@article {pmid33079970, year = {2020}, author = {Piovezan-Borges, AC and Valente-Neto, F and Tadei, WP and Hamada, N and Roque, FO}, title = {Simulated climate change, but not predation risk, accelerates Aedes aegypti emergence in a microcosm experiment in western Amazonia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0241070}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0241070}, pmid = {33079970}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Climate change affects individual life-history characteristics and species interactions, including predator-prey interactions. While effects of warming on Aedes aegypti adults are well known, clarity the interactive effects of climate change (temperature and CO2 concentration) and predation risk on the larval stage remains unexplored. In this study, we performed a microcosm experiment simulating temperature and CO2 changes in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, for the year 2100. Simulated climate change scenarios (SCCS) were in accordance with the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Used SCCS were: Control (real-time current conditions in Manaus: average temperature is ~25.76°C ± 0.71°C and ~477.26 ± 9.38 parts per million by volume (ppmv) CO2); Light: increase of ~1,7°C and ~218 ppmv CO2; Intermediate: increase of ~2.4°C and ~446 ppmv CO2; and Extreme: increase of ~4.5°C and ~861 ppmv CO2, all increases were relative to a Control SCCS. Light, Intermediate and Extreme SCCS reproduced, respectively, the B1, A1B, and A2 climatic scenarios predicted by IPCC (2007). We analyzed Aedes aegypti larval survivorship and adult emergence pattern with a factorial design combining predation risk (control and predator presence-Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis larvae) and SCCS. Neither SCCS nor predation risk affected Aedes aegypti larval survivorship, but adult emergence pattern was affected by SCCS. Accordingly, our results did not indicate interactive effects of SCCS and predation risk on larval survivorship and emergence pattern of Aedes aegypti reared in SCCS in western Amazonia. Aedes aegypti is resistant to SCCS conditions tested, mainly due to high larval survivorship, even under Extreme SCCS, and warmer scenarios increase adult Aedes aegypti emergence. Considering that Aedes aegypti is a health problem in western Amazonia, an implication of our findings is that the use of predation cues as biocontrol strategies will not provide a viable means of controlling the accelerated adult emergence expected under the IPCC climatic scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid33078088, year = {2020}, author = {Klingelhöfer, D and Müller, R and Braun, M and Brüggmann, D and Groneberg, DA}, title = {Climate change: Does international research fulfill global demands and necessities?.}, journal = {Environmental sciences Europe}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {137}, doi = {10.1186/s12302-020-00419-1}, pmid = {33078088}, issn = {2190-4707}, abstract = {Background: Climate change is safe to be one of the biggest challenges of mankind. Human activities, especially the combustion of fossil fuels, contribute to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and thus to the pace of climate change. The effects of climate change are already being felt, and the resulting damage will most likely be enormous worldwide. Because global impacts vary widely and will lead to very different national vulnerability to climate impacts, each country, depending on its economic background, has different options to ward off negative impacts. Decisions have to be made to mitigate climate consequences according to the preparedness and the vulnerability of countries against the presumed impacts. This requires a profound scientific basis. To provide sound background information, a bibliometric study was conducted to present global research on climate change using established and specific parameters. Bibliometric standard parameters, established socioeconomic values, and climate change specific indices were used for the analyses. This allowed us to provide an overall picture of the global research pattern not only in terms of general aspects, but also in terms of climate change impacts, its effects and regional differences. For this purpose, we choose representative indices, such as the CO2 emissions for the responsibility of countries, the global climate risk index as a combination value for the different types of damage that countries can expect, the increase in sea level as a specific parameter as a measure of the huge global environmental impacts, and the readiness and vulnerability index for the different circumstances of individual countries under which climate change will take place. We hope to have thus made a comprehensive and representative selection of specific parameters that is sufficient to map the global research landscape. We have supplemented the methodology accordingly.<br><br>Results: In terms of absolute publication numbers, the USA was the leading country, followed by the UK, and China in 3rd place. The steep rise in Chinese publication numbers over time came into view, while their citation numbers are relatively low. Scandinavian countries were leading regarding their publication numbers related to CO2 emission and socioeconomic indices. Only three developing countries stand out in all analyses: Costa Rica, the Fiji Atoll, and Zimbabwe, although it is here that the climate impact will be greatest. A positive correlation between countries' preparedness for the impacts of climate change and their publication numbers could be shown, while the correlation between countries' vulnerability and their publication numbers was negative.<br><br>Conclusions: We could show that there exists an inequity between national research efforts according to the publication output and the demands and necessities of countries related to their socioeconomic status. This inequity calls for a rethink, a different approach, and a different policy to improve countries' preparedness and mitigation capacity, which requires the inclusion of the most affected regions of the world in a strengthened international cooperation network.}, }
@article {pmid33077747, year = {2020}, author = {Rhoné, B and Defrance, D and Berthouly-Salazar, C and Mariac, C and Cubry, P and Couderc, M and Dequincey, A and Assoumanne, A and Kane, NA and Sultan, B and Barnaud, A and Vigouroux, Y}, title = {Pearl millet genomic vulnerability to climate change in West Africa highlights the need for regional collaboration.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {5274}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19066-4}, pmid = {33077747}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {NE/M020002/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; ID 1403-057//Agropolis Fondation (Agropolis Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is already affecting agro-ecosystems and threatening food security by reducing crop productivity and increasing harvest uncertainty. Mobilizing crop diversity could be an efficient way to mitigate its impact. We test this hypothesis in pearl millet, a nutritious staple cereal cultivated in arid and low-fertility soils in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyze the genomic diversity of 173 landraces collected in West Africa together with an extensive climate dataset composed of metrics of agronomic importance. Mapping the pearl millet genomic vulnerability at the 2050 horizon based on the current genomic-climate relationships, we identify the northern edge of the current areas of cultivation of both early and late flowering varieties as being the most vulnerable to climate change. We predict that the most vulnerable areas will benefit from using landraces that already grow in equivalent climate conditions today. However, such seed-exchange scenarios will require long distance and trans-frontier assisted migrations. Leveraging genetic diversity as a climate mitigation strategy in West Africa will thus require regional collaboration.}, }
@article {pmid33077729, year = {2019}, author = {Alexander, M}, title = {Sustainability and spinal cord injury: attending to climate change and disability.}, journal = {Spinal cord series and cases}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {88}, doi = {10.1038/s41394-019-0232-6}, pmid = {33077729}, issn = {2058-6124}, }
@article {pmid33077231, year = {2020}, author = {Li, Z and Li, Q and Wang, J and Feng, Y and Shao, Q}, title = {Corrigendum to &quot;Impacts of projected climate change on runoff in upper reach of Heihe River basin using climate elasticity method and GCMs&quot; [Sci. Total Environ., 716 (2020) 137072].}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {142628}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142628}, pmid = {33077231}, issn = {1879-1026}, }
@article {pmid33076987, year = {2020}, author = {Longbottom, J and Caminade, C and Gibson, HS and Weiss, DJ and Torr, S and Lord, JS}, title = {Modelling the impact of climate change on the distribution and abundance of tsetse in Northern Zimbabwe.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {526}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-020-04398-3}, pmid = {33076987}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {1964851/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/P005888/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/P005888/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/S01375X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change is predicted to impact the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. Tsetse flies (Glossina) transmit species of Trypanosoma that cause human and animal African trypanosomiasis. A previous modelling study showed that temperature increases between 1990 and 2017 can explain the observed decline in abundance of tsetse at a single site in the Mana Pools National Park of Zimbabwe. Here, we apply a mechanistic model of tsetse population dynamics to predict how increases in temperature may have changed the distribution and relative abundance of Glossina pallidipes across northern Zimbabwe.<br><br>METHODS: Local weather station temperature measurements were previously used to fit the mechanistic model to longitudinal G. pallidipes catch data. To extend the use of the model, we converted MODIS land surface temperature to air temperature, compared the converted temperatures with available weather station data to confirm they aligned, and then re-fitted the mechanistic model using G. pallidipes catch data and air temperature estimates. We projected this fitted model across northern Zimbabwe, using simulations at a 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution, between 2000 to 2016.<br><br>RESULTS: We produced estimates of relative changes in G. pallidipes mortality, larviposition, emergence rates and abundance, for northern Zimbabwe. Our model predicts decreasing tsetse populations within low elevation areas in response to increasing temperature trends during 2000-2016. Conversely, we show that high elevation areas (> 1000 m above sea level), previously considered too cold to sustain tsetse, may now be climatically suitable.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the results of this research represent the first regional-scale assessment of temperature related tsetse population dynamics, and the first high spatial-resolution estimates of this metric for northern Zimbabwe. Our results suggest that tsetse abundance may have declined across much of the Zambezi Valley in response to changing climatic conditions during the study period. Future research including empirical studies is planned to improve model accuracy and validate predictions for other field sites in Zimbabwe.}, }
@article {pmid33076212, year = {2020}, author = {Czeszczewik, D and Czortek, P and Jaroszewicz, B and Zub, K and Rowiński, P and Walankiewicz, W}, title = {Climate change has cascading effects on tree masting and the breeding performance of a forest songbird in a primeval forest.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {747}, number = {}, pages = {142084}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142084}, pmid = {33076212}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Forest habitats change significantly under the influence of global warming. It is important to predict the effects of these changes, especially in primeval forests which currently represent a small percentage of temperate forests. Such changes often manifest themselves in an acceleration of the frequency of mass seeding of trees, which causes cascading effects in various organisms. We evaluated changes in: tree masts (oak Quercus robur and hornbeam Carpinus betulus), rodent abundance (yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis), folivorous caterpillar abundance (winter moth Operophtera brumata), and the breeding success of a cavity-nesting songbird (collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis) in over a 30-year period in the Białowieża Forest (E Poland). We also analysed temperature, precipitation and snow cover to determine the effects of weather on each trophic level. Previous studies have exposed the indirect effect of tree masting on songbirds breeding in open nests. Our study uniquely highlights the relationships between trees, rodents, caterpillars, and a cavity-nesting bird. Precipitation was positively correlated with the fructification of trees, abundance of caterpillars, and the breeding losses of flycatchers (in July, August, October in the previous year, in May in the current year, respectively). We found that along with the changing climate, the frequency of mast years of oak increased, which caused an increasing frequency of rodent outbreaks. The abundance of mice was positively correlated with the predation on flycatcher broods (current year) and negatively - with the abundance of caterpillars (following year). We predict that current global trends in climate change will have a negative impact on the flycatcher due to the cascading effects from the above species. Bearing in mind that F. albicollis is one of the most numerous bird species, it can be assumed that more frequent masting will result in substantial changes in the entire bird assemblage, and presumably also other groups of animals.}, }
@article {pmid33073861, year = {2020}, author = {Jaatinen, K and Westerbom, M and Norkko, A and Mustonen, O and Koons, DN}, title = {Detrimental impacts of climate change may be exacerbated by density dependent population regulation in blue mussels.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13377}, pmid = {33073861}, issn = {1365-2656}, abstract = {The climate on our planet is changing and the range distributions of organisms are shifting in response. In aquatic environments, species might not be able to redistribute poleward or into deeper water when temperatures rise because of barriers, reduced light availability, altered water chemistry, or any combination of these. How species respond to climate change may depend on physiological adaptability, but also on the population dynamics of the species. Density dependence is a ubiquitous force that governs population dynamics and regulates population growth, yet its connections to the impacts of climate change remain little known, especially in marine studies. Reductions in density below an environmental carrying capacity may cause compensatory increases in demographic parameters and population growth rate, hence masking the impacts of climate change on populations. On the other hand, climate-driven deterioration of conditions may reduce environmental carrying capacities, making compensation less likely and populations more susceptible to the effects of stochastic processes. Here we investigate the effects of climate change on Baltic blue mussels using a 17-year data set on population density. Using a Bayesian modelling framework, we investigate the impacts of climate change, assess the magnitude and effects of density dependence, and project the likelihood of population decline by the year 2030. 4. Our findings show negative impacts of warmer and less saline waters, both outcomes of climate change. We also show that density-dependence increases the likelihood of population decline by subjecting the population to the detrimental effects of stochastic processes (i.e., low densities where random bad years can cause local extinction, negating the possibility for random good years to offset bad years). We highlight the importance of understanding, and accounting for both density dependence and climate variation when predicting the impact of climate change on keystone species, such as the Baltic blue mussel.}, }
@article {pmid33073750, year = {2020}, author = {C John, C}, title = {Something Big that Matters: The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Commitment to Combat Climate Change.}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.20-1267}, pmid = {33073750}, issn = {1476-1645}, abstract = {Something Big that Matters: The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Commitment to Combat Climate Change.}, }
@article {pmid33072275, year = {2020}, author = {Jones, AR and Jessop, TS and Ariefiandy, A and Brook, BW and Brown, SC and Ciofi, C and Benu, YJ and Purwandana, D and Sitorus, T and Wigley, TML and Fordham, DA}, title = {Identifying island safe havens to prevent the extinction of the World's largest lizard from global warming.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10492-10507}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.6705}, pmid = {33072275}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is an endangered, island-endemic species with a naturally restricted distribution. Despite this, no previous studies have attempted to predict the effects of climate change on this iconic species. We used extensive Komodo dragon monitoring data, climate, and sea-level change projections to build spatially explicit demographic models for the Komodo dragon. These models project the species' future range and abundance under multiple climate change scenarios. We ran over one million model simulations with varying model parameters, enabling us to incorporate uncertainty introduced from three main sources: (a) structure of global climate models, (b) choice of greenhouse gas emission trajectories, and (c) estimates of Komodo dragon demographic parameters. Our models predict a reduction in range-wide Komodo dragon habitat of 8%-87% by 2050, leading to a decrease in habitat patch occupancy of 25%-97% and declines of 27%-99% in abundance across the species' range. We show that the risk of extirpation on the two largest protected islands in Komodo National Park (Rinca and Komodo) was lower than other island populations, providing important safe havens for Komodo dragons under global warming. Given the severity and rate of the predicted changes to Komodo dragon habitat patch occupancy (a proxy for area of occupancy) and abundance, urgent conservation actions are required to avoid risk of extinction. These should, as a priority, be focused on managing habitat on the islands of Komodo and Rinca, reflecting these islands' status as important refuges for the species in a warming world. Variability in our model projections highlights the importance of accounting for uncertainties in demographic and environmental parameters, structural assumptions of global climate models, and greenhouse gas emission scenarios when simulating species metapopulation dynamics under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33072269, year = {2020}, author = {Butler, CJ and Larson, M}, title = {Climate change winners and losers: The effects of climate change on five palm species in the Southeastern United States.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, pages = {10408-10425}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.6697}, pmid = {33072269}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Palms (Arecaceae) are a relatively speciose family and provide materials for food, construction, and handicraft, especially in the tropics. They are frequently used as paleo-indicators for megathermal climates, and therefore, it is logical to predict that palms will benefit from predicted warmer temperatures under anthropogenic climate change. We created species distribution models to explore the projected ranges of five widespread southeastern North American palm species (Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Sabal etonia, Sabal minor, Sabal palmetto, and Serenoa repens) under four climate change scenarios through 2070. We project that the amount of habitat with >50% suitability for S. etonia will decline by a median of 50% by 2070, while the amount of habitat with >50% suitability S. minor will decline by a median of 97%. In contrast, the amount of suitable habitat for Rhapidophyllum hystrix will remain stable, while the amount of suitable habitat for Serenoa repens will slightly increase. The projected distribution for S. palmetto will increase substantially, by a median of approximately 21% across all scenarios. The centroid of the range of each species will shift generally north at a median rate of 23.5 km/decade. These five palm species have limited dispersal ability and require a relatively long time to mature and set fruit. Consequently, it is likely that the change in the distribution of these palms will lag behind the projected changes in climate. However, Arecaceae can modify physiological responses to heat and drought, which may permit these palms to persist as local conditions become increasingly inappropriate. Nonetheless, this plasticity is unlikely to indefinitely prevent local extinctions.}, }
@article {pmid33070933, year = {2020}, author = {Des, M and Martínez, B and deCastro, M and Viejo, RM and Sousa, MC and Gómez-Gesteira, M}, title = {The impact of climate change on the geographical distribution of habitat-forming macroalgae in the Rías Baixas.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {105074}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105074}, pmid = {33070933}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {In the current scenario of climate change characterized by a generalized warming, many species are facing local extinctions in areas with conditions near their thermal tolerance threshold. At present, the southern limit of the geographical distribution of several habitat-forming algae of cold-temperate affinities is located in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula, and the Rías Baixas may be acting as contemporary refugia at the range edge. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze future changes induced by ocean warming in this area that may induce changes in macroalgae populations. The Delft3D-Flow model forced with climatic data was used to calculate July-August sea surface temperature (SST) for the present (1999-2018) and for the far future (2080-2099). Mean daily SST was used to develop and calibrate a mechanistic geographical distribution model based on the thermal survival threshold of two intertidal habitat-forming macroalgae, namely Himanthalia elongata (L.) S.F.Gray and Bifurcaria bifurcata R. Ross. Results show that H. elongata will become extinct in the Rías Baixas by the end of the century, while B. bifurcata will persist and may occupy potential free space left by the decline in H. elongata.}, }
@article {pmid33070397, year = {2020}, author = {Ribeiro, K and Pacheco, FS and Ferreira, JW and de Sousa-Neto, ER and Hastie, A and Krieger Filho, GC and Alvalá, PC and Forti, MC and Ometto, JP}, title = {Tropical peatlands and their contribution to the global carbon cycle and climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15408}, pmid = {33070397}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Peatlands are carbon-rich ecosystems that cover 185-423 million hectares of the earth's surface. The majority of the world's peatlands are in temperate and boreal zones, whereas tropical ones cover only a total area of 90-170 million hectares. However, there are still considerable uncertainties in C stock estimates as well as a lack of information about depth, bulk density and carbon accumulation rates. The incomplete data is notable especially in tropical peatlands located in South America, which are estimated to have the largest area of peatlands in the tropical zone. This paper displays the current state of knowledge surrounding tropical peatlands and their biophysical characteristics, distribution and carbon stock, role in the global climate, the impacts of direct human disturbances on carbon accumulation rates and greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the new peat extension and depth data, we estimate that tropical peatlands store 152-288 GtC, or about half of the global peatland emitted carbon. We discuss the knowledge gaps in research on distribution, depth, C stock and fluxes in these ecosystems which play an important role in the global carbon cycle and risk releasing large quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (CO2 and CH4) when subjected to anthropogenic interferences (e.g. drainage and deforestation). Recent studies show that although climate change has an impact on the carbon fluxes of these ecosystems, the direct anthropogenic disturbance may play a greater role. The future of these systems as carbon sinks will depend on advancing current scientific knowledge and incorporating local understanding to support policies geared toward managing and conserving peatlands in vulnerable regions, such as the Amazon where recent records show increased forest fires and deforestation.}, }
@article {pmid33069704, year = {2020}, author = {Rahman, MM and Bodrud-Doza, M and Shammi, M and Md Towfiqul Islam, AR and Moniruzzaman Khan, AS}, title = {COVID-19 pandemic, dengue epidemic, and climate change vulnerability in Bangladesh: Scenario assessment for strategic management and policy implications.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {110303}, pmid = {33069704}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts also struck by the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdown measures were ineffective with no sign of flattening the curve. Therefore, the high risk of transmission is evident with an increasing number of affected people. Under this circumstance, a multiple hazards scenario can be developed in this country due to climatic hazards such as cyclones, floods, landslides, heat waves, and the outbreak of infectious diseases such as dengue, cholera, and diarrhoea. The country experiences simultaneously the global pandemic, exceptionally prolonged flood along with the recovery stage from the damages due to the cyclone (Amphan). Therefore, these multiple factors have been putting pressure on losing millions of homes, livelihoods, and agricultural crops. This study aimed to assess the potential impact of a simultaneous strike of climatic hazards and infectious disease outbreaks and their possible strategic management in Bangladesh under different scenarios. A mixed methodological approach was followed in this study including a questionnaire survey, in-depth discussion with experts, and extensive literature review to assess the multi-hazard scenario in a resource-limited setting with high population density. A set of statistical techniques were used to analyze the responses (n=1590) from different social groups (healthcare professionals, academicians, students, Government and NGO officials, and businessman) under three scenarios. The results revealed the high possibility of aggravating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic if there is a climatic hazard such as flood, cyclone have appeared. The majority of the respondents agreed that the situation will become more devastating if there is another outbreak of diseases such as dengue, cholera, and diarrhea. The poor and fragile healthcare system of this country cannot bear such unprecedented pressure. The lack of risk assessment and communication, lack of sectoral coordination might restrict the contingency plan of the government. Therefore, considering the unprecedented worst cases a stringent strategic plan for emergency response, short term and long-term management should have to be formulated. Resilience building through proactive planning and implementation of integrated, inclusive and sustainable strategies will be effective to ensure the health and socio-economic security for multi-hazard threats in the country.}, }
@article {pmid33069514, year = {2020}, author = {Zammit, C and Torzhenskaya, N and Ozarkar, PD and Calleja Agius, J}, title = {Neurological disorders vis-à-vis climate change.}, journal = {Early human development}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105217}, doi = {10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105217}, pmid = {33069514}, issn = {1872-6232}, abstract = {Climate change is one of the biggest challenges humanity is facing in the 21st century. Two recognized sequelae of climate change are global warming and air pollution. The gradual increase in ambient temperature, coupled with elevated pollution levels have a devastating effect on our health, potentially contributing to the increased rate and severity of numerous neurological disorders. The main aim of this review paper is to shed some light on the association between the phenomena of global warming and air pollution, and two of the most common and debilitating neurological conditions: stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Extreme ambient temperatures induce neurological impairment and increase stroke incidence and mortality. Global warming does not participate in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but it exacerbates symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). A very close link exists between accumulated levels of air pollutants (principally particulate matter), and the incidence of ischemic rather than hemorrhagic strokes. People exposed to air pollutants have a higher risk of developing dementia and AD, but not PD. Oxidative stress, changes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular haemodynamics, excitotoxicity, microglial activation, and cellular apoptosis, all play a central role in the overlap of the effect of climate change on neurological disorders. The complex interactions between global warming and air pollution, and their intricate effect on the nervous system, imply that future policies aimed to mitigate climate change must address these two challenges in unison.}, }
@article {pmid33068259, year = {2020}, author = {An, R and Shen, J and Li, Y and Bandaru, S}, title = {Projecting the Influence of Global Warming on Physical Activity Patterns: a Systematic Review.}, journal = {Current obesity reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13679-020-00406-w}, pmid = {33068259}, issn = {2162-4968}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This study systematically identified and synthesized empirical data-driven modeling studies that projected the future influence of global warming on people's physical activity patterns.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: A total of ten studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Global warming, in general, was predicted to be associated with a net increase in active commuting and leisure-time physical activity. However, the specific relationship between climate change and future physical activity patterns was expected to vary by the periods of prediction, geographical locations, population subgroups, and seasons. Moreover, the positive association between global warming and physical activity could level off or be reversed once reaching a temperature threshold. Preliminary evidence suggested a net increase in physical activity by mid- to late-twenty-first century owing to global warming. Future studies should refine the projections by taking into account the indirect effect of global warming through induced natural and human events, and assess effective countermeasures to mitigate the negative impact of global warming on vulnerable population subgroups.}, }
@article {pmid33068183, year = {2020}, author = {Neves, GL and Barbosa, MAGA and Anjinho, PDS and Guimarães, TT and das Virgens Filho, JS and Mauad, FF}, title = {Evaluation of the impacts of climate change on streamflow through hydrological simulation and under downscaling scenarios: case study in a watershed in southeastern Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {11}, pages = {707}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08671-x}, pmid = {33068183}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Brazil ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hydrology ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Among the problems related to water security, the effects of climate change on water availability stand out. Researchers have used hydrological models integrated with climate models in order to predict the streamflow behaviour in different hydrographic basins. This work aimed to analyse future climate scenarios for the Ribeirão do Lobo River Basin, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The stochastic generator PGECLIMA_R was used in the simulation of climate data, which were used as input data in the hydrological model SMAP, after it was calibrated and validated for the study site. In all, five future scenarios were generated, with scenarios A, B, C and D projected based on the 5th report of the IPCC and scenario E based on the trend of climate data in the region. Among the scenarios generated, scenario D, which considers an increase of 4.8 °C in air temperature and a reduction of 10% in rainfall, is responsible for the worst water condition in the basin and can reduce up to 72.41% of the average flow and up to 55.50%, 54.18% and 38.17% of the low flow parameters Q90%, Q95% and Q7,10, respectively, until the end of the twenty-first century. However, the E scenario also becomes a matter of concern, since it was responsible for greater increases in temperature and greater reductions in rainfall and, consequently, more drastic monthly reductions in streamflow, which may negatively impact water resources and affect the various uses of water in the Ribeirão do Lobo River Basin.}, }
@article {pmid33067869, year = {2020}, author = {Scharsack, JP and Wieczorek, B and Schmidt-Drewello, A and Büscher, J and Franke, F and Moore, A and Branca, A and Witten, A and Stoll, M and Bornberg-Bauer, E and Wicke, S and Kurtz, J}, title = {Climate change facilitates a parasite's host exploitation via temperature-mediated immunometabolic processes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15402}, pmid = {33067869}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Global climate change can influence organismic interactions like those between hosts and parasites. Rising temperatures may exacerbate the exploitation of hosts by parasites, especially in ectothermic systems. The metabolic activity of ectotherms is strongly linked to temperature and generally increases when temperatures rise. We hypothesised that temperature change in combination with parasite infection interferes with the host's immunometabolism. We used a parasite, the avian cestode Schistocephalus solidus, which taps most of its resources from the metabolism of an ectothermic intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback. We experimentally exposed sticklebacks to this parasite, and studied liver transcriptomes 50 days after infection at 13 and 24°C, to assess their immunometabolic responses. Furthermore, we monitored fitness parameters of the parasite and examined immunity and body condition of the sticklebacks at 13, 18, and 24°C after 36, 50, and 64 days of infection. At low temperatures (13°C), S. solidus growth was constrained, presumably also by the more active stickleback's immune system, thus delaying its infectivity for the final host to 64 days. Warmer temperature (18°C and 24°C) enhanced S. solidus growth, and it became infective to the final host already after 36 days. Overall, S. solidus produced many more viable offspring after development at elevated temperatures. In contrast, stickleback hosts had lower body conditions, and their immune system was less active at warm temperature. The stickleback's liver transcriptome revealed that mainly metabolic processes were differentially regulated between temperatures, whereas immune genes were not strongly affected. Temperature effects on gene expression were strongly enhanced in infected sticklebacks, and even in exposed-but-not-infected hosts. These data suggest that the parasite exposure in concert with rising temperature, as to be expected with global climate change, shifted the host's immunometabolism, thus providing nutrients for the enormous growth of the parasite and, at the same time suppressing immune defence.}, }
@article {pmid33067550, year = {2020}, author = {Simon, E and Canarini, A and Martin, V and Séneca, J and Böckle, T and Reinthaler, D and Pötsch, EM and Piepho, HP and Bahn, M and Wanek, W and Richter, A}, title = {Microbial growth and carbon use efficiency show seasonal responses in a multifactorial climate change experiment.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {584}, pmid = {33067550}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {P 28572//Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung)/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial growth and carbon use efficiency (CUE) are central to the global carbon cycle, as microbial remains form soil organic matter. We investigated how future global changes may affect soil microbial growth, respiration, and CUE. We aimed to elucidate the soil microbial response to multiple climate change drivers across the growing season and whether effects of multiple global change drivers on soil microbial physiology are additive or interactive. We measured soil microbial growth, CUE, and respiration at three time points in a field experiment combining three levels of temperature and atmospheric CO2, and a summer drought. Here we show that climate change-driven effects on soil microbial physiology are interactive and season-specific, while the coupled response of growth and respiration lead to stable microbial CUE (average CUE = 0.39). These results suggest that future research should focus on microbial growth across different seasons to understand and predict effects of global changes on soil carbon dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid33067547, year = {2020}, author = {Roberts, SM and Boustany, AM and Halpin, PN}, title = {Substrate-dependent fish have shifted less in distribution under climate change.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {586}, pmid = {33067547}, issn = {2399-3642}, abstract = {Analyses of the impacts of climate change on fish species have primarily considered dynamic oceanographic variables that are the output of predictive models, yet fish species distributions are determined by much more than just variables such as ocean temperature. Functionally diverse species are differentially influenced by oceanographic as well as physiographic variables such as bottom substrate, thereby influencing their ability to shift distributions. Here, we show that fish species distributions that are more associated with bottom substrate than other dynamic environmental variables have shifted significantly less over the last 30 years than species whose distributions are associated with bottom salinity. Correspondingly, species whose distributions are primarily determined by bottom temperature or ocean salinity have shifted their mean centroid and southern and northern range boundaries significantly more than species whose distributions are determined by substrate or depth. The influence of oceanographic versus static variables differs by species functional group, as benthic species distributions are more associated with substrate and they have shifted significantly less than pelagic species whose distributions are primarily associated with ocean temperatures. In conclusion, benthic fish, that are more influenced by substrate, may prove much less likely to shift distributions under future climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33065323, year = {2020}, author = {Bonnail, E and Borrero-Santiago, AR and Nordtug, T and Øverjordet, IB and Krause, DF and Ardelan, MV}, title = {Climate change mitigation effects: How do potential CO2 leaks from a sub-seabed storage site in the Norwegian Sea affect Astarte sp. bivalves?.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {264}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {128552}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128552}, pmid = {33065323}, issn = {1879-1298}, abstract = {Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the most promising mitigation strategies for reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere and may substantially help to decelerate global warming. There is an increasing demand for CCS sites. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge of the environmental risk associated with potential leakage of CO2 from the storage sites; and even more, what happens when the seepage stops. Can the environment return to the initial equilibrium? Potential effects on native macrofauna were studied under a scenario of a 50-day CO2 leakage, and the subsequent leak closure. To accomplish the objective, Trondheim Fjord sediments and clams were exposed to an acidified environment (pH 6.9) at 29 atm for 7 weeks followed by a 14-day recovery at normal seawater conditions (pH 8.0, 29 atm). Growth and survival of clams exposed to pressure (29 atm) and reduced pH (6.9) did not significantly differ from control clams kept at 1 atm in natural seawater. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of elements in the soft tissue of clams did not register significant variations for most of the analysed elements (Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ti), while other elements (As, Cu, Fe, Ni) had decreasing concentrations in tissues under acidified conditions in contrast to Na and Mg, which registered an uptake (Ku) of 111 and 9.92 μg g-1dw d-1, respectively. This Ku may be altered due to the stress induced by acidification; and the element concentration being released from sediments was not highly affected at that pH. Therefore, a 1 unit drop in pH at the seafloor for several weeks does not appear to pose a risk for the clams.}, }
@article {pmid33064786, year = {2020}, author = {Frei, T}, title = {Climate change in Switzerland: Impact on hazel, birch, and grass pollen on the basis of half a century of pollen records (1969 - 2018).}, journal = {Allergologie select}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {69-75}, pmid = {33064786}, issn = {2512-8957}, abstract = {As indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), human activities are estimated to have caused ~ 1.0 °C of global warming above pre-industrial levels. The impact of this global warming is diverse and pertains also plant biology. The start of the pollen season as well as the observed quantities of pollen have been considered indicators of the impact of climate change. Switzerland has one of the longest pollen time series now - more than half a century. It has been tested whether the impact of climate change is robust by checking with this long time series of different pollen like hazel, birch, and grass as prominent representatives of triggers of hay fever. The results indicate that based on a time series of 50 years, the pollen seasons of hazel, birch, and grass started earlier as the temperature increased. Comparing the annual amount of pollen, a relevant increase is only observed for hazel. However, it must be considered that in the observed 50 years there was a land use change from grass land to built-up land due to the increase of population, and yet certain pollen counts increased considerably.}, }
@article {pmid33060843, year = {2020}, author = {Borg, MA and Bi, P}, title = {The impact of climate change on kidney health.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Nephrology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41581-020-00365-4}, pmid = {33060843}, issn = {1759-507X}, }
@article {pmid33059212, year = {2020}, author = {Chapman, EJ and Byron, CJ and Lasley-Rasher, R and Lipsky, C and Stevens, JR and Peters, R}, title = {Effects of climate change on coastal ecosystem food webs: Implications for aquaculture.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {105103}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105103}, pmid = {33059212}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Coastal ecosystems provide important ecosystem services for millions of people. Climate change is modifying coastal ecosystem food web structure and function and threatens these essential ecosystem services. We used a combination of two new and one existing ecosystem food web models and altered scenarios that are possible with climate change to quantify the impacts of climate change on ecosystem stability in three coastal bays in Maine, United States. We also examined the impact of climate change on bivalve fisheries and aquaculture. Our modeled scenarios explicitly considered the predicted effects of future climatic change and human intervention and included: 1) the influence of increased terrestrial dissolved organic carbon loading on phytoplankton biomass; 2) benthic community change driven by synergisms between climate change, historical overfishing, and increased species invasion; and 3) altered trophic level energy transfer driven by ocean warming and acidification. The effects of climate change strongly negatively influenced ecosystem energy flow and ecosystem stability and negatively affected modeled bivalve carrying capacity in each of our models along the Maine coast of the eastern United States. Our results suggest that the interconnected nature of ecosystem food webs make them extremely vulnerable to synergistic effects of climate change. To better inform fisheries and aquaculture management, the effects of climate change must be explicitly incorporated.}, }
@article {pmid33058061, year = {2020}, author = {Bakhsh, K and Latif, A and Ali, R and Yasin, MA}, title = {Relationship between adaptation to climate change and provincial government expenditure in Pakistan.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-11182-4}, pmid = {33058061}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Public expenditures on adaptation to climate change have direct effects on budgets of governments. Such direct impacts on government budgetary allocation have been analyzed in the developed countries and very little research is available considering highly vulnerable and exposed developing countries which are facing huge threats of climate change. The current study is designed to bridge this information gap by examining the effects of climate change adaptation on public expenditures in Pakistan employing provincial level data over the period of 1990-2016. Adaptation expenditures included both overall government expenditures and expenditures on communal amenities and housing. In addition to a fixed effects estimation, we employed long difference model to analyze the impact in the long run. Results indicated that variations in temperature and rainfall were significantly related with public expenditures. Short run and long run scenarios showed that rising temperature caused an increase in public expenditures. The effect of rainfall on total public expenditure was positive and statistically significant while rainfall and expenditure incurred on communal amenities and housing were negatively related in the long run. The study posits important policy implications.}, }
@article {pmid33057617, year = {2020}, author = {Gould, JR and Warden, ML and Slager, BH and Murphy, TC}, title = {Host Overwintering Phenology and Climate Change Influence the Establishment of Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Larval Parasitoid Introduced for Biocontrol of the Emerald Ash Borer.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaa217}, pmid = {33057617}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is one of the most serious forest pests in the United States. Ongoing research indicates that establishment of larval parasitoids depends upon the season-long availability of host stages susceptible to parasitism. We monitored emerald ash borer overwintering stages at 90 sites across 22 states to: 1) produce a model of the percentage of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae; 2) link that model to establishment of Tetrastichus planipennisi; and 3) explore changes to our model under climate change scenarios. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) is an important predictor of the proportion of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae (1-4 instar larvae under the bark; available to parasitoids emerging in spring) versus J-larvae (fourth-instar larvae in pupal chambers in the outer wood; unavailable to parasitoids). From north to south, the availability of non-J emerald ash borer larvae in the spring decreases as accumulated GDD increases. In areas where the model predicted >46-75%, >30-46%, >13-30%, or ≤13% of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae, the probability of establishment of T. planipennisi was 92%, 67%, 57%, and 21%, respectively. We determined that 13% of emerald ash borer overwintering as non-J larvae was the lowest threshold for expected T. planipennisi establishment. Additional modeling predicts that under climate change, establishment of T. planipennisi will be most affected in the Central United States, with areas that are currently suitable becoming unsuitable. Our results provide a useful tool for the emerald ash borer biological control program on how to economically and successfully deploy emerald ash borer biological control agents.}, }
