found that repellent spray had by far the largest control effect with an effectiveness of ~71% in all seasons. Pesticide spray and container clean-up have both made important contributions to reducing prevalence/incidence. Repellent, pesticide spray, container clean-up together with Wolbachia infection suppress dengue outbreak by ~90%.
Conclusion: Our presented modeling framework provides a useful tool to measure dengue health burden risk and to quantify the effect of dengue control on dengue infection prevalence and disease incidence in the southern region of Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid30226138, year = {2018}, author = {Indriani, C and Ahmad, RA and Wiratama, BS and Arguni, E and Supriyati, E and Sasmono, RT and Kisworini, FY and Ryan, PA and O'Neill, SL and Simmons, CP and Utarini, A and Anders, KL}, title = {Baseline Characterization of Dengue Epidemiology in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, before a Randomized Controlled Trial of Wolbachia for Arboviral Disease Control.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, pages = {1299-1307}, pmid = {30226138}, issn = {1476-1645}, abstract = {Dengue is endemic in Indonesia. Here, we describe the epidemiology of dengue in the city of Yogyakarta, Central Java, as a prelude to implementation of a cluster-randomized trial of Wolbachia for the biocontrol of arboviral transmission. Surveillance records from 2006 to 2016 demonstrate seasonal oscillations of dengue incidence with varying magnitude. Two lines of evidence demonstrate a high force of infection; the hospitalized case burden of patients diagnosed with dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome over the last decade consisted predominantly of children/adolescents, and a serosurvey of 314 healthy children aged 1-10 years found 68% possessed dengue virus-neutralizing antibodies. Finally, a mobility survey indicated children aged 1-10 years, and particularly 1-5 year-olds, spent most of their daytime hours at home. These findings inform the design of clinical trials to measure the impact of novel vector control methods such as Wolbachia introgression into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, by providing baseline data on disease incidence and identifying subpopulations for recruitment into prospective studies of dengue virus infection and disease. The mobility survey findings indicate that in cluster trials of interventions applied at the community level, young children can reasonably be expected to spend most of their exposure time, in epidemiological terms, within the treatment arm to which they were randomized.}, }
@article {pmid30219893, year = {2018}, author = {Zélé, F and Santos, JL and Godinho, DP and Magalhães, S}, title = {Wolbachia both aids and hampers the performance of spider mites on different host plants.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy187}, pmid = {30219893}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/metabolism ; Fabaceae/microbiology/parasitology ; Female ; Host Specificity ; Ipomoea nil/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Rickettsia/metabolism ; Solanum melongena/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tetranychidae/metabolism/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {In the last few decades, many studies have revealed the potential role of arthropod bacterial endosymbionts in shaping the host range of generalist herbivores and their performance on different host plants, which, in turn, might affect endosymbiont distribution in herbivore populations. We tested this by measuring the prevalence of endosymbionts in natural populations of the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae on different host plants. Focusing on Wolbachia, we then analysed how symbionts affected mite life-history traits on the same host plants in the laboratory. Overall, the prevalences of Cardinium and Rickettsia were low, whereas that of Wolbachia was high, with the highest values on bean and eggplant and the lowest on morning glory, tomato and zuchini. Although most mite life-history traits were affected by the plant species only, Wolbachia infection was detrimental for the egg-hatching rate on morning glory and zucchini, and led to a more female-biased sex ratio on morning glory and eggplant. These results suggest that endosymbionts may affect the host range of polyphagous herbivores, both by aiding and hampering their performance, depending on the host plant and on the life-history trait that affects performance the most. Conversely, endosymbiont spread may be facilitated or hindered by the plants on which infected herbivores occur.}, }
@article {pmid30202647, year = {2018}, author = {Pascar, J and Chandler, CH}, title = {A bioinformatics approach to identifying Wolbachia infections in arthropods.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e5486}, pmid = {30202647}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Wolbachia is the most widespread endosymbiont, infecting >20% of arthropod species, and capable of drastically manipulating the host's reproductive mechanisms. Conventionally, diagnosis has relied on PCR amplification; however, PCR is not always a reliable diagnostic technique due to primer specificity, strain diversity, degree of infection and/or tissue sampled. Here, we look for evidence of Wolbachia infection across a wide array of arthropod species using a bioinformatic approach to detect the Wolbachia genes ftsZ, wsp, and the groE operon in next-generation sequencing samples available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. For samples showing signs of infection, we attempted to assemble entire Wolbachia genomes, and in order to better understand the relationships between hosts and symbionts, phylogenies were constructed using the assembled gene sequences. Out of the 34 species with positively identified infections, eight species of arthropod had not previously been recorded to harbor Wolbachia infection. All putative infections cluster with known representative strains belonging to supergroup A or B, which are known to only infect arthropods. This study presents an efficient bioinformatic approach for post-sequencing diagnosis and analysis of Wolbachia infection in arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid30196669, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, Y and He, B and Li, F and Li, K and Zhang, L and Li, X and Zhao, L}, title = {Molecular Identification of Bartonella melophagi and Wolbachia Supergroup F from Sheep Keds in Xinjiang, China.}, journal = {The Korean journal of parasitology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, pages = {365-370}, pmid = {30196669}, issn = {1738-0006}, support = {31460655//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; HS201501//Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps/ ; HS201801//Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Bartonella/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; China ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Diptera/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; RNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sheep/parasitology ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {To confirm that Bartonella and Wolbachia were carried by sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) in southern Xinjiang of China, 17 M. ovinus samples, which were collected in Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, were randomly selected. In this study, the Bartonella gltA and Wolbachia 16S rRNA gene were amplified through conventional PCR and the sequence of those amplified products, were analyzed. The results demonstrated that Bartonella was carried by all of the 17 sheep keds and Wolbachia was carried by 15 out of them. Bartonella was identified as B. melophagi. Three strains of Wolbachia were supergroup F and 1 strain has not been confirmed yet. It is the first report about Wolbachia supergroup F was found in sheep keds and provided the molecular evidence that B. melophagi and Wolbachia supergroup F were carried by sheep keds in Aksu Prefecture of southern Xinjiang, China. The 2 pathogens were found in sheep keds around Taklimakan Desert for the first time.}, }
@article {pmid30193778, year = {2018}, author = {Lopez, V and Cortesero, AM and Poinsot, D}, title = {Influence of the symbiont Wolbachia on life history traits of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum).}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {24-31}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.09.002}, pmid = {30193778}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Wolbachia is an endocellular bacteria infecting arthropods and nematodes and is only transmitted vertically by females via the cytoplasm of the egg. It is often a manipulator of host reproduction, causing cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization or male killing, which all increase the proportion of infected females in the population. However, Wolbachia can modify life history traits of the host without causing the above phenotypes and each species illustrates the variability of relationships between this remarkably versatile symbiont and its many hosts. We have measured maternal transmission and the impact of a natural Wolbachia infection in the cabbage root fly Delia radicum, a major agricultural pest. We used a population that is polymorphic for the infection to ensure similar genetic and microbiome backgrounds between groups. Maternal transmission of the infection was 100% in our sample. We found no evidence of cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization nor male killing. Wolbachia infection significantly reduced hatch rate in infected eggs (by 10%) but improved larvo-nymphal viability sufficiently so that infected eggs nevertheless yielded as many adults as uninfected ones, albeit with a 1.5% longer total development time. Starved and infected ovipositing females suffered significantly reduced viability (20% higher mortality during a 3-day oviposition period) than uninfected females, but mortality was not higher in starved virgin females nor in starved males, suggesting that the energetic cost of the infection is only revealed in extreme conditions. Wolbachia had no effect on egg hatch time or offspring size. The apparently 100% vertical transmission and the significant but mutually compensating effects found suggest that infection might be nearly benign in this host and might only drift slowly, which would explain why the infection rate has been stable in our laboratory (approximately 50% individuals infected) for at least 30 generations.}, }
@article {pmid30190541, year = {2018}, author = {Chung, M and Teigen, L and Liu, H and Libro, S and Shetty, A and Kumar, N and Zhao, X and Bromley, RE and Tallon, LJ and Sadzewicz, L and Fraser, CM and Rasko, DA and Filler, SG and Foster, JM and Michalski, ML and Bruno, VM and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Targeted enrichment outperforms other enrichment techniques and enables more multi-species RNA-Seq analyses.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {13377}, pmid = {30190541}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {U19 AI110820/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI110820//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; }, abstract = {Enrichment methodologies enable the analysis of minor members in multi-species transcriptomic data. We compared the standard enrichment of bacterial and eukaryotic mRNA to a targeted enrichment using an Agilent SureSelect (AgSS) capture for Brugia malayi, Aspergillus fumigatus, and the Wolbachia endosymbiont of B. malayi (wBm). Without introducing significant systematic bias, the AgSS quantitatively enriched samples, resulting in more reads mapping to the target organism. The AgSS-enriched libraries consistently had a positive linear correlation with their unenriched counterparts (r2 = 0.559-0.867). Up to a 2,242-fold enrichment of RNA from the target organism was obtained following a power law (r2 = 0.90), with the greatest fold enrichment achieved in samples with the largest ratio difference between the major and minor members. While using a single total library for prokaryote and eukaryote enrichment from a single RNA sample could be beneficial for samples where RNA is limiting, we observed a decrease in reads mapping to protein coding genes and an increase in multi-mapping reads to rRNAs in AgSS enrichments from eukaryotic total RNA libraries compared to eukaryotic poly(A)-enriched libraries. Our results support a recommendation of using AgSS targeted enrichment on poly(A)-enriched libraries for eukaryotic captures, and total RNA libraries for prokaryotic captures, to increase the robustness of multi-species transcriptomic studies.}, }
@article {pmid30190420, year = {2018}, author = {Duneau, D and Sun, H and Revah, J and San Miguel, K and Kunerth, HD and Caldas, IV and Messer, PW and Scott, JG and Buchon, N}, title = {Signatures of Insecticide Selection in the Genome of Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {3469-3480}, pmid = {30190420}, issn = {2160-1836}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/drug effects/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Insect ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Insecticide Resistance/*genetics ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Male ; Organophosphates/toxicity ; Pyrethrins/toxicity ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Resistance to insecticides has evolved in multiple insect species, leading to increased application rates and even control failures. Understanding the genetic basis of insecticide resistance is fundamental for mitigating its impact on crop production and disease control. We performed a GWAS approach with the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to identify the mutations involved in resistance to two widely used classes of insecticides: organophosphates (OPs, parathion) and pyrethroids (deltamethrin). Most variation in parathion resistance was associated with mutations in the target gene Ace, while most variation in deltamethrin resistance was associated with mutations in Cyp6a23, a gene encoding a detoxification enzyme never previously associated with resistance. A "nested GWAS" further revealed the contribution of other loci: Dscam1 and trpl were implicated in resistance to parathion, but only in lines lacking WolbachiaCyp6a17, the paralogous gene of Cyp6a23, and CG7627, an ATP-binding cassette transporter, were implicated in deltamethrin resistance. We observed signatures of recent selective sweeps at all of these resistance loci and confirmed that the soft sweep at Ace is indeed driven by the identified resistance mutations. Analysis of allele frequencies in additional population samples revealed that most resistance mutations are segregating across the globe, but that frequencies can vary substantially among populations. Altogether, our data reveal that the widely used OP and pyrethroid insecticides imposed a strong selection pressure on natural insect populations. However, it remains unclear why, in Drosophila, resistance evolved due to changes in the target site for OPs, but due to a detoxification enzyme for pyrethroids.}, }
@article {pmid30190331, year = {2018}, author = {Leftwich, PT and Edgington, MP and Harvey-Samuel, T and Carabajal Paladino, LZ and Norman, VC and Alphey, L}, title = {Recent advances in threshold-dependent gene drives for mosquitoes.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {1203-1212}, pmid = {30190331}, issn = {1470-8752}, support = {110117/Z/15/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/I/00007033//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BBS/E/I/00007038//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever ; Dengue ; Drosophila/microbiology ; *Gene Drive Technology ; Haploinsufficiency ; Heterozygote ; Malaria ; Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; Reproduction ; Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya, cause morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent advances in gene drives have produced control methods that could theoretically modify all populations of a disease vector, from a single release, making whole species less able to transmit pathogens. This ability has caused both excitement, at the prospect of global eradication of mosquito-borne diseases, and concern around safeguards. Drive mechanisms that require individuals to be released at high frequency before genes will spread can therefore be desirable as they are potentially localised and reversible. These include underdominance-based strategies and use of the reproductive parasite Wolbachia Here, we review recent advances in practical applications and mathematical analyses of these threshold-dependent gene drives with a focus on implementation in Aedes aegypti, highlighting their mechanisms and the role of fitness costs on introduction frequencies. Drawing on the parallels between these systems offers useful insights into practical, controlled application of localised drives, and allows us to assess the requirements needed for gene drive reversal.}, }
@article {pmid30188519, year = {2018}, author = {Gilbert, JA and Melton, L}, title = {Verily project releases millions of factory-reared mosquitoes.}, journal = {Nature biotechnology}, volume = {36}, number = {9}, pages = {781-782}, pmid = {30188519}, issn = {1546-1696}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; California ; Dengue/prevention & control ; Female ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Wolbachia ; }, }
@article {pmid30175240, year = {2018}, author = {Jeffries, CL and Rogers, ME and Walker, T}, title = {Establishment of a method for Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly embryo microinjection: The first step towards potential novel control strategies for leishmaniasis.}, journal = {Wellcome open research}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {55}, pmid = {30175240}, issn = {2398-502X}, support = {BB/H022406/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies that affects 1.3 million people across 98 countries, with limited control strategies due to the lack of an available vaccine and the emergence of insecticide resistance. Novel control strategies that are being explored for mosquito-borne diseases, such as Wolbachia bacterial inhibition of pathogens and genetically modified insects (e.g. using CRISPR-Cas9 editing), rely on the ability to consistently inject embryos of the target species. Here we present a novel method to obtain and inject preblastoderm sand fly embryos of the genus Lutzomyia (Lu.)longipalpis, the principle vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in South America. The procedures required to obtain sufficiently young Lu. longipalpis colony embryos are described alongside a microinjection technique that permits rapid injection and minimal handling of small sand fly embryos post-injection. Using a strain of Wolbachia as a 'marker' for successful injection, our protocol produced early generation Wolbachia transinfected Lu. longipalpis lines, demonstrating its potential as the first step for use in novel applied strategies for sand fly control.}, }
@article {pmid30165658, year = {2018}, author = {Cevidanes, A and Di Cataldo, S and Vera, F and Lillo, P and Millán, J}, title = {Molecular Detection of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Rural Dogs and Associated Ctenocephalides felis Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in Easter Island (Chile).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, pages = {1659-1663}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy141}, pmid = {30165658}, issn = {1938-2928}, mesh = {Animals ; Ctenocephalides/*microbiology ; Dogs/*parasitology ; Female ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Male ; Polynesia ; }, abstract = {The presence of vector-borne pathogens of veterinary and public health interest have received little attention in Chile. In Easter Island, in particular, a Chilean territory in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, no information is available. To fill this gap, 153 rural dogs were inspected for ectoparasites during a sterilization campaign carried out in 2016. Fleas were observed in 46% of the dogs, and Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché, 1835) was the only species present. Morphological identification of fleas was genetically confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction targeting the cox2 gene. No tick was observed in any dog. The presence of DNA of Rickettsia sp. (gltA and ompA fragment genes), Anaplasmataceae (16S rRNA), and Bartonella sp. (16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer) was investigated in blood samples of 70 of the dogs and in 126 fleas analyzed in 68 pools that included 1-5 fleas. Rickettsial DNA was detected in 97% (n = 66) of the flea pools. Of these, 57 showed between 99 and 100% identity for both genes with published sequences of Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis (CRa), six with Rickettsia felis, and one with Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis. For two pools, gltA amplicons were identical to CRa but ompB amplicions showed 99-100% identity with R. felis. Anaplasmataceae DNA was detected in 16% (n = 11) pools. Sequenced amplicons showed highest identity with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. Bartonella DNA, showing 99% identity to Bartonella clarridgeiae, was detected in one pool (1.4%). No positive reaction was observed for any dog. This is the first detection of members of the 'R. felis-like' group other than R. felis in Chile.}, }
@article {pmid30161131, year = {2018}, author = {Bhadra, S and Riedel, TE and Saldaña, MA and Hegde, S and Pederson, N and Hughes, GL and Ellington, AD}, title = {Direct nucleic acid analysis of mosquitoes for high fidelity species identification and detection of Wolbachia using a cellphone.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, pages = {e0006671}, pmid = {30161131}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R21 AI124452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI138074/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R43 AI131948/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI129507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CK000512/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Cell Phone ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods ; Software ; Wolbachia/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Manipulation of natural mosquito populations using the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia is being investigated as a novel strategy to reduce the burden of mosquito-borne viruses. To evaluate the efficacy of these interventions, it will be critical to determine Wolbachia infection frequencies in Aedes aegypti mosquito populations. However, current diagnostic tools are not well-suited to fit this need. Morphological methods cannot identify Wolbachia, immunoassays often suffer from low sensitivity and poor throughput, while PCR and spectroscopy require complex instruments and technical expertise, which restrict their use to centralized laboratories. To address this unmet need, we have used loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and oligonucleotide strand displacement (OSD) probes to create a one-pot sample-to-answer nucleic acid diagnostic platform for vector and symbiont surveillance. LAMP-OSD assays can directly amplify target nucleic acids from macerated mosquitoes without requiring nucleic acid purification and yield specific single endpoint yes/no fluorescence signals that are observable to eye or by cellphone camera. We demonstrate cellphone-imaged LAMP-OSD tests for two targets, the Aedes aegypti cytochrome oxidase I (coi) gene and the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene, and show a limit of detection of 4 and 40 target DNA copies, respectively. In a blinded test of 90 field-caught mosquitoes, the coi LAMP-OSD assay demonstrated 98% specificity and 97% sensitivity in identifying Ae. aegypti mosquitoes even after 3 weeks of storage without desiccant at 37°C. Similarly, the wsp LAMP-OSD assay readily identified the wAlbB Wolbachia strain in field-collected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes without generating any false positive signals. Modest technology requirements, minimal execution steps, simple binary readout, and robust accuracy make the LAMP-OSD-to-cellphone assay platform well suited for field vector surveillance in austere or resource-limited conditions.}, }
@article {pmid30157257, year = {2018}, author = {Wenzel, MA and Douglas, A and Piertney, SB}, title = {Microbiome composition within a sympatric species complex of intertidal isopods (Jaera albifrons).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202212}, pmid = {30157257}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/isolation & purification ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Host Microbial Interactions/genetics ; Isopoda/*microbiology ; Male ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Proteobacteria/genetics/isolation & purification ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Scotland ; Sex Factors ; Sympatry ; }, abstract = {The increasingly recognised effects of microbiomes on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of their hosts are promoting a view of the "hologenome" as an integral host-symbiont evolutionary entity. For example, sex-ratio distorting reproductive parasites such as Wolbachia are well-studied pivotal drivers of invertebrate reproductive processes, and more recent work is highlighting novel effects of microbiome assemblages on host mating behaviour and developmental incompatibilities that underpin or reinforce reproductive isolation processes. However, examining the hologenome and its eco-evolutionary effects in natural populations is challenging because microbiome composition is considerably influenced by environmental factors. Here we illustrate these challenges in a sympatric species complex of intertidal isopods (Jaera albifrons spp.) with pervasive sex-ratio distortion and ecological and behavioural reproductive isolation mechanisms. We deep-sequence the bacterial 16S rRNA gene among males and females collected in spring and summer from two coasts in north-east Scotland, and examine microbiome composition with a particular focus on reproductive parasites. Microbiomes of all species were diverse (overall 3,317 unique sequences among 3.8 million reads) and comprised mainly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes taxa typical of the marine intertidal zone, in particular Vibrio spp. However, we found little evidence of the reproductive parasites Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma and Cardinium, suggesting alternative causes of sex-ratio distortion. Notwithstanding, a significant proportion of the variance in microbiome composition among samples was explained by sex (14.1 %), nested within geographic (26.9 %) and seasonal (39.6 %) variance components. The functional relevance of this sex signal was difficult to ascertain given the absence of reproductive parasites, the ephemeral nature of the species assemblages and substantial environmental variability. These results establish the Jaera albifrons species complex as an intriguing system for examining the effects of microbiomes on reproductive processes and speciation, and highlight the difficulties associated with snapshot assays of microbiome composition in dynamic and complex environments.}, }
@article {pmid30150735, year = {2019}, author = {Shaw, WR and Catteruccia, F}, title = {Vector biology meets disease control: using basic research to fight vector-borne diseases.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {20-34}, doi = {10.1038/s41564-018-0214-7}, pmid = {30150735}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {R01 AI124165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Anopheles/microbiology/parasitology ; Biological Control Agents/pharmacology ; Communicable Disease Control/*methods ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; Culex/parasitology/virology ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Wolbachia/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Human pathogens that are transmitted by insects are a global problem, particularly those vectored by mosquitoes; for example, malaria parasites transmitted by Anopheles species, and viruses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya that are carried by Aedes mosquitoes. Over the past 15 years, the prevalence of malaria has been substantially reduced and virus outbreaks have been contained by controlling mosquito vectors using insecticide-based approaches. However, disease control is now threatened by alarming rates of insecticide resistance in insect populations, prompting the need to develop a new generation of specific strategies that can reduce vector-mediated transmission. Here, we review how increased knowledge in insect biology and insect-pathogen interactions is stimulating new concepts and tools for vector control. We focus on strategies that either interfere with the development of pathogens within their vectors or directly impact insect survival, including enhancement of vector-mediated immune control, manipulation of the insect microbiome, or use of powerful new genetic tools such as CRISPR-Cas systems to edit vector genomes. Finally, we offer a perspective on the implementation hurdles as well as the knowledge gaps that must be filled in the coming years to safely realize the potential of these novel strategies to eliminate the scourge of vector-borne disease.}, }
@article {pmid30150426, year = {2018}, author = {Kostaropoulos, T and Papageorgiou, L and Champeris Tsaniras, S and Vlachakis, D and Eliopoulos, E}, title = {Carcinogenic Pesticide Control via Hijacking Endosymbiosis; The Paradigm of DSB-A from Wolbachia pipientis for the Management of Otiorhynchus singularis.}, journal = {In vivo (Athens, Greece)}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {1051-1062}, pmid = {30150426}, issn = {1791-7549}, mesh = {Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Carcinogens/toxicity ; *Chemical Safety ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; Conserved Sequence ; Drug Design ; *Insect Control ; Models, Molecular ; *Pesticides/adverse effects ; Phylogeny ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/chemistry/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIM: Pesticides have little, if any specificity, to the pathogen they target in most cases. Wide spectrum toxic chemicals are being used to remove pestcides and salvage crops and economies linked to agriculture. The burden on the environment, public health and economy is huge. Traditional pestcide control is based on administering heavy loads of highly toxic compounds and elements that essentially strip all life from the field. Those chemicals are a leading cause of increased cancer related deaths in countryside. Herein, the Trojan horse of endosymbiosis was used, in an effort to control pests using high specificity compounds in reduced quantities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our pipeline has been applied on the case of Otiorhynchus singularis, which is a very widespread pest, whose impact is devastating on a repertoire of crops. To date, there is no specific pesticide nor agent to control it. The deployed strategy involves the inhibition of the key DSB-A enzyme of its endosymbiotic Wolbachia pipientis bacterial strain.
RESULTS: Our methodology, provides the means to design, test and identify highly specific pestcide control substances that minimize the impact of toxic chemicals on health, economy and the environment.
CONCLUSION: All in all, in this study a radical computer-based pipeline is proposed that could be adopted under many other similar scenarios and pave the way for precision agriculture via optimized pest control.}, }
@article {pmid30149795, year = {2018}, author = {Brown, AMV}, title = {Endosymbionts of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.}, journal = {Annual review of phytopathology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {225-242}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045824}, pmid = {30149795}, issn = {1545-2107}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/*microbiology ; Plant Diseases/parasitology/*prevention & control ; Plants/*parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Some of the most agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) harbor endosymbionts. Extensive work in other systems has shown that endosymbionts can have major effects on host virulence and biology. This review highlights the discovery, development, and diversity of PPN endosymbionts, incorporating inferences from genomic data. Cardinium, reported from five PPN hosts to date, is characterized by its presence in the esophageal glands and other tissues, with a discontinuous distribution across populations, and genomic data suggestive of horizontal gene exchange. Xiphinematobacter occurs in at least 27 species of dagger nematode in the ovaries and gut epithelial cells, where genomic data suggest it may serve in nutritional supplementation. Wolbachia, reported in just three PPNs, appears to have an ancient history in the Pratylenchidae and displays broad tissue distribution and genomic features intermediate between parasitic and reproductive groups. Finally, a model is described that integrates these insights to explain patterns of endosymbiont replacement.}, }
@article {pmid30148833, year = {2018}, author = {Cerutti, F and Modesto, P and Rizzo, F and Cravero, A and Jurman, I and Costa, S and Giammarino, M and Mandola, ML and Goria, M and Radovic, S and Cattonaro, F and Acutis, PL and Peletto, S}, title = {The microbiota of hematophagous ectoparasites collected from migratory birds.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0202270}, pmid = {30148833}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animal Migration ; Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology ; Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; Bird Diseases/*parasitology ; Birds/parasitology ; Computational Biology ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology/*veterinary ; Italy ; *Microbiota ; Molecular Typing ; Parasites/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Ticks/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Arthropod vectors are responsible for the transmission of human pathogens worldwide. Several arthropod species are bird ectoparasites, however, no study to date has characterized their microbiota as a whole. We sampled hematophagous ectoparasites that feed on migratory birds and performed 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to characterize their microbial community. A total of 194 ectoparasites were collected from 115 avian hosts and classified into three groups: a) Hippoboscidae diptera; b) ticks; c) other arthropods. Metabarcoding showed that endosymbionts were the most abundant genera of the microbial community, including Wolbachia for Hippoboscidae diptera, Candidatus Midichloria for ticks, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus for the other arthropod group. Genera including pathogenic species were: Rickettsia, Borrelia, Coxiella, Francisella, Bartonella, Anaplasma. Co-infection with Borrelia-Rickettsia and Anaplasma-Rickettsia was also observed. A global overview of the microbiota of ectoparasites sampled from migratory birds was obtained with the use of 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. A novel finding is the first identification of Rickettsia in the common swift louse fly, Crataerina pallida. Given their possible interaction with pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the presence of endosymbionts in arthropods merits attention. Finally, molecular characterization of genera, including both pathogenic and symbiont species, plays a pivotal role in the design of targeted molecular diagnostics.}, }
@article {pmid30139962, year = {2019}, author = {Richardson, KM and Griffin, PC and Lee, SF and Ross, PA and Endersby-Harshman, NM and Schiffer, M and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {A Wolbachia infection from Drosophila that causes cytoplasmic incompatibility despite low prevalence and densities in males.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {122}, number = {4}, pages = {428-440}, doi = {10.1038/s41437-018-0133-7}, pmid = {30139962}, issn = {1365-2540}, support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria are common insect endosymbionts transmitted maternally and capable of spreading through insect populations by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) when infected males cause embryo death after mating with uninfected females. Selection in the Wolbachia endosymbiont occurs on female hosts and is expected to favour strong maternal transmission to female offspring, even at the cost of reduced CI. With maternal leakage, nuclear genes are expected to be selected to suppress cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by males while also reducing any deleterious effects associated with the infection. Here we describe a new type of Wolbachia strain from Drosophila pseudotakahashii likely to have arisen from evolutionary processes on host and/or Wolbachia genomes. This strain is often absent from adult male offspring, but always transmitted to females. It leads to males with low or non-detectable Wolbachia that nevertheless show CI. When detected in adult males, the infection has a low density relative to that in females, a phenomenon not previously seen in Wolbachia infections of Drosophila. This Wolbachia strain is common in natural populations, and shows reduced CI when older (infected) males are crossed. These patterns highlight that endosymbionts can have strong sex-specific effects and that high frequency Wolbachia strains persist through effects on female reproduction. Female-limited Wolbachia infections may be of applied interest if the low level of Wolbachia in males reduces deleterious fitness effects on the host.}, }
@article {pmid30124918, year = {2018}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Sanda Bala, N and Hou, Y}, title = {The Endosymbiotic Wolbachia and Host COI Gene Enables to Distinguish Between Two Invasive Palm Pests; Coconut Leaf Beetle, Brontispa longissima and Hispid Leaf Beetle, Octodonta nipae.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2894-2902}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy233}, pmid = {30124918}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Coleoptera/*classification/genetics/microbiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Species Specificity ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {To elucidate taxonomic eminence of identical pest species is essential for many ecological and conservation studies. Without proficient skills, accurate molecular identification and characterization are laborious and time-consuming. The coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is biologically and morphologically identical to hispid leaf beetle, Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and is known as the most harming nuisances of palm cultivation worldwide. The present examination was to establish Wolbachia genotyping analysis along with host cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for accurate identification between these individuals of the same family (Chrysomelidae). Here, we have cloned and sequenced a gene coding Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and COI gene regions amplified from both species by polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide sequences were directly determined (≈600 bp for wsp and ≈804 bp for COI) and aligned using the multiple alignment algorithms in the ESPript3 package and the MEGA5 program. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that the representative of wsp and COI sequences from these two beetles were highly variable. To ensure this bacterial variation, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of bacterial genes was conducted, and the results vindicated the same trend of variations. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis also indicates that B. longissima and O. nipae being the two different species harbors two distinct Wolbachia Hertig and Burt (Rickettsiales: Anaplamataceae) supergroups B and A, respectively. The present outcomes quickly discriminate between these two species. Considering its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, it can be used as a diagnostic tool for discriminating such invasive species particularly B. longissima and O. nipae which has overlapping morphologic characters.}, }
@article {pmid30113326, year = {2018}, author = {Showler, AJ and Nutman, TB}, title = {Imported onchocerciasis in migrants and travelers.}, journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, pages = {393-398}, doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000000483}, pmid = {30113326}, issn = {1473-6527}, mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Helminth/blood ; Communicable Diseases, Imported/*diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine/*methods ; *Disease Management ; Doxycycline/therapeutic use ; Filaricides/*therapeutic use ; Human Migration ; Humans ; Onchocerca volvulus/immunology ; Onchocerciasis/*diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Transients and Migrants ; Travel ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With increasing international travel and mass global population migration, clinicians in nonendemic countries must be familiar with imported neglected tropical diseases including onchocerciasis, which is commonly known as 'river blindness'.
RECENT FINDINGS: Imported onchocerciasis manifests differently in travelers compared with migrants from endemic areas and is likely underdiagnosed in both groups. Recent clinical studies confirm that eosinophilia is not a sensitive marker for Onchocerca volvulus, with one-third of patients having a normal eosinophil count. Novel diagnostics measuring antibodies to multiple recombinant O. volvulus antigens maintain a high sensitivity while improving specificity compared with conventional pan-filarial serologic testing. A 6-week course of doxycycline has macrofilaricidal activity through Wolbachia depletion and may be useful in nonendemic areas in addition to standard serial ivermectin.
SUMMARY: Recent studies characterizing distinct clinical presentations in travelers and migrants may enable clinicians to better recognize imported onchocerciasis. Although novel diagnostics have improved specificity, most remain restricted to tropical disease reference laboratories and to date there is no marker of cure. Prolonged doxycycline treatment may reduce the need for serial ivermectin, though more potent short-course macrofilaricidal drugs are being developed.}, }
@article {pmid30110391, year = {2018}, author = {Russell, SL and Lemseffer, N and White, PM and Sullivan, WT}, title = {Wolbachia and host germline components compete for kinesin-mediated transport to the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {e1007216}, pmid = {30110391}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Animals ; *Binding, Competitive ; Cell Polarity ; Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism/*microbiology ; Germ Cells/microbiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology ; Kinesin/*metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism/*microbiology ; Oogenesis/physiology ; Protein Transport ; Tissue Distribution ; Wolbachia/metabolism/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Widespread success of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia across insects and nematodes is due to efficient vertical transmission and reproductive manipulations. Many strains, including wMel from Drosophila melanogaster, exhibit a specific concentration to the germplasm at the posterior pole of the mature oocyte, thereby ensuring high fidelity of parent-offspring transmission. Transport of Wolbachia to the pole relies on microtubules and the plus-end directed motor kinesin heavy chain (KHC). However, the mechanisms mediating Wolbachia's association with KHC remain unknown. Here we show that reduced levels of the host canonical linker protein KLC results in dramatically increased levels of Wolbachia at the oocyte's posterior, suggesting that KLC and some key associated host cargos outcompete Wolbachia for association with a limited amount of KHC motor proteins. Consistent with this interpretation, over-expression of KHC causes similarly increased levels of posteriorly localized Wolbachia. However, excess KHC has no effect on levels of Vasa, a germplasm component that also requires KHC for posterior localization. Thus, Wolbachia transport is uniquely KHC-limited because these bacteria are likely outcompeted for binding to KHC by some host cargo/linker complexes. These results reveal a novel host-symbiont interaction that underscores the precise regulation required for an intracellular bacterium to co-opt, but not disrupt, vital host processes.}, }
@article {pmid30107579, year = {2018}, author = {Flatau, R and Segoli, M and Khokhlova, I and Hawlena, H}, title = {Wolbachia's role in mediating its flea's reproductive success differs according to flea origin.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy157}, pmid = {30107579}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Host Specificity ; Models, Biological ; Reproduction ; Rodentia/parasitology ; Selection, Genetic ; Siphonaptera/growth & development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/growth & development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Endosymbionts-microbes that live within and engage in prolonged and intimate associations with their hosts-are gaining recognition for their direct impact on plant and animal reproduction. Here we used the overlooked Wolbachia-flea system to explore the possibility that endosymbionts may also play a role as mediators in shaping the reproductive success of their hosts. We simultaneously quantified the Wolbachia density in field- and laboratory-originated fleas that fed and mated on rodents for either 5 or 10 days and assessed their body size and current reproductive success. By combining multigroup analysis and model selection approaches, we teased apart the contribution of the direct effects of the flea's physiological age and body size and the mediation effect of its Wolbachia endosymbionts on flea reproductive success, and we showed that the latter was stronger than the former. However, interestingly, the mediation effect was manifested only in laboratory-originated fleas, for which the increase in Wolbachia with age translated into lower reproductive success. These results suggest that some well-supported phenomena, such as aging effects, may be driven by endosymbionts and show once again that the role of endosymbionts in shaping the reproductive success of their host depends on their selective environment.}, }
@article {pmid30106293, year = {2018}, author = {Kruse, A and Ramsey, JS and Johnson, R and Hall, DG and MacCoss, MJ and Heck, M}, title = {Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Minimally Alters Expression of Immunity and Metabolism Proteins in Hemolymph of Diaphorina citri, the Insect Vector of Huanglongbing.}, journal = {Journal of proteome research}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {2995-3011}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00183}, pmid = {30106293}, issn = {1535-3907}, mesh = {Acetylation ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Citrus/parasitology ; Energy Metabolism ; Fatty Acids ; Gene Ontology ; Hemiptera/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Hemolymph/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/immunology ; Insect Proteins/classification/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Insect Vectors/genetics/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Phosphorylation ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteome/classification/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Proteomics/methods ; Rhizobiaceae/genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics/immunology ; Vitellogenins ; Wolbachia/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, is the most serious disease of citrus plants. It is associated with the Gram-negative bacterium ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), which is transmitted between host plants by the hemipteran insect vector Diaphorina citri in a circulative, propagative manner involving specific interactions with various insect tissues including the hemolymph, fluid that occupies the body cavity akin to insect blood. High resolution quantitative mass spectrometry was performed to investigate the effect of CLas exposure on D. citri hemolymph at the proteome level. In contrast to the broad proteome effects on hundreds of proteins and a diverse array of metabolic pathways previously reported in gut and whole insect proteome analyses, the effect of CLas on the hemolymph was observed to be highly specific, restricted to key immunity and metabolism pathways, and lower in magnitude than that previously observed in the whole insect body and gut. Vitellogenins were abundantly expressed and CLas-responsive. Gene-specific RNA expression analysis suggests that these proteins are expressed in both male and female insects and may have roles outside of reproductive vitellogenesis. Proteins for fatty acid synthesis were found to be up-regulated, along with metabolic proteins associated with energy production, supported at the organismal level by the previously published observation that D. citri individuals experience a higher level of hunger when reared on CLas-infected plants. Prediction of post-translational modifications identified hemolymph proteins with phosphorylation and acetylation upon CLas exposure. Proteins derived from the three most prominent bacterial endosymbionts of the psyllid were also detected in the hemolymph, and several of these have predicted secretion signals. A DNAK protein, the bacterial HSP70, detected in the hemolymph expressed from Wolbachia pipientis was predicted to encode a eukaryotic nuclear localization signal. Taken together, these data show specific changes to immunity and metabolism in D. citri hemolymph involving host and endosymbiont proteins. These data provide a novel context for proteomic changes seen in other D. citri tissues in response to CLas and align with organismal data on the effects of CLas on D. citri metabolism and reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid30104608, year = {2018}, author = {Mukherjee, S and Joardar, N and Mondal, S and Schiefer, A and Hoerauf, A and Pfarr, K and Babu, SPS}, title = {Quinolone-fused cyclic sulfonamide as a novel benign antifilarial agent.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12073}, pmid = {30104608}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Search of potent antifilarial drugs has been a major thrust area in tropical medicine research over the decades. Herein, we report 4,7-dimethyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-3λ6-[1,2]thiazino[4,3-f]quinoline-3,3,8-trione (8l) as a new class of antifilarial agent which is extremely potent, with lethality against all the developmental stages (oocyte, microfilaria and adult) of the filarial parasite Setaria cervi. Molecular investigation on its mode of action revealed that 8l is a typical inducer of reactive oxygen species that triggers oxidative stress inside the filarid and further signals induction of apoptosis by activating both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Moreover, 8l is also active against Wolbachia, the essential endosymbiont of several human infectious filarids. Selective toxicity against filarial parasites and non-toxic nature in rat model were found as unique traits of 8l to be a future medicine. Taken en masse, this maiden report on a novel quinolone fused cyclic sulfonamide presents a promising therapeutic lead for lymphatic filariasis in future.}, }
@article {pmid30092356, year = {2018}, author = {Jiang, W and Zhu, J and Wu, Y and Li, L and Li, Y and Ge, C and Wang, Y and Endersby, NM and Hoffmann, AA and Yu, W}, title = {Influence of Wolbachia infection on mitochondrial DNA variation in the genus Polytremis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {129}, number = {}, pages = {158-170}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.001}, pmid = {30092356}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Lepidoptera/*genetics/*microbiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The maternally inherited obligate bacteria Wolbachia is known for infecting the reproductive tissues of a wide range of arthropods and can contribute to phylogenetically discordant patterns between mtDNA and nDNA. In this study, we tested for an association between mito-nuclear discordance in Polytremis and Wolbachia infection. Six of the 17 species of Polytremis were found to be infected with Wolbachia. Overall, 34% (70/204) of Polytremis specimens were Wolbachia positive and three strains of Wolbachia identified using a wsp marker were further characterized as six strains based on MLST markers. Wolbachia acquisition in Polytremis appears to occur mainly through horizontal transmission rather than codivergence based on comparison of the divergence times of Wolbachia and Polytremis species. At the intraspecific level, one of the Wolbachia infections (wNas1) is associated with reduced mtDNA polymorphism in the infected Polytremis population. At the interspecific level, there is one case of mito-nuclear discordance likely caused by introgression of P. fukia mtDNA into P. nascens driven by another Wolbachia strain (wNas3). Based on an absence of infected males, we suspect that one Wolbachia strain (wNas2) affects sex ratio, but the phenotypic effects of the other strains are unclear. These data reveal a dynamic interaction between Polytremis and Wolbachia endosymbionts affecting patterns of mtDNA variation.}, }
@article {pmid30071091, year = {2018}, author = {Johnson, BJ and Rohde, BB and Zeak, N and Staunton, KM and Prachar, T and Ritchie, SA}, title = {A low-cost, battery-powered acoustic trap for surveilling male Aedes aegypti during rear-and-release operations.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {e0201709}, pmid = {30071091}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Acoustics ; *Aedes ; Animals ; *Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Electric Power Supplies ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*economics/*instrumentation ; }, abstract = {The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a primary vector of several serious arboviruses throughout the world and is therefore of great concern to many public health organizations. With vector control methodology pivoting towards rearing and releasing large numbers of genetically modified, sterilized, or Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes to control vector populations, economical surveillance methods for release tracking becomes increasingly necessary. Previous work has identified that male Ae. aegypti are attracted to female wingbeat frequencies and can be captured through artificial playback of these frequencies, but the tested systems are cost-prohibitive for wide-scale monitoring. Thus, we have developed a simple, low-cost, battery-powered, microcontroller-based sound lure which mimics the wingbeat frequency of female Ae. aegypti, thereby attracting males. We then tested the efficacy of this lure in combination with a passive (non-powered) gravid Aedes trap (GAT) against the current gold-standard, the Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap, which requires main power (household power) and costs several times what the GAT does. Capture rates of male Ae. aegypti in sound-baited GATs (Sound-GATs) in these field tests were comparable to that of the BGS with no inhibitory effects of sound playback on female capture. We conclude that the Sound-GAT is an effective replacement of the costly BGS for surveillance of male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, particularly in the developing countries where funding is limited, and has the potential to be adapted to target males of other medically important species.}, }
@article {pmid30069620, year = {2018}, author = {Fallon, AM}, title = {Strain-specific response to ampicillin in Wolbachia-infected mosquito cell lines.}, journal = {In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal}, volume = {54}, number = {8}, pages = {580-588}, pmid = {30069620}, issn = {1543-706X}, support = {AI081322//National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/drug effects/genetics/growth & development/*microbiology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Ampicillin/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales; Anaplasmataceae) is an obligate intracellular alpha proteobacterium that occurs in arthropods and filarial worms. Some strains of Wolbachia can be maintained as persistent infections in insect cell lines. C/wStr1 cells from the mosquito Aedes albopictus maintain a robust infection with Wolbachia strain wStr, originally isolated from the planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. To explore possible functions of penicillin-binding proteins expressed from the wStr genome, C/wStr1 cells were exposed to ampicillin. Absolute levels of Wolbachia increased 3.5-fold in ampicillin-treated cells and fivefold in naive cells newly infected with wStr. Because cell numbers were depressed by ampicillin treatment, Wolbachia yield on a per-cell basis increased by 15-fold. The absence of a similar effect on wAlbB in Aa23 host cells suggests that the Wolbachia strain, the presence/absence of genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins, or the interaction between wAlbB and its host cells may modulate the effects of ampicillin.}, }
@article {pmid30068363, year = {2018}, author = {Callahan, AG and Ross, PA and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Small females prefer small males: size assortative mating in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {445}, pmid = {30068363}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {1037003//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals ; *Body Size ; Female ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: With Aedes aegypti mosquitoes now being released in field programmes aimed at disease suppression, there is interest in identifying factors influencing the mating and invasion success of released mosquitoes. One factor that can increase release success is size: released males may benefit competitively from being larger than their field counterparts. However, there could be a risk in releasing only large males if small field females avoid these males and instead prefer small males. Here we investigate this risk by evaluating mating success for mosquitoes differing in size.
RESULTS: We measured mating success indirectly by coupling size with Wolbachia-infected or uninfected mosquitoes and scoring cytoplasmic incompatibility. Large females showed no evidence of a mating preference, whereas small males were relatively more successful than large males when mating with small females, exhibiting an advantage of around 20-25%.