@article {pmid33050582, year = {2020}, author = {Zhao, Y and Guo, J and Bao, C and Liang, C and Jain, HK}, title = {Knowledge Graph Analysis of Human Health Research Related to Climate Change.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17207395}, pmid = {33050582}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {In order to explore the development status, knowledge base, research hotspots, and future research directions related to the impacts of climate change on human health, a systematic bibliometric analysis of 6719 published articles from 2003 to 2018 in the Web of Science was performed. Using data analytics tools such as HistCite and CiteSpace, the time distribution, spatial distribution, citations, and research hotspots were analyzed and visualized. The analysis revealed the development status of the research on the impacts of climate change on human health and analyzed the research hotspots and future development trends in this field, providing important knowledge support for researchers in this field.}, }
@article {pmid33050293, year = {2020}, author = {Zamora, S and Sandoval-Herazo, LC and Ballut-Dajud, G and Del Ángel-Coronel, OA and Betanzo-Torres, EA and Marín-Muñiz, JL}, title = {Carbon Fluxes and Stocks by Mexican Tropical Forested Wetland Soils: A Critical Review of Its Role for Climate Change Mitigation.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17207372}, pmid = {33050293}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Wetland soils are important stores of soil carbon (C) in the biosphere, and play an important role in global carbon cycles in the response strategy to climate change. However, there areknowledge gaps in our understanding of the quantity and distribution in tropical regions. Specifically, Mexican wetlands have not been considered in global carbon budgets or carbon balances for a number of reasons, such as: (1) the lack of data, (2) Spanish publications have not been selected, or (3) because such balances are mainly made in the English language. This study analyzes the literature regarding carbon stocks, sequestration and fluxes in Mexican forested wetlands (Forest-W). Soil carbon stocks of 8, 24.5 and 40.1 kg cm-2 were detected for flooded palms, mangroves, and freshwater or swamps (FW) wetland soils, respectively, indicating that FW soils are the Forest-W with more potential for carbon sinks (p = 0.023), compared to mangroves and flooded palm soils. While these assessments of carbon sequestration were ranged from 36 to 920 g-C m-2 year-1, C emitted as methane was also tabulated (0.6-196 g-C m-2 year-1). Subtracting the C emitted of the C sequestered, 318.2 g-C m-2 year-1 were obtained. Such data revealed that Forest-W function is mainly as carbon sink, and not C source. This review can help to inform practitioners in future decisions regarding sustainable projects, restoration, conservation or creation of wetlands. Finally, it is concluded that Forest-W could be key ecosystems in strategies addressing the mitigation of climate change through carbon storage. However, new studies in this research line and public policies that protect these essential carbon sinks are necessary in order to, hopefully, elaborate global models to make more accurate predictions about future climate.}, }
@article {pmid33049525, year = {2020}, author = {Shi, S and Yu, J and Wang, F and Wang, P and Zhang, Y and Jin, K}, title = {Quantitative contributions of climate change and human activities to vegetation changes over multiple time scales on the Loess Plateau.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {142419}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142419}, pmid = {33049525}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Vegetation is a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, and its changes are driven mainly by a combination of climate change and human activities. This paper aims to reveal the relationship between vegetation and climate change by using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and to find the cause of vegetation change by performing residual analysis on the Loess Plateau during the period from 2000 to 2016. The results showed that the NDVI on the Loess Plateau exhibited an increase of 0.086 per decade, and an increasing trend was observed across 94.86% of the total area. The relationship between the NDVI and SPEI was mainly positive, and the correlation increased as the time scale of the SPEI lengthened, indicating that long-term water availability was the major climate factor affecting vegetation growth. Residual analysis indicated that climate change was responsible for 45.78% of NDVI variation, while human activities were responsible for 54.22%. In areas with degraded vegetation, the relative roles of climate change and human activities were 28.11% and 72.89%, respectively. In addition, the relative role of climate change increased with an increase in the time scales, implying that the long-term NDVI trend was more sensitive to climate change then the short-term trend. The results of this study are expected to enhance our understanding of vegetation changes under climate change and human activities and provide a scientific basis for future ecological restoration in arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid33048352, year = {2020}, author = {Srinivasan, U and Wilcove, DS}, title = {Interactive impacts of climate change and land-use change on the demography of montane birds.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e03223}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3223}, pmid = {33048352}, issn = {1939-9170}, abstract = {Climate change and habitat degradation are amongst the two greatest threats to biodiversity. Together, they can interact to harm species. However, how climate change and land-use change jointly affect the demographic vital rates that underpin population viability remains unknown. Here, using long-term data on birds from the increasingly degraded and rapidly warming Himalayas, we show that survival trends over time are linked to species' elevational ranges in primary, but not in selectively-logged forest. In primary forest, populations at their cold-edge elevational range limit show increases in survival rates over time, while those at their warm-edge elevational range limit suffer survival declines. This pattern is consistent with species tracking favourable climatic conditions over time, leading to improved demographic outcomes at progressively higher elevations with climate change, which in turn lead to upslope range shifts. In logged forest, however, survival rates remain relatively constant over time. This suggests that in response to climate change in the long term, individuals of the same species can maintain demographic vital rates in higher-elevation primary forest, but not in logged forest. This is the first demonstration of how two of the most disruptive anthropogenic influences on biodiversity interact to threaten survivorship in natural populations. Ignoring interactions between climate change and land-use change can potentially undermine accurate forecasting of the future of species in an increasingly warm and degraded world. Importantly, large tracts of well-protected primary forests across Earth's tropical elevational gradients may be essential to enable tropical montane species to persist in the face of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33048318, year = {2020}, author = {Balsari, S and Dresser, C and Leaning, J}, title = {Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife.}, journal = {Current environmental health reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33048318}, issn = {2196-5412}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this article, we examine the intersection of human migration and climate change. Growing evidence that changing environmental and climate conditions are triggers for displacement, whether voluntary or forced, adds a powerful argument for profound anticipatory engagement.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Climate change is expected to displace vast populations from rural to urban areas, and when life in the urban centers becomes untenable, many will continue their onward migration elsewhere (Wennersten and Robbins 2017; Rigaud et al. 2018). It is now accepted that the changing climate will be a threat multiplier, will exacerbate the need or decision to migrate, and will disproportionately affect large already vulnerable sections of humanity. Worst-case scenario models that assume business-as-usual approaches to climate change predict that nearly one-third of the global population will live in extremely hot (uninhabitable) climates, currently found in less than 1% of the earth's surface mainly in the Sahara. We find that the post-World War II regime designed to receive European migrants has failed to address population movement in the latter half of the twentieth century fueled by economic want, globalization, opening (and then closing) borders, civil strife, and war. Key stakeholders are in favor of using existing instruments to support a series of local, regional, and international arrangements to protect environmental migrants, most of whom will not cross international borders. The proposal for a dedicated UN agency and a new Convention has largely come from academia and NGOs. Migration is now recognized not only as a consequence of instability but as an adaptation strategy to the changing climate. Migration must be anticipated as a certainty, and thereby planned for and supported.}, }
@article {pmid33048051, year = {2020}, author = {Gross, M}, title = {Disease in the times of climate change.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {30}, number = {19}, pages = {R1104-R1106}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.039}, pmid = {33048051}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {As human influences change the planet including the composition of oceans and the atmosphere and thus the climate, the microbial world is bound to change and adapt as well. Like individual microbes themselves, these changes are invisible to us. The first indication we are likely to notice is the pattern and severity of diseases affecting wildlife, crops and ourselves. Michael Gross reports.}, }
@article {pmid33047846, year = {2020}, author = {Butt, N and Chauvenet, ALM and Adams, VM and Beger, M and Gallagher, RV and Shanahan, DF and Ward, M and Watson, JEM and Possingham, HP}, title = {Importance of species translocations under rapid climate change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13643}, pmid = {33047846}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Species that cannot adapt or keep pace with a changing climate are likely to need human intervention to shift to more suitable climates. While hundreds of articles mention using translocation as a climate-change adaptation tool, in practice, assisted migration as a conservation action remains rare, especially for animals. This is likely due to concern over introducing species to places where they may become invasive. However, there are other barriers to consider, such as time-frame mismatch, sociopolitical, knowledge and uncertainty barriers to conservationists adopting assisted migration as a go-to strategy. We recommend the following to advance assisted migration as a conservation tool: attempt assisted migrations at small scales, translocate species with little invasion risk, adopt robust monitoring protocols that trigger an active response, and promote political and public support.}, }
@article {pmid33047008, year = {2020}, author = {Levendis, YA and Kowalski, G and Lu, Y and Baldassarre, G}, title = {A simple experiment on global warming.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, pages = {192075}, pmid = {33047008}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {A simple experiment has been developed to demonstrate the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the Earth's atmosphere. A miniature electric resistance heating element was placed inside an inflatable balloon. The balloon was filled with either air or CO2. Whereas the CO2 partial pressure on the earth's atmosphere is approximately 4 × 10-4 atm, in this experiment, a high partial pressure of CO2 (1 atm) was used to compensate for the short radiation absorption path in the balloon. The element was heated to approximately 50°C, the power was then switched off and the element's cooling trends in air and in CO2 were monitored. It took a longer time to cool the heating element back to ambient temperature in CO2 than in air. It also took longer times to cool the element in larger size balloons and in pressurized balloons when they were filled with CO2. To the contrary, the balloon size or pressure made no difference when the balloons were filled with air. A simple mathematical model was developed, and it confirmed that the radiative heat loss from the element decreased significantly in CO2. This investigation showed that the cooling rate of an object, with surface temperature akin to temperatures found on Earth, is reduced in a CO2-rich atmosphere because of the concomitant lower heat loss to its environment.}, }
@article {pmid33046929, year = {2020}, author = {Wannous, C}, title = {Climate change and other risk drivers of animal health and zoonotic disease emergencies: the need for a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach to disaster risk management.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {461-470}, doi = {10.20506/rst.39.2.3097}, pmid = {33046929}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Animals ; Betacoronavirus ; Climate Change ; *Coronavirus Infections ; *Disasters ; Emergencies/veterinary ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; *Pneumonia, Viral ; Risk Management ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection/veterinary ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {In recent times, there has been an increased focus on animal health and zoonotic diseases that have the potential to trigger epidemics or pandemics that disproportionately affect the poor and most vulnerable. The recent Ebola, Zika and COVID-19 outbreaks demonstrate the devastating human, social and economic impacts of such diseases if they are not prevented or controlled, ideally at source. The risk drivers for zoonoses, which are complex and often interdependent, include climate change and related disasters, antimicrobial resistance, and anthropogenic drivers such as land-use changes and animal production practices. Understanding these drivers requires a better understanding of the ecology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal-environment interface. Biosecurity and biosafety are critical for reducing the risk of accidental or deliberate release and should be included in risk management strategies. International frameworks for sustainable development, climate change, and disaster risk reduction have all integrated health as one of the core areas of work, calling for better preparedness and response to biological hazards and increased health system resilience. To improve their ability to prevent, prepare for, and respond to emerging and re-emerging threats, countries should address these risk drivers, taking a multidisciplinary One Health approach that involves the animal and human health and environment sectors. Cross-border cooperation is also vital, as diseases know no boundaries.}, }
@article {pmid33046927, year = {2020}, author = {McManus, CM and Rezende Paiva, S and Faria, D}, title = {Genomics and climate change.}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {481-490}, doi = {10.20506/rst.39.2.3099}, pmid = {33046927}, issn = {0253-1933}, mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Climate Change ; Genome ; *Genomics ; Livestock ; Sheep ; }, abstract = {Climate change is predicted to change the nature and distribution of global farming systems, and strategies will be needed to adapt and optimise global food-producing systems. If genomic technologies are to be useful in this scenario, there is a need for the careful definition of phenotypes and routine sample collection, as well as large-scale genotyping of animal populations. Genomic tools will greatly enhance the characterisation of available germplasm and exploration of local genetic resources, while faster and cheaper DNA sequencing is leading to an increased understanding of the underlying genetic basis of traits. The use of genomic tools to increase animal resilience, reduce methane emissions from cattle and sheep, improve disease resistance, decrease environmental impact, reduce competition for land and water and, finally, increase production may be the most feasible path for the future of livestock production. In this review, the authors discuss various genomic strategies in the light of climate change, focusing on the selection of resistant/tolerant animals, landscape genomics, metagenomics and gene editing.}, }
@article {pmid33046645, year = {2020}, author = {Benveniste, H and Oppenheimer, M and Fleurbaey, M}, title = {Effect of border policy on exposure and vulnerability to climate change.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2007597117}, pmid = {33046645}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Migration may be increasingly used as adaptation strategy to reduce populations' exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts. Conversely, either through lack of information about risks at destinations or as outcome of balancing those risks, people might move to locations where they are more exposed to climatic risk than at their origin locations. Climate damages, whose quantification informs understanding of societal exposure and vulnerability, are typically computed by integrated assessment models (IAMs). Yet migration is hardly included in commonly used IAMs. In this paper, we investigate how border policy, a key influence on international migration flows, affects exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts. To this aim, we include international migration and remittance dynamics explicitly in a widely used IAM employing a gravity model and compare four scenarios of border policy. We then quantify effects of border policy on population distribution, income, exposure, and vulnerability and of CO2 emissions and temperature increase for the period 2015 to 2100 along five scenarios of future development and climate change. We find that most migrants tend to move to areas where they are less exposed and vulnerable than where they came from. Our results confirm that migration and remittances can positively contribute to climate change adaptation. Crucially, our findings imply that restrictive border policy can increase exposure and vulnerability, by trapping people in areas where they are more exposed and vulnerable than where they would otherwise migrate. These results suggest that the consequences of migration policy should play a greater part in deliberations about international climate policy.}, }
@article {pmid33043559, year = {2020}, author = {Ready, E and Collings, P}, title = {&quot;All the problems in the community are multifaceted and related to each other&quot;: Inuit concerns in an era of climate change.}, journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e23516}, doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23516}, pmid = {33043559}, issn = {1520-6300}, support = {//Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship/ ; 752-2010-1089//Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada/ ; 1303874, 1813496//Office of Polar Programs/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Human dimensions of climate change research in the Arctic often proposes ways for local communities to adapt to changes to their environment, foregrounding problems posed by climate change while treating social, political, and economic factors as background conditions. We explore the relevance of this research paradigm for Inuit by examining how Inuit from Kangiqsujuaq present and discuss the major issues facing their community.<br><br>METHODS: We thematically code and analyze the responses of 107 Inuit to three free-response questions about the problems facing their community and the best things about their community. The data were collected as part of a questionnaire for a project focused on food security and food sharing conducted in Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik, in 2013 to 2014.<br><br>RESULTS: Few respondents mentioned issues relating to climate change among the most pressing problems faced by their community. Rather, a suite of interconnected social and economic issues, particularly substance abuse and the cost of living, emerged as the main concerns of Kangiqsujuarmiut. However, the environment was a central theme in respondents' favorite thing about their community.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In light of the concerns identified by Inuit, we argue that much research on climate change makes incorrect a priori assumptions and consequently fails to capture aspects of Arctic socioecological systems that are essential for how Inuit are responding to climate change. An inductive, open-ended approach can help produce research more relevant to communities.}, }
@article {pmid33043433, year = {2020}, author = {van Gemert, TE and Moses, RG}, title = {Climate change and an increased prevalence of gestational diabetes.}, journal = {The Australian &amp; New Zealand journal of obstetrics &amp; gynaecology}, volume = {60}, number = {5}, pages = {E14}, doi = {10.1111/ajo.13211}, pmid = {33043433}, issn = {1479-828X}, }
@article {pmid33042389, year = {2020}, author = {Sellevold, R and Vizcaíno, M}, title = {Global Warming Threshold and Mechanisms for Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss.}, journal = {Journal of advances in modeling earth systems}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {e2019MS002029}, pmid = {33042389}, issn = {1942-2466}, abstract = {The Community Earth System Model version 2.1 (CESM2.1) is used to investigate the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) under an idealized CO2 forcing scenario of 1% increase until stabilization at 4× pre-industrial at model year 140. In this simulation, the SMB calculation is coupled with the atmospheric model, using a physically based surface energy balance scheme for melt, explicit calculation of snow albedo, and a realistic treatment of polar snow and firn compaction. By the end of the simulation (years 131-150), the SMB decreases with 994 Gt yr-1 with respect to the pre-industrial SMB, which represents a sea-level rise contribution of 2.8 mm yr-1. For a threshold of 2.7-K global temperature increase with respect to pre-industrial, the rate of expansion of the ablation area increases, the mass loss accelerates due to loss of refreezing capacity and accelerated melt, and the SMB becomes negative 6 years later. Before acceleration, longwave radiation is the most important contributor to increasing energy for melt. After acceleration, the large expansion of the ablation area strongly reduces surface albedo. This and much increased turbulent heat fluxes as the GrIS-integrated summer surface temperature approaches melt point become the major sources of energy for melt.}, }
@article {pmid33041475, year = {2020}, author = {Raman, S and Shameer, TT and Charles, B and Sanil, R}, title = {Habitat suitability model of endangered Latidens salimalii and the probable consequences of global warming.}, journal = {Tropical ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, pmid = {33041475}, issn = {0564-3295}, abstract = {Salim Ali's fruit bat, Latidens salimalii, is a monotypic endangered fruit bat endemic to Western Ghats (WG) with an ambiguous distribution. The distribution range, habitat suitability, and biology of this species are still uncertain. Endemic species inhabiting the high elevation of WG like L. salimalii are threatened due to climatic change and seeks urgent management interventions. Hence, we developed a habitat suitability model for L. salimalii using MaxEnt in the current climate condition and projected their distribution for three Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) climate scenarios of the 2070 time frame. The results show that 9531 km2of habitat in WG is suitable for L. salimalii at present, while all the future scenarios estimates propose complete loss of highly suitable habitat. The significant factors influencing the distribution of L. salimalii are the precipitation of the driest month, tree density, rain in the coldest quarter, canopy height, and altitude. The study pioneers in predicting the suitable habitat and emphasis the need to develop strategies for the long-term conservation of endangered L. salimalii in WG under global warming scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid33039261, year = {2020}, author = {Cuschieri, S and Agius, JC}, title = {The interaction between diabetes and climate change - A review on the dual global phenomena.}, journal = {Early human development}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105220}, doi = {10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105220}, pmid = {33039261}, issn = {1872-6232}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes and climate change are forefront global challenges of the 21st century. Both are on a progressive incline with intergenerational effects on the wellbeing, health and security of the population. The aim of this review was to explore the interconnection relationship between type 2 diabetes and climate change.<br><br>METHODS: A literature review search of MEDLINE publications from 2010 to March 2020 was performed. English-language articles using terms &quot;diabetes&quot; AND &quot;climate change&quot; OR &quot;temperature change&quot; OR &quot;temperature rise&quot; OR &quot;hot temperature&quot; OR &quot;extreme heat&quot; were reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: Climate change and diabetes are interconnected through a direct and indirect pathway. Temperature changes can trigger a person's susceptibility to develop diabetes as well as impose adverse effects on those diagnosed with diabetes (such as increased incidence of hospitalization, dehydration and mortality). Both temperature extremes have been reported to lead to negative effects on diabetes. Concurrently, both phenomena have shared predisposing vectors (such as sedentary lifestyle, urbanisation, unhealthy diets) that lead to their progressive development.<br><br>CONCLUSION: A bidirectional relationship exists between type 2 diabetes and climate change. This relationship originates through a multifactorial pathway involving biological, social, environmental, geophysical and economic factors. An integrated action plan targeting the common predisposing vectors should be set up. This should support a low environmental impact while promoting equity and wellbeing.}, }
@article {pmid33039256, year = {2020}, author = {Grech, V and Cuschieri, S}, title = {Some health effects of global warming.}, journal = {Early human development}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105216}, pmid = {33039256}, issn = {1872-6232}, }
@article {pmid33036962, year = {2020}, author = {Zhao, J and Zhan, R and Wang, Y and Xie, SP and Wu, Q}, title = {Untangling impacts of global warming and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on long-term variability of North Pacific tropical cyclone track density.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {41}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aba6813}, pmid = {33036962}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {How much the observed long-term variability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity is due to anthropogenic global warming (GW) or internal climate variability remains unclear, limiting the confidence in projected future change in TC activity. Here, the relative contributions of GW and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) to the long-term variability of TC track density (TCTD) over the North Pacific (NP) are quantified on the basis of statistical analyses and climate model simulations. Results show that historical GW mainly reduced (increased) TCTD over the western (eastern) NP, while the positive (negative) IPO corresponds to a NP basin-wide increase (decrease) in TCTD except in some coastal regions. The IPO has a much greater impact on TCTD over the western NP than GW, while the IPO and GW impacts are about equal over the eastern NP during 1960-2019. These findings have important implications for projecting future TC activity over the NP.}, }
@article {pmid33035977, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, Y and Zhang, L and Wang, J and Wang, W and Niyati, N and Guo, Y and Wang, X}, title = {Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in China: Current distribution, trading, and futures under climate change and overexploitation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {142548}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142548}, pmid = {33035977}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a precious traditional medicine which is mostly distributed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Due to its medicinal values, it has become one of the most valuable biological commodities and widely traded in recent years worldwide. However, its habitat has changed profoundly in recent years under global warming as well as anthropogenic pressures, resulting in a sharp decline in its wild population in recent years. Based on the occurrence samples, this paper estimates the potential distribution of caterpillar fungus using MaxEnt model. The model simulates potential geographical distribution of the species under current climate conditions, and examine future distributions under different climatic change scenarios (i.e., RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 have been modelled in 2050s and 2070s, respectively). For examining the impacts of climate change in future, the integrated effects of climatic impact, trading, and overexploitation had been analyzed in detailed routes. The results show that: 1) The distribution patterns of caterpillar fungus under scenario RCP 2.6 have been predicted without obvious changes. However, range shift has been observed with significant shrinks across all classes of suitable areas in Tianshan, Kunlun Mountains, and the southwestern QTP in 2050s and 2070s under RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. 2) The exports were decreasing drastically in recent years. Guangzhou and Hongkong are two international super import and consumption centres of caterpillar fungus in the world. 3) Both ecological and economic sustainable utilization of the caterpillar fungus has been threatened by the combined pressures of climate change and overexploitation. A strict but effective regulation and protection system, even a systematic management plan not just on the collectors but the whole explore process are urgently needed and has to be issued in the QTP.}, }
@article {pmid33035971, year = {2020}, author = {Gissi, E and Manea, E and Mazaris, AD and Fraschetti, S and Almpanidou, V and Bevilacqua, S and Coll, M and Guarnieri, G and Lloret-Lloret, E and Pascual, M and Petza, D and Rilov, G and Schonwald, M and Stelzenmüller, V and Katsanevakis, S}, title = {A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {142564}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142564}, pmid = {33035971}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change (CC) is a key, global driver of change of marine ecosystems. At local and regional scales, other local human stressors (LS) can interact with CC and modify its effects on marine ecosystems. Understanding the response of the marine environment to the combined effects of CC and LS is crucial to inform marine ecosystem-based management and planning, yet our knowledge of the potential effects of such interactions is fragmented. At a global scale, we explored how cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) have addressed CC in the marine realm and discuss progress and shortcomings of current approaches. For this we conducted a systematic review on how CEAs investigated at different levels of biological organization ecological responses, functional aspects, and the combined effect of CC and HS. Globally, the effects of 52 LS and of 27 CC-related stressors on the marine environment have been studied in combination, such as industrial fisheries with change in temperature, or sea level rise with artisanal fisheries, marine litter, change in sediment load and introduced alien species. CC generally intensified the effects of LS at species level. At trophic groups and ecosystem levels, the effects of CC either intensified or mitigated the effects of other HS depending on the trophic groups or the environmental conditions involved, thus suggesting that the combined effects of CC and LS are context-dependent and vary among and within ecosystems. Our results highlight that large-scale assessments on the spatial interaction and combined effects of CC and LS remain limited. More importantly, our results strengthen the urgent need of CEAs to capture local-scale effects of stressors that can exacerbate climate-induced changes. Ultimately, this will allow identifying management measures that aid counteracting CC effects at relevant scales.}, }
@article {pmid33034960, year = {2020}, author = {Xu, R and Yu, P and Abramson, MJ and Johnston, FH and Samet, JM and Bell, ML and Haines, A and Ebi, KL and Li, S and Guo, Y}, title = {Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health.}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMsr2028985}, pmid = {33034960}, issn = {1533-4406}, }
@article {pmid33032680, year = {2020}, author = {Rydenfelt, H}, title = {From Justice to the Good? Liberal Utilitarianism, Climate Change and the Coronavirus Crisis.}, journal = {Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1017/S0963180120000900}, pmid = {33032680}, issn = {1469-2147}, }
@article {pmid33032131, year = {2020}, author = {Bussi, G and Darby, SE and Whitehead, PG and Jin, L and Dadson, SJ and Voepel, HE and Vasilopoulos, G and Hackney, CR and Hutton, C and Berchoux, T and Parsons, DR and Nicholas, A}, title = {Impact of dams and climate change on suspended sediment flux to the Mekong delta.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {755}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {142468}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142468}, pmid = {33032131}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The livelihoods of millions of people living in the world's deltas are deeply interconnected with the sediment dynamics of these deltas. In particular a sustainable supply of fluvial sediments from upstream is critical for ensuring the fertility of delta soils and for promoting sediment deposition that can offset rising sea levels. Yet, in many large river catchments this supply of sediment is being threatened by the planned construction of large dams. In this study, we apply the INCA hydrological and sediment model to the Mekong River catchment in South East Asia. The aim is to assess the impact of several large dams (both existing and planned) on the suspended sediment fluxes of the river. We force the INCA model with a climate model to assess the interplay of changing climate and sediment trapping caused by dam construction. The results show that historical sediment flux declines are mostly caused by dams built in PR China and that sediment trapping will increase in the future due to the construction of new dams in PDR Lao and Cambodia. If all dams that are currently planned for the next two decades are built, they will induce a decline of suspended sediment flux of 50% (47-53% 90% confidence interval (90%CI)) compared to current levels (99 Mt/year at the delta apex), with potentially damaging consequences for local livelihoods and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid33031430, year = {2020}, author = {Hu, R and Gu, Y and Luo, M and Lu, Z and Wei, M and Zhong, J}, title = {Shifts in bird ranges and conservation priorities in China under climate change.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0240225}, pmid = {33031430}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Climate change is one of the most significant causes of species range shift and extinction. Based on a citizen science dataset of birds in China, the Bird Report, we developed a high-resolution map of bird species richness in China, and simulated the range shifts and area changes of the 1,042 birds through the year 2070 using three different General Circulation Models and two different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs, including RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5). It was found that 241-244 (under different scenarios) bird species would lose a portion of their distribution ranges; and that most species in China would move to either higher elevations or northward. The other 798-801 species would experience range expansion. Compared to resident species (n = 516), migratory birds (n = 526) may undergo more limited range expansion but a longer range shift distance on average. The species diversity of birds will considerably increase in areas higher than 1,500 m in elevation under both RCPs. Conservation priorities with higher species richness were also identified using the Zonation model. The existing national nature reserves are not sufficient for protecting important bird habitats, especially after range shifts. Significant gaps in protected areas were observed in the northern Xinjiang, southern Tibet, Greater Khingan, Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain, northern Bohai Rim, and southeastern coastline areas. Many of these areas are characterized by high human populations and intensive development, and establishing sizable protected areas has become difficult. Inclusive conservation mechanisms that include restoring habitats in urban parks and sharing habitats in farmland areas, may be a feasible solution.}, }
@article {pmid33028986, year = {2020}, author = {Wei, X and Cai, S and Ni, P and Zhan, W}, title = {Impacts of climate change and human activities on the water discharge and sediment load of the Pearl River, southern China.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16743}, pmid = {33028986}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Global climate change and human activities have important effects on the water discharge and sediment load of the Pearl River. In this study, the water discharge and sediment load were investigated by using hydro-meteorological data from 1954 to 2018. The linear regression, Mann-Kendall abrupt test and double mass curve were employed to detect trends and abrupt change-points in water discharge and sediment load and to quantify the effects of climate change and human activities on water discharge and sediment load. The results revealed that the annual sediment load exhibited a significant decreasing trend at a rate of - 2.24 × 104 t/year, regardless of water discharge, and an abrupt change occurred in 1998. Human activities, especially dam construction contributed 96% to this change, while 4% was due to climate change. El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are often associated with low precipitation, resulting in low water discharge and sediment load, indicating that changes in ENSO periodicity could affect the inter-annual periodic variations of water discharge and sediment load. As population and economy boom, more dams are being built in the Pearl River basin, and special attention should be paid to the management and mitigation of the effects of dams on sediment load.}, }
@article {pmid33028935, year = {2020}, author = {Tabari, H}, title = {Author Correction: Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16969}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-74038-4}, pmid = {33028935}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid33028833, year = {2020}, author = {Koteswara Rao, K and Lakshmi Kumar, TV and Kulkarni, A and Ho, CH and Mahendranath, B and Desamsetti, S and Patwardhan, S and Dandi, AR and Barbosa, H and Sabade, S}, title = {Projections of heat stress and associated work performance over India in response to global warming.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16675}, pmid = {33028833}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Summertime heat stress future projections from multi-model mean of 18 CMIP5 models show unprecedented increasing levels in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios over India. The estimated heat stress is found to have more impact on the coastal areas of India having exposure to more frequent days of extreme caution to danger category along with the increased probability of occurrence. The explicit amount of change in temperature, increase in the duration and intensity of warm days along with the modulation in large scale circulation in future are seemingly connected to the increasing levels of heat stress over India. A decline of 30 to 40% in the work performance is projected over India by the end of the century due to the elevated heat stress levels which pose great challenges to the country policy makers to design the safety mechanisms and to protect people working under continuous extreme hot weather conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33027254, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, PT and Saunders, H}, title = {Approximate calculations of the net economic impact of global warming mitigation targets under heightened damage estimates.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0239520}, pmid = {33027254}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Efforts to mitigate global warming are often justified through calculations of the economic damages that may occur absent mitigation. The earliest such damage estimates were speculative mathematical representations, but some more recent studies provide empirical estimates of damages on economic growth that accumulate over time and result in larger damages than those estimated previously. These heightened damage estimates have been used to suggest that limiting global warming this century to 1.5 °C avoids tens of trillions of 2010 US$ in damage to gross world product relative to limiting global warming to 2.0 °C. However, in order to estimate the net effect on gross world product, mitigation costs associated with decarbonizing the world's energy systems must be subtracted from the benefits of avoided damages. Here, we follow previous work to parameterize the aforementioned heightened damage estimates into a schematic global climate-economy model (DICE) so that they can be weighed against mainstream estimates of mitigation costs in a unified framework. We investigate the net effect of mitigation on gross world product through finite time horizons under a spectrum of exogenously defined levels of mitigation stringency. We find that even under heightened damage estimates, the additional mitigation costs of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (relative to 2.0 °C) are higher than the additional avoided damages this century under most parameter combinations considered. Specifically, using our central parameter values, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C results in a net loss of gross world product of roughly forty trillion US$ relative to 2 °C and achieving either 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C require a net sacrifice of gross world product, relative to a no-mitigation case, though 2100 with a 3%/year discount rate. However, the benefits of more stringent mitigation accumulate over time and our calculations indicate that stabilizing warming at 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C by 2100 would eventually confer net benefits of thousands of trillions of US$ in gross world product by 2300. The results emphasize the temporal asymmetry between the costs of mitigation and benefits of avoided damages from climate change and thus the long timeframe for which climate change mitigation investment pays off.}, }
@article {pmid33026361, year = {2020}, author = {Retter, A and Karwautz, C and Griebler, C}, title = {Groundwater Microbial Communities in Times of Climate Change.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {509-538}, doi = {10.21775/cimb.041.509}, pmid = {33026361}, issn = {1467-3045}, abstract = {Climate change has a massive impact on the global water cycle. Subsurface ecosystems, the earth largest reservoir of liquid freshwater, currently experience a significant increase in temperature and serious consequences from extreme hydrological events. Extended droughts as well as heavy rains and floods have measurable impacts on groundwater quality and availability. In addition, the growing water demand puts increasing pressure on the already vulnerable groundwater ecosystems. Global change induces undesired dynamics in the typically nutrient and energy poor aquifers that are home to a diverse and specialized microbiome and fauna. Current and future changes in subsurface environmental conditions, without doubt, alter the composition of communities, as well as important ecosystem functions, for instance the cycling of elements such as carbon and nitrogen. A key role is played by the microbes. Understanding the interplay of biotic and abiotic drivers in subterranean ecosystems is required to anticipate future effects of climate change on groundwater resources and habitats. This review summarizes potential threats to groundwater ecosystems with emphasis on climate change and the microbial world down below our feet in the water saturated subsurface.}, }
@article {pmid33025331, year = {2020}, author = {Sinha, RK and Eldho, TI and Subimal, G}, title = {Assessing the impacts of historical and future land use and climate change on the streamflow and sediment yield of a tropical mountainous river basin in South India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {11}, pages = {679}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08623-5}, pmid = {33025331}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; India ; *Rivers ; }, abstract = {In this study, the impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change on the streamflow and sediment yield were investigated for the Payaswani River Basin, Western Ghats, India. The LULC was determined using Landsat images, and climate data were procured from five general circulation models for representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 (moderate emission) and 8.5 (high emission). The land change modeler was used to derive the future LULC and its changes from 1988 (historical) to 2030 (future) by using the transition matrix method. The SWAT model was used to assess the impacts of LULC and climate change for the streamflow and sediment yield. The results showed that decrease in forests and grasslands and increase in plantation, agricultural, and urban areas from 1988 to 2030 would lead to an increase in the mean streamflow (11.23%) and sediment yield (17.41%). Under RCP 4.5, climate change would decrease the streamflow by 2.38% in 2030. However, under RCP 8.5, climate change would increase the streamflow by 0.12% in 2030. The sediment yield under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 would increase by 1.23% and 3.33%, respectively. In comparison with the baseline condition, by 2030 future changes in the LULC and climate would increase the streamflow by 7.05% and 11.71% under RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The sediment yield would increase by 7.92% and 27.11% under RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. The streamflow and sediment yield were predicted to increase in the summer and winter but decrease in the monsoon season.}, }
@article {pmid33025274, year = {2020}, author = {Singh, L and Saravanan, S}, title = {Impact of climate change on hydrology components using CORDEX South Asia climate model in Wunna, Bharathpuzha, and Mahanadi, India.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {11}, pages = {678}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08637-z}, pmid = {33025274}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {Asia ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; *Hydrology ; India ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Detecting the probable impact of climate change responses on hydrological components is most important for understanding such changes on water resources. The impact of climate change on virtual parameters of water was assessed through hydrological modeling of the Wunna, Mahanadi (Middle), and Bharathpuzha watersheds. In this article, future hydrological component responses under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were considered for investigating the runoff, sediment, and water storage components. RegCM4 CSIRO-Mk3.6.0 CORDEX South Asia of RCM model was used which is specially downscaled for the Asian region by IITM-India. Delta change method was adopted to remove bias correction in RCM data. Hydrological simulation for current and future periods was performed by GIS interfaced Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The surface runoff of Wunna and Bharathpuzha watersheds and the yield of sediment are expected to increase further under RCP8.5 than RCP4.5 and in contrast to Mahanadi watershed. Both blue water storage (BW) and green water storage (GWS) of Wunna watershed are expected to decline under RCP4.5, and rise under RCP8.5 scenario. Both BW and GWS of Bharathpuzha are expected to increase in the future except in western region under RCP4.5 scenario. BW of Mahanadi is expected to increase in the future. However, GWS will decrease in some of the sub-basins. The model-generated results will be helpful for future water resources planning and development.}, }
@article {pmid33024856, year = {2020}, author = {Chowdhury, MA and Hasan, MK and Hasan, MR and Younos, TB}, title = {Climate change impacts and adaptations on health of Internally Displaced People (IDP): An exploratory study on coastal areas of Bangladesh.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e05018}, pmid = {33024856}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Every year thousands of people are being displaced in coastal areas of Bangladesh due to natural calamities associated with climate change, known as Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs). Climate change adaptation measures play a significant role in coping with the alteration of climatic components, while various forms of barriers hinder the sustainability of adaptation. This research was conducted to understand the perception of IDPs on climate change impact on health in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, including the adaptation practices and barriers to the coping strategies. To fulfill the objective, 420 individual surveys were conducted randomly in two Sub-districts of Khulna district in Bangladesh. The findings reveal that the riverbank erosion and cyclones were the primary reasons for displacement, and the social relationships were hampered in the new places of living. Also, the temperature in summer and winter, and the rainfall intensity increased, whereas rainfall slightly decreased over the last ten years. Differences of opinion were identified about the effects of the changing climatic variables on the respondents' health between the previous and present locations. Despite practicing different adaptive strategies, the weak financial condition and a lack of access to health care information are mostly hindering the sustainability of adaptation. This research may help policymakers in taking proper initiatives to ensure sustainable adaptation practices in the coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid33024706, year = {2020}, author = {Indhumathi, K and Sathesh Kumar, K}, title = {A review on prediction of seasonal diseases based on climate change using big data.}, journal = {Materials today. Proceedings}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33024706}, issn = {2214-7853}, abstract = {Big Data occupies an important place in the prediction of diseases that happen due to climate change. In each aspect of human life, the weather plays a major role. It directly affects human society or human life. Because of an extreme weather condition creates various diseases among humans. Such as Vector-borne diseases (Malaria, dengue and chikungunya fever), Water-borne diseases (Cholera, Typhoid), Air-borne diseases (Chicken Pox, influenza and small Pox) and Food-borne diseases (Diarrhoea and Salmonella) etc. This survey presents an overview for a climate variable such as extreme temperature, precipitation, humidity and how unexpected climate conditions can affect the disease and living organism.}, }
@article {pmid33024091, year = {2020}, author = {Calel, R and Chapman, SC and Stainforth, DA and Watkins, NW}, title = {Temperature variability implies greater economic damages from climate change.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {5028}, pmid = {33024091}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {A number of influential assessments of the economic cost of climate change rely on just a small number of coupled climate-economy models. A central feature of these assessments is their accounting of the economic cost of epistemic uncertainty-that part of our uncertainty stemming from our inability to precisely estimate key model parameters, such as the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity. However, these models fail to account for the cost of aleatory uncertainty-the irreducible uncertainty that remains even when the true parameter values are known. We show how to account for this second source of uncertainty in a physically well-founded and tractable way, and we demonstrate that even modest variability implies trillions of dollars of previously unaccounted for economic damages.}, }
@article {pmid33020479, year = {2020}, author = {Rising, J and Devineni, N}, title = {Crop switching reduces agricultural losses from climate change in the United States by half under RCP 8.5.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4991}, pmid = {33020479}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {A key strategy for agriculture to adapt to climate change is by switching crops and relocating crop production. We develop an approach to estimate the economic potential of crop reallocation using a Bayesian hierarchical model of yields. We apply the model to six crops in the United States, and show that it outperforms traditional empirical models under cross-validation. The fitted model parameters provide evidence of considerable existing climate adaptation across counties. If crop locations are held constant in the future, total agriculture profits for the six crops will drop by 31% for the temperature patterns of 2070 under RCP 8.5. When crop lands are reallocated to avoid yield decreases and take advantage of yield increases, half of these losses are avoided (16% loss), but 57% of counties are allocated crops different from those currently planted. Our results provide a framework for identifying crop adaptation opportunities, but suggest limits to their potential.}, }
@article {pmid33020387, year = {2020}, author = {Fan, S and Chen, C and Zhao, Q and Wei, J and Zhang, H}, title = {Identifying Potentially Climatic Suitability Areas for Arma custos (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China under Climate Change.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects11100674}, pmid = {33020387}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Spodoptera frugiperda is a notorious pest that feeds on more than 80 crops, and has spread over 100 countries. Many biological agents have been employed to regulate it, such as Arma custos. A. custos is a polyphagous predatory heteropteran, which can effectively suppress several agricultural and forest pests. Thus, in order to understand where A. custos can survive and where can be released, MaxEnt was used to predict the potentially suitable areas for A. custos in China under climate change conditions. The results show that the annual mean temperature (bio1) and annual precipitation (bio12) are the major factors influencing the distribution of A. custos. The optimal range of the two are 7.5 to 15 °C, 750 to 1200 mm, respectively. The current climate is highly suitable for A. custos in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang Provinces. Considering the currently suitable distribution area of S. frugiperda, artificially reared A. custos is suitable for release in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, and southeastern Sichuan Provinces. Under the future climatic scenarios, the suitable area will decrease and shift towards the north. Overall, this result can provide a reference framework for future application of A. custos for biological control.}, }
@article {pmid33020018, year = {2020}, author = {Schulte To Bühne, H and Tobias, JA and Durant, SM and Pettorelli, N}, title = {Improving Predictions of Climate Change-Land Use Change Interactions.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.019}, pmid = {33020018}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {Climate change and land use change often interact, altering biodiversity in unexpected ways. Research into climate change-land use change (CC-LUC) interactions has so far focused on quantifying biodiversity outcomes, rather than identifying the underlying ecological mechanisms, making it difficult to predict interactions and design appropriate conservation responses. We propose a risk-based framework to further our understanding of CC-LUC interactions. By identifying the factors driving the exposure and vulnerability of biodiversity to land use change, and then examining how these factors are altered by climate change (or vice versa), this framework will allow the effects of different interaction mechanisms to be compared across geographic and ecological contexts, supporting efforts to reduce biodiversity loss from interacting stressors.}, }
@article {pmid33019715, year = {2020}, author = {Sorgho, R and Mank, I and Kagoné, M and Souares, A and Danquah, I and Sauerborn, R}, title = {&quot;We Will Always Ask Ourselves the Question of How to Feed the Family&quot;: Subsistence Farmers' Perceptions on Adaptation to Climate Change in Burkina Faso.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17197200}, pmid = {33019715}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {91727334//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; 24/2018//Stiftung fiat panis/ ; }, abstract = {In West Africa, climate change aggravates subsistence farmers' vulnerability to weather variability to sustain their agricultural and nutritional requirements. For successful adaptation policies, in-depth understanding of farmers' perceptions about climate change, agriculture, and adaptation strategies is essential. This qualitative study in rural Burkina Faso characterized farmers' perceptions and knowledge through in-depth interviews. The study enumerated the barriers, possibilities, strategies/practices, and support sources of farmers. There was awareness but limited understanding of climate change amongst farmers. Those unable to adapt, faced increased health difficulties, specifically regarding nutrition and mental health. Farmers could implement some dietary and agricultural adaptation strategies (reduce meal size, frequency and variety, preemptive purchase of cereals, multi-cropping, crop rotation, modified seeds) but were unable to implement others (soil rehabilitation, water management). Barriers to implementation comprised financial and time constraints, material and labor shortages, and inaccessible information. Farmers did not understand, trust or utilize meteorological services, but appreciated and relied on agricultural extension services. They reported that social and governmental support was sporadic and inconsistent. This study uncovers the following targets for climate change adaptation policies in rural Burkina Faso: promoting meteorological services, expanding agricultural extension services, increasing access to financial resources, and framing sustainable adaptation within national development goals.}, }
@article {pmid33017444, year = {2020}, author = {Adam, S and Reber, U and Häussler, T and Schmid-Petri, H}, title = {How climate change skeptics (try to) spread their ideas: Using computational methods to assess the resonance among skeptics' and legacy media.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e0240089}, pmid = {33017444}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {We study the discursive resonance of online climate skepticism in traditional media in Germany, a country where climate skeptics lack public prestige and thus form a political counter-movement. We thereby differentiate two temporal dynamics: resonance can be continuous or selective, based on the exploitation of specific events. Beyond, we test whether such resonance is higher within the conservative media. We rely on news value theory to shed light on the mechanism facilitating or hindering such resonance and identify three indicators for resonance: frames, positions and actors. Using various computational methods as well as qualitative case studies, we examine the skeptical and traditional media discourses over a period of two years. Our analysis shows that there is no continuous resonance. However, our data reveal selective resonance: skeptics' manage to exploit specific events pushing their frames and positions onto traditional media's agenda. Thereby, conservative media did not give greater resonance to climate skeptical voices whereas they resort to downplaying the issue by allocating less space to it.}, }
@article {pmid33015672, year = {2020}, author = {Hodnebrog, Ø and Aamaas, B and Fuglestvedt, JS and Marston, G and Myhre, G and Nielsen, CJ and Sandstad, M and Shine, KP and Wallington, TJ}, title = {Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers.}, journal = {Reviews of geophysics (Washington, D.C. : 1985)}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {e2019RG000691}, pmid = {33015672}, issn = {8755-1209}, abstract = {Human activity has led to increased atmospheric concentrations of many gases, including halocarbons, and may lead to emissions of many more gases. Many of these gases are, on a per molecule basis, powerful greenhouse gases, although at present-day concentrations their climate effect is in the so-called weak limit (i.e., their effect scales linearly with concentration). We published a comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies (RE) and global warming potentials (GWP) for around 200 such compounds in 2013 (Hodnebrog et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20013). Here we present updated RE and GWP values for compounds where experimental infrared absorption spectra are available. Updated numbers are based on a revised &quot;Pinnock curve&quot;, which gives RE as a function of wave number, and now also accounts for stratospheric temperature adjustment (Shine &amp; Myhre, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001951). Further updates include the implementation of around 500 absorption spectra additional to those in the 2013 review and new atmospheric lifetimes from the literature (mainly from WMO (2019)). In total, values for 60 of the compounds previously assessed are based on additional absorption spectra, and 42 compounds have REs which differ by >10% from our previous assessment. New RE calculations are presented for more than 400 compounds in addition to the previously assessed compounds, and GWP calculations are presented for a total of around 250 compounds. Present-day radiative forcing due to halocarbons and other weak absorbers is 0.38 [0.33-0.43] W m-2, compared to 0.36 [0.32-0.40] W m-2 in IPCC AR5 (Myhre et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018), which is about 18% of the current CO2 forcing.}, }
@article {pmid33013998, year = {2020}, author = {Zytynska, SE and Eicher, M and Rothballer, M and Weisser, WW}, title = {Microbial-Mediated Plant Growth Promotion and Pest Suppression Varies Under Climate Change.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {573578}, pmid = {33013998}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Climate change is altering the dynamics of crop pests and diseases resulting in reduced crop yields. Using beneficial soil bacterial to increase crop health is a quickly developing area in sustainable agriculture, but it is unknown if climate change or interactions with other species could alter their effect. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Acidovorax radicis N35 is known to increase barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant growth under laboratory conditions, and we tested the stability of the plant-bacterial interactions when exposed to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) levels while infesting the aboveground leaves with cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) and the soil with beneficial earthworms. Acidovorax radicis N35 increased plant growth and reduced insect growth - with greatest effect in a high-stress elevated O3 environment, but reduced effects under elevated CO2. Earthworms promoted both plant and insect growth, but inoculation with A. radicis N35 alleviated some of the earthworm-mediated increase in pest abundance, particularly in the ambient environment. The consistency of these beneficial effects highlights the potential of exploiting local species interactions for predicting and mitigating climate change effects in managed systems. We conclude that microbial bioprotectants have high potential for benefiting agriculture via plant-growth promotion and pest suppression.}, }
@article {pmid33013943, year = {2020}, author = {Taube, F and Vogeler, I and Kluß, C and Herrmann, A and Hasler, M and Rath, J and Loges, R and Malisch, CS}, title = {Yield Progress in Forage Maize in NW Europe-Breeding Progress or Climate Change Effects?.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1214}, pmid = {33013943}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Yield increases in forage maize (Zea mays L.) in NW Europe over time are well documented. The driving causes for these, however, remain unclear as there is little information available regarding the role of plant traits triggering this yield progress. Ten different hybrids from the same maturity group, which have typically been cultivated in Northwest Germany from 1970 to recent and are thus representing breeding progress over four decades, were selected for a 2-year field study in northern Germany. Traits that were investigated included leaf area index, leaf architecture, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency, root mass, root length density, and turnover. Based on a mixed model analysis with these traits as co-variates, parameters related to leaf characteristics, in particular the number and length of leaves, the radiation use efficiency, and the leaf orientation, were identified as most influential on the yield progress (0.13 tons ha-1 year-1). In contrast to our hypothesis, root biomass only increased negligibly in newer hybrids compared to older ones, confirming the 'functional equilibrium' theory for high input production systems. Due to an abundance of nutrients and water in such high input systems, there is no incentive for breeders to select for carbon partitioning toward the rooting system. Breeding evidence to increase forage quality were also negligible, with no change in cob starch concentration, forage digestibility, nor NDF content and NDF digestibility. The observed increase in yield over the last four decades is due to a combination of increased temperature sums (~240 GDD within 40 years), and a higher radiation interception and radiation use efficiency. This higher radiation interception was driven by an increased leaf area index, with a higher number of leaves (16 instead of 14 leaves within 40 years) and longer leaves of newer compared to older hybrids. Future selection and adaptation of maize hybrids to changing environmental conditions are likely to be the key for high productivity and quality and for the economic viability of maize growing and expansion in Northern Europe.}, }
@article {pmid33011916, year = {2020}, author = {Monz, CA and Gutzwiller, KJ and Hausner, VH and Brunson, MW and Buckley, R and Pickering, CM}, title = {Understanding and managing the interactions of impacts from nature-based recreation and climate change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01403-y}, pmid = {33011916}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {1534006//Office of Polar Programs/ ; }, abstract = {Disturbance to ecosystems in parks and protected areas from nature-based tourism and recreation is increasing in scale and severity, as are the impacts of climate change-but there is limited research examining the degree to which these anthropogenic disturbances interact. In this perspective paper, we draw on the available literature to expose complex recreation and climate interactions that may alter ecosystems of high conservation value such that important species and processes no longer persist. Our emphasis is on ecosystems in high demand for tourism and recreation that also are increasingly experiencing stress from climate change. We discuss the importance of developing predictive models of direct and indirect effects, including threshold and legacy effects at different levels of biological organization. We present a conceptual model of these interactions to initiate a dialog among researchers and managers so that new research approaches and managerial frameworks are advanced to address this emerging issue.}, }
@article {pmid33010079, year = {2020}, author = {Kalogirou, MR and Dahlke, S and Davidson, S and Yamamoto, S}, title = {Nurses' perspectives on climate change, health and nursing practice.}, journal = {Journal of clinical nursing}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jocn.15519}, pmid = {33010079}, issn = {1365-2702}, abstract = {AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore Canadian nurses' perspectives on climate change, health, nursing practice and the relationships between these concepts.<br><br>BACKGROUND: Climate change negatively impacts human health. With a mandate to promote health, nurses have a professional and ethical responsibility to address climate change. Little is known about Canadian nurses' perspectives on climate change or how they perceive of their professional responsibility towards addressing it.<br><br>METHODS: A focused ethnography was conducted in three medicine units and the emergency room at a Canadian hospital. Nurses (n = 22) participated in semi-structured interviews, and observations were collected. Data were analysed via thematic analysis. Reporting is in accordance with the COREQ guideline.<br><br>RESULTS: Three themes were identified: muddled terminology, climate change and health, and nursing's relationship to climate change.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Participants had varying levels of knowledge about climate change and its relationship to health or practice. Climate change was a personal concern, and nursing's role in addressing it was not understood.<br><br>RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE: This study highlighted that practising nurses did not readily recognise their role in addressing climate change. More work is needed to clarify this role and bring it into the consciousness of every-day nursing practice. Furthermore, more work is needed to examine how healthcare organisations can better support environmentally responsible nursing practice.}, }
@article {pmid33009384, year = {2020}, author = {Leclerc, C and Courchamp, F and Bellard, C}, title = {Future climate change vulnerability of endemic island mammals.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4943}, pmid = {33009384}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Diet ; *Islands ; Mammals/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {Despite their high vulnerability, insular ecosystems have been largely ignored in climate change assessments, and when they are investigated, studies tend to focus on exposure to threats instead of vulnerability. The present study examines climate change vulnerability of islands, focusing on endemic mammals and by 2050 (RCPs 6.0 and 8.5), using trait-based and quantitative-vulnerability frameworks that take into account exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Our results suggest that all islands and archipelagos show a certain level of vulnerability to future climate change, that is typically more important in Pacific Ocean ones. Among the drivers of vulnerability to climate change, exposure was rarely the main one and did not explain the pattern of vulnerability. In addition, endemic mammals with long generation lengths and high dietary specializations are predicted to be the most vulnerable to climate change. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring islands vulnerability to identify the highest climate change impacts and to avoid the extinction of unique biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid33006246, year = {2020}, author = {Harvey, JA and Heinen, R and Gols, R and Thakur, MP}, title = {Climate change-mediated temperature extremes and insects: From outbreaks to breakdowns.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15377}, pmid = {33006246}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {TH 2307/1-1,2-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Insects are among the most diverse and widespread animals across the biosphere and are well-known for their contributions to ecosystem functioning and services. Recent increases in the frequency and magnitude of climatic extremes (CE), in particular temperature extremes (TE) owing to anthropogenic climate change, are exposing insect populations and communities to unprecedented stresses. However, a major problem in understanding insect responses to TE is that they are still highly unpredictable both spatially and temporally, which reduces frequency- or direction-dependent selective responses by insects. Moreover, how species interactions and community structure may change in response to stresses imposed by TE is still poorly understood. Here we provide an overview of how terrestrial insects respond to TE by integrating their organismal physiology, multitrophic, and community-level interactions, and building that up to explore scenarios for population explosions and crashes that have ecosystem-level consequences. We argue that TE can push insect herbivores and their natural enemies to and even beyond their adaptive limits, which may differ among species intimately involved in trophic interactions, leading to phenological disruptions and the structural reorganization of food webs. TE may ultimately lead to outbreak-breakdown cycles in insect communities with detrimental consequences for ecosystem functioning and resilience. Lastly, we suggest new research lines that will help achieve a better understanding of insect and community responses to a wide range of CE.}, }
@article {pmid33005801, year = {2020}, author = {Payus, CM and Jikilim, C and Sentian, J}, title = {Rainwater chemistry of acid precipitation occurrences due to long-range transboundary haze pollution and prolonged drought events during southwest monsoon season: climate change driven.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e04997}, pmid = {33005801}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The purposes of this research were to study the characteristics chemistry of pH, anions and cations in rainwater, and to identify the possible sources that contributing to the acid precipitation during southwest monsoon season with occurrence of extreme drought event. During the southwest monsoon season, it normally occurs along with haze phenomenon that every year will hit Southeast Asia. This condition will aggravate with high acidic particles in the atmosphere due to the prolonged drought. The analysed parameters which involved pH, anions (NO3-, SO42- and Cl-) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) were analysed using pH meter, Hach DR 2800, argentometric method and ICP-OES. From the findings, it showed that acid rain occurred during the southwest monsoon season with the range of pH values from 4.95 ± 0.13 to 6.40 ± 0.03 and the total average of pH 5.71 ± 0.32. Anions NO3-, SO42- and Cl- were found to be the dominant compositions of the acid rain occurrences with higher concentrations detected. In overall, rural area recorded with higher acidity of precipitation at total average of pH 5.54 ± 0.39 compared to urban area at pH 5.77 ± 0.26. Rural area surprisingly recorded higher frequency occurrences of acid rain with pH lesser than 5.6 and below compared to urban area. As for public health and safety, all rainwater samples during the acid rain event were found exceeded the allowable limits of NWQS and WHO standards, that shown not suitable for skin contact, recreational purposes even for drinking purposes.}, }
@article {pmid33005228, year = {2020}, author = {Du, FK and Wang, T and Wang, Y and Ueno, S and de Lafontaine, G}, title = {Contrasted patterns of local adaptation to climate change across the range of an evergreen oak, Quercus aquifolioides.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {2377-2391}, pmid = {33005228}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Long-lived tree species are genetically differentiated and locally adapted with respect to fitness-related traits, but the genetic basis of local adaptation remains largely unresolved. Recent advances in population genetics and landscape genomic analyses enable identification of putative adaptive loci and specific selective pressures acting on local adaptation. Here, we sampled 60 evergreen oak (Quercus aquifolioides) populations throughout the species' range and pool-sequenced 587 individuals at drought-stress candidate genes. We analyzed patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation for 381 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 65 candidate genes and eight microsatellites. Outlier loci were identified by genetic differentiation analysis and genome-environment associations. The response pattern of genetic variation to environmental gradient was assessed by linear isolation-by-distance/environment tests, redundancy analysis, and nonlinear methods. SNPs and microsatellites revealed two genetic lineages: Tibet and Hengduan Mountains-Western Sichuan Plateau (HDM-WSP), with reduced genetic diversity in Tibet lineage. More outlier loci were detected in HDM-WSP lineage than Tibet lineage. Among these, three SNPs in two genes responded to dry season precipitation in the HDM-WSP lineage but not in Tibet. By contrast, genetic variation in the Tibet lineage was related to geographic distance instead of the environment. Furthermore, risk of nonadaptedness (RONA) analyses suggested HDM-WSP lineage will have a better capacity to adapt in the predicted future climate compared with the Tibet lineage. We detected genetic imprints consistent with natural selection and molecular adaptation to drought on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) over a range of long-lived and widely distributed oak species in a changing environment. Our results suggest that different within-species adaptation processes occur in species occurring in heterogeneous environments.}, }
@article {pmid33005227, year = {2020}, author = {Galliart, M and Sabates, S and Tetreault, H and DeLaCruz, A and Bryant, J and Alsdurf, J and Knapp, M and Bello, NM and Baer, SG and Maricle, BR and Gibson, DJ and Poland, J and St Amand, P and Unruh, N and Parrish, O and Johnson, L}, title = {Adaptive genetic potential and plasticity of trait variation in the foundation prairie grass Andropogon gerardii across the US Great Plains' climate gradient: Implications for climate change and restoration.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {2333-2356}, pmid = {33005227}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Plant response to climate depends on a species' adaptive potential. To address this, we used reciprocal gardens to detect genetic and environmental plasticity effects on phenotypic variation and combined with genetic analyses. Four reciprocal garden sites were planted with three regional ecotypes of Andropogon gerardii, a dominant Great Plains prairie grass, using dry, mesic, and wet ecotypes originating from western KS to Illinois that span 500-1,200 mm rainfall/year. We aimed to answer: (a) What is the relative role of genetic constraints and phenotypic plasticity in controlling phenotypes? (b) When planted in the homesite, is there a trait syndrome for each ecotype? (c) How are genotypes and phenotypes structured by climate? and (d) What are implications of these results for response to climate change and use of ecotypes for restoration? Surprisingly, we did not detect consistent local adaptation. Rather, we detected co-gradient variation primarily for most vegetative responses. All ecotypes were stunted in western KS. Eastward, the wet ecotype was increasingly robust relative to other ecotypes. In contrast, fitness showed evidence for local adaptation in wet and dry ecotypes with wet and mesic ecotypes producing little seed in western KS. Earlier flowering time in the dry ecotype suggests adaptation to end of season drought. Considering ecotype traits in homesite, the dry ecotype was characterized by reduced canopy area and diameter, short plants, and low vegetative biomass and putatively adapted to water limitation. The wet ecotype was robust, tall with high biomass, and wide leaves putatively adapted for the highly competitive, light-limited Eastern Great Plains. Ecotype differentiation was supported by random forest classification and PCA. We detected genetic differentiation and outlier genes associated with primarily precipitation. We identified candidate gene GA1 for which allele frequency associated with plant height. Sourcing of climate adapted ecotypes should be considered for restoration.}, }
@article {pmid33004993, year = {2020}, author = {Chamorro, D and Real, R and Muñoz, AR}, title = {Fuzzy sets allow gaging the extent and rate of species range shift due to climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {16272}, pmid = {33004993}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FPU15/00123//Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte/ ; FEDERJA-276//Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía/ ; }, abstract = {The recent modification of species distribution ranges in response to a warmer climate has constituted a major and generalized biogeographic change. The main driver of the shift in distribution is the disequilibrium of the species ranges with their climatic favourability. Most species distribution modelling approaches assume equilibrium of the distribution with the environment, which hinders their applicability to the analysis of this change. Using fuzzy set theory we assessed the response to climate change of a historically African species, the Atlas Long-legged Buzzard. With this approach we were able to quantify that the Buzzard's distribution is in a latitudinal disequilibrium of the species distribution with the current climate of 4 km, which is driving the species range northwards at a speed of around 1.3 km/year, i.e., it takes 3 years for the species to occupy new climatically favourable areas. This speed is expected to decelerate to 0.5 km/year in 2060-2080.}, }
@article {pmid33003323, year = {2020}, author = {Perrone, G and Ferrara, M and Medina, A and Pascale, M and Magan, N}, title = {Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in a Climate Change Scenario: Ecology, Genomics, Distribution, Prediction and Prevention of the Risk.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8101496}, pmid = {33003323}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins are very common in food crops, with noticeable differences in their host specificity in terms of pathogenicity and toxin contamination. In addition, such crops may be infected with mixtures of mycotoxigenic fungi, resulting in multi-mycotoxin contamination. Climate represents the key factor in driving the fungal community structure and mycotoxin contamination levels pre- and post-harvest. Thus, there is significant interest in understanding the impact of interacting climate change-related abiotic factors (especially increased temperature, elevated CO2 and extremes in water availability) on the relative risks of mycotoxin contamination and impacts on food safety and security. We have thus examined the available information from the last decade on relative risks of mycotoxin contamination under future climate change scenarios and identified the gaps in knowledge. This has included the available scientific information on the ecology, genomics, distribution of toxigenic fungi and intervention strategies for mycotoxin control worldwide. In addition, some suggestions for prediction and prevention of mycotoxin risks are summarized together with future perspectives and research needs for a better understanding of the impacts of climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid33001303, year = {2020}, author = {Smyth, CE and Xu, Z and Lemprière, TC and Kurz, WA}, title = {Climate change mitigation in British Columbia's forest sector: GHG reductions, costs, and environmental impacts.}, journal = {Carbon balance and management}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {21}, pmid = {33001303}, issn = {1750-0680}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The potential contributions from forest-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions need to be quantified to develop pathways towards net negative emissions. Here we present results from a comparative analysis that examined mitigation options for British Columbia's forest sector. Mitigation scenarios were evaluated using a systems perspective that takes into account the changes in emissions and removals in forest ecosystems, in harvested wood product (HWP) carbon stocks, and in other sectors where wood products substitute for emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels. All mitigation activities were assessed relative to a forward-looking 'business as usual' baseline for three implementation levels. In addition to quantifying net GHG emission reductions, we assessed economic, and socio-economic impacts as well as other environmental indicators relating to forest species, age class, deadwood availability and future timber supply. We further considered risks of reversal for land-based scenarios, by assessing impacts of increasing future wildfires on stands that were not harvested.<br><br>RESULTS: Our spatially explicit analyses of forest sector mitigation options demonstrated a cost-effective portfolio of regionally differentiated scenarios that directed more of the harvested wood to longer-lived wood products, stopped burning of harvest residues and instead produced bioenergy to displace fossil fuel burning, and reduced harvest levels in regions with low disturbance rates. Domestically, net GHG emissions were reduced by an average of -9 MtCO2e year-1 over 2020-2050 for a portfolio of mitigation activities at a default implementation level, with about 85% of the GHG emission reductions achieved below a cost of $50/tCO2e. Normalizing the net GHG reduction by changes in harvested wood levels permitted comparisons of the scenarios with different ambition levels, and showed that a 1 MtCO2 increase in cumulative harvested stemwood results in a 1 MtCO2e reduction in cumulative emissions, relative to the baseline, for the Higher Recovery scenario in 2070.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The analyses conducted in this study contribute to the global understanding of forest sector mitigation options by providing an integrated framework to synthesize the methods, assumptions, datasets and models needed to quantify mitigation activities using a systems approach. An understanding of economically feasible and socio-economically attractive mitigation scenarios along with trade offs for environmental indicators relating to species composition and age, helps decision makers with long-term planning for land sector contributions to GHG emission reduction efforts, and provides valuable information for stakeholder consultations.}, }
@article {pmid32999892, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, Y and Chen, J and Pan, T and Liu, Y and Zhang, Y and Ge, Q and Ciais, P and Penuelas, J}, title = {Global Socioeconomic Risk of Precipitation Extremes Under Climate Change.}, journal = {Earth's future}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, pages = {e2019EF001331}, pmid = {32999892}, issn = {2328-4277}, abstract = {Precipitation extremes are among the most serious consequences of climate change around the world. The observed and projected frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in some regions will greatly influence the social economy. The frequency of extreme precipitation and the population and economic exposure were quantified for a base period (1986-2005) and future periods (2016-2035 and 2046-2065) based on bias corrected projections of daily precipitation from five global climatic models forced with three representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and projections of population and gross domestic product (GDP) in the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The RCP8.5-SSP3 scenario produces the highest global population exposure for 2046-2065, with nearly 30% of the global population (2.97 × 109 persons) exposed to precipitation extremes >10 days/a. The RCP2.6-SSP1 scenario produces the highest global GDP exposure for 2046-2065, with a 5.56-fold increase relative to the base period, of up to (2.29 ± 0.20) × 1015 purchasing power parity $-days. Socioeconomic effects are the primary contributor to the exposure changes at the global and continental scales. Population and GDP effects account for 64-77% and 78-91% of the total exposure change, respectively. The inequality of exposure indicates that more attention should be given to Asia and Africa due to their rapid increases in population and GDP. However, due to their dense populations and high GDPs, European countries, that is, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands, should also commit to effective adaptation measures.}, }
@article {pmid32997673, year = {2020}, author = {Bauduin, S and Cumming, SG and St-Laurent, MH and McIntire, EJB}, title = {Integrating functional connectivity in designing networks of protected areas under climate change: A caribou case-study.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0238821}, pmid = {32997673}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Land-use change and climate change are recognized as two main drivers of the current biodiversity decline. Protected areas help safeguard the landscape from additional anthropogenic disturbances and, when properly designed, can help species cope with climate change impacts. When designed to protect the regional biodiversity rather than to conserve focal species or landscape elements, protected areas need to cover a representative sample of the regional biodiversity and be functionally connected, facilitating individual movements among protected areas in a network to maximize their effectiveness. We developed a methodology to define effective protected areas to implement in a regional network using ecological representativeness and functional connectivity as criteria. We illustrated this methodology in the Gaspésie region of Québec, Canada. We simulated movements for the endangered Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population (Rangifer tarandus caribou), using an individual-based model, to determine functional connectivity based on this large mammal. We created multiple protected areas network scenarios and evaluated their ecological representativeness and functional connectivity for the current and future conditions. We selected a subset of the most effective network scenarios and extracted the protected areas included in them. There was a tradeoff between ecological representativeness and functional connectivity for the created networks. Only a few protected areas among those available were repeatedly chosen in the most effective networks. Protected areas maximizing both ecological representativeness and functional connectivity represented suitable areas to implement in an effective protected areas network. These areas ensured that a representative sample of the regional biodiversity was covered by the network, as well as maximizing the movement over time between and inside the protected areas for the focal population.}, }
@article {pmid32997287, year = {2020}, author = {El Hamichi, S and Gold, A and Murray, TG and Graversen, VK}, title = {Pandemics, climate change, and the eye.}, journal = {Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32997287}, issn = {1435-702X}, }
@article {pmid32997248, year = {2020}, author = {Nawaz, MA and Seshadri, U and Kumar, P and Aqdas, R and Patwary, AK and Riaz, M}, title = {Nexus between green finance and climate change mitigation in N-11 and BRICS countries: empirical estimation through difference in differences (DID) approach.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32997248}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Green finance is inextricably linked to investment risk, particularly in emerging and developing economies (EMDE). This study uses the difference in differences (DID) method to evaluate the mean causal effects of a treatment on an outcome of the determinants of scaling up green financing and climate change mitigation in the N-11 countries from 2005 to 2019. After analyzing with a dummy for the treated countries, it was confirmed that the outcome covariates: rescon (renewable energy sources consumption), population, FDI, CO2, inflation, technical corporation grants, domestic credit to the private sector, and research and development are very significant in promoting green financing and climate change mitigation in the study countries. The probit regression results give a different outcome, as rescon, FID, CO2, Human Development Index (HDI), and investment in the energy sector by the private sector that will likely have an impact on the green financing and climate change mitigation of the study countries. Furthermore, after matching the analysis through the nearest neighbor matching, kernel matching, and radius matching, it produced mixed results for both the treated and the untreated countries. Either group experienced an improvement in green financing and climate change mitigation or a decrease. Overall, the DID showed no significant difference among the countries.}, }
@article {pmid32994663, year = {2021}, author = {Botzen, W and Duijndam, S and van Beukering, P}, title = {Lessons for climate policy from behavioral biases towards COVID-19 and climate change risks.}, journal = {World development}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {105214}, doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105214}, pmid = {32994663}, issn = {0305-750X}, abstract = {COVID-19 and climate change share several striking similarities in terms of causes and consequences. For instance, COVID-19 and climate change affect deprived and vulnerable communities the most, which implies that effectively designed policies that mitigate these risks may also reduce the widening inequalities that they cause. Both problems can be characterized as low-probability-high consequence (LP-HC) risks, which are associated with various behavioral biases that imply that individual behavior deviates from rational risk assessments by experts and optimal preparedness strategies. One could view the COVID-19 pandemic as a rapid learning experiment about how to cope more effectively with climate change and develop actions for reducing its impacts before it is too late. However, the ensuing question relates to whether the COVID-19 crisis and its aftermath will speed up climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, which depends on how individuals perceive and take action to reduce LP-HC risks. Using insights into behavioral biases in individual decisions about LP-HC risks based on decades of empirical research in psychology and behavioral economics, we illustrate how parallels can be drawn between decision-making processes about COVID-19 and climate change. In particular, we discuss six important risk-related behavioral biases in the context of individual decision making about these two global challenges to derive lessons for climate policy. We contend that the impacts from climate change can be mitigated if we proactively draw lessons from the pandemic, and implement policies that work with, instead of against, an individual's risk perceptions and biases. We conclude with recommendations for communication policies that make people pay attention to climate change risks and for linking government responses to the COVID-19 crisis and its aftermath with environmental sustainability and climate action.}, }
@article {pmid32992276, year = {2020}, author = {Sauermann, CW and Leathwick, DM and Lieffering, M and Nielsen, MK}, title = {Climate change is likely to increase the development rate of anthelmintic resistance in equine cyathostomins in New Zealand.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {73-79}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.001}, pmid = {32992276}, issn = {2211-3207}, abstract = {Climate change is likely to influence livestock production by increasing the prevalence of diseases, including parasites. The traditional practice of controlling nematodes in livestock by the application of anthelmintics is, however, increasingly compromised by the development of resistance to these drugs in parasite populations. This study used a previously developed simulation model of the entire equine cyathostomin lifecycle to investigate the effect a changing climate would have on the development of anthelmintic resistance. Climate data from six General Circulation Models based on four different Representative Concentration Pathways was available for three New Zealand locations. These projections were used to estimate the time resistance will take to develop in the middle (2040-49) and by the end (2090-99) of the century in relation to current (2006-15) conditions under two treatment scenarios of either two or six yearly whole-herd anthelmintic treatments. To facilitate comparison, a scenario without any treatments was included as a baseline. In addition, the size of the infective and parasitic stage nematode population during the third simulation year were estimated. The development of resistance varied between locations, time periods and anthelmintic treatment strategies. In general, the simulations indicated a more rapid development of resistance under future climates coinciding with an increase in the numbers of infective larvae on pasture and encysted parasitic stages. This was especially obvious when climate changes resulted in a longer period suitable for development of free-living parasite stages. A longer period suitable for larval development resulted in an increase in the average size of the parasite population with a larger contribution from eggs passed by resistant worms surviving the anthelmintic treatments. It is projected that climate change will decrease the ability to control livestock parasites by means of anthelmintic treatments and non-drug related strategies will become increasingly important for sustainable parasite control.}, }