CONCLUSIONS: Because field females typically encompass a wide range of sizes while laboratory reared (and released) males typically fall into a narrow size range of large mosquitoes, these patterns can influence the success of release programmes which rely on cytoplasmic incompatibility to suppress populations and initiate replacement invasions. Releases could include some small males generated under low food or crowded conditions to counter this issue, although this would need to be weighed against issues associated with costs of producing males of various size classes.}, }
@article {pmid30064911, year = {2018}, author = {Fukui, T and Kiuchi, T and Shoji, K and Kawamoto, M and Shimada, T and Katsuma, S}, title = {In vivo masculinizing function of the Ostrinia furnacalis Masculinizer gene.}, journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications}, volume = {503}, number = {3}, pages = {1768-1772}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.111}, pmid = {30064911}, issn = {1090-2104}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Moths/embryology/*genetics ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics/metabolism ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The Masculinizer gene (Masc) encodes a CCCH tandem zinc finger protein essential for masculinization and dosage compensation in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Previously we identified a Masc orthologue from the crambid Ostrinia furnacalis (OfMasc) and observed its masculinizing activity in the B. mori cultured cell line BmN-4. However, the role of OfMasc in masculinization of O. furnacalis has not been assessed. In this study, we unexpectedly discovered that all of the male larvae that escaped from Wolbachia-induced embryonic male-killing by OfMasc cRNA injection expressed the female-type splicing variants of O. furnacalis doublesex (Ofdsx). To clarify the role of OfMasc in the masculinization process in vivo, we established a system to monitor both sex chromosome- and dsx splicing-based sexes from a single O. furnacalis embryo. Using this system, we investigated the effects of OfMasc knockdown in early embryos on Ofdsx splicing and found that depletion of OfMasc mRNA in male embryos induced the production of the female-type splicing variants of Ofdsx. This result indicates that OfMasc is required for masculinization in O. furnacalis, and that the Masc protein possesses masculinizing activity in an insect species that is phylogenetically distant from Bombycidae.}, }
@article {pmid30061694, year = {2018}, author = {Fisher, ML and Watson, DW and Osborne, JA and Mochizuki, H and Breen, M and Schal, C}, title = {Growth kinetics of endosymbiont Wolbachia in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {11444}, pmid = {30061694}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {P30 ES025128/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; NCHHU0017-13//U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)/ ; 2013-5-35 MBE//Alfred P. Sloan Foundation/ ; P30ES025128//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/ ; }, abstract = {The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius harbors the endosymbiotic microorganism, Wolbachia (wCle), in a gonad-associated bacteriome as an obligate nutritional mutualist. The obligatory nature of this association suggests that all individuals in C. lectularius populations would be infected with wCle. However, studies spanning the past several decades have reported variation in both infection frequency and relative abundance of wCle in field-collected samples of bed bugs. Since the growth kinetics of wCle is poorly understood, the objective of this study was to quantify wCle over the life cycle of two strains of C. lectularius. Our results highlight that wCle is dynamic during bed bug development, changing relative to life stage, intermolt stage, and blood-fed status. These results suggest new hypotheses about the coordination of Wolbachia growth and regression with its host's physiology and endocrine events. The observed quantitative modulation of wCle during the bed bug life cycle and during periods of starvation may explain the disparities in wCle infections reported in field-collected C. lectularius.}, }
@article {pmid30060072, year = {2018}, author = {Gillespie, JJ and Driscoll, TP and Verhoeve, VI and Rahman, MS and Macaluso, KR and Azad, AF}, title = {A Tangled Web: Origins of Reproductive Parasitism.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {2292-2309}, pmid = {30060072}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {R01 AI017828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI122672/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI126853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; Models, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; Plasmids/genetics ; Reproduction ; Rickettsia felis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Wolbachia/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {While typically a flea parasite and opportunistic human pathogen, the presence of Rickettsia felis (strain LSU-Lb) in the non-blood-feeding, parthenogenetically reproducing booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, provides a system to ascertain factors governing not only host transitions but also obligate reproductive parasitism (RP). Analysis of plasmid pLbAR, unique to R. felis str. LSU-Lb, revealed a toxin-antitoxin module with similar features to prophage-encoded toxin-antitoxin modules utilized by parasitic Wolbachia strains to induce another form of RP, cytoplasmic incompatibility, in their arthropod hosts. Curiously, multiple deubiquitinase and nuclease domains of the large (3,841 aa) pLbAR toxin, as well the entire antitoxin, facilitated the detection of an assortment of related proteins from diverse intracellular bacteria, including other reproductive parasites. Our description of these remarkable components of the intracellular mobilome, including their presence in certain arthropod genomes, lends insight on the evolution of RP, while invigorating research on parasite-mediated biocontrol of arthropod-borne viral and bacterial pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid30059498, year = {2018}, author = {Xue, L and Fang, X and Hyman, JM}, title = {Comparing the effectiveness of different strains of Wolbachia for controlling chikungunya, dengue fever, and zika.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0006666}, pmid = {30059498}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/*transmission/virology ; Chikungunya virus/physiology ; Dengue/*transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/physiology/virology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Reproduction ; Wolbachia/classification/*physiology ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/*transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {Once Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes that spread Chikungunya virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus are infected with Wolbachia, they have reduced egg laying rates, reduced transmission abilities, and shorter lifespans. Since most infected mosquitoes are only infectious in the last few days of their lives, shortening a mosquito's lifespan by a day or two can greatly reduce their abilities to spread mosquito-borne viral diseases, such as Chikungunya, dengue fever, and Zika. We developed a mathematical model to compare the effectiveness of the wMel and wAlbB strains of Wolbachia for controlling the spread of these viruses. The differences among the diseases, mosquitoes, and Wolbachia strains are captured by the model parameters for the mosquito-human transmission cycle. Moreover, the model accounts for the behavior changes of infectious population created by differences in the malaise caused by these viruses. We derived the effective and basic reproduction numbers for the model that are used to estimate the number of secondary infections from the infectious populations. In the same density of Wolbachia-free Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, we observed that wMel and wAlbB strains of Wolbachia can reduce the transmission rates of these diseases effectively.}, }
@article {pmid30056075, year = {2018}, author = {Ciuca, L and Simòn, F and Rinaldi, L and Kramer, L and Genchi, M and Cringoli, G and Acatrinei, D and Miron, L and Morchon, R}, title = {Seroepidemiological survey of human exposure to Dirofilaria spp. in Romania and Moldova.}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {169-174}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.012}, pmid = {30056075}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Antibodies, Helminth/*immunology ; Antigens, Helminth/*immunology ; Child ; Dirofilaria/*immunology ; Dirofilaria immitis/immunology ; Dirofilaria repens/immunology ; Dirofilariasis/*epidemiology/immunology ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Moldova/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Romania/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Wolbachia/immunology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {The present study aimed to evaluate the extent of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens exposure in humans from eastern and southern areas of Romania and central Moldova by serological methods. The serological screening was performed on a total of 450 serum samples (187 from Romania and 263 from Moldova). The sera were collected using a convenience sampling with the help of physicians from the hospitals of the study areas. All samples were analysed by a non-commercial ELISA test for the detection of IgG antibodies against adult somatic antigens of D. immitis and D. repens. The results showed a total of 49 (10.9%; 95% CI = 8.3-14.1%) individuals from Romania and Moldova with a positive response to IgG antibodies against both adult somatic antigens of D. immitis and D. repens. Specifically, 48 (10.7%; 95% CI = 8.0-14.0%) patients were positive for IgG-antibodies against adult somatic antigens of D. immitis, one (0.2%; 95% CI = 0.4-1.2%) against D. repens antigens, and four (0.9%; 95% CI = 0.4-3.3%). were positive for antigens of both parasites. At country level, out of 187 samples from Romania, 13 (6.9%; 95% CI = 4.1-11.5%) were positive for anti-D. immitis IgG with high exposure in the southern part of the country (Bucharest). Of the 263 people from Moldova, 36 (13.7%; 95% CI = 10.0-18.4%) were positive for D. immitis antigens from which three (1.1%, 95% CI = 0.4-3.3%) were positive for the antibodies against antigens of both parasites. Only one sample was found positive for anti-D. repens IgG. Positive IgG-ELISA results were confirmed by Western blot analysis. In addition, for further confirmation, a complementary ELISA was performed for anti-WSP IgG antibodies against Wolbachia endosymbionts. Our findings showed a noticeable exposure of humans from Romania and Moldova to Dirofilaria parasites. Serology can be useful for indicating exposure to Dirofilaria spp. in a healthy population in order to obtain useful data on the epidemiological scenario of human dirofilariosis in Eastern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid30051873, year = {2018}, author = {Shi, M and White, VL and Schlub, T and Eden, JS and Hoffmann, AA and Holmes, EC}, title = {No detectable effect of Wolbachia wMel on the prevalence and abundance of the RNA virome of Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1883}, pages = {}, pmid = {30051873}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology/virology ; RNA Viruses/*physiology ; RNA, Viral/*analysis ; Transcriptome ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that can block viral infections in arthropods, generating interest in its potential to control the spread of mosquito-borne disease. Drosophila melanogaster is model organism for Wolbachia infection, and the wMel strain of Wolbachia can improve host survival following viral infection. However, it is unclear whether wMel induces anti-viral blocking against the broader native virome of D. melanogaster, or whether the major effect of Wolbachia is a reduction in viral abundance rather than viral clearance. We examined the effect of Wolbachia on viral abundance by comparing the total transcriptome of wMel-positive and wMel-negative D. melanogaster populations sampled from six locations in Australia. In addition, we examined the impact of wMel on individual flies by obtaining transcriptome data from 20 wMel-positive and 20 wMel-negative D. melanogaster from the location (Melbourne) with highest density of wMel. These data revealed high viral abundance in both Wolbachia-positive and -negative populations and individuals. Notably, none of the viral species identified, representing RNA viruses from at least nine families/floating genera, showed evidence of protection by wMel. Although the viral loads of picorna-like viruses are reduced by wMel under experimental conditions, we observed no such effect here. These data show that D. melanogaster can harbour abundant RNA viruses regardless of its Wolbachia status and imply that the interaction between Wolbachia and viruses in nature is more complex than simple blocking.}, }
@article {pmid30050351, year = {2018}, author = {Ta-Tang, TH and Crainey, JL and Post, RJ and Luz, SL and Rubio, JM}, title = {Mansonellosis: current perspectives.}, journal = {Research and reports in tropical medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {9-24}, pmid = {30050351}, issn = {1179-7282}, abstract = {Mansonellosis is a filarial disease caused by three species of filarial (nematode) parasites (Mansonella perstans, Mansonella streptocerca, and Mansonella ozzardi) that use humans as their main definitive hosts. These parasites are transmitted from person to person by bloodsucking females from two families of flies (Diptera). Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) transmit all three species of Mansonella, but blackflies (Simuliidae) are also known to play a role in the transmission of M. ozzardi in parts of Latin America. M. perstans and M. streptocerca are endemic in western, eastern, and central Africa, and M. perstans is also present in the neotropical region from equatorial Brazil to the Caribbean coast. M. ozzardi has a patchy distribution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Mansonellosis infections are thought to have little pathogenicity and to be almost always asymptomatic, but occasionally causing itching, joint pains, enlarged lymph glands, and vague abdominal symptoms. In Brazil, M. ozzardi infections are also associated with corneal lesions. Diagnosis is usually performed by detecting microfilariae in peripheral blood or skin without any periodicity. There is no standard treatment at present for mansonellosis. The combination therapy of diethylcarbamazine plus mebendazole for M. perstans microfilaremia is presently one of the most widely used, but the use of ivermectin has also been proven to be very effective against microfilariae. Recently, doxycycline has shown excellent efficacy and safety when used as an antimicrobial against endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria harbored by some strains of M. perstans and M. ozzardi. Diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin have been used effectively to treat M. streptocerca infection. There are at present no estimates of the disease burden caused by mansonellosis, and thus its importance to many global health professionals and policy makers is presently limited to how it can interfere with diagnostic tools used in modern filarial disease control and elimination programs aimed at other species of filariae.}, }
@article {pmid30046071, year = {2018}, author = {Ferguson, NM}, title = {Challenges and opportunities in controlling mosquito-borne infections.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {559}, number = {7715}, pages = {490-497}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0318-5}, pmid = {30046071}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Animals ; Dengue/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission ; Gene Drive Technology ; Goals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malaria/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics/microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Vaccines ; Wolbachia/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the tropical regions. Despite much progress in the control of malaria, malaria-associated morbidity remains high, whereas arboviruses-most notably dengue-are responsible for a rising burden of disease, even in middle-income countries that have almost completely eliminated malaria. Here I discuss how new interventions offer the promise of considerable future reductions in disease burden. However, I emphasize that intervention programmes need to be underpinned by rigorous trials and quantitative epidemiological analyses. Such analyses suggest that the long-term goal of elimination is more feasible for dengue than for malaria, even if malaria elimination would offer greater overall health benefit to the public.}, }
@article {pmid30032285, year = {2018}, author = {Ahmadi, S and Poorjavad, N}, title = {Behavioral and Biological Effects of Exposure to Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Sex Pheromone on Several Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Populations.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {111}, number = {6}, pages = {2667-2675}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toy212}, pmid = {30032285}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Moths/chemistry/*parasitology ; Sex Attractants/*pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Wasps/microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of tomato worldwide. Biological control of the pest using Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) wasps can be combined with other practices such as use of synthetic sex pheromones for mating disruption or mass trapping programs. In this study, effects of T. absoluta sex pheromone on behavioral responses and fertility life table parameters of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Wolbachia-uninfected (W-) Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), and Wolbachia-infected (W+) T. brassicae were investigated under laboratory conditions. Female wasps of T. evanescens and T. brassicae (W+) were attracted to the pest synthetic sex pheromone (around 62%) and calling virgin female moths (around 75%) and their responses were affected by the wasp age and temperature. Exposure to the host synthetic sex pheromone significantly reduced the percentage of adult emergence, longevity, and fecundity of female wasps, as well as the time spent to find a mate and duration of mating. However, tested populations were not affected similarly. Despite the laboratory tests, greenhouse experiments showed that the wasps were not caught in the traps baited with T. absoluta synthetic sex pheromone. Complementary studies are needed to precisely determine possible interference between pheromone application and releasing Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) wasps to achieve a successful integrated control of T. absoluta.}, }
@article {pmid30025503, year = {2018}, author = {Zheng, B and Yu, J}, title = {Characterization of Wolbachia enhancing domain in mosquitoes with imperfect maternal transmission.}, journal = {Journal of biological dynamics}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {596-610}, doi = {10.1080/17513758.2018.1499969}, pmid = {30025503}, issn = {1751-3766}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*microbiology ; Dengue/*parasitology/*transmission ; Female ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Models, Biological ; Pest Control, Biological ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A novel method to reduce the burden of dengue is to seed wild mosquitoes with Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in dengue-endemic areas. Concerns in current mathematical models are to locate the Wolbachia introduction threshold. Our recent findings manifest that the threshold is highly dependent on the initial population size once Wolbachia infection alters the logistic control death rate of infected females. However, counting mosquitoes is beyond the realms of possibility. A plausible method is to monitor the infection frequency. We propose the concept of Wolbachia enhancing domain in which the infection frequency keeps increasing. A detailed description of the domain is presented. Our results suggest that both the initial population size and the infection frequency should be taken into account for optimal release strategies. Both Wolbachia fixation and extinction permit the oscillation of the infection frequency.}, }
@article {pmid30021000, year = {2018}, author = {, }, title = {Correction: First detection of Wolbachia in the New Zealand biota.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {e0201151}, pmid = {30021000}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195517.].}, }
@article {pmid30020933, year = {2018}, author = {Moretti, R and Yen, PS and Houé, V and Lampazzi, E and Desiderio, A and Failloux, AB and Calvitti, M}, title = {Combining Wolbachia-induced sterility and virus protection to fight Aedes albopictus-borne viruses.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {e0006626}, pmid = {30020933}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; Breeding ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission/virology ; Chikungunya virus/physiology ; Dengue/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Male ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {Among the strategies targeting vector control, the exploitation of the endosymbiont Wolbachia to produce sterile males and/or invasive females with reduced vector competence seems to be promising. A new Aedes albopictus transinfection (ARwP-M) was generated by introducing wMel Wolbachia in the ARwP line which had been established previously by replacing wAlbA and wAlbB Wolbachia with the wPip strain. Various infection and fitness parameters were studied by comparing ARwP-M, ARwP and wild-type (SANG population) Ae. albopictus sharing the same genetic background. Moreover, the vector competence of ARwP-M related to chikungunya, dengue and zika viruses was evaluated in comparison with ARwP. ARwP-M showed a 100% rate of maternal inheritance of wMel and wPip Wolbachia. Survival, female fecundity and egg fertility did not show to differ between the three Ae. albopictus lines. Crosses between ARwP-M males and SANG females were fully unfertile regardless of male age while egg hatch in reverse crosses increased from 0 to about 17% with SANG males aging from 3 to 17 days. When competing with SANG males for SANG females, ARwP-M males induced a level of sterility significantly higher than that expected for an equal mating competitiveness (mean Fried index of 1.71 instead of 1). The overall Wolbachia density in ARwP-M females was about 15 fold higher than in ARwP, mostly due to the wMel infection. This feature corresponded to a strongly reduced vector competence for chikungunya and dengue viruses (in both cases, 5 and 0% rates of transmission at 14 and 21 days post infection) with respect to ARwP females. Results regarding Zika virus did not highlight significant differences between ARwP-M and ARwP. However, none of the tested ARwP-M females was capable at transmitting ZIKV. These findings are expected to promote the exploitation of Wolbachia to suppress the wild-type Ae. albopictus populations.}, }
@article {pmid30006543, year = {2018}, author = {Karatepe, B and Aksoy, S and Karatepe, M}, title = {Investigation of Wolbachia spp. and Spiroplasma spp. in Phlebotomus species by molecular methods.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10616}, pmid = {30006543}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Wolbachia spp. and Spiroplasma spp. in natural populations of sand flies in Turkey by molecular methods. A total of 40 Phlebotomus specimens (19 female and 21 male) were used in this study. Genomic DNA from whole sand flies was isolated and Wolbachia spp. infection prevalence was investigated by using Wolbachia gene specific primer sets (wsp and GroEL). In addition, the DNA were analyzed for the presence of Spiroplasma infections utilizing bacterium specific 16 S rDNA PCR-amplification primers. Results of this analysis showed a Wolbachia infection prevalence of 70% (28/40). There was no sex-bias in infection prevalence, being 76% (16/21) and 63% (12/19) in males and females, respectively. Analysis of Spiroplasma infections indicated that 26% (5/19) of female sand flies were positive for infection, while none of the screened males (0/21) were positive. Of the 40 sand fly samples, only 2 were found to be positive for both Wolbachia spp. and Spiroplasma spp. The present study demonstrates the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma infections in the natural sand fly populations in Turkey. This is the first report on Spiroplasma infection in the sand flies from Turkey.}, }
@article {pmid29989657, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, Y and Hoffmann, AA and Xu, XQ and Zhang, X and Huang, HJ and Ju, JF and Gong, JT and Hong, XY}, title = {Wolbachia-induced apoptosis associated with increased fecundity in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {796-807}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12518}, pmid = {29989657}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Fertility ; Genetic Fitness ; Hemiptera/microbiology/*physiology ; Ovary/microbiology/physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia influence the fitness of their invertebrate hosts. They have effects on reproductive incompatibility and egg production. Although the former are well characterized, the mechanistic basis of the latter is unclear. Here, we investigate whether apoptosis, which has been implicated in fecundity in model insects, influences the interaction between fecundity and Wolbachia in the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. Wolbachia-infected females produced about 30% more eggs than uninfected females. We used the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling staining to visualize apoptosis. Microscopic observations indicated that the Wolbachia strain wStri increased the number of ovarioles that contained apoptotic nurse cells in both young and aged adult females. The frequency of apoptosis was much higher in the infected females. The increased fecundity appeared to be a result of apoptosis of nurse cells, which provide nutrients to the growing oocytes. In addition, cell apoptosis inhibition by caspase messenger RNA interference in Wolbachia-infected L. striatellus markedly decreased egg numbers. Together, these data suggest that wStri might enhance fecundity by increasing the number of apoptotic cells in the ovaries in a caspase-dependent manner. Our findings establish a link between Wolbachia-induced apoptosis and egg production effects mediated by Wolbachia, although the way in which the endosymbiont influences caspase levels remains to be determined.}, }
@article {pmid29981933, year = {2018}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Bala, NS and Wang, G and Chen, Z and Peng, Z and Hou, Y}, title = {Genomic evaluations of Wolbachia and mtDNA in the population of coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {1000-1009}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.003}, pmid = {29981933}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; Cocos/*parasitology ; Coleoptera/*genetics/*microbiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Far East ; *Genomics ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis is a diverse, ubiquitous and most prevalent intracellular bacterial group of alpha-Proteobacteria that is concerned with many biological processes in arthropods. The coconut hispine beetle (CHB), Brontispa longissima (Gestro) is an economically important pest of palm cultivation worldwide. In the present study, we comprehensively surveyed the Wolbachia-infection prevalence and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism in CHB from five different geographical locations, including China's Mainland and Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. A total of 540 sequences were screened in this study through three different genes, i.e., cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), Wolbachia outer surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequencing type (MLST) genes. The COI genetic divergence ranges from 0.08% to 0.67%, and likewise, a significant genetic diversity (π = 0.00082; P = 0.049) was noted within and between all analyzed samples. In the meantime, ten different haplotypes (H) were characterized (haplotype diversity = 0.4379) from 21 different locations, and among them, H6 (46 individuals) have shown a maximum number of population clusters than others. Subsequently, Wolbachia-prevalence results indicated that all tested specimens of CHB were found positive (100%), which suggested that CHB was naturally infected with Wolbachia. Wolbachia sequence results (wsp gene) revealed a high level of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00047) under Tajima's D test (P = 0.049). Meanwhile, the same trend of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00041) was observed in Wolbachia concatenated MLST locus. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis (wsp and concatenated MLST genes) revealed that all collected samples of CHB attributed to same Wolbachia B-supergroup. Our results strongly suggest that Wolbachia bacteria and mtDNA were highly concordant with each other and Wolbachia can affect the genetic structure and diversity within the CHB populations.}, }
@article {pmid29971900, year = {2018}, author = {Truitt, AM and Kapun, M and Kaur, R and Miller, WJ}, title = {Wolbachia modifies thermal preference in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14347}, pmid = {29971900}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {0948041//National Science Foundation/ ; P28255-B22//Austrian Science Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Environmental variation can have profound and direct effects on fitness, fecundity, and host-symbiont interactions. Replication rates of microbes within arthropod hosts, for example, are correlated with incubation temperature but less is known about the influence of host-symbiont dynamics on environmental preference. Hence, we conducted thermal preference (Tp) assays and tested if infection status and genetic variation in endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia affected temperature choice of Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that isogenic flies infected with Wolbachia preferred lower temperatures compared with uninfected Drosophila. Moreover, Tp varied with respect to three investigated Wolbachia variants (wMel, wMelCS, and wMelPop). While uninfected individuals preferred 24.4°C, we found significant shifts of -1.2°C in wMel- and -4°C in flies infected either with wMelCS or wMelPop. We, therefore, postulate that Wolbachia-associated Tp variation within a host species might represent a behavioural accommodation to host-symbiont interactions and trigger behavioural self-medication and bacterial titre regulation by the host.}, }
@article {pmid29968550, year = {2018}, author = {Yeap, HL and Endersby-Harshman, NM and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {The Effect of Nonrandom Mating on Wolbachia Dynamics: Implications for Population Replacement and Sterile Releases in Aedes Mosquitoes.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, pages = {608-617}, pmid = {29968550}, issn = {1476-1645}, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria are known to cause deviations from random mating and affect sperm competition (SC) in some of their arthropod hosts. Because these effects could influence the effectiveness of Wolbachia in mosquito population replacement and suppression programs, we developed a theoretical framework to investigate them and we collected relevant data for the wMel infection in Aedes aegypti. Using incompatibility patterns as a measure of mating success of infected versus uninfected mosquitoes, we found some evidence that uninfected males sire more offspring than infected males. However, our theoretical framework suggests that this effect is unlikely to hamper Wolbachia invasion and has only minor effects on population suppression programs. Nevertheless, we suggest that mating effects and SC need to be monitored in an ongoing manner in release programs, given the possibility of ongoing selection for altered mating patterns.}, }
@article {pmid29967922, year = {2019}, author = {Nesvorna, M and Bittner, V and Hubert, J}, title = {The Mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae Hosts Population-Specific Microbiomes That Respond Weakly to Starvation.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, pages = {488-501}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-018-1224-y}, pmid = {29967922}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {GA15-09038S//Grantová Agentura České Republiky/ ; }, mesh = {Acaridae/*microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Feeding Behavior ; Host Specificity ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {The effect of short-term nutrient deprivation was studied in five populations of the mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae with different microbiomes. The fresh weight, nutrient status, respiration, and population growth of the mites were observed for the five mite population-scale samples. The starvation caused the larvae and nymphs to be eliminated, resulting in a significant increase in the fresh weight of starved adult specimens. Three populations were negatively influenced by starvation, and the starved specimens were characterized by a decrease in nutrient status, respiration, and population growth. One population was not influenced or was slightly influenced by starvation, which had no effect on population growth or nutrient contents but caused a significant decrease in respiration. One population was positively influenced by starvation; the population growth increased in starved specimens, and starvation had no effect on respiration. Although starvation altered the bacterial profiles of the microbiomes, these differences were much smaller than those between the populations. The bacterial profiles of Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Kocuria, Brevibacterium, and unidentified Micrococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased in starved specimens, whereas those of Bartonella and Solitalea-like genera were reduced in the starved mite populations. The profiles of the intracellular symbiont Cardinium decreased in the starved specimens, and the Wolbachia profile changes were dependent on the mite population. In mite populations, when the symbionts were rare, their profiles varied stochastically. Correlations between changes in the profiles of the bacterial taxa and mite fitness parameters, including nutrient status (lipids, proteins, saccharides, and glycogen contents), mite population growth, and respiration, were observed. Although the microbiomes were resistant to the perturbations caused by nutrition deficiency, the responses of the mites differed in terms of their population growth, respiration, and nutrient status.}, }
@article {pmid29966368, year = {2018}, author = {Ross, PA and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Continued Susceptibility of the wMel Wolbachia Infection in Aedes aegypti to Heat Stress Following Field Deployment and Selection.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {29966368}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the wMel strain of Wolbachia are being deployed to control the spread of arboviruses around the world through blockage of viral transmission. Blockage by Wolbachia in some scenarios may be affected by the susceptibility of wMel to cyclical heat stress during mosquito larval development. We therefore evaluated the potential to generate a heat-resistant strain of wMel in Ae. aegypti through artificial laboratory selection and through exposure to field temperatures across multiple generations. To generate an artificially selected strain, wMel-infected females reared under cyclical heat stress were crossed to wMel-infected males reared at 26 °C. The low proportion of larvae that hatched founded the next generation, and this process was repeated for eight generations. The wMel heat-selected strain (wMel-HS) was similar to wMel (unselected) in its ability to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility and restore compatibility when larvae were reared under cyclical heat stress, but wMel-HS adults exhibited reduced Wolbachia densities at 26 °C. To investigate the effects of field exposure, we compared the response of wMel-infected Ae. aegypti collected from Cairns, Australia where the infection has been established for seven years, to a wMel-infected population maintained in the laboratory for approximately 60 generations. Field and laboratory strains of wMel did not differ in their response to cyclical heat stress or in their phenotypic effects at 26 °C. The capacity for the wMel infection in Ae. aegypti to adapt to high temperatures therefore appears limited, and alternative strains may need to be considered for deployment in environments where high temperatures are regularly experienced in mosquito breeding sites.}, }
@article {pmid29957332, year = {2018}, author = {Ballesteros, C and Geary, JF and Mackenzie, CD and Geary, TG}, title = {Characterization of Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1) in Brugia malayi suggests an intestinal-associated pathway for iron absorption.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {341-349}, pmid = {29957332}, issn = {2211-3207}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brugia malayi/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Intestines/cytology/physiology ; Iron/deficiency/*metabolism ; Mice ; Microvilli/physiology ; Onchocerca volvulus/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Wolbachia/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are neglected parasitic diseases which pose a threat to public health in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Strategies for control and elimination of these diseases by mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns are designed to reduce symptoms of onchocerciasis and transmission of both parasites to eventually eliminate the burden on public health. Drugs used for MDA are predominantly microfilaricidal, and prolonged rounds of treatment are required for eradication. Understanding parasite biology is crucial to unravelling the complex processes involved in host-parasite interactions, disease transmission, parasite immune evasion, and the emergence of drug resistance. In nematode biology, large gaps still exist in our understanding of iron metabolism, iron-dependent processes and their regulation. The acquisition of iron from the host is a crucial determinant of the success of a parasitic infection. Here we identify a filarial ortholog of Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1), a member of a highly conserved family of NRAMP proteins that play an essential role in the transport of ferrous iron in many species. We cloned and expressed the B. malayi NRAMP ortholog in the iron-deficient fet3fet4 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, performed qPCR to estimate stage-specific expression, and localized expression of this gene by immunohistochemistry. Results from functional iron uptake assays showed that expression of this gene in the iron transport-deficient yeast strain significantly rescued growth in low-iron medium. DMT1 was highly expressed in adult female and male B. malayi and Onchocerca volvulus. Immunolocalization revealed that DMT1 is expressed in the intestinal brush border, lateral chords, and reproductive tissues of males and females, areas also inhabited by Wolbachia. We hypothesize based on our results that DMT1 in B. malayi functions as an iron transporter. The presence of this transporter in the intestine supports the hypothesis that iron acquisition by adult females requires oral ingestion and suggests that the intestine plays a functional role in at least some aspects of nutrient uptake.}, }
@article {pmid29950416, year = {2018}, author = {Parry, R and Asgari, S}, title = {Aedes Anphevirus: an Insect-Specific Virus Distributed Worldwide in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes That Has Complex Interplays with Wolbachia and Dengue Virus Infection in Cells.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {92}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {29950416}, issn = {1098-5514}, abstract = {Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti have been demonstrated to modulate transmission of arboviruses such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus by the mosquito. The diversity and composition of the virome of A. aegypti, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized Aedes anphevirus (AeAV), a negative-sense RNA virus from the order Mononegavirales AeAV identified from Aedes cell lines was infectious to both A. aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells but not to three mammalian cell lines. To understand the incidence and genetic diversity of AeAV, we assembled 17 coding-complete and two partial genomes of AeAV from available transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. AeAV appears to transmit vertically and be present in laboratory colonies, wild-caught mosquitoes, and cell lines worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis of AeAV strains indicates that as the A. aegypti mosquito has expanded into the Americas and Asia-Pacific, AeAV has evolved into monophyletic African, American, and Asia-Pacific lineages. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis restricts positive-sense RNA viruses in A. aegypti Reanalysis of a small RNA library of A. aegypti cells coinfected with AeAV and Wolbachia produces an abundant RNA interference (RNAi) response consistent with persistent virus replication. We found Wolbachia enhances replication of AeAV compared to a tetracycline-cleared cell line, and AeAV modestly reduces DENV replication in vitro The results from our study improve understanding of the diversity and evolution of the virome of A. aegypti and adds to previous evidence that shows Wolbachia does not restrict a range of negative-strand RNA viruses.IMPORTANCE The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits a number of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as dengue virus and Zika virus. Mosquitoes also harbor insect-specific viruses that may affect replication of pathogenic arboviruses in their body. Currently, however, there are only a few insect-specific viruses described from A. aegypti in the literature. Here, we characterize a novel negative-strand virus, AeAV. Meta-analysis of A. aegypti samples showed that it is present in A. aegypti mosquitoes worldwide and is vertically transmitted. Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes are currently being used in biocontrol, as they effectively block transmission of several positive-sense RNA viruses in mosquitoes. Our results demonstrate that Wolbachia enhances the replication of AeAV and modestly reduces dengue virus replication in a cell line model. This study expands our understanding of the virome in A. aegypti as well as providing insight into the complexity of the Wolbachia virus restriction phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid29947761, year = {2018}, author = {Faria, VG and Martins, NE and Schlötterer, C and Sucena, É}, title = {Readapting to DCV Infection without Wolbachia: Frequency Changes of Drosophila Antiviral Alleles Can Replace Endosymbiont Protection.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {1783-1791}, pmid = {29947761}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {P 27630//Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria ; }, mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*microbiology/physiology/*virology ; Genome, Insect ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Viruses/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {There is now ample evidence that endosymbionts can contribute to host adaptation to environmental challenges. However, how endosymbiont presence affects the adaptive trajectory and outcome of the host is yet largely unexplored. In Drosophila, Wolbachia confers protection to RNA virus infection, an effect that differs between Wolbachia strains and can be targeted by selection. Adaptation to RNA virus infections is mediated by both Wolbachia and the host, raising the question of whether adaptive genetic changes in the host vary with the presence/absence of the endosymbiont. Here, we address this question using a polymorphic D. melanogaster population previously adapted to DCV infection for 35 generations in the presence of Wolbachia, from which we removed the endosymbiont and followed survival over the subsequent 20 generations of infection. After an initial severe drop, survival frequencies upon DCV selection increased significantly, as seen before in the presence of Wolbachia. Whole-genome sequencing, revealed that the major genes involved in the first selection experiment, pastrel and Ubc-E2H, continued to be selected in Wolbachia-free D. melanogaster, with the frequencies of protective alleles being closer to fixation in the absence of Wolbachia. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in Wolbachia infection status may be sufficient to maintain polymorphisms even in the absence of costs.}, }
@article {pmid29938064, year = {2018}, author = {Amuzu, HE and Tsyganov, K and Koh, C and Herbert, RI and Powell, DR and McGraw, EA}, title = {Wolbachia enhances insect-specific flavivirus infection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {5441-5454}, pmid = {29938064}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Mosquitoes transmit a diverse group of human flaviviruses including West Nile, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Mosquitoes are also naturally infected with insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), a subgroup of the family not capable of infecting vertebrates. Although ISFs are not medically important, they are capable of altering the mosquito's susceptibility to flaviviruses and may alter host fitness. Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium of insects that when present in mosquitoes limits the replication of co-infecting pathogens, including flaviviruses. Artificially created Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are being released into the wild in a series of trials around the globe with the hope of interrupting dengue and Zika virus transmission from mosquitoes to humans. Our work investigated the effect of Wolbachia on ISF infection in wild-caught Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from field release zones. All field mosquitoes were screened for the presence of ISFs using general degenerate flavivirus primers and their PCR amplicons sequenced. ISFs were found to be common and widely distributed in Ae. aegypti populations. Field mosquitoes consistently had higher ISF infection rates and viral loads compared to laboratory colony material indicating that environmental conditions may modulate ISF infection in Ae. aegypti. Surprisingly, higher ISF infection rates and loads were found in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes compared to the Wolbachia-free mosquitoes. Our findings demonstrate that the symbiont is capable of manipulating the mosquito virome and that Wolbachia-mediated viral inhibition is not universal for flaviviruses. This may have implications for the Wolbachia-based DENV control strategy if ISFs confer fitness effects or alter mosquito susceptibility to other flaviviruses.}, }
@article {pmid29931623, year = {2019}, author = {Arai, H and Hirano, T and Akizuki, N and Abe, A and Nakai, M and Kunimi, Y and Inoue, MN}, title = {Multiple Infection and Reproductive Manipulations of Wolbachia in Homona magnanima (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {257-266}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-018-1210-4}, pmid = {29931623}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Cytoplasm ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Female ; Larva/microbiology ; Male ; Moths/drug effects/*genetics/*microbiology ; Phenotype ; Pupa/microbiology ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Sex Ratio ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia/classification/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia interacts with host in either a mutualistic or parasitic manner. Wolbachia is frequently identified in various arthropod species, and to date, Wolbachia infections have been detected in different insects. Here, we found a triple Wolbachia infection in Homona magnanima, a serious tea pest, and investigated the effects of three infecting Wolbachia strains (wHm-a, -b, and -c) on the host. Starting with the triple-infected host line (Wabc), which was collected in western Tokyo in 1999 and maintained in laboratory, we established an uninfected line (W-) and three singly infected lines (Wa, Wb, and Wc) using antibiotics. Mating experiments with the host lines revealed that only wHm-b induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in H. magnanima, with the intensities of CI different between the Wb and Wabc lines. Regarding mutualistic effects, wHm-c shortened larval development time and increased pupal weight in both the Wc and Wabc lines to the same extent, whereas no distinct phenotype was observed in lines singly infected with wHm-a. Based on quantitative PCR analysis, Wolbachia density in the Wa line was higher than in the other host lines (p < 0.01, n = 10). Wolbachia density in the Wb line was also higher than in the Wc and Wabc lines, while no difference was observed between the Wc and Wabc lines. These results indicate that the difference in the CI intensity between a single or multiple infection may be attributed to the difference in wHm-b density. However, no correlation was observed between mutualistic effects and Wolbachia density.}, }
@article {pmid29908171, year = {2018}, author = {Goindin, D and Cannet, A and Delannay, C and Ramdini, C and Gustave, J and Atyame, C and Vega-Rúa, A}, title = {Screening of natural Wolbachia infection in Aedes aegypti, Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus from Guadeloupe (French West Indies).}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {185}, number = {}, pages = {314-317}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.011}, pmid = {29908171}, issn = {1873-6254}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Culex/*microbiology ; Guadeloupe ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Guadeloupe islands are threatened by several mosquito-borne viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and West Nile virus. It appears essential to look for alternative mosquito control methods such as the incompatible insect technique (ITT) aiming at sterilizing wild females by inundative releases of incompatible males. Before considering the implementation of such a strategy, the characterization of genetic diversity of the endocellular bacterium Wolbachia regarding the local mosquito populations is a critical issue. Here, for the first time, we describe the prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia in natural populations of three mosquito species from Guadeloupe: Aedes aegypti, Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The detection of Wolbachia in natural Ae. aegypti, Ae. taeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefasciatus populations was conducted by studying Wolbachia 16S ribosomal RNA gene using a TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and results were confirmed by conventional PCR and sequencing. In addition, molecular typing of wPip strains in Cx. quinquefasciatus was done by PCR-RFLP. We did not find Wolbachia infection in any of Ae. aegypti and Ae. taeniorhynchus studied populations. Natural Wolbachia infection was detected in Cx. quinquefasciatus with prevalence varying from 79.2% to 95.8%. In addition, no polymorphism was found between the Wolbachia strains infecting Cx. quinquefasciatus specimens, all carrying an infection from the same Wolbachia genetic wPip-I group. These results pave the way for the evaluation of the feasibility of IIT programs to fight against these medically-important mosquito species in Guadeloupe.}, }
@article {pmid29901734, year = {2018}, author = {Gloria-Soria, A and Chiodo, TG and Powell, JR}, title = {Lack of Evidence for Natural Wolbachia Infections in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Journal of medical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, pages = {1354-1356}, pmid = {29901734}, issn = {1938-2928}, support = {R01 AI101112/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a genus of endosymbiotic bacteria that infects 66% of all insect species. Its major impact on insects is in reproduction: sterility, production of one sex, and/or parthenogenesis. Another effect was discovered when the disease-transmitting mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), was infected with Wolbachia isolated from Drosophila: infected female mosquitoes became less capable of transmitting diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya. This has led to releases of Ae. aegypti carrying Wolbachia in an attempt to control disease. An open question is whether there are natural Wolbachia infections of this mosquito. We assayed DNA from 2,663 Ae. aegypti from 27 countries on six continents, 230 from laboratory strains, and 72 Aedes mascarensis MacGregor (Diptera: Culicidae) for presence of Wolbachia DNA. Within the limits of our polymerase chain reaction-based assay, we found no evidence of Wolbachia, suggesting that natural infections of this endosymbiont are unlikely to occur throughout the worldwide distribution of Ae. aegypti.}, }
@article {pmid29897678, year = {2019}, author = {Uribe-Alvarez, C and Chiquete-Félix, N and Morales-García, L and Bohórquez-Hernández, A and Delgado-Buenrostro, NL and Vaca, L and Peña, A and Uribe-Carvajal, S}, title = {Wolbachia pipientis grows in Saccharomyces cerevisiae evoking early death of the host and deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {e00675}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.675}, pmid = {29897678}, issn = {2045-8827}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insecta/*microbiology/physiology ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*metabolism ; Wolbachia/*growth & development ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia sp. has colonized over 70% of insect species, successfully manipulating host fertility, protein expression, lifespan, and metabolism. Understanding and engineering the biochemistry and physiology of Wolbachia holds great promise for insect vector-borne disease eradication. Wolbachia is cultured in cell lines, which have long duplication times and are difficult to manipulate and study. The yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 was used successfully as an artificial host for Wolbachia wAlbB. As compared to controls, infected yeast lost viability early, probably as a result of an abnormally high mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity observed at late stages of growth. No respiratory chain proteins from Wolbachia were detected, while several Wolbachia F1 F0 -ATPase subunits were revealed. After 5 days outside the cell, Wolbachia remained fully infective against insect cells.}, }
@article {pmid29893631, year = {2018}, author = {Vasconcelos, EJR and Billeter, SA and Jett, LA and Meinersmann, RJ and Barr, MC and Diniz, PPVP and Oakley, BB}, title = {Assessing Cat Flea Microbiomes in Northern and Southern California by 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing.}, journal = {Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, pages = {491-499}, doi = {10.1089/vbz.2018.2282}, pmid = {29893631}, issn = {1557-7759}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; California/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology ; Cats ; Ctenocephalides/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Flea-borne diseases (FBDs) impact both human and animal health worldwide. Because adult fleas are obligately hematophagous and can harbor potential pathogens, fleas act as ectoparasites of vertebrates, as well as zoonotic disease vectors. Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) are important vectors of two zoonotic bacterial genera listed as priority pathogens by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID-USA): Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp., causative agents of bartonelloses and rickettsioses, respectively. In this study, we introduce the first microbiome analysis of C. felis samples from California, determining the presence and abundance of relevant pathogenic genera by characterizing the cat flea microbiome through 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing (16S-NGS). Samples from both northern (NoCal) and southern (SoCal) California were assessed to expand current knowledge regarding FBDs in the state. We identified Rickettsia and Bartonella, as well as the endosymbiont Wolbachia, as the most abundant genera, followed by less abundant taxa. In comparison to our previous study screening Californian cat fleas for rickettsiae using PCR/digestion/sequencing of the ompB gene, the 16S-NGS approach applied herein showed a 95% level of agreement in detecting Rickettsia spp. There was no overall difference in microbiome diversity between NoCal and SoCal samples. Bacterial taxa identified by 16S-NGS in this study may help to improve epidemiological investigations, pathogen surveillance efforts, and clinical diagnostics of FBDs in California and elsewhere.}, }
@article {pmid29891919, year = {2018}, author = {Balvín, O and Roth, S and Talbot, B and Reinhardt, K}, title = {Co-speciation in bedbug Wolbachia parallel the pattern in nematode hosts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {8797}, pmid = {29891919}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria, vertically transmitted intracellular endosymbionts, are associated with two major host taxa in which they show strikingly different symbiotic modes. In some taxa of filarial nematodes, where Wolbachia are strictly obligately beneficial to the host, they show complete within- and among-species prevalence as well as co-phylogeny with their hosts. In arthropods, Wolbachia usually are parasitic; if beneficial effects occurs, they can be facultative or obligate, related to host reproduction. In arthropods, the prevalence of Wolbachia varies within and among taxa, and no co-speciation events are known. However, one arthropod species, the common bedbug Cimex lectularius was recently found to be dependent on the provision of biotin and riboflavin by Wolbachia, representing a unique case of Wolbachia providing nutritional and obligate benefits to an arthropod host, perhaps even in a mutualistic manner. Using the presence of presumably functional biotin gene copies, our study demonstrates that the obligate relationship is maintained at least in 10 out of 15 species of the genera Cimex and Paracimex. The remaining five species harboured Wolbachia as well, demonstrating the first known case of 100% prevalence of Wolbachia among higher arthropod taxa. Moreover, we show the predicted co-cladogenesis between Wolbachia and their bedbug hosts, also as the first described case of Wolbachia co-speciation in arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid29890648, year = {2018}, author = {Badawi, M and Moumen, B and Giraud, I and Grève, P and Cordaux, R}, title = {Investigating the Molecular Genetic Basis of Cytoplasmic Sex Determination Caused by Wolbachia Endosymbionts in Terrestrial Isopods.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {29890648}, issn = {2073-4425}, abstract = {In animals, sexual differences between males and females are usually determined by sex chromosomes. Alternatively, sex may also be determined by vertically transmitted intracellular microbial endosymbionts. The best known cytoplasmic sex manipulative endosymbiont is Wolbachia which can, for instance, feminize genetic males into phenotypic females in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. However, the molecular genetic basis of cytoplasmic sex determination is unknown. To identify candidate genes of feminization induced by Wolbachia strain wVulC from A. vulgare, we sequenced the genome of Wolbachia strain wCon from Cylisticus convexus, the most closely related known Wolbachia strain to wVulC that does not induce feminization, and compared it to the wVulC genome. Then, we performed gene expression profiling of the 216 resulting wVulC candidate genes throughout host developmental stages in A. vulgare and the heterologous host C. convexus. We identified a set of 35 feminization candidate genes showing differential expression during host sexual development. Interestingly, 27 of the 35 genes are present in the f element, which is a piece of a feminizing Wolbachia genome horizontally transferred into the nuclear genome of A. vulgare and involved in female sex determination. Assuming that the molecular genetic basis of feminization by Wolbachia and the f element is the same, the 27 genes are candidates for acting as master sex determination genes in A. vulgare females carrying the f element.}, }
@article {pmid29876068, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, L and Yun, Y and Hu, G and Peng, Y}, title = {Insights into the bacterial symbiont diversity in spiders.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {4899-4906}, pmid = {29876068}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Most spiders are natural enemies of pests, and it is beneficial for the biological control of pests to learn the relationships between symbionts and their spider hosts. Research on the bacterial communities of insects has been conducted recently, but only a few studies have addressed the bacterial communities of spiders. To obtain a complete overview of the microbial communities of spiders, we examined eight species of spider (Pirata subpiraticus, Agelena difficilis, Artema atlanta, Nurscia albofasciata, Agelena labyrinthica, Ummeliata insecticeps, Dictis striatipes, and Hylyphantes graminicola) with high-throughput sequencing based on the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial communities of the spider samples were dominated by five types of endosymbionts, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsiella. The dominant OTUs (operational taxonomic units) from each of the five endosymbionts were analyzed, and the results showed that different spider species were usually dominated by special OTUs. In addition to endosymbionts, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, Novosphingobium, Aquabacterium, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Citrobacter, Arthrobacter, Pseudonocardia, Microbacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus were detected in spider samples in our study. Moreover, the abundance of Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, and Rhizobium in the spider D. striatipes was significantly higher (p < .05) than the bacterial abundance of these species in seven other spider species. These findings suggest that same as in insects, co-infection of multiple types of endosymbionts is common in the hosts of the Araneae order, and other bacterial taxa also exist in spiders besides the endosymbionts.}, }
@article {pmid29868291, year = {2018}, author = {Li, J and Wang, N and Liu, Y and Qiu, S}, title = {Proteomics of Nasonia vitripennis and the effects of native Wolbachia infection on N. vitripennis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4905}, pmid = {29868291}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Nasonia vitripennis, a parasitic wasp, is a good model organism to study developmental and evolutionary genetics and to evaluate the interactions between insect hosts and their symbionts. Wolbachia may be the most prevalent endosymbiont among insect species due to their special ability to improve the fitness of the infected hosts. Transinfection of bacteria or fungi could substantially alter the expression of host immune system components. However, few studies have focused on the effects of native Wolbachia infection. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated the proteomics of N. vitripennis following Wolbachia infection.
Methods: We studied the proteomics of N. vitripennis following native Wolbachia infection and in antibiotic-treated Wolbachia-free samples using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, accompanying with some ecological experiments.
Results: In total, 3,096 proteins were found to be associated with a wide range of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. Interestingly, there were few significant changes in immune or reproductive proteins between samples with and without Wolbachia infection. Differentially expressed proteins were involved in the binding process, catalytic activity, and the metabolic process, as confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Discussion: Invasion of any pathogen or bacterium within a short time can cause an immunoreaction in the host. Our results implied that during the long process of coexistence, the immune system of the host was not as sensitive as when the symbiont initially infected the host, implying that the organisms had gradually adjusted to cohabitation.}, }
@article {pmid29864164, year = {2018}, author = {Palmer, WH and Medd, NC and Beard, PM and Obbard, DJ}, title = {Isolation of a natural DNA virus of Drosophila melanogaster, and characterisation of host resistance and immune responses.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e1007050}, pmid = {29864164}, issn = {1553-7374}, support = {WT085064//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; WT095831//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; WT104915MA//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; BB/J004324/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; DNA Virus Infections/genetics/immunology/*virology ; DNA Viruses/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development/*immunology/microbiology/virology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*immunology ; Male ; Symbiosis ; Viral Proteins/*genetics ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Drosophila melanogaster has played a key role in our understanding of invertebrate immunity. However, both functional and evolutionary studies of host-virus interaction in Drosophila have been limited by a dearth of native virus isolates. In particular, despite a long history of virus research, DNA viruses of D. melanogaster have only recently been described, and none have been available for experimental study. Here we report the isolation and comprehensive characterisation of Kallithea virus, a large double-stranded DNA virus, and the first DNA virus to have been reported from wild populations of D. melanogaster. We find that Kallithea virus infection is costly for adult flies, reaching high titres in both sexes and disproportionately reducing survival in males, and movement and late fecundity in females. Using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, we quantify host genetic variance for virus-induced mortality and viral titre and identify candidate host genes that may underlie this variation, including Cdc42-interacting protein 4. Using full transcriptome sequencing of infected males and females, we examine the transcriptional response of flies to Kallithea virus infection and describe differential regulation of virus-responsive genes. This work establishes Kallithea virus as a new tractable model to study the natural interaction between D. melanogaster and DNA viruses, and we hope it will serve as a basis for future studies of immune responses to DNA viruses in insects.}, }
@article {pmid29859884, year = {2018}, author = {Hornok, S and Horváth, G and Takács, N and Farkas, R and Szőke, K and Kontschán, J}, title = {Molecular evidence of a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp., a Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris-like genotype and Anaplasma marginale in dogs.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, pages = {1302-1309}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.012}, pmid = {29859884}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Anaplasma marginale/genetics/isolation & purification ; Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics/isolation & purification ; Anaplasmataceae/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Anaplasmataceae Infections/blood/microbiology/*veterinary ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial/blood/genetics ; Dogs ; Ehrlichia/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Genotype ; Ixodes/*microbiology ; Male ; Mustelidae/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Wolbachia/genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {The family Anaplasmataceae contains pathogenic and endosymbiotic bacteria of veterinary-medical importance. In this study, 90 blood samples from rural dogs, five blood samples from road-killed European badgers and 34 ticks, i.e. 27 Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) canisuga, six I. (Ph.) hexagonus and one Haemaphysalis concinna collected from the badgers were molecularly analysed for members of Anaplasmataceae. Apart from the molecular evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in one dog and Wolbachia sp. associated with Dirofilaria repens in five dogs, four species/genotypes not yet known to occur in canine hosts have also been found. These included A. marginale in two dogs, a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp. in one dog, a Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris-like genotype in six dogs and the DNA of arthropod-associated wolbachiae in three dogs. In two badgers the DNA from the Candidatus N. lotoris-like genotype was identified. Among ticks, four I. canisuga carried the DNA of the above badger-associated Ehrlichia sp., one I. canisuga contained the Candidatus N. lotoris-like genotype, and in H. concinna Wolbachia DNA was present. In conclusion, results shown here should be interpreted as the first molecular evidence for exposure of dogs to three members of Anaplasmataceae, i.e. A. marginale, a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp. and a Candidatus N. lotoris-like agent. The presence of DNA in the blood of relevant animals may also indicate susceptibility to these bacteria, but in support of this, further studies are needed.}, }
@article {pmid29855331, year = {2018}, author = {Anders, KL and Indriani, C and Ahmad, RA and Tantowijoyo, W and Arguni, E and Andari, B and Jewell, NP and Rances, E and O'Neill, SL and Simmons, CP and Utarini, A}, title = {The AWED trial (Applying Wolbachia to Eliminate Dengue) to assess the efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial.}, journal = {Trials}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {302}, pmid = {29855331}, issn = {1745-6215}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Culicidae/*microbiology ; Dengue/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/*pathogenicity ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Indonesia/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Time Factors ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dengue and other arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, including Zika and chikungunya, present an increasing public health challenge in tropical regions. Current vector control strategies have failed to curb disease transmission, but continue to be employed despite the absence of robust evidence for their effectiveness or optimal implementation. The World Mosquito Program has developed a novel approach to arbovirus control using Ae. aegypti stably transfected with Wolbachia bacterium, with a significantly reduced ability to transmit dengue, Zika and chikungunya in laboratory experiments. Modelling predicts this will translate to local elimination of dengue in most epidemiological settings. This study protocol describes the first trial to measure the efficacy of Wolbachia in reducing dengue virus transmission in the field.
METHODS/DESIGN: The study is a parallel, two-arm, non-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in a single site in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The aim is to determine whether large-scale deployment of Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes leads to a measurable reduction in dengue incidence in treated versus untreated areas. The primary endpoint is symptomatic, virologically confirmed dengue virus infection of any severity. The 26 km2 study area was subdivided into 24 contiguous clusters, allocated randomly 1:1 to receive Wolbachia deployments or no intervention. We use a novel epidemiological study design, the cluster-randomised test-negative design trial, in which dengue cases and arbovirus-negative controls are sampled concurrently from among febrile patients presenting to a network of primary care clinics, with case or control status classified retrospectively based on the results of laboratory diagnostic testing. Efficacy is estimated from the odds ratio of Wolbachia exposure distribution (probability of living in a Wolbachia-treated area) among virologically confirmed dengue cases compared to test-negative controls. A secondary per-protocol analysis allows for individual Wolbachia exposure levels to be assessed to account for movements outside the cluster and the heterogeneity in local Wolbachia prevalence among treated clusters.
DISCUSSION: The findings from this study will provide the first experimental evidence for the efficacy of Wolbachia in reducing dengue incidence. Together with observational evidence that is accumulating from pragmatic deployments of Wolbachia in other field sites, this will provide valuable data to estimate the effectiveness of this novel approach to arbovirus control, inform future cost-effectiveness estimates, and guide plans for large-scale deployments in other endemic settings.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03055585 . Registered on 14 February 2017.}, }
@article {pmid29851312, year = {2018}, author = {Dahmani, M and Tahir, D and Cabre, O and Raoult, D and Fenollar, F and Davoust, B and Mediannikov, O}, title = {Prevalence of Anaplasmataceae and Filariidae species in unowned and military dogs in New Caledonia.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine and science}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {140-149}, pmid = {29851312}, issn = {2053-1095}, mesh = {Anaplasmataceae/physiology ; Anaplasmataceae Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Filariasis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Filarioidea/physiology ; Male ; Military Personnel ; New Caledonia/epidemiology ; Ownership ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Dogs are competent reservoir hosts of several zoonotic agents, including Filariidae nematodes and Anaplasmataceae family bacteria. The latter family unites human and veterinary pathogens (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia bacteria) with Wolbachia, some of which are obligatory endosymbionts of pathogenic filarial nematodes. The epidemiology of Anaplasmataceae and Filariidae species infecting dogs living in kennels in New Caledonia was studied. 64 EDTA blood samples were screened for the presence of Anaplasmataceae and filarial nematodes. Molecular study was conducted using primers and probe targeting the of 23S rRNA long fragment of Anaplasmataceae species. Next, all blood sample was screened for the presence of Filariidae species targeting the primers and probe targeting the COI gene, as well as primers targeting the COI and 5S rRNA genes of all filarial worms. Anaplasma platys was identified in 8/64 (12.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.4-20.6%) and Wolbachia endosymbiont of Dirofilaria immitis in 8/64 (12.5%, CI: 4.4-20.6%). Filariidae species investigation was performed and showed that 11/64 (17.2%, CI: 7.9-26.4%) dogs were infected with D. immitis, whereas, 2/64 (3.1%, CI: 0.0-7.3%) were infected with Acanthocheilonema reconditum. Finally, we checked the occurrence of co-infection between Anaplasmataceae and Filariidae species. Co-occurrence with Wolbachia endosymbiont of D. immitis was observed in seven dogs, one dog was co-infected with A. platys and A. reconditum and another was co-infected with Wolbachia endosymbiont of D. immitis and A. reconditum. These results are the first report of Anaplasmataceae and Filariidae occurring in dogs in New Caledonia.}, }
@article {pmid29851149, year = {2018}, author = {Ote, M and Yamamoto, D}, title = {The Wolbachia protein TomO interacts with a host RNA to induce polarization defects in Drosophila oocytes.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, pages = {e21475}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21475}, pmid = {29851149}, issn = {1520-6327}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Body Patterning ; Drosophila simulans/*embryology/*microbiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/microbiology ; Embryonic Development ; Oocytes/growth & development ; RNA/metabolism ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an endosymbiont prevalent in arthropods. To maximize its transmission thorough the female germline, Wolbachia induces in infected hosts male-to-female transformation, male killing, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility, depending on the host species and Wolbachia strain involved. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these host manipulations by Wolbachia remain largely unknown. The Wolbachia strain wMel, an inhabitant of Drosophila melanogaster, impairs host oogenesis only when transplanted into a heterologous host, for example, Drosophila simulans. We found that egg polarity defects induced by wMel infection in D. simulans can be recapitulated in the natural host D. melanogaster by transgenic overexpression of a variant of the Wolbachia protein Toxic manipulator of oogenesis (TomO), TomOwMel∆HS , in the female germline. RNA immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that TomO physically associates with orb mRNA, which, as a result, fails to interact with the translation repressor Cup. This leads to precocious translation of Orb, a posterior determinant, and thereby to the misspecification of oocytes and accompanying polarity defects. We propose that the ability of TomO to bind to orb mRNA might provide a means for Wolbachia to enter the oocyte located at the posterior end of the egg chamber, thereby accomplishing secure maternal transmission thorough the female germline.}, }
@article {pmid29845544, year = {2018}, author = {O'Neill, SL}, title = {The Use of Wolbachia by the World Mosquito Program to Interrupt Transmission of Aedes aegypti Transmitted Viruses.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1062}, number = {}, pages = {355-360}, doi = {10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_24}, pmid = {29845544}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/virology ; Animals ; Australia ; Humans ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/virology ; Virus Diseases/transmission/virology ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/genetics ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The biological control of mosquito transmission by the use of the naturally occurring insect-specific bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been successfully tested in small field trials. The approach has been translated successfully to larger field sites in Townsville, Australia and expanded to more than 10 countries through the Eliminate Dengue Program. The broader application of the program beyond limiting the transmission of dengue and including other Aedes aegypti borne mosquitoes has seen the program growing into a global not-for-profit initiative to be known as the World Mosquito Program.}, }
@article {pmid29843598, year = {2018}, author = {Perry, KD and Baker, GJ and Powis, KJ and Kent, JK and Ward, CM and Baxter, SW}, title = {Cryptic Plutella species show deep divergence despite the capacity to hybridize.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {77}, pmid = {29843598}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {UA00146//University of Adelaide/International ; DAS00094//Grains Research and Development Corporation/International ; DAS00155//Grains Research and Development Corporation/International ; DAS00155//Grains Research and Development Corporation/International ; DAS00155//Grains Research and Development Corporation/International ; DP120100047//Australian Research Council/International ; FT140101303//Australian Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Australia ; Biological Assay ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Fertility ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Heterozygote ; *Hybridization, Genetic/drug effects ; Insecticide Resistance/drug effects/genetics ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Moths/*genetics/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Sympatry ; Wolbachia/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding genomic and phenotypic diversity among cryptic pest taxa has important implications for the management of pests and diseases. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., has been intensively studied due to its ability to evolve insecticide resistance and status as the world's most destructive pest of brassicaceous crops. The surprise discovery of a cryptic species endemic to Australia, Plutella australiana Landry & Hebert, raised questions regarding the distribution, ecological traits and pest status of the two species, the capacity for gene flow and whether specific management was required. Here, we collected Plutella from wild and cultivated brassicaceous plants from 75 locations throughout Australia and screened 1447 individuals to identify mtDNA lineages and Wolbachia infections. We genotyped genome-wide SNP markers using RADseq in coexisting populations of each species. In addition, we assessed reproductive compatibility in crossing experiments and insecticide susceptibility phenotypes using bioassays.
RESULTS: The two Plutella species coexisted on wild brassicas and canola crops, but only 10% of Plutella individuals were P. australiana. This species was not found on commercial Brassica vegetable crops, which are routinely sprayed with insecticides. Bioassays found that P. australiana was 19-306 fold more susceptible to four commonly-used insecticides than P. xylostella. Laboratory crosses revealed that reproductive isolation was incomplete but directionally asymmetric between the species. However, genome-wide nuclear SNPs revealed striking differences in genetic diversity and strong population structure between coexisting wild populations of each species. Nuclear diversity was 1.5-fold higher in P. australiana, yet both species showed limited variation in mtDNA. Infection with a single Wolbachia subgroup B strain was fixed in P. australiana, suggesting that a selective sweep contributed to low mtDNA diversity, while a subgroup A strain infected just 1.5% of P. xylostella.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite sympatric distributions and the capacity to hybridize, strong genomic and phenotypic divergence exists between these Plutella species that is consistent with contrasting colonization histories and reproductive isolation after secondary contact. Although P. australiana is a potential pest of brassicaceous crops, it is of secondary importance to P. xylostella.}, }
@article {pmid29807401, year = {2018}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Hou, Y}, title = {Infection Density Dynamics and Phylogeny of Wolbachia Associated with Coconut Hispine Beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by Multilocus Sequence Type (MLST) Genotyping.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {796-808}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.1712.12019}, pmid = {29807401}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Load/*genetics ; Coleoptera/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Rickettsiaceae Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; *Wolbachia/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is widespread in arthropods. Recently, possibilities of novel Wolbachia-mediated hosts, their distribution, and natural rate have been anticipated, and the coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has garnered attention as a serious pest of palms, was subjected to this interrogation. By adopting Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequence type (MLST) genotypic systems, we determined the Wolbachia infection density within host developmental stages, body parts, and tissues, and the results revealed that all the tested samples of B. longissima were infected with the same Wolbachia strain (wLog), suggesting complete vertical transmission. The MLST profile elucidated two new alleles (ftsZ-234 and coxA-266) that define a new sequence type (ST-483), which indicates the particular genotypic association of B. longissima and Wolbachia. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a higher infection density in the eggs and adult stage, followed by the abdomen and reproductive tissues, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the infection density between sexes. Moreover, the wsp and concatenated MLST alignment analysis of this study with other known Wolbachia-mediated arthropods revealed similar clustering with distinct monophyletic supergroup B. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence, infection dynamics, and phylogeny of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in B. longissima, which demonstrated that Wolbachia is ubiquitous across all developmental stages and distributed in the entire body of B. longissima. Understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations, understand its impacts on host physiology, and exploit it as a potential biocontrol agent.}, }
@article {pmid29801436, year = {2018}, author = {Opatovsky, I and Santos-Garcia, D and Ruan, Z and Lahav, T and Ofaim, S and Mouton, L and Barbe, V and Jiang, J and Zchori-Fein, E and Freilich, S}, title = {Modeling trophic dependencies and exchanges among insects' bacterial symbionts in a host-simulated environment.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {402}, pmid = {29801436}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {1481/13//Israel Science Foundation/ ; 484/17//Israel Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Environment ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Models, Biological ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individual organisms are linked to their communities and ecosystems via metabolic activities. Metabolic exchanges and co-dependencies have long been suggested to have a pivotal role in determining community structure. In phloem-feeding insects such metabolic interactions with bacteria enable complementation of their deprived nutrition. The phloem-feeding whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) harbors an obligatory symbiotic bacterium, as well as varying combinations of facultative symbionts. This well-defined bacterial community in B. tabaci serves here as a case study for a comprehensive and systematic survey of metabolic interactions within the bacterial community and their associations with documented occurrences of bacterial combinations. We first reconstructed the metabolic networks of five common B. tabaci symbionts genera (Portiera, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia), and then used network analysis approaches to predict: (1) species-specific metabolic capacities in a simulated bacteriocyte-like environment; (2) metabolic capacities of the corresponding species' combinations, and (3) dependencies of each species on different media components.
RESULTS: The predictions for metabolic capacities of the symbionts in the host environment were in general agreement with previously reported genome analyses, each focused on the single-species level. The analysis suggests several previously un-reported routes for complementary interactions and estimated the dependency of each symbiont in specific host metabolites. No clear association was detected between metabolic co-dependencies and co-occurrence patterns.
CONCLUSIONS: The analysis generated predictions for testable hypotheses of metabolic exchanges and co-dependencies in bacterial communities and by crossing them with co-occurrence profiles, contextualized interaction patterns into a wider ecological perspective.}, }
@article {pmid29794009, year = {2018}, author = {Bakovic, V and Schebeck, M and Telschow, A and Stauffer, C and Schuler, H}, title = {Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {29794009}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Czech Republic ; Hungary ; *Spatial Analysis ; Tephritidae/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been used to control insect pests owing to its ability to manipulate their life history and suppress infectious diseases. Therefore, knowledge on Wolbachia dynamics in natural populations is fundamental. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, is infected with the Wolbachia strain wCer2, mainly present in southern and central European populations, and is currently spreading into wCer2-uninfected populations driven by high unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here, we describe the distribution of wCer2 along two transition zones where the infection is spreading into wCer2-uninfected R. cerasi populations. Fine-scale sampling of 19 populations in the Czech Republic showed a smooth decrease of wCer2 frequency from south to north within a distance of less than 20 km. Sampling of 12 Hungarian populations, however, showed a sharp decline of wCer2 infection frequency within a few kilometres. We fitted a standard wave equation to our empirical data and estimated a Wolbachia wave speed of 1.9 km yr-1 in the Czech Republic and 1.0 km yr-1 in Hungary. Considering the univoltine life cycle and limited dispersal ability of R. cerasi, our study highlights a rapid Wolbachia spread in natural host populations.}, }
@article {pmid29792944, year = {2018}, author = {Stouthamer, CM and Kelly, S and Hunter, MS}, title = {Enrichment of low-density symbiont DNA from minute insects.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {151}, number = {}, pages = {16-19}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2018.05.013}, pmid = {29792944}, issn = {1872-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/genetics/microbiology ; Bacteria/*genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/*isolation & purification ; Host Microbial Interactions/*genetics ; Insecta/genetics/*microbiology ; Molecular Biology/*methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/genetics/microbiology ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Symbioses between bacteria and insects are often associated with changes in important biological traits that can significantly affect host fitness. To a large extent, studies of these interactions have been based on physiological changes or induced phenotypes in the host, and the genetic mechanisms by which symbionts interact with their hosts have only recently become better understood. Learning about symbionts has been challenging in part due to difficulties such as obtaining enough high quality genomic material for high throughput sequencing technology, especially for symbionts present in low titers, and in small or difficult to rear non-model hosts. Here we introduce a new method that substantially increases the yield of bacterial DNA in minute arthropod hosts, and requires less starting material relative to previous published methods.}, }
@article {pmid29789369, year = {2018}, author = {Schultz, MJ and Tan, AL and Gray, CN and Isern, S and Michael, SF and Frydman, HM and Connor, JH}, title = {Wolbachia wStri Blocks Zika Virus Growth at Two Independent Stages of Viral Replication.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {29789369}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {R01 AI099210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*virology ; Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Chikungunya virus/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Dengue Virus/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Virus Internalization ; *Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/genetics/*physiology ; Zika Virus/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-transmitted viruses are spread globally and present a great risk to human health. Among the many approaches investigated to limit the diseases caused by these viruses are attempts to make mosquitos resistant to virus infection. Coinfection of mosquitos with the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis from supergroup A is a recent strategy employed to reduce the capacity for major vectors in the Aedes mosquito genus to transmit viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Recently, a supergroup B Wolbachia wStri, isolated from Laodelphax striatellus, was shown to inhibit multiple lineages of ZIKV in Aedes albopictus cells. Here, we show that wStri blocks the growth of positive-sense RNA viruses DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, and yellow fever virus by greater than 99.9%. wStri presence did not affect the growth of the negative-sense RNA viruses LaCrosse virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Investigation of the stages of the ZIKV life cycle inhibited by wStri identified two distinct blocks in viral replication. We found a reduction of ZIKV entry into wStri-infected cells. This was partially rescued by the addition of a cholesterol-lipid supplement. Independent of entry, transfected viral genome was unable to replicate in Wolbachia-infected cells. RNA transfection and metabolic labeling studies suggested that this replication defect is at the level of RNA translation, where we saw a 66% reduction in mosquito protein synthesis in wStri-infected cells. This study's findings increase the potential for application of wStri to block additional arboviruses and also identify specific blocks in viral infection caused by Wolbachia coinfection.IMPORTANCE Dengue, Zika, and yellow fever viruses are mosquito-transmitted diseases that have spread throughout the world, causing millions of infections and thousands of deaths each year. Existing programs that seek to contain these diseases through elimination of the mosquito population have so far failed, making it crucial to explore new ways of limiting the spread of these viruses. Here, we show that introduction of an insect symbiont, Wolbachia wStri, into mosquito cells is highly effective at reducing yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, and Chikungunya virus production. Reduction of virus replication was attributable to decreases in entry and a strong block of virus gene expression at the translational level. These findings expand the potential use of Wolbachia wStri to block viruses and identify two separate steps for limiting virus replication in mosquitos that could be targeted via microbes or other means as an antiviral strategy.}, }
@article {pmid29779872, year = {2018}, author = {Funkhouser-Jones, LJ and van Opstal, EJ and Sharma, A and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {The Maternal Effect Gene Wds Controls Wolbachia Titer in Nasonia.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {1692-1702.e6}, pmid = {29779872}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {R21 HD086833/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P30 EY008126/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DK020593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA068485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008554/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI132581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U24 DK059637/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Maternal transmission of intracellular microbes is pivotal in establishing long-term, intimate symbioses. For germline microbes that exert negative reproductive effects on their hosts, selection can theoretically favor the spread of host genes that counteract the microbe's harmful effects. Here, we leverage a major difference in bacterial (Wolbachia pipientis) titers between closely related wasp species with forward genetic, transcriptomic, and cytological approaches to map two quantitative trait loci that suppress bacterial titers via a maternal effect. Fine mapping and knockdown experiments identify the gene Wolbachia density suppressor (Wds), which dominantly suppresses bacterial transmission from mother to embryo. Wds evolved by lineage-specific non-synonymous changes driven by positive selection. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a genetically simple change arose by positive Darwinian selection in less than a million years to regulate maternally transmitted bacteria via a dominant, maternal effect gene.}, }
@article {pmid29777177, year = {2018}, author = {Flores, HA and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Controlling vector-borne diseases by releasing modified mosquitoes.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {508-518}, doi = {10.1038/s41579-018-0025-0}, pmid = {29777177}, issn = {1740-1534}, support = {102591/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*microbiology ; Animals ; Genetic Engineering ; *Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/genetics/microbiology ; Virus Diseases/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {Aedes mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya, are becoming major global health emergencies while old threats, such as yellow fever, are re-emerging. Traditional control methods, which have focused on reducing mosquito populations through the application of insecticides or preventing breeding through removal of larval habitat, are largely ineffective, as evidenced by the increasing global disease burden. Here, we review novel mosquito population reduction and population modification approaches with a focus on control methods based on the release of mosquitoes, including the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and strategies to genetically modify the vector, that are currently under development and have the potential to contribute to a reversal of the current alarming disease trends.}, }
@article {pmid29776407, year = {2018}, author = {Lindsey, ARI and Kelkar, YD and Wu, X and Sun, D and Martinson, EO and Yan, Z and Rugman-Jones, PF and Hughes, DST and Murali, SC and Qu, J and Dugan, S and Lee, SL and Chao, H and Dinh, H and Han, Y and Doddapaneni, HV and Worley, KC and Muzny, DM and Ye, G and Gibbs, RA and Richards, S and Yi, SV and Stouthamer, R and Werren, JH}, title = {Comparative genomics of the miniature wasp and pest control agent Trichogramma pretiosum.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {54}, pmid = {29776407}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genomics ; Moths/parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Wasps/*classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trichogrammatids are minute parasitoid wasps that develop within other insect eggs. They are less than half a millimeter long, smaller than some protozoans. The Trichogrammatidae are one of the earliest branching families of Chalcidoidea: a diverse superfamily of approximately half a million species of parasitoid wasps, proposed to have evolved from a miniaturized ancestor. Trichogramma are frequently used in agriculture, released as biological control agents against major moth and butterfly pests. Additionally, Trichogramma are well known for their symbiotic bacteria that induce asexual reproduction in infected females. Knowledge of the genome sequence of Trichogramma is a major step towards further understanding its biology and potential applications in pest control.
RESULTS: We report the 195-Mb genome sequence of Trichogramma pretiosum and uncover signatures of miniaturization and adaptation in Trichogramma and related parasitoids. Comparative analyses reveal relatively rapid evolution of proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis and function, transcriptional regulation, and ploidy regulation. Chalcids also show loss or especially rapid evolution of 285 gene clusters conserved in other Hymenoptera, including many that are involved in signal transduction and embryonic development. Comparisons between sexual and asexual lineages of Trichogramma pretiosum reveal that there is no strong evidence for genome degradation (e.g., gene loss) in the asexual lineage, although it does contain a lower repeat content than the sexual lineage. Trichogramma shows particularly rapid genome evolution compared to other hymenopterans. We speculate these changes reflect adaptations to miniaturization, and to life as a specialized egg parasitoid.
CONCLUSIONS: The genomes of Trichogramma and related parasitoids are a valuable resource for future studies of these diverse and economically important insects, including explorations of parasitoid biology, symbiosis, asexuality, biological control, and the evolution of miniaturization. Understanding the molecular determinants of parasitism can also inform mass rearing of Trichogramma and other parasitoids for biological control.}, }
@article {pmid29771340, year = {2018}, author = {Schebeck, M and Feldkirchner, L and Marín, B and Krumböck, S and Schuler, H and Stauffer, C}, title = {Reproductive Manipulators in the Bark Beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)-The Role of Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, and Wolbachia.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {29771340}, issn = {1536-2442}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproduction ; Rickettsia/*isolation & purification ; Spiroplasma/*isolation & purification ; *Symbiosis ; Weevils/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Heritable bacterial endosymbionts can alter the biology of numerous arthropods. They can influence the reproductive outcome of infected hosts, thus affecting the ecology and evolution of various arthropod species. The spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was reported to express partial, unidirectional crossing incompatibilities among certain European populations. Knowledge on the background of these findings is lacking; however, bacterial endosymbionts have been assumed to manipulate the reproduction of this beetle. Previous work reported low-density and low-frequency Wolbachia infections of P. chalcographus but found it unlikely that this infection results in reproductive alterations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of an endosymbiont-driven incompatibility, other than Wolbachia, reflected by an infection pattern on a wide geographic scale. We performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 226 individuals from 18 European populations for the presence of the endosymbionts Cardinium, Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma, and additionally screened these individuals for Wolbachia. Positive PCR products were sequenced to characterize these bacteria. Our study shows a low prevalence of these four endosymbionts in P. chalcographus. We detected a yet undescribed Spiroplasma strain in a single individual from Greece. This is the first time that this endosymbiont has been found in a bark beetle. Further, Wolbachia was detected in three beetles from two Scandinavian populations and two new Wolbachia strains were described. None of the individuals analyzed were infected with Cardinium and Rickettsia. The low prevalence of bacteria found here does not support the hypothesis of an endosymbiont-driven reproductive incompatibility in P. chalcographus.}, }
@article {pmid29766491, year = {2018}, author = {Kriesner, P and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Rapid spread of a Wolbachia infection that does not affect host reproduction in Drosophila simulans cage populations.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/evo.13506}, pmid = {29766491}, issn = {1558-5646}, abstract = {Wolbachia endosymbionts that are maternally inherited can spread rapidly in host populations through inducing sterility in uninfected females, but some Wolbachia infections do not influence host reproduction yet still persist. These infections are particularly interesting because they likely represent mutualistic endosymbionts, spreading by increasing host fitness. Here, we document such a spread in the wAu infection of Drosophila simulans. By establishing multiple replicate cage populations, we show that wAu consistently increased from an intermediate frequency to near fixation, representing an estimated fitness advantage of around 20% for infected females. The effective population size in the cages was estimated from SNP markers to be around a few thousand individuals, precluding large effects of genetic drift in the populations. The exact reasons for the fitness advantage are unclear but viral protection and nutritional benefits are two possibilities.}, }
@article {pmid29765368, year = {2018}, author = {Hu, W and Kuang, F and Lu, Z and Zhang, N and Chen, T}, title = {Killing Effects of an Isolated Serratia marcescens KH-001 on Diaphorina citri via Lowering the Endosymbiont Numbers.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {860}, pmid = {29765368}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide, and suppression of the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is regarded as an effective method to inhibit the spread of HLB. In this study, we isolated a strain named as Serratia marcescens KH-001 from D. citri nymphs suffering from disease, and evaluated its killing effect on D. citri via toxicity test and effect on microbial community in D. citri using high-throughput sequencing. Our results indicated that S. marcescens KH-001 could effectively kill 83% of D. citri nymphs, while the fermentation products of S. marcescens KH-001 only killed 40% of the D. citrinymphs. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the S. marcescens KH-001 increased the OTU numbers from 62.5 (PBS buffer) to 81.5, while significantly lowered the Shannon index compared with Escherichia coli DH5α (group E) (p < 0.05). OTU analysis showed that the S. marcescens KH-001 had significantly reduced the relative abundance of endosymbionts Wolbachia, Profftella, and Carsonella in group S compared with that in other groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, the direct killing effect of the fermentation products of S. marcescens KH-001 and the indirect effect via reducing the numbers of endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Profftella, and Carsonella) of D. citri endow S. marcescens KH-001 a sound killing effect on D. citri. Further work need to do before this strain is used as a sound biological control agents.}, }
@article {pmid29761037, year = {2018}, author = {Duplouy, A and Hornett, EA}, title = {Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4629}, pmid = {29761037}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host's body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concerns Wolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.}, }
@article {pmid29760316, year = {2018}, author = {Katsuma, S and Kiuchi, T and Kawamoto, M and Fujimoto, T and Sahara, K}, title = {Unique sex determination system in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: current status and beyond.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, pages = {205-216}, pmid = {29760316}, issn = {1349-2896}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bombyx/*genetics/microbiology/physiology ; Chromosomes, Insect/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {The silkworm Bombyx mori has been used for silk production for over 5,000 years. In addition to its contribution to sericulture, B. mori has played an important role in the field of genetics. Classical genetic studies revealed that a gene(s) with a strong feminizing activity is located on the W chromosome, but this W-linked feminizing gene, called Feminizer (Fem), had not been cloned despite more than 80 years of study. In 2014, we discovered that Fem is a precursor of a single W chromosome-derived PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA). Fem-derived piRNA binds to PIWI protein, and this complex then cleaves the mRNA of the Z-linked Masculinizer (Masc) gene, which encodes a protein required for both masculinization and dosage compensation. These findings showed that the piRNA-mediated interaction between the two sex chromosomes is the primary signal for the sex determination cascade in B. mori. In this review, we summarize the history, current status, and perspective of studies on sex determination and related topics in B. mori.}, }
@article {pmid29757522, year = {2018}, author = {Morçiçek, B and Taskin, BG and Doğaç, E and Doğaroğlu, T and Taskin, V}, title = {Evidence of natural Wolbachia infections and molecular identification of field populations of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in western Turkey.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {44-51}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12281}, pmid = {29757522}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*microbiology ; Cytochromes c/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Turkey ; Wolbachia/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Establishing reliable risk projection information about the distribution pattern of members of the Culex pipiens complex is of particular interest, as these mosquitoes are competent vectors for certain disease-causing pathogens. Wolbachia, a maternally inherited bacterial symbiont, are distributed in various arthropod species and can induce cytoplasmic incompatibility, i.e., reduced egg hatch, in certain crosses. It is being considered as a tool for population control of mosquito disease vectors. The Aegean region is characterized by highly populated, rural, and agricultural areas and is also on the route of the migratory birds. In this study, a fragment of the 658 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, which includes the barcode region, was employed to differentiate Cx. pipiens complex species found in this region. Moreover, for the first time, the prevalence of Wolbachia endobacteria in these natural populations was examined using PCR amplification of a specific wsp gene. Our results revealed a widespread (more than 90%, n=121) presence of the highly efficient West Nile virus vector Cx. quinquefasciatus in the region. We also found that Wolbachia infection is widespread; the average prevalence was 62% in populations throughout the region. This study provided valuable information about the composition of Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes and the prevalence of Wolbachia infection in these populations in the Aegean region. This information will be helpful in tracking mosquito-borne diseases and designing and implementing Wolbachia-based control strategies in the region.}, }
@article {pmid29751814, year = {2018}, author = {Ant, TH and Sinkins, SP}, title = {A Wolbachia triple-strain infection generates self-incompatibility in Aedes albopictus and transmission instability in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {295}, pmid = {29751814}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {202888, 108508//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; BB/K004506//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; ZK/16-021//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Insect Vectors/genetics/microbiology/physiology ; Male ; Reproduction ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Artificially-introduced transinfections of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis have the potential to reduce the vectorial capacity of mosquito populations for viruses such as dengue and chikungunya. Aedes albopictus has two native strains of Wolbachia, but their replacement with the non-native wMel strain blocks transmission of both viruses. The pattern of cytoplasmic incompatiiblity generated by wMel with wild-types is bidirectional. Novel-plus-native-strain co-infection is predicted to lead to a more efficient population spread capacity; from a bi-directional to a uni-directional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) model.