@article {pmid32992267, year = {2020}, author = {Taylor, S}, title = {Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {76}, number = {}, pages = {102313}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313}, pmid = {32992267}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {Climate change involves (1) increases in the prevalence of extreme weather events (e.g., wildfires, floods, hurricanes), (2) more gradual climatic changes (e.g., rising sea levels, desertification), and (3) increased risks of pandemics and other widespread disease outbreaks. Anxiety evoked by the threat of climate change can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive anxiety can motivate climate activism, such as efforts to reduce one's carbon footprint. Maladaptive anxiety can take the form of anxious passivity, where the person feels anxious but incapable of addressing the problem of climate change, and may take the form of an anxiety disorder triggered or exacerbated by climatic stressors. Such stressors may involve exposure to extreme weather events or may involve exposure to other stressors such as forced migration due to rising sea levels or desertification. Three types of interventions are needed to address the various types of climate-related anxiety: (1) programs that motivate people to overcome anxious passivity and thereby take action to mitigate the effects of climate change, (2) treatment programs that address anxiety associated with exposure to climatic stressors, and (3) programs that build resilience at an individual and community level, to help people better cope with the challenges ahead.}, }
@article {pmid32989603, year = {2020}, author = {Guo, B and Han, B and Yang, F and Chen, S and Liu, Y and Yang, W}, title = {Determining the contributions of climate change and human activities to the vegetation NPP dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, from 2000 to 2015.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {10}, pages = {663}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08606-6}, pmid = {32989603}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {ZR2018BD001//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; J18KA181//Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program/ ; QYZDY-SSW-DQC007//Key Research Program of Frontier Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2019LDE006//Open Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 201902208005//University-Industry Collaborative Education Program/ ; lzujbky-2020-kb01//Open foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, Lanzhou University and the fundamental Research funds for the Central Universities/ ; DLLJ202002//Open Fund of Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology/ ; QHDX-2019-04//Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province; Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geomatics Technology and Application Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province/ ; }, mesh = {China ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Tibet ; }, abstract = {Reflecting on the change in the global biodiversity pattern, the Tibetan Plateau, considered to be a &quot;natural laboratory&quot; for analyzing environmental change in China and around the world, has suffered profound changes in the vegetation ecosystem. This study introduces the gravity center model and geographical detectors to examine and discuss the spatial-temporal change pattern and the driving mechanism behind vegetation net primary production (NPP) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the year 2000 to 2015 while also quantitatively classifying the relative roles incorporated in the NPP change process. The study found that (1) from 2000 to 2015, the annual average NPP of the Tibetan Plateau demonstrated a declining trend from southeast to northwest. (2) The gravity center of vegetation NPP on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau seems to have shifted eastward in the past 16 years, indicating that the level of vegetation NPP in the east depicts a greater increment and growth rate than the west. (3) In the arid regions, temperature and rainfall appear as the dominant factors for vegetation NPP, while slope and aspect parameters have constantly assumed dominancy for the same in the tropical rainforest-monsoon ecological zone in southeastern Tibet. (4) The structure of vegetation NPP exhibits an interaction between human and natural factors, which enhances the influence of single factors. (5) Considering the global ecological change and related human activities, certain differences are observed in the dominant and interaction factors for different study periods and ecological subregions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The research results could prove conclusive for vegetation ecological protection in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.}, }
@article {pmid32988936, year = {2020}, author = {Barbosa, HP and Roué-Le Gall, A and Deloly, C and Regnaux, JP and Thomas, MF}, title = {Mapping the links between climate change and human health in urban areas: how is research conducted? A Scoping review protocol.}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {e034667}, pmid = {32988936}, issn = {2044-6055}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Scientists from a wide variety of fields of knowledge are increasingly interested in climate change issues. The importance given to the phenomenon is explained by the uncertainties surrounding it and its consequences not yet fully known. However, there is wide agreement that human activities are modifying the Earth's climate beyond the natural cyclical changes and that these changes impact human health. This scoping review aimed to understand how research on the links between climate change and human health in urban areas is conducted and how this research is approached holistically or not.<br><br>METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review is mainly guided by the Arskey and O'Malley scoping review framework. A broad range of databases will be used, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science Core Collection, GreenFILE and Information Science &amp; Technology Abstracts. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria will be used, with a focus on climate change and human health outcome studies published between January 1990 and July 2019. An interdisciplinary team has formulated search strategies and the reviewers will independently screen eligible studies for final study selection. We will apply a thematic analysis to evaluate and categorise the study findings. We expect to map the research according to the scientific research methods, the scientific fields and the determinants of health studied. Along these lines, we will be able to understand how holistic the research is.<br><br>ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No primary data will be collected since all data presented in this review are based on published articles and publicly available documents. Therefore, ethics committee approval is not a requirement. The findings will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentations at conferences relevant to the field of this research, as well as presentations to relevant stakeholders.}, }
@article {pmid32983583, year = {2020}, author = {Chrobak, U}, title = {Adapting to climate change: What might be needed?.}, journal = {Engineering (Beijing, China)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32983583}, issn = {2095-8099}, }
@article {pmid32981672, year = {2020}, author = {Nicholas, PK and Breakey, S and Tagliareni, ME and Simmonds, K and Sabo, KK}, title = {Climate Change and Population Health: Incorporating Stages of Nursing's Political Development.}, journal = {Nursing outlook}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.001}, pmid = {32981672}, issn = {1528-3968}, abstract = {Climate change is the greatest public health threat of the 21st century and is associated with environmental degradation and deleterious health consequences. In 2019, the Lancet Commission Report on Health and Climate Change: Ensuring that the Health of a Child Born Today Is Not Defined By a Changing Climate (Watts et al., 2019) examined the critical health issues that children will face in the era of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) are responsible for an alarming increase in the warming of the planet, shifts in weather patterns, loss of arable land, and exacerbations of acute health issues, chronic health problems, and disaster-related health consequences. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of climate change and the associated deleterious health consequences in our climate-changing world. The paper will also examine the stages of political development to advance the 21st century role of the nursing profession in climate and health advocacy and policy.}, }
@article {pmid32981063, year = {2020}, author = {Braschler, B and Duffy, GA and Nortje, E and Kritzinger-Klopper, S and du Plessis, D and Karenyi, N and Leihy, RI and Chown, SL}, title = {Realised rather than fundamental thermal niches predict site occupancy: Implications for climate change forecasting.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13358}, pmid = {32981063}, issn = {1365-2656}, support = {//Darwin Initiative/ ; //Western Cape Department of Education/ ; DE190100003//Australian Research Council/ ; //Anglo-American/ ; 41313//National Research Foundation/DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology/ ; //AfriSam/ ; }, abstract = {Thermal performance traits are regularly used to make forecasts of the responses of ectotherms to anthropogenic environmental change, but such forecasts do not always differentiate between fundamental and realised thermal niches. Here we determine the relative extents to which variation in the fundamental and realised thermal niches accounts for current variation in species abundance and occupancy and assess the effects of niche-choice on future-climate response estimations. We investigated microclimate and macroclimate temperatures alongside abundance, occupancy, critical thermal limits and foraging activity of 52 ant species (accounting for >95% individuals collected) from a regional assemblage from across the Western Cape Province, South Africa, between 2003 and 2014. Capability of a species to occupy sites experiencing the most extreme temperatures, coupled with breadth of realised niche, explained most deviance in occupancy (up to 75%), while foraging temperature range and body mass explained up to 50.5% of observed variation in mean species abundance. When realised niches are used to forecast responses to climate change, large positive and negative effects among species are predicted under future conditions, in contrast to the forecasts of minimal impacts on all species that are indicated by fundamental niche predictions.}, }
@article {pmid32979891, year = {2020}, author = {Gaitán-Espitia, JD and Hobday, AJ}, title = {Evolutionary principles and genetic considerations for guiding conservation interventions under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15359}, pmid = {32979891}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {201809159002//The University of Hong Kong Seed Fund/ ; ECS 27124318//Research Grants Council of Hong Kong/ ; //CSIRO-OCE/ ; }, abstract = {Impacts of climate change are apparent in natural systems around the world. Many species are and will continue to struggle to persist in their current location as their preferred environment changes. Traditional conservation efforts aiming to prevent local extinctions have focused on two aspects that theoretically enhance genetic diversity-population connectivity and population size-through 'passive interventions' (such as protected areas and connectivity corridors). However, the exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity that we are experiencing as result of anthropogenic climate change has shifted conservation approaches to more 'active interventions' (such as rewilding, assisted gene flow, assisted evolution, artificial selection, genetic engineering). We integrate genetic/genomic approaches into an evolutionary biology framework in order to discuss with scientists, conservation managers and decision makers about the opportunities and risks of interventions that need careful consideration in order to avoid unwanted evolutionary outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid32978782, year = {2020}, author = {Hackley, DM}, title = {Climate change and oral health.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/idj.12628}, pmid = {32978782}, issn = {1875-595X}, }
@article {pmid32977683, year = {2020}, author = {Adebayo, AL and Davidson Mhonde, R and DeNicola, N and Maibach, E}, title = {The Effectiveness of Narrative Versus Didactic Information Formats on Pregnant Women's Knowledge, Risk Perception, Self-Efficacy, and Information Seeking Related to Climate Change Health Risks.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17196969}, pmid = {32977683}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Climate change is a global threat that poses significant risks to pregnant women and to their developing fetus and newborn. Educating pregnant women about the risks to their pregnancy may improve maternal and child health outcomes. Prior research suggests that presenting health information in narrative format can be more effective than a didactic format. Hence, the purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of two brief educational interventions in a diverse group of pregnant women (n = 151). Specifically, using a post-test only randomized experiment, we compared the effectiveness of brief information presented in a narrative format versus a didactic format; both information formats were also compared to a no information control group. Outcome measures included pregnant women's actual and perceived knowledge, risk perception, affective assessment, self-efficacy, intention to take protective behaviors, and subsequent information seeking behavior. As hypothesized, for all outcome measures, the narrative format was more effective than the didactic format. These results suggest the benefits of a narrative approach (versus a didactic approach) to educating pregnant women about the maternal and child health threats posed by climate change. This study adds to a growing literature on the effectiveness of narrative-based approaches to health communication.}, }
@article {pmid32977675, year = {2020}, author = {Usoltsev, VA and Shobairi, SOR and Tsepordey, IS}, title = {Are There Differences in the Reaction of the Light-Tolerant Subgenus Pinus spp. Biomass to Climate Change as Compared to Light-Intolerant Genus Picea spp.?.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants9101255}, pmid = {32977675}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Currently, the problem of the impact of climate change on the productivity of forest ecosystems and their carbon-depositing capacity is far from being solved. Therefore, this paper presents the models for the stand biomass of the two-needled subgenus' (Pinus spp.) and the genus Picea spp.'s trends along the trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients, designed for pure stands in a number of 2110- and 870-sample plots with Pinus and Picea correspondingly. It was found that in the case of an increase in mean winter temperatures by 1 °C, pine and spruce respond by increasing the biomass of most components, and in the case of an increase in the annual sum of precipitation by 100 mm, the total, aboveground, stem and root biomasses of pine and spruce react the same way, but crown biomass reacts in the opposite way. Therefore, all identified trends are species-specific.}, }
@article {pmid32977553, year = {2020}, author = {González-Orenga, S and Trif, C and Donat-Torres, MP and Llinares, JV and Collado, F and Ferrer-Gallego, PP and Laguna, E and Boscaiu, M and Vicente, O}, title = {Responses to Increased Salinity and Severe Drought in the Eastern Iberian Endemic Species Thalictrum maritimum (Ranunculaceae), Threatened by Climate Change.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants9101251}, pmid = {32977553}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {AICO/2017/039//Generalitat Valenciana/ ; }, abstract = {Thalictrum maritimum is an endangered, endemic species in East Spain, growing in areas of relatively low salinity in littoral salt marshes. A regression of its populations and the number of individuals has been registered in the last decade. This study aimed at establishing the causes of this reduction using a multidisciplinary approach, including climatic, ecological, physiological and biochemical analyses. The climatic data indicated that there was a direct negative correlation between increased drought, especially during autumn, and the number of individuals censused in the area of study. The susceptibility of this species to water deficit was confirmed by the analysis of growth parameters upon a water deficit treatment applied under controlled greenhouse conditions, with the plants withstanding only 23 days of complete absence of irrigation. On the other hand, increased salinity does not seem to be a risk factor for this species, which behaves as a halophyte, tolerating in controlled treatments salinities much higher than those registered in its natural habitat. The most relevant mechanisms of salt tolerance in T. maritimum appear to be based on the control of ion transport, by (i) the active transport of toxic ions to the aerial parts of the plants at high external salinity-where they are presumably stored in the leaf vacuoles to avoid their deleterious effects in the cytosol, (ii) the maintenance of K+ concentrations in belowground and aboveground organs, despite the increase of Na+ levels, and (iii) the salt-induced accumulation of Ca2+, particularly in stems and leaves. This study provides useful information for the management of the conservation plans of this rare and endangered species.}, }
@article {pmid32974093, year = {2020}, author = {Mirosław-Świątek, D and Marcinkowski, P and Kochanek, K and Wassen, MJ}, title = {The impact of climate change on flow conditions and wetland ecosystems in the Lower Biebrza River (Poland).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9778}, pmid = {32974093}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Water plays a key role in the functioning of wetlands and a shortage or contamination of it leads to changes in habitat conditions and degradation of ecosystems. This article scrutinizes the impact of climate change on the hydrological characteristics of floods (maximum flow, duration, volume) in the River Biebrza wetlands (North-East Poland). We analysed the trends in duration and volume of flood and maximum discharges in the historical period 1970-2000 and predicted these for the future periods 2020-2050 and 2070-2100, respectively. Next we assessed the impact on the wetland ecosystems. The basis of our assessments consists of statistical analyses of hydrographs and calculations by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydrological model and considering nine bias-corrected climate models. The results indicate that both volume and duration of winter floods will keep increasing continuously under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. The reduction in peak annual floods is expected to decline slightly in both scenarios. On the other hand, the analysis of trends in mean and standard deviation revealed negligible tendencies in the datasets for summer and winter hydrological seasons within the three time frames analysed (1970-2000; 2020-2050; 2070-2100). We foresee several future implications for the floodplain ecosystems. Shifts in transversal ecosystem zonation parallel to the river will likely take place with more highly productive flood tolerant vegetation types. Nutrient availability and algal blooms during spring inundations will likely increase. Slowdown of organic matter turnover later in summer will lead to a higher peat accumulation rate. Logistical problems with summer mowing and removal of bushes in winter may enhance shrub encroachment.}, }
@article {pmid32973346, year = {2019}, author = {Gaind, N and Stoye, E}, title = {How climate change is melting, drying and flooding Earth - in pictures.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02793-0}, pmid = {32973346}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32973027, year = {2020}, author = {Laufkötter, C and Zscheischler, J and Frölicher, TL}, title = {High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {369}, number = {6511}, pages = {1621-1625}, doi = {10.1126/science.aba0690}, pmid = {32973027}, issn = {1095-9203}, abstract = {Marine heatwaves (MHWs)-periods of extremely high ocean temperatures in specific regions-have occurred in all of Earth's ocean basins over the past two decades, with severe negative impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems. However, for most individual MHWs, it is unclear to what extent they have been altered by human-induced climate change. We show that the occurrence probabilities of the duration, intensity, and cumulative intensity of most documented, large, and impactful MHWs have increased more than 20-fold as a result of anthropogenic climate change. MHWs that occurred only once every hundreds to thousands of years in the preindustrial climate are projected to become decadal to centennial events under 1.5°C warming conditions and annual to decadal events under 3°C warming conditions. Thus, ambitious climate targets are indispensable to reduce the risks of substantial MHW impacts.}, }
@article {pmid32971453, year = {2020}, author = {Pandey, N and Rana, D and Chandrakar, G and Gowda, GB and Patil, NB and Pandi G, GP and Annamalai, M and Pokhare, SS and Rath, PC and Adak, T}, title = {Role of climate change variables (standing water and rainfall) on dissipation of chlorantraniliprole from a simulated rice ecosystem.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {111324}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111324}, pmid = {32971453}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is extensively used for rice pest management. Lack of information on the role of standing water and amount and timing of rainfall on CAP dissipation in rice ecosystem could hamper its prospective use. Present study was performed to investigate the effects of different water regimes (saturated, 5 and 10 cm standing water) and simulated rainfall (40 and 100 mm occurred at 4, 8 and 24 h after CAP application) on leaching, surface runoff and dissipation of CAP into components of rice ecosystem. The results showed highest concentration of CAP residues in soil and plant under saturated condition followed by 5 and 10 cm standing water conditions. Whereas, the highest concentration of CAP in leachates was detected under 10 cm standing water (12.19 ng mL-1). The results revealed large amount of leaching (21.99 ng mL-1) and surface runoff (42.25 ng mL-1) losses of CAP when 100 mm rainfall occurred at 4 h after pesticide application. The total quantity of CAP residues in soil and plant was highest when rainfall occurred at 24 h after pesticide application under both the rainfall amounts. Water stagnation and high intensity rainfall occurred shortly after pesticide application will contribute to pesticide loss to non-target sites through surface run-off and leaching. There will be less pesticide available in soil for plant uptake which may not be sufficient to kill the target organisms.}, }
@article {pmid32970390, year = {2020}, author = {Tagliabue, A and Barrier, N and Du Pontavice, H and Kwiatkowski, L and Aumont, O and Bopp, L and Cheung, WWL and Gascuel, D and Maury, O}, title = {An iron cycle cascade governs the response of equatorial Pacific ecosystems to climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15316}, pmid = {32970390}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {724289//H2020 European Research Council/ ; //Nippon Foundation/ ; //Region Bretagne/ ; ANR-18-ERC2-0001-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Earth System Models project that global climate change will reduce ocean net primary production (NPP), upper trophic level biota biomass and potential fisheries catches in the future, especially in the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, projections from Earth System Models are undermined by poorly constrained assumptions regarding the biological cycling of iron, which is the main limiting resource for NPP over large parts of the ocean. In this study, we show that the climate change trends in NPP and the biomass of upper trophic levels are strongly affected by modifying assumptions associated with phytoplankton iron uptake. Using a suite of model experiments, we find 21st century climate change impacts on regional NPP range from -12.3% to +2.4% under a high emissions climate change scenario. This wide range arises from variations in the efficiency of iron retention in the upper ocean in the eastern equatorial Pacific across different scenarios of biological iron uptake, which affect the strength of regional iron limitation. Those scenarios where nitrogen limitation replaced iron limitation showed the largest projected NPP declines, while those where iron limitation was more resilient displayed little future change. All model scenarios have similar skill in reproducing past inter-annual variations in regional ocean NPP, largely due to limited change in the historical period. Ultimately, projections of end of century upper trophic level biomass change are altered by 50%-80% across all plausible scenarios. Overall, we find that uncertainties in the biological iron cycle cascade through open ocean pelagic ecosystems, from plankton to fish, affecting their evolution under climate change. This highlights additional challenges to developing effective conservation and fisheries management policies under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32970294, year = {2020}, author = {El Amiri, N and Abernethy, P and Spence, N and Zakus, D and Kara, TA and Schuster-Wallace, C}, title = {Community of practice: an effective mechanism to strengthen capacity in climate change and health.}, journal = {Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17269/s41997-020-00400-8}, pmid = {32970294}, issn = {1920-7476}, abstract = {SETTING: Climate change is one of the greatest threats to global health in the twenty-first century and has recently been declared a health emergency. The lack of effective dissemination of emerging evidence on climate change health risks, effects, and innovative interventions to health professionals presents one of the greatest challenges to climate action today.<br><br>INTERVENTION: To identify and address the knowledge gaps at the intersection of health and climate change, the Canadian Coalition for Global Health Research (CCGHR) established a Working Group on Climate Change and Health (WGCCH). WGCCH is evolving organically into a community of practice (CoP) that aims to elevate knowledge brokering on climate change and health and expand to global multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary realms.<br><br>OUTCOMES: To date, the WGCCH established a regular webinar series to share expert knowledge from around the world on intersections between climate change and health, developed short summaries on climate change impacts on broad health challenges, supported young professional training, and enhanced climate health research capacity and skills through collegial network development and other collaborative projects that emerged from CoP activities.<br><br>IMPLICATIONS: This paper proposes that WGCCH may serve as an example of an effective strategy to address the lack of opportunities for collaborative engagement and mutual learning between health researchers and practitioners, other disciplines, and the general public. Our experiences and lessons learned provide opportunities to learn from the growing pains and successes of an emerging climate change and health-focused CoP.}, }
@article {pmid32968021, year = {2020}, author = {Nesbitt, J}, title = {Ancient agriculture and climate change on the north coast of Peru.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {40}, pages = {24617-24619}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2017725117}, pmid = {32968021}, issn = {1091-6490}, }
@article {pmid32967048, year = {2020}, author = {Pellegrino, G and Mahmoudi, M and Palermo, AM}, title = {Pollen viability of Euro-Mediterranean orchids under different storage condition: the possible effects of climate change.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.13185}, pmid = {32967048}, issn = {1438-8677}, abstract = {The future impact of climate change and a warmer world is a matter of great concern and so we aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature on pollen viability and fruit set of Mediterranean orchids. The in vitro and controlled pollination experiments were performed to evaluate the ability of pollinia stored at lower and higher temperature to germinate and produce fruits and seeds containing embryos. All of the examined orchids showed that pollen stored at -20 °C remained fully viable for up to three years, reducing its percentage of germination from the fourth year onwards. Pollinia stored at higher temperature showed a drastic reduction of vitality after two days at 41-44 °C, while pollinia stored at 47-50 °C did not show pollen tube growth. The different level of pollen viability duration between examined orchids can be tied to their peculiar reproductive biology and pollination ecology. The germinability of pollinia stored at lower temperatures for long periods suggests that orchid pollinia can be conserved ex situ. On the contrary, higher temperature can have harmful effects on the vitality of pollen and consequently on the reproductive success of plants. To our knowledge, it is the first report demonstrating the effects of global change on orchid pollen, and on pollen ability to tolerate or not higher air temperature. Although vegetative reproduction can allow orchids to overcome a few consecutive warm years, higher temperatures for several consecutive years can have dramatic effects on reproductive success of orchids.}, }
@article {pmid32964662, year = {2020}, author = {Laidre, KL and Atkinson, SN and Regehr, EV and Stern, HL and Born, EW and Wiig, Ø and Lunn, NJ and Dyck, M and Heagerty, P and Cohen, BR}, title = {Transient benefits of climate change for a high-Arctic polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulation.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15286}, pmid = {32964662}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//University of Washington/ ; //The Association of Greenland Hunters and Fishermen/ ; //Avannaa Resources Inc./ ; //Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Nuuk)/ ; //Canada Department of National Defense/ ; //Danish Civil Aviation Authorities/ ; //Environment and Climate Change Canada/ ; //Environmental Protection Agency of Denmark/ ; //Government of Nunavut/ ; //Greenland Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture/ ; //Greenland Department of the Environment/ ; //Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR)/ ; //Iviq Hunters and Trappers Organization/ ; NNX13AN28G/NASA/NASA/United States ; NNX11A063G//National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/ ; //Nuna Minerals Inc./ ; //Nunavut General Monitoring Program/ ; //Nunavut Wildlife Management Board/ ; //Polar Continental Shelf Project/ ; //Qaanaap Kommunia/ ; //Royal Canadian Mounted Police/ ; //Universal Helicopters/ ; //University of Oslo/ ; //Vetlesen Foundation/ ; //World Wildlife Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Kane Basin (KB) is one of the world's most northerly polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations, where bears have historically inhabited a mix of thick multiyear and annual sea ice year-round. Currently, KB is transitioning to a seasonally ice-free region because of climate change. This ecological shift has been hypothesized to benefit polar bears in the near-term due to thinner ice with increased biological production, although this has not been demonstrated empirically. We assess sea-ice changes in KB together with changes in polar bear movements, seasonal ranges, body condition, and reproductive metrics obtained from capture-recapture (physical and genetic) and satellite telemetry studies during two study periods (1993-1997 and 2012-2016). The annual cycle of sea-ice habitat in KB shifted from a year-round ice platform (~50% coverage in summer) in the 1990s to nearly complete melt-out in summer (<5% coverage) in the 2010s. The mean duration between sea-ice retreat and advance increased from 109 to 160 days (p = .004). Between the 1990s and 2010s, adult female (AF) seasonal ranges more than doubled in spring and summer and were significantly larger in all months. Body condition scores improved for all ages and both sexes. Mean litter sizes of cubs-of-the-year (C0s) and yearlings (C1s), and the number of C1s per AF, did not change between decades. The date of spring sea-ice retreat in the previous year was positively correlated with C1 litter size, suggesting smaller litters following years with earlier sea-ice breakup. Our study provides evidence for range expansion, improved body condition, and stable reproductive performance in the KB polar bear subpopulation. These changes, together with a likely increasing subpopulation abundance, may reflect the shift from thick, multiyear ice to thinner, seasonal ice with higher biological productivity. The duration of these benefits is unknown because, under unmitigated climate change, continued sea-ice loss is expected to eventually have negative demographic and ecological effects on all polar bears.}, }
@article {pmid32964631, year = {2020}, author = {Vineis, P and Huybrechts, I and Millett, C and Weiderpass, E}, title = {Climate change and cancer: converging policies.}, journal = {Molecular oncology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/1878-0261.12781}, pmid = {32964631}, issn = {1878-0261}, abstract = {Intervening on risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (including cancer) in industrialized countries could achieve a reduction of between 30% and 40% of premature deaths. In the meantime, the need to intervene against the threat of climate change has become obvious. CO2 emissions must be reduced by 45% by the year 2030 and to zero by 2050 according to recent agreements. We propose an approach in which interventions are designed to prevent diseases and jointly mitigate climate change, the so-called cobenefits. The present article describes some examples of how climate change mitigation and cancer prevention could go hand in hand: tobacco control, food production, and transportation (air pollution). Many others can be identified. The advantage of the proposed approach is that both long-term (climate) and short-term (health) benefits can be accrued with appropriate intersectoral policies.}, }
@article {pmid32964436, year = {2020}, author = {Greever, C and Ramirez-Aguilar, K and Connelly, J}, title = {Connections between laboratory research and climate change: what scientists and policy makers can do to reduce environmental impacts.}, journal = {FEBS letters}, volume = {594}, number = {19}, pages = {3079-3085}, doi = {10.1002/1873-3468.13932}, pmid = {32964436}, issn = {1873-3468}, }
@article {pmid32963511, year = {2020}, author = {Kirelli, Y and Arslankaya, S}, title = {Sentiment Analysis of Shared Tweets on Global Warming on Twitter with Data Mining Methods: A Case Study on Turkish Language.}, journal = {Computational intelligence and neuroscience}, volume = {2020}, number = {}, pages = {1904172}, doi = {10.1155/2020/1904172}, pmid = {32963511}, issn = {1687-5273}, abstract = {As the usage of social media has increased, the size of shared data has instantly surged and this has been an important source of research for environmental issues as it has been with popular topics. Sentiment analysis has been used to determine people's sensitivity and behavior in environmental issues. However, the analysis of Turkish texts has not been investigated much in literature. In this article, sentiment analysis of Turkish tweets about global warming and climate change is determined by machine learning methods. In this regard, by using algorithms that are determined by supervised methods (linear classifiers and probabilistic classifiers) with trained thirty thousand randomly selected Turkish tweets, sentiment intensity (positive, negative, and neutral) has been detected and algorithm performance ratios have been compared. This study also provides benchmarking results for future sentiment analysis studies on Turkish texts.}, }
@article {pmid32960336, year = {2020}, author = {Alford, L and Louâpre, P and Mougel, F and van Baaren, J}, title = {Measuring the evolutionary potential of a winter-active parasitic wasp to climate change.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {194}, number = {1-2}, pages = {41-50}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04761-2}, pmid = {32960336}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {326943//FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions/ ; 841952//H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Aphids ; Climate Change ; Cold Temperature ; Seasons ; *Wasps/genetics ; }, abstract = {In temperate climates, as a consequence of warming winters, an increasing number of ectothermic species are remaining active throughout winter months instead of diapausing, rendering them increasingly vulnerable to unpredictable cold events. One species displaying a shift in overwintering strategy is the parasitoid wasp and biological control agent Aphidius avenae. The current study aimed to better understand the consequence of a changing overwintering strategy on the evolutionary potential of an insect population to adapt to the cold stress events, set to increase in frequency, even during milder winters. Using a parental half-sibling breeding design, narrow-sense heritability of the cold tolerance, morphology and longevity of A. avenae was estimated. The heritability of cold tolerance was estimated at 0.07 (CI95% = [0.00; 0.25]) for the Critical Thermal Minima (CTmin) and 0.11 (CI95% = [0.00; 0.34]) for chill coma temperature; estimates much lower than those obtained for morphological traits (tibia length 0.20 (CI95% = [0.03; 0.37]); head width 0.23 (CI95% = [0.09; 0.39]); wing surface area 0.28 (CI95% = [0.11; 0.47])), although comparable with the heritability estimate of 0.12 obtained for longevity (CI95% = [0.00; 0.25]). The heritability estimates obtained thus suggest that A. avenae possesses low adaptive potential against cold stress. If such estimates are indicative of the evolutionary potential of A. avenae cold tolerance, more emphasis may be placed on adaptive phenotypic plasticity at the individual level to persist in a changing climate, with potential implications for the biological control function they provide.}, }
@article {pmid32957527, year = {2020}, author = {Juhász, O and Fürjes-Mikó, Á and Tenyér, A and Somogyi, AÁ and Aguilon, DJ and Kiss, PJ and Bátori, Z and Maák, I}, title = {Consequences of Climate Change-Induced Habitat Conversions on Red Wood Ants in a Central European Mountain: A Case Study.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {32957527}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {2017-01-X-NZ8-01042//Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej/ ; NKFIH K 124796//Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok/ ; }, abstract = {The consequences of anthropogenic climate change are one of the major concerns of conservation biology. A cascade of negative effects is expected to affect various ecosystems, one of which is Central European coniferous forests and their unique biota. These coniferous forests are the primary habitat of many forest specialist species such as red wood ants. Climate change-induced rising of temperature allows trees to skip winter hibernation, making them more vulnerable to storms that cause wind felling, and in turn, promotes bark beetle infestations that results in unscheduled clear-cuttings. Red wood ants can also be exposed to such habitat changes. We investigated the effects of bark beetle-induced clear-cutting and the absence of coniferous trees on colonies of Formica polyctena, including a mixed-coniferous forest as a reference. Our aim was to investigate how these habitat features affect the nest characteristics and nesting habits of F. polyctena. Our results indicate that, in the absence of conifers, F. polyctena tend to use different alternatives for nest material, colony structure, and food sources. However, the vitality of F. polyctena colonies significantly decreased (smaller nest mound volumes). Our study highlights the ecological flexibility of this forest specialist and its potential to survive under extreme conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32957002, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, S and Bagrodia, R and Pfeffer, CC and Meli, L and Bonanno, GA}, title = {Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: A review and methodological critique.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {76}, number = {}, pages = {102297}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102297}, pmid = {32957002}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {In the past two decades, climate change-related natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts have become increasingly frequent and severe, impacting the emotional and psychological well-being of those who are directly or indirectly exposed to them. Despite great interest in understanding differences in anxiety and resilience in response to natural disasters, enthusiasm appears to outstrip empirical clarity, as there remains considerable ambiguity as to determinants of resilient or pathological outcomes following exposure to natural disasters. In addition, there are several major methodological limitations in climate change and related natural disaster research, including the use of univariate analyses, cross-sectional design, and retrospective measures. Keeping these limitations in mind, we first review literature examining the mental health outcomes of natural disasters. Findings suggest that, overall, resilience is more common than pathological outcomes. Second, we use a multi-dimensional framework of resilience to selectively review factors at the event, individual, as well as family and community levels that could help inform resilient or pathological outcomes. Finally, we consider key limitations and future directions for research and practice in the field of anxiety and resilience in response to climate disasters.}, }
@article {pmid32952240, year = {2020}, author = {Goodman, MK and Doyle, J and Farrell, N}, title = {Practising everyday climate cultures: understanding the cultural politics of climate change.}, journal = {Climatic change}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-7}, pmid = {32952240}, issn = {0165-0009}, }
@article {pmid32951081, year = {2020}, author = {Deuffic, P and Garms, M and He, J and Brahic, E and Yang, H and Mayer, M}, title = {Forest Dieback, a Tangible Proof of Climate Change? A Cross-Comparison of Forest Stakeholders' Perceptions and Strategies in the Mountain Forests of Europe and China.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01363-9}, pmid = {32951081}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Forest dieback due to climate change poses a risk to mountain forests throughout the world, and has severe consequences in terms of lost ecosystem services for forest stakeholders. This contribution aims to analyze how forest stakeholders perceive forest dieback, and the way in which they adapt to it. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews in three mid-mountain case study areas in France, Germany, and China, enabling a cross-comparison of different settings affected by forest dieback. Results show that forest dieback is not a new phenomenon for stakeholders who consider that it has increased over the last few decades, due to rising temperatures and extreme weather events. In all survey areas, respondents consider forest dieback as tangible proof of climate change, identifying context-specific impacts with varying levels of severity. Cause-effect relationships are not easy to establish. Forest stakeholders are unable to determine whether climate change is a triggering or aggravating factor. For adaptive strategies, respondents can be grouped into three main profiles: proactive, reactive, and wait-and-see forest owners. These types of stakeholders differ in terms of their investment capacities, economic dependency, emotional attachment to forests, knowledge level, and capacity to obtain actionable information through participation in institutional networks.}, }
@article {pmid32950786, year = {2020}, author = {Peduzzi, E and Baldi, MG and Pisoni, E and Kona, A and Bertoldi, P and Monforti-Ferrario, F}, title = {Impacts of a climate change initiative on air pollutant emissions: Insights from the Covenant of Mayors.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {106029}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.106029}, pmid = {32950786}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {The Covenant of Mayors (CoM) is a successful European initiative which encourages local authorities to be proactive in fighting climate change. Recently, it expanded to cover adaptation and energy access/poverty and became a global initiative. In this study we investigate an additional perspective: synergies and trade-offs between climate and air quality. Signatories pledge to reduce their Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and voluntarily report their emissions, energy consumption and the measures that they carry out to reach their goals. We develop a methodology to estimate air pollutant emissions corresponding to CO2 emissions CoM signatories report, using information they already submit and national estimates of air pollutant emission factors. The methodology is applied to over 1600 signatories in Europe, representing over 80 million inhabitants. Results show that, in general, signatories are reducing both types of emissions. However, there are also cases where emissions increase. We explore the reasons behind these changes and highlight the role of technological improvement. This work calls for an increased coherence between climate and air quality plans at the local scale and provides a first step and a tool to support signatories, even the smallest ones, to move in this direction.}, }
@article {pmid32944993, year = {2020}, author = {Tol, RSJ}, title = {The distributional impact of climate change.}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.14497}, pmid = {32944993}, issn = {1749-6632}, abstract = {Poorer, hotter countries are more vulnerable to climate change and will experience more negative impacts. The pattern of vulnerability between countries is used to impute impacts for income deciles within countries, for administrative regions, and for grid cells. Almost three-quarters of people will face worse impacts than their country average. Between-country variation is larger than within-country variation for income deciles and regions, and about as large for grid cells. I here revisit earlier estimates of the economic impact of climate change and extend the analysis to impute the distribution of impacts within countries.}, }
@article {pmid32944421, year = {2020}, author = {Bi, X and Li, B and Zhang, L and Nan, B and Zhang, X and Yang, Z}, title = {Response of grassland productivity to climate change and anthropogenic activities in arid regions of Central Asia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9797}, pmid = {32944421}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Background: Quantitative evaluations of the relative impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activity on grasslands are significant for understanding grassland degradation mechanisms and controlling degraded grasslands. However, our knowledge about the effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the grassland in a mountain basin system in arid regions of Central Asia is still subject to great uncertainties.<br><br>Methods: In this research, we have chosen the net primary productivity (NPP) as an index for revealing grassland dynamics processes. Moreover, the human appropriation of net primary production (NPPH), which was calculated as the potential NPP (NPPP) minus the actual NPP (NPPA), was applied to distinguish the relative influences of climate change and human activities on the grassland NPP variations in a mountain basin system of Central Asia from 2001-2015.<br><br>Results: The results indicated that the grassland NPPA showed an increasing trend (35.88%) that was smaller than the decreasing trend (64.12%). The respective contributions of human activity, climate change and the two together to the increase in the NPPA were 6.19%, 81.30% and 12.51%, respectively. Human activity was largely responsible for the decrease in the grassland NPPA, with the area experiencing human-induced decreases accounting for 98.21% of the total decreased area, which mainly occurred during spring/autumn pasture and winter pasture. Furthermore, the average grazing pressure index (GPI) values of summer pastures, spring/autumn pasture and winter pastures were 1.04, 3.03 and 1.83, respectively, from 2001-2015. In addition, negative correlations between the NPP and GPI occupied most of the research area (92.41%).<br><br>Discussion: Our results indicate that: (i) anthropogenic activities were the primary cause of the reduction in the grassland NPP, especially grazing activities. (ii) For areas where the grassland NPP has increased, precipitation was the dominant climatic factor over temperature in controlling the grassland NPP changes in the study area. (iii) The findings of the current research indicate that some measures should be taken to reduce livestock pressure, and artificial grasslands can be built along the Irtysh River and the Ulungur River to relieve grazing pressure on spring/autumn pastures and winter pastures. Our results could provide reliable information for grassland management and the prevention of grassland degradation in arid regions of Central Asia.}, }
@article {pmid32943777, year = {2019}, author = {Searles Jones, J}, title = {To solve climate change, remember the ocean.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02832-w}, pmid = {32943777}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32943685, year = {2020}, author = {Alemazkoor, N and Rachunok, B and Chavas, DR and Staid, A and Louhghalam, A and Nateghi, R and Tootkaboni, M}, title = {Hurricane-induced power outage risk under climate change is primarily driven by the uncertainty in projections of future hurricane frequency.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {15270}, pmid = {32943685}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {1826161//National Science Foundation/ ; CMMI-1826155//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Nine in ten major outages in the US have been caused by hurricanes. Long-term outage risk is a function of climate change-triggered shifts in hurricane frequency and intensity; yet projections of both remain highly uncertain. However, outage risk models do not account for the epistemic uncertainties in physics-based hurricane projections under climate change, largely due to the extreme computational complexity. Instead they use simple probabilistic assumptions to model such uncertainties. Here, we propose a transparent and efficient framework to, for the first time, bridge the physics-based hurricane projections and intricate outage risk models. We find that uncertainty in projections of the frequency of weaker storms explains over 95% of the uncertainty in outage projections; thus, reducing this uncertainty will greatly improve outage risk management. We also show that the expected annual fraction of affected customers exhibits large variances, warranting the adoption of robust resilience investment strategies and climate-informed regulatory frameworks.}, }
@article {pmid32942727, year = {2020}, author = {You, M and Ju, Y}, title = {The Outrage Effect of Personal Stake, Familiarity, Effects on Children, and Fairness on Climate Change Risk Perception Moderated by Political Orientation.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17186722}, pmid = {32942727}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {NRF- 2018S1A3A2074932//Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Outrage factors are perceived characteristics of risk that provoke emotional responses and influence risk perception. Although several studies examined how multiple influences affect climate change risk perception, outrage factors have not been comprehensively assessed in the context of climate change risk perception. Using an online survey in South Korea (n = 592), we investigated outrage factors associated with climate change risk perception and whether political orientation moderates these outrage effects. We considered 11 of 20 outrage factors: voluntariness, controllability, familiarity, fairness, uncertainty, delayed effects, effects on children, trust, reversibility, personal stake, and human vs. natural origin. Factors that overlapped with the selected outrage factors or those that were not relevant to climate change were excluded. The survey revealed that the climate change risk perception of an individual increased when they perceived climate change to be relevant to their personal lives, when they felt unfamiliar with climate change, when they thought climate change would have a severe impact on children, or when they thought climate change would have unequal consequences. Moreover, respondents who identified as political conservatives were subject to a greater outrage effect of personal stake for climate change. The implications of the outrage effect on climate change risk perception and the greater vulnerability of conservatives to outrage effect are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32940763, year = {2020}, author = {Halupka, L and Czyż, B and Macias Dominguez, CM}, title = {The effect of climate change on laying dates, clutch size and productivity of Eurasian Coots Fulica atra.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01972-3}, pmid = {32940763}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {2017/27/B/NZ8/00465//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is affecting many living organisms; however, the responses of many of them remain unknown. In this paper, we present the results regarding the response of a bird species from the rallid family to the increased temperatures during the breeding season. We analysed the breeding data of Eurasian Coots nesting during 30 seasons between 1972 and 2019. During the study period, mean temperatures in April, the month when Coots start nesting, increased by 3.5 °C, and in months corresponding with the species breeding season by 2.6 °C. Breeding Coots advanced their earliest and median laying dates across the study period; however, the duration of their breeding season remained unchanged. We did not detect any significant temporal changes in clutch size, but clutches have become much more variable in size throughout the study period. Nest failures and production of offspring per nest did not change over the study period; however, the production of young per successful nest significantly declined. It is likely that this decline is the effect of mismatch between the period of food abundance (dipterans collected from water), and hatchling emergence, which is advanced due to change in climate. Future studies investigating the occurrence of dipteran resources at water bodies are needed to test this hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid32939653, year = {2020}, author = {Khan, NA and Gao, Q and Abid, M and Shah, AA}, title = {Mapping farmers' vulnerability to climate change and its induced hazards: evidence from the rice-growing zones of Punjab, Pakistan.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10758-4}, pmid = {32939653}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {In developing countries like Pakistan, agriculture constitutes the primary source of support for the majority of rural and the adjacent urban population. Despite the large part it plays in the economy, it faces significant challenges caused by climate change, such as rising temperatures, floods, droughts, and yield losses. In Pakistan, rice, which is the second most essential food crop and livelihood source for the millions of farm households, is facing significant yield reduction due to climate change. It is pertinent to consider the vulnerabilities of farm households and related factors to create a climatic-resilient farming system. The current study is aimed at mapping the vulnerability of rice-growing communities of Punjab province while considering climatic challenges beyond temperatures and rainfall changes. The Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) was calculated for four rice-growing districts of Punjab province using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's three-indicator approach (sensitivity, exposition, and adaptive capacity). According to the results, farmers in the study area are highly vulnerable to climate change (CCVI 0.81). Specifically, the indices of vulnerability components showed that farmers have a high level of exposure (EVI 0.72) and susceptibility (SVI 0.59) to the climatic uncertainties with the least adaptive capacity (AVI 0.50). Further, the vulnerability analysis across different rice-growing regions showed that farmers, particularly in the low-yield region, are more vulnerable (EVI 0.73, SVI 0.61, AVI 0.49, CCVI 0.85) than the farmers in the high-yield region (EVI 0.71, SVI 0.58, AVI 0.51, CCVI 0.78). These findings imply that regional priority must be given despite the difference in farm performance to reduce production losses. Besides, climate-smart adaptation initiatives should be facilitated at the farm and regional levels through the implementation of appropriate policies and investment plans.}, }
@article {pmid32939560, year = {2020}, author = {Berestycki, H and Ducasse, R and Rossi, L}, title = {Influence of a road on a population in an ecological niche facing climate change.}, journal = {Journal of mathematical biology}, volume = {81}, number = {4-5}, pages = {1059-1097}, doi = {10.1007/s00285-020-01537-3}, pmid = {32939560}, issn = {1432-1416}, support = {321186/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {We introduce a model designed to account for the influence of a line with fast diffusion-such as a road or another transport network-on the dynamics of a population in an ecological niche.This model consists of a system of coupled reaction-diffusion equations set on domains with different dimensions (line / plane). We first show that, in a stationary climate, the presence of the line is always deleterious and can even lead the population to extinction. Next, we consider the case where the niche is subject to a displacement, representing the effect of a climate change. We find that in such case the line with fast diffusion can help the population to persist. We also study several qualitative properties of this system. The analysis is based on a notion of generalized principal eigenvalue developed and studied by the authors (2019).}, }
@article {pmid32938914, year = {2020}, author = {Saladin, B and Pellissier, L and Graham, CH and Nobis, MP and Salamin, N and Zimmermann, NE}, title = {Rapid climate change results in long-lasting spatial homogenization of phylogenetic diversity.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4663}, pmid = {32938914}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Europe ; *Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/genetics ; Refugium ; Seeds ; }, abstract = {Scientific understanding of biodiversity dynamics, resulting from past climate oscillations and projections of future changes in biodiversity, has advanced over the past decade. Little is known about how these responses, past or future, are spatially connected. Analyzing the spatial variability in biodiversity provides insight into how climate change affects the accumulation of diversity across space. Here, we evaluate the spatial variation of phylogenetic diversity of European seed plants among neighboring sites and assess the effects of past rapid climate changes during the Quaternary on these patterns. Our work shows a marked homogenization in phylogenetic diversity across Central and Northern Europe linked to high climate change velocity and large distances to refugia. Our results suggest that the future projected loss in evolutionary heritage may be even more dramatic, as homogenization in response to rapid climate change has occurred among sites across large landscapes, leaving a legacy that has lasted for millennia.}, }
@article {pmid32938670, year = {2020}, author = {Jordan, CJ and Palmer, AA}, title = {Virtual meetings: A critical step to address climate change.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {38}, pages = {}, pmid = {32938670}, issn = {2375-2548}, }
@article {pmid32937739, year = {2020}, author = {Gudipati, S and Zervos, M and Herc, E}, title = {Can the One Health Approach Save Us from the Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Pathogens in the Era of Climate Change: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance?.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics9090599}, pmid = {32937739}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {Climate change has become a controversial topic in today's media despite decades of warnings from climate scientists and has influenced human health significantly with the increasing prevalence of infectious pathogens and contribution to antimicrobial resistance. Elevated temperatures lead to rising sea and carbon dioxide levels, changing environments and interactions between humans and other species. These changes have led to the emergence and reemergence of infectious pathogens that have already developed significant antimicrobial resistance. Although these new infectious pathogens are alarming, we can still reduce the burden of infectious diseases in the era of climate change if we focus on One Health strategies. This approach aims at the simultaneous protection of humans, animals and environment from climate change and antimicrobial impacts. Once these relationships are better understood, these models can be created, but the support of our legislative and health system partnerships are critical to helping with strengthening education and awareness.}, }
@article {pmid32935868, year = {2020}, author = {Fleming, W and Hayes, AL and Crosman, KM and Bostrom, A}, title = {Indiscriminate, Irrelevant, and Sometimes Wrong: Causal Misconceptions about Climate Change.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13587}, pmid = {32935868}, issn = {1539-6924}, support = {1430781//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; 1463492//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; T32 HD007543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Prior research demonstrates widespread persistence of beliefs about climate change causes and risks that are arguably misconceptions. They include believing pollution causes climate change, believing ozone depletion causes climate change, the combination of these two &quot;green beliefs,&quot; referred to as environmental problems, and believing natural climate variation significantly contributes to current climate trends. Each of these causal beliefs has the potential to weaken or divert support away from effective climate change risk mitigation policies. To assess this potential, we explore the nature and prevalence of these beliefs in the United States with a national sample of interviews (N = 77) and two national surveys (N = 1,013, N = 1,820), and apply regression and mediation analyses to explore whether they explain any of the variation in individuals' concern or support for policy to mitigate climate change. Adherence to these beliefs-which reflect a variety of misconceptions illustrated in the interviews-differs by political ideology but is common, with over a third of interviewees mentioning one or more. Controlling for general knowledge, political ideology, and other factors, misconceptions about environmental problems are still associated directly with support for climate change policies. On average adherence to the belief that environmental problems cause climate change is associated with a 25% higher probability of policy support. In contrast, believing natural climate variability is a major recent cause of climate change is associated with a 7% lower probability of supporting climate policy, even after controlling for political ideology and other knowledge about climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32931518, year = {2020}, author = {Inman, EN and Hobbs, RJ and Tsvuura, Z}, title = {No safety net in the face of climate change: The case of pastoralists in Kunene Region, Namibia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {e0238982}, pmid = {32931518}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Over the past decade, pastoralists in Kunene Region, Namibia, have endured recurrent drought and flood events that have culminated in the loss of their primary form of livelihood-pastoralism. Most pastoralists are finding it difficult to sustain their livelihoods, and their communities have fallen into extreme poverty. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) approaches are increasingly acknowledged as having the potential to enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. The first step is to develop an understanding of how affected communities live, their perceptions of and how they respond to climate change and the biophysical impacts of climate change in their communities. This study aims to collect this information in order to explore the use of EbA to help pastoralists adapt to climate change. We examined an isolated pastoral Himba community, to understand their perceptions, experiences and understanding of climate change and its related impacts on their livelihoods. A nested mixed-methods approach using structured interviews was employed to address the study objectives. Interview results revealed that pastoralists lack scientific knowledge of climate change, and they have no access to climate change information. Though pastoralists have coping and adaptation approaches at the community level (such as making gardens, fishing, etc.), these have become ineffective as climatic uncertainty and change persist. Furthermore, pastoralists no longer get benefits from the environment, such as food and fodder. Despite this, there are currently no biodiversity interventions at the community level to address the impacts of climate change. Pastoralists have indicated their adaptation needs, particularly the provision of water supply to grow food. This is an open avenue to explore EbA approaches, specifically ecological restoration, while still addressing the need of the pastoralists. There is an urgent need to develop new practical adaptation strategies, including restoration options that will strengthen their adaptive capacity.}, }
@article {pmid32931053, year = {2020}, author = {Birrell, JH and Shah, AA and Hotaling, S and Giersch, JJ and Williamson, CE and Jacobsen, D and Woods, HA}, title = {Insects in high-elevation streams: Life in extreme environments imperiled by climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15356}, pmid = {32931053}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {G110-20-W5926//Montana Water Center/ ; DBI-1807694//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1754276//National Science Foundation/ ; DEB-1950170//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-1557795//National Science Foundation/ ; OPP-1906015//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is altering conditions in high-elevation streams worldwide, with largely unknown effects on resident communities of aquatic insects. Here, we review the challenges of climate change for high-elevation aquatic insects and how they may respond, focusing on current gaps in knowledge. Understanding current effects and predicting future impacts will depend on progress in three areas. First, we need better descriptions of the multivariate physical challenges and interactions among challenges in high-elevation streams, which include low but rising temperatures, low oxygen supply and increasing oxygen demand, high and rising exposure to ultraviolet radiation, low ionic strength, and variable but shifting flow regimes. These factors are often studied in isolation even though they covary in nature and interact in space and time. Second, we need a better mechanistic understanding of how physical conditions in streams drive the performance of individual insects. Environment-performance links are mediated by physiology and behavior, which are poorly known in high-elevation taxa. Third, we need to define the scope and importance of potential responses across levels of biological organization. Short-term responses are defined by the tolerances of individuals, their capacities to perform adequately across a range of conditions, and behaviors used to exploit local, fine-scale variation in abiotic factors. Longer term responses to climate change, however, may include individual plasticity and evolution of populations. Whether high-elevation aquatic insects can mitigate climatic risks via these pathways is largely unknown.}, }
@article {pmid32930796, year = {2020}, author = {Rahman, MS and Karamehic-Muratovic, A and Baghbanzadeh, M and Amrin, M and Zafar, S and Rahman, NN and Shirina, SU and Haque, U}, title = {Climate change and dengue fever knowledge, attitudes and practices in Bangladesh: a social media-based cross-sectional survey.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/traa093}, pmid = {32930796}, issn = {1878-3503}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bangladesh experienced its worst dengue fever (DF) outbreak in 2019. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among university students in Bangladesh and significant factors associated with their prevention practices related to climate change and DF.<br><br>METHODS: A social media-based (Facebook) cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted and secondary data of reported DF cases in 2019 extracted. Logistic regression and spatial analysis were run to examine the data.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 1500 respondents, 76% believed that climate change can affect DF transmission. However, participants reported good climate change knowledge (76.7%), attitudes (87.9%) and practices (39.1%). The corresponding figures for DF were knowledge (47.9%), attitudes (80.3%) and practices (25.9%). Good knowledge and attitudes were significantly associated with good climate change adaptation or mitigation practices (p<0.05). Good knowledge, attitudes and previous DF experiences were also found to be significantly associated with good DF prevention practices (p<0.001). There was no significant positive correlation between climate change and DF KAP scores and the number of DF cases.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide baseline data that can be used to promote educational campaigns and intervention programs focusing on climate change adaptation and mitigation and effective DF prevention strategies among various communities in Bangladesh and similar dengue-endemic countries.}, }
@article {pmid32929258, year = {2019}, author = {Williams, DS}, title = {How those researching adaptation to climate change might reduce their own carbon footprints.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02778-z}, pmid = {32929258}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32929240, year = {2020}, author = {Newbold, T and Oppenheimer, P and Etard, A and Williams, JJ}, title = {Tropical and Mediterranean biodiversity is disproportionately sensitive to land-use and climate change.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41559-020-01303-0}, pmid = {32929240}, issn = {2397-334X}, support = {UF150526//Royal Society/ ; RG160501//Royal Society/ ; RG160501//Royal Society/ ; EA180143//Royal Society/ ; EA180143//Royal Society/ ; NE/R010811/1//RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/ ; RPG-2015-073//Leverhulme Trust/ ; }, abstract = {Global biodiversity is undergoing rapid declines, driven in large part by changes to land use and climate. Global models help us to understand the consequences of environmental changes for biodiversity, but tend to neglect important geographical variation in the sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. Here we test whether biodiversity responses to climate change and land-use change differ among biomes (geographical units that have marked differences in environment and species composition). We find the strongest negative responses to both pressures in tropical biomes and in the Mediterranean. A further analysis points towards similar underlying drivers for the sensitivity to each pressure: we find both greater reductions in species richness in the types of land use most disturbed by humans and more negative predicted responses to climate change in areas of lower climatic seasonality, and in areas where a greater proportion of species are near their upper temperature limit. Within the land most modified by humans, reductions in biodiversity were particularly large in regions where humans have come to dominate the land more recently. Our results will help to improve predictions of how biodiversity is likely to change with ongoing climatic and land-use changes, pointing toward particularly large declines in the tropics where much future agricultural expansion is expected to occur. This finding could help to inform the development of the post-2020 biodiversity framework, by highlighting the under-studied regions where biodiversity losses are likely to be greatest.}, }
@article {pmid32927555, year = {2020}, author = {Celis-Plá, PSM and Moenne, F and Rodríguez-Rojas, F and Pardo, D and Lavergne, C and Moenne, A and Brown, MT and Huovinen, P and Gómez, I and Navarro, N and Sáez, CA}, title = {Antarctic intertidal macroalgae under predicted increased temperatures mediated by global climate change: Would they cope?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {140379}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140379}, pmid = {32927555}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Climate Change ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seaweed ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the regions to be most affected by increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) mediated by Global Climate Change; indeed, most negative predictions imply an up to 6 °C increment by the end of the XXI century. Temperature is one of the most important factors mediating diversity and distribution of macroalgae, although there is still no consensus as to the likely effects of higher SSTs, especially for polar seaweeds. Some available information suggests that potential strategies to withstand future increases in SSTs will be founded upon the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and the induction of chaperone-functioning heat shock proteins (HSPs); however, their eventual role, even for general stress responses, is unclear. The intertidal green, brown and red macroalgae species Monostroma hariotii, Adenocystis utricularis and Pyropia endiviifolia, respectively, from King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, were exposed to 2 °C (control) and 8 °C (climate change scenario) for up to 5 days (d). Photosynthetic activity (αETR and ETRmax, and EkETR), photoinhibition (Fv/Fm) and photoprotection processes (αNPQ, NPQmax, and EkNPQ) provided no evidence of negative ecophysiological effects. There were moderate increases in H2O2 production and levels of lipid peroxidation with temperature, results supported by stable levels of total glutathione and ascorbate pools, with mostly higher levels of reduced ascorbate and glutathione than oxidized forms in all species. Transcripts of P. endiviifolia indicated a general upregulation of all antioxidant enzymes and HSPs genes studied under warmer temperature, although with different levels of activation with time. This pioneering investigation exploring different levels of biological organization, suggested that Antarctic intertidal macroalgae may be able to withstand future rise in SSTs, probably slightly altering their latitudinal distribution and/or range of thermal tolerance, by exhibiting robust glutathione-ascorbate production and recycling, as well as the induction of associated antioxidant enzymatic machinery and the syntheses of HSPs.}, }
@article {pmid32927191, year = {2020}, author = {Pastor-Paz, J and Noy, I and Sin, I and Sood, A and Fleming-Munoz, D and Owen, S}, title = {Projecting the effect of climate change on residential property damages caused by extreme weather events.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111012}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111012}, pmid = {32927191}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {New Zealand's public insurer for natural hazards, the Earthquake Commission (EQC), provides residential insurance for some weather-related damage. Climate change and the expected increase in intensity and frequency of extreme weather-related events are likely to translate into higher damages and thus an additional financial liability for the EQC. We project future insured damages from extreme precipitation events associated with future projected climatic change. We first estimate the empirical relationship between extreme precipitation events and the EQC's weather-related insurance claims based on a complete dataset of all claims from 2000 to 2017. We then use this estimated relationship, together with climate projections based on future greenhouse gases concentration scenarios from six different dynamically downscaled Regional Climate Models, to predict the impact of future extreme precipitation events on EQC liabilities for different time horizons up to the year 2100. Our results show predicted adverse impacts that vary over time and space. The percent change between projected and past damages-the climate change signal-ranges between an increase of 7%-8% in liabilities for the period 2020 to 2040, and between 9% and 25% higher for the period 2080 to 2100. We also provide detail caveats as towhy these quantities might be mis-estimated. The projected increase in the public insurer's liabilities could also be used to inform private insurers, regulators, and policymakers who are assessing the future performance of both the public and private insurers that cover weatherrelated.}, }
@article {pmid32924228, year = {2020}, author = {Sudarmana, A and Kelly, J}, title = {Climate change and the spread of disease: An illustrative case of the first Australian invasive non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae infection in a newborn.}, journal = {Journal of paediatrics and child health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jpc.15063}, pmid = {32924228}, issn = {1440-1754}, }
@article {pmid32920539, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, R and Weinbauer, MG and Peduzzi, P}, title = {Aquatic Viruses and Climate Change.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {357-380}, doi = {10.21775/cimb.041.357}, pmid = {32920539}, issn = {1467-3045}, abstract = {The viral component in aquatic systems clearly needs to be incorporated into future ocean and inland water climate models. Viruses have the potential to influence carbon and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems significantly. Changing climate likely has both direct and indirect influence on virus-mediated processes, among them an impact on food webs, biogeochemical cycles and on the overall metabolic performance of whole ecosystems. Here we synthesise current knowledge on potential climate-related consequences for viral assemblages, virus-host interactions and virus functions, and in turn, viral processes contributing to climate change. There is a need to increase the accuracy of predictions of climate change impacts on virus- driven processes, particularly of those linked to biological production and biogeochemical cycles. Comprehension of the relationships between microbial/viral processes and global phenomena is essential to predict the influence on as well as the response of the biosphere to global change.}, }
@article {pmid32920419, year = {2020}, author = {Calheiros, T and Pereira, MG and Nunes, JP}, title = {Assessing impacts of future climate change on extreme fire weather and pyro-regions in Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {754}, number = {}, pages = {142233}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142233}, pmid = {32920419}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Weather conditions play an important role in wildfire activity. In many regions, future climate could lead to different fire weather, with impacts on the ignition, behaviour, and suppression of wildfires, which may, therefore, force new fire regimes. This study aimed to assess the evolution of fire weather indices and the Number of Extreme Days (NED) in the context of climate change. We estimated the impact of these changes on monthly Normalized Burnt Area (NBA) and in the spatial distribution of Pyro-Regions (PR), using a recently identified relationship between NED and NBA intra-annual patterns. The components of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System (CFFWIS) in the Iberian Peninsula were analysed for present-day conditions and future climate scenarios, using daily data from ERA-Interim (1980-2014) and an ensemble of simulations from 11 EURO-CORDEX high spatial resolution models, for two future periods (2041-2070 and 2071-2100) and scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results suggest a significant increase in future fire weather risk, especially in late spring and early autumn, and also in southern and eastern Iberian Peninsula. NED is expected to strongly increase in summer months in the four PRs, but also to decrease in March and April in the northwestern and southwestern PR. This could change the spatial distribution of PRs, with a general northwards movement: the northern PR is expected to disappear except north of the Cantabrian Mountains, being replaced by the northwestern PR; the southwestern PR is expected to grow and occupy part of the area currently in the northwestern PR; and a new PR could appear in parts of the current eastern PR. These PR changes follow the projected modifications in the major climate regions. Results suggest different fire regimes in the future, with higher fire weather risk, and a longer and harsher fire season.}, }
@article {pmid32918888, year = {2020}, author = {Jennings, N and Fecht, D and De Matteis, S}, title = {Mapping the co-benefits of climate change action to issues of public concern in the UK: a narrative review.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {e424-e433}, pmid = {32918888}, issn = {2542-5196}, abstract = {To avoid a 1·5°C rise in global temperatures above preindustrial levels, the next phase of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will need to be comparatively rapid. Linking the co-benefits of climate action to wider issues that the public are concerned about can help decision makers to prioritise decarbonisation options that increase the chance of public support for such changes, while ensuring that a just transition is delivered. We identified key issues of concern to the UK public by use of Ipsos MORI public opinion data from 2007 to 2020 and used these data to guide a narrative review of academic and grey literature on the co-benefits of climate change action for the UK. Correspondence with civil servants, third sector organisations, and relevant academics allowed us to identify omissions and to ensure policy relevance of the recommendations. This evidence-based Review of the various co-benefits of climate change action for the UK identifies four main areas: health and the National Health Service; security; economy and unemployment; and poverty, housing, and inequality. Associated trade-offs are also discussed. City-level and regional-level governments are particularly well placed to incorporate co-benefits into their decision making because it is at this scale that co-benefits most clearly manifest, and where interventions can have the most immediate effects.}, }
@article {pmid32918887, year = {2020}, author = {Mordecai, EA and Ryan, SJ and Caldwell, JM and Shah, MM and LaBeaud, AD}, title = {Climate change could shift disease burden from malaria to arboviruses in Africa.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {e416-e423}, pmid = {32918887}, issn = {2542-5196}, support = {R01 AI102918/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM133439/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CK000510/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States ; DEB-1518681//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB-1641145//National Science Foundation/International ; }, abstract = {Malaria is a long-standing public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue and chikungunya cause an under-recognised burden of disease. Many human and environmental drivers affect the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. In this Personal View, we argue that the direct effects of warming temperatures are likely to promote greater environmental suitability for dengue and other arbovirus transmission by Aedes aegypti and reduce suitability for malaria transmission by Anopheles gambiae. Environmentally driven changes in disease dynamics will be complex and multifaceted, but given that current public efforts are targeted to malaria control, we highlight Ae aegypti and dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviruses as potential emerging public health threats in sub-Saharan Africa.}, }
@article {pmid32917169, year = {2020}, author = {Mousavi, A and Ardalan, A and Takian, A and Ostadtaghizadeh, A and Naddafi, K and Bavani, AM}, title = {Health system plan for implementation of Paris agreement on climate change (COP 21): a qualitative study in Iran.}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {1388}, pmid = {32917169}, issn = {1471-2458}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ensuring public health is crucial in any policy debate on climate change. Paris Agreement on climate change is a global contract, through which countries have committed themselves to a public health treaty. The agreement has laid the foundation for mitigation and adaptation. This study was conducted to provide an evidence-based framework for policy-making in the health system of Iran in order to reduce the adverse effects of climate change on public health and to increase the adaptation of the health system as a result.<br><br>METHODS: This is a qualitative study. We first used Delphi method to extract the components of Paris Agreement on climate change that were related to the functions and policymaking of health system in Iran. Twenty-three experts in health and climate change were identified purposefully and through snowball sampling as participants in Delphi. Data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire. We used SPSS software version 25 for data analysis based on the descriptive indices including the mean, the percentage of consensus above 75%, and the Kendall coordination coefficient.<br><br>RESULTS: Seventy-nine components classified within nine categories were extracted. The most important examples of the implementation of Paris Agreement on climate change in the health system of Iran were: participation in the formulation of strategies for mitigation and adaptation, identifying vulnerable groups, assessing vulnerability, increasing the capacity of health services delivery during extreme events, using early warning systems, using new technologies to increase the adaptation, evaluation of interventions, financial support, increasing the number of researches, increasing the knowledge and skills of staff, and finally public awareness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based policy-making is pivotal to develop effective programs to control the health effects of climate change. This research provided policy translation and customization of micro and macro provisions of Paris Agreement on climate change, in line with the political context of health system in Iran. Our finding will pave the ground, we envisage, for further steps towards capacity building and enhancement of resiliency of the health system, adaptation interventions, and evaluation, identification of barriers and facilitators for adaptation and decreasing the adverse health effects caused by the climate change, in Iran and perhaps beyond.}, }
@article {pmid32916440, year = {2020}, author = {Brodie, G and Holland, E and N'Yeurt, AR and Soapi, K and Hills, J}, title = {Seagrasses and seagrass habitats in Pacific small island developing states: Potential loss of benefits via human disturbance and climate change.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {111573}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111573}, pmid = {32916440}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Seagrasses provide a wide range of services including food provision, water purification and coastal protection. Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS) have limited natural resources, challenging economies and a need for marine science research. Seagrasses occur in eleven PSIDS and nations are likely to benefit in different ways depending on habitat health, habitat cover and location, and species presence. Globally seagrass habitats are declining as a result of anthropogenic impacts including climate change and in PSIDS pressure on already stressed coastal ecosystems, will likely threaten seagrass survival particularly close to expanding urban settlements. Improved coastal and urban planning at local, national and regional scales is needed to reduce human impacts on vulnerable coastal areas. Research is required to generate knowledge-based solutions to support effective coastal management and protection of the existing seagrass habitats, including strenghened documentation the socio-economic and environmental services they provide. For PSIDS, protection of seagrass service benefits requires six priority actions: seagrass habitat mapping, regulation of coastal and upstream development, identification of specific threats at vulnerable locations, a critique of cost-effective restoration options, research devoted to seagrass studies and more explicit policy development.}, }
@article {pmid32915709, year = {2020}, author = {Schiller, JH and Averbuch, SD and Berg, CD}, title = {Why Oncologists Should Care About Climate Change.}, journal = {JCO oncology practice}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {OP2000609}, doi = {10.1200/OP.20.00609}, pmid = {32915709}, issn = {2688-1535}, }
@article {pmid32915447, year = {2020}, author = {Harker-Schuch, I and Lade, S and Mills, F and Colvin, R}, title = {Opinions of 12 to 13-year-olds in Austria and Australia on the concern, cause and imminence of climate change.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01356-2}, pmid = {32915447}, issn = {1654-7209}, support = {2014-589//Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas/ ; }, abstract = {Early adolescence (12-13 years old) is a critical but under-researched demographic for the formation of attitudes related to climate change. We address this important area by exploring adolescent views about climate change. This paper presents opinions collected from surveys of 463 1st-year secondary school students (12-13 years old) in public secondary schools in inner-urban centres in Austria and Australia on whether climate change is (1) something about which to worry, (2) caused by humans and (3) happening now. Eligible respondents in both countries showed similar levels of agreement that climate change was probably or definitely something we should (1) worry about (84.6% Austria, 89.1% Australia), which is significantly higher than either country's adult population. Eligible respondents agreed that climate change probably or definitely is (2) caused by humans (75.6% Austria, 83.6% Australia) and that climate change is probably or definitely something that is (3) happening now (73.1% Austria, 87.5% Australia). Their response differed from the respective adult populations, but in opposite directions. Our results suggest that socio-cultural worldview may not have as much influence on this age group as it does on the respective adult populations and suggests that this age group would be receptive and ready for climate science education and engagement initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid32914423, year = {2020}, author = {Gutiérrez-Gamboa, G and Zheng, W and Martínez de Toda, F}, title = {Strategies in vineyard establishment to face global warming in viticulture: a mini review.}, journal = {Journal of the science of food and agriculture}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.10813}, pmid = {32914423}, issn = {1097-0010}, abstract = {Different technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted. In this way, viticultural strategies may offer a natural solution to obtain grapes with low sugar content, maximizing their quality by delaying ripening. This mini review surveys the viticultural strategies that can be applied in the establishment of a vineyard - that is, when it comes to planting of a new vineyard - such as vineyard altitude, latitude, orientation, and slope, as well as rootstock, variety, clone, training system, and row orientation and slope, with the aim to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on grape and wine quality and to delay grape maturation. Finally, we propose a ponderation of the strategies discussed to contextualize its importance to face global warming in viticulture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid32913318, year = {2020}, author = {Witze, A}, title = {The Arctic is burning like never before - and that's bad news for climate change.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {585}, number = {7825}, pages = {336-337}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-02568-y}, pmid = {32913318}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Carbon ; *Climate Change ; Nitrogen ; *Permafrost ; }, }
@article {pmid32911388, year = {2020}, author = {Xu, X and Wang, L and Sun, M and Fu, C and Bai, Y and Li, C and Zhang, L}, title = {Climate change vulnerability assessment for smallholder farmers in China: An extended framework.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111315}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111315}, pmid = {32911388}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Climate change brings uncertainty and challenges to achieving sustainable development goals. The dually vulnerable regions in terms of the environment and economy are facing substantial threats from climate change; particularly, smallholder farmers who heavily rely on natural ecosystems in these regions are being the most affected. Paying attention to the vulnerability assessment of these regions is conducive to precisely improving the ability of their people to cope with climate change. This study aimed to construct an extended framework of climate change vulnerability assessment at the household level by combining the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change vulnerability assessment framework with the sustainable livelihood framework. Four typical regions with different climatic and geographical conditions in China, including the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (marked as AOHAN, representing the type of grassland, similarly hereinafter), Qinghai Province (HYMH, plateau), Yunnan Province (YLNL, mountain), and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (NNQZ, coastal zone), were selected to apply the framework. In total, 29 villages from these four regions were selected at random, and 360 face-to-face interviews were conducted in selected villages based on a pretested questionnaire. The results show that AOHAN had the greatest vulnerability, as well as the highest exposure level among the four regions, which was also the major source of differences in vulnerability. Further analysis shows that although the sensitivity and adaptive capacity showed relatively small differences, the sources of sensitivity and adaptation strategies were quite different among the four regions. In terms of sensitivity, YLNL had the highest level of sensitivity in housing, water, and livestock, and AOHAN assumed the highest sensitivity in land. The advantages and disadvantages in terms of adaptive capacity also varied widely among the four regions. More specifically, AOHAN had a balanced adaptive capacity; YLNL largely relied on the advantages in social and human capitals to compensate for the disadvantage in physical capital; and the strengths in physical and financial capitals are the main sources of adaptive capacities for NNQZ and HYMH, respectively. In general, the vulnerability assessment framework proposed in this study provides guidelines for vulnerability assessments at the household level in the face of climate change. In addition, heterogeneous measures to cope with the threats of climate change should be put forward precisely, based on the climatic, geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of each region.}, }