RESULTS: A novel-plus-native-strain triple-infection in Ae. albopictus (wAlbAwAlbBwMel) was generated. Although triple-infected females were fully reproductively viable with uninfected males, they displayed self-incompatibility. qPCR of specific strains in dissected tissues suggested that this may be due to the displacement of one of the native strains (wAlbA) from the ovaries of triple-infected females. When the triple strain infection was transferred into Aedes aegypti it displayed an unexpectedly low level of transmission fidelity of the three strains in this species.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that combining Wolbachia strains can lead to co-infection interactions that can affect outcomes of CI and maternal transmission.}, }
@article {pmid29745300, year = {2018}, author = {Karimian, F and Vatandoost, H and Rassi, Y and Maleki-Ravasan, N and Choubdar, N and Koosha, M and Arzamani, K and Moradi-Asl, E and Veysi, A and Alipour, H and Shirani, M and Oshaghi, MA}, title = {wsp-based analysis of Wolbachia strains associated with Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) main cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors, introduction of a new subgroup wSerg.}, journal = {Pathogens and global health}, volume = {112}, number = {3}, pages = {152-160}, pmid = {29745300}, issn = {2047-7732}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Genotype ; Iran ; Phlebotomus/*microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Serogroup ; Wolbachia/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Sand flies of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti are the main vectors of cutaneous leishmanisis (CL) in the old world. We aimed to screen Iranian P. papatasi and P. sergenti for their natural infections with Wolbachia and to determine their phylogenetic association with other species. Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene was PCR amplified from DNA extracted from Phlebotomus species, sequenced, and were analysed in combination with wsp sequences related to Phelebtominae and other insects. All Wolbachia-infecting Iranian sand flies of P. papatasi and P. sergenti were classified in the Supergroup A., Wolbachia isolated from P. sergenti were clustered in a new subgroup within Supergroup A so-called wSreg. The Wolbachia strains identified from the P. papatasi clustered mainly in the subgroup wPap and partly in wSerg. Multiple Wholbachia infection within a single population of P.papatasi warrants investigation on existence and intensity of cytoplasmic incompatibility between the wPap and wSerg subgroups.}, }
@article {pmid29732657, year = {2018}, author = {Zheng, Y and Bi, J and Hou, MY and Shen, W and Zhang, W and Ai, H and Yu, XQ and Wang, YF}, title = {Ocnus is essential for male germ cell development in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {545-555}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12393}, pmid = {29732657}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Fertility ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Male ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Testis/growth & development ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The ocnus (ocn) gene encodes a protein abundant in the testes, implying its role in testis development. When Drosophila melanogaster is infected with the endosymbiont wMel Wolbachia, which affects the spermatogenesis of its hosts, ocn is downregulated in the third-instar larval testes, suggesting a role of ocn in spermatogenesis. In this study, we knocked down ocn in the testes and found that the hatch rates of embryos derived from ocn-knockdown males were significantly decreased, and 84.38% of the testes were much smaller in comparison to controls. Analysis of the smaller testes showed no germ cells but they had an extended hub. Using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), we identified 69 genes with at least a twofold change (q-value < 5%) in their expression after ocn knockdown; of these, eight testes-specific and three reproduction-related genes were verified to be significantly downregulated using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Three genes (orientation disruptor, p24-2 and CG13541) were also significantly downregulated in the presence of Wolbachia. Furthermore, 98 genes were not expressed when ocn was knocked down in testes. These results suggest that ocn plays a crucial role in male germ cell development in Drosophila, possibly by regulating the expression of multiple spermatogenesis-related genes. Our data provide important information to help understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid29725059, year = {2018}, author = {Dittmer, J and Bouchon, D}, title = {Feminizing Wolbachia influence microbiota composition in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6998}, pmid = {29725059}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Wolbachia are widespread heritable endosymbionts of arthropods notorious for their profound effects on host fitness as well as for providing protection against viruses and eukaryotic parasites, indicating that they can interact with other microorganisms sharing the same host environment. Using the terrestrial isopod crustacean Armadillidium vulgare, its highly diverse microbiota (>200 bacterial genera) and its three feminizing Wolbachia strains (wVulC, wVulM, wVulP) as a model system, the present study demonstrates that Wolbachia can even influence the composition of a diverse bacterial community under both laboratory and natural conditions. While host origin is the major determinant of the taxonomic composition of the microbiota in A. vulgare, Wolbachia infection affected both the presence and, more importantly, the abundance of many bacterial taxa within each host population, possibly due to competitive interactions. Moreover, different Wolbachia strains had different impacts on microbiota composition. As such, infection with wVulC affected a higher number of taxa than infection with wVulM, possibly due to intrinsic differences in virulence and titer between these two strains. In conclusion, this study shows that heritable endosymbionts such as Wolbachia can act as biotic factors shaping the microbiota of arthropods, with as yet unknown consequences on host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid29722798, year = {2018}, author = {Li, H and Li, T and Qu, J}, title = {Stochastic processes govern bacterial communities from the blood of pikas and from their arthropod vectors.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy082}, pmid = {29722798}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/*microbiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology/*transmission ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Lagomorpha/blood/*microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Siphonaptera/*microbiology ; Stochastic Processes ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne microbes influence pathogen transmission and blood microbiomes, thereby affecting the emergence of infectious diseases. Thus, understanding the relationship between host and vector microbiomes is of importance. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community composition, diversity and assembly of the flea (Rhadinopsylla dahurica vicina), torsalo (Hypoderma curzonial), and the blood and gut of their shared pika host, Ochotona curzoniae. Bartonella, Sphingomonas and Bradyrhizobium were enriched in blood, while Wolbachia and Fusobacterium were more abundant in fleas and torsaloes. Most of potential pathogenic microbes (belonging to Fusobacterium, Rickettsia, Kingella, Porphyromonas, Bartonella and Mycoplasma) were present in the blood of pikas and their vectors. Blood communities were more similar to those from fleas than other sample types and were independent of host factors or geographical sites. Notably, blood microbes originate mainly from fleas rather than gut or torsaloes. Interestingly, the community assembly of blood, fleas or torsaloes was primarily governed by stochastic processes, while the gut microbiome was determined by deterministic processes. Ecological drift plays a dominant role in the assembly of blood and flea microbiomes. These results reflect the difficulty for predicting and regulating the microbial ecology of fleas for the prevention of potential microbiome-associated diseases.}, }
@article {pmid29720714, year = {2018}, author = {Pereira, TN and Rocha, MN and Sucupira, PHF and Carvalho, FD and Moreira, LA}, title = {Wolbachia significantly impacts the vector competence of Aedes aegypti for Mayaro virus.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {6889}, pmid = {29720714}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Wolbachia, an intracellular endosymbiont present in up to 70% of all insect species, has been suggested as a sustainable strategy for the control of arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. As Mayaro virus outbreaks have also been reported in Latin American countries, the objective of this study was to evaluate the vector competence of Brazilian field-collected Ae. aegypti and the impact of Wolbachia (wMel strain) upon this virus. Our in vitro studies with Aag2 cells showed that Mayaro virus can rapidly multiply, whereas in wMel-infected Aag2 cells, viral growth was significantly impaired. In addition, C6/36 cells seem to have alterations when infected by Mayaro virus. In vivo experiments showed that field-collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are highly permissive to Mayaro virus infection, and high viral prevalence was observed in the saliva. On the other hand, Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes showed significantly impaired capability to transmit Mayaro virus. Our results suggest that the use of Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes may represent an effective mechanism for the reduction of Mayaro virus transmission throughout Latin America.}, }
@article {pmid29720706, year = {2018}, author = {Pance, A}, title = {Can Wolbachia save the day?.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {396}, doi = {10.1038/s41579-018-0021-4}, pmid = {29720706}, issn = {1740-1534}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control/transmission ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid29709692, year = {2018}, author = {Steiner, FM and Csősz, S and Markó, B and Gamisch, A and Rinnhofer, L and Folterbauer, C and Hammerle, S and Stauffer, C and Arthofer, W and Schlick-Steiner, BC}, title = {Turning one into five: Integrative taxonomy uncovers complex evolution of cryptic species in the harvester ant Messor "structor".}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {127}, number = {}, pages = {387-404}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.005}, pmid = {29709692}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Animals ; Ants/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/microbiology ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; Phylogeny ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Terminology as Topic ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Seed harvesting ants are ecosystem engineers that shape vegetation, nutrient cycles, and microclimate. Progress in ecological research is, however, slowed down by poor species delimitation. For example, it has not been resolved to date, how many species the European harvester ant Messor "structor" (Latreille, 1798) represents. Since its first description, splitting into additional taxa was often proposed but not accepted later on due to inconsistent support from morphology and ecology. Here, we took an iterative integrative-taxonomy approach - comparing multiple, independent data sets of the same sample - and used traditional morphometrics, Wolbachia symbionts, mitochondrial DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and ecological niche modelling. Using the complementarity of the data sets applied, we resolved multiple, strong disagreements over the number of species, ranging from four to ten, and the allocation of individuals to species. We consider most plausible a five-species hypothesis and conclude the taxonomic odyssey by redescribing Messor structor, M. ibericus Santschi, 1925, and M. muticus (Nylander, 1849) stat.rev., and by describing two new species, M. ponticus sp.n. and M. mcarthuri sp.n. The evolutionary explanations invoked in resolving the various data conflicts include pronounced morphological crypsis, incomplete lineage-sorting or ongoing cospeciation of endosymbionts, and peripatric speciation - these ants' significance to evolutionary biology parallels that to ecology. The successful solution of this particular problem illustrates the usefulness of the integrative approach to other systematic problems of comparable complexity and the importance of understanding evolution to drawing correct conclusions on species' attributes, including their ecology and biogeography.}, }
@article {pmid29701280, year = {2018}, author = {Ote, M and Yamamoto, D}, title = {Enhancing Nanos expression via the bacterial TomO protein is a conserved strategy used by the symbiont Wolbachia to fuel germ stem cell maintenance in infected Drosophila females.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, pages = {e21471}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21471}, pmid = {29701280}, issn = {1520-6327}, mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Bacterial Proteins/*physiology ; Culex/genetics/microbiology ; Drosophila/*microbiology/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Female ; Germ Cells/*physiology ; Male ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The toxic manipulator of oogenesis (TomO) protein has been identified in the wMel strain of Wolbachia that symbioses with the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, as a protein that affects host reproduction. TomO protects germ stem cells (GSCs) from degeneration, which otherwise occurs in ovaries of host females that are mutant for the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl). We isolated the TomO homologs from wPip, a Wolbachia strain from the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. One of the homologs, TomOwPip 1, exerted the GSC rescue activity in fly Sxl mutants when lacking its hydrophobic stretches. The GSC-rescuing action of the TomOwPip 1 variant was ascribable to its abilities to associate with Nanos (nos) mRNA and to enhance Nos protein expression. The analysis of structure-activity relationships with TomO homologs and TomO deletion variants revealed distinct modules in the protein that are each dedicated to different functions, i.e., subcellular localization, nos mRNA binding or Nos expression enhancement. We propose that modular reshuffling is the basis for structural and functional diversification of TomO protein members.}, }
@article {pmid29694414, year = {2018}, author = {Bridgeman, B and Morgan-Richards, M and Wheeler, D and Trewick, SA}, title = {First detection of Wolbachia in the New Zealand biota.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0195517}, pmid = {29694414}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; *Biota/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; New Zealand ; Orthoptera/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Wasps/microbiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is one of the most widespread intracellular bacteria on earth, estimated to infect between 40 and 66% of arthropod species in most ecosystems that have been surveyed. Their significance rests not only in their vast distribution, but also in their ability to modify the reproductive biology of their hosts, which can ultimately affect genetic diversity and speciation of infected populations. Wolbachia has yet to be formally identified in the fauna of New Zealand which has high levels of endemic biodiversity and this represents a gap in our understanding of the global biology of Wolbachia. Using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) of host DNA in conjunction with traditional molecular techniques we identified six endemic Orthoptera species that were positive for Wolbachia infection. In addition, short-sequence amplification with Wolbachia specific primers applied to New Zealand and introduced invertebrates detected a further 153 individuals positive for Wolbachia. From these short-range DNA amplification products sequence data was obtained for the ftsZ gene region from 86 individuals representing 10 host species. Phylogenetic analysis using the sequences obtained in this study reveals that there are two distinct Wolbachia bacteria lineages in New Zealand hosts belonging to recognised Wolbachia supergroups (A and B). These represent the first described instances of Wolbachia in the New Zealand native fauna, including detection in putative parasitoids of infected Orthoptera suggesting a possible transmission path. Our detection of Wolbachia infections of New Zealand species provides the opportunity to study local transmission of Wolbachia and explore their role in the evolution of New Zealand invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid29691935, year = {2018}, author = {Henry, LP and Newton, ILG}, title = {Mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are positively correlated during maternal transmission.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {2634-2646}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14700}, pmid = {29691935}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Genotype ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Mothers provide their offspring with symbionts. Maternally transmitted, intracellular symbionts must disperse from mother to offspring with other cytoplasmic elements, like mitochondria. Here, we investigated how the intracellular symbiont Wolbachia interacts with mitochondria during maternal transmission. Mitochondria and Wolbachia may interact antagonistically and compete as each population tries to ensure its own evolutionary success. Alternatively, mitochondria and Wolbachia may cooperate as both benefit from ensuring the fitness of the mother. We characterized the relationship between mitochondria and Wolbachia titers in ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are positively correlated in common laboratory genotypes of D. melanogaster. We attempted to perturb this covariation through the introduction of Wolbachia variants that colonize at different titers. We also attempted to perturb the covariation through manipulating the female reproductive tract to disrupt maternal transmission. Finally, we also attempted to disrupt the covariation by knocking down gene expression for two loci involved in mitochondrial metabolism: NADH dehydrogenase and a mitochondrial transporter. Overall, we find that mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are commonly positively correlated, but this positive covariation is disrupted at high titers of Wolbachia. Our results suggest that mitochondria and Wolbachia have likely evolved mechanisms to stably coexist, but the competitive dynamics change at high Wolbachia titers. We provide future directions to better understand how their interaction influences the maintenance of the symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid29689195, year = {2018}, author = {Foray, V and Pérez-Jiménez, MM and Fattouh, N and Landmann, F}, title = {Wolbachia Control Stem Cell Behavior and Stimulate Germline Proliferation in Filarial Nematodes.}, journal = {Developmental cell}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {198-211.e3}, doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.017}, pmid = {29689195}, issn = {1878-1551}, mesh = {Animals ; Brugia malayi/*growth & development/microbiology ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Filariasis/metabolism/parasitology/*pathology ; Germ Cells/*cytology/microbiology/physiology ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Stem Cells/cytology/microbiology/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Although symbiotic interactions are ubiquitous in the living world, examples of developmental symbioses are still scarce. We show here the crucial role of Wolbachia in the oogenesis of filarial nematodes, a class of parasites of biomedical and veterinary relevance. We applied newly developed techniques to demonstrate the earliest requirements of Wolbachia in the parasite germline preceding the production of faulty embryos in Wolbachia-depleted nematodes. We show that Wolbachia stimulate germline proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner, and not through nucleotide supplementation as previously hypothesized. We also found Wolbachia to maintain the quiescence of a pool of germline stem cells to ensure a constant delivery of about 1,400 eggs per day for many years. The loss of quiescence upon Wolbachia depletion as well as the disorganization of the distal germline suggest that Wolbachia are required to execute the proper germline stem cell developmental program in order to produce viable eggs and embryos.}, }
@article {pmid29686946, year = {2018}, author = {Russell, JE and Nunney, L and Saum, M and Stouthamer, R}, title = {Host and symbiont genetic contributions to fitness in a Trichogramma-Wolbachia symbiosis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4655}, pmid = {29686946}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The fitness effects associated with Wolbachia infection have wide-ranging ecological and evolutionary consequences for host species. How these effects are modulated by the relative influence of host and Wolbachia genomes has been described as a balancing act of genomic cooperation and conflict. For vertically transmitted symbionts, like cytoplasmic Wolbachia, concordant host-symbiont fitness interests would seem to select for genomic cooperation. However, Wolbachia's ability to manipulate host reproductive systems and distort offspring sex ratios presents an evolutionary conflict of interest with infected hosts. In the parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) form of Wolbachia found in many haplodiploid insects, Wolbachia fitness is realized through females and is enhanced by their feminization of male embryos and subsequent parthenogenetic reproduction. In contrast, as long as Wolbachia is not fixed in a population and sexual reproduction persists, fitness for the host species is realized through both male and female offspring production. How these cooperating and competing interests interact and the relative influence of host and Wolbachia genomes were investigated in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma kaykai, where Wolbachia infection has remained at a low frequency in the field. A factorial design in which laboratory cultures of Wolbachia-infected T. kaykai were cured and re-infected with alternative Wolbachia strains was used to determine the relative influence of host and Wolbachia genomes on host fitness values. Our results suggest fitness variation is largely a function of host genetic background, except in the case of offspring sex ratio where a significant interaction between host and Wolbachia genomes was found. We also find a significant effect associated with the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia strains, which we discuss in terms of the potential for coadaptation in PI-Wolbachia symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid29686091, year = {2018}, author = {Shropshire, JD and On, J and Layton, EM and Zhou, H and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {One prophage WO gene rescues cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {19}, pages = {4987-4991}, pmid = {29686091}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R21 HD086833/NICHD NIH HHS/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development/United States ; P30 DK058404/NIDDK NIH HHS/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/United States ; P30 EY008126/NEI NIH HHS/National Eye Institute/United States ; P30 DK020593/NIDDK NIH HHS/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/United States ; P30 CA068485/NCI NIH HHS/National Cancer Institute/United States ; R01 AI132581/NIAID NIH HHS/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Extramural Activities/United States ; U24 DK059637/NIDDK NIH HHS/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; *Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism/microbiology ; Male ; *Prophages ; *Spermatozoa/metabolism/microbiology ; *Wolbachia/genetics/metabolism/virology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia are maternally inherited, intracellular bacteria at the forefront of vector control efforts to curb arbovirus transmission. In international field trials, the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) drive system of wMel Wolbachia is deployed to replace target vector populations, whereby a Wolbachia-induced modification of the sperm genome kills embryos. However, Wolbachia in the embryo rescue the sperm genome impairment, and therefore CI results in a strong fitness advantage for infected females that transmit the bacteria to offspring. The two genes responsible for the wMel-induced sperm modification of CI, cifA and cifB, were recently identified in the eukaryotic association module of prophage WO, but the genetic basis of rescue is unresolved. Here we use transgenic and cytological approaches to demonstrate that maternal cifA expression independently rescues CI and nullifies embryonic death caused by wMel Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster Discovery of cifA as the rescue gene and previously one of two CI induction genes establishes a "Two-by-One" model that underpins the genetic basis of CI. Results highlight the central role of prophage WO in shaping Wolbachia phenotypes that are significant to arthropod evolution and vector control.}, }
@article {pmid29676724, year = {2018}, author = {Monsanto-Hearne, V and Johnson, KN}, title = {Wolbachia-mediated protection of Drosophila melanogaster against systemic infection with its natural viral pathogen Drosophila C virus does not involve changes in levels of highly abundant miRNAs.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, pages = {827-831}, doi = {10.1099/jgv.0.001064}, pmid = {29676724}, issn = {1465-2099}, mesh = {Animals ; Dicistroviridae/*pathogenicity ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/microbiology/virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Symbiosis ; Virus Diseases/microbiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The presence of Wolbachia confers virus protection to insects. The molecular mechanism underlying Wolbachia-mediated protection in this tripartite host-endosymbiont-virus interaction is not yet fully understood. In the bipartite association between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila C virus (DCV), changes in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) influence the outcome of viral pathogenesis. Here we examined whether changes in miRNA expression are similarly involved in the Drosophila-Wolbachia-DCV association. The levels of highly abundant miRNAs in D. melanogaster, Wolbachia-mono-infected D. melanogaster, and DCV- and Wolbachia-bi-infected D. melanogaster were quantified using RT-qPCR and compared. The results show that the abundance of the 17 tested D. melanogaster miRNAs is not affected by Wolbachia endosymbiosis or by bi-infection of Wolbachia and DCV. These results suggest that the in vivo protection conferred by Wolbachia to its native host against D. melanogaster's natural pathogen DCV is not likely to be dependent on or associated with changes in the levels of highly expressed miRNAs.}, }
@article {pmid29674896, year = {2018}, author = {Mally, R and Huemer, P and Nuss, M}, title = {Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) - an integrative revision.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {}, number = {746}, pages = {51-90}, pmid = {29674896}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The analysis of mitochondrial COI data for the European-Centroasian montane Udea alpinalis species group finds deep intraspecific splits. Specimens of U. austriacalis and U. rhododendronalis separate into several biogeographical groups. These allopatric groups are not recovered in the analyses of the two nuclear markers wingless and Elongation factor 1-alpha, except for U. austriacalis from the Pyrenees and the French Massif Central. The latter populations are also morphologically distinct and conspecific with Scopula donzelalis Guenée, 1854, which is removed from synonymy and reinstated as Udea donzelalis (Guenée, 1854) stat. rev. Furthermore, Udea altaica (Zerny, 1914), stat. n. from the Mongolian central Altai mountains, U. juldusalis (Zerny, 1914), stat. n. from the Tian Shan mountains of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and NW China, and U. plumbalis (Zerny, 1914), stat. n. from the Sayan Mountains of Northern Mongolia are raised to species level, and lectotypes are designated. Evidence of introgression of U. alpinalis into U. uliginosalis at three localities in the Central Alps is presented. A screening for Wolbachia using the markers wsp, gatB and ftsZ was negative for the U. alpinalis species group, but Wolbachia was found in single specimens of U. fulvalis and U. olivalis (both in the U. numeralis species group). We do not find evidence for the conjecture of several authors of additional subspecies in U. rhododendronalis, and synonymise U. rhododendronalis luquetalis Leraut, 1996, syn. n. and U. r. ventosalis Leraut, 1996, syn. n. with the nominal U. rhododendronalis (Duponchel, 1834).}, }
@article {pmid29666784, year = {2018}, author = {Ahlers, LRH and Goodman, AG}, title = {The Immune Responses of the Animal Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Comparison of Insects, Birds, and Mammals.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {96}, pmid = {29666784}, issn = {2235-2988}, support = {R21 AI128103/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008336/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Birds/genetics/*immunology/virology ; Humans ; Insecta/genetics/*immunology/virology ; Mammals/genetics/*immunology/virology ; West Nile Fever/genetics/*immunology/*veterinary/virology ; West Nile virus/genetics/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are transmitted to humans from insect vectors and can cause serious disease. In 2017, over 2,000 reported cases of WNV virus infection occurred in the United States, with two-thirds of cases classified as neuroinvasive. WNV transmission cycles through two different animal populations: birds and mosquitoes. Mammals, particularly humans and horses, can become infected through mosquito bites and represent dead-end hosts of WNV infection. Because WNV can infect diverse species, research on this arbovirus has investigated the host response in mosquitoes, birds, humans, and horses. With the growing geographical range of the WNV mosquito vector and increased human exposure, improved surveillance and treatment of the infection will enhance public health in areas where WNV is endemic. In this review, we survey the bionomics of mosquito species involved in Nearctic WNV transmission. Subsequently, we describe the known immune response pathways that counter WNV infection in insects, birds, and mammals, as well as the mechanisms known to curb viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the bacterium Wolbachia and its involvement in reducing flavivirus titer in insects. Finally, we highlight the similarities of the known immune pathways and identify potential targets for future studies aimed at improving antiviral therapeutic and vaccination design.}, }
@article {pmid29662096, year = {2018}, author = {King, JG and Souto-Maior, C and Sartori, LM and Maciel-de-Freitas, R and Gomes, MGM}, title = {Variation in Wolbachia effects on Aedes mosquitoes as a determinant of invasiveness and vectorial capacity.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1483}, pmid = {29662096}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Dengue/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; *Models, Statistical ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Vietnam/epidemiology ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia has been introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to control the spread of arboviruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Studies showed that certain Wolbachia strains (such as wMel) reduce replication of dengue viruses in the laboratory, prompting the release of mosquitoes carrying the bacterium into the field, where vectorial capacity can be realistically assessed in relation to native non-carriers. Here we apply a new analysis to two published datasets, and show that wMel increases the mean and the variance in Ae. aegypti susceptibility to dengue infection when introgressed into Brazil and Vietnam genetic backgrounds. In the absence of other processes, higher mean susceptibility should lead to enhanced viral transmission. The increase in variance, however, widens the basis for selection imposed by unexplored natural forces, retaining the potential for reducing transmission overall.}, }
@article {pmid29657018, year = {2018}, author = {Kramer, L and Crosara, S and Gnudi, G and Genchi, M and Mangia, C and Viglietti, A and Quintavalla, C}, title = {Wolbachia, doxycycline and macrocyclic lactones: New prospects in the treatment of canine heartworm disease.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {254}, number = {}, pages = {95-97}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.005}, pmid = {29657018}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use ; Dirofilaria immitis/drug effects ; Dirofilariasis/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dogs ; Doxycycline/*therapeutic use ; Drug Combinations ; Filaricides/*therapeutic use ; Lactones/*therapeutic use ; Macrocyclic Compounds/therapeutic use ; Wolbachia/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide®, Merial) is the only approved adulticidal drug for the treatment of canine heartworm disease (HWD). However, in cases where arsenical therapy is not possible or is contraindicated, a monthly heartworm preventive along with doxycycline for a 4-week period, which targets the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, might be considered. There are published reports on the efficacy of ivermectin and doxycycline in both experimentally and naturally infected dogs, but no data on the use of other macrocyclic lactones (MLs) with a similar treatment regime. Preliminary results of studies in dogs show that a topical formulation of moxidectin, the only ML currently registered as a microfilaricide, is also adulticidal when combined with doxycycline. It is not yet known if the efficacy of these combination therapies is due to pharmacokinetic synergism. A recent study showed that serum levels of doxycycline in dogs treated with the combination protocol were not statistically different compared to dogs treated with doxycycline alone. However, lungs from dogs treated with the combination therapy showed a marked reduction in T regulatory cells, indicating that treatment efficacy may be due to a heightened immune response against the parasite. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome of combination protocols and to establish the most efficient treatment for HWD in dogs.}, }
@article {pmid29643367, year = {2018}, author = {Bonneau, M and Atyame, C and Beji, M and Justy, F and Cohen-Gonsaud, M and Sicard, M and Weill, M}, title = {Author Correction: Culex pipiens crossing type diversity is governed by an amplified and polymorphic operon of Wolbachia.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {1491}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-03799-4}, pmid = {29643367}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {In the originally published HTML and PDF versions of this Article, gel images in Figures 7c and 8c were not prepared as per the Nature journal policy. These figure panels have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.In Fig. 7c, the lane labelled 'Ha' was inappropriately duplicated to represent the lane labelled 'Ich13'. The corrected version of Fig. 7c includes PCR-RFLP on DNA from the Ichkeul 13 line, which had been run on a separate gel. The original unprocessed gel images are provided in Supplementary Figure 1 associated with this correction, with the relevant corresponding bands denoted. A repeat experiment of the PCR-RFLP test is also presented as Supplementary Figure 2.In Fig. 8c, the image was assembled from two separate gels without clear demarcation. The corrected Fig. 8c clearly separates lanes from the two gels, and the original unprocessed gel images are provided in the Supplementary Information associated with this correction.These corrections do not alter the original meaning of the experiments, their results, their interpretation, or the conclusions of the paper. We apologize for any confusion this may have caused to the readers of Nature Communications.}, }
@article {pmid29641562, year = {2018}, author = {Asad, S and Hussain, M and Hugo, L and Osei-Amo, S and Zhang, G and Watterson, D and Asgari, S}, title = {Suppression of the pelo protein by Wolbachia and its effect on dengue virus in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {e0006405}, pmid = {29641562}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology/*virology ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiont Wolbachia is known to block replication of several important arboviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. So far, the exact mechanism of this viral inhibition is not fully understood. A recent study in Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated an interaction between the pelo gene and Drosophila C virus. In this study, we explored the possible involvement of the pelo protein, that is involved in protein translation, in Wolbachia-mediated antiviral response and mosquito-DENV interaction. We found that pelo is upregulated during DENV replication and its silencing leads to reduced DENV virion production suggesting that it facilities DENV replication. However, in the presence of Wolbachia, specifically in female mosquitoes, the pelo protein is downregulated and its subcellular localization is altered, which could contribute to reduction in DENV replication in Ae. aegypti. In addition, we show that the microRNA aae-miR-2940-5p, whose abundance is highly enriched in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, might mediate regulation of pelo. Our data reveals identification of pelo as a host factor that is positively involved in DENV replication, and its suppression in the presence of Wolbachia may contribute to virus blocking exhibited by the endosymbiont.}, }
@article {pmid29636736, year = {2018}, author = {Paniagua Voirol, LR and Frago, E and Kaltenpoth, M and Hilker, M and Fatouros, NE}, title = {Bacterial Symbionts in Lepidoptera: Their Diversity, Transmission, and Impact on the Host.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {556}, pmid = {29636736}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The insect's microbiota is well acknowledged as a "hidden" player influencing essential insect traits. The gut microbiome of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) has been shown to be highly variable between and within species, resulting in a controversy on the functional relevance of gut microbes in this insect order. Here, we aim to (i) review current knowledge on the composition of gut microbial communities across Lepidoptera and (ii) elucidate the drivers of the variability in the lepidopteran gut microbiome and provide an overview on (iii) routes of transfer and (iv) the putative functions of microbes in Lepidoptera. To find out whether Lepidopterans possess a core gut microbiome, we compared studies of the microbiome from 30 lepidopteran species. Gut bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae families were the most widespread across species, with Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus being the most common genera. Several studies indicate that habitat, food plant, and age of the host insect can greatly impact the gut microbiome, which contributes to digestion, detoxification, or defense against natural enemies. We mainly focus on the gut microbiome, but we also include some examples of intracellular endosymbionts. These symbionts are present across a broad range of insect taxa and are known to exert different effects on their host, mostly including nutrition and reproductive manipulation. Only two intracellular bacteria genera (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) have been reported to colonize reproductive tissues of Lepidoptera, affecting their host's reproduction. We explore routes of transmission of both gut microbiota and intracellular symbionts and have found that these microbes may be horizontally transmitted through the host plant, but also vertically via the egg stage. More detailed knowledge about the functions and plasticity of the microbiome in Lepidoptera may provide novel leads for the control of lepidopteran pest species.}, }
@article {pmid29634777, year = {2018}, author = {Pike, A and Dimopoulos, G}, title = {Genetic modification of Anopheles stephensi for resistance to multiple Plasmodium falciparum strains does not influence susceptibility to o'nyong'nyong virus or insecticides, or Wolbachia-mediated resistance to the malaria parasite.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {e0195720}, pmid = {29634777}, issn = {1932-6203}, support = {RO1AI061576/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Alphavirus Infections/genetics/virology ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Anopheles/*genetics/*parasitology ; Biological Control Agents ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology/prevention & control/transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/parasitology ; O'nyong-nyong Virus/pathogenicity ; Plasmodium falciparum/*pathogenicity ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Mosquitoes that have been genetically engineered for resistance to human pathogens are a potential new tool for controlling vector-borne disease. However, genetic modification may have unintended off-target effects that could affect the mosquitoes' utility for disease control. We measured the resistance of five genetically modified Plasmodium-suppressing Anopheles stephensi lines to o'nyong'nyong virus, four classes of insecticides, and diverse Plasmodium falciparum field isolates and characterized the interactions between our genetic modifications and infection with the bacterium Wolbachia. The genetic modifications did not alter the mosquitoes' resistance to either o'nyong'nyong virus or insecticides, and the mosquitoes were equally resistant to all tested P. falciparum strains, regardless of Wolbachia infection status. These results indicate that mosquitoes can be genetically modified for resistance to malaria parasite infection and remain compatible with other vector-control measures without becoming better vectors for other pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid29625205, year = {2018}, author = {Li, Y and Liu, X}, title = {A sex-structured model with birth pulse and release strategy for the spread of Wolbachia in mosquito population.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {448}, number = {}, pages = {53-65}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.04.001}, pmid = {29625205}, issn = {1095-8541}, abstract = {Dengue fever is one of the most important diseases causing illness and death all over the world, which brings tremendous threat to peoples' life and property security, especially in the undeveloped areas. The main vector, Aedes aegypti, must be controlled to prevent the transmission of dengue. There are a variety of methods to control it. Wolbachia is an innovative bacterium which breaks the dengue transmission cycle for its characteristics of cytoplasmic incompatibility and maternal transmission. In this paper, a sex-structured model with birth pulse is established to study the spread of Wolbachia in mosquito population. The results show that if the maternal transmission is perfect, Wolbachia will spread successfully. Moreover, all the mosquitoes will be infected with Wolbachia. If the maternal transmission is imperfect, there are two locally asymptotically stable periodic solutions. One is Wolbachia-extinction periodic solution, and the other is part replacement periodic solution. Numerical simulations show that the initial occupancy of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes has an important effect on the success of part replacement strategy. If the initial occupancy is relatively large, the part replacement strategy can be successful. Furthermore, in consideration of the fact that the initial occupancy cannot be always large enough in the wild nature, to release Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes artificially into the wild nature becomes necessary. Therefore, we add a release strategy into the sex-structured model with birth pulse for further analysis. The condition to ensure the stability of the Wolbachia total replacement periodic solution is obtained. Finally, the effect of the release quantity is simulated numerically.}, }
@article {pmid29618379, year = {2018}, author = {Guo, Y and Song, Z and Luo, L and Wang, Q and Zhou, G and Yang, D and Zhong, D and Zheng, X}, title = {Molecular evidence for new sympatric cryptic species of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in China: A new threat from Aedes albopictus subgroup?.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {228}, pmid = {29618379}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {31630011//National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)/International ; 2013B021800042//Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangdong Province (CN)/International ; 2015A030313784//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (CN)/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*classification/genetics/*growth & development/microbiology ; Animals ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genotype ; Mosquito Vectors/*classification/genetics/*growth & development ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an indigenous species and the predominant vector of dengue fever in China. Understanding of genetic diversity and structure of the mosquito would facilitate dengue prevention and vector control. Sympatric cryptic species have been identified in the Ae. albopictus subgroup in Southeast Asia; however, little is known about the presence and distribution of cryptic species in China. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity, evaluate potential new cryptic sibling species, and assess the prevalence of Wolbachia infections in field populations.
METHODS: Aedes adult female specimens were collected from five provinces in southern and central China during 2015-2016. Morphological identification was performed under dissection microscope. The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1, DNA barcoding) locus and the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) marker were used to examine the genetic variation, evaluate cryptic sibling species, and population structure in the field populations. Screening for the presence of Wolbachia was performed using multiplex PCR.
RESULTS: A total of 140 individual specimens with morphological characteristics similar to Ae. albopictus were sequenced for DNA barcoding. Among these, 129 specimens (92.1%) were confirmed and identified as Ae. albopictus. The remaining 11 specimens, from 2 provinces, were identified as 2 distinct sequence groups, which were confirmed by ITS2 marker sequencing, suggesting the existence of potential cryptic species of Ae. albopictus. In Ae. albopictus, we found significant genetic differentiation and population structure between populations collected from different climate zones. Medium to high frequencies of Wolbachia infections were observed in natural Ae. albopictus populations, whereas Wolbachia was infrequent or absent in cryptic species populations.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the population differentiation by climate zone and the presence of novel, cryptic Aedes species in China. The low prevalence of Wolbachia infections in cryptic species populations could reflect either a recent invasion of Wolbachia in Ae. albopictus or different host immune responses to this symbiont in the cryptic species. The study provides useful information for vector control and host-symbiont coevolution. Further study is needed to investigate the potential for arbovirus infection and disease transmission in the emerged cryptic species.}, }
@article {pmid29608200, year = {2018}, author = {Sseruwagi, P and Wainaina, J and Ndunguru, J and Tumuhimbise, R and Tairo, F and Guo, JY and Vrielink, A and Blythe, A and Kinene, T and De Marchi, B and Kehoe, MA and Tanz, S and Boykin, LM}, title = {The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a case study of the endosymbiont composition.}, journal = {Gates open research}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {16}, pmid = {29608200}, issn = {2572-4754}, abstract = {Background:Bemisia tabaci species (B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world's most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads. De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont Portieraaleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts: Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B. tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the NusG gene of P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1 B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the NusG protein from P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.}, }
@article {pmid29607029, year = {2018}, author = {Fortin, M and Debenest, C and Souty-Grosset, C and Richard, FJ}, title = {Males prefer virgin females, even if parasitized, in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, pages = {3341-3353}, pmid = {29607029}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In many species, males increase their reproductive success by choosing high-quality females. In natural populations, they interact with both virgin and mated females, which can store sperm in their spermatheca. Therefore, males elaborate strategies to avoid sperm competition. In the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare, females can store sperm and produce several clutches. Moreover, this species can be parasitized by Wolbachia, which feminizes genetic males, transforming them into functional females. Our study compared attractiveness and mate choice when a male is exposed to both virgin and experienced females (i.e., females who have produced offspring and rested for 6 months), with or without Wolbachia. Our results revealed that males are more attracted to virgin females than experienced females, even if these virgin females are parasitized. Moreover, the chemical analysis highlighted different odors in females according to their reproductive and infection (Wolbachia-free or vertically Wolbachia-infected) status. Males attempted copulation more frequently and for longer with virgin females, even if Wolbachia-infected, while experienced females refused further copulation. The evolutionary consequences of both male choice and female resistance on their fitness are discussed in this study.}, }
@article {pmid29603499, year = {2018}, author = {Mariño, YA and Ospina, OE and Verle Rodrigues, JC and Bayman, P}, title = {High diversity and variability in the bacterial microbiota of the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with emphasis on Wolbachia.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {528-543}, doi = {10.1111/jam.13768}, pmid = {29603499}, issn = {1365-2672}, mesh = {Animals ; Coffea/*parasitology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Weevils/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Variation in microbiota of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei was studied. Diversity, structure and function of bacterial communities were compared between eggs vs adults, CBBs from shade coffee vs sun coffee, CBBs from the field vs raised in the laboratory, and CBBs with and without the antibiotic tetracycline.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We sequenced the region V4 of the gene 16 S rRNA. Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Pseudomonas and Pantoea, dominated microbiotas of the CBB. Comparative functional inferences with PICRUSt suggested that samples from the field were enriched for genes involved in carbohydrate and protein digestion and absorption, while laboratory-reared samples were higher in genes for melanization and caffeine metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS: Microbiotas of the CBB were diverse and dominated by the genus Pseudomonas, several species of which have been previously associated with caffeine degradation in this insect. Wolbachia was the only endosymbiont detected with known ability to manipulate host reproduction.
This study demonstrates that stage of development and origin of samples affected the structure and function of the CBB's bacterial communities. This is the first attempt to predict functional significance of the CBB microbiota in nutrition, reproduction and defence.}, }
@article {pmid29596879, year = {2018}, author = {Ali, H and Muhammad, A and Islam, SU and Islam, W and Hou, Y}, title = {A novel bacterial symbiont association in the hispid beetle, Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), their dynamics and phylogeny.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {118}, number = {}, pages = {378-386}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.046}, pmid = {29596879}, issn = {1096-1208}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Coleoptera/*microbiology/pathogenicity/physiology ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; Genome Size ; Genotyping Techniques ; Larva/microbiology ; Male ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/parasitology ; Reproduction ; Sequence Alignment ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {The hispid leaf beetle, Octodonta nipae (Maulik), (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a devastating pest of palm cultivation worldwide. Endosymbiotic bacteria in the genus Wolbachia are arguably one of the most abundant bacterial group associated with arthropods. Owing to its critical effects on host reproduction, Wolbachia has garnered much attention as a prospective future tool for insect pest management. However, their association, infection dynamics, and functionality remain unknown in this insect pest. Here, we diagnosis for the first time, the infection prevalence, and occurrence of Wolbachia in O. nipae. Experimental evidence by the exploration of wsp gene vindicate that O. nipae is naturally infected with bacterial symbiont of genus Wolbachia, showing a complete maternal inheritance with shared a common Wolbachia strain (wNip). Moreover, MLST (gatB, fbpA, coxA, ftsZ, and hcpA) analysis enabled the detections of new sequence type (ST-484), suggesting a particular genotypic association of O. nipae and Wolbachia. Subsequently, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay demonstrated variable infection density across different life stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adult male and female), body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), and tissues (ovaries, testes, and guts). Infection density was higher in egg and female adult stage, as well as abdomen and reproductive tissues as compared to other samples. Interestingly, Wolbachia harbored dominantly in a female than the male adult, while, no significant differences were observed between male and female body parts and tissues. Phylogeny of Wolbachia infection associated with O. nipae rectified from all tested life stages were unique and fall within the same monophyletic supergroup-A of Wolbachia clades. The infection density of symbiont is among the valuable tool to understand their biological influence on hosts, and this latest discovery would facilitate the future investigations to understand the host-symbiont complications and its prospective role as a microbiological agent to reduce pest populations.}, }
@article {pmid29593683, year = {2018}, author = {Di Guardo, G}, title = {Commentary: Zika Virus in the Americas-Yet Another Arbovirus Threat.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {435}, pmid = {29593683}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid29587626, year = {2018}, author = {Schuler, H and Egan, SP and Hood, GR and Busbee, RW and Driscoe, AL and Ott, JR}, title = {Diversity and distribution of Wolbachia in relation to geography, host plant affiliation and life cycle of a heterogonic gall wasp.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {29587626}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {J-3527-B22//Austrian Science Fund/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Geography ; Haplotypes/genetics ; *Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Quercus/*parasitology ; United States ; Wasps/*genetics/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*growth & development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia is widespread in arthropods and nematodes and can play an important role in the ecology and evolution of its host through reproductive manipulation. Here, we survey Wolbachia in Belonocnema treatae, a widely distributed North American cynipid gall forming wasp that exhibits regional host specialization on three species of oaks and alternation of sexually and asexually reproducing generations. We investigated whether patterns of Wolbachia infection and diversity in B. treatae are associated with the insect's geographic distribution, host plant association, life cycle, and mitochondrial evolutionary history.
RESULTS: Screening of 463 individuals from 23 populations including sexual and asexual generations from all three host plants across the southern U.S. showed an average infection rate of 56% with three common Wolbachia strains: wTre1-3 and an additional rare variant wTre4. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp showed that these strains are unrelated and likely independently inherited. We found no difference in Wolbachia infection frequency among host plant associated populations or between the asexual and sexual generations, or between males and females of the sexual generation. Partially incomplete Wolbachia transmission rates might explain the occurrence of uninfected individuals. A parallel analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene in B. treatae showed high mtDNA haplotype diversity in both infected and uninfected populations suggesting an ancestral infection by Wolbachia as well as a clear split between eastern and western B. treatae mtDNA clades with a sequence divergence of > 6%. The strain wTre1 was present almost exclusively in the western clade while wTre2 and wTre3 occur almost exclusively in eastern populations. In contrast, the same strains co-occur as double-infections in Georgia and triple-infections in two populations in central Florida.
CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of Wolbachia across geographically and genetically distinct populations of B. treatae and the co-occurrence of the same strains within three populations highlights the complex infection dynamics in this system. Moreover, the association of distinct Wolbachia strains with mitochondrial haplotypes of its host in populations infected by different Wolbachia strains suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in reproductive isolation in B. treatae.}, }
@article {pmid29579215, year = {2018}, author = {Diouf, M and Miambi, E and Mora, P and Frechault, S and Robert, A and Rouland-Lefèvre, C and Hervé, V}, title = {Variations in the relative abundance of Wolbachia in the gut of Nasutitermes arborum across life stages and castes.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {365}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fny046}, pmid = {29579215}, issn = {1574-6968}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Isoptera/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Larva/growth & development/microbiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Phylogeny ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {There are multiple forms of interactions between termites and bacteria. In addition to their gut microbiota, which has been intensively studied, termites host intracellular symbionts such as Wolbachia. These distinct symbioses have been so far approached independently and mostly in adult termites. We addressed the dynamics of Wolbachia and the microbiota of the eggs and gut for various life stages and castes of the wood-feeding termite, Nasutitermes arborum, using deep-sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Wolbachia was dominant in eggs as expected. Unexpectedly, it persisted in the gut of nearly all stages and castes, indicating a wide somatic distribution in termites. Wolbachia-related sequences clustered into few operational taxonomic units, but these were within the same genotype, acquired maternally. Wolbachia was largely dominant in DNA extracts from the guts of larvae and pre-soldiers (59.1%-99.1% of reads) where gut-resident lineages were less represented and less diverse. The reverse was true for the adult castes. This is the first study reporting the age-dependency of the relative abundance of Wolbachia in the termite gut and its negative correlation with the diversity of the microbiota. The possible mechanisms underlying this negative interaction are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29573202, year = {2018}, author = {Ren, SL and Li, YH and Ou, D and Guo, YJ and Qureshi, JA and Stansly, PA and Qiu, BL}, title = {Localization and dynamics of Wolbachia infection in Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the insect vector of the causal pathogens of Huanglongbing.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {e00561}, pmid = {29573202}, issn = {2045-8827}, mesh = {Animal Structures/microbiology ; Animals ; Asia ; Bacterial Load ; Female ; Hemiptera/*growth & development/*microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Male ; Nymphaea/microbiology ; Wolbachia/*isolation & purification ; Zygote/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a group of intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods including the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. This insect is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal pathogen of Huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. Here, we investigated the localization pattern and infection dynamics of Wolbachia in different developmental stages of ACP. Results revealed that all developmental stages of ACP including egg, 1st-5th instar nymphs, and adults of both gender were infected with Wolbachia. FISH visualization of an ACP egg showed that Wolbachia moved from the egg stalk of newly laid eggs to a randomly distributed pattern throughout the egg prior to hatching. The infection rate varied between nymphal instars. The titers of Wolbachia in fourth and fifth instar nymphs were significantly higher than those in the first and second instar nymphs. Wolbachia were scattered in all nymphal stages, but with highest intensity in the U-shaped bacteriome located in the abdomen of the nymph. Wolbachia was confined to two symmetrical organizations in the abdomen of newly emerged female and male adults. The potential mechanisms of Wolbachia infection dynamics are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29569277, year = {2018}, author = {Dincă, V and Bálint, Z and Vodă, R and Dapporto, L and Hebert, PDN and Vila, R}, title = {Use of genetic, climatic, and microbiological data to inform reintroduction of a regionally extinct butterfly.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {828-837}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13111}, pmid = {29569277}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Species reintroductions are increasingly used as means of mitigating biodiversity loss. Besides habitat quality at the site targeted for reintroduction, the choice of source population can be critical for success. The butterfly Melanargia russiae (Esper´s marbled white) was extirpated from Hungary over 100 years ago, and a reintroduction program has recently been approved. We used museum specimens of this butterfly, mitochondrial DNA data (mtDNA), endosymbiont screening, and climatic-similarity analyses to determine which extant populations should be used for its reintroduction. The species displayed 2 main mtDNA lineages across its range: 1 restricted to Iberia and southern France (Iberian lineage) and another found throughout the rest of its range (Eurasian lineage). These 2 lineages possessed highly divergent wsp alleles of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. The century-old Hungarian specimens represented an endemic haplotype belonging to the Eurasian lineage, differing by one mutation from the Balkan and eastern European populations. The Hungarian populations of M. russiae occurred in areas with a colder and drier climate relative to most sites with extant known populations. Our results suggest the populations used for reintroduction to Hungary should belong to the Eurasian lineage, preferably from eastern Ukraine (genetically close and living in areas with the highest climatic similarity). Materials stored in museum collections can provide unique opportunities to document historical genetic diversity and help direct conservation.}, }
@article {pmid29569154, year = {2018}, author = {Li, Y and Liu, X and Guo, H}, title = {Variations in Endosymbiont Infection Between Buprofezin-Resistant and Susceptible Strains of Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén).}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, pages = {709-715}, pmid = {29569154}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {31672027//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; cx(16)1001//The Independent Innovation Fund of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu province, China/ ; }, mesh = {Serratia/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Thiadiazines/*pharmacology ; Wolbachia/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia have been shown to be correlated with the insecticide resistance of mosquito and whitefly. The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, harbours many species of endosymbionts, and has developed a high resistance to buprofezin in China. In this study, we examined the species and the infection incidences of endosymbionts in a buprofezin-resistant (BR) strain, a buprofezin-susceptible (BS) strain, and the BR strain after exposure to buprofezin, and we also investigated the change in buprofezin susceptibility after removal of Wolbachia from the BR strain. The results showed that Wolbachia infection incidences were 100% in both the BR and BS strains, but the Wolbachia density in the BR strain was significantly higher than that in the BS strain. There were no significant differences in Arsenophonus infection incidence between the two strains. However, the infection incidence of Serratia and double infection incidence of Serratia + Wolbachia in the BR strain were significantly higher than that in the BS strain. After the BR strain was exposed to 1200 mg/L buprofezin, the infection incidence of Arsenophonus in the surviving individuals increased, and the infection rate of Serratia did not differ, but the double infection incidence of Serratia + Wolbachia decreased. And when a Wolbachia-infected line originating from the BR strain was cleared of Wolbachia, its susceptibility to buprofezin increased. The results suggest that Serratia and Wolbachia infection might improve the buprofezin resistance of SBPH.}, }
@article {pmid29568706, year = {2018}, author = {Kajtoch, Ł and Kotásková, N}, title = {Current state of knowledge on Wolbachia infection among Coleoptera: a systematic review.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {e4471}, pmid = {29568706}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Despite great progress in studies on Wolbachia infection in insects, the knowledge about its relations with beetle species, populations and individuals, and the effects of bacteria on these hosts, is still unsatisfactory. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge about Wolbachia occurrence and interactions with Coleopteran hosts.