@article {pmid32911165, year = {2020}, author = {Fulton, CA and Huff Hartz, KE and Fuller, NW and Kent, LN and Anzalone, SE and Miller, TM and Connon, RE and Poynton, HP and Lydy, MJ}, title = {Fitness costs of pesticide resistance in Hyalella azteca under future climate change scenarios.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {753}, number = {}, pages = {141945}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141945}, pmid = {32911165}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Global climate change continues to cause alterations in environmental conditions which can be detrimental to aquatic ecosystem health. The development of pesticide resistance in organisms such as Hyalella azteca can lead to increased susceptibility to environmental change. This research provides a robust assessment of the effects of alterations in salinity on the fitness of H. azteca. Full-life cycle bioassays were conducted with non-resistant and pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca cultured under two salinity conditions representing a rise from freshwater control (0.2 psu) to increased salinity due to salt-water intrusion, reduced snowpack and evaporative enrichment (6.0 psu). Additionally, the upper thermal tolerance was defined for each population at each salinity. Pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca exhibited reduced thermal tolerance; however, they produced more offspring per female than non-resistant animals. Compared to the low salinity water, both non-resistant and pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca produced more offspring, grew larger (based on dry mass), and produced larger offspring in elevated salinity, although pyrethroid-resistant animals had lower survival and lipid levels. This study provides fundamental information about the fitness potential of H. azteca in a changing climate, suggesting advantages for non-resistant animals under future climate scenarios. In addition, this research further supports the need to consider the effects of global climate change when conducting risk assessment of contaminants of concern, as well as the contribution of contaminants when investigating climate change impacts on populations, as exposure may contribute to niche contraction.}, }
@article {pmid32910328, year = {2020}, author = {Albertini, DF}, title = {Climate change and the morphing of human ARTs.}, journal = {Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, pages = {2051-2052}, pmid = {32910328}, issn = {1573-7330}, }
@article {pmid32910006, year = {2020}, author = {Philipsborn, RP and Sheffield, P and White, A and Osta, A and Anderson, MS and Bernstein, A}, title = {Climate Change and the Practice of Medicine: Essentials for Resident Education.}, journal = {Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1097/ACM.0000000000003719}, pmid = {32910006}, issn = {1938-808X}, abstract = {Despite calls for including content on climate change and its effect on health in curricula across the spectrum of medical education, no widely used resource exists to guide residency training programs in this effort. This lack of resources poses challenges for training program leaders seeking to incorporate evidence-based climate and health content into their curricula. Climate change increases risks of heat-related illness, infections, asthma, mental health disorders, poor perinatal outcomes, adverse experiences from trauma and displacement, and other harms. More numerous and increasingly dangerous natural disasters caused by climate change impair delivery of care by disrupting supply chains and compromising power supplies. Graduating trainees face a knowledge gap in understanding, managing, and mitigating these many-faceted consequences of climate change, which-expected to intensify in coming decades-will influence both the health of their patients and the health care they deliver. In this article, the authors propose a framework of climate change and health educational content for residents, including how climate change (1) harms health, (2) necessitates adaptation in clinical practice, and (3) undermines health care delivery. The authors propose not only learning objectives linked to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies for resident education, but also learning formats and assessment strategies in each content area. They also present opportunities for implementation of climate and health education in residency training programs. Including this content in residency education will better prepare doctors to deliver anticipatory guidance to at-risk patients, manage those experiencing climate-related health effects, and reduce care disruptions during climate-driven extreme weather events.}, }
@article {pmid32908603, year = {2020}, author = {Cao, YN and Zhu, SS and Chen, J and Comes, HP and Wang, IJ and Chen, LY and Sakaguchi, S and Qiu, YX}, title = {Genomic insights into historical population dynamics, local adaptation, and climate change vulnerability of the East Asian Tertiary relict Euptelea (Eupteleaceae).}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {2038-2055}, pmid = {32908603}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {The warm-temperate and subtropical climate zones of East Asia are a hotspot of plant species richness and endemism, including a noticeable number of species-poor Tertiary relict tree genera. However, little is understood about when East Asian Tertiary relict plants diversified, how they responded demographically to past environmental change, and to what extent their current genomic composition (and adaptive capacity) might mitigate the effects of global warming. Here, we obtained genomic (RAD-SNP) data for 171 samples from two extant species of Euptelea in China (24 E. pleiosperma populations) and Japan (11 E. polyandra populations) to elucidate their divergence and demographic histories, genome-wide associations with current environmental variables, and genomic vulnerability to future climate change. Our results indicate that Late Miocene changes in climate and/or sea level promoted species divergence, whereas Late Pliocene uplifting in southwest China likely fostered lineage divergence within E. pleiosperma. Its subsequent range expansion into central/east (CE) China bears genomic signatures of climate-driven selection, yet extant CE populations are predicted to be most vulnerable to future climate change. For E. polyandra, geography was the only significant predictor of genomic variation. Our findings indicate a profound impact of Late Neogene geological and climate change on the evolutionary history of Euptelea, with much stronger signals of local adaptation left in China than in Japan. This study deepens our understanding of the complex evolutionary forces that influence the distribution of genetic variation of Tertiary relict trees, and provides insights into their susceptibility to global change and potential for adaptive responses. Our results lay the groundwork for future conservation and restoration programs for Euptelea.}, }
@article {pmid32908206, year = {2020}, author = {Kolanowska, M and Rewicz, A and Baranow, P}, title = {Ecological niche modeling of the pantropical orchid Polystachya concreta (Orchidaceae) and its response to climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {14801}, pmid = {32908206}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Climate is the dominant control factor on the spatial distribution of organisms on a global scale and global warming is predicted to become a major cause of species extinctions. In our study ecological niche modeling (ENM) was used to estimate the effect of projected future climate changes on the pantropical orchid Polystacha concreta as well as to reconstruct changes in the distribution of the suitable climatic niches of this species since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The study revealed small differences in the niches occupied by populations of P. concreta recorded in various continents; however, these alterations will become more significant in regard to future climatic change. While losses of suitable habitats of the studied orchid will occur in the Americas and Africa, global warming will be favorable for Asian populations. Our study suggests a significant loss of niches since the LGM which indicates that the currently observed loss of habitats is not only the result of human activity but also of natural changes of the Earth's climate. From the obtained models we identified the areas that will be the most resistant regarding the modifications caused by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32907741, year = {2020}, author = {Campbell, H and Ledet, J and Poore, AGB and Byrne, M}, title = {Thermal tolerance in the amphipod Sunamphitoe parmerong from a global warming hotspot, acclimatory carryover effects within generation.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {105048}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105048}, pmid = {32907741}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Amphipoda/physiology ; Animals ; Female ; *Global Warming ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The thermal response of the amphipod Sunamphitoe parmerong was contrasted between unacclimated 'wild' and acclimated populations. Brooding females were allocated to 17 °C or 23 °C treatments and their progeny developed to adulthood at the same temperature. Tolerance to acute thermal challenge (26-36 °C) was determined. The 17 °C and 23 °C acclimated S. parmerong had a 0.45 and 0.64 risk of death compared to the unacclimated individuals. The upper lethal temperature (LT50) was 27.4 °C for the unacclimated group and 29.6 °C and 30.4 °C for the 17 °C and 23 °C acclimated groups, respectively. Acclimation shifted their LT50 by 2.2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. The wild population exhibited high variability in thermal tolerance, potentially due to their environmental history and greater diversity of genotypes. After acclimation S. parmerong had decreased variability in thermal tolerance and that of the 23 °C group shifted by 1 °C compared with the 17 °C group. These results indicate developmental phenotypic plasticity or differential survival of resilient progeny as potential mechanisms to facilitate persistence in a warming ocean.}, }
@article {pmid32906226, year = {2020}, author = {Chausson, A and Turner, B and Seddon, D and Chabaneix, N and Girardin, CAJ and Kapos, V and Key, I and Roe, D and Smith, A and Woroniecki, S and Seddon, N}, title = {Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15310}, pmid = {32906226}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {NE/R002649/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; //University of Oxford: John Fell Fund and the Oxford Martin School/ ; }, abstract = {Nature-based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence-based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature-based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi-natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade-offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade-offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature-based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base.}, }
@article {pmid32906074, year = {2020}, author = {Doran, EMB and Zia, A and Hurley, SE and Tsai, Y and Koliba, C and Adair, C and Schattman, RE and Rizzo, DM and Méndez, VE}, title = {Social-psychological determinants of farmer intention to adopt nutrient best management practices: Implications for resilient adaptation to climate change.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111304}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111304}, pmid = {32906074}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Successful adaptation to global climate change and enhancement of agricultural watersheds' resilience requires widespread use of Nutrient Best Management Practices (NBMPs) by farms of all sizes. In the US, adoption of many NBMP practices is voluntary and insufficient to achieve local and downstream conservation objectives. Despite evidence that both social-psychological factors and socio-economic factors influence farmer decision-making, very few studies of farmers' decision-making related to NBMP adoption combine these two factor groups in a theoretically rigorous way. To better understand farmers' management decisions, we test the social-psychological Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to determine the relative influence of attitudes, perceived social norms, and perceived behavioral control on adoption of nine NBMPs. A survey was designed by the research team and implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS) in 2013, and replicated in 2016, on a stratified sample of 129 farmers (including panel data on 56 farmers). Farmers were located in the Missisquoi, and Lamoille River watersheds of the Lake Champlain Basin in the Northeast region of the United States. Survey responses revealed variation in past adoption of NBMPs was sensitive to practice type and farm size. We developed nine weighted structural equation models to test endogenous (social-psychological) and exogenous (policy, economic and demographic) predictors of farmer intention to adopt NBMPs. We found that perceived behavioral control had the largest effect size and strongest statistical significance on the farmers' expressed intentions to adopt NBMPs in the future. For a subset of NBMPs, perceived social norms and farmer attitudes toward these NBMPs were each also significant drivers of intention to adopt individual practices. Among the exogenous variables, we found that large farm size, college education, and having a conservation easement all had a positive influence on farmers' intention to adopt NBMPs. This study suggests that for widespread adoption of NBMPs, environmental managers, policy makers, and program developers should be attentive to farmers' perceived behavioral control, and support the design and execution of outreach and technical assistance programs that build on drivers of farmers' decision making.}, }
@article {pmid32906043, year = {2020}, author = {Negi, HS and Kumar, A and Kanda, N and Thakur, NK and Singh, KK}, title = {Status of glaciers and climate change of East Karakoram in early twenty-first century.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {753}, number = {}, pages = {141914}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141914}, pmid = {32906043}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {This study aims to assess the glaciers change status in Shyok basin, East Karakoram in terms of area and mass balance, and to ascertain if glaciers in this part of Karakoram also display similar anomaly like central or western counterparts. The spatio-temporal monitoring of glaciers during the time frame of 24 years (1990/2000/2014) suggests major percentage of stable glaciers and insignificant retreat in the total glaciated area. The percentage of retreating glaciers has increased after year 2000. Area change analysis of glaciers having size >1 km2 (569 glaciers) suggests the number of fluctuated glaciers have substantially increased i.e. overall 56% glaciers remained stable, 35% retreated and 9% advanced during 1990-2014. The geodetic based findings using SRTM-C (2000) and Cartosat-1 (2010/2011/2014) stereo-imageries for 201 glaciers suggest the mass loss at the rate of -0.10 ± 0.07 m w.e. a-1. To better apprehend the status of glaciers changes in the region, climatic studies using in-situ observations as well as reanalysis dataset (ERA-I) were also undertaken of past 30 years. Therefore, this study is also a maiden attempt to ascertain if along with Karakoram anomaly, a climatic anomaly exists in the Eastern parts of Karakoram or not. A long term field collected snow-meteorological data of East Karakoram region suggests overall warming trend in annual temperature and no trend for snowfall during 1985-2015. The statistically significant increased rates of warming and decreased snowfall after year 2000 support the spatial variations in glaciers of East Karakoram and marginal mass loss. The observations of the marginal mass loss along with warming temperatures indicate that no Karakoram or climatic anomaly is existent over the East Karakoram region. Our study further refutes the prevalence of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW) over East Karakoram region vis-à-vis North-West Himalayan ranges. The impact of hiatus in global warming was also not observed over studied region.}, }
@article {pmid32905030, year = {2020}, author = {Caby, J and Ziane, Y and Lamarque, E}, title = {The determinants of voluntary climate change disclosure commitment and quality in the banking industry.}, journal = {Technological forecasting and social change}, volume = {161}, number = {}, pages = {120282}, pmid = {32905030}, issn = {0040-1625}, abstract = {Banks are both impacted by climate change and crucial for the implementation of sound practices and behaviors to combat climate change. The aim of this research is to identify the determinants of banks' voluntary climate change disclosure and the quality of that disclosure. Using data on 117 banks from 40 developed and developed countries around the world, we use ordinary least square regression and multivariate logit analysis to show that country-level and bank-level characteristics are much better predictors of bank commitment to voluntary carbon disclosure initiatives and environmental scores than they are of carbon disclosure quality. Banks want to project themselves as good citizens when they are located in a developed and environmentally friendly country, profitable, less risky, and subject to multiple-listing constraints. However, the picture is unclear when it comes to the implementation of rigorous carbon disclosure. This study extends the current state of knowledge on the impacts of size and country-level characteristics on carbon disclosure, finding that size and national context are not independent of carbon disclosure.}, }
@article {pmid32904314, year = {2020}, author = {Oti, JO and Kabo-Bah, AT and Ofosu, E}, title = {Hydrologic response to climate change in the Densu River Basin in Ghana.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04722}, pmid = {32904314}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Climate change continues to pose a threat to the sustainability of water resources. Global warming can have several effects on the water resources and water demands in the Densu River Basin especially household water use and agriculture use among several others. However, the extents to which the hydrology of the Densu River Basin is will be altered in the future remains unknown. In this research, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP21) system was used to study the impacts of future climate change on water resources in the Densu River Basin. Future climate data (rainfall and temperature) for the period 2051-2080 was generated from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute's climate models (ICHEC-EC-EARTH and RCA4) for RCP4.5 scenario under CORDEX experiment. The results of the study indicate that the Densu River Basin will experience a temperature increase by 8.23% and a 17% reduction in rainfall resulting in 58.3% reduction in water resources in the area. The climate change impact analysis indicates a reduction in the river streamflow due to decrease in rainfall. It is recommended that future research on climate change adaptation for water management in the Densu River Basin should be conducted.}, }
@article {pmid32904292, year = {2020}, author = {Onofri, L and Nunes, PALD}, title = {Economic valuation for policy support in the context of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: An indicator, integrated based approach.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04650}, pmid = {32904292}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) includes a set of natural capital-based measures to adapt to climate change. UN Environment has called for measuring EbA costs and benefits before promoting the adoption of such a policy. Within such policy input, the paper objective is twofold. It first performs a critical survey of economic and valuation studies that measure the costs and benefits of undertaking EBA measures. It then proposes an integrated valuation approach, based on a set of 54 economic indicators that include ecological aspects and encompass the technical, financial and academic difficulties to perform thorough cost-benefit exercises, by providing policymakers with simple, though rigorous evidence.}, }
@article {pmid32904277, year = {2020}, author = {Felver, TB}, title = {How can Azerbaijan meet its Paris Agreement commitments: assessing the effectiveness of climate change-related energy policy options using LEAP modeling.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04697}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04697}, pmid = {32904277}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Azerbaijan has committed to cut GHG emissions by 35% by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. By applying LEAP, a well-regarded forecasting model based on inventories defined under the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), GHG emissions projections are modeled in three scenarios: a without measures (WOM) scenario or business-as-usual, which assumes no change to current behavior, a with existing measures (WEM) scenario, which takes into account currently planned measures in Azerbaijan, and an EU policy scenario, which mirrors the existing mitigation measures of the European Union. The WOM scenario of total GHG emissions from the energy sector indicates that from 2010 to 2030, total emissions will increase by 67% in Azerbaijan. In the WEM scenario, forecasted GHG emissions are only 29.7% lower than the base year and still above the nation's Paris Agreement commitment. In the EU policy scenario, projected GHG emissions are 37.2% lower than the base year. Therefore, current mitigation measures are insufficient for Azerbaijan to meet its commitments to the Paris Agreement, and stronger measures than currently planned are necessary. Because of its status as a developing nation with limited resources, Azerbaijan must have funding from developed nations promised under the Paris Agreement to transition towards a less carbon-heavy economy.}, }
@article {pmid32902796, year = {2020}, author = {Jha, SK and Negi, AK and Alatalo, JM and Negi, RS and Patasaraiya, MK}, title = {Assessment of climate change pattern in the Pauri Garhwal of the Western Himalayan Region: based on climate parameters and perceptions of forest-dependent communities.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {10}, pages = {632}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08575-w}, pmid = {32902796}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; India ; *Meteorology ; }, abstract = {This study assessed the climate change in Pauri district, Uttarakhand, India, a region highly vulnerable to climate change with potentially high loss of livelihoods and lives. The scale of change in the district's climate was analyzed using meteorological station data (1901-2000) and grid data (1985-2015). Perceptions of climate change among forest-dependent communities in three altitude zones (< 1200 m asl (zone A); 1200-1800 m asl (zone B), and > 1800 m asl (zone C)) in the study region were surveyed with respect to 14 climate-specific indicators. Annual mean, maximum, and minimum temperature of seasonal data indicated increasing trends except monsoon. Percentage cloud cover showed an increase, of approximately 3%, while diurnal temperature displayed decreasing trends. Rainfall in the district showed a decreasing trend, with more than 50% of years 1985-2015 receiving less rainfall than the annual average. More than 90% of respondents in zones A and B, and around 65-70% respondents in zone C, reported changes in climate parameters. These findings confirm the long-term observable changes in climate in the region and demonstrate the utility of station data, grid data, and surveys of local communities' perceptions when analyzing climate change. The analysis provided important clues about the nature of climate changes in the district. The results can be used to reduce the gap between bottom-up understanding and top-down policies and to formulate precautionary and ongoing site-specific adaptation practices for communities in different altitude zones in the study region, leading to effective and efficient mitigation of climate change impacts.}, }
@article {pmid32902626, year = {2020}, author = {Patil, M and Jeffery, KJ}, title = {What does climate change mean for occupational health professionals?.}, journal = {Occupational medicine (Oxford, England)}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, pages = {386-388}, doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqaa031}, pmid = {32902626}, issn = {1471-8405}, }
@article {pmid32901145, year = {2019}, author = {Schiermeier, Q}, title = {False statements about climate change trip people up.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02637-x}, pmid = {32901145}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32901026, year = {2020}, author = {Hu, X and Fan, H and Cai, M and Sejas, SA and Taylor, P and Yang, S}, title = {A less cloudy picture of the inter-model spread in future global warming projections.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {4472}, pmid = {32901026}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Model warming projections, forced by increasing greenhouse gases, have a large inter-model spread in both their geographical warming patterns and global mean values. The inter-model warming pattern spread (WPS) limits our ability to foresee the severity of regional impacts on nature and society. This paper focuses on uncovering the feedbacks responsible for the WPS. Here, we identify two dominant WPS modes whose global mean values also explain 98.7% of the global warming spread (GWS). We show that the ice-albedo feedback spread explains uncertainties in polar regions while the water vapor feedback spread explains uncertainties elsewhere. Other processes, including the cloud feedback, contribute less to the WPS as their spreads tend to cancel each other out in a model-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that the WPS and GWS could be significantly reduced by narrowing the inter-model spreads of ice-albedo and water vapor feedbacks, and better understanding the spatial coupling between feedbacks.}, }
@article {pmid32900896, year = {2020}, author = {Byrd, B and Richards, SL and Runkle, JD and Sugg, MM}, title = {Vector-borne Diseases and Climate Change: North Carolina's Policy Should Promote Regional Resilience.}, journal = {North Carolina medical journal}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, pages = {324-330}, doi = {10.18043/ncm.81.5.324}, pmid = {32900896}, issn = {0029-2559}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Humans ; North Carolina ; Policy ; Public Health ; *Vector Borne Diseases ; }, abstract = {Emerging and endemic vector-borne diseases remain significant causes of morbidity and economic burden in North Carolina. Effective policies must promote climate change resilience through public health preparedness at local and regional scales to proactively address the diverse environmental, climatic, and demographic factors amplifying vector-borne disease risk.}, }
@article {pmid32900892, year = {2020}, author = {Kearney, GD and Garzon, L}, title = {Calor Extremo: On the Frontlines of Climate Change with North Carolina Farmworkers.}, journal = {North Carolina medical journal}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, pages = {311-314}, doi = {10.18043/ncm.81.5.311}, pmid = {32900892}, issn = {0029-2559}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Extreme Hot Weather ; *Farmers ; Humans ; North Carolina ; }, abstract = {Increasingly hotter temperatures threaten the environment and pose serious risks to human health. From contending with damaged crops and loss of work due to extreme weather to working in life-threateningly hot and humid temperatures, agricultural farmworkers are on the front lines of this harsh reality.}, }
@article {pmid32899727, year = {2020}, author = {Mevy, JP and Loriod, B and Liu, X and Corre, E and Torres, M and Büttner, M and Haguenauer, A and Reiter, IM and Fernandez, C and Gauquelin, T}, title = {Response of Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) to Climate Change: Transcriptome Assembly, Differential Gene Analysis and Targeted Metabolomics.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants9091149}, pmid = {32899727}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {ANR-10-INBS-0009-10//ANR/ ; ECCOREV//undefined undefined/ ; }, abstract = {Global change scenarios in the Mediterranean basin predict a precipitation reduction within the coming hundred years. Therefore, increased drought will affect forests both in terms of adaptive ecology and ecosystemic services. However, how vegetation might adapt to drought is poorly understood. In this report, four years of climate change was simulated by excluding 35% of precipitation above a downy oak forest. RNASeq data allowed us to assemble a genome-guided transcriptome. This led to the identification of differentially expressed features, which was supported by the characterization of target metabolites using a metabolomics approach. We provided 2.5 Tb of RNASeq data and the assembly of the first genome guided transcriptome of Quercus pubescens. Up to 5724 differentially expressed transcripts were obtained; 42 involved in plant response to drought. Transcript set enrichment analysis showed that drought induces an increase in oxidative pressure that is mitigated by the upregulation of ubiquitin-like protein protease, ferrochelatase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase and oxo-acid-lyase activities. Furthermore, the downregulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport, carbohydrate storage metabolism were observed as well as the concomitant accumulation of metabolites, such as oxalic acid, malate and isocitrate. Our data suggest that early metabolic changes in the resistance of Q. pubescens to drought involve a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle shunt through the glyoxylate pathway, galactose metabolism by reducing carbohydrate storage and increased proteolytic activity.}, }
@article {pmid32898316, year = {2020}, author = {Fair, KR and Anand, M and Bauch, CT}, title = {Spatial structure in protected forest-grassland mosaics: Exploring futures under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15288}, pmid = {32898316}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//James S. McDonnell Foundation/ ; //Canada First Research Excellence Fund/ ; RGPIN 2019//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {In mosaic ecosystems, multiple land types coexist as alternative stable states exhibiting distinct spatial patterns. Forest-grassland mosaics are ecologically valuable, due to their high species richness. However, anthropogenic disturbances threaten these ecosystems. Designating protected areas is one approach to preserving natural mosaics. Such work must account for climate change, yet there are few spatially explicit models of mosaics under climate change that can predict its effects. We construct a spatially explicit simulation model for a natural forest-grassland mosaic, parameterized for Southern Brazil. Using this model, we investigate how the spatial structure of these systems is altered under climate change and other disturbance regimes. By including local spatial interactions and fire-mediated forest recruitment, our model reproduces important spatial features of protected real-world mosaics, including the number of forest patches and overall forest cover. Multiple concurrent changes in environmental conditions have greater impacts on tree cover and spatial structure in simulated mosaics than single changes. This sensitivity reflects the narrow range of conditions under which simulated mosaics persist and emphasizes their vulnerability. Our model predicts that, in protected mosaics, climate change impacts on the fire-mediated threshold to recruitment will likely result in substantial increases in forest cover under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, with potential for mosaic loss over a broad range of initial forest cover levels. Forest cover trajectories are similar until 2150, when cover increases under RCP 8.5 outpace those under RCP 2.6. Mosaics that persist under RCP 8.5 may experience structural alterations at the patch and landscape level. Our simple model predicts several realistic aspects of spatial structure as well as plausible responses to likely regional climate shifts. Hence, further model development could provide a useful tool when building strategies for protecting these ecosystems, by informing site selection for conservation areas that will be favourable to forest-grassland mosaics under future climates.}, }
@article {pmid32896903, year = {2020}, author = {Santidrián Tomillo, P and Spotila, JR}, title = {Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Sea Turtles in the Context of Climate Change: Uncovering the Adaptive Significance.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2000146}, doi = {10.1002/bies.202000146}, pmid = {32896903}, issn = {1521-1878}, support = {//The Eartwatch Institute/ ; //The Leatherback Trust/ ; }, abstract = {The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in reptiles remains unknown decades after TSD was first identified in this group. Concurrently, there is growing concern about the effect that rising temperatures may have on species with TSD, potentially producing extremely biased sex ratios or offspring of only one sex. The current state-of the-art in TSD research on sea turtles is reviewed here and, against current paradigm, it is proposed that TSD provides an advantage under warming climates. By means of coadaptation between early survival and sex ratios, sea turtles are able to maintain populations. When offspring survival declines at high temperatures, the sex that increases future fecundity (females) is produced, increasing resilience to climate warming. TSD could have helped reptiles to survive mass extinctions in the past via this model. Flaws in research on sex determination in sea turtles are also identified and it is suggested that the development of new techniques will revolutionize the field.}, }
@article {pmid32896822, year = {2020}, author = {Zanmassou, YC and Al-Hassan, RM and Mensah-Bonsu, A and Osei-Asare, YB and Igue, CB}, title = {Assessment of smallholder farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change: Use of a mixed weighting scheme.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {276}, number = {}, pages = {111275}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111275}, pmid = {32896822}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Weighting scheme definition represents an important step in assessment of adaptive capacity to climate change with indicator approach since it defines the trade-offs among indicators or components and can be source of uncertainty. This study aims to assess smallholder farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change by using a mixed weighting scheme that reflect farmers' perceived importance of adaptive capacity components to inform policy makers. To achieve that objective, the sustainable livelihood framework was adopted and indicator approach was used for the assessment. The mixed weighting scheme were defined by using both equal weights and experts judgement methods during the assessment process. The mixed weighting scheme index is compared to the case where equal weights are applied in the assessment process and an uncertainty analysis was performed on relative standard deviation through a Monte Carlo simulation. Primary Data were collected from 450 farmers in two communities in northern Benin with a structured questionnaire and through focus groups discussion. The results show that smallholder farmers in both communities do not have the same perceived importance of adaptive capacity components. The index scores show that farmers have in majority low adaptive capacity. When weighted product aggregation method is used, there is more uncertainty related to the index computed with the mixed weighting scheme, but it leads to the same characterisation when compared with the index computed with the equal weights. It is recommended that mixed weighting scheme should be preferred for the assessment of adaptive capacity and weighted product aggregation method should be used.}, }
@article {pmid32896782, year = {2020}, author = {Hrabok, M and Delorme, A and Agyapong, VIO}, title = {Threats to Mental Health and Well-Being Associated with Climate Change.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {76}, number = {}, pages = {102295}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102295}, pmid = {32896782}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {Climate change is a contributor to extreme weather events and natural disasters. The mental health effects of climate change are multifaceted, with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression predominant. This paper aims to describe the impact of climate change on mental health conditions, including risk and protective factors related to the expression of mental health conditions post-disaster, as well as a discussion of our local experience with a devastating wildfire to our region within Canada. The risk of the development of mental health conditions post-disaster is not equally distributed; research has consistently demonstrated that specific risk factors (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status and education, pre-existing mental health symptomatology), are associated with increased vulnerability to mental health conditions following natural disasters. There are multiple strategies that must be undertaken by communities to enhance adjustment and coping post-disaster, including improved access to care, inter-agency cooperation, enhanced community resiliency, and adequate preparation.}, }
@article {pmid32896304, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, J and Potter, T and Zahner, S}, title = {Policy brief on climate change and mental health/well-being.}, journal = {Nursing outlook}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {517-522}, pmid = {32896304}, issn = {1528-3968}, abstract = {Climate change has a significant global impact on individuals' mental health and well-being. However, global health systems are inadequately prepared to address this issue. Studies indicate that climate events such as floods, droughts, tornados, earthquakes, and fires not only exacerbate chronic mental illness, but also impact well-being causing anxiety, stress, and in the worst case, suicide. The World Health Organization estimates that 12.6 million preventable deaths per year can be attributed to environmental factors, all of which are exacerbated by climate change, and an additional 250,000 deaths per year are projected between 2030 and 2050. Nurses must advocate for research, education, and policies that support disaster-resilient infrastructure and human services that allow communities across the globe to effectively mitigate the impact of climate change on human health.}, }
@article {pmid32894633, year = {2020}, author = {Khoury, S and Coomes, DA}, title = {Resilience of Spanish forests to recent droughts and climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15268}, pmid = {32894633}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Cambridge Commonwealth, European &amp; International Trust/ ; }, abstract = {A widespread increase in forest cover is underway in northern Mediterranean forests because of land abandonment and decreased wood demand, but the resilience of these successional forests to climate change remains unresolved. Here we use 18-year time series of canopy greenness derived from satellite imagery (NDVI) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on Spain's forests. Specifically, we analyzed how NDVI was influenced by the climatic water balance (i.e. Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI), using monthly time-series extracted from 3,100 pixels of forest, categorized into ten forest types. The forests increased in leaf area index by 0.01 per year on average (from 1.7 in 2000 to 1.9 in 2017) but there was enormous variation among years related to climatic water balance. Forest types varied in response to drought events: those dominated by drought-avoiding species showed strong covariance between greenness and SPEI, while those dominated by drought-tolerant species showed weak covariance. Native forests usually recovered more than 80% of greenness within the 18 months and the remainder within 5 years, but plantations of Eucalyptus were less resilient. Management to increase the resilience of forests-a key goal of forestry in the Mediterranean region-appears to have had a positive effect: canopy greenness within protected forests was more resilient to drought than within non-protected forests. In conclusion, many of Spain's successional forests have been resilient to drought over the past 18 years, from the perspective of space. Future studies will need to combine remote sensing with field-based analyses of physiological tolerances and mortality processes to understand how Mediterranean forests will respond to the rapid climate change predicted for this region in the coming decades.}, }
@article {pmid32893336, year = {2020}, author = {Haris, SM and Mustafa, FB and Raja Ariffin, RN}, title = {Systematic Literature Review of Climate Change Governance Activities of Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations in Southeast Asia.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01355-9}, pmid = {32893336}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) are considered key players for engendering good climate change governance to address both climate change and sustainable development. The participation of ENGOs in climate change governance occurs in a four-phase policy cycle. They include (1) identification of policy options, (2) policy formulation, (3) policy implementation, and (4) policy monitoring and evaluation. The ENGOs, however, have been criticized for their lack of effectiveness, and their roles in tackling climate change remain unclear. To date, the study on the roles and activities of Southeast Asian ENGOs in climate change governance has been under-researched. This study, therefore, applies a systematic literature review of 19 published articles from Scopus and Web of Science-indexed journal to understand the current state of the Southeast Asian ENGOs participation in climate change governance based on the four-phase policy cycle. The findings show that the ENGOs in Southeast Asia are involved directly and indirectly in climate change governance. They are significant actors in the implementation of the climate change policy, but they play a minimal role in the formulation of said policy. It implies that they could also be a vital partner to the government in the climate change governance process as they can bring effective policy improvements. Lastly, this review will recommend future avenues of research for scholars.}, }
@article {pmid32892239, year = {2020}, author = {Nagai, S and Saitoh, TM and Morimoto, H}, title = {Does global warming decrease the correlation between cherry blossom flowering date and latitude in Japan?.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-02004-w}, pmid = {32892239}, issn = {1432-1254}, abstract = {In Japan, the geographical distribution of the first date of flowering (FFD) of Yoshino cherry trees (Cerasus ×yedoensis) in 2020, a year when temperatures were mild during the previous December and March, was different from the average FFD, which progresses northward along a latitudinal gradient. We hypothesized that global warming may have changed the average geographical pattern of the FFD. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between the observed FFD and latitude at 42 sites during the period 1953-2020. We found that the correlation between FFD and latitude had decreased since 1980. This decrease may have been caused by a rise of temperatures in winter that delayed dormancy release and the subsequent FFD in areas where the annual mean temperature is high. Our results suggest that the correlation between FFD and latitude will decrease further as the climate warms in the future.}, }
@article {pmid32892000, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, H and Huo, S and Yeager, KM and Wu, F}, title = {Sedimentary DNA record of eukaryotic algal and cyanobacterial communities in a shallow Lake driven by human activities and climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {753}, number = {}, pages = {141985}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141985}, pmid = {32892000}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Global freshwater lakes are changing due to human activities and climate change. Unfortunately, sufficient long-term monitoring is lacking for most lakes. However, lake sedimentary archives can extend the instrumental record and reveal historical environmental trends. In particular, sedimentary DNA analysis of lacustrine sediment cores can aid the reconstruction of past trends in eukaryotic algal and cyanobacterial communities, as was conducted in this study for Lake Chaohu in China. The results presented here indicate that the construction of the Chaohu Dam in 1963 is associated with decreased richness of eukaryotic algal and cyanobacterial communities. Several groups, including the eukaryotic algal taxa, Chlorophyceae, and cyanobacterial groups like Dolichospermum, Microcystis, Planktothricoides, Cyanobium, Pseudanabaena, and Synechococcus, increased in abundance following inferred historical nutrient enrichment. Nutrient concentrations and hydrologic conditions were further implicated as the dominant controls on communities based on Random Forest and generalized additive modeling statistical analyses. In particular, significant increases in lake hydraulic residence times after the construction of the Chaohu Dam were significantly associated with altered biological community structures. Further, phosphorus enrichment was positively associated with increased richness and diversity of these communities following the 1980s. In addition, effects from increased atmospheric temperatures on eukaryotic algal and cyanobacterial communities were apparent. Here, high-throughput sequencing analysis of sedimentary DNA allowed the inference of long-term biodiversity dynamics of Lake Chaohu. These results underscore the important impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on aquatic ecosystems at the decadal scale.}, }
@article {pmid32890800, year = {2020}, author = {Theusme, C and Avendaño-Reyes, L and Macías-Cruz, U and Correa-Calderón, A and García-Cueto, RO and Mellado, M and Vargas-Villamil, L and Vicente-Pérez, A}, title = {Climate change vulnerability of confined livestock systems predicted using bioclimatic indexes in an arid region of México.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {751}, number = {}, pages = {141779}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141779}, pmid = {32890800}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change is a major world-wide challenge to livestock production because food security is likely to be compromised by increased heat stress of the animals. The objective of this study was to characterize, using bioclimatic indexes, two livestock regions located in an arid zone of México, and to use this information to predict the impact of global warming on animal production systems of these regions located in the state of Baja California (México). A 5-year database (i.e., 2011 to 2015) consisting of about one million data points from two zones (i.e., coast, valley) from four meteorological stations in the north of Baja California were used. Bioclimatic indexes were constructed for the four types of livestock production systems most common in this region, being: dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, pigs. The temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds used to classify heat stress were determined and scaled for each livestock species as: THIbeef and THIpig 74 units; THImilk 72 units; and THIsheep 23 units. Statistical differences between indices were detected (P < 0.01) during summer for the valley and coast zones as (THIbeef = 72.9 and 51.8; THImilk = 80.6 and 67.4; THIpigs = 83.9 and 65.2; THIsheep = 29.5 and 20.1 units). Coast zone weather did not suggest vulnerability of livestock production systems to heat stress at any time of the year, but heat stress risk during summer for valley zone dairy cattle, sheep and pigs was classified as severe, but lower for feedlot cattle. Prediction models showed significant adjustment just in the coastal zone for THImilk, THIsheep, and THIsheep, suggesting more impact of global warming during summer in the coastal zone. Use of management strategies to reduce heat load of domestic animals during summer in northern Baja California is essential to maintain their productivity, with more emphasis in the valley zone.}, }
@article {pmid32889471, year = {2020}, author = {Del Buono, D}, title = {Can biostimulants be used to mitigate the effect of anthropogenic climate change on agriculture? It is time to respond.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {751}, number = {}, pages = {141763}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141763}, pmid = {32889471}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change, namely climate alterations induced by human activities, is causing some issues to agricultural systems for their vulnerability to extreme events. Forecasts predict a global population increase in the near years that will exacerbate this situation, elevating the global demand for food. It will pose severe concerns in terms of natural resource usage and availability. Agriculture is one of the anthropogenic activities that will be more affected in the future. Climate extremes menace to affect the quantity and quality of crop production severely. Drought, water and soil salinity are considered among the most problematic factors that anthropogenic climate change will increase. This complex and worrying scenario requires the urgent implementation of sustainable measures which are capable of improving crop yield and quality, fostering the robustness and resilience of cropping systems. Among the more current methodology, the use of natural plant biostimulants (PBs) has been proposed to improve plant resistance to abiotic environmental stresses. The advantage of using these substances is due to their effectiveness in improving crop productivity and quality. Therefore, in this review, the most recent researches dealing with the use of natural PBs for improving plant resistance to drought and salinity, in an anthropogenic climate change scenario, have been reported and critically discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32889453, year = {2020}, author = {Guo, H and Wang, R and Garfin, GM and Zhang, A and Lin, D and Liang, Q and Wang, J}, title = {Rice drought risk assessment under climate change: Based on physical vulnerability a quantitative assessment method.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {751}, number = {}, pages = {141481}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141481}, pmid = {32889453}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Drought is the most serious natural disaster causing severe damage to agriculture. Drought impacts on rice (Oryza sativa) production present a major threat to future global food security. In this paper, the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was used to simulate the growth of rice, in different periods (short-term (2019-2039), medium-term (2040-2069), long-term (2070-2099)), based on multiple Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. Drought intensity and rice physical vulnerability curves were assessed, based on the output parameters of EPIC, to evaluate global rice yield risk, due to drought. The results show that the average expected loss rate of global rice yield may reach 13.1% (±0.4%) in the future. The high-risk area of rice drought is mainly located in the north of 30°N. The fluctuation of rice drought risk and the proportion of increased risk areas will increase significantly. About 77.6% of the changes in rice drought risk are explained by variations in shortwave radiation (r = 0.88). Projections show that the average value of daily shortwave radiation increases by 1 W/m2 during the rice growth period, accompanied by an expected rice yield loss rate of about 12.7%. The rice drought risk methods presented in this paper provide plausible estimates of forecasting future drought risk under climate change, and address challenges of sparse data; we believe these methods can be applied to decisions for reducing drought-related crop losses and ensuring global food security.}, }
@article {pmid32889361, year = {2020}, author = {Middleton, J and Cunsolo, A and Jones-Bitton, A and Shiwak, I and Wood, M and Pollock, N and Flowers, C and Harper, SL}, title = {&quot;We're people of the snow:&quot; Weather, climate change, and Inuit mental wellness.}, journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)}, volume = {262}, number = {}, pages = {113137}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113137}, pmid = {32889361}, issn = {1873-5347}, abstract = {Rapid environmental change due to climate change impacts Inuit mental wellness by altering the relationships between people, place, livelihoods, and culture. Little is known, however, about how fluctuations in weather contribute to the experience of place and the connection to mental wellness in Inuit communities. This study aimed to characterize the importance of changes in weather among Inuit, and how these changes influence mental health and wellness in the context of climate change. Data were drawn from a community-driven and Inuit-led study in the Nunatsiavut region of Labrador, Canada. In-depth interviews (n = 116 people) were conducted between November 2012 to May 2013 in the five Nunatsiavut communities. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed using a constant comparative method. Results indicated that weather impacted mental wellness through three key pathways: 1) shaping daily lived experiences including connection to place and other determinants of wellbeing; 2) altering mood and emotion on a transient basis; and 3) seasonally influencing individual and community health and wellbeing. These results demonstrate the immediate role weather has in shaping mental wellness in Nunatsiavut. In turn, this understanding of the climate-mental wellness relationship points to multiple pathways for action on climate adaptation policy and programming, and underscores the need for more culturally-specific and place-based investigations to appropriately respond to the mental health impacts of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32888561, year = {2020}, author = {Almeida-Silva, J and Campos, DF and Almeida-Val, VMF}, title = {Metabolic adjustment of Pyrrhulina aff. brevis exposed to different climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Journal of thermal biology}, volume = {92}, number = {}, pages = {102657}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102657}, pmid = {32888561}, issn = {0306-4565}, abstract = {The increases in CO2 concentrations and, consequently, temperature due to climate change are predicted to intensify. Understanding the physiological responses of Pyrrhulina aff. brevis to the climatic scenarios proposed by the IPCC (2014) for the next 100 years is of fundamental importance to determine its susceptibility. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the predicted climatic scenarios for the year 2100 on the metabolic adjustments of P. aff. brevis . Specifically, the rate of oxygen uptake, electron transport system capacity, glycogen and lactate content and the role of Na+K+-ATPases and H+-ATPase were evaluated. P. aff. brevis individuals were exposed for 15 days to the simulated climatic scenarios in climate scenario rooms, where temperature and CO2 in the air were controlled. Two rooms were used to simulate the climatic scenarios predicted by the IPCC (2014): moderate (RCP 6; 2.5 °C and 400 μatm CO2 above current levels) and extreme (RCP 8.5; 4.5 °C and 900 μatm CO2 above current levels), in addition to the &quot;control room&quot; that represents the current scenario. There was an increase in the metabolic rate (MO2) in the animals acclimated to the climate change scenarios (RCP 6 and RCP 8.5) compared to the current scenario. These responses showed a typical effect of temperature on energy demand in relation to the increase in temperature and CO2. Our data showed an increase in O2 consumption (MO2), lactate levels and H+-ATPase activity of the animals acclimated to the moderate and extreme climate change scenarios. Such adjustments presented a clear metabolic imbalance, an alteration that may imply challenges for survival, growth, distribution and reproduction in the face of the expected environmental changes for the year 2100.}, }
@article {pmid32887018, year = {2020}, author = {Mafi-Gholami, D and Jaafari, A and Zenner, EK and Nouri Kamari, A and Tien Bui, D}, title = {Vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change: Thirty-year trend analysis and prospective prediction for the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {741}, number = {}, pages = {140305}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140305}, pmid = {32887018}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {This study relates changes in social vulnerability of 20 counties on the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) over a 30-year period (1988-2017) to changing socio-economic conditions and environmental (climate) hazard. Social vulnerability in 2030, 2040 and 2050 is predicted based on the RCP8.5 climate change scenario that projects drought intensities and rising sea levels. Social vulnerability was based on the three dimensions of sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity using 18 socio-economic and five climate indicators identified by experts. All but one indicator related very strongly to the dimension it sought to represent. Despite improvements in adaptive capacity over time, social vulnerability increased between 1988 and 2017 and rates of change accelerated after change point years that occurred between 1998 and 2002 in most counties. Extrapolating past changes of each indicator over time enabled forecasts of social vulnerability in the future. While social variability decreased between 2017 and 2030, it increased again between 2030 and 2050. The lowest future social vulnerability is expected along the eastern PG coast, the greatest along the western PG and the GO. The worsening of socio-economic indicators contributed to increased sensitivity, and increased drought intensities plus the expected rise in sea levels will lead to social vulnerabilities in 2050 comparable to present levels. Between 1.4 and 1.7 M people will live in areas that are likely submerged by water in the future. About 80% of these people live in six counties with variable social vulnerabilities. While counties with lower social variabilities might be better able to cope with the challenges posed by climate change, adaptation programs to enhance the resilience of the residents in these and the remaining counties along the PG and the GO need to be implemented soon to avoid uncontrolled mass migration of millions of people from the region.}, }
@article {pmid32886996, year = {2020}, author = {Zou, Q and Cui, P and Jiang, H and Wang, J and Li, C and Zhou, B}, title = {Analysis of regional river blocking by debris flows in response to climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {741}, number = {}, pages = {140262}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140262}, pmid = {32886996}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The river-blocking effects of debris flows have become common in numerous catchments in response to climate and environmental changes, and these effects have caused multiple, overlapping, and interconnected chain reactions that have led to huge losses in alpine regions. Considering this issue, this article developed a quantitative method for the regional river-blocking hazard assessment of debris flows by analyzing the in-depth relations among river-blocking hazard formation processes, factors and evolution mechanisms. Taking the debris flows in the Parlung Zangbo Basin in China as a case study, a multidimensional analysis was performed to analyze the characteristics of the hazard sequence and its relationship with climate change, including changes in temperature and precipitation. Accordingly, a new step toward a more comprehensive hazard assessment is proposed by establishing both a model and a system for regional river-blocking hazard assessment to analyze the debris flow evolution processes and environmental dynamics. Specifically, the sources of loose material were quantitatively estimated by establishing mathematical models based on the geometrical characteristics of diverse moraines, and the debris flow runoff was scientifically determined by focusing on the analysis of moraine sources, the brittleness index of the sediment mass and the geomorphological connectivity. Next, through coupling with the hydrodynamic conditions of debris flows and river flows, methods were established to determine the blocking degree of debris flow hazards at the regional scale. Validated by a field study and a remote-sensing interpretation of actual debris flows, a debris-flow-induced river-blocking hazard map was obtained, and the assessment results were in accordance with the actual disaster situation. The analysis shows that the distribution of zones with high to very high levels of river blocking is closely correlated with the topographic characteristics and actual disaster sequences of debris flows. These findings suggest that the assessment results provide scientific support for engineering planning and hazard prevention in climate-sensitive areas; thus, the presented method may serve as pertinent guidance for regional river-blocking hazard assessments of debris flows in the Parlung Zangbo Basin and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid32886323, year = {2020}, author = {Poudyal, NC and Joshi, O and Hodges, DG and Bhandari, H and Bhattarai, P}, title = {Climate change, risk perception, and protection motivation among high-altitude residents of the Mt. Everest region in Nepal.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01369-x}, pmid = {32886323}, issn = {1654-7209}, abstract = {Mountain ecosystems are considered vulnerable to early impacts of climate change. Whether and how local residents of these areas perceive these changes, however, remain under-studied questions. By conducting a household survey in the Khumbu region of Nepal, this study assessed local residents' experience-based perception of changes in climate trends and patterns, perceived risk, and attitudes towards climate issues. Multivariate cluster analysis based on residents' climate change beliefs revealed three segments: &quot;Cautious,&quot; &quot;Disengaged,&quot; and &quot;Alarmed.&quot; A comparison of these segments along key psychosocial constructs of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) revealed significant inter-segment differences in residents' perception of severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost associated with engaging in mitigating behavior. Results shed light on how residents of high elevation areas that are considered to be exposed to early impacts of climate change perceive the risk and intend to respond. These findings could also assist stakeholders working in other similar mountain ecosystems in understanding vulnerability and in working towards climate readiness.}, }
@article {pmid32884602, year = {2020}, author = {Yin, R and Kardol, P and Thakur, MP and Gruss, I and Wu, GL and Eisenhauer, N and Schädler, M}, title = {Soil functional biodiversity and biological quality under threat: intensive land use outweighs climate change.}, journal = {Soil biology &amp; biochemistry}, volume = {147}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32884602}, issn = {0038-0717}, abstract = {Climate change and land use intensification are the two most common global change drivers of biodiversity loss. Like other organisms, the soil meso-fauna are expected to modify their functional diversity and composition in response to climate and land use changes. Here, we investigated the functional responses of Collembola, one of the most abundant and ecologically important groups of soil invertebrates. This study was conducted at the Global Change Experimental Facility (GCEF) in central Germany, where we tested the effects of climate (ambient vs. 'future' as projected for this region for the years between 2070 and 2100), land use (conventional farming, organic farming, intensively-used meadow, extensively-used meadow, and extensively-used pasture), and their interactions on the functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean (CWM) traits (life-history, morphology), and functional composition of Collembola, as well as the Soil Biological Quality-Collembola (QBS-c) index. We found that land use was overwhelmingly the dominant driver of shifts in functional diversity, functional traits, and functional composition of Collembola, and of shifts in soil biological quality. These significant land use effects were mainly due to the differences between the two main land use types, i.e. cropland vs. grasslands. Specifically, Collembola functional biodiversity and soil biological quality were significantly lower in croplands than grasslands. However, no interactive effect of climate × land use was found in this study, suggesting that land use effects on Collembola were independent of the climate change scenario. Overall, our study shows that functional responses of Collembola are highly vulnerable to land use intensification under both climate scenarios. We conclude that land use changes reduce functional biodiversity and biological quality of soil.}, }
@article {pmid32884099, year = {2020}, author = {Jordan, CJ and Palmer, AA}, title = {Correction: ACNP efforts toward reducing climate change.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41386-020-00837-y}, pmid = {32884099}, issn = {1740-634X}, abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid32883484, year = {2020}, author = {Saez de Bikuña, K and Garcia, R and Dias, AC and Freire, F}, title = {Global warming implications from increased forest biomass utilization for bioenergy in a supply-constrained context.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {263}, number = {}, pages = {110292}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110292}, pmid = {32883484}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Biomass ; Climate ; *Forests ; *Global Warming ; Portugal ; }, abstract = {This article analyzes different forest management strategies to meet the increasing demand of biomass for bioenergy and assesses the resulting global warming implications. Applied to maritime pine forest plantations in Portugal, the assessed strategies are: full harvest of residues (FULL); sustainable and proactive management (SMART); expansion of forest plantations on abandoned farmland (EXP); and biomass import (IMP). A dynamic CO2 inventory was obtained for each scenario using a parametric stand-level C-flux model adapted to Portuguese conditions, which was then extended to the landscape-level and coupled to a dynamic climate model. The time-adjusted absolute global warming potential (AGWP) was then calculated at both stand and landscape levels, considering the timing of all CO2 emissions and uptakes (both fossil and biogenic). To test the robustness of the findings, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Results show that, in a supply-constrained context like Portugal, SMART and EXP management strategies can provide important global warming mitigation benefits (GWPbio < 0), although their supply-response is slow (long-term strategies). On the other hand, FULL and IMP management strategies show moderate to null AGWP reduction potential (0 < GWPbio < 1), while involving other possible risks (e.g., exacerbated soil erosion, nutrient depletion or uncertain impacts abroad), but their supply-response is fast (short-term strategies). National forest regulations and energy policies should be revised to address the drawbacks related to all management strategies and to unleash the multiple environmental benefits they can provide in the short- and long-term.}, }
@article {pmid32883158, year = {2020}, author = {Lee, K and Barnett, J}, title = {'Will polar bears melt?' A qualitative analysis of children's questions about climate change.}, journal = {Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {963662520952999}, doi = {10.1177/0963662520952999}, pmid = {32883158}, issn = {1361-6609}, abstract = {Climate change poses a grave threat to future generations, yet relatively little research examines children's understandings of the issue. This study examines the questions children ask about climate change - rather than their answers to adults' questions - exploring whether their questions suggest they view climate change as psychologically proximal or distant. Children aged 10-12 from 14 UK schools took part in an online event, asking scientists questions in a 'climate zone'. The questions were analysed using thematic analysis. The themes related to the nature and reality of climate change, its causes, impacts, and solutions. Participants seemed most exercised about the future impacts of and ways of ameliorating climate change, with some questions evoking science-fiction disaster imagery. The contents of participants' questions elucidated the ways in which they position climate change as both a proximal and distant phenomenon.}, }
@article {pmid32879793, year = {2020}, author = {Wufu, A and Wang, H and Chen, Y and Rusuli, Y and Ma, L and Yang, S and Zhang, F and Wang, D and Li, Q and Li, Y}, title = {Lake water volume fluctuations in response to climate change in Xinjiang, China from 2002 to 2018.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9683}, pmid = {32879793}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Climate change has a global impact on the water cycle and its spatial patterns, and these impacts are more pronounced in eco-fragile regions. Arid regions are significantly affected by human activities like farming, and climate change, which influences lake water volumes, especially in different latitudes. This study integrates radar altimetry data from 2002 to 2018 with optical remote sensing images to analyze changes in the lake areas, levels, and volumes at different altitudes in Xinjiang, China. We analyzed changes in lake volumes in March, June, and October and studied their causes. The results showed large changes in the surface areas, levels, and volumes of lakes at different altitudes. During 2002-2010, the lakes in low- and medium-altitude areas were shrinking but lakes in high altitude areas were expanding. Monthly analysis revealed more diversified results: the lake water levels and volumes tended to decrease in March (-0.10 m/year, 37.55×108 m3) and increase in June (0.03 m/year, 3.48×108 m3) and October (0.04 m/year, 26.90×108 m3). The time series lake water volume data was reconstructed for 2011 to 2018 based on the empirical model and the total lake water volume showed a slightly increasing trend during this period (71.35×108 m3). We hypothesized that changes in lake water at high altitudes were influenced by temperature-induced glacial snow melt and lake water in low- to medium-altitude areas was most influenced by human activities like agricultural irrigation practices.}, }
@article {pmid32879522, year = {2020}, author = {Stephen, C and Wade, J}, title = {Missing in action: Sustainable climate change adaptation evidence for animal health.}, journal = {The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, pages = {966-970}, pmid = {32879522}, issn = {0008-5286}, abstract = {Health impacts of climate change are now inevitable. The objective of this study was to see if animal health climate change adaptation was a subject of scholarly inquiry, advice, or discussion and if there was an evidence base from which to make adaptation recommendations. A scoping review of English-language literature over the past 10 years was undertaken and the top findings related to animal health adaptation and climate change were inventoried on Google. Documents found in the search focussed predominantly on hypothesizing what hazards might occur with climate change, describing their spread or proposing possible impacts. Scant evidence was found of scholarship related to sustainable animal health climate change adaptation planning or action. Investment and attention to adaptation planning and research are needed to increase confidence in climate change recommendations in the face of continuing uncertainty about the breadth of effects on animal health and the best actions to take in preparing and responding to them.}, }
@article {pmid32879502, year = {2020}, author = {Cai, W and Ng, B and Geng, T and Wu, L and Santoso, A and McPhaden, MJ}, title = {Butterfly effect and a self-modulating El Niño response to global warming.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {585}, number = {7823}, pages = {68-73}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2641-x}, pmid = {32879502}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {El Niño and La Niña, collectively referred to as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are not only highly consequential1-6 but also strongly nonlinear7-14. For example, the maximum warm anomalies of El Niño, which occur in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, are larger than the maximum cold anomalies of La Niña, which are centred in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean7-9. The associated atmospheric nonlinear thermal damping cools the equatorial Pacific during El Niño but warms it during La Niña15,16. Under greenhouse warming, climate models project an increase in the frequency of strong El Niño and La Niña events, but the change differs vastly across models17, which is partially attributed to internal variability18-23. Here we show that like a butterfly effect24, an infinitesimal random perturbation to identical initial conditions induces vastly different initial ENSO variability, which systematically affects its response to greenhouse warming a century later. In experiments with higher initial variability, a greater cumulative oceanic heat loss from ENSO thermal damping reduces stratification of the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean, leading to a smaller increase in ENSO variability under subsquent greenhouse warming. This self-modulating mechanism operates in two large ensembles generated using two different models, each commencing from identical initial conditions but with a butterfly perturbation24,25; it also operates in a large ensemble generated with another model commencing from different initial conditions25,26 and across climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project27,28. Thus, if the greenhouse-warming-induced increase in ENSO variability29 is initially suppressed by internal variability, future ENSO variability is likely to be enhanced, and vice versa. This self-modulation linking ENSO variability across time presents a different perspective for understanding the dynamics of ENSO variability on multiple timescales in a changing climate.}, }
@article {pmid32878309, year = {2020}, author = {Galluzzi, G and Seyoum, A and Halewood, M and López Noriega, I and Welch, EW}, title = {The Role of Genetic Resources in Breeding for Climate Change: The Case of Public Breeding Programmes in Eighteen Developing Countries.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants9091129}, pmid = {32878309}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {CCAFS P66//Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers/ ; CCAFS P1589//Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers/ ; Genebank Platform//Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers/ ; 21820/DSO0113359//Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development/ ; }, abstract = {The role of plant breeding in adapting crops to climate changes that affect food production in developing countries is recognized as extremely important and urgent, alongside other agronomic, socio-economic and policy adaptation pathways. To enhance plant breeders' capacity to respond to climate challenges, it is acknowledged that they need to be able to access and use as much genetic diversity as they can get. Through an analysis of data from a global survey, we explore if and how public breeders in selected developing countries are responding to climate challenges through a renewed or innovative use of plant genetic resources, particularly in terms of types of material incorporated into their breeding work as well as sources of such germplasm. It also looks at the possible limitations breeders encounter in their efforts towards exploring diversity for adaptation. Breeders are clearly considering climate challenges. In general, their efforts are aimed at intensifying their breeding work on traits that they were already working on before climate change was so widely discussed. Similarly, the kinds of germplasm they use, and the sources from which they obtain it, do not appear to have changed significantly over the course of recent years. The main challenges breeders faced in accessing germplasm were linked to administrative/legal factors, particularly related to obtaining genetic resources across national borders. They also underscore technical challenges such as a lack of appropriate technologies to exploit germplasm sets such as crop wild relatives and landraces. Addressing these limitations will be crucial to fully enhance the role of public sector breeders in helping to adapt vulnerable agricultural systems to the challenges of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32878161, year = {2020}, author = {Awuor, L and Meldrum, R and Liberda, EN}, title = {Institutional Engagement Practices as Barriers to Public Health Capacity in Climate Change Policy Discourse: Lessons from the Canadian Province of Ontario.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {32878161}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Public health engagement in the communication, discussion, and development of climate change policies is essential for climate change policy decisions and discourse. This study examines how the existing governance approaches impact, enable, or constrain the inclusion, participation, and deliberation of public health stakeholders in the climate change policy discourse. Using the case study of the Canadian Province of Ontario, we conducted semi-structured, key informant interviews of public health (11) and non-public health (13) participants engaged in climate change policies in the province. The study results reveal that engagement and partnerships on climate change policies occurred within and across public health and non-public health organizations in Ontario. These engagements impacted public health's roles, decisions, mandate, and capacities beyond the climate change discourse; enabled access to funds, expertise, and new stakeholders; built relationships for future engagements; supported knowledge sharing, generation, and creation; and advanced public health interests in political platforms and decision making. However, public health's participation and deliberation were constrained by a fragmented sectoral approach, a lack of holistic inter-organizational structures and process, political and bureaucratic influences, irregular and unestablished communication channels for public health integration, and identities and culture focused on functions, mandates, biased ideologies, and a lack of clear commitment to engage public health. We conclude by providing practical approaches for integrating public health into climate change discourse and policymaking processes and advancing public health partnerships and collaborative opportunities.}, }
@article {pmid32877012, year = {2020}, author = {Rahmasary, AN and Koop, SH and van Leeuwen, CJ}, title = {Assessing Bandung's Governance Challenges of Water, Waste, and Climate Change: Lessons from Urban Indonesia.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4334}, pmid = {32877012}, issn = {1551-3793}, support = {687809//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; //LPDP (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education/ ; //Funding POWER in H2020-Water/ ; }, abstract = {This study assesses the gaps, opportunities, and priorities of Bandung in managing its water and waste challenges. The City Blueprint Approach is used to identify pressures, to measure the city's Integrated Water Resources Management performance, and to assess its governance. Based on the analyses of Bandung, 4 topics are discussed in more detail: 1) the transferability of the lessons from Bandung, 2) the challenges of solid waste management in Indonesian cities, 3) community-based sanitation, and 4) implications for informal settlements. The assessment reveals that Bandung's basic water services are largely met but flood risks are high and wastewater treatment is poorly covered, leading to large-scale pollution. This is amplified by extensive land-use change and poor solid waste collection and treatment, as waste is almost completely dumped in landfills. Proper solid waste handling will reduce landfill dependency. Slum areas are disproportionately affected by climate-related hazards and continuously under recognized in the discussion of cities' risk and vulnerability, while its dwellers are the most vulnerable members of the society. Bandung has started with slum area legalization which provides slum dwellers with legal security that protects their right to live as well as access to basic public infrastructures. Inadequate monitoring and uncoordinated financial source allocations are among the governance gaps. Governance is reactive and community involvement is low. Yet, Bandung exhibits the characteristics of a collaborative city with the potential to maximize its cross-stakeholder learning with supportive leadership. Bandung and other cities in Indonesia face multilevel governance gaps. Bandung is recommended to expand the cooperation of private, civil, and public actors and implement network governance and decentralized management approaches focusing on improving the implementing capacity, better monitoring, cocreation, and better exploration of the options for financial support. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;00:1-11. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology &amp; Chemistry (SETAC).}, }
@article {pmid32870567, year = {2020}, author = {Boatman, TG and Upton, GJG and Lawson, T and Geider, RJ}, title = {Projected expansion of Trichodesmium's geographical distribution and increase in growth potential in response to climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15324}, pmid = {32870567}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {NE/J500379/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/P002374/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Estimates of marine N2 fixation range from 52 to 73 Tg N/year, of which we calculate up to 84% is from Trichodesmium based on previous measurements of nifH gene abundance and our new model of Trichodesmium growth. Here, we assess the likely effects of four major climate change-related abiotic factors on the spatiotemporal distribution and growth potential of Trichodesmium for the last glacial maximum (LGM), the present (2006-2015) and the end of this century (2100) by mapping our model of Trichodesmium growth onto inferred global surface ocean fields of pCO2 , temperature, light and Fe. We conclude that growth rate was severely limited by low pCO2 at the LGM, that current pCO2 levels do not significantly limit Trichodesmium growth and thus, the potential for enhanced growth from future increases in CO2 is small. We also found that the area of the ocean where sea surface temperatures (SST) are within Trichodesmium's thermal niche increased by 32% from the LGM to present, but further increases in SST due to continued global warming will reduce this area by 9%. However, the range reduction at the equator is likely to be offset by enhanced growth associated with expansion of regions with optimal or near optimal Fe and light availability. Between now and 2100, the ocean area of optimal SST and irradiance is projected to increase by 7%, and the ocean area of optimal SST, irradiance and iron is projected to increase by 173%. Given the major contribution of this keystone species to annual N2 fixation and thus pelagic ecology, biogeochemistry and CO2 sequestration, the projected increase in the geographical range for optimal growth could provide a negative feedback to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.}, }
@article {pmid32869905, year = {2020}, author = {Luter, HM and Andersen, M and Versteegen, E and Laffy, P and Uthicke, S and Bell, JJ and Webster, NS}, title = {Cross-generational effects of climate change on the microbiome of a photosynthetic sponge.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15222}, pmid = {32869905}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {VUW1505//Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund/ ; //Victoria University of Wellington/ ; //Australian Institute of Marine Science/ ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are facing increasing pressure from rising seawater temperatures and ocean acidification. Sponges have been proposed as possible winners in the face of climate change; however, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning their predicted tolerance. Here we assessed whether microbiome-mediated cross-generational acclimatization could enable the photosynthetic sponge Carteriospongia foliascens to survive under future climate scenarios. To achieve this, we first established the potential for vertical (cross-generational) transmission of symbionts. Sixty-four amplicon sequence variants accounting for >90% of the total C. foliascens microbial community were present across adult, larval and juvenile life stages, showing that a large proportion of the microbiome is vertically acquired and maintained. When C. foliascens were exposed to climate scenarios projected for 2050 and 2100, the host remained visibly unaffected (i.e. no necrosis/bleaching) and the overall microbiome was not significantly different amongst treatments in adult tissue, the respective larvae or recruits transplanted amongst climate treatments. However, indicator species analysis revealed that parental exposure to future climate scenarios altered the presence and abundance of a small suite of microbial taxa in the recruits, thereby revealing the potential for microbiome-mediated cross-generational acclimatization through both symbiont shuffling and symbiont switching within a vertically acquired microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid32868426, year = {2020}, author = {Vandvik, V and Skarpaas, O and Klanderud, K and Telford, RJ and Halbritter, AH and Goldberg, DE}, title = {Biotic rescaling reveals importance of species interactions for variation in biodiversity responses to climate change.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {37}, pages = {22858-22865}, pmid = {32868426}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Generality in understanding biodiversity responses to climate change has been hampered by substantial variation in the rates and even directions of response to a given change in climate. We propose that such context dependencies can be clarified by rescaling climate gradients in terms of the underlying biological processes, with biotic interactions as a particularly important process. We tested this rescaling approach in a replicated field experiment where entire montane grassland communities were transplanted in the direction of expected temperature and/or precipitation change. In line with earlier work, we found considerable variation across sites in community dynamics in response to climate change. However, these complex context dependencies could be substantially reduced or eliminated by rescaling climate drivers in terms of proxies of plant-plant interactions. Specifically, bryophytes limited colonization by new species into local communities, whereas the cover of those colonists, along with bryophytes, were the primary drivers of local extinctions. These specific interactions are relatively understudied, suggesting important directions for future work in similar systems. More generally, the success of our approach in explaining and simplifying landscape-level variation in climate change responses suggests that developing and testing proxies for relevant underlying processes could be a fruitful direction for building more general models of biodiversity response to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32865682, year = {2020}, author = {Zhu, H and Xiong, X and Ao, H and Wu, C and He, Y and Hu, Z and Liu, G}, title = {Cladophora reblooming after half a century: effect of climate change-induced increases in the water level of the largest lake in Tibetan Plateau.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10386-y}, pmid = {32865682}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {Y85Z061601//the Featured Institute Service Project program of the Institute of Hydrobiology/ ; 2019QZKK0304//The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program/ ; }, abstract = {Massive Cladophora growth was reported half a century ago around Birds Island in Qinghai Lake, and in 2015, Cladophora populations have rebloomed and have formed green &quot;meadows,&quot; with areas up to thousands of hectares. The present study investigated the distribution and biomass of Cladophora in Qinghai Lake and found that two key factors contribute to Cladophora blooming. First, recent climate change, especially increased precipitation, has induced the expansion of the lake's area, and the submerged grassland around Birds Island has provided a plethora of grass stems on which Cladophora can attach and twine. In addition, the submerged grasslands are covered with less than 1 m of water, which allows enough sunlight to support the growth of Cladophora on available substrates. Second, the submerged grassland may function as a key source of nutrients, especially phosphate. A large number of migratory birds live in these area for very long times, which lead to higher phosphorus content due to the accumulated birds dropping. Thus, the high phosphate level further exacerbates the massive growth. Future studies should investigate the functions of Cladophora in the nutrient cycling of submerged areas, and the improvement of methods for removing Cladophora biomass.}, }
@article {pmid32864193, year = {2020}, author = {Fathy, R and Rosenbach, M}, title = {Climate Change and Inpatient Dermatology.}, journal = {Current dermatology reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, pmid = {32864193}, issn = {2162-4933}, abstract = {Purpose of Review: Climate change represents a major existential threat facing the global community, and it has already begun to affect human health in a multitude of ways. This review highlights and discusses the implications that climate change has already had and is expected to have for inpatient dermatologists.<br><br>Recent Findings: There are a variety of conditions affected by climate changes. The distribution and frequencies of infectious diseases and their vectors are changing in line with variations in climate conditions. Increased temperatures have already been associated with exacerbation of existing skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, and recent evidence suggests that higher temperatures will also magnify the effects of harmful ultraviolet radiation. Extreme weather events that result from climate change are followed by an array of dermatologic conditions that may be unusual for the given location. Inpatient dermatologists should be prepared to manage these potentially unfamiliar dermatologic consequences of climate change.<br><br>Summary: Climate change will have widespread effects on the medical field, and inpatient dermatologists will be faced with their own unique set of challenges and practice variations. Practitioners should be familiar with the ongoing and predicted effects of climate change in their locations so that they can readily identify and treat associated conditions, and they should adjust their practice to reduce their carbon footprint and serve as a model for patients to do the same.}, }
@article {pmid32863604, year = {2019}, author = {Cherng, ST and Cangemi, I and Trostle, JA and Remais, J and Eisenberg, JNS}, title = {Social cohesion and passive adaptation in relation to climate change and disease.}, journal = {Global environmental change : human and policy dimensions}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32863604}, issn = {0959-3780}, support = {R01 AI125842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 GM110712/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Climate change affects biophysical processes related to the transmission of many infectious diseases, with potentially adverse consequences for the health of communities. While our knowledge of biophysical associations between meteorological factors and disease is steadily improving, our understanding of the social processes that shape adaptation to environmental perturbations lags behind. Using computational modeling methods, we explore the ways in which social cohesion can affect adaptation of disease prevention strategies when communities are exposed to different environmental scenarios that influence transmission pathways for diseases such as diarrhea. We developed an agent-based model in which household agents can choose between two behavioral strategies that offer different levels of protection against environmentally mediated disease transmission. One behavioral strategy is initially set as more protective, leading households to adopt it widely, but its efficacy is sensitive to variable weather conditions and stressors such as floods or droughts that modify the disease transmission system. The efficacy of the second strategy is initially moderate relative to the first and is insensitive to environmental changes. We examined how social cohesion (defined as average number of household social network connections) influences health outcomes when households attempt to identify an optimal strategy by copying the behaviors of socially connected neighbors who seem to have adapted successfully in the past. Our simulation experiments suggest that high-cohesion communities are able to rapidly disseminate the initially optimal behavioral strategy compared to low-cohesion communities. This rapid and pervasive change, however, decreases behavioral diversity; i.e., once a high cohesion community settles on a strategy, most or all households adopt that behavior. Following environmental changes that reduce the efficacy of the initially optimal strategy, rendering it suboptimal relative to the alternative strategy, high-cohesion communities can fail to adapt. As a result, despite faring better early in the course of computational experiments, high-cohesion communities may ultimately experience worse outcomes. In the face of uncertainty in predicting future environmental stressors due to climate change, strategies to improve effective adaptation to optimal disease prevention strategies should balance between intervention efforts that promote protective behaviors based on current scientific understanding and the need to guard against the crystallization of inflexible norms. Developing generalizable models allows us to integrate a wide range of theories multiple datasets pertaining to the relationship between social mechanisms and adaptation, which can provide further understanding of future climate change impacts. Models such as the one we present can generate hypotheses about the mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of adaptation events and suggest specific points of measurement to assess the impact of these mechanisms. They can be incorporated as modules within predictive simulations for specific socio-ecological contexts.}, }
@article {pmid32863519, year = {2020}, author = {Holl, AFC}, title = {Dark Side Archaeology: Climate Change and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pastoral Adaptation.}, journal = {The African archaeological review}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, pmid = {32863519}, issn = {0263-0338}, abstract = {High-resolution paleoenvironmental research allows us to pinpoint the tempo and amplitude of past climate changes. Abrupt climate events have axiomatically triggered cascades of adjustments, in vegetation, fauna, humans, and pathogens. This essay focuses on the abrupt end of the African Humid Episode (9000-6000 cal BP), ca. 5000 cal BP in the Sahara. Neolithic pastoralists, practicing transhumance between sandy lowlands and Saharan mountains, adopted new cultural practices: cattle burials and livestock bone deposits in built installations. Their ritual nature is indisputable. But ritual for what? If considered from the perspective of livestock zoonoses, such practices may point to the &quot;dark side&quot; of cultural adjustments-strategies to counter human and livestock diseases. Livestock zoonoses are constant sources of emerging infectious diseases (EID) in the present, as they were in the past. Sustained research on livestock and human health are of paramount importance given the accelerating rate of world urbanization.}, }
@article {pmid32862805, year = {2020}, author = {Morata, N and Michaud, E and Poullaouec, MA and Devesa, J and Le Goff, M and Corvaisier, R and Renaud, PE}, title = {Climate change and diminishing seasonality in Arctic benthic processes.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences}, volume = {378}, number = {2181}, pages = {20190369}, pmid = {32862805}, issn = {1471-2962}, abstract = {The iconic picture of Arctic marine ecosystems shows an intense pulse of biological productivity around the spring bloom that is sustained while fresh organic matter (OM) is available, after which ecosystem activity declines to basal levels in autumn and winter. We investigated seasonality in benthic biogeochemical cycling at three stations in a high Arctic fjord that has recently lost much of its seasonal ice-cover. Unlike observations from other Arctic locations, we find little seasonality in sediment community respiration and bioturbation rates, although different sediment reworking modes varied through the year. Nutrient fluxes did vary, suggesting that, although OM was processed at similar rates, seasonality in its quality led to spring/summer peaks in inorganic nitrogen and silicate fluxes. These patterns correspond to published information on seasonality in vertical flux at the stations. Largely ice-free Kongsfjorden has a considerable detrital pool in soft sediments which sustain benthic communities over the year. Sources of this include macroalgae and terrestrial runoff. Climate change leading to less ice cover, higher light availability and expanded benthic habitat may lead to more detrital carbon in the system, dampening the quantitative importance of seasonal pulses of phytodetritus to seafloor communities in some areas of the Arctic. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.}, }