Methods: An intensive search of the available literature resulted in the selection of 86 publications that describe the relevant details about Wolbachia presence among beetles. These publications were then examined with respect to the distribution and taxonomy of infected hosts and diversity of Wolbachia found in beetles. Sequences of Wolbachia genes (16S rDNA, ftsZ) were used for the phylogenetic analyses.
Results: The collected publications revealed that Wolbachia has been confirmed in 204 beetle species and that the estimated average prevalence of this bacteria across beetle species is 38.3% and varies greatly across families and genera (0-88% infected members) and is much lower (c. 13%) in geographic studies. The majority of the examined and infected beetles were from Europe and East Asia. The most intensively studied have been two groups of herbivorous beetles: Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae. Coleoptera harbor Wolbachia belonging to three supergroups: F found in only three species, and A and B found in similar numbers of beetles (including some doubly infected); however the latter two were most prevalent in different families. A total of 59% of species with precise data were found to be totally infected. Single infections were found in 69% of species and others were doubly- or multiply-infected. Wolbachia caused numerous effects on its beetle hosts, including selective sweep with host mtDNA (found in 3% of species), cytoplasmic incompatibility (detected in c. 6% of beetles) and other effects related to reproduction or development (like male-killing, possible parthenogenesis or haplodiploidy induction, and egg development). Phylogenetic reconstructions for Wolbachia genes rejected cospeciation between these bacteria and Coleoptera, with minor exceptions found in some Hydraenidae, Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae. In contrast, horizontal transmission of bacteria has been suspected or proven in numerous cases (e.g., among beetles sharing habitats and/or host plants).
Discussion: The present knowledge about Wolbachia infection across beetle species and populations is very uneven. Even the basic data about infection status in species and frequency of infected species across genera and families is very superficial, as only c. 0.15% of all beetle species have been tested so far. Future studies on Wolbachia diversity in Coleoptera should still be based on the Multi-locus Sequence Typing system, and next-generation sequencing technologies will be important for uncovering Wolbachia relations with host evolution and ecology, as well as with other, co-occurring endosymbiotic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid29568248, year = {2018}, author = {Nikolouli, K and Colinet, H and Renault, D and Enriquez, T and Mouton, L and Gibert, P and Sassu, F and Cáceres, C and Stauffer, C and Pereira, R and Bourtzis, K}, title = {Sterile insect technique and Wolbachia symbiosis as potential tools for the control of the invasive species Drosophila suzukii.}, journal = {Journal of pest science}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {489-503}, pmid = {29568248}, issn = {1612-4758}, abstract = {Drosophila suzukii, a vinegar fly originated from Southeast Asia, has recently invaded western countries, and it has been recognized as an important threat of a wide variety of several commercial soft fruits. This review summarizes the current information about the biology and dispersal of D. suzukii and discusses the current status and prospects of control methods for the management of this pest. We highlight current knowledge and ongoing research on innovative environmental-friendly control methods with emphasis on the sterile insect technique (SIT) and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). SIT has been successfully used for the containment, suppression or even eradication of populations of insect pests. IIT has been proposed as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with SIT for insect pest control. The principles of SIT and IIT are reviewed, and the potential value of each approach in the management of D. suzukii is analyzed. We thoroughly address the challenges of SIT and IIT, and we propose the use of SIT as a component of an area-wide integrated pest management approach to suppress D. suzukii populations. As a contingency plan, we suggest a promising alternative avenue through the combination of these two techniques, SIT/IIT, which has been developed and is currently being tested in open-field trials against Aedes mosquito populations. All the potential limiting factors that may render these methods ineffective, as well as the requirements that need to be fulfilled before their application, are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid29568046, year = {2018}, author = {Chuchuy, A and Rodriguero, MS and Ferrari, W and Ciota, AT and Kramer, LD and Micieli, MV}, title = {Biological characterization of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina: implications for arbovirus transmission.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5041}, pmid = {29568046}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is an invasive mosquito, native to Asia, that has expanded its range worldwide. It is considered to be a public health threat as it is a competent vector of viruses of medical importance, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Despite its medical importance there is almost no information on biologically important traits of Ae. albopictus in Argentina. We studied life cycle traits, demographic parameters and analyzed the competence of this mosquito as a virus vector. In addition, we determined the prevalence of Wolbachia strains in Ae. albopictus as a first approach to investigate the potential role of this bacteria in modulating vector competence for arboviruses. We observed low hatch rates of eggs, which led to a negative growth rate. We found that Ae. albopictus individuals were infected with Wolbachia in the F1 but while standard superinfection with wAlbA and wAlbB types was found in 66.7% of the females, 16.7% of the females and 62.5% of the males were single-infected with the wAlbB strain. Finally, despite high levels of infection and dissemination, particularly for chikungunya virus, Ae. albopictus from subtropical Argentina were found to be relatively inefficient vectors for transmission of both chikungunya and dengue viruses.}, }
@article {pmid29563258, year = {2018}, author = {Harumoto, T and Fukatsu, T and Lemaitre, B}, title = {Common and unique strategies of male killing evolved in two distinct Drosophila symbionts.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {285}, number = {1875}, pages = {}, pmid = {29563258}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis ; DNA Damage ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics/*microbiology ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Male ; Nervous System/microbiology ; Sex Factors ; Spiroplasma/*growth & development/pathogenicity ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*growth & development/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Male killing is a selfish reproductive manipulation caused by symbiotic bacteria, where male offspring of infected hosts are selectively killed. The underlying mechanisms and the process of their evolution are of great interest not only in terms of fundamental biology, but also their potential applications. The two bacterial Drosophila symbionts, Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, have independently evolved male-killing ability. This raises the question whether the underlying mechanisms share some similarities or are specific to each bacterial species. Here, we analyse pathogenic phenotypes of D. bifasciata infected with its natural male-killing Wolbachia strain and compare them with those of D. melanogaster infected with male-killing Spiroplasma We show that male progeny infected with the Wolbachia strain die during embryogenesis with abnormal apoptosis. Interestingly, male-killing Wolbachia infection induces DNA damage and segregation defects in the dosage-compensated chromosome in male embryos, which are reminiscent of the phenotypes caused by male-killing Spiroplasma in D. melanogaster By contrast, host neural development seems to proceed normally unlike male-killing Spiroplasma infection. Our results demonstrate that the dosage-compensated chromosome is a common target of two distinct male killers, yet Spiroplasma uniquely evolved the ability to damage neural tissue of male embryos.}, }
@article {pmid29561780, year = {2018}, author = {Lindsey, ARI and Bhattacharya, T and Newton, ILG and Hardy, RW}, title = {Conflict in the Intracellular Lives of Endosymbionts and Viruses: A Mechanistic Look at Wolbachia-Mediated Pathogen-blocking.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29561780}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {R21 AI121849/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Antibiosis ; Biological Transport ; *Coinfection ; Disease Resistance/genetics/immunology ; Genotype ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Insecta/microbiology/virology ; Intracellular Space/microbiology/virology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Interference ; Rickettsiaceae Infections/*microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; *Symbiosis ; Virulence ; Virus Assembly ; Virus Diseases/*virology ; Virus Internalization ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {At the forefront of vector control efforts are strategies that leverage host-microbe associations to reduce vectorial capacity. The most promising of these efforts employs Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium naturally found in 40% of insects. Wolbachia can spread through a population of insects while simultaneously inhibiting the replication of viruses within its host. Despite successes in using Wolbachia-transfected mosquitoes to limit dengue, Zika, and chikungunya transmission, the mechanisms behind pathogen-blocking have not been fully characterized. Firstly, we discuss how Wolbachia and viruses both require specific host-derived structures, compounds, and processes to initiate and maintain infection. There is significant overlap in these requirements, and infection with either microbe often manifests as cellular stress, which may be a key component of Wolbachia's anti-viral effect. Secondly, we discuss the current understanding of pathogen-blocking through this lens of cellular stress and develop a comprehensive view of how the lives of Wolbachia and viruses are fundamentally in conflict with each other. A thorough understanding of the genetic and cellular determinants of pathogen-blocking will significantly enhance the ability of vector control programs to deploy and maintain effective Wolbachia-mediated control measures.}, }
@article {pmid29558974, year = {2018}, author = {Altinli, M and Gunay, F and Alten, B and Weill, M and Sicard, M}, title = {Wolbachia diversity and cytoplasmic incompatibility patterns in Culex pipiens populations in Turkey.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {198}, pmid = {29558974}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {ANR-16-CE02-0006-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/International ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*microbiology ; Cytoplasm/*microbiology/pathology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Disease Vectors ; *Genetic Variation ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproduction ; Symbiosis ; Turkey/epidemiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia are maternally transmitted bacteria that can manipulate their hosts' reproduction causing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI is a sperm-egg incompatibility resulting in embryonic death. Due to this sterilising effect on mosquitoes, Wolbachia are considered for vector control strategies. Important vectors for arboviruses, filarial nematodes and avian malaria, mosquitoes of Culex pipiens complex are suitable for Wolbachia-based vector control. They are infected with Wolbachia wPip strains belonging to five genetically distinct groups (wPip-I to V) within the Wolbachia B supergroup. CI properties of wPip strongly correlate with this genetic diversity: mosquitoes infected with wPip strains from a different wPip group are more likely to be incompatible with each other. Turkey is a critical spot for vector-borne diseases due to its unique geographical position as a natural bridge between Asia, Europe and Africa. However, general wPip diversity, distribution and CI patterns in natural Cx. pipiens (s.l.) populations in the region are unknown. In this study, we first identified wPip diversity in Turkish Cx. pipiens (s.l.) populations, by assigning them to one of the five groups within wPip (wPip-Ito V). We further investigated CI properties between different wPip strains from this region.
RESULTS: We showed a wPip fixation in Cx. pipiens (s.l.) populations in Turkey by analysing 753 samples from 59 sampling sites. Three wPip groups were detected in the region: wPip-I, wPip-II and wPip-IV. The most dominant group was wPip-II. While wPip-IV was restricted to only two locations, wPip-I and wPip-II had wider distributions. Individuals infected with wPip-II were found co-existing with individuals infected with wPip-I or wPip-IV in some sampling sites. Two mosquito isofemale lines harbouring either a wPip-I or a wPip-II strain were established from a population in northwestern Turkey. Reciprocal crosses between these lines showed that they were fully compatible with each other but bidirectionally incompatible with wPip-IV Istanbul infected line.
CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal a high diversity of wPip and CI properties in Cx. pipiens (s.l.) populations in Turkey. Knowledge on naturally occurring CI patterns caused by wPip diversity in Turkey might be useful for Cx. pipiens (s.l.) control in the region.}, }
@article {pmid29558644, year = {2018}, author = {Siozios, S and Gerth, M and Griffin, JS and Hurst, GDD}, title = {Symbiosis: Wolbachia Host Shifts in the Fast Lane.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {R269-R271}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.008}, pmid = {29558644}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology ; Drosophila ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {The inherited bacterium Wolbachia is an important component of the biology of many arthropods. What makes it so common? An analysis of drosophilids revealed one strain host shifts at a surprisingly high rate, infecting eight species in under 30,000 years.}, }
@article {pmid29558464, year = {2018}, author = {Souto-Maior, C and Sylvestre, G and Braga Stehling Dias, F and Gomes, MGM and Maciel-de-Freitas, R}, title = {Model-based inference from multiple dose, time course data reveals Wolbachia effects on infection profiles of type 1 dengue virus in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {e0006339}, pmid = {29558464}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/prevention & control/transmission ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/*virology ; Symbiosis ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Infection is a complex and dynamic process involving a population of invading microbes, the host and its responses, aimed at controlling the situation. Depending on the purpose and level of organization, infection at the organism level can be described by a process as simple as a coin toss, or as complex as a multi-factorial dynamic model; the former, for instance, may be adequate as a component of a population model, while the latter is necessary for a thorough description of the process beginning with a challenge with an infectious inoculum up to establishment or elimination of the pathogen. Experimental readouts in the laboratory are often static, snapshots of the process, assayed under some convenient experimental condition, and therefore cannot comprehensively describe the system. Different from the discrete treatment of infection in population models, or the descriptive summarized accounts of typical lab experiments, in this manuscript, infection is treated as a dynamic process dependent on the initial conditions of the infectious challenge, viral growth, and the host response along time. Here, experimental data is generated for multiple doses of type 1 dengue virus, and pathogen levels are recorded at different points in time for two populations of mosquitoes: either carrying endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia or not. A dynamic microbe/host-response mathematical model is used to describe pathogen growth in the face of a host response like the immune system, and to infer model parameters for the two populations of insects, revealing a slight-but potentially important-protection conferred by the symbiont.}, }
@article {pmid29530790, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, X and Tang, S and Liu, Q and Cheke, RA and Zhu, H}, title = {Models to assess the effects of non-identical sex ratio augmentations of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes on the control of dengue disease.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences}, volume = {299}, number = {}, pages = {58-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2018.03.003}, pmid = {29530790}, issn = {1879-3134}, support = {//CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Dengue/*prevention & control ; Female ; Male ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Sex Ratio ; Wolbachia/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {The introduction of endosymbiont Wolbachia into laboratory-reared mosquito populations, which are then released to mix with natural populations to prevent the mosquito vectors from reproducing and thus break the transmission cycle of dengue disease, is an innovative new technology. Field trials of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes have now been implemented in many countries where there have been the outbreaks of dengue disease. A mathematical model is proposed to investigate the effects of non-identical sex ratio releases of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes on the control of dengue transmission. Firstly, we analyzed the existence and stability of equilibria for the system and proved the existence of forward and backward bifurcations. Secondly, bifurcation diagrams, the basins of attraction of the equilibria and the effects of mosquito augmentation for the system with imperfect and perfect transmission rates were obtained. Thirdly, three possible results for mosquito augmentation were summarized for different parameter regions. Further we explored an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of solutions to estimate the effects of different parameter values on the success or failure of population replacement. Based on the above analysis, we considered a series of relevant issues such as (a) whether or not mosquito augmentation can ensure the success of population replacement? (b) If not, what are the parameter regions for the success or possible success of population replacement? (c) How does the initial density of natural mosquitoes and the quantity of mosquito augmentations affect the success of population replacement? (d) Whether all population replacements are effective for reducing the spread of dengue virus in the end? The results of this study will be helpful for public health authorities in designing proper strategies of mosquito augmentations for the control of dengue disease.}, }
@article {pmid29526588, year = {2018}, author = {Turelli, M and Cooper, BS and Richardson, KM and Ginsberg, PS and Peckenpaugh, B and Antelope, CX and Kim, KJ and May, MR and Abrieux, A and Wilson, DA and Bronski, MJ and Moore, BR and Gao, JJ and Eisen, MB and Chiu, JC and Conner, WR and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Rapid Global Spread of wRi-like Wolbachia across Multiple Drosophila.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, pages = {963-971.e8}, pmid = {29526588}, issn = {1879-0445}, support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium bacteria are common in insects [1], but their interspecific spread is poorly understood. Endosymbionts can spread rapidly within host species by manipulating host reproduction, as typified by the global spread of wRi Wolbachia observed in Drosophila simulans [2, 3]. However, because Wolbachia cannot survive outside host cells, spread between distantly related host species requires horizontal transfers that are presumably rare [4-7]. Here, we document spread of wRi-like Wolbachia among eight highly diverged Drosophila hosts (10-50 million years) over only about 14,000 years (5,000-27,000). Comparing 110 wRi-like genomes, we find ≤0.02% divergence from the wRi variant that spread rapidly through California populations of D. simulans. The hosts include both globally invasive species (D. simulans, D. suzukii, and D. ananassae) and narrowly distributed Australian endemics (D. anomalata and D. pandora) [8]. Phylogenetic analyses that include mtDNA genomes indicate introgressive transfer of wRi-like Wolbachia between closely related species D. ananassae, D. anomalata, and D. pandora but no horizontal transmission within species. Our analyses suggest D. ananassae as the Wolbachia source for the recent wRi invasion of D. simulans and D. suzukii as the source of Wolbachia in its sister species D. subpulchrella. Although six of these wRi-like variants cause strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, two cause no detectable reproductive effects, indicating that pervasive mutualistic effects [9, 10] complement the reproductive manipulations for which Wolbachia are best known. "Super spreader" variants like wRi may be particularly useful for controlling insect pests and vector-borne diseases with Wolbachia transinfections [11].}, }
@article {pmid29520067, year = {2018}, author = {Woodford, L and Bianco, G and Ivanova, Y and Dale, M and Elmer, K and Rae, F and Larcombe, SD and Helm, B and Ferguson, HM and Baldini, F}, title = {Vector species-specific association between natural Wolbachia infections and avian malaria in black fly populations.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {4188}, pmid = {29520067}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Artificial infection of mosquitoes with the endosymbiont bacteria Wolbachia can interfere with malaria parasite development. Therefore, the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes has been proposed as a malaria control strategy. However, Wolbachia effects on vector competence are only partly understood, as indicated by inconsistent effects on malaria infection reported under laboratory conditions. Studies of naturally-occurring Wolbachia infections in wild vector populations could be useful to identify the ecological and evolutionary conditions under which these endosymbionts can block malaria transmission. Here we demonstrate the occurrence of natural Wolbachia infections in three species of black fly (genus Simulium), which is a main vector of the avian malaria parasite Leucocytozoon. Prevalence of Leucocytozoon was high (25%), but the nature and magnitude of its association with Wolbachia differed between black fly species. Wolbachia infection was positively associated with avian malaria infection in S. cryophilum, negatively associated in S. aureum, and unrelated in S. vernum. These differences suggest that Wolbachia interacts with the parasite in a vector host species-specific manner. This provides a useful model system for further study of how Wolbachia influences vector competence. Such knowledge, including the possibility of undesirable positive association, is required to guide endosymbiont based control methods.}, }
@article {pmid29519772, year = {2018}, author = {Wattanamethanont, J and Kaewthamasorn, M and Tiawsirisup, S}, title = {Natural infection of questing ixodid ticks with protozoa and bacteria in Chonburi Province, Thailand.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {749-758}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.020}, pmid = {29519772}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Anaplasma/genetics/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/microbiology/parasitology ; Babesia/genetics/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; DNA, Protozoan ; Humans ; Ixodidae/classification/genetics/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Larva/microbiology/parasitology ; Parasites/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Theileria/genetics/isolation & purification ; Tick-Borne Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology/transmission ; }, abstract = {Ixodid ticks are important vectors of tick-borne disease agents affecting humans and animals, with wildlife often serving as important reservoirs. This study examined protozoal and bacterial infection in questing ticks in forest habitats in Chonburi Province, Thailand in 2015, using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. A total of 12,184 ticks were morphologically identified to species and a subset of ticks were confirmed by PCR, targeting the tick mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Tick species collected included Haemaphysalis lagrangei (92.8%), H. wellingtoni (0.1%), and Rhipicephalus microplus (7.0%). In total, 419 tick pools [ELM(1] [ST2] were examined by PCR amplification of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia and Theileria species, and the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in the family Anaplasmataceae. Results revealed a tick infection rate for the tick pools of 57.0% (239/419) including four pathogens and one bacterial symbiont. The highest infection rate in H. lagrangei, H. wellingtoni, and R. microplus pools was recorded for Anaplasma spp. at 55.6% (233/419) including three Anaplasma species genotype groups Anaplasma spp. closely related to A. bovis, A. platys, and unidentified Anaplasma spp. Theileria spp. showed a lower infection rate in H. lagrangei at 4.3% (18/419) with three Theileria species genotypes closely related to T. cervi, T. capreoli, and unidentified Theileria spp. Only 0.2% (1/419) of H. lagrangei pools contained Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., or Wolbachia spp. [ELM(3] [ST4] These findings provided information on tick species in wildlife habitats and detected protozoa and bacteria in the ticks. The results suggest that these tick species are possible vectors for transmitting tick-borne disease agents in Thailand wildlife habitats.}, }
@article {pmid29516174, year = {2018}, author = {Michalik, A and Szwedo, J and Stroiński, A and Świerczewski, D and Szklarzewicz, T}, title = {Symbiotic cornucopia of the monophagous planthopper Ommatidiotus dissimilis (Fallén, 1806) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae).}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {255}, number = {5}, pages = {1317-1329}, pmid = {29516174}, issn = {1615-6102}, support = {DS/MND/WBiNoZ/IZ/3/2015//Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/physiology ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rickettsia/genetics/physiology ; Symbiosis/genetics/physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {In contrast to Cicadomorpha, in which numerous symbiotic bacteria have been identified and characterized, the symbionts of fulgoromorphans are poorly known. Here, we present the results of histological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses of the symbiotic system of the planthopper Ommatidiotus dissimilis. Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of bacterial 16S RNA genes have revealed that O. dissimilis is host to five types of bacteria. Apart from bacteria Sulcia and Vidania, which are regarded as ancestral symbionts of Fulgoromorpha, three additional types of bacteria belonging to the genera Sodalis, Wolbachia, and Rickettsia have been detected. Histological and ultrastructural investigations have shown that bacteria Sulcia, Vidania, and Sodalis house separate bacteriocytes, whereas bacteria Wolbachia and Rickettsia are dispersed within various insect tissue. Additionally, bacteria belonging to the genus Vidania occupy the bacteriome localized in the lumen of the hindgut. Both molecular and microscopic analyses have revealed that all the symbionts are transovarially transmitted between generations.}, }
@article {pmid29499213, year = {2018}, author = {Bi, J and Sehgal, A and Williams, JA and Wang, YF}, title = {Wolbachia affects sleep behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {81-88}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.02.011}, pmid = {29499213}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria present in a wide range of insects. Although their dramatic effects on host reproductive biology have been well studied, the effects of Wolbachia on sleep behavior of insect hosts are not well documented. In this study, we report that Wolbachia infection caused an increase of total sleep time in both male and female Drosophila melanogaster. The increase in sleep was associated with an increase in the number of nighttime sleep bouts or episodes, but not in sleep bout duration. Correspondingly, Wolbachia infection also reduced the arousal threshold of their fly hosts. However, neither circadian rhythm nor sleep rebound following deprivation was influenced by Wolbachia infection. Transcriptional analysis of the dopamine biosynthesis pathway revealed that two essential genes, Pale and Ddc, were significantly upregulated in Wolbachia-infected flies. Together, these results indicate that Wolbachia mediates the expression of dopamine related genes, and decreases the sleep quality of their insect hosts. Our findings help better understand the host-endosymbiont interactions and in particular the Wolbachia's impact on behaviors, and thus on ecology and evolution in insect hosts.}, }
@article {pmid29497475, year = {2018}, author = {Hashmi, TR and Devi, SR and Meshram, NM and Prasad, R}, title = {Assessment of bacterial endosymbionts and the host, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), using rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences.}, journal = {Communicative & integrative biology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {e1433442}, pmid = {29497475}, issn = {1942-0889}, abstract = {Endosymbionts are vital factor for arthropod ecology. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex composed of more than 34 putative species. Moreover to the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, six secondary endosymbionts Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Hamiltonella and Fritschea are known in B. tabaci. Here, we tested four of the six secondary endosymbiont lineages (excluding Fritschea and Hamiltonella) from 180 whitely individuals collected from six host plants belonging to families Solanaceae (Brinjal, Tomato and Potato) and Fabaceae (Soyabean, Mungbean and Subabool). Phylogenetic studies grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome I gene revealed the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1 and Asia II 7 genetic groups for B. tabaci. Specific primers targeting 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene were used for estimating the bacterial endosymbionts. As a primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum was present in all the studied samples; whereas, an uneven distribution of secondary endosymbionts were recorded. Overall our finding exposes the variation and diversity of endosymbionts within the B. tabaci collected from different host plants and outlines the genetic groups of the insect pest. The study delivers a significant information concerning the circulation of secondary endosymbionts with host preferences of B. tabaci and provides suggestion for progressive studies on targeting the specific endosymbionts with respect to host for the control measures.}, }
@article {pmid29494679, year = {2018}, author = {Thomas, S and Verma, J and Woolfit, M and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking in mosquito cells is dependent on XRN1-mediated viral RNA degradation and influenced by viral replication rate.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {e1006879}, pmid = {29494679}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Aedes/*immunology/metabolism/microbiology/virology ; Animals ; Dengue/immunology/*prevention & control/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Exoribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/immunology/microbiology/virology ; MicroRNAs ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Virus Replication ; West Nile Fever/immunology/*prevention & control/virology ; West Nile virus/physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is currently being developed as a novel tool to block the transmission of dengue viruses (DENV) by Aedes aegypti. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the DENV-blocking phenotype in mosquitoes, including competition for fatty acids like cholesterol, manipulation of host miRNAs and upregulation of innate immune pathways in the mosquito. We examined the various stages in the DENV infection process to better understand the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking (WMVB). Our results suggest that infection with Wolbachia does not inhibit DENV binding or cell entry, but reduces virus replication. In contrast to a previous report, we also observed a similar reduction in replication of West Nile virus (WNV). This reduced replication is associated with rapid viral RNA degradation in the cytoplasm. We didn't find a role for host miRNAs in WMVB. Further analysis showed that the 3' end of the virus subgenomic RNA was protected and accumulated over time suggesting that the degradation is XRN1-mediated. We also found that sub genomic flavivirus RNA accumulation inactivated XRN1 in mosquito cells in the absence of Wolbachia and led to enhancement of RNA degradation in its presence. Depletion of XRN1 decreased WMVB which was associated with a significant increase in DENV RNA. We also observed that WMVB is influenced by virus MOI and rate of virus replication. A comparatively elevated blocking was observed for slowly replicating DENV, compared to WNV. Similar results were obtained while analysing different DENV serotypes.}, }
@article {pmid29487575, year = {2018}, author = {Aydogan, EL and Moser, G and Müller, C and Kämpfer, P and Glaeser, SP}, title = {Long-Term Warming Shifts the Composition of Bacterial Communities in the Phyllosphere of Galium album in a Permanent Grassland Field-Experiment.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {144}, pmid = {29487575}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Global warming is currently a much discussed topic with as yet largely unexplored consequences for agro-ecosystems. Little is known about the warming effect on the bacterial microbiota inhabiting the plant surface (phyllosphere), which can have a strong impact on plant growth and health, as well as on plant diseases and colonization by human pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate surface warming on the diversity and composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota of the herbaceous plant Galium album. Leaves were collected from four control and four surface warmed (+2°C) plots located at the field site of the Environmental Monitoring and Climate Impact Research Station Linden in Germany over a 6-year period. Warming had no effect on the concentration of total number of cells attached to the leaf surface as counted by Sybr Green I staining after detachment, but changes in the diversity and phylogenetic composition of the bacterial leaf microbiota analyzed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing were observed. The bacterial phyllosphere microbiota were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Warming caused a significant higher relative abundance of members of the Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and a lower relative abundance of members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Plant beneficial bacteria like Sphingomonas spp. and Rhizobium spp. occurred in significantly lower relative abundance in leaf samples of warmed plots. In contrast, several members of the Enterobacteriaceae, especially Enterobacter and Erwinia, and other potential plant or human pathogenic genera such as Acinetobacter and insect-associated Buchnera and Wolbachia spp. occurred in higher relative abundances in the phyllosphere samples from warmed plots. This study showed for the first time the long-term impact of moderate (+2°C) surface warming on the phyllosphere microbiota on plants. A reduction of beneficial bacteria and an enhancement of potential pathogenic bacteria in the phyllosphere of plants may indicate that this aspect of the ecosystem which has been largely neglected up till now, can be a potential risk for pathogen transmission in agro-ecosystems in the near future.}, }
@article {pmid29471864, year = {2018}, author = {Gesto, JSM and Araki, AS and Caragata, EP and de Oliveira, CD and Martins, AJ and Bruno, RV and Moreira, LA}, title = {In tune with nature: Wolbachia does not prevent pre-copula acoustic communication in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {109}, pmid = {29471864}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology/*physiology ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Female ; Genetic Fitness ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mosquito-borne diseases are rapidly spreading to vast territories, putting at risk most of the world's population. A key player in this scenario is Aedes aegypti, a hematophagous species which hosts and transmits viruses causing dengue and other serious illnesses. Since vector control strategies relying only on insecticides have proven unsustainable, an alternative method involving the release of Wolbachia-harboring individuals has emerged. Its successful implementation vastly depends on how fit the released individuals are in the natural habitat, being able to mate with wild populations and to spread Wolbachia to subsequent generations. In mosquitoes, an important aspect of reproductive fitness is the acoustic communication between males and females, which translates to interactions between harmonic frequencies in close proximity flight. This study aimed to characterize the flight tone produced by individuals harboring Wolbachia, also evaluating their ability to establish stable acoustic interactions.
METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and Wolbachia-harboring specimens (wMelBr) were thorax-tethered to blunt copper wires and placed at close proximity to sensitive microphones. Wing-beat frequencies (WBFs) were characterized at fundamental and harmonic levels, for both single individuals and couples. Harmonic interactions in homogeneous and heterogeneous couples of WT and wMelBr variants were identified, categorized and quantified accordingly.
RESULTS: In tethered 'solo' flights, individuals harboring Wolbachia developed WBFs, differing slightly, in a sex-dependent way, from those of the WT strain. To test the ability to form harmonic 'duets', tethered couples of wMelBr and WT individuals were shuffled in different sex pairs and had their flight tones analyzed. All couple types, with WT and/or wMelBr individuals, were able to interact acoustically in the frequency range of 1300-1500 Hz, which translates to the convergence between male's second harmonic and female's third. No significant differences were found in the proportions of interacting couples between the pair types. Surprisingly, spectrograms also revealed the convergence between alternative harmonic frequencies, inside and outside the species putative hearing threshold.
CONCLUSIONS: Wolbachia infection leads to small sex-dependent changes on the flight tones of Ae. aegypti, but it does not seem to prevent the stereotyped harmonic interaction between males and females. Therefore, when released in the natural habitat to breed with native individuals, Wolbachia-harboring individuals shall be fit enough to meet the criteria of acoustically-related mating behavior and promote bacteria dispersion effectively.}, }
@article {pmid29468305, year = {2018}, author = {Ramalho, MO and Vieira, AS and Pereira, MC and Moreau, CS and Bueno, OC}, title = {Transovarian Transmission of Blochmannia and Wolbachia Endosymbionts in the Neotropical Weaver Ant Camponotus textor (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {7}, pages = {866-873}, pmid = {29468305}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {007343/2014-00//CAPES Foundation/ ; 157837/2015-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Ants/growth & development/*microbiology ; Enterobacteriaceae/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Ovary/growth & development/microbiology ; Ovum/growth & development/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Camponotus is a hyper-diverse ant genus that is associated with the obligate endosymbiont Blochmannia, and often also with Wolbachia, but morphological studies on the location of these bacteria in the queen's ovaries during oogenesis remain limited. In the present study, we used the Neotropical weaver ant Camponotus textor to characterize the ovary using histology (HE) techniques, and to document the location of Blochmannia and Wolbachia during oogenesis through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This is the first morphological report of these two bacteria in the same host with polytrophic meroistic ovaries and reveals that Blochmannia is found inside late-stage oocytes and Wolbachia is associated with the nuclei of the nurse cells. Our results provide insights into the developmental sequence of when these bacteria reach the egg, with Blochmannia establishing itself in the egg first, and Wolbachia only reaching the egg shortly before completing egg development. Studies such as this provide understanding about the mechanisms and timing of the establishment of these endosymbionts in the host.}, }
@article {pmid29468014, year = {2018}, author = {Zu Dohna, H and Houry, C and Kambris, Z}, title = {A comparative analysis of Wolbachia-induced host reproductive phenotypes reveals transition rate heterogeneity.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {1945-1953}, pmid = {29468014}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia infects a wide range of arthropods and their relatives. It is an intracellular parasite transmitted through the egg from mother to offspring. Wolbachia can spread and persist through various means of host reproductive manipulation. How these different mechanisms of host manipulation evolved in Wolbachia is unclear. Which host reproductive phenotype is most likely to be ancestral and whether evolutionary transitions between some host phenotypes are more common than others remain unanswered questions. Recent studies have revealed multiple cases where the same Wolbachia strain can induce different reproductive phenotypes in different hosts, raising the question to what degree the induced host phenotype should be regarded as a trait of Wolbachia. In this study, we constructed a phylogenetic tree of Wolbachia and analyzed the patterns of host phenotypes along that tree. We were able to detect a phylogenetic signal of host phenotypes on the Wolbachia tree, indicating that the induced host phenotype can be regarded as a Wolbachia trait. However, we found no clear support for the previously stated hypothesis that cytoplasmic incompatibility is ancestral to Wolbachia in arthropods. Our analysis provides evidence for heterogeneous transition rates between host phenotypes.}, }
@article {pmid29467241, year = {2018}, author = {Kamath, AD and Deehan, MA and Frydman, HM}, title = {Polar cell fate stimulates Wolbachia intracellular growth.}, journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)}, volume = {145}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {29467241}, issn = {1477-9129}, support = {R56 AI097589/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/*microbiology ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Oogenesis/physiology ; Ovary/cytology/microbiology ; Polar Bodies/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Viral Tropism/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Bacteria are crucial partners in the development and evolution of vertebrates and invertebrates. A large fraction of insects harbor Wolbachia, bacterial endosymbionts that manipulate host reproduction to favor their spreading. Because they are maternally inherited, Wolbachia are under selective pressure to reach the female germline and infect the offspring. However, Wolbachia infection is not limited to the germline. Somatic cell types, including stem cell niches, have higher Wolbachia loads compared with the surrounding tissue. Here, we show a novel Wolbachia tropism to polar cells (PCs), specialized somatic cells in the Drosophila ovary. During oogenesis, all stages of PC development are easily visualized, facilitating the investigation of the kinetics of Wolbachia intracellular growth. Wolbachia accumulation is triggered by particular events of PC morphogenesis, including differentiation from progenitors and between stages 8 and 9 of oogenesis. Moreover, induction of ectopic PC fate is sufficient to promote Wolbachia accumulation. We found that Wolbachia PC tropism is evolutionarily conserved across most Drosophila species, but not in Culex mosquitos. These findings highlight the coordination of endosymbiont tropism with host development and cell differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid29466376, year = {2018}, author = {Yadav, S and Frazer, J and Banga, A and Pruitt, K and Harsh, S and Jaenike, J and Eleftherianos, I}, title = {Endosymbiont-based immunity in Drosophila melanogaster against parasitic nematode infection.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e0192183}, pmid = {29466376}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*immunology/microbiology/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Nematoda/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and their hosts represent a complex ecosystem within organisms ranging from humans to protozoa. Drosophila species are known to naturally harbor Wolbachia and Spiroplasma endosymbionts, which play a protective role against certain microbial infections. Here, we investigated whether the presence or absence of endosymbionts affects the immune response of Drosophila melanogaster larvae to infection by Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes carrying or lacking their mutualistic Gram-negative bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila (symbiotic or axenic nematodes, respectively). We find that the presence of Wolbachia alone or together with Spiroplasma promotes the survival of larvae in response to infection with S. carpocapsae symbiotic nematodes, but not against axenic nematodes. We also find that Wolbachia numbers are reduced in Spiroplasma-free larvae infected with axenic compared to symbiotic nematodes, and they are also reduced in Spiroplasma-containing compared to Spiroplasma-free larvae infected with axenic nematodes. We further show that S. carpocapsae axenic nematode infection induces the Toll pathway in the absence of Wolbachia, and that symbiotic nematode infection leads to increased phenoloxidase activity in D. melanogaster larvae devoid of endosymbionts. Finally, infection with either type of nematode alters the metabolic status and the fat body lipid droplet size in D. melanogaster larvae containing only Wolbachia or both endosymbionts. Our results suggest an interaction between Wolbachia endosymbionts with the immune response of D. melanogaster against infection with the entomopathogenic nematodes S. carpocapsae. Results from this study indicate a complex interplay between insect hosts, endosymbiotic microbes and pathogenic organisms.}, }
@article {pmid29447357, year = {2019}, author = {Jewell, NP and Dufault, S and Cutcher, Z and Simmons, CP and Anders, KL}, title = {Analysis of cluster-randomized test-negative designs: cluster-level methods.}, journal = {Biostatistics (Oxford, England)}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {332-346}, doi = {10.1093/biostatistics/kxy005}, pmid = {29447357}, issn = {1468-4357}, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology ; Animals ; Biostatistics/*methods ; Dengue/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Models, Statistical ; Mosquito Vectors ; *Random Allocation ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*methods ; Wolbachia/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Intervention trials of vector control methods often require community level randomization with appropriate inferential methods. For many interventions, the possibility of confounding due to the effects of health-care seeking behavior on disease ascertainment remains a concern. The test-negative design, a variant of the case-control method, was introduced to mitigate this issue in the assessment of the efficacy of influenza vaccination (measured at an individual level) on influenza infection. Here, we introduce a cluster-randomized test-negative design that includes randomization of the intervention at a group level. We propose several methods for estimation and inference regarding the relative risk (RR). The inferential methods considered are based on the randomization distribution induced by permuting intervention assignment across two sets of randomly selected clusters. The motivating example is a current study of the efficacy of randomized releases of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to reduce the incidence of dengue in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia. Estimation and inference techniques are assessed through a simulation study.}, }
@article {pmid29443908, year = {2018}, author = {Lim, EXY and Lee, WS and Madzokere, ET and Herrero, LJ}, title = {Mosquitoes as Suitable Vectors for Alphaviruses.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {29443908}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Alphavirus/*physiology ; Alphavirus Infections/*transmission/*virology ; Animals ; Coinfection ; Culicidae/*virology ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Mutation ; RNA, Viral ; }, abstract = {Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are predominantly transmitted via mosquito vectors. This vector preference by alphaviruses raises the important question of the determinants that contribute to vector competence. There are several tissue barriers of the mosquito that the virus must overcome in order to establish a productive infection. Of importance are the midgut, basal lamina and the salivary glands. Infection of the salivary glands is crucial for virus transmission during the mosquito's subsequent bloodfeed. Other factors that may contribute to vector competence include the microflora and parasites present in the mosquito, environmental conditions, the molecular determinants of the virus to adapt to the vector, as well as the effect of co-infection with other viruses. Though mosquito innate immunity is a contributing factor to vector competence, it will not be discussed in this review. Detailed understanding of these factors will be instrumental in minimising transmission of alphaviral diseases.}, }
@article {pmid29435771, year = {2018}, author = {Zélé, F and Weill, M and Magalhães, S}, title = {Identification of spider-mite species and their endosymbionts using multiplex PCR.}, journal = {Experimental & applied acarology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {123-138}, pmid = {29435771}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {FCT-ANR//BIA-EVF/0013/2012//Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade de Lisboa (PT)/ ; FCT-TUBITAK/0001/2014//Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade de Lisboa (PT)/ ; SFRH/BPD/125020/2016//Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade de Lisboa (PT)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Female ; Male ; *Microbiota ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics/*methods ; Portugal ; Spain ; *Symbiosis ; Tetranychidae/*classification/genetics/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Spider mites of the genus Tetranychidae are severe crop pests. In the Mediterranean a few species coexist, but they are difficult to identify based on morphological characters. Additionally, spider mites often harbour several species of endosymbiotic bacteria, which may affect the biology of their hosts. Here, we propose novel, cost-effective, multiplex diagnostic methods allowing a quick identification of spider-mite species as well as of the endosymbionts they carry. First, we developed, and successfully multiplexed in a single PCR, primers to identify Tetranychus urticae, T. evansi and T. ludeni, some of the most common tetranychids found in southwest Europe. Moreover, we demonstrated that this method allows detecting multiple species in a single pool, even at low frequencies (up to 1/100), and can be used on entire mites without DNA extraction. Second, we developed another set of primers to detect spider-mite endosymbionts, namely Wolbachia, Cardinium and Rickettsia in a multiplex PCR, along with a generalist spider-mite primer to control for potential failure of DNA amplification in each PCR. Overall, our method represents a simple, cost-effective and reliable method to identify spider-mite species and their symbionts in natural field populations, as well as to detect contaminations in laboratory rearings. This method may easily be extended to other species.}, }
@article {pmid29435238, year = {2018}, author = {Zhang, YK and Yang, K and Zhu, YX and Hong, XY}, title = {Symbiont-conferred reproduction and fitness benefits can favour their host occurrence.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1626-1633}, pmid = {29435238}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Double infections of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are frequent in natural populations of Tetranychus truncatus, a polyphagous mite species that has been a dominant species in China since 2009. However, little is known about the causes and ecological importance of such coexistences. In this study, we established T. truncatus strains with different infection types and then inferred the impact of the two endosymbionts on host reproduction and fitness. Double infection induced cytoplasmic incompatibility, which was demonstrated by reduction in egg hatchability of incompatible crosses. However, doubly infected females produced more eggs relative to other strains. Wolbachia and Spiroplasma did not affect host survival, whereas doubly infected females and males developed faster than other strains. Such reproduction and fitness benefits provided by double infections may be associated with the lower densities of each symbiont, and the quantitative results also confirmed competition between Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in doubly infected females. These symbiont-conferred beneficial effects maintain stable prevalence of the symbionts and also help drive T. truncatus outbreaks in combination with other environmental factors.}, }
@article {pmid29429122, year = {2018}, author = {Campo-Duarte, DE and Vasilieva, O and Cardona-Salgado, D and Svinin, M}, title = {Optimal control approach for establishing wMelPop Wolbachia infection among wild Aedes aegypti populations.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {76}, number = {7}, pages = {1907-1950}, pmid = {29429122}, issn = {1432-1416}, abstract = {Wolbachia-based biocontrol has recently emerged as a potential method for prevention and control of dengue and other vector-borne diseases. Major vector species, such as Aedes aegypti females, when deliberately infected with Wolbachia become less capable of getting viral infections and transmitting the virus to human hosts. In this paper, we propose an explicit sex-structured population model that describes an interaction of uninfected (wild) male and female mosquitoes and those deliberately infected with wMelPop strain of Wolbachia in the same locality. This particular strain of Wolbachia is regarded as the best blocker of dengue and other arboviral infections. However, wMelPop strain of Wolbachia also causes the loss of individual fitness in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Our model allows for natural introduction of the decision (or control) variable, and we apply the optimal control approach to simulate wMelPop Wolbachia infestation of wild Aedes aegypti populations. The control action consists in continuous periodic releases of mosquitoes previously infected with wMelPop strain of Wolbachia in laboratory conditions. The ultimate purpose of control is to find a tradeoff between reaching the population replacement in minimum time and with minimum cost of the control effort. This approach also allows us to estimate the number of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes to be released in day-by-day control action. The proposed method of biological control is safe to human health, does not contaminate the environment, does not make harm to non-target species, and preserves their interaction with mosquitoes in the ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid29428509, year = {2018}, author = {Sahoo, RK and Lohman, DJ and Wahlberg, N and Müller, CJ and Brattström, O and Collins, SC and Peggie, D and Aduse-Poku, K and Kodandaramaiah, U}, title = {Evolution of Hypolimnas butterflies (Nymphalidae): Out-of-Africa origin and Wolbachia-mediated introgression.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {50-58}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.001}, pmid = {29428509}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Africa ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/*genetics/*microbiology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Larva/physiology ; Likelihood Functions ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Hypolimnas butterflies (Nymphalidae), commonly known as eggflies, are a popular model system for studying a wide range of ecological questions including mimicry, polymorphism, wing pattern evolution, and Wolbachia-host interactions. The lack of a time-calibrated phylogeny for this group has precluded understanding its evolutionary history. We reconstruct a species-level phylogeny using a nine gene dataset and estimate species divergence times. Based on the resulting tree, we investigate the taxon's historical biogeography, examine the evolution of host plant preferences, and test the hypothesis that the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia mediates gene transfer between species. Our analyses indicate that the species are grouped within three strongly supported, deeply divergent clades. However, relationships among these three clades are uncertain. In addition, many Hypolimnas species are not monophyletic or monophyletic with weak support, suggesting widespread incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgression. Biogeographic analysis strongly indicates that the genus diverged from its ancestor in Africa and subsequently dispersed to Asia; the strength of this result is not affected by topological uncertainties. While the larvae of African species feed almost exclusively on Urticaceae, larvae of species found further east often feed on several additional families. Interestingly, we found an identical mitochondrial haplotype in two Hypolimnas species, H. bolina and H. alimena, and a strong association between this mitotype and the Wolbachia strain wBol1a. Future investigations should explore the plausibility of Wolbachia-mediated introgression between species.}, }
@article {pmid29396201, year = {2018}, author = {Ritchie, SA and van den Hurk, AF and Smout, MJ and Staunton, KM and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Mission Accomplished? We Need a Guide to the 'Post Release' World of Wolbachia for Aedes-borne Disease Control.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {217-226}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.011}, pmid = {29396201}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/*virology ; Pest Control, Biological/standards ; RNA Viruses/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Historically, sustained control of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, has been largely ineffective. Subsequently, two novel 'rear and release' control strategies utilizing mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are currently being developed and deployed widely. In the incompatible insect technique, male Aedes mosquitoes, infected with Wolbachia, suppress populations through unproductive mating. In the transinfection strategy, both male and female Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes rapidly infect the wild population with Wolbachia, blocking virus transmission. It is critical to monitor the long-term stability of Wolbachia in host populations, and also the ability of this bacterium to continually inhibit virus transmission. Ongoing release and monitoring programs must be future-proofed should political support weaken when these vectors are successfully controlled.}, }
@article {pmid29390142, year = {2018}, author = {Zélé, F and Santos, I and Olivieri, I and Weill, M and Duron, O and Magalhães, S}, title = {Endosymbiont diversity and prevalence in herbivorous spider mite populations in South-Western Europe.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy015}, pmid = {29390142}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Biological Evolution ; Europe ; Herbivory ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rickettsia/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Symbiosis ; Tetranychidae/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts are known as important players of the evolutionary ecology of their hosts. However, their distribution, prevalence and diversity are still largely unexplored. To this aim, we investigated infections by the most common bacterial reproductive manipulators in herbivorous spider mites of South-Western Europe. Across 16 populations belonging to three Tetranychus species, Wolbachia was the most prevalent (ca. 61%), followed by Cardinium (12%-15%), while only few individuals were infected by Rickettsia (0.9%-3%), and none carried Arsenophonus or Spiroplasma. These endosymbionts are here reported for the first time in Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus ludeni, and showed variable infection frequencies between and within species, with several cases of coinfections. Moreover, Cardinium was more prevalent in Wolbachia-infected individuals, which suggests facilitation between these symbionts. Finally, sequence comparisons revealed no variation of the Wolbachia wsp and Rickettsia gtlA genes, but some diversity of the Cardinium 16S rRNA, both between and within populations of the three mite species. Some of the Cardinium sequences identified belonged to distantly-related clades, and the lack of association between these sequences and spider mite mitotypes suggests repeated host switching of Cardinium. Overall, our results reveal a complex community of symbionts in this system, opening the path for future studies.}, }
@article {pmid29375803, year = {2018}, author = {Thongsripong, P and Chandler, JA and Green, AB and Kittayapong, P and Wilcox, BA and Kapan, DD and Bennett, SN}, title = {Mosquito vector-associated microbiota: Metabarcoding bacteria and eukaryotic symbionts across habitat types in Thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {1352-1368}, pmid = {29375803}, issn = {2045-7758}, support = {P20 RR018727/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne diseases are a major health burden, yet factors affecting their spread are only partially understood. For example, microbial symbionts can impact mosquito reproduction, survival, and vectorial capacity, and hence affect disease transmission. Nonetheless, current knowledge of mosquito-associated microbial communities is limited. To characterize the bacterial and eukaryotic microbial communities of multiple vector species collected from different habitat types in disease endemic areas, we employed next-generation 454 pyrosequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon libraries, also known as metabarcoding. We investigated pooled whole adult mosquitoes of three medically important vectors, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus, collected from different habitats across central Thailand where we previously characterized mosquito diversity. Our results indicate that diversity within the mosquito microbiota is low, with the majority of microbes assigned to one or a few taxa. Two of the most common eukaryotic and bacterial genera recovered (Ascogregarina and Wolbachia, respectively) are known mosquito endosymbionts with potentially parasitic and long evolutionary relationships with their hosts. Patterns of microbial composition and diversity appeared to differ by both vector species and habitat for a given species, although high variability between samples suggests a strong stochastic element to microbiota assembly. In general, our findings suggest that multiple factors, such as habitat condition and mosquito species identity, may influence overall microbial community composition, and thus provide a basis for further investigations into the interactions between vectors, their microbial communities, and human-impacted landscapes that may ultimately affect vector-borne disease risk.}, }
@article {pmid29370307, year = {2018}, author = {Ant, TH and Herd, CS and Geoghegan, V and Hoffmann, AA and Sinkins, SP}, title = {The Wolbachia strain wAu provides highly efficient virus transmission blocking in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {e1006815}, pmid = {29370307}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Alphavirus Infections/microbiology/transmission/virology ; Animals ; Antibiosis/*physiology ; *Dengue Virus/pathogenicity ; Female ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control/veterinary ; Inheritance Patterns ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological ; Semliki forest virus/pathogenicity/physiology ; Viral Load ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Introduced transinfections of the inherited bacteria Wolbachia can inhibit transmission of viruses by Aedes mosquitoes, and in Ae. aegypti are now being deployed for dengue control in a number of countries. Only three Wolbachia strains from the large number that exist in nature have to date been introduced and characterized in this species. Here novel Ae. aegypti transinfections were generated using the wAlbA and wAu strains. In its native Ae. albopictus, wAlbA is maintained at lower density than the co-infecting wAlbB, but following transfer to Ae. aegypti the relative strain density was reversed, illustrating the strain-specific nature of Wolbachia-host co-adaptation in determining density. The wAu strain also reached high densities in Ae. aegypti, and provided highly efficient transmission blocking of dengue and Zika viruses. Both wAu and wAlbA were less susceptible than wMel to density reduction/incomplete maternal transmission resulting from elevated larval rearing temperatures. Although wAu does not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), it was stably combined with a CI-inducing strain as a superinfection, and this would facilitate its spread into wild populations. Wolbachia wAu provides a very promising new option for arbovirus control, particularly for deployment in hot tropical climates.}, }
@article {pmid29363888, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, QQ and Zhang, TS and Li, CX and Gu, JW and Hou, JB and Dong, H}, title = {Decision-making in a bisexual line and a thelytokous Wolbachia-infected line of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) regarding behavior toward their hosts.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {74}, number = {7}, pages = {1720-1727}, doi = {10.1002/ps.4867}, pmid = {29363888}, issn = {1526-4998}, mesh = {Animals ; Decision Making ; Female ; Insect Control ; Moths/*parasitology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Wasps/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The use of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma (parasitic wasps) has long been considered as a way to enhance the efficacy of biocontrol. However, Wolbachia can affect the host physiology. We compared decision-making between bisexual and thelytokous Wolbachia-infected lines of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura regarding behavior toward fresh and old eggs of Corcyra cephalonica at 25 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity.
RESULTS: The behavioral patterns and sequences of the two lines were basically the same. The durations of various behavioral patterns and values of fitness indicators of the bisexual line on fresh eggs were generally significantly shorter and better, respectively, than on old eggs, whereas the thelytokous line behaved similarly toward the two types of eggs, and differences in most fitness indicators between fresh and old eggs were not significant. On fresh eggs, the durations of various behaviors in the bisexual line were generally significantly shorter than in the thelytokous line and the fitness indicators were generally significantly better.
CONCLUSION: Wolbachia affected the fitness of T. dendrolimi negatively. The potential of the thelytokous line as a biocontrol agent would not be as good as that of the bisexual line when decision-making only is considered. Therefore, further evaluations need to be carried out before the thelytokous line can be used in practical biocontrol. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid29358725, year = {2018}, author = {Schmidt, TL and Filipović, I and Hoffmann, AA and Rašić, G}, title = {Fine-scale landscape genomics helps explain the slow spatial spread of Wolbachia through the Aedes aegypti population in Cairns, Australia.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, pages = {386-395}, pmid = {29358725}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Female ; Genetics, Population ; *Genomics ; Humans ; Larva ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia suppresses the capacity for arbovirus transmission in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and can spread spatially through wild mosquito populations following local introductions. Recent introductions in Cairns, Australia have demonstrated slower than expected spatial spread. Potential reasons for this include: (i) barriers to Ae. aegypti dispersal; (ii) higher incidence of long-range dispersal; and (iii) intergenerational loss of Wolbachia. We investigated these three potential factors using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and an assay for the Wolbachia infection wMel in 161 Ae. aegypti collected from Cairns in 2015. We detected a small but significant barrier effect of Cairns highways on Ae. aegypti dispersal using distance-based redundancy analysis and patch-based simulation analysis. We detected a pair of putative full-siblings in ovitraps 1312 m apart, indicating long-distance female movement likely mediated by human transport. We also found a pair of full-siblings of different infection status, indicating intergenerational loss of Wolbachia in the field. These three factors are all expected to contribute to the slow spread of Wolbachia through Ae. aegypti populations, though from our results it is unclear whether Wolbachia loss and long-distance movement are sufficiently common to reduce the speed of spatial spread appreciably. Our findings inform the strategic deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes during releases, and show how parameter estimates from laboratory studies may differ from those estimated using field data. Our landscape genomics approach can be extended to other host/symbiont systems that are being considered for biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid29358578, year = {2018}, author = {Bonneau, M and Atyame, C and Beji, M and Justy, F and Cohen-Gonsaud, M and Sicard, M and Weill, M}, title = {Culex pipiens crossing type diversity is governed by an amplified and polymorphic operon of Wolbachia.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {319}, pmid = {29358578}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Culex/genetics/*microbiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*microbiology ; Female ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Host Specificity ; Male ; *Operon ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Culex pipiens mosquitoes are infected with Wolbachia (wPip) that cause an important diversity of cytoplasmic incompatibilities (CIs). Functional transgenic studies have implicated the cidA-cidB operon from wPip and its homolog in wMel in CI between infected Drosophila males and uninfected females. However, the genetic basis of the CI diversity induced by different Wolbachia strains was unknown. We show here that the remarkable diversity of CI in the C. pipiens complex is due to the presence, in all tested wPip genomes, of several copies of the cidA-cidB operon, which undergoes diversification through recombination events. In 183 isofemale lines of C. pipiens collected worldwide, specific variations of the cidA-cidB gene repertoires are found to match crossing types. The diversification of cidA-cidB is consistent with the hypothesis of a toxin-antitoxin system in which the gene cidB co-diversifies with the gene cidA, particularly in putative domains of reciprocal interactions.}, }
@article {pmid29351633, year = {2018}, author = {Lindsey, ARI and Rice, DW and Bordenstein, SR and Brooks, AW and Bordenstein, SR and Newton, ILG}, title = {Evolutionary Genetics of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Genes cifA and cifB in Prophage WO of Wolbachia.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {434-451}, pmid = {29351633}, issn = {1759-6653}, support = {P30 DK058404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI132581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 HD086833/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM080178/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Arthropods/*microbiology/physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Viral ; Male ; Prophages/*genetics ; Reproduction ; Symbiosis ; Transcriptome ; Wolbachia/genetics/physiology/*virology ; }, abstract = {The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod reproduction to facilitate its maternal spread through host populations. The most common manipulation is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI): Wolbachia-infected males produce modified sperm that cause embryonic mortality, unless rescued by embryos harboring the same Wolbachia. The genes underlying CI, cifA and cifB, were recently identified in the eukaryotic association module of Wolbachia's prophage WO. Here, we use transcriptomic and genomic approaches to address three important evolutionary facets of the cif genes. First, we assess whether or not cifA and cifB comprise a classic toxin-antitoxin operon in wMel and show that the two genes exhibit striking, transcriptional differences across host development. They can produce a bicistronic message despite a predicted hairpin termination element in their intergenic region. Second, cifA and cifB strongly coevolve across the diversity of phage WO. Third, we provide new domain and functional predictions across homologs within Wolbachia, and show that amino acid sequences vary substantially across the genus. Finally, we investigate conservation of cifA and cifB and find frequent degradation and loss of the genes in strains that no longer induce CI. Taken together, we demonstrate that cifA and cifB exhibit complex transcriptional regulation in wMel, provide functional annotations that broaden the potential mechanisms of CI induction, and report recurrent erosion of cifA and cifB in non-CI strains, thus expanding our understanding of the most widespread form of reproductive parasitism.}, }
@article {pmid29348597, year = {2018}, author = {Aljayyoussi, G and Tyrer, HE and Ford, L and Sjoberg, H and Pionnier, N and Waterhouse, D and Davies, J and Gamble, J and Metuge, H and Cook, DAN and Steven, A and Sharma, R and Guimaraes, AF and Clare, RH and Cassidy, A and Johnston, KL and Myhill, L and Hayward, L and Wanji, S and Turner, JD and Taylor, MJ and Ward, SA}, title = {Author Correction: Short-Course, High-Dose Rifampicin Achieves Wolbachia Depletion Predictive of Curative Outcomes in Preclinical Models of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1384}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-19723-1}, pmid = {29348597}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.}, }
@article {pmid29346449, year = {2018}, author = {Chrostek, E and Teixeira, L}, title = {Within host selection for faster replicating bacterial symbionts.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e0191530}, pmid = {29346449}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Symbiosis ; Virulence/genetics ; Wolbachia/genetics/*growth & development/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a widespread, intracellular symbiont of arthropods, able to induce reproductive distortions and antiviral protection in insects. Wolbachia can also be pathogenic, as is the case with wMelPop, a virulent variant of the endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. An extensive genomic amplification of the 20kb region encompassing eight Wolbachia genes, called Octomom, is responsible for wMelPop virulence. The Octomom copy number in wMelPop can be highly variable between individual D. melanogaster flies, even when comparing siblings arising from a single female. Moreover, Octomom copy number can change rapidly between generations. These data suggest an intra-host variability in Octomom copy number between Wolbachia cells. Since wMelPop Wolbachia with different Octomom copy numbers grow at different rates, we hypothesized that selection could act on this intra-host variability. Here we tested if total Octomom copy number changes during the lifespan of individual Drosophila hosts, revealing selection for different Wolbachia populations. We performed a time course analysis of Octomom amplification in flies whose mothers were controlled for Octomom copy number. We show that despite the Octomom copy number being relatively stable it increases slightly throughout D. melanogaster adult life. This indicates that there is selection acting on the intra-host variation in the Octomom copy number over the lifespan of individual hosts. This within host selection for faster replicating bacterial symbionts may be in conflict with between host selection against highly pathogenic Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid29336504, year = {2018}, author = {Osei-Amo, S and Hussein, M and Asad, S and Hugo, L and Asgari, S}, title = {Wolbachia-induced transcription factor GATA4 suppresses ovary-specific genes blastoderm-specific protein 25D and imaginal disc growth factor.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {295-304}, doi = {10.1111/imb.12371}, pmid = {29336504}, issn = {1365-2583}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/*microbiology ; Animals ; Blastoderm/growth & development ; Female ; GATA4 Transcription Factor/*genetics/metabolism ; Imaginal Discs/growth & development ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Ovary/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia infects a wide array of insect hosts and has been implicated in a range of biological modifications as a consequence of its infection. Previously, it was shown that the transcription factor GATA4 was significantly induced in Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain infected Aedes aegypti whole mosquitoes and cells. Here, we provide evidence that this induction also occurs in mosquito ovaries where the ovary-specific genes blastoderm-specific protein 25D (Bsg25D) and imaginal disc growth factor (Disc) are suppressed by Wolbachia. We further demonstrate that transcriptional depletion of GATA4 results in upregulation of both genes and conversely its overexpression leads to downregulation of the genes, suggesting that Wolbachia-induced GATA4 plays a suppressive regulatory role with regards to Bsg25D and Disc expression in mosquito ovaries. When the Disc gene was silenced in mosquitoes, we did not observe any difference in the number of mature ovarian follicles developed between treatment groups. However, we did find a significant delay in the hatching of eggs that had been laid by Disc knockdown mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid29334340, year = {2019}, author = {Amala, M and Rajamanikandan, S and Prabhu, D and Surekha, K and Jeyakanthan, J}, title = {Identification of anti-filarial leads against aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase of Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi: combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics approaches.}, journal = {Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, pages = {394-410}, doi = {10.1080/07391102.2018.1427633}, pmid = {29334340}, issn = {1538-0254}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anthelmintics/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Brugia malayi/*enzymology ; Catalytic Domain ; Chemical Phenomena ; Drug Discovery/methods ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Molecular Docking Simulation ; *Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Protein Binding ; }, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating vector borne parasitic disease that infects human lymphatic system by nematode Brugia malayi. Currently available anti-filarial drugs are effective only on the larval stages of parasite. So far, no effective drugs are available for humans to treat filarial infections. In this regard, aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASDase) in lysine biosynthetic pathway from Wolbachia endosymbiont Brugia malayi represents an attractive therapeutic target for the development of novel anti-filarial agents. In this present study, molecular modeling combined with molecular dynamics simulations and structure-based virtual screening were performed to identify potent lead molecules against ASDase. Based on Glide score, toxicity profile, binding affinity and mode of interactions with the ASDase, five potent lead molecules were selected. The molecular docking and dynamics results revealed that the amino acid residues Arg103, Asn133, Cys134, Gln161, Ser164, Lys218, Arg239, His246, and Asn321 plays a crucial role in effective binding of Top leads into the active site of ASDase. The stability of the ASDase-lead complexes was confirmed by running the 30 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The pharmacokinetic properties of the identified lead molecules are in the acceptable range. Furthermore, density functional theory and binding free energy calculations were performed to rank the lead molecules. Thus, the identified lead molecules can be used for the development of anti-filarial agents to combat the pathogenecity of Brugia malayi.}, }
@article {pmid29330177, year = {2018}, author = {Zhu, YX and Song, YL and Zhang, YK and Hoffmann, AA and Zhou, JC and Sun, JT and Hong, XY}, title = {Incidence of Facultative Bacterial Endosymbionts in Spider Mites Associated with Local Environments and Host Plants.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {29330177}, issn = {1098-5336}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/*physiology ; China ; Environment ; Lycopersicon esculentum/growth & development ; Soybeans/growth & development ; Spiroplasma/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Tetranychidae/*microbiology/physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zea mays/growth & development ; }, abstract = {Spider mites are frequently associated with multiple endosymbionts whose infection patterns often exhibit spatial and temporal variation. However, the association between endosymbiont prevalence and environmental factors remains unclear. Here, we surveyed endosymbionts in natural populations of the spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, in China, screening 935 spider mites from 21 localities and 12 host plant species. Three facultative endosymbiont lineages, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Spiroplasma, were detected at different infection frequencies (52.5%, 26.3%, and 8.6%, respectively). Multiple endosymbiont infections were observed in most local populations, and the incidence of individuals with the Wolbachia-Spiroplasma coinfection was higher than expected from the frequency of each infection within a population. Endosymbiont infection frequencies exhibited associations with environmental factors: Wolbachia infection rates increased at localities with higher annual mean temperatures, while Cardinium and Spiroplasma infection rates increased at localities from higher altitudes. Wolbachia was more common in mites from Lycopersicon esculentum and Glycine max compared to those from Zea mays This study highlights that host-endosymbiont interactions may be associated with environmental factors, including climate and other geographically linked factors, as well as the host's food plant.IMPORTANCE The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of endosymbiont distribution and the infection patterns in spider mites. The main findings are that multiple endosymbiont infections were more common than expected and that endosymbiont infection frequencies were associated with environmental factors. This work highlights that host-endosymbiont interactions need to be studied within an environmental and geographic context.}, }
@article {pmid29311247, year = {2018}, author = {Mann, M and Fattah-Hosseini, S and Ammar, ED and Stange, R and Warrick, E and Sturgeon, K and Shatters, R and Heck, M}, title = {Diaphorina citri Nymphs Are Resistant to Morphological Changes Induced by "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" in Midgut Epithelial Cells.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29311247}, issn = {1098-5522}, mesh = {Animals ; Epithelial Cells/*microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Nymph/*microbiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Phenotype ; Rhizobiaceae/*physiology ; }, abstract = {"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" is the causative bacterium associated with citrus greening disease. "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" is transmitted by Diaphorina citri more efficiently when it is acquired by nymphs rather than adults. Why this occurs is not known. We compared midguts of D. citri insects reared on healthy or "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus"-infected citrus trees using quantitative PCR, confocal microscopy, and mitochondrial superoxide staining for evidence of oxidative stress. Consistent with its classification as propagative, "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" titers were higher in adults than in nymphs. Our previous work showed that adult D. citri insects have basal levels of karyorrhexis (fragmentation of the nucleus) in midgut epithelial cells, which is increased in severity and frequency in response to "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus." Here, we show that nymphs exhibit lower levels of early-stage karyorrhexis than adults and are refractory to the induction of advanced karyorrhexis by "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" in the midgut epithelium. MitoSox Red staining showed that guts of infected adults, particularly males, experienced oxidative stress in response to "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus." A positive correlation between the titers of "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" and the Wolbachia endosymbiont was observed in adult and nymph midguts, suggesting an interplay between these bacteria during development. We hypothesize that the resistance of the nymph midgut to late-stage karyorrhexis through as yet unknown molecular mechanisms benefits "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" for efficient invasion of midgut epithelial cells, which may be a factor explaining the developmental dependency of "Ca Liberibacter asiaticus" acquisition by the vector.}, }
@article {pmid29308790, year = {2018}, author = {Sharma, R and Aljayyoussi, G and Tyrer, HE and Gamble, J and Hayward, L and Guimaraes, AF and Davies, J and Waterhouse, D and Cook, DAN and Myhill, LJ and Clare, RH and Cassidy, A and Steven, A and Johnston, KL and Ford, L and Turner, JD and Ward, SA and Taylor, MJ}, title = {Corrigendum: Minocycline as a re-purposed anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {46934}, doi = {10.1038/srep46934}, pmid = {29308790}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep23458.}, }
@article {pmid29303740, year = {2018}, author = {De Ambrogi, M}, title = {Highlights from the 66th annual ASTMH meeting.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {32}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30717-X}, pmid = {29303740}, issn = {1474-4457}, mesh = {Antimalarials/*therapeutic use ; Arbovirus Infections/*prevention & control ; Disease Eradication ; *Disease Management ; Drug Therapy, Combination/methods ; Global Health ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/prevention & control ; Humans ; Lassa Fever/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy ; Malaria/*drug therapy ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome ; Wolbachia/growth & development ; }, }
@article {pmid29301977, year = {2018}, author = {Dunning Hotopp, JC and Klasson, L}, title = {The Complexities and Nuances of Analyzing the Genome of Drosophila ananassae and Its Wolbachia Endosymbiont.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {373-374}, pmid = {29301977}, issn = {2160-1836}, support = {R01 CA206188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Genome ; Retroelements ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In "Retrotransposons Are the Major Contributors to the Expansion of the Drosophila ananassae Muller F Element," Leung et al. (2017) improved contigs attributed to the Muller F element from the original CAF1 assembly, and used them to conclude that most of the sequence expansion of the fourth chromosome of D. ananassae is due to a higher transposon load than previously thought, but is not due to Wolbachia DNA integrations. While we do not disagree with the first conclusion, the authors base their second conclusion on the lack of homology detected between their improved CAF1 genome assembly attributed to D. ananassae and reference Wolbachia genomes. While the consensus CAF1 genome assembly lacks any sequence similarity to the reference genome of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster (wMel), numerous studies from multiple laboratories provide experimental support for a large lateral/horizontal gene transfer (LGT) of a Wolbachia genome into this D. ananassae line. As such, we strongly suspect that the original whole genome assembly was either constructed after the removal of all Wolbachia reads, or that Wolbachia sequences were directly removed from the contigs in the CAF1 assembly. Hence, Leung et al. (2017) could not have identified the Wolbachia LGT using the CAF1 assembly. This manuscript by Leung et al. (2017) highlights that an assembly of the Wolbachia sequence reads and their mate pairs was erroneously attributed solely to the Wolbachia endosymbiont, albeit before we understood the extent of LGT in D. ananassae As such, we recommend that the sequences deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under PRJNA13365 should not be attributed to Wolbachia endosymbiont of D. ananassae, but should have their taxonomy reclassified by NCBI as "Unclassified sequences." As our knowledge about genome biology improves, we need to reconsider and reanalyze earlier genomes removing the prejudice introduced from now defunct paradigms.}, }
@article {pmid29300732, year = {2018}, author = {Specht, S and Pfarr, KM and Arriens, S and Hübner, MP and Klarmann-Schulz, U and Koschel, M and Sternberg, S and Martin, C and Ford, L and Taylor, MJ and Hoerauf, A}, title = {Combinations of registered drugs reduce treatment times required to deplete Wolbachia in the Litomosoides sigmodontis mouse model.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {e0006116}, pmid = {29300732}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Therapy, Combination/methods ; Filariasis/*drug therapy ; Filarioidea/*microbiology ; Fluoroquinolones/administration & dosage ; Mice ; Moxifloxacin ; Rifampin/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives ; Tetracyclines/administration & dosage ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Wolbachia/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Filarial parasites can be targeted by antibiotic treatment due to their unique endosymbiotic relationship with Wolbachia bacteria. This finding has led to successful treatment strategies in both, human onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. A 4-6 week treatment course using doxycycline results in long-term sterility and safe macrofilaricidal activity in humans. However, current treatment times and doxycycline contraindications in children and pregnant women preclude widespread administration of doxycycline in public health control programs; therefore, the search for shorter anti-wolbachial regimens is a focus of ongoing research. We have established an in vivo model for compound screening, using mice infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis. We could show that gold standard doxycycline treatment did not only deplete Wolbachia, it also resulted in a larval arrest. In this model, combinations of registered antibiotics were tested for their anti-wolbachial activity. Administration of rifamycins in combination with doxycycline for 7 days successfully depleted Wolbachia by > 2 log (>99% reduction) and thus resulted in a significant reduction of the treatment duration. Using a triple combination of a tetracycline (doxycycline or minocycline), a rifamycin and a fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin) led to an even greater shortening of the treatment time. Testing all double combinations that could be derived from the triple combinations revealed that the combination of rifapentine (15mg/kg) and moxifloxacin (2 x 200mg/kg) showed the strongest reduction of treatment time in intraperitoneal and also oral administration routes. The rifapentine plus moxifloxacin combination was equivalent to the triple combination with additional doxycycline (>99% Wolbachia reduction). These investigations suggest that it is possible to shorten anti-wolbachial treatment times with combination treatments in order to achieve the target product profile (TPP) requirements for macrofilaricidal drugs of no more than 7-10 days of treatment.}, }
@article {pmid29297702, year = {2018}, author = {Schultz, MJ and Connor, JH and Frydman, HM}, title = {Group B Wolbachia Strain-Dependent Inhibition of Arboviruses.}, journal = {DNA and cell biology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {2-6}, pmid = {29297702}, issn = {1557-7430}, mesh = {Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*physiology ; Culicidae/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Virus Replication/physiology ; Wolbachia/*virology ; Zika Virus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne viruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV), are global threats that continue to infect millions annually. Historically, efforts to combat the spread of these diseases have sought to eradicate the mosquito population. This has had limited success. Recent efforts to combat the spread of these diseases have targeted the mosquito population and the mosquito's ability to transmit viruses by altering the mosquito's microbiome. The introduction of particular strains of Wolbachia bacteria into mosquitos suppresses viral growth and blocks disease transmission. This novel strategy is being tested worldwide to reduce DENV and has early indications of success. The Wolbachia genus comprised divergent strains that are divided in major phylogenetic clades termed supergroups. All Wolbachia field trials currently utilize supergroup A Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitos to limit virus transmission. Here we discuss our studies of Wolbachia strains not yet used in virus control strategies but that show strong potential to reduce ZIKV replication. These strains are important opportunities in the search for novel tools to reduce the levels of mosquito-borne viruses and provide additional models for mechanistic studies.}, }
@article {pmid29297293, year = {2017}, author = {Gruntenko, NЕ and Ilinsky, YY and Adonyeva, NV and Burdina, EV and Bykov, RA and Menshanov, PN and Rauschenbach, IY}, title = {Various Wolbachia genotypes differently influence host Drosophila dopamine metabolism and survival under heat stress conditions.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {17}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {252}, pmid = {29297293}, issn = {1471-2148}, mesh = {Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Animals ; Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase/metabolism ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine/pharmacology ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/genetics/*microbiology ; Female ; Genotype ; *Hot Temperature ; Male ; *Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; Survival Analysis ; Wolbachia/drug effects/*genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: One of the most widespread prokaryotic symbionts of invertebrates is the intracellular bacteria of Wolbachia genus which can be found in about 50% of insect species. Wolbachia causes both parasitic and mutualistic effects on its host that include manipulating the host reproductive systems in order to increase their transmission through the female germline, and increasing the host fitness. One of the mechanisms, promoting adaptation in biological organisms, is a non-specific neuroendocrine stress reaction. In insects, this reaction includes catecholamines, dopamine, serotonin and octopamine, which act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones. The level of dopamine metabolism correlates with heat stress resistance in Drosophila adults.
RESULTS: To examine Wolbachia effect on Drosophila survival under heat stress and dopamine metabolism we used five strains carrying the nuclear background of interbred Bi90 strain and cytoplasmic backgrounds with different genotype variants of Wolbachia (produced by 20 backcrosses of Bi90 males with appropriate source of Wolbachia). Non-infected Bi90 strain (treated with tetracycline for 3 generations) was used as a control group. We demonstrated that two of five investigated Wolbachia variants promote changes in Drosophila heat stress resistance and activity of enzymes that produce and degrade dopamine, alkaline phosphatase and dopamine-dependent arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. What is especially interesting, wMelCS genotype of Wolbachia increases stress resistance and the intensity of dopamine metabolism, whereas wMelPop strain decreases them. wMel, wMel2 and wMel4 genotypes of Wolbachia do not show any effect on the survival under heat stress or dopamine metabolism. L-DOPA treatment, known to increase the dopamine content in Drosophila, levels the difference in survival under heat stress between all studied groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The genotype of symbiont determines the effect that the symbiont has on the stress resistance of the host insect.}, }
@article {pmid29294302, year = {2018}, author = {Liu, T and Xu, Y and Wang, X and Gu, J and Yan, G and Chen, XG}, title = {Antiviral systems in vector mosquitoes.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {83}, number = {}, pages = {34-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.025}, pmid = {29294302}, issn = {1879-0089}, mesh = {Animals ; Arboviruses/*physiology ; Culicidae/*immunology/virology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Mammals ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Replication ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne viral diseases represent a major challenge to human public health. As natural vectors of arboviruses, mosquitoes can be infected by a virus, but they have evolved multiple mechanisms to tolerate constant infection and restrict viral replication via their antiviral immune system. In a state of continuous infection, a mosquito can transmit an arbovirus while obtaining a blood meal from a mammalian host. During infection, the virus is mainly inhibited through a small RNA-mediated interference mechanism. Within mosquitoes, the invaded viruses are recognized based on pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to the production of cytokines. These cytokines in turn bind pattern recognition receptors and activate Toll, IMD and other immune signalling pathways to expand the immune response and induce antiviral activity via immune effectors. Interestingly, the gut microbiota and Wolbachia also play a role in mosquito antiviral immunity, which is very similar to acquired immunity. This review describes the advances made in understanding various aspects of mosquito antiviral immune molecular mechanisms in detail and explores some of the unresolved issues related to the mosquito immune system.}, }
@article {pmid29287072, year = {2017}, author = {Baughman, T and Peterson, C and Ortega, C and Preston, SR and Paton, C and Williams, J and Guy, A and Omodei, G and Johnson, B and Williams, H and O'Neill, SL and Ritchie, SA and Dobson, SL and Madan, D}, title = {A highly stable blood meal alternative for rearing Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {e0006142}, pmid = {29287072}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/blood/*pharmacology ; Aedes/drug effects/microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/drug effects/microbiology/*physiology ; Blood Substitutes/chemistry ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Insect Vectors/drug effects/microbiology/*physiology ; Male ; Ovum ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plasma/*chemistry ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {We investigated alternatives to whole blood for blood feeding of mosquitoes with a focus on improved stability and compatibility with mass rearing programs. In contrast to whole blood, an artificial blood diet of ATP-supplemented plasma was effective in maintaining mosquito populations and was compatible with storage for extended periods refrigerated, frozen, and as a lyophilized powder. The plasma ATP diet supported rearing of both Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. It was also effective in rearing Wolbachia-infected Aedes mosquitoes, suggesting compatibility with vector control efforts.}, }
@article {pmid29286204, year = {2019}, author = {Chu, CC and Hoffmann, M and Braswell, WE and Pelz-Stelinski, KS}, title = {Genetic variation and potential coinfection of Wolbachia among widespread Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) populations.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {671-682}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12566}, pmid = {29286204}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {#2012-51181-20086//United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute for Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Coinfection ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Hemiptera/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia can profoundly influence the survival, reproduction, and defenses of insect hosts. These interactions could potentially be harnessed for managing pests or insect-transmitted diseases. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a phloem-feeding pest capable of transmitting the putative causal agent of citrus greening, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Like many insects, D. citri is also infected with Wolbachia (wDi). Recent studies indicate that the relative abundance of wDi could be associated with the abundance of CLas, and that wDi may contribute to regulating expression of phage lytic cycle genes in CLas, suggesting the need for better understanding of wDi biology in general. This study investigated the genetic diversity of wDi among D. citri in populations spanning eleven countries and two U.S. territories. Six Wolbachia genes, wsp, coxA, fbpA, ftsZ, gatB, and hcpA, were sequenced and compared across samples. Two prevalent wDi strains were identified across the samples, and screening of clone libraries revealed possible coinfection of wDi strains in specific populations. D. citri mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI) were more divergent between D. citri populations that were infected with different wDi strains or had different infection statuses (single infection vs. coinfection). While we could not eliminate the possibility that maternal transmission may contribute to such patterns, it is also possible that wDi may induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in their host. These findings should contribute to the understanding of wDi population ecology, which may facilitate manipulation of this endosymbiont for management of citrus greening disease worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid29282144, year = {2017}, author = {Terradas, G and Allen, SL and Chenoweth, SF and McGraw, EA}, title = {Family level variation in Wolbachia-mediated dengue virus blocking in Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {622}, pmid = {29282144}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {APP1103804//National Health and Medical Research Council/International ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Dengue Virus/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Viral Load ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The mosquito vector Aedes aegypti is responsible for transmitting a range of arboviruses including dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV). The global reach of these viruses is increasing due to an expansion of the mosquito's geographic range and increasing urbanization and human travel. Vector control remains the primary means for limiting these diseases. Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium of insects that has the ability to block the replication of pathogens, including flaviviruses such as DENV or ZIKV, inside the body of the vector. A strain of Wolbachia called wMel is currently being released into wild mosquito populations to test its potential to limit virus transmission to humans. The mechanism that underpins the virus blocking effect, however, remains elusive.
METHODS: We used a modified full-sib breeding design in conjunction with vector competence assays in wildtype and wMel-infected Aedes aegypti collected from the field. All individuals were injected with DENV-2 intrathoracically at 5-6 days of age. Tissues were dissected 7 days post-infection to allow quantification of DENV and Wolbachia loads.
RESULTS: We show the first evidence of family level variation in Wolbachia-mediated blocking in mosquitoes. This variation may stem from either genetic contributions from the mosquito and Wolbachia genomes or environmental influences on Wolbachia. In these families, we also tested for correlations between strength of blocking and expression level for several insect immunity genes with possible roles in blocking, identifying two genes of interest (AGO2 and SCP-2).
CONCLUSIONS: In this study we show variation in Wolbachia-mediated DENV blocking in Aedes aegypti that may arise from genetic contributions and environmental influences on the mosquito-Wolbachia association. This suggests that Wolbachia-mediated blocking may have the ability to evolve through time or be expressed differentially across environments. The long-term efficacy of Wolbachia in the field will be dependent on the stability of blocking. Understanding the mechanism of blocking will be necessary for successful development of strategies that counter the emergence of evolved resistance or variation in its expression under diverse field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid29279375, year = {2018}, author = {Carrington, LB and Tran, BCN and Le, NTH and Luong, TTH and Nguyen, TT and Nguyen, PT and Nguyen, CVV and Nguyen, HTC and Vu, TT and Vo, LT and Le, DT and Vu, NT and Nguyen, GT and Luu, HQ and Dang, AD and Hurst, TP and O'Neill, SL and Tran, VT and Kien, DTH and Nguyen, NM and Wolbers, M and Wills, B and Simmons, CP}, title = {Field- and clinically derived estimates of Wolbachia-mediated blocking of dengue virus transmission potential in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, pages = {361-366}, pmid = {29279375}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/blood/transmission/*virology ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/*virology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Time Factors ; Viremia/blood/virology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The wMel strain of Wolbachia can reduce the permissiveness of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to disseminated arboviral infections. Here, we report that wMel-infected Ae. aegypti (Ho Chi Minh City background), when directly blood-fed on 141 viremic dengue patients, have lower dengue virus (DENV) transmission potential and have a longer extrinsic incubation period than their wild-type counterparts. The wMel-infected mosquitoes that are field-reared have even greater relative resistance to DENV infection when fed on patient-derived viremic blood meals. This is explained by an increased susceptibility of field-reared wild-type mosquitoes to infection than laboratory-reared counterparts. Collectively, these field- and clinically relevant findings support the continued careful field-testing of wMel introgression for the biocontrol of Ae. aegypti-born arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid29274498, year = {2018}, author = {Kajtoch, Ł and Montagna, M and Wanat, M}, title = {Species delimitation within the Bothryorrhynchapion weevils: Multiple evidence from genetics, morphology and ecological associations.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {354-363}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.022}, pmid = {29274498}, issn = {1095-9513}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/classification/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1/classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Weevils/*classification/genetics/parasitology ; Wolbachia/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {Curculionidae is a hyperdiverse group of beetles, whose taxonomy and phylogenetics are still poorly understood, especially at the genus level. The latest work on the evolution of Apionini showed a noticeable "mess" in the subtribe Oxystomatina, where most of the morphology-based genera were found to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic. These discrepancies between classical taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics implied the need for further taxonomic revision of these groups. Here, we used sets of morphological, molecular and ecological characters to verify the taxonomic statuses and disentangle the phylogenetic relations among the Bothryorrhynchapion apionids, which are classified as a subgenus of Cyanapion. Morphological data including morphometrics, and multilocus molecular analyses confirmed the monophyly of the Bothryorrhynchapion and species statuses of five species. The morphological analyses showed that Cyanapion (Bothryorrhynchapion) protractum (Sharp, 1891) from the southeast Palaearctic is a synonym of C. (B.) gyllenhalii (Kirby). Moreover, ecological features (host plant use and presence/absence of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia) helped to unravel the relations among the examined weevils. The speciation of Bothryorrhynchapion apionids was probably affected by allopatric distribution, shifts in the preferred host plants (Vicia sp. or Lathyrus sp.) of sympatric taxa, and infection by different strains of Wolbachia. The paper presents the first comprehensive description of the species' morphology, biology and ecology, and includes a key to the species.}, }
@article {pmid29257089, year = {2017}, author = {Poff, KE and Stever, H and Reil, JB and Seabourn, P and Ching, AJ and Aoki, S and Logan, M and Michalski, JR and Santamaria, J and Adams, JW and Eiben, JA and Yew, JY and Ewing, CP and Magnacca, KN and Bennett, GM}, title = {The Native Hawaiian Insect Microbiome Initiative: A Critical Perspective for Hawaiian Insect Evolution.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29257089}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Insects associate with a diversity of microbes that can shape host ecology and diversity by providing essential biological and adaptive services. For most insect groups, the evolutionary implications of host-microbe interactions remain poorly understood. Geographically discrete areas with high biodiversity offer powerful, simplified model systems to better understand insect-microbe interactions. Hawaii boasts a diverse endemic insect fauna (~6000 species) characterized by spectacular adaptive radiations. Despite this, little is known about the role of bacteria in shaping this diversity. To address this knowledge gap, we inaugurate the Native Hawaiian Insect Microbiome Initiative (NHIMI). The NHIMI is an effort intended to develop a framework for informing evolutionary and biological studies in Hawaii. To initiate this effort, we have sequenced the bacterial microbiomes of thirteen species representing iconic, endemic Hawaiian insect groups. Our results show that native Hawaiian insects associate with a diversity of bacteria that exhibit a wide phylogenetic breadth. Several groups show predictable associations with obligate microbes that permit diet specialization. Others exhibit unique ecological transitions that are correlated with shifts in their microbiomes (e.g., transition to carrion feeding from plant-feeding in Nysius wekiuicola). Finally, some groups, such as the Hawaiian Drosophila, have relatively diverse microbiomes with a conserved core of bacterial taxa across multiple species and islands.}, }
@article {pmid29250466, year = {2017}, author = {Šochová, E and Husník, F and Nováková, E and Halajian, A and Hypša, V}, title = {Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {e4099}, pmid = {29250466}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria are ubiquitous and form a continuum from loose facultative symbiosis to greatly intimate and stable obligate symbiosis. In blood-sucking insects living exclusively on vertebrate blood, obligate endosymbionts are essential for hosts and hypothesized to supplement B-vitamins and cofactors missing from their blood diet. The role and distribution of facultative endosymbionts and their evolutionary significance as seeds of obligate symbioses are much less understood. Here, using phylogenetic approaches, we focus on the Hippoboscidae phylogeny as well as the stability and dynamics of obligate symbioses within this bloodsucking group. In particular, we demonstrate a new potentially obligate lineage of Sodalis co-evolving with the Olfersini subclade of Hippoboscidae. We also show several likely facultative Sodalis lineages closely related to Sodalis praecaptivus (HS strain) and suggest repeated acquisition of novel symbionts from the environment. Similar to Sodalis, Arsenophonus endosymbionts also form both obligate endosymbiotic lineages co-evolving with their hosts (Ornithomyini and Ornithoica groups) as well as possibly facultative infections incongruent with the Hippoboscidae phylogeny. Finally, we reveal substantial diversity of Wolbachia strains detected in Hippoboscidae samples falling into three supergroups: A, B, and the most common F. Altogether, our results prove the associations between Hippoboscoidea and their symbiotic bacteria to undergo surprisingly dynamic, yet selective, evolutionary processes strongly shaped by repeated endosymbiont replacements. Interestingly, obligate symbionts only originate from two endosymbiont genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis, suggesting that the host is either highly selective about its future obligate symbionts or that these two lineages are the most competitive when establishing symbioses in louse flies.}, }
@article {pmid29248525, year = {2018}, author = {Huang, M and Luo, J and Hu, L and Zheng, B and Yu, J}, title = {Assessing the efficiency of Wolbachia driven Aedes mosquito suppression by delay differential equations.}, journal = {Journal of theoretical biology}, volume = {440}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.12.012}, pmid = {29248525}, issn = {1095-8541}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/parasitology ; Animals ; Female ; Infertility/*microbiology ; Male ; Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {To suppress wild population of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary transmission vector of life-threatening diseases such as dengue, malaria, and Zika, an innovative strategy is to release male mosquitoes carrying the bacterium Wolbachia into natural areas to drive female sterility by cytoplasmic incompatibility. We develop a model of delay differential equations, incorporating the strong density restriction in the larval stage, to assess the delicate impact of life table parameters on suppression efficiency. Through mathematical analysis, we find the sufficient and necessary condition for global stability of the complete suppression state. This condition, combined with the experimental data for Aedes albopictus population in Guangzhou, helps us predict a large range of releasing intensities for suppression success. In particular, we find that if the number of released infected males is no less than four times the number of mosquitoes in wild areas, then the mosquito density in the peak season can be reduced by 95%. We introduce an index to quantify the dependence of suppression efficiency on parameters. The invariance of some quantitative properties of the index values under various perturbations of the same parameter justifies the applicability of this index, and the robustness of our modeling approach. The index yields a ranking of the sensitivity of all parameters, among which the adult mortality has the highest sensitivity and is considerably more sensitive than the natural larvae mortality.}, }
@article {pmid29234308, year = {2017}, author = {Chrostek, E and Pelz-Stelinski, K and Hurst, GDD and Hughes, GL}, title = {Horizontal Transmission of Intracellular Insect Symbionts via Plants.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {2237}, pmid = {29234308}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {R21 AI124452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI129507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CK000512/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Experimental evidence is accumulating that endosymbionts of phytophagous insects may transmit horizontally via plants. Intracellular symbionts known for manipulating insect reproduction and altering fitness (Rickettsia, Cardinium, Wolbachia, and bacterial parasite of the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus) have been found to travel from infected insects into plants. Other insects, either of the same or different species can acquire the symbiont from the plant through feeding, and in some cases transfer it to their progeny. These reports prompt many questions regarding how intracellular insect symbionts are delivered to plants and how they affect them. Are symbionts passively transported along the insect-plant-insect path, or do they actively participate in the process? How widespread are these interactions? How does symbiont presence influence the plant? And what conditions are required for the new infection to establish in an insect? From an ecological, evolutionary, and applied perspective, this mode of horizontal transmission could have profound implications if occurring frequently enough or if new stable symbiont infections are established. Transmission of symbionts through plants likely represents an underappreciated means of infection, both in terms of symbiont epidemiology and the movement of symbionts to new host species.}, }
@article {pmid29234159, year = {2018}, author = {Zug, R and Hammerstein, P}, title = {Evolution of reproductive parasites with direct fitness benefits.}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {120}, number = {3}, pages = {266-281}, pmid = {29234159}, issn = {1365-2540}, mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fertility ; *Genetic Fitness ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Parasites/*physiology ; *Reproduction ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Maternally inherited symbionts such as Wolbachia have long been seen mainly as reproductive parasites, with deleterious effects on host fitness. It is becoming clear, however, that, frequently, these symbionts also have beneficial effects on host fitness, either along with reproductive parasitism or not. Using the examples of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and male-killing (MK), we here analyze the effect of direct fitness benefits on the evolution of reproductive parasites. By means of a simple theoretical framework, we synthesize and extend earlier modeling approaches for CI and MK, which usually ignore fitness benefits. Moreover, our framework is not restricted to a particular mechanism underlying the fitness benefit (e.g., protection against pathogens). We derive invasion conditions and equilibrium frequencies for the different infection scenarios. Our results demonstrate the importance of a symbiont's "effective fecundity" (i.e., the product of the relative fecundity of an infected female and her transmission efficiency) for a symbiont's invasion success. In particular, we adopt the concept of effective fecundity to scenarios where CI and MK co-occur in one host population. We confirm that direct fitness benefits substantially facilitate the invasion and spread of infections (for example, by lowering or removing the invasion threshold) or even make invasion possible in the first place (for example, if reproductive parasitism is weak or absent). Finally, we discuss the role of direct fitness benefits in long-term evolutionary dynamics of reproductive phenotypes and highlight their potential to resolve genetic conflicts between maternally inherited symbionts and their hosts.}, }
@article {pmid29216317, year = {2017}, author = {Fraser, JE and De Bruyne, JT and Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I and Stepnell, J and Burns, RL and Flores, HA and O'Neill, SL}, title = {Novel Wolbachia-transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes possess diverse fitness and vector competence phenotypes.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e1006751}, pmid = {29216317}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Aedes/growth & development/*microbiology/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Culex/microbiology ; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; Drosophila simulans/microbiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*veterinary ; Male ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/physiology/virology ; Organ Specificity ; Ovary/microbiology/physiology ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification ; Salivary Glands/microbiology/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Viral Tropism ; Wolbachia/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis from Drosophila melanogaster (wMel) is an endosymbiotic bacterium that restricts transmission of human pathogenic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, when introduced into the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. To date, wMel-infected Ae. aegypti have been released in field trials in 5 countries to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy for disease control. Despite the success in establishing wMel-infected mosquitoes in wild populations, and the well-characterized antiviral capabilities of wMel, transinfecting different or additional Wolbachia strains into Ae. aegypti may improve disease impact, and perhaps more importantly, could provide a strategy to account for the possible evolution of resistant arboviruses. Here, we report the successful transinfection of Ae. aegypti with the Wolbachia strains wMelCS (D. melanogaster), wRi (D. simulans) and wPip (Culex quinquefasciatus) and assess the effects on Ae. aegypti fitness, cytoplasmic incompatibility, tissue tropism and pathogen blocking in a laboratory setting. The results demonstrate that wMelCS provides a similar degree of protection against dengue virus as wMel following an infectious blood meal, and significantly reduces viral RNA levels beyond that of wMel following a direct challenge with infectious virus in mosquitoes, with no additional fitness cost to the host. The protection provided by wRi is markedly weaker than that of wMelCS, consistent with previous characterisations of these lines in Drosophila, while wPip was found to substantially reduce the fitness of Ae. aegypti. Thus, we determine wMelCS as a key candidate for further testing in field-relevant fitness tests and viremic blood feeding challenges in a clinical setting to determine if it may represent an alternative Wolbachia strain with more desirable attributes than wMel for future field testing.}, }
@article {pmid29215202, year = {2018}, author = {Rock, DI and Smith, AH and Joffe, J and Albertus, A and Wong, N and O'Connor, M and Oliver, KM and Russell, JA}, title = {Context-dependent vertical transmission shapes strong endosymbiont community structure in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {2039-2056}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14449}, pmid = {29215202}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/genetics/*microbiology ; Coinfection/genetics/*microbiology ; Coxiellaceae/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Ecology ; Host Specificity/genetics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Peas/parasitology ; Serratia/genetics/pathogenicity ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Animal-associated microbiomes are often comprised of structured, multispecies communities, with particular microbes showing trends of co-occurrence or exclusion. Such structure suggests variable community stability, or variable costs and benefits-possibilities with implications for symbiont-driven host adaptation. In this study, we performed systematic screening for maternally transmitted, facultative endosymbionts of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Sampling across six locales, with up to 5 years of collection in each, netted significant and consistent trends of community structure. Co-infections between Serratia symbiotica and Rickettsiella viridis were more common than expected, while Rickettsia and X-type symbionts colonized aphids with Hamiltonella defensa more often than expected. Spiroplasma co-infected with other endosymbionts quite rarely, showing tendencies to colonize as a single species monoculture. Field estimates of maternal transmission rates help to explain our findings: while Serratia and Rickettsiella improved each other's transmission, Spiroplasma reduced transmission rates of co-infecting endosymbionts. In summary, our findings show that North American pea aphids harbour recurring combinations of facultative endosymbionts. Common symbiont partners play distinct roles in pea aphid biology, suggesting the creation of "generalist" aphids receiving symbiont-based defence against multiple ecological stressors. Multimodal selection, at the host level, may thus partially explain our results. But more conclusively, our findings show that within-host microbe interactions, and their resulting impacts on transmission rates, are an important determinant of community structure. Widespread distributions of heritable symbionts across plants and invertebrates hint at the far-reaching implications for these findings, and our work further shows the benefits of symbiosis research within a natural context.}, }
@article {pmid29214346, year = {2018}, author = {Singhal, K and Mohanty, S}, title = {Comparative genomics reveals the presence of putative toxin-antitoxin system in Wolbachia genomes.}, journal = {Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG}, volume = {293}, number = {2}, pages = {525-540}, pmid = {29214346}, issn = {1617-4623}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/classification/genetics ; Drosophila/microbiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Genomics/*methods ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/*genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; }, abstract = {Multiple toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are housed in different locations within the bacterial genome and are known to be associated with various cellular processes and stress-related adaptation. In endosymbionts, although, the TA system has scarce occurrence but studies have highlighted its presence in enhancing host-symbiont interactions. Wolbachia, an obligate endosymbiont, has recently been proposed as a biocontrol agent which may be helpful in controlling vector-borne diseases. There are reports suggesting the role of TA system in inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility in case of Wolbachia, however, the underlying mechanism is still not known. The present study, therefore, aims at exploring the diversity of TA system in four novel (sourced from India) and three reference genomes (NCBI) of Wolbachia strains. Interestingly, we found several putative toxins and antitoxins of RelEB family of Type II TA system in these Wolbachia genomes. The results show wMel genome possessed more number of putative TA loci than wRi genome. In addition, searching through the other sequenced Wolbachia genomes in NCBI, a complete absence of TA system was observed in Wolbachia-infected nematodes. The sequence-wide analysis of all the putative RelEB proteins present amongst the Wolbachia endosymbiont and within the free-living bacterial genomes reveal strain-specific similarities and conserved sequences. However, large amount of sequence diversity was observed between Wolbachia and free-living bacteria. Understanding this sequence variation may help shed light on the differences between these two forms of bacteria and could also explain their niche preferences.}, }
@article {pmid29194776, year = {2018}, author = {Kubiak, K and Sielawa, H and Chen, W and Dzika, E}, title = {Endosymbiosis and its significance in dermatology.}, journal = {Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {347-354}, doi = {10.1111/jdv.14721}, pmid = {29194776}, issn = {1468-3083}, mesh = {Animals ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Insecta/microbiology ; Skin/*microbiology/*parasitology/virology ; Skin Diseases/*microbiology/*parasitology/virology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {Proposed at the beginning of the twentieth century to explain the origin of eukaryotic organelles from prokaryotes, endosymbiosis is now medically defined by various interaction patterns between microorganisms and their residing hosts, best exemplified by the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia identified in arthropods and filarial nematodes, which can influence normal development, reproduction, survival and transmission of the hosts. Based on the transmission modes, vertical or horizontal, and the function of the endosymbionts, the host-symbiont dependence can be divided into primary or secondary. In dermatology, the role of endosymbionts in skin ectoparasitosis has aroused great interests in the past years. Riesia pediculicola is a primary bacterial endosymbiont in body lice Pediculus humanus, and supplement their hosts with vitamin B, especially pantothenic acid. In cimicosis, the Gram-negative Wolbachia can synthesize biotin and riboflavin, which are crucial for the growth and reproduction of the bedbug Cimex lectularius. In human demodicosis and rosacea, further study is required to prove the pathogenic role of the Gram-negative bacteria Bacillus oleronius or the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus demonstrated in the Demodex mites. The high infection rate of adult female ticks Ixodes ricinus with the Gram-negative bacteria Midichloria mitochondrii present in the mitochondria in diverse ovarian cells, with the high seroprevalence rate in tick-exposed subjects, raises the possibility that this non-pathogenic endosymbiont may play a role in immune response and successful transmission of the tick-borne pathogen. The anaerobic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis and bacteria Mycoplasma hominis are two obligate parasites in the urogenital epithelium, with partially overlapping symptoms. Intracellular localization of Mycoplasma hominis can avoid host immune response and penetration of antibiotics, while Trichomonas vaginalis infected with Mycoplasma hominis seems to have a higher cytopathic activity and amoeboid transformation rate. Further study on the biology and pathogenesis of different endosymbionts in dermatological parasitosis will help for the development of new treatment modalities.}, }
@article {pmid29188381, year = {2017}, author = {Rahimi-Kaldeh, S and Ashouri, A and Bandani, A and Tomioka, K}, title = {The effect of Wolbachia on diapause, fecundity, and clock gene expression in Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).}, journal = {Development genes and evolution}, volume = {227}, number = {6}, pages = {401-410}, pmid = {29188381}, issn = {1432-041X}, mesh = {Animals ; CLOCK Proteins/*genetics ; *Diapause ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Insect Proteins/*genetics ; Photoperiod ; RNA, Messenger ; Wasps/*genetics/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {The short day lengths of late summer in moderate regions are used to induce diapause in various insects. Many studies have shown the maternal effect of photoperiod on diapause induction of Trichogramma wasps, but there is no study to show the relationship between photoperiodic regimes and clock genes in these useful biological control agents. Here, we investigated the role of photoperiods on diapause, fecundity, and clock gene expression (clk, cyc, cry2, per, and timeout) in asexual and sexual Trichogramma brassicae as a model insect to find any differences between two strains. Asexual strain was infected by Wolbachia, an endosymbiont bacterium. The diapause percentage was significantly higher under short days (8 h in sexual and 12 h in the asexual T. brassicae), although the diapause percentage of the sexual strain was significantly higher than the asexual one in all the photoperiods. The ANOVA revealed no significant changes between different photoperiods in the clock gene expression in the sexual strain but significant photoperiodic changes in clk, cyc, and timeout in the asexual strain. Our results showed that the mRNA levels of clock genes of asexual T. brassicae were significantly lower than those of sexual strain. The fecundity was significantly higher in the asexual strain. These results suggest that Wolbachia infection makes disturbance on the clock gene expression which consequently reduces the percentage of diapause but increases the fecundity in asexual T. brassicae.}, }
@article {pmid29187976, year = {2017}, author = {Conner, WR and Blaxter, ML and Anfora, G and Ometto, L and Rota-Stabelli, O and Turelli, M}, title = {Genome comparisons indicate recent transfer of wRi-like Wolbachia between sister species Drosophila suzukii and D. subpulchrella.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {7}, number = {22}, pages = {9391-9404}, pmid = {29187976}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Wolbachia endosymbionts may be acquired by horizontal transfer, by introgression through hybridization between closely related species, or by cladogenic retention during speciation. All three modes of acquisition have been demonstrated, but their relative frequency is largely unknown. Drosophila suzukii and its sister species D. subpulchrella harbor Wolbachia, denoted wSuz and wSpc, very closely related to wRi, identified in California populations of D. simulans. However, these variants differ in their induced phenotypes: wRi causes significant cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in D. simulans, but CI has not been detected in D. suzukii or D. subpulchrella. Our draft genomes of wSuz and wSpc contain full-length copies of 703 of the 734 single-copy genes found in wRi. Over these coding sequences, wSuz and wSpc differ by only 0.004% (i.e., 28 of 704,883 bp); they are sisters relative to wRi, from which each differs by 0.014%-0.015%. Using published data from D. melanogaster, Nasonia wasps and Nomada bees to calibrate relative rates of Wolbachia versus host nuclear divergence, we conclude that wSuz and wSpc are too similar-by at least a factor of 100-to be plausible candidates for cladogenic transmission. These three wRi-like Wolbachia, which differ in CI phenotype in their native hosts, have different numbers of orthologs of genes postulated to contribute to CI; and the CI loci differ at several nucleotides that may account for the CI difference. We discuss the general problem of distinguishing alternative modes of Wolbachia acquisition, focusing on the difficulties posed by limited knowledge of variation in absolute and relative rates of molecular evolution for host nuclear genomes, mitochondria, and Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid29186405, year = {2018}, author = {Bleidorn, C and Gerth, M}, title = {A critical re-evaluation of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) efforts in Wolbachia.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fix163}, pmid = {29186405}, issn = {1574-6941}, mesh = {Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Multilocus Sequence Typing/*methods ; Phylogeny ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) is the most common, and arguably one of the most important inherited symbionts. Molecular differentiation of Wolbachia strains is routinely performed with a set of five multilocus sequence typing (MLST) markers. However, since its inception in 2006, the performance of MLST in Wolbachia strain typing has not been assessed objectively. Here, we evaluate the properties of Wolbachia MLST markers and compare it to 252 other single copy loci present in the genome of most Wolbachia strains. Specifically, we investigated how well MLST performs at strain differentiation, at reflecting genetic diversity of strains, and as phylogenetic marker. We find that MLST loci are outperformed by other loci at all tasks they are currently employed for, and thus that they do not reflect the properties of a Wolbachia strain very well. We argue that whole genome typing approaches should be used for Wolbachia typing in the future. Alternatively, if few loci approaches are necessary, we provide a characterisation of 252 single copy loci for a number a criteria, which may assist in designing specific typing systems or phylogenetic studies.}, }
@article {pmid29183717, year = {2018}, author = {Dorigatti, I and McCormack, C and Nedjati-Gilani, G and Ferguson, NM}, title = {Using Wolbachia for Dengue Control: Insights from Modelling.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {102-113}, pmid = {29183717}, issn = {1471-5007}, support = {U01 GM110721/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; //Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Dengue/*prevention & control/transmission ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; *Models, Theoretical ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dengue is the most common arboviral infection of humans, responsible for a substantial disease burden across the tropics. Traditional insecticide-based vector-control programmes have limited effectiveness, and the one licensed vaccine has a complex and imperfect efficacy profile. Strains of the bacterium Wolbachia, deliberately introduced into Aedes aegyptimosquitoes, have been shown to be able to spread to high frequencies in mosquito populations in release trials, and mosquitoes infected with these strains show markedly reduced vector competence. Thus, Wolbachia represents an exciting potential new form of biocontrol for arboviral diseases, including dengue. Here, we review how mathematical models give insight into the dynamics of the spread of Wolbachia, the potential impact of Wolbachia on dengue transmission, and we discuss the remaining challenges in evaluation and development.}, }
@article {pmid31014588, year = {2017}, author = {González-Álvarez, VH and Fernández de Mera, IG and Cabezas-Cruz, A and de la Fuente, J and Ortega-Morales, AI and Almazán, C}, title = {Molecular survey of Rickettsial organisms in ectoparasites from a dog shelter in Northern Mexico.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {143-148}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.10.005}, pmid = {31014588}, issn = {2405-9390}, mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Housing, Animal ; Phthiraptera/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rickettsia/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Siphonaptera/microbiology ; Species Specificity ; Ticks/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The objective of this study was to screen and identify rickettsial organisms in ectoparasites collected from dogs in a shelter in Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. One hundred dogs were inspected for ectoparasites. All the dogs were parasitized with Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, three with Heterodoxus spiniger lice and one with Ctenocephalides felis fleas. DNA was extracted from the ectoparasites found on each dog, and PCR with the primers for the Anaplasmataceae 16S rRNA and citrate synthase gltA genes were performed. Eight DNA samples obtained from ticks, three from lice and one from fleas were positive to 16S rRNA. Only one sample from C. felis and one from H. spiniger were positive to gltA. Sequence analysis of amplified products from C. felis showed identity to Rickettsia felis, Wolbachia pipientis, and Wolbachia spp., while a sequence from H. spiniger showed identity to Wolbachia spp. Herein we report the molecular detection of R. felis, W. pipientis, and Wolbachia spp. in C. felis and H. spiniger in northern Mexico. These results contribute to the knowledge of the microorganisms present in ectoparasites from dogs in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid29181449, year = {2017}, author = {Mann, E and Stouthamer, CM and Kelly, SE and Dzieciol, M and Hunter, MS and Schmitz-Esser, S}, title = {Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Novel Candidate Genes for Cardinium hertigii-Caused Cytoplasmic Incompatibility and Host-Cell Interaction.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {29181449}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is an intriguing, widespread, symbiont-induced reproductive failure that decreases offspring production of arthropods through crossing incompatibility of infected males with uninfected females or with females infected with a distinct symbiont genotype. For years, the molecular mechanism of CI remained unknown. Recent genomic, proteomic, biochemical, and cell biological studies have contributed to understanding of CI in the alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia and implicate genes associated with the WO prophage. Besides a recently discovered additional lineage of alphaproteobacterial symbionts only moderately related to Wolbachia, Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) is the only other symbiont known to cause CI, and genomic evidence suggests that it has very little homology with Wolbachia and evolved this phenotype independently. Here, we present the first transcriptomic study of the CI Cardinium strain cEper1, in its natural host, Encarsia suzannae, to detect important CI candidates and genes involved in the insect-Cardinium symbiosis. Highly expressed transcripts included genes involved in manipulating ubiquitination, apoptosis, and host DNA. Female-biased genes encoding ribosomal proteins suggest an increase in general translational activity of Cardinium in female wasps. The results confirm previous genomic analyses that indicated that Wolbachia and Cardinium utilize different genes to induce CI, and transcriptome patterns further highlight expression of some common pathways that these bacteria use to interact with the host and potentially cause this enigmatic and fundamental manipulation of host reproduction. IMPORTANCE The majority of insects carry maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that are important in their hosts' biology, ecology, and evolution. Some of these bacterial symbionts cause a reproductive failure known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, the mating of symbiont-infected males and uninfected females produces few or no daughters. The CI symbiont then spreads and can have a significant impact on the insect host population. Cardinium, a bacterial endosymbiont of the parasitoid wasp Encarsia in the Bacteroidetes, is the only bacterial lineage known to cause CI outside the Alphaproteobacteria, where Wolbachia and another recently discovered CI symbiont reside. Here, we sought insight into the gene expression of a CI-inducing Cardinium strain in its natural host, Encarsia suzannae. Our study provides the first insights into the Cardinium transcriptome and provides support for the hypothesis that Wolbachia and Cardinium target similar host pathways with distinct and largely unrelated sets of genes.}, }
@article {pmid29178391, year = {2018}, author = {Otten, C and Brilli, M and Vollmer, W and Viollier, PH and Salje, J}, title = {Peptidoglycan in obligate intracellular bacteria.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {142-163}, pmid = {29178391}, issn = {1365-2958}, support = {//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; 101824/Z/13/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Anaplasma marginale/classification/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Chlamydia/classification/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Intracellular Space/*microbiology ; Orientia tsutsugamushi/classification/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Peptidoglycan/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Wolbachia/classification/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Peptidoglycan is the predominant stress-bearing structure in the cell envelope of most bacteria, and also a potent stimulator of the eukaryotic immune system. Obligate intracellular bacteria replicate exclusively within the interior of living cells, an osmotically protected niche. Under these conditions peptidoglycan is not necessarily needed to maintain the integrity of the bacterial cell. Moreover, the presence of peptidoglycan puts bacteria at risk of detection and destruction by host peptidoglycan recognition factors and downstream effectors. This has resulted in a selective pressure and opportunity to reduce the levels of peptidoglycan. In this review we have analysed the occurrence of genes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism across the major obligate intracellular bacterial species. From this comparative analysis, we have identified a group of predicted 'peptidoglycan-intermediate' organisms that includes the Chlamydiae, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Wolbachia and Anaplasma marginale. This grouping is likely to reflect biological differences in their infection cycle compared with peptidoglycan-negative obligate intracellular bacteria such as Ehrlichia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, as well as obligate intracellular bacteria with classical peptidoglycan such as Coxiella, Buchnera and members of the Rickettsia genus. The signature gene set of the peptidoglycan-intermediate group reveals insights into minimal enzymatic requirements for building a peptidoglycan-like sacculus and/or division septum.}, }
@article {pmid29169377, year = {2017}, author = {Pagès, N and Muñoz-Muñoz, F and Verdún, M and Pujol, N and Talavera, S}, title = {First detection of Wolbachia-infected Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe: Wolbachia and Cardinium infection across Culicoides communities revealed in Spain.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {582}, pmid = {29169377}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {FAU2008-0019//INIA/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Bluetongue/transmission ; Ceratopogonidae/classification/*microbiology ; Disease Vectors ; Europe/epidemiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/microbiology ; Insect Control ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Prevalence ; Spain/epidemiology ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) transmit pathogens that cause important diseases. No effective technique has been found to properly control either Culicoides spp. abundance or their likelihood to transmit pathogens. Endosymbionts, particularly Wolbachia, represent powerful alternatives to control arthropods of health interest. In arthropods, Wolbachia can reduce vector fitness and vector's pathogen transmission capacity, thus being a potential target for population reduction and replacement strategies.
RESULTS: The presence of Wolbachia and Cardinium endosymbionts was screened in Spanish Culicoides spp. populations at livestock premises and natural habitats. The first detection of Wolbachia-infected Culicoides spp. in Europe is reported. The putative Palaearctic vectors for bluetongue and Schmallenberg diseases, C. imicola, C. obsoletus (s.s.) and C. pulicaris (s.l.), were infected with Wolbachia. Four genetic clusters of closely-related Wolbachia strains from A and B supergroups were detected infecting Culicoides. Cardinium strain of the C-group was detected in C. obsoletus (s.l.). Both endosymbionts, Wolbachia and Cardinium, were detected in Culicoides species of minor epidemiological relevance as well. Higher prevalence of Wolbachia infection was detected in natural habitats, while livestock premises lead to higher prevalence of Cardinium. Significant differences in the prevalence of Wolbachia, but not Cardinium, were also detected between some Culicoides species and between locations.
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Wolbachia and Cardinium endosymbionts in Culicoides is expected to trigger new research towards the control of Culicoides-transmitted diseases. The results of the present study could have an impact beyond the Culicoides arena because successful Wolbachia transfection is possible even across genus and species barriers.}, }
@article {pmid29165845, year = {2018}, author = {Audsley, MD and Seleznev, A and Joubert, DA and Woolfit, M and O'Neill, SL and McGraw, EA}, title = {Wolbachia infection alters the relative abundance of resident bacteria in adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, but not larvae.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {297-309}, doi = {10.1111/mec.14436}, pmid = {29165845}, issn = {1365-294X}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Larva/microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Wolbachia/classification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Insect-symbiont interactions are known to play key roles in host functions and fitness. The common insect endosymbiont Wolbachia can reduce the ability of several human pathogens, including arboviruses and the malaria parasite, to replicate in insect hosts. Wolbachia does not naturally infect Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue virus, but transinfected Ae. aegypti have antidengue virus properties and are currently being trialled as a dengue biocontrol strategy. Here, we assess the impact of Wolbachia infection of Ae. aegypti on the microbiome of wild mosquito populations (adults and larvae) collected from release sites in Cairns, Australia, by profiling the 16S rRNA gene using next-generation sequencing. Our data indicate that Wolbachia reduces the relative abundance of a large proportion of bacterial taxa in Ae. aegypti adults, that is in accordance with the known pathogen-blocking effects of Wolbachia on a variety of bacteria and viruses. In adults, several of the most abundant bacterial genera were found to undergo significant shifts in relative abundance. However, the genera showing the greatest changes in relative abundance in Wolbachia-infected adults represented a low proportion of the total microbiome. In addition, there was little effect of Wolbachia infection on the relative abundance of bacterial taxa in larvae, or on species diversity (accounting for species richness and evenness together) detected in adults or larvae. These results offer insight into the effects of Wolbachia on the Ae. aegypti microbiome in a native setting, an important consideration for field releases of Wolbachia into the population.}, }
@article {pmid29161848, year = {2018}, author = {Zheng, B and Guo, W and Hu, L and Huang, M and Yu, J}, title = {Complex wolbachia infection dynamics in mosquitoes with imperfect maternal transmission.}, journal = {Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {523-541}, doi = {10.3934/mbe.2018024}, pmid = {29161848}, issn = {1551-0018}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Australia ; Dengue/*transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Theoretical ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology ; Oviposition ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Vietnam ; *Wolbachia ; }, abstract = {Dengue, malaria, and Zika are dangerous diseases primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles stephensi. In the last few years, a new disease control method, besides pesticide spraying to kill mosquitoes, has been developed by releasing mosquitoes carrying bacterium Wolbachia into the natural areas to infect the wild population of mosquitoes and block disease transmission. The bacterium is transmitted by infected mothers and the maternal transmission was assumed to be perfect in virtually all previous models. However, recent experiments on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi showed that the transmission can be imperfect. In this work, we develop a model to describe how the imperfect maternal transmission affects the dynamics of Wolbachia spread. We establish two useful identities and employ them to find sufficient and necessary conditions under which the system exhibits monomorphic, bistable, and polymorphic dynamics. These analytical results may help find a plausible explanation for the recent observation that the Wolbachia strain ωMelPop failed to establish in the natural populations in Australia and Vietnam.}, }
@article {pmid29160361, year = {2018}, author = {Almeida, RP and Stouthamer, R}, title = {Phylogeny of the Trichogramma endosymbiont Wolbachia, an alpha-proteobacteria (Rickettsiae).}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, pages = {421-428}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.166671}, pmid = {29160361}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; DNA Primers/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Wasps/genetics/*microbiology ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia (Hertig) endosymbionts are extensively studied in a wide range of organisms and are known to be transmitted through the egg cytoplasm to the offsping. Wolbachia may cause several types of reproductive modifications in arthropods. In Trichogramma species, parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia bacteria allow females wasps to produce daughters from unfertilized eggs and these bacteria are present in at least 9% of all Trichogramma species. Phylogenetic studies have led to the subdivision of the Wolbachia clade in five supergroups (A, B, C, D and E) and Wolbachia from Trichogramma belong to supergroup B. Here, using the wsp gene, four groups of Wolbachia that infect Trichogramma species were distinguished and the addition of a new group "Ato" was suggested due to the addition of Wolbachia from Trichogramma atopovirilia (Oatman and Platner). Specific primers were designed and tested for the "Ato" group. Seventy-five percent of all evaluated Wolbachia strains from Trichogramma fell within "Sib" group.}, }
@article {pmid29157676, year = {2018}, author = {Asad, S and Parry, R and Asgari, S}, title = {Upregulation of Aedes aegypti Vago1 by Wolbachia and its effect on dengue virus replication.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {92}, number = {}, pages = {45-52}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.11.008}, pmid = {29157676}, issn = {1879-0240}, mesh = {Aedes/*genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Up-Regulation ; *Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dengue infection along with its related disease conditions poses a significant threat to human health. The pathogen responsible for this infection is dengue virus (DENV) which is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Unavailability of a potent vaccine has recently sparked renewed research endeavours aimed at vector control. To date, Wolbachia as an endosymbiotic bacterium has shown promise as a novel biocontrol agent to restrict DENV replication in the vector, although the underlying antiviral mechanism remains elusive. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential role of Vago as a novel secretory protein involved in cross-talk between the innate immune pathways in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to restrict West Nile virus replication. In this study, we have identified two homologs of the Vago protein in Ae. aegypti and looked into their modulation in the case of Wolbachia wMelPop strain infection. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of AeVago1, that is highly induced by Wolbachia, in the context of Wolbachia-mosquito-DENV interactions. Knockdown studies of the AeVago1 gene in Wolbachia-infected cells led to significant increases in DENV replication, with no effect on Wolbachia density. Our results suggest that the Wolbachia-induced AeVago1 in Ae. aegypti may function as a host factor to suppress DENV replication in the mosquito.}, }
@article {pmid29150322, year = {2018}, author = {Van Oosten, AR and Duron, O and Heylen, DJA}, title = {Sex ratios of the tick Ixodes arboricola are strongly female-biased, but there are no indications of sex-distorting bacteria.}, journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {307-313}, doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.11.004}, pmid = {29150322}, issn = {1877-9603}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Belgium ; Coxiellaceae/*physiology ; Ixodes/*microbiology/*physiology ; Rickettsia/*physiology ; *Sex Ratio ; Songbirds/parasitology ; Spiroplasma/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Studies on sex ratio are of fundamental importance for understanding the biology of populations and biological control of pests and pathogens. In most Ixodes tick species, only females feed in the adult stage and, hence, contribute to pathogen transmission. The tree-hole tick Ixodes arboricola infests cavity-nesting birds and has limited dispersal possibilities. It plays an important role in the maintenance of zoonotic disease cycles. Here, we quantified the sex ratio of 718 adult I. arboricola ticks obtained from a laboratory stock at nine distinct periods (cohorts) from 2008 to 2015. In addition, we screened 93 specimens, collected from four study sites in 2011 and 2012, for the presence of six maternally inherited bacterial parasites known to manipulate arthropod sex ratios. We found significantly female-biased sex ratios in seven out of nine cohorts. There were no infections with members of the Wolbachia, Arsenophonus or Cardinium bacterial genera, whereas 96.8% of the screened ticks were infected with Rickettsia vini, 22.6% with Rickettsiella sp., and 14.0% with Spiroplasma ixodetis. Male and female I. arboricola were found equally infected. Our results suggest skewed sex ratios in I. arboricola are not caused by these bacterial infections, although there may be other, untested candidates driving sex ratios. Alternatively, female-biased sex ratios may be an adaptation in females to high local densities and low dispersal, where the production of daughters has a selective advantage because a few sons can fertilise all daughters.}, }
@article {pmid29150304, year = {2017}, author = {Lichten, E}, title = {Are the estrogenic hormonal effects of environmental toxins affecting small intestinal bacterial and microfilaria overgrowth?.}, journal = {Medical hypotheses}, volume = {109}, number = {}, pages = {90-94}, doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.022}, pmid = {29150304}, issn = {1532-2777}, mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections/pathology ; Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology ; Crohn Disease/pathology ; Endocrine Disruptors/*adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Estrogens/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/*drug effects/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Male ; Microfilariae/growth & development ; Models, Theoretical ; Nematoda/*growth & development ; Rifamycins/therapeutic use ; Rifaximin ; Testosterone Congeners/pharmacology ; Treatment Outcome ; Wolbachia/growth & development ; }, abstract = {The important role of microfilaria (worms) in human and animal disease remains an area of key disagreement between the naturopathic and allopathic physicians. While microfilaria infections are rampart in undeveloped countries, they rarely rise to identification as a cause of disease in Western countries. New research studies in the diagnosis and treatment of SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) and (IBD) Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's Disease and microcytic colitis may make both sides equally correct. A study of rifaximin failures in SIBO positive individuals finds biomarkers of decreased Free Androgen Index (FAI), high incidence of autoimmune disease and elevated Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG). The author hypothesizes that the underlying pathophysiology is increased exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) which hormonally act as xeno-estrogens. These xeno-estrogens increase the host production of SHBG, reduce pituitary stimulation of androgen product and result in a shift to estrogen dominance. Estrogen dominance is associated with autoimmune diseases and catabolic states. Treatment with a mixture of anabolic steroids that raises the FAI and lowers SHBG results in dramatic improvement in the signs and symptoms and recovery of the vast percentage of severe SIBO sufferers the author has treated. Similar results have been seen in severe pre-surgical cases of IBD whom fail all pharmaceutical interventions. Based on the recent recognition of the biological importance of Wolbachia in the occurrence of major diseases in the underdeveloped countries such as onchocerciasis, and the sexual nature of Wolbachia's role in helminths reproduction, the author hypothesizes that the EDCs are shifting the host's hormonal milieu in a more estrogenic direction and increasing reproduction of helminths changing the gastrointestinal microbiota. Present allopathic treatment of onchocerciasis utilizes albendazole and avermectin as therapy against the microfilaria larvae and doxycycline as bactericidal for Wolbachia. The allopathic treatments are unacceptable for pregnancy and children. Both naturopathic and allopathic treatments share a common focus on the suppression of the underlying bacterium Wolbachia infestation. The author hypothesizes that treatment of these two very different gastrointestinal diseases involves first establishing a normal, anabolic hormonal milieu and concurrently controlling an underlying yet unrecognized microfilaria overgrowth through naturopathic and allopathic treatments prescribed to the host. A case report of one such critically ill individual is noted. A thorough case controlled observation of symptoms matched with biological culture colony count and concentration of microfilaria in disease before and after the aforementioned anabolic treatment may answer the hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid29146940, year = {2017}, author = {Dutra, HLC and Rodrigues, SL and Mansur, SB and de Oliveira, SP and Caragata, EP and Moreira, LA}, title = {Development and physiological effects of an artificial diet for Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {15687}, pmid = {29146940}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *Diet ; Erythrocytes/metabolism/parasitology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fertility ; Humans ; Longevity ; Male ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/virology ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia spreads rapidly through populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and strongly inhibits infection with key human pathogens including the dengue and Zika viruses. Mosquito control programs aimed at limiting transmission of these viruses are ongoing in multiple countries, yet there is a dearth of mass rearing infrastructure specific to Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. One example is the lack of a blood meal substitute, which accounts for the Wolbachia-specific physiological changes in infected mosquitoes, that allows the bacterium to spread, and block viral infections. To that end, we have developed a blood meal substitute specifically for mosquitoes infected with the wMel Wolbachia strain. This diet, ADM, contains milk protein, and infant formula, dissolved in a mixture of bovine red blood cells and Aedes physiological saline, with ATP as a phagostimulant. Feeding with ADM leads to high levels of viable egg production, but also does not affect key Wolbachia parameters including, bacterial density, cytoplasmic incompatibility, or resistance to infection with Zika virus. ADM represents an effective substitute for human blood, which could potentially be used for the mass rearing of wMel-infected A. aegypti, and could easily be optimized in the future to improve performance.}, }
@article {pmid29143669, year = {2017}, author = {Papich, MG}, title = {Considerations for using minocycline vs doxycycline for treatment of canine heartworm disease.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {493}, pmid = {29143669}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Dirofilaria immitis/*microbiology/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dogs ; Doxycycline/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Mice ; Minocycline/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Wolbachia/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Doxycycline has been considered the first drug of choice for treating Wolbachia, a member of the Rickettsiaceae, which has a symbiotic relationship with filarial worms, including heartworms. Wolbachia, is susceptible to tetracyclines, which have been used as adjunctive treatments for heartworm disease. Treatment with doxycycline reduces Wolbachia numbers in all stages of heartworms and improves outcomes and decreased microfilaremia in dogs treated for heartworm disease. The American Heartworm Society recommends treatment with doxycycline in dogs diagnosed with heartworm disease at a dose of 10 mg/kg twice daily for 28 days. If doxycycline is not available, minocycline can be considered as a substitute. However, minocycline has not undergone an evaluation in dogs with heartworm disease, nor has an effective dose been established. Minocycline is an attractive option because of the higher cost of doxycycline and new pharmacokinetic information for dogs that provides guidance for appropriate dosage regimens to achieve pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) targets.
RESULTS: Published reports from the Anti-Wolbachia Consortium (A-WOL) indicate superior in vitro activity of minocycline over doxycycline. Studies performed in mouse models to measure anti-Wolbachia activity showed that minocycline was 1.7 times more effective than doxycycline, despite a 3-fold lower pharmacokinetic exposure. To achieve the same exposure as achieved in the mouse infection model, a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) analysis was conducted to determine optimal dosages for dogs. The analysis showed that an oral minocycline dose of 3.75 to 5 mg/kg administered twice daily would attain similar targets as observed in mice and predicted for human infections.
CONCLUSIONS: There are potentially several advantages for use of minocycline in animals. It is well absorbed from oral administration, it has less protein binding than doxycycline (65% vs 92%) allowing for better distribution into tissue, and it is approximately two times more lipophilic than doxycycline, which may result in better intracellular penetration. More work is needed to document efficacy of minocycline for treating canine heartworm disease.}, }
@article {pmid29143657, year = {2017}, author = {Nelson, CT and Myrick, ES and Nelson, TA}, title = {Clinical benefits of incorporating doxycycline into a canine heartworm treatment protocol.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {515}, pmid = {29143657}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; Clinical Protocols ; Dirofilaria immitis/drug effects/physiology ; Dirofilariasis/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Dogs ; Female ; Filaricides/*administration & dosage ; Ivermectin/administration & dosage ; Male ; Wolbachia/*drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The objective of heartworm treatment is to improve the clinical condition of the patient and to eliminate pre-cardiac, juvenile, and adult worm stages with minimal complications. Pulmonary thromboembolisms are an inevitable consequence of worm death and can result in severe pulmonary reactions and even death of the patient. To minimize these reactions, various treatment protocols involving melarsomine, the only adulticidal drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administrations (FDA), in conjunction with macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventives and glucocorticosteroids have been advocated. The discovery of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia in Dirofilaria immitis has led to several experimental studies examining the effects of administering doxycycline to reduce or eliminate Wolbachia organism. These studies have shown a decrease in gross and microscopic pathology of pulmonary parenchyma in experimental heartworm infections pretreated with doxycycline before melarsomine administration.
METHODS: Electronic medical records from a large veterinary practice in northeast Alabama were searched to identify dogs treated for heartworms with melarsomine from January 2005 through December 2012. The search was refined further to select for dogs that met the following criteria: 1) received two or three doses of ivermectin heartworm preventive prior to melarsomine injections, 2) received one injection of melarsomine followed by two injections 4 to 8 weeks later, and 3) were treated with prednisone following melarsomine injections. The dogs were then divided into those that also were treated with doxycycline 10 mg/kg BID for 4 weeks (Group A, n = 47) and those that did not receive doxycycline (Group B, n = 47). The medical notes of all 94 cases were then reviewed for comments concerning coughing, dyspnea, or hemoptysis in the history, physical exam template, or from telephone conversations with clients the week following each visit. Any dog that died within one year of treatment from either cardiovascular or pulmonary problems was noted.
RESULTS: Dogs from Group A receiving doxycycline had fewer respiratory complications (6.52%) and heartworm disease-related deaths (0%) than Group B (19.14% and 4.25%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Although there are not enough cases to indicate statistical significance, the results strongly suggest that including doxycycline into canine heartworm treatment protocols decreases post-treatment complications and mortality in naturally infected clinical cases.}, }
@article {pmid29141766, year = {2018}, author = {Sarwar, MS and Jahan, N and Shahbaz, F}, title = {Molecular Detection and Characterization of Wolbachia pipientis from Culex quinquefasciatus Collected from Lahore, Pakistan.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, pages = {154-161}, pmid = {29141766}, issn = {1476-1645}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Female ; Male ; Ovary/microbiology ; Pakistan ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {The gram-negative, pleomorphic endosymbiont Wolbachia is known to infect a large number of insects and other arthropods naturally. This bacterium modifies the host biology, mainly causing reproductive alterations including feminization, death of male, parthenogenesis, and importantly cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility results in nonviable offspring and vector population suppression. In addition, this bacterium rapidly spreads and propagates within the host population. This study is the first report on Wolbachia detection and characterization from Culex quinquefasciatus collected from Lahore, Pakistan. For this purpose, mosquito adults were collected from different localities of Lahore and identified at the species level. A total of 145 pairs of ovaries were individually subjected to DNA isolation, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of three (wsp, 16S rRNA, and ftsZ) genes were investigated. In all, 128 females were found positive, representing 82.3% infection rate. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the detected endosymbiont had 100% homology with Wolbachia pipientis wPip strain and supergroup B. The detection of the local strain of Wolbachia (wPip) will be useful in investigating its potential for the control of dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) and reducing dengue transmission in Pakistan.}, }
@article {pmid29132425, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, D and Zhang, M and Wu, Y and Gilles, JRL and Yamada, H and Wu, Z and Xi, Z and Zheng, X}, title = {Establishment of a medium-scale mosquito facility: optimization of the larval mass-rearing unit for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {569}, pmid = {29132425}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {19115//the Coordinated Research Project D44002 from IAEA/ ; R01AI080597//the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/ ; No. 311030//the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education/ ; No. 2011S009//the Guangdong Innovative Research Team Program/ ; No. 2016-2414//the Scientific and Technological Leading Talents of Guangzhou Development District/ ; No. 2016YFC1200500//National Key R & D Program of China/ ; R01 AI080597/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 18816//the Coordinated Research Project D42016 from IAEA/ ; }, mesh = {Aedes/genetics/growth & development/microbiology/*physiology ; Animals ; Female ; Larva/growth & development/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; Pupa/growth & development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Wolbachia/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Standardized larval rearing units for mosquito production are essential for the establishment of a mass-rearing facility. Two larval rearing units, developed respectively by the Guangzhou Wolbaki Biotech Co. Ltd. (Wolbaki) and Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture (FAO/IAEA-IPCL), are tested to assess their potential uses to mass-rear the larval stages of Aedes albopictus in support of the establishment of a medium-scale mosquito facility for the application of mosquito genetic control strategies.
METHODS: The triple Wolbachia-infected Ae. albopictus strain (HC strain) was used in this study. The effects of larval densities of two larval rearing trays (corresponding to 2.4, 3.0 and 3.6 larvae/cm2) and tray size/position (top, middle and bottom layers) on the pupae production and larval survival were assessed when trays were stacked within the larval rearing units. The male pupae production, female pupae contamination after sex separation, and male mating competitiveness were also studied by using both larval rearing units in their entirety.
RESULTS: The optimal larval rearing density for Wolbaki-tray (Wol-tray) was 6,600 larvae (equal to 3.0 larvae/cm2) and 18,000 larvae (3.6 larvae/cm2) for the FAO/IAEA-IPCL tray (IAEA-tray). No significant difference in pupae production was observed when trays were stacked within top, middle or bottom layers for both units. At thirty-four hours after the first pupation, the average male pupae production was (0.89 × 105) for the Wol-unit and (3.16 × 105) for the IAEA-unit. No significant difference was observed in female pupae contamination between these two units. The HC males showed equal male mating competitiveness to wild type males for mating with wild type females in large cages, regardless of whether they were reared in the Wol-unit or IAEA-unit.
CONCLUSIONS: The current study has indicated that both the Wol-unit and IAEA-unit are suitable for larvae mass-rearing for Ae. albopictus. However, the IAEA-unit, with higher male production and less space required compared to the Wol-unit, is recommended to be used in support of the establishment of a medium-sized mosquito facility.}, }
@article {pmid29125253, year = {2017}, author = {Tmimi, FZ and Bkhache, M and Mounaji, K and Failloux, AB and Sarih, M}, title = {First report of the endobacteria Wolbachia in natural populations of Culex pipiens in Morocco.}, journal = {Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {349-351}, doi = {10.1111/jvec.12275}, pmid = {29125253}, issn = {1948-7134}, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*microbiology ; Morocco ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, }
@article {pmid29122518, year = {2017}, author = {Frentiu, FD}, title = {Lipids and Pathogen Blocking by Wolbachia.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, pages = {916-917}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.007}, pmid = {29122518}, issn = {1471-5007}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/microbiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control ; Lipids/*physiology ; Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/virology ; Wolbachia/*metabolism/*virology ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/microbiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {Mosquito-borne viruses are major human pathogens. Introducing Wolbachia into mosquitoes could reduce disease burdens because these bacteria block virus transmission. How Wolbachia does this is unclear, but new data show that modulation of host-cell lipids is critical.}, }
@article {pmid29116011, year = {2017}, author = {Tsai, CH and Chen, TH and Lin, C and Shu, PY and Su, CL and Teng, HJ}, title = {The impact of temperature and Wolbachia infection on vector competence of potential dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the transmission of dengue virus serotype 1 in southern Taiwan.}, journal = {Parasites & vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {551}, pmid = {29116011}, issn = {1756-3305}, mesh = {Aedes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology/physiology/*virology ; Animals ; Dengue/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Dengue Virus/*physiology ; Female ; Mosquito Vectors/*microbiology/physiology/*virology ; Salivary Glands/virology ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; Temperature ; Thorax ; Viral Load ; Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/isolation & purification/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated the impact of temperature and Wolbachia infection on vector competence of the local Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations of southern Taiwan in the laboratory.
RESULTS: After oral infection with dengue serotype 1 virus (DENV-1), female mosquitoes were incubated at temperatures of 10, 16, 22, 28 and 34 °C. Subsequently, salivary gland, head, and thorax-abdomen samples were analyzed for their virus titer at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days post-infection (dpi) by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that Ae. aegypti survived significantly longer and that dengue viral genome levels in the thorax-abdomen (103.25 ± 0.53-104.09 ± 0.71 PFU equivalents/ml) and salivary gland samples (102.67 ± 0.33-103.89 ± 0.58 PFU equivalents/ml) were significantly higher at high temperature (28-34 °C). The survival of Ae. albopictus was significantly better at 16 or 28 °C, but the virus titers from thorax-abdomen (100.70-102.39 ± 1.31 PFU equivalents/ml) and salivary gland samples (100.12 ± 0.05-101.51 ± 0.31 PFU equivalents/ml) were significantly higher at 22-28 °C. Within viable temperature ranges, the viruses were detectable after 10 dpi in salivary glands and head tissues in Ae. aegypti and after 5-10 dpi in Ae. albopictus. Vector competence was measured in Ae. albopictus with and without Wolbachia at 28 °C. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes survived significantly better and carried lower virus titers than Wolbachia-free mosquitoes. Wolbachia coinfections (92.8-97.2%) with wAlbA and wAlbB strains were commonly found in a wild population of Ae. albopictus.
CONCLUSIONS: In southern Taiwan, Ae. aegypti is the main vector of dengue and Ae. albopictus has a non-significant role in the transmission of dengue virus due to the high prevalence of Wolbachia infection in the local mosquito population of southern Taiwan.}, }
@article {pmid29114401, year = {2017}, author = {Robinson, KM and Hawkins, AS and Santana-Cruz, I and Adkins, RS and Shetty, AC and Nagaraj, S and Sadzewicz, L and Tallon, LJ and Rasko, DA and Fraser, CM and Mahurkar, A and Silva, JC and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Aligner optimization increases accuracy and decreases compute times in multi-species sequence data.}, journal = {Microbial genomics}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, pages = {e000122}, pmid = {29114401}, issn = {2057-5858}, support = {R01 CA206188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; U19 AI110820/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Brugia malayi/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Data Accuracy ; Databases, Genetic ; Datasets as Topic ; Genome, Human ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Sequence Alignment/*methods ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Software ; Time Factors ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {As sequencing technologies have evolved, the tools to analyze these sequences have made similar advances. However, for multi-species samples, we observed important and adverse differences in alignment specificity and computation time for bwa- mem (Burrows-Wheeler aligner-maximum exact matches) relative to bwa-aln. Therefore, we sought to optimize bwa-mem for alignment of data from multi-species samples in order to reduce alignment time and increase the specificity of alignments. In the multi-species cases examined, there was one majority member (i.e. Plasmodium falciparum or Brugia malayi) and one minority member (i.e. human or the Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm) of the sequence data. Increasing bwa-mem seed length from the default value reduced the number of read pairs from the majority sequence member that incorrectly aligned to the reference genome of the minority sequence member. Combining both source genomes into a single reference genome increased the specificity of mapping, while also reducing the central processing unit (CPU) time. In Plasmodium, at a seed length of 18 nt, 24.1 % of reads mapped to the human genome using 1.7±0.1 CPU hours, while 83.6 % of reads mapped to the Plasmodium genome using 0.2±0.0 CPU hours (total: 107.7 % reads mapping; in 1.9±0.1 CPU hours). In contrast, 97.1 % of the reads mapped to a combined Plasmodium-human reference in only 0.7±0.0 CPU hours. Overall, the results suggest that combining all references into a single reference database and using a 23 nt seed length reduces the computational time, while maximizing specificity. Similar results were found for simulated sequence reads from a mock metagenomic data set. We found similar improvements to computation time in a publicly available human-only data set.}, }
@article {pmid29114059, year = {2017}, author = {Gomes, FM and Hixson, BL and Tyner, MDW and Ramirez, JL and Canepa, GE and Alves E Silva, TL and Molina-Cruz, A and Keita, M and Kane, F and Traoré, B and Sogoba, N and Barillas-Mury, C}, title = {Effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes from Mali on Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {47}, pages = {12566-12571}, pmid = {29114059}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/*microbiology/parasitology ; Female ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology/parasitology ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/parasitology/pathology/*transmission ; Mali/epidemiology ; Oocysts/pathogenicity/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plasmodium falciparum/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sporozoites/pathogenicity/physiology ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {A naturally occurring Wolbachia strain (wAnga-Mali) was identified in mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected in the Malian villages of Dangassa and Kenieroba. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of two 16S rRNA regions showed that wAnga-Mali clusters with Wolbachia strains from supergroup A and has the highest homology to a Wolbachia strain isolated from cat fleas (Ctenocephalides). wAnga-Mali is different from two Wolbachia strains previously reported in A. gambiae from Burkina Faso (wAnga_VK5_STP and wAnga_VK5_3.1a). Quantitative analysis of Wolbachia and Plasmodium sporozoite infection in field-collected mosquitoes indicates that the prevalence and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection is significantly lower in Wolbachia-infected females. The presence of Wolbachia in females from a laboratory Anopheles coluzzii (A. gambiae, M form) colony experimentally infected with P. falciparum (NF54 strain) gametocyte cultures slightly enhanced oocyst infection. However, Wolbachia infection significantly reduced the prevalence and intensity of sporozoite infection, as observed in the field. This indicates that wAnga-Mali infection does not limit early stages of Plasmodium infection in the mosquito, but it has a strong deleterious effect on sporozoites and reduces malaria transmission.}, }
@article {pmid29106651, year = {2018}, author = {Sosa, EJ and Burguener, G and Lanzarotti, E and Defelipe, L and Radusky, L and Pardo, AM and Marti, M and Turjanski, AG and Fernández Do Porto, D}, title = {Target-Pathogen: a structural bioinformatic approach to prioritize drug targets in pathogens.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {46}, number = {D1}, pages = {D413-D418}, pmid = {29106651}, issn = {1362-4962}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Infective Agents/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy ; Computational Biology/*methods ; *Databases, Factual ; Drug Discovery ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Genome, Fungal ; *Genome, Helminth ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Humans ; Internet ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical ; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Software ; }, abstract = {Available genomic data for pathogens has created new opportunities for drug discovery and development to fight them, including new resistant and multiresistant strains. In particular structural data must be integrated with both, gene information and experimental results. In this sense, there is a lack of an online resource that allows genome wide-based data consolidation from diverse sources together with thorough bioinformatic analysis that allows easy filtering and scoring for fast target selection for drug discovery. Here, we present Target-Pathogen database (http://target.sbg.qb.fcen.uba.ar/patho), designed and developed as an online resource that allows the integration and weighting of protein information such as: function, metabolic role, off-targeting, structural properties including druggability, essentiality and omic experiments, to facilitate the identification and prioritization of candidate drug targets in pathogens. We include in the database 10 genomes of some of the most relevant microorganisms for human health (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania major, Wolbachia bancrofti, Trypanosoma brucei, Shigella dysenteriae and Schistosoma Smanosoni) and show its applicability. New genomes can be uploaded upon request.}, }
@article {pmid29099918, year = {2017}, author = {Chung, M and Small, ST and Serre, D and Zimmerman, PA and Dunning Hotopp, JC}, title = {Draft genome sequence of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Wuchereria bancrofti wWb.}, journal = {Pathogens and disease}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {29099918}, issn = {2049-632X}, support = {U19 AI110820/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007024/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Wuchereria bancrofti/*microbiology ; }, abstract = {The draft genome assembly of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Wuchereria bancrofti (wWb) consists of 1060 850 bp in 100 contigs and contains 961 ORFs, with a single copy of the 5S rRNA, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA and each of the 34 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic core genome analyses show wWb to cluster with other strains in supergroup D of the Wolbachia phylogeny, while being most closely related to the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi strain TRS (wBm). The wWb and wBm genomes share 779 orthologous clusters with wWb having 101 unclustered genes and wBm having 23 unclustered genes. The higher number of unclustered genes in the wWb genome likely reflects the fragmentation of the draft genome.}, }
@article {pmid29099491, year = {2018}, author = {Pan, X and Pike, A and Joshi, D and Bian, G and McFadden, MJ and Lu, P and Liang, X and Zhang, F and Raikhel, AS and Xi, Z}, title = {The bacterium Wolbachia exploits host innate immunity to establish a symbiotic relationship with the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {277-288}, pmid = {29099491}, issn = {1751-7370}, support = {R01 AI080597/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Aedes/immunology/*microbiology ; Animals ; *Immunity, Innate ; Mosquito Vectors/immunology/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {A host's immune system plays a central role in shaping the composition of the microbiota and, in return, resident microbes influence immune responses. Symbiotic associations of the maternally transmitted bacterium Wolbachia occur with a wide range of arthropods. It is, however, absent from the dengue and Zika vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in nature. When Wolbachia is artificially forced to form symbiosis with this new mosquito host, it boosts the basal immune response and enhances the mosquito's resistance to pathogens, including dengue, Zika virus and malaria parasites. The mechanisms involved in establishing a symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and A. aegypti, and the long-term outcomes of this interaction, are not well understood. Here, we have demonstrated that both the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways are activated by the Wolbachia strain wAlbB upon its introduction into A. aegypti. Silencing the Toll and IMD pathways via RNA interference reduces the wAlbB load. Notably, wAlbB induces peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LE expression in the carcass of A. aegypti, and its silencing results in a reduction of symbiont load. Using transgenic mosquitoes with stage-specific induction of the IMD and Toll pathways, we have shown that elevated wAlbB infection in these mosquitoes is maintained via maternal transmission. These results indicate that host innate immunity is utilized to establish and promote host-microbial symbiosis. Our results will facilitate a long-term projection of the stability of the Wolbachia-A. aegypti mosquito system that is being developed to control dengue and Zika virus transmission to humans.}, }
@article {pmid29095113, year = {2018}, author = {Moghadam, NN and Thorshauge, PM and Kristensen, TN and de Jonge, N and Bahrndorff, S and Kjeldal, H and Nielsen, JL}, title = {Strong responses of Drosophila melanogaster microbiota to developmental temperature.}, journal = {Fly}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, pmid = {29095113}, issn = {1933-6942}, mesh = {Acetobacter/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Leuconostoc/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Male ; Temperature ; Wolbachia/growth & development/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Physiological responses to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature may partly arise from the resident microbial community that integrates a wide range of bio-physiological aspects of the host. In the present study, we assessed the effect of developmental temperature on the thermal tolerance and microbial community of Drosophila melanogaster. We also developed a bacterial transplantation protocol in order to examine the possibility of reshaping the host bacterial composition and assessed its influence on the thermotolerance phenotype. We found that the temperature during development affected thermal tolerance and the microbial composition of male D. melanogaster. Flies that developed at low temperature (13°C) were the most cold resistant and showed the highest abundance of Wolbachia, while flies that developed at high temperature (31°C) were the most heat tolerant and had the highest abundance of Acetobacter. In addition, feeding newly eclosed flies with bacterial suspensions from intestines of flies developed at low temperatures changed the heat tolerance of recipient flies. However, we were not able to link this directly to a change in the host bacterial composition.}, }
@article {pmid29094498, year = {2019}, author = {Pierzynowska, K and Skowron Volponi, M and Węgrzyn, G}, title = {Multiple factors correlating with wing malformations in the population of Parnassius apollo (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) restituted from a low number of individuals: A mini review.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {380-387}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.12554}, pmid = {29094498}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {530-L140-D242-17-1A//University of Gdansk/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Butterflies ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Endangered Species ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Laccase/metabolism ; Wings, Animal/*abnormalities ; Wolbachia ; Yersinia ; }, abstract = {The Apollo butterfly, Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus), was common in Europe over 100 years ago, but currently it is considered as near threatened. Different conservation programs have promoted the persistence of this species; however, it is still endangered. An example of such programs was the action devoted to reestablish the Apollo butterfly population in Pieniny National Park (Poland) from only 20-30 individuals which had survived till the last decade of the 20th century. This reintroduction has been successful; however, unexpected developmental problems appeared. Butterflies with deformed or reduced wings became frequent in the population living in the natural habitat, and particularly among those reared under seminatural conditions (in the same environment, but fenced by a net). Until recently, reasons for these malformations remained unknown. However, reports published during last months indicated that there are genetic, biochemical, and microbiological factors contributing to this phenomenon. In the malformed individuals, lesions in the wingless gene and dysfunctions of laccase 1 and 2 were found to be significantly more frequent than in normal insects. A large fraction of butterflies with deformed or reduced wings was devoid of the prokaryotic symbiont Wolbachia, which was present in most normal individuals. Moreover, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer) Smith and Thal, and Serratia sp., bacteria pathogenic to insects, were detected in the biological material from both normal and malformed butterflies from this population. These findings are summarized and discussed in this review, in the light of conservation of insects and restitution of their populations from a low number of individuals.}, }
@article {pmid29093481, year = {2017}, author = {Karakuş, M and Karabey, B and Orçun Kalkan, Ş and Özdemir, G and Oğuz, G and Erişöz Kasap, Ö and Alten, B and Töz, S and Özbel, Y}, title = {Midgut Bacterial Diversity of Wild Populations of Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi, the Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Turkey.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14812}, pmid = {29093481}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*epidemiology ; Male ; Phlebotomus/*microbiology ; Proteobacteria/genetics/isolation & purification ; Turkey/epidemiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/isolation & purification ; }, abstract = {Phlebotomine sand flies are hematophagous insects that harbor bacterial, viral and parasitic agents like Bartonella sp., Phleboviruses and Leishmania spp., respectively. There are few reports on bacterial microbiota of Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi but no data available for natural populations of Turkey, where leishmaniasis is endemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the midgut bacterial flora of different populations of P. papatasi. Sand flies were collected from different towns (Karaburun, Urla, Ayvacik and Başçayır) located in the western part of Turkey. Laboratory reared P. papatasi were included in the study as an insectarium population. After sterile washing steps, sand flies were dissected and guts were separated. Three pools, (males, unfed females and blood-fed females) were generated for each population. Prokaryotic 16 S rRNA gene was amplified and DGGE was performed. Fourteen different organisms belonging to two Phylum (Proteobactericea and Furmicutes) were identified according to sequence results in the studied pools. The presence of Wolbachia sp. was shown for the first time in the wild-caught sand fly populations of Turkey. This is the first report of gut bacterial flora of wild-caught P. papatasi collected in an endemic area for leishmaniasis in Turkey. Microbiome profiling of wild-caught sand flies will be of great help in the investigating of possible vector control candidates for paratransgenic control approach.}, }
@article {pmid29093474, year = {2017}, author = {Kaur, R and Siozios, S and Miller, WJ and Rota-Stabelli, O}, title = {Insertion sequence polymorphism and genomic rearrangements uncover hidden Wolbachia diversity in Drosophila suzukii and D. subpulchrella.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {14815}, pmid = {29093474}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/*microbiology/physiology ; Fertility ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Ability to distinguish between closely related Wolbachia strains is crucial for understanding the evolution of Wolbachia-host interactions and the diversity of Wolbachia-induced phenotypes. A useful model to tackle these issues is the Drosophila suzukii - Wolbachia association. D. suzukii, a destructive insect pest, harbor a non-CI inducing Wolbachia 'wSuz' closely related to the strong CI-inducing wRi strain. Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) suggests presence of genetic homogeneity across wSuz strains infecting European and American D. suzukii populations, although different Wolbachia infection frequencies and host fecundity levels have been observed in both populations. Currently, it is not clear if these differences are due to cryptic wSuz polymorphism, host background, geographical factors or a combination of all of them. Here, we have identified geographical diversity in wSuz in D. suzukii populations from different continents using a highly diagnostic set of markers based on insertion sequence (IS) site polymorphism and genomic rearrangements (GR). We further identified inter-strain diversity between Wolbachia infecting D. suzukii and its sister species D. subpulchrella (wSpc). Based on our results, we speculate that discernible wSuz variants may associate with different observed host phenotypes, a hypothesis that demands future investigation. More generally, our results demonstrate the utility of IS and GRs in discriminating closely related Wolbachia strains.}, }
@article {pmid29084217, year = {2017}, author = {Dodson, BL and Andrews, ES and Turell, MJ and Rasgon, JL}, title = {Wolbachia effects on Rift Valley fever virus infection in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0006050}, pmid = {29084217}, issn = {1935-2735}, support = {R01 AI116636/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI128918/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*microbiology/*virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/virology ; Mosquito Control ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Rift Valley fever virus/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Innovative tools are needed to alleviate the burden of mosquito-borne diseases, and strategies that target the pathogen are being considered. A possible tactic is the use of Wolbachia, a maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacterium that can (but does not always) suppress diverse pathogens when introduced to naive mosquito species. We investigated effects of somatic Wolbachia (strain wAlbB) infection on Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. When compared to Wolbachia-uninfected mosquitoes, there was no significant effect of Wolbachia infection on RVFV infection, dissemination, or transmission frequencies, nor on viral body or saliva titers. Within Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, there was a modest negative correlation between RVFV body titers and Wolbachia density, suggesting that Wolbachia may slightly suppress RVFV in a density-dependent manner in this mosquito species. These results are contrary to previous work in the same mosquito species, showing Wolbachia-induced enhancement of West Nile virus infection rates. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of exploring the breadth of pathogen modulations induced by Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid29080766, year = {2017}, author = {Diosdado, A and Gómez, PJ and Morchón, R and Simón, F and González-Miguel, J}, title = {Interaction between Wolbachia and the fibrinolytic system as a possible pathological mechanism in cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis.}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {247}, number = {}, pages = {64-69}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.001}, pmid = {29080766}, issn = {1873-2550}, mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Dirofilaria immitis/*microbiology ; Dirofilariasis/*parasitology ; Dog Diseases/*parasitology ; Dogs ; Fibrinolysin/metabolism ; Fibrinolysis ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; Symbiosis ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator/*metabolism ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne parasite that produces an inflammatory process in the wall of the blood vessels of its definitive host during cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis, known as proliferative endarteritis. Parasite antigens participate in the appearance of this inflammatory event, among other mechanisms through the over-activation of the host fibrinolytic system. Since Wolbachia, endosymbiont bacteria of filarial nematodes, is released into the vertebrate host when worms die, the aim of this work was to analyse the interaction between this bacteria and the host fibrinolytic system to complete the study of this part of the host-parasite relationships. For that purpose, the recombinant form of the major Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP) was cloned, sequenced and expressed and then, its ability to bind plasminogen and enhance the generation of plasmin was assessed. We demonstrated that rWSP is a conserved antigen within the family Onchocercidae with ability to bind plasminogen and stimulate plasmin generation in a tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) and lysine residues of the rWSP-dependent manner. These results indicate that the recruitment of plasminogen by Wolbachia and the possible excess of plasmin generated could contribute to exacerbate the pathological events occurred at the vascular level during cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis, as well as in other diseases caused by filarial nematodes that harbour Wolbachia, when the bacteria is released after the death of the worms.}, }
@article {pmid29078351, year = {2017}, author = {Turner, JD and Sharma, R and Al Jayoussi, G and Tyrer, HE and Gamble, J and Hayward, L and Priestley, RS and Murphy, EA and Davies, J and Waterhouse, D and Cook, DAN and Clare, RH and Cassidy, A and Steven, A and Johnston, KL and McCall, J and Ford, L and Hemingway, J and Ward, SA and Taylor, MJ}, title = {Albendazole and antibiotics synergize to deliver short-course anti-Wolbachia curative treatments in preclinical models of filariasis.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {114}, number = {45}, pages = {E9712-E9721}, pmid = {29078351}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {MR/L018756/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Albendazole/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Benzimidazoles/pharmacology ; Brugia malayi/microbiology ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Filariasis/*drug therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Minocycline/pharmacology ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Wolbachia/*drug effects ; }, abstract = {Elimination of filariasis requires a macrofilaricide treatment that can be delivered within a 7-day period. Here we have identified a synergy between the anthelmintic albendazole (ABZ) and drugs depleting the filarial endosymbiont Wolbachia, a proven macrofilaricide target, which reduces treatment from several weeks to 7 days in preclinical models. ABZ had negligible effects on Wolbachia but synergized with minocycline or rifampicin (RIF) to deplete symbionts, block embryogenesis, and stop microfilariae production. Greater than 99% Wolbachia depletion following 7-day combination of RIF+ABZ also led to accelerated macrofilaricidal activity. Thus, we provide preclinical proof-of-concept of treatment shortening using antibiotic+ABZ combinations to deliver anti-Wolbachia sterilizing and macrofilaricidal effects. Our data are of immediate public health importance as RIF+ABZ are registered drugs and thus immediately implementable to deliver a 1-wk macrofilaricide. They also suggest that novel, more potent anti-Wolbachia drugs under development may be capable of delivering further treatment shortening, to days rather than weeks, if combined with benzimidazoles.}, }
@article {pmid29076805, year = {2018}, author = {Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R and Marques, JT and Sreenu, VB and Atyame Nten, C and Aguiar, ERGR and Varjak, M and Kohl, A and Failloux, AB}, title = {Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, pages = {258-264}, pmid = {29076805}, issn = {1465-2099}, support = {G0801822//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; MC_UU_12014/8//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; U01 AI115595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Culex/*virology ; Female ; Mosquito Vectors/*virology ; Phenotype ; *Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zika Virus/*physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/*transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas raised many questions about the role of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in transmission, in addition to the key role played by the vector Aedes aegypti. Here we analysed the competence of Cx. quinquefasciatus (with or without Wolbachia endosymbionts) for a ZIKV isolate. We also examined the induction of RNA interference pathways after viral challenge and the production of small virus-derived RNAs. We did not observe any infection nor such small virus-derived RNAs, regardless of the presence or absence of Wolbachia. Thus, Cx. quinquefasciatus does not support ZIKV replication and Wolbachia is not involved in producing this phenotype. In short, these mosquitoes are very unlikely to play a role in transmission of ZIKV.}, }
@article {pmid29076641, year = {2017}, author = {Bhattacharya, T and Newton, ILG}, title = {Mi Casa es Su Casa: how an intracellular symbiont manipulates host biology.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {29076641}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {R21 AI121849/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis, the most common intracellular infection on the planet, infects 40% of insects as well as nematodes, isopods and arachnids. Wolbachia are obligately intracellular and challenging to study; there are no genetic tools for manipulating Wolbachia nor can they be cultured outside of host cells. Despite these roadblocks, the research community has defined a set of Wolbachia loci involved in host interaction: Wolbachia effectors. Through the use of Drosophila genetics, surrogate systems and biochemistry, the field has begun to define the toolkit Wolbachia use for host manipulation. Below we review recent findings identifying these Wolbachia effectors and point to potential, as yet uncharacterized, links between known phenotypes induced by Wolbachia infection and predicted effectors.}, }
@article {pmid29074653, year = {2017}, author = {Ward, CM and Baxter, SW}, title = {Draft Genome Assembly of a Wolbachia Endosymbiont of Plutella australiana.}, journal = {Genome announcements}, volume = {5}, number = {43}, pages = {}, pmid = {29074653}, issn = {2169-8287}, abstract = {Wolbachia spp. are endosymbiotic bacteria that infect around 50% of arthropods and cause a broad range of effects, including manipulating host reproduction. Here, we present the annotated draft genome assembly of Wolbachia strain wAus, which infects Plutella australiana, a cryptic ally of the major Brassica pest Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth).}, }
@article {pmid29071168, year = {2017}, author = {Zhang, L and Zhang, G and Yun, Y and Peng, Y}, title = {Bacterial community of a spider, Marpiss magister (Salticidae).}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, pages = {371}, pmid = {29071168}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {Arthropods are associated with various microorganisms which confer benefits to their hosts. Recently, research has been conducted on bacterial communities of insects to provide an insight into the potential interactions of the symbiotic bacteria and their hosts. Spiders are interesting to study as they are perceived to be natural enemies of pests. The effect of endosymbionts on spiders has been reported, but little is known about the overall bacterial communities present in spiders. Here, we report on the characterization of bacterial communities present in the whole body of the spider Marpiss magister using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Our study shows that the most abundant phyla of bacteria included Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, the most abundant genera included Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium. Besides these dominant endosymbionts, our study also showed the existence of bacteria in the genera Arthrobacter, Novosphingobium, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Aquabacterium and Sphingomonas at an abundance ranging from 0.65 to 0.84%, and the existence of bacterial in genera Lactobacillus, Sphingobium, Methylobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Propionibacterium, Brevundimonas, Achromobacter, Microbacterium, Corynebacterium, and Flavobacterium at a slightly lower abundance ranging from 0.1 to 0.5%. Therefore, our finding indicates that endosymbionts are not the only microbiota present in the spider M. magister, and other bacterial taxa also exist in its bacterial community.}, }
@article {pmid29067008, year = {2017}, author = {Zhukova, M and Sapountzis, P and Schiøtt, M and Boomsma, JJ}, title = {Diversity and Transmission of Gut Bacteria in Atta and Acromyrmex Leaf-Cutting Ants during Development.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1942}, pmid = {29067008}, issn = {1664-302X}, support = {323085//European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {The social Hymenoptera have distinct larval and adult stages separated by metamorphosis, which implies striking remodeling of external and internal body structures during the pupal stage. This imposes challenges to gut symbionts as existing cultures are lost and may or may not need to be replaced. To elucidate the extent to which metamorphosis interrupts associations between bacteria and hosts, we analyzed changes in gut microbiota during development and traced the transmission routes of dominant symbionts from the egg to adult stage in the leaf-cutting ants Acromyrmex echinatior and Atta cephalotes, which are both important functional herbivores in the New World tropics. Bacterial density remained similar across the developmental stages of Acromyrmex, but Atta brood had very low bacterial prevalences suggesting that bacterial gut symbionts are not actively maintained. We found that Wolbachia was the absolute dominant bacterial species across developmental stages in Acromyrmex and we confirmed that Atta lacks Wolbachia also in the immature stages, and had mostly Mollicutes bacteria in the adult worker guts. Wolbachia in Acromyrmex appeared to be transovarially transmitted similar to transmission in solitary insects. In contrast, Mollicutes were socially transmitted from old workers to newly emerged callows. We found that larval and pupal guts of both ant species contained Pseudomonas and Enterobacter bacteria that are also found in fungus gardens, but hardly or not in adult workers, suggesting they are beneficial only for larval growth and development. Our results reveal that transmission pathways for bacterial symbionts may be very different both between developmental stages and between sister genera and that identifying the mechanisms of bacterial acquisition and loss will be important to clarify their putative mutualistic functions.}, }
@article {pmid29066721, year = {2017}, author = {He, S and Zhang, X and Liang, J and Tang, S}, title = {Multiscale modelling the effects of CI genetic evolution in mosquito population on the control of dengue fever.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13895}, pmid = {29066721}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; Culicidae/*genetics/microbiology/*physiology ; Cytoplasm/*genetics ; Dengue/*prevention & control/transmission ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Mosquito Control/*methods ; Reproduction/*genetics ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are widely applied for the control of dengue fever by manipulating the reproductive mechanism of mosquitoes, including maternal inheritance and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI means that the offsprings from the matings between Wolbachia infected males and uninfected females can not be hatched. At present, CI effect is assumed as a constant in most of dynamic systems for the spread of Wolbachia. However, their spread may arouse the evolution of mosquitoes to resist CI. Thus, a multiscale model combining a birth-pulse model with a gene-induced discrete model for the frequencies of alleles is proposed to describe the spread of Wolbachia in mosquito population with resistance allele of CI. The main results indicate that the strategy of population eradication can not be realized, while the strategy of population replacement may be realized with the success of sensitive or resistance allele. If appropriate Wolbachia strains can not be selected, then there is a high probability of the failure of population replacement. Moreover, Wolbachia-induced parameters may arouse the catastrophic shifts among stable states of the model. In addition, the demographic parameters and Wolbachia-induced parameters may affect the level and the speed of population replacement and the density of uninfected mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid29065795, year = {2017}, author = {Al-Abd, NM and Nor, ZM and Junaid, QO and Mansor, M and Hasan, MS and Kassim, M}, title = {Antifilarial activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on Brugia pahangi in vitro and in vivo.}, journal = {Pathogens and global health}, volume = {111}, number = {7}, pages = {388-394}, pmid = {29065795}, issn = {2047-7732}, mesh = {Animals ; Brugia pahangi/*drug effects ; Caffeic Acids/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Filariasis/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Gerbillinae ; Humans ; Male ; Phenylethyl Alcohol/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Wolbachia/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a vector borne disease caused by parasitic worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, which are transmitted by mosquitoes. Current therapeutics to treat LF are mainly microfilarcidal, and lack activity against adult worms. This set back, poses a challenge for the control and elimination of filariasis. Thus, in this study the activities of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against the filarial worm B. pahangi and its bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia were evaluated. Different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml) of CAPE were used to assess its effects on motility, viability and microfilarial (mf) production of B. pahangi in vitro. Anti-Wolbachial activity of CAPE was measured in worms by quantification of Wolbachial wsp gene copy number using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our findings show that CAPE was found to significantly reduce adult worm motility, viability, and mf release both in vitro and in vivo. 20 μg/ml of CAPE halts the release of mf in vitro by day 6 of post treatment. Also, the number of adult worms recovered in vivo were reduced significantly during and after treatment with 50 mg/kg of CAPE relative to control drugs, diethylcarbamazine and doxycycline. Real time PCR based on the Wolbachia ftsZ gene revealed a significant reduction in Wolbachia copy number upon treatment. Anti-Wolbachia and antifilarial properties of CAPE require further investigation as an alternative strategy to treat LF.}, }
@article {pmid29063344, year = {2018}, author = {Hornok, S and Ágh, N and Takács, N and Kontschán, J and Hofmann-Lehmann, R}, title = {Haematospirillum and insect Wolbachia DNA in avian blood.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {479-483}, doi = {10.1007/s10482-017-0961-0}, pmid = {29063344}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {115854//OTKA/ ; 108571//OTKA/ ; }, mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/*genetics ; Animals ; Birds/*blood ; *DNA, Bacterial ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Male ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; }, abstract = {In this study, blood samples of 259 Acrocephalus sp. warblers were molecularly analysed for Anaplasmataceae and Rhodospirillaceae based on PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragments. One bird blood sample (from Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus) yielded a sequence with 99.8% identity to Haematospirillum jordaniae. This is the first molecular evidence for the occurrence of this species in the blood of any vertebrate other than human. Another bird blood sample (from Marsh Warbler: Acrocephalus palustris) yielded a Wolbachia sequence, closely related to a moth endosymbiont with 99.8% identity. A nematode origin of Wolbachia DNA detected here in avian blood can be excluded, because results of phylogenetic analysis showed its closest alignment with insect wolbachiae. This is the first finding of insect Wolbachia DNA in the circulatory system of birds, which can be explained either by the inoculation of wolbachiae by blood-sucking vectors, or passing of Wolbachia DNA from the gut into the blood of this insectivorous bird species.}, }
@article {pmid29053633, year = {2017}, author = {Skaljac, M and Kanakala, S and Zanic, K and Puizina, J and Pleic, IL and Ghanim, M}, title = {Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses of Bacterial Symbionts in Three Whitefly Species from Southeast Europe.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {29053633}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) are whitefly species that harm agricultural crops in many regions of the world. These insects live in close association with bacterial symbionts that affect host fitness and adaptation to the environment. In the current study, we surveyed the infection of whitefly populations in Southeast Europe by various bacterial symbionts and performed phylogenetic analyses on the different symbionts detected. Arsenophonus and Hamiltonella were the most prevalent symbionts in all three whitefly species. Rickettsia was found to infect mainly B. tabaci, while Wolbachia mainly infected both B. tabaci and S. phillyreae. Furthermore, Cardinium was rarely found in the investigated whitefly populations, while Fritschea was never found in any of the whitefly species tested. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a diversity of several symbionts (e.g., Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia), which appeared in several clades. Reproductively isolated B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum shared the same (or highly similar) Hamiltonella and Arsenophonus, while these symbionts were distinctive in S. phillyreae. Interestingly, Arsenophonus from S. phillyreae did not cluster with any of the reported sequences, which could indicate the presence of Arsenophonus, not previously associated with whiteflies. In this study, symbionts (Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium) known to infect a wide range of insects each clustered in the same clades independently of the whitefly species. These results indicate horizontal transmission of bacterial symbionts between reproductively isolated whitefly species, a mechanism that can establish new infections that did not previously exist in whiteflies.}, }
@article {pmid29042606, year = {2017}, author = {Signor, S}, title = {Population genomics of Wolbachia and mtDNA in Drosophila simulans from California.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {13369}, pmid = {29042606}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {California ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Drosophila simulans/*microbiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Dosage ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genomics/methods ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular endosymbiont infecting many arthropods and filarial nematodes. Little is known about the short-term evolution of Wolbachia or its interaction with its host. Wolbachia is maternally inherited, resulting in co-inheritance of mitochondrial organelles such as mtDNA. Here I explore the evolution of Wolbachia, and the relationship between Wolbachia and mtDNA, using a large inbred panel of Drosophila simulans. I compare this to the only other large population genomic Wolbachia dataset from D. melanogaster. I find reduced diversity relative to expectation in both Wolbachia and mtDNA, but only mtDNA shows evidence of a recent selective sweep or population bottleneck. I estimate Wolbachia and mtDNA titre in each genotype, and I find considerable variation in both phenotypes, despite low genetic diversity in Wolbachia and mtDNA. A phylogeny of Wolbachia and of mtDNA suggest a recent origin of the infection derived from a single origin. Using Wolbachia and mtDNA titre as a phenotype, I perform the first association analysis using this phenotype with the nuclear genome and find several implicated regions, including one which contains four CAAX-box protein processing genes. CAAX-box protein processing can be an important part of host-pathogen interactions in other systems, suggesting interesting directions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid29036401, year = {2017}, author = {Santos-Garcia, D and Silva, FJ and Morin, S and Dettner, K and Kuechler, SM}, title = {The All-Rounder Sodalis: A New Bacteriome-Associated Endosymbiont of the Lygaeoid Bug Henestaris halophilus (Heteroptera: Henestarinae) and a Critical Examination of Its Evolution.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {2893-2910}, pmid = {29036401}, issn = {1759-6653}, mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; Databases, Factual ; Enterobacteriaceae/*classification/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genome Size ; Genome, Bacterial ; Heteroptera/*microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Phylogeny ; Pseudogenes ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Hemipteran insects are well-known in their ability to establish symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Among them, heteropteran insects present an array of symbiotic systems, ranging from the most common gut crypt symbiosis to the more restricted bacteriome-associated endosymbiosis, which have only been detected in members of the superfamily Lygaeoidea and the family Cimicidae so far. Genomic data of heteropteran endosymbionts are scarce and have merely been analyzed from the Wolbachia endosymbiont in bed bug and a few gut crypt-associated symbionts in pentatomoid bugs. In this study, we present the first detailed genomic analysis of a bacteriome-associated endosymbiont of a phytophagous heteropteran, present in the seed bug Henestaris halophilus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea). Using phylogenomics and genomics approaches, we have assigned the newly characterized endosymbiont to the Sodalis genus, named as Candidatus Sodalis baculum sp. nov. strain kilmister. In addition, our findings support the reunification of the Sodalis genus, currently divided into six different genera. We have also conducted comparative analyses between 15 Sodalis species that present different genome sizes and symbiotic relationships. These analyses suggest that Ca. Sodalis baculum is a mutualistic endosymbiont capable of supplying the amino acids tyrosine, lysine, and some cofactors to its host. It has a small genome with pseudogenes but no mobile elements, which indicates middle-stage reductive evolution. Most of the genes in Ca. Sodalis baculum are likely to be evolving under purifying selection with several signals pointing to the retention of the lysine/tyrosine biosynthetic pathways compared with other Sodalis.}, }
@article {pmid29021316, year = {2017}, author = {Kageyama, D and Yoshimura, K and Sugimoto, TN and Katoh, TK and Watada, M}, title = {Maternally transmitted non-bacterial male killer in Drosophila biauraria.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {29021316}, issn = {1744-957X}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; Japan ; Male ; Maternal Inheritance ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sex Ratio ; Symbiosis ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {A maternally inherited, all-female trait is widely found among arthropods, which is caused by bacterial endosymbionts such as Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma and Cardinium We discovered a single female of Drosophila biauraria, collected from Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan, that produced all-female offspring. This all-female trait was maternally inherited in the iso-female line (SP12F) by backcrossing with males of a normal line (SP11-20) with a 1 : 1 sex ratio derived from the same population. The all-female trait was not affected by tetracycline treatment performed for two consecutive generations. However, the microinjection of filter-sterilized homogenate of SP12F females into SP11-20 females established all-female matrilines. Our data suggest the role of transmissible agents, most likely viruses, but not bacteria or protists, as the possible cause of the all-female phenotype, which is likely to be achieved by killing of male embryos because egg hatch rates of SP12F were nearly half those of SP11-20. This is the first report in Diptera to demonstrate a maternally inherited virus-like element as the cause of the male-killing phenotype in D. biauraria.}, }
@article {pmid28991902, year = {2017}, author = {de Oliveira, S and Villela, DAM and Dias, FBS and Moreira, LA and Maciel de Freitas, R}, title = {How does competition among wild type mosquitoes influence the performance of Aedes aegypti and dissemination of Wolbachia pipientis?.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e0005947}, pmid = {28991902}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Population Density ; Species Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia has been deployed in several countries to reduce transmission of dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses. During releases, Wolbachia-infected females are likely to lay their eggs in local available breeding sites, which might already be colonized by local Aedes sp. mosquitoes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to estimate the deleterious effects of intra and interspecific larval competition on mosquito life history traits, especially on the duration of larval development time, larval mortality and adult size.
Three different mosquito populations were used: Ae. aegypti infected with Wolbachia (wMelBr strain), wild Ae. aegypti and wild Ae. albopictus. A total of 21 treatments explored intra and interspecific larval competition with varying larval densities, species proportions and food levels. Each treatment had eight replicates with two distinct food levels: 0.25 or 0.50 g of Chitosan and fallen avocado leaves. Overall, overcrowding reduced fitness correlates of the three populations. Ae. albopictus larvae presented lower larval mortality, shorter development time to adult and smaller wing sizes than Ae. aegypti. The presence of Wolbachia had a slight positive effect on larval biology, since infected individuals had higher survivorship than uninfected Ae. aegypti larvae.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In all treatments, Ae. albopictus outperformed both wild Ae. aegypti and the Wolbachia-infected group in larval competition, irrespective of larval density and the amount of food resources. The major force that can slow down Wolbachia invasion is the population density of wild mos