@article {pmid32861033, year = {2020}, author = {Zulfiqar, F and Hancock, JT}, title = {Hydrogen sulfide in horticulture: Emerging roles in the era of climate change.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {667-675}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.010}, pmid = {32861033}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Future climate change will present many plants with environmental challenges, including extreme temperatures and drought. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important signal transmitting molecule in plants, especially important in many stress responses and it is known to regulate numerous physiological and developmental processes. Being recently suggested as a signaling molecule, research exploring the regulatory functions is continuously progressing regarding the role of H2S in plant science, agriculture and horticulture. Biosynthesis of H2S occurs in different cellular compartments from where it can freely translocate via membranes to where needed or be excluded where not required. H2S interacts with related signaling molecules which together mediate stress tolerance against a plethora of harsh conditions. The H2S induced tolerance against stresses occurs via regulation of antioxidants activities, endogenous levels of GSH, osmoregulator accumulation, cell signaling proteins, and stress-related gene expression. Overall this efficiently eliminates excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintains the intracellular redox balance. The current review summarizes the recent progress on H2S or H2S donor-mediated abiotic stress tolerance with special reference to climate change and horticulture crops, pre- and post-harvest. Elucidating the role of H2S in cell signaling pathways may open new horizons towards understanding how exogenous treatments with H2S in horticulture plants may aid in the tolerance to stress, especially as environmental conditions change, and can secure better crop yields and avoid post-harvest losses.}, }
@article {pmid32860740, year = {2020}, author = {Guo, Y and Wu, Y and Wen, B and Huang, W and Ju, K and Gao, Y and Li, S}, title = {Floods in China, COVID-19, and climate change.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {10}, pages = {e443-e444}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30203-5}, pmid = {32860740}, issn = {2542-5196}, }
@article {pmid32860106, year = {2020}, author = {Stoeckli, S and Felber, R and Haye, T}, title = {Current distribution and voltinism of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in Switzerland and its response to climate change using a high-resolution CLIMEX model.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01992-z}, pmid = {32860106}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {627000612//Federal Office for Agriculture FOAG/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change can alter the habitat suitability of invasive species and promote their establishment. The highly polyphagous brown marmorated stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to East Asia and invasive in Europe and North America, damaging a wide variety of fruit and vegetable crops. In Switzerland, crop damage and increasing populations have been observed since 2017 and related to increasing temperatures. We studied the climatic suitability, population growth, and the number of generations under present and future climate conditions for H. halys in Switzerland, using a modified version of the bioclimatic model package CLIMEX. To address the high topographic variability in Switzerland, model simulations were based on climate data of high spatial resolution (approx. 2 km), which significantly increased their explanatory power, and identified many more climatically suitable areas in comparison to previous models. The validation of the CLIMEX model using observational records collected in a citizen science initiative between 2004 and 2019 revealed that more than 15 years after its accidental introduction, H. halys has colonised nearly all bioclimatic suitable areas in Switzerland and there is limited potential for range expansion into new areas under present climate conditions. Simulations with climate change scenarios suggest an extensive range expansion into higher altitudes, an increase in generations per year, an earlier start of H. halys activity in spring and a prolonged period for nymphs to complete development in autumn. A permanent shift from one to two generations per year and the associated population growth of H. halys may result in increasing crop damages in Switzerland. These results highlight the need for monitoring the spread and population development in the north-western part of Switzerland and higher altitudes of the valleys of the south.}, }
@article {pmid32859556, year = {2020}, author = {Nikendei, C and Bugaj, TJ and Nikendei, F and Kühl, SJ and Kühl, M}, title = {[Climate change: causes, consequences, solutions and public health care implications].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualitat im Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.zefq.2020.07.008}, pmid = {32859556}, issn = {2212-0289}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Global warming is a fundamental threat to human civilization. Urgent and comprehensive actions are needed to achieve the Paris Climate Convention goals. This work aims to provide a systematic overview of global warming and its linkages to public healthcare.<br><br>METHODS: In a narrative review, we outline causes, consequences, and necessary measures regarding global warming and the implications for public healthcare.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Closely linked to our resource behaviours and economic systems, greenhouse gas emissions play a central role in global warming. We are seeing an increase in temperature records and heat waves as well as droughts with crop losses, rising sea levels and, ultimately, effects on the human body and mind. Despite these threats, there is a gap between awareness and action. Measures are urgently needed at a political, innovative, economic and individual level. As a significant greenhouse gas emitter, the public health sector bears responsibility. Healthcare professionals are directly confronted with the impact of global warming through the treatment of people suffering from its effects; they can serve as role models in tackling it. Necessary changes in life (style) do not only involve a more conscious use of our resources, but also hold the chance of creating a new form of social solidarity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare institutions and professionals play a significant role as emitters, practitioners, and role models in global warming.}, }
@article {pmid32858298, year = {2020}, author = {Sharifi, A}, title = {Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {750}, number = {}, pages = {141642}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141642}, pmid = {32858298}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Accounting for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, cities are major contributors to climate change. Acknowledging this, urban climate change adaptation and mitigation plans are increasingly developed to make progress toward enhancing climate resilience. While there is consensus that focusing on both adaptation and mitigation is necessary for addressing climate change impacts, better understanding of their interactions is needed to efficiently maximize their potentials. This paper, first, provides a bibliographic analysis to map existing knowledge regarding adaptation-mitigation interactions. This is done using methods such as bibliographic coupling, co-citation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis. Then, drawing on the literature, this study explores two types of interactions between adaptation and mitigation measures, namely co-benefits and synergies. These interactions are explored through analyzing evidence reported in the literature on different measures related to sectors such as energy, transportation, waste, water, green infrastructure, urban planning, and governance. Results of the bibliographic analysis show that there is a lack of research in the Global South. Results of the detailed content analysis show that many measures can provide co-benefits and synergies. Measures related to green infrastructure, buildings, energy systems, and, transportation are particularly capable of providing co-benefits. In addition, it was found that appropriate levels of density, promotion of public transportation, and urban greenery are measures that are more likely to provide synergistic benefits if combined with other adaptation and/or mitigation measures. This study highlights the need for more empirical research to better understand the magnitude of synergistic benefits between different measures.}, }
@article {pmid32856759, year = {2020}, author = {Oleksyn, J and Wyka, TP and Żytkowiak, R and Zadworny, M and Mucha, J and Dering, M and Ufnalski, K and Nihlgård, B and Reich, PB}, title = {A fingerprint of climate change across pine forests of Sweden.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13587}, pmid = {32856759}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {2011/02/A/NZ9/00108//National Science Center, Poland/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change has likely altered high-latitude forests globally, but direct evidence remains rare. Here we show that throughout a ≈1000-km transect in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in Sweden, mature trees in ≈2015 had longer needles with shorter lifetimes than did trees in ≈1915. These century-scale shifts in needle traits were detected by sampling needles at 74 sites from 2012 to 2017 along the same transect where needle traits had been assessed at 57 sites in 1914-1915. Climate warming of ≈1 °C all along the transect in the past century has driven this temporal shift in foliage traits known to be physiologically critical to growth and carbon cycling processes. These century-scale changes in Scandinavian Scots pine forests represent a fingerprint of climate change on a fundamental biological element, the leaf, with repercussions for productivity and sensitivity to future climate, which are likely to be mirrored by similar changes for evergreen conifers across the boreal biome.}, }
@article {pmid32855459, year = {2020}, author = {Khan, S and Khan, S}, title = {Adapting the curriculum on climate change.}, journal = {British dental journal}, volume = {229}, number = {4}, pages = {213}, doi = {10.1038/s41415-020-2081-x}, pmid = {32855459}, issn = {1476-5373}, }
@article {pmid32855310, year = {2020}, author = {Fordham, DA and Jackson, ST and Brown, SC and Huntley, B and Brook, BW and Dahl-Jensen, D and Gilbert, MTP and Otto-Bliesner, BL and Svensson, A and Theodoridis, S and Wilmshurst, JM and Buettel, JC and Canteri, E and McDowell, M and Orlando, L and Pilowsky, J and Rahbek, C and Nogues-Bravo, D}, title = {Using paleo-archives to safeguard biodiversity under climate change.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {369}, number = {6507}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/science.abc5654}, pmid = {32855310}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Archives ; *Biodiversity ; Climate Change/*history ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Extinction, Biological ; History, Ancient ; Paleontology ; }, abstract = {Strategies for 21st-century environmental management and conservation under global change require a strong understanding of the biological mechanisms that mediate responses to climate- and human-driven change to successfully mitigate range contractions, extinctions, and the degradation of ecosystem services. Biodiversity responses to past rapid warming events can be followed in situ and over extended periods, using cross-disciplinary approaches that provide cost-effective and scalable information for species' conservation and the maintenance of resilient ecosystems in many bioregions. Beyond the intrinsic knowledge gain such integrative research will increasingly provide the context, tools, and relevant case studies to assist in mitigating climate-driven biodiversity losses in the 21st century and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid32854885, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, Z and Xu, N and Wei, W and Zhao, N}, title = {Social inequality among elderly individuals caused by climate change: Evidence from the migratory elderly of mainland China.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {272}, number = {}, pages = {111079}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111079}, pmid = {32854885}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Aged ; China ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, abstract = {Faced with severe and growing social inequality among elderly individuals, a more complete understanding of the interconnection between the seasonal migration of the elderly and climate change is clearly needed. This paper tries to clarify the relation between the seasonal migration of the elderly and climate change from a multidimensional perspective. Our study adds to the research on population aging against the background of climate change. This study shows that climate change has a significant impact on regional population aging and that there are significant internal differences between the distribution and scale of the migratory elderly stemming from unequal environmental conditions. Advanced economic conditions and relatively comfortable environments have put some pressure on social endowment services in the three provinces of Northeast China, especially Liaoning Province. With their complex migration mechanism, the fate of the elderly in mainland China is closely intertwined with climatic factors, individual and socioeconomic conditions, traditional cultural backgrounds, etc. A comparatively advanced economy, well-developed endowment resources, and a comfortable environment will help in the development of regional aging resources. Regional inequality and the pursuit of a meaningful life have created different categories of migratory elderly.}, }
@article {pmid32854874, year = {2020}, author = {Mahmood, F and Khokhar, MF and Mahmood, Z}, title = {Examining the relationship of tropospheric ozone and climate change on crop productivity using the multivariate panel data techniques.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {272}, number = {}, pages = {111024}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111024}, pmid = {32854874}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; India ; Ozone/*analysis ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Home to one-fourth of the world's population and ranked amongst the fastest growing economies, the South Asian countries are marred with the predicament of inexorable pollution. Amidst the growing pollutants, ground-level ozone has become an important component in understanding health, and productivity of agricultural crops. In this regard spatio-temporal analysis of tropospheric ozone for wheat, rice and cotton crops was carried out. Followed-up with a multivariate regression model; establishing a statistical relationship between tropospheric ozone (TO) and crop productivity. The results indicate that predominantly ozone is increasing, with a significant trend visible in all crop growing seasons. Observations indicate higher concentrations of TO in the rice &amp; cotton growing seasons, with a seasonal average of 68 ppb, compared to wheat growing season (55 ppb). Regression results specify that with an increase of 1% in tropospheric ozone concentration within the study area; crop productivity decreases for cotton (-4.0%), rice (-2.3%), and wheat (-0.7%). Furthermore, with the presence of the dominant tropospheric ozone in the regression model, the temperature's impact on productivity becomes statistically inconsequential.}, }
@article {pmid32853298, year = {2020}, author = {Garrett, TJ and Grasselli, M and Keen, S}, title = {Past world economic production constrains current energy demands: Persistent scaling with implications for economic growth and climate change mitigation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237672}, pmid = {32853298}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Economic Development/*trends ; Energy-Generating Resources/economics/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Models, Econometric ; }, abstract = {Climate change has become intertwined with the global economy. Here, we describe the contribution of inertia to future trends. Drawing from thermodynamic principles, and using 38 years of available statistics between 1980 to 2017, we find a constant scaling between current rates of world primary energy consumption [Formula: see text] and the historical time integral W of past world inflation-adjusted economic production Y, or [Formula: see text]. In each year, over a period during which both [Formula: see text] and W more than doubled, the ratio of the two remained nearly unchanged, that is [Formula: see text] Gigawatts per trillion 2010 US dollars. What this near constant implies is that current growth trends in energy consumption, population, and standard of living, perhaps counterintuitively, are determined by past innovations that have improved the economic production efficiency, or enabled use of less energy to transform raw materials into the makeup of civilization. Current observed growth rates agree well with predictions derived from available historical data. Future efforts to stabilize carbon dioxide emissions are likely also to be constrained by the contributions of past innovation to growth. Assuming no further efficiency gains, options look limited to rapid decarbonization of energy consumption through sustained implementation of at least one Gigawatt of renewable or nuclear power capacity per day. Alternatively, with continued reliance on fossil fuels, civilization could shift to a steady-state economy, one that devotes economic production exclusively to maintining ongoing metabolic needs rather than to material expansion. Even if such actions could be achieved immediately, energy consumption would continue at its current level, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would only begin to balance natural sinks at concentrations exceeding 500 ppmv.}, }
@article {pmid32851791, year = {2020}, author = {Metz, J and Lampei, C and Bäumler, L and Bocherens, H and Dittberner, H and Henneberg, L and de Meaux, J and Tielbörger, K}, title = {Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large-scale climate change experiment.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ele.13596}, pmid = {32851791}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {ME 2742/6-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; TI338/11-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; TI338/11-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; //Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung/ ; INST 211/575-1//Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster/ ; }, abstract = {Rapid evolution of traits and of plasticity may enable adaptation to climate change, yet solid experimental evidence under natural conditions is scarce. Here, we imposed rainfall manipulations (+30%, control, -30%) for 10 years on entire natural plant communities in two Eastern Mediterranean sites. Additional sites along a natural rainfall gradient and selection analyses in a greenhouse assessed whether potential responses were adaptive. In both sites, our annual target species Biscutella didyma consistently evolved earlier phenology and higher reproductive allocation under drought. Multiple arguments suggest that this response was adaptive: it aligned with theory, corresponding trait shifts along the natural rainfall gradient, and selection analyses under differential watering in the greenhouse. However, another seven candidate traits did not evolve, and there was little support for evolution of plasticity. Our results provide compelling evidence for rapid adaptive evolution under climate change. Yet, several non-evolving traits may indicate potential constraints to full adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid32848216, year = {2020}, author = {Bassis, JN}, title = {Crevasse analysis reveals vulnerability of ice shelves to global warming.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {584}, number = {7822}, pages = {527-528}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-02422-1}, pmid = {32848216}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; *Global Warming ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Ice Cover ; }, }
@article {pmid32845381, year = {2020}, author = {Clemens, V and von Hirschhausen, E and Fegert, JM}, title = {Report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change: implications for the mental health policy of children and adolescents in Europe-a scoping review.}, journal = {European child &amp; adolescent psychiatry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00787-020-01615-3}, pmid = {32845381}, issn = {1435-165X}, abstract = {Climate change is a worldwide challenge. Its consequences do encompass severe threats not only for the existence and somatic health, but also for the mental health of children and adolescents. Mental health can be impaired by three types of consequences. Direct consequences of climate change, such as natural disasters and indirect consequences, such as loss of land, flight and migration, exposure to violence, change of social, ecological, economic or cultural environment. Moreover, the increasing awareness of the existential dimension of climate change in children and adolescents can influence their well-being or challenge their mental health. Consequences of climate change for somatic health may interact with mental health or have psychological sequelae in children and adolescents. Based on the estimates by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we have summarized current data on these differential pathways as to how climate change affects the mental health of children worldwide through selective literature research on Pubmed. Mental health sequelae of direct and indirect consequences of climate change, increased awareness and physical health problems caused by climate change are presented. We give insights into special vulnerabilities of children and adolescents and identify high-risk groups. As the &quot;Fridays for Future&quot; movement has been initiated in northern Europe, we will discuss these results with a focus on children and adolescents in Europe. The results indicate that climate change is a serious threat to children and adolescent mental health. Children´s rights, mental health and climate change should not continue to be seen as separate points; instead, they need to be brought together to address this major challenge determining the future of our children and their descendants.}, }
@article {pmid32841861, year = {2020}, author = {Ciampalini, R and Constantine, JA and Walker-Springett, KJ and Hales, TC and Ormerod, SJ and Hall, IR}, title = {Modelling soil erosion responses to climate change in three catchments of Great Britain.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {749}, number = {}, pages = {141657}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141657}, pmid = {32841861}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Simulations of 21st century climate change for Great Britain predict increased seasonal precipitation that may lead to widespread soil loss by increasing surface runoff. Land use and different vegetation cover can respond differently to this scenario, mitigating or enhancing soil erosion. Here, by means of a sensitivity analysis of the PESERA soil erosion model, we test the potential for climate and vegetation to impact soil loss by surface-runoff to three differentiated British catchments. First, to understand general behaviours, we modelled soil erosion adopting regular increments for rainfall and temperature from the baseline values (1961-1990). Then, we tested future climate scenarios adopting projections from UKCP09 (UK Climate Projections) under the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) on a defined medium CO2 emissions scenario, SRES-A1B (Nakicenovic et al., 2000), at the horizons 2010-39, 2040-69 and 2070-99. Our results indicate that the model reacts to the changes of the climatic parameters and the three catchments respond differently depending on their land use arrangement. Increases in rainfall produce a rise in soil erosion while higher temperatures tend to lower the process because of the mitigating action of the vegetation. Even under a significantly wetter climate, warmer air temperatures can limit soil erosion by enhancing primary productivity and in turn improving leaf interception, infiltration-capacity, and reducing soil erodibility. Consequently, for specific land uses, the increase in air temperature associated with climate change can modify the rainfall thresholds to generate soil loss, and soil erosion rates could decline by up to about 33% from 2070 to 2099. We deduce that enhanced primary productivity due to climate change can introduce a negative-feedback mechanism limiting soil loss by surface runoff as vegetation-induced impacts on soil hydrology and erodibility offset the effects of increased precipitation. The expansion of permanent vegetation cover could provide an adaptation strategy to reduce climate-driven soil loss.}, }
@article {pmid32841638, year = {2020}, author = {Peng, W and Ma, NL and Zhang, D and Zhou, Q and Yue, X and Khoo, SC and Yang, H and Guan, R and Chen, H and Zhang, X and Wang, Y and Wei, Z and Suo, C and Peng, Y and Yang, Y and Lam, SS and Sonne, C}, title = {A review of historical and recent locust outbreaks: Links to global warming, food security and mitigation strategies.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {110046}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.110046}, pmid = {32841638}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Locusts differ from ordinary grasshoppers in their ability to swarm over long distances and are among the oldest migratory pests. The ecology and biology of locusts make them among the most devastating pests worldwide and hence the calls for actions to prevent the next outbreaks. The most destructive of all locust species is the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Here, we review the current locust epidemic 2020 outbreak and its causes and prevention including the green technologies that may provide a reference for future directions of locust control and food security. Massive locust outbreaks threaten the terrestrial environments and crop production in around 100 countries of which Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya are the most affected. Six large locust outbreaks are reported for the period from 1912 to 1989 all being closely related to long-term droughts and warm winters coupled with occurrence of high precipitation in spring and summer. The outbreaks in East Africa, India and Pakistan are the most pronounced with locusts migrating more than 150 km/day during which the locusts consume food equivalent to their own body weight on a daily basis. The plague heavily affects the agricultural sectors, which is the foundation of national economies and social stability. Global warming is likely the main cause of locust plague outbreak in recent decades driving egg spawning of up to 2-400,000 eggs per square meter. Biological control techniques such as microorganisms, insects and birds help to reduce the outbreaks while reducing ecosystem and agricultural impacts. In addition, green technologies such as light and sound stimulation seem to work, however, these are challenging and need further technological development incorporating remote sensing and modelling before they are applicable on large-scales. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the 2020 locust outbreak is the worst in 70 years probably triggered by climate change, hurricanes and heavy rain and has affected a total of 70,000 ha in Somalia and Ethiopia. There is a need for shifting towards soybean, rape, and watermelon which seems to help to prevent locust outbreaks and obtain food security. Furthermore, locusts have a very high protein content and is an excellent protein source for meat production and as an alternative human protein source, which should be used to mitigate food security. In addition, forestation of arable land improves local climate conditions towards less precipitation and lower temperatures while simultaneously attracting a larger number of birds thereby increasing the locust predation rates.}, }
@article {pmid32839693, year = {2020}, author = {Norouzi, N and Zarazua de Rubens, G and Choupanpiesheh, S and Enevoldsen, P}, title = {When pandemics impact economies and climate change: Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on oil and electricity demand in China.}, journal = {Energy research &amp; social science}, volume = {68}, number = {}, pages = {101654}, pmid = {32839693}, issn = {2214-6296}, abstract = {Despite all the scientific and technological developments in the past one hundred years, biologic issues such as pandemics are a constant threat to society. While one of the aspects of a pandemic is the loss of human life, the outbreak has multi-dimensional impacts across regional and global societies. In this paper, a comparative regressive and neural network model is developed to analyze the impacts of COVID-19 (coronavirus) on the electricity and petroleum demand in China. The environmental analysis shows that the epidemic severeness significantly affects the electricity and the petroleum demand, both directly and indirectly. The outputs of the model stated that the elasticity of petroleum and electricity demand toward the population of the infected people is -0.1% and -0.65%, respectively. The mentioned results show that pandemic status has a significant impact on energy demand, and also its impacts can be tracked into every corner of human society.}, }
@article {pmid32839499, year = {2020}, author = {Khan, NA and Gao, Q and Abid, M}, title = {Public institutions' capacities regarding climate change adaptation and risk management support in agriculture: the case of Punjab Province, Pakistan.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {14111}, pmid = {32839499}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Public institutions could play an important role in building agricultural resilience to climate change by providing information and technology support to farmers. This study takes the case of Pakistan to investigate the perspective and capacities of public institutions as well as to identify gaps in current institutional arrangements in dealing and managing climate change in the agriculture sector. For this purpose, 53 office bearers from thirteen public institutions in Punjab province of Pakistan were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on climate knowledge, training, coordination, and resource availability. The study uses an index-based approach to calculate Institutional Capacity Indices (ICI) based on selected seven indicators. The results of the index analysis show that institutions have the least financial capacity, followed by lacking physical and human resources. Whereas results show high index value for perception and knowledge, indicating a good understanding of climate change at the institutional level. The overall ICI index value indicates a medium level capacity of institutions in dealing with climate change. Moreover, the study shows that gaps in management, non-availability of financial and physical resources, and lack of training are the key bottlenecks for limited adaptation support from public institutions. This study highlights the importance of reducing gaps so that institutions could play their role in building the resilience of the agriculture sector to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32839306, year = {2020}, author = {Borrelli, P and Robinson, DA and Panagos, P and Lugato, E and Yang, JE and Alewell, C and Wuepper, D and Montanarella, L and Ballabio, C}, title = {Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070).}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {36}, pages = {21994-22001}, pmid = {32839306}, issn = {1091-6490}, abstract = {Soil erosion is a major global soil degradation threat to land, freshwater, and oceans. Wind and water are the major drivers, with water erosion over land being the focus of this work; excluding gullying and river bank erosion. Improving knowledge of the probable future rates of soil erosion, accelerated by human activity, is important both for policy makers engaged in land use decision-making and for earth-system modelers seeking to reduce uncertainty on global predictions. Here we predict future rates of erosion by modeling change in potential global soil erosion by water using three alternative (2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) Shared Socioeconomic Pathway and Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios. Global predictions rely on a high spatial resolution Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)-based semiempirical modeling approach (GloSEM). The baseline model (2015) predicts global potential soil erosion rates of [Formula: see text] Pg yr-1, with current conservation agriculture (CA) practices estimated to reduce this by ∼5%. Our future scenarios suggest that socioeconomic developments impacting land use will either decrease (SSP1-RCP2.6-10%) or increase (SSP2-RCP4.5 +2%, SSP5-RCP8.5 +10%) water erosion by 2070. Climate projections, for all global dynamics scenarios, indicate a trend, moving toward a more vigorous hydrological cycle, which could increase global water erosion (+30 to +66%). Accepting some degrees of uncertainty, our findings provide insights into how possible future socioeconomic development will affect soil erosion by water using a globally consistent approach. This preliminary evidence seeks to inform efforts such as those of the United Nations to assess global soil erosion and inform decision makers developing national strategies for soil conservation.}, }
@article {pmid32838864, year = {2020}, author = {Perrin, P}, title = {[Global warming, nurses on front lines].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {69}, number = {262}, pages = {33-35}, doi = {10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30184-6}, pmid = {32838864}, issn = {1293-8505}, mesh = {Carbon Footprint ; Global Warming/*prevention &amp; control ; Health Facilities ; Humans ; Nurses/*psychology ; }, abstract = {Although initiatives for reducing the carbon footprint of care facilities exist, they remain underdeveloped in terms of the current climate threat. Nurses must be involved in the decisions and initiatives taken to reduce the impact of their organisation on the environment and encourage caregivers to adopt a long lasting ecological approach.}, }
@article {pmid32838863, year = {2020}, author = {Baillat, A}, title = {[Heath and mobility facing climate change, what are the synergies ?].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {69}, number = {262}, pages = {29-32}, doi = {10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30183-4}, pmid = {32838863}, issn = {1293-8505}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Human Migration ; Humans ; *Public Health ; }, abstract = {More attention is being focused on the consequences of climate change on migration and public health, but they are still poorly understood. While the health risks caused by climate change can contribute to an increase in migration, migrating and displaced people are also more exposed, due to the difficulties they face in accessing health services. The still unknown relationship between climate change, disasters, migration and health needs to be exposed.}, }
@article {pmid32838860, year = {2020}, author = {Drouet, E}, title = {[Climate change and spread of infectious diseases].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {69}, number = {262}, pages = {20-23}, doi = {10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30180-9}, pmid = {32838860}, issn = {1293-8505}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Communicable Diseases/*transmission ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Temperature and rainfall variations favour the exponential growth of populations of insects carrying viruses such as dengue or malaria. It is possible to present, using different evidence and observations, the rise in the infection risk across the world, according to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32838859, year = {2020}, author = {Lescarmontier, L}, title = {[Understanding climate change].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {69}, number = {262}, pages = {16-19}, doi = {10.1016/S1293-8505(20)30179-2}, pmid = {32838859}, issn = {1293-8505}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Rising greenhouse gas levels due to human activity are already having an impact on climate by increasing the atmospheric temperature. The current concentration of carbon dioxide released by industrial activity is the highest it has been for more than one million years. The oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. This climate change is causing radical changes to ecosystems, plants, marine life and wildlife, not to mention humans for whom agricultural resources and fresh water are becoming scarcer and coastal homes are under threat. There is still time for us to change our lifestyles.}, }
@article {pmid32838016, year = {2020}, author = {Silva, GS and Rosenbach, M}, title = {Climate change &amp; dermatology: An introduction to a special topic, for this special issue.}, journal = {International journal of women's dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32838016}, issn = {2352-6475}, abstract = {Anthropogenic global climate change is a well-documented phenomenon, which has led to average global temperatures climbing to approximately 1deg C above preindustrial(1850-1900) levels, with even higher regional deviations in some areas and significantly increased average warming in densely populated urban centers. In 2018, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change set a threshold of 1.5 deg C of average warming (above the pre-industrial baseline), beyond which our planet will become significantly less hospitable to human life. However, adverse human health impacts are already occurring due to current levels of global climate change, as summarized by publications such as The Lancet's annual &quot;Countdown on Health and Climate Change&quot;; initiated in 2016. The human health impacts of climate change are truly cross-disciplinary, with nearly every medical specialty either already facing or set to face effects. The field of dermatology is not immune to these risks. This special issue of the International Journal of Women's Dermatology is dedicated to the cross section of dermatology and climate change. This initial article will serve as an overview to introduce readers to the topic and to lay the groundwork for the rest of the issue. We are delighted to work with the Women's Dermatological Society and welcome their support for this dedicated issue. Herein you will read from up-and-coming stars in the field and established experts, including articles on the following key areas: Infectious diseases, environmentally-friendly office practices, sunscreens &amp; the environment, refugee health, heat-related illness, the effect of air pollution on the skin, the impact of climate change on pediatric dermatology, implications for skin cancer, and skin issues related to flooding and extreme weather events.}, }
@article {pmid32838014, year = {2020}, author = {Coates, SJ and Norton, SA}, title = {The effects of climate change on infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations.}, journal = {International journal of women's dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32838014}, issn = {2352-6475}, abstract = {Background: Anthropogenic climate change affects the burden of infectious diseases via several interconnected mechanisms. In recent years, there has been greater awareness of the ways in which climate-sensitive infectious diseases pose a growing threat to global public health.<br><br>Objective: To categorize and describe the effects of climate change on infectious diseases with skin manifestations.<br><br>Methods: A scoping review of the MEDLINE and PubMed online databases for climate-sensitive infections was performed in February and March 2020. A representative selection of conditions with skin manifestations was included in this review.<br><br>Results: Several representative climate-sensitive infectious diseases were identified in each the following categories: (1) vector-borne infectious diseases, (2) infectious diseases associated with extreme weather events, and (3) infectious diseases linked to human migration.<br><br>Conclusions: Climate variables directly influence the survival and reproduction of infectious microorganisms, their vectors, and their animal reservoirs. Due to sustained warmer temperatures at higher latitudes, climate change has expanded the geographic range of certain pathogenic microbes. More frequent climate change-related extreme weather events create circumstances where existing infectious microorganisms flourish and novel infections emerge. Climate instability is linked to increased human migration, which disrupts healthcare infrastructure as well as the habitats of microbes, vectors, and animal reservoirs, and also leads to widespread poverty and overcrowding. Dermatologists should understand that climate change will affect the burden and geographic distribution of infectious diseases, many of which have cutaneous signs and might be encountered in their regular practice.}, }
@article {pmid32837642, year = {2020}, author = {Hickey, GM and Unwin, N}, title = {Addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the time of COVID-19 and climate change in Small Island Developing States: what role for improved local food production?.}, journal = {Food security}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, pmid = {32837642}, issn = {1876-4517}, abstract = {The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition insecurity are likely to be significant for Small Island Developing States due to their high dependence on foreign tourism, reliance on imported foods and underdeveloped local food production systems. SIDS are already experiencing high rates of nutrition-related death and disability, including double and triple burdens of malnutrition due to unhealthy diets. We consider the potential role for improved local food production to offset the severity of food system shocks in SIDS and identify the need for localized approaches to embrace systems thinking in order to facilitate communication, coordination and build resilience.}, }
@article {pmid32837539, year = {2020}, author = {Hulme, M and Lidskog, R and White, JM and Standring, A}, title = {Social scientific knowledge in times of crisis: What climate change can learn from coronavirus (and vice versa).}, journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Climate change}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e656}, pmid = {32837539}, issn = {1757-7780}, }
@article {pmid32837503, year = {2020}, author = {Heesterman, ARG}, title = {Containing the risk of catastrophic climate change.}, journal = {Clean technologies and environmental policy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, pmid = {32837503}, issn = {1618-9558}, abstract = {Abstract: There is a general perception that limiting emissions of carbon dioxide will be sufficient to avoid catastrophic climate change. The reality could well be that the many of the world's wealthy coastal cities which historically developed as ports will be inundated repeatedly to disappear eventually below the sea, with large swathes of the earth being flooded. Other major conurbations may cease to be liveable without air conditioning, while large numbers of people could well starve as a result of disruption of ecosystems. To the extent that this possibility is recognized, it is nevertheless perceived as a gradual process with the worst results in a distance future with any sea-level rise a gradual process. Limiting emissions is unlikely to be sufficient, because the level of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is now much higher than ever before since humans started to exploit fossil fuels. We know this from the study of ancient air bubbles in Antarctic ice cores. There is a lack of balance between the energy transmitted by the incoming sunlight and the earth's outgoing infrared heat radiation. So far this imbalance is absorbed by the enormous thermal mass of the oceans. As to the speed of sea-level rise, a period of extremely rapid sea-level rise of about 1.4 cm per year has occurred in the prehistoric past and disintegration of ice sheets as is happening currently may well be a plausible explanation of this fact. In fact, it is straightforward to create substantial amounts of negative emissions of carbon dioxide. Nevertheless, making it happen will require an unprecedented degree of global cooperation, a high level of taxation on the extraction of coal and crude oil, and the use of pressurized liquid petrol gas as aviation fuel.}, }
@article {pmid32836952, year = {2020}, author = {Bychkova, OV}, title = {COVID-19 and climate change reactions: STS potential of online research.}, journal = {Social anthropology : the journal of the European Association of Social Anthropologists = Anthropologie sociale}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1469-8676.12884}, pmid = {32836952}, issn = {1469-8676}, }
@article {pmid32836842, year = {2020}, author = {Klenert, D and Funke, F and Mattauch, L and O'Callaghan, B}, title = {Five Lessons from COVID-19 for Advancing Climate Change Mitigation.}, journal = {Environmental &amp; resource economics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-28}, pmid = {32836842}, issn = {0924-6460}, abstract = {The nexus of COVID-19 and climate change has so far brought attention to short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, public health responses, and clean recovery stimulus packages. We take a more holistic approach, making five broad comparisons between the crises with five associated lessons for climate change mitigation policy. First, delay is costly. Second, policy design must overcome biases to human judgment. Third, inequality can be exacerbated without timely action. Fourth, global problems require multiple forms of international cooperation. Fifth, transparency of normative positions is needed to navigate value judgments at the science-policy interface. Learning from policy challenges during the COVID-19 crisis could enhance efforts to reduce GHG emissions and prepare humanity for future crises.}, }
@article {pmid32836835, year = {2020}, author = {Brock, W and Xepapadeas, A}, title = {The Economy, Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: Links and Policy Implications.}, journal = {Environmental &amp; resource economics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, pmid = {32836835}, issn = {0924-6460}, abstract = {This short paper provides a modeling framework for unifying the economy, climate change and the outbreak of infectious diseases such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. We stress that continuous growth of consumption activities, capital accumulation and climate change could increase the potential of the epidemic, its contact number or the probability of its arrival. This framework of analysis allows us to think of infectious disease policies in two stages. In the short run, containment policies like social distancing could help to stop the epidemic. In the medium and the long run, economic policies could help to reduce the potential of the epidemic or the probability of its emergence.}, }
@article {pmid32836701, year = {2020}, author = {Mngumi, LE}, title = {Exploring the contribution of social capital in building resilience for climate change effects in peri-urban areas, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.}, journal = {GeoJournal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-19}, pmid = {32836701}, issn = {0343-2521}, abstract = {This article aims to contribute to the literature on the quest for resilient cities by focusing on the climate change resilience building discourse in peri-urban areas, and specifically by exploring the role of social capital-an under-researched topic. The article examines bonding social capital and bridging social capital, with a focus on how they can potentially contribute to, or inhibit, the socio-ecological system resilience building processes in the context of climate change reality in peri-urban areas. Theoretically, the author draws on the existing social capital and resilience related literatures; empirically, the article presents findings from a study conducted in the peri-urban areas of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves on the outskirts of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania. The study deployed a household survey and key informant interviews. It found that both bonding and bridging social capital were strong in the research area, suggesting the feasibility of building resilience to climate change effects. Examples are given of a number of resilience building interventions that were established through synergies between social capital actors and local communities, although some doubt is cast over the sustainability of these initiatives. Overall, both theoretical and empirical evidence suggests the importance of including a focus on social capital in exploring the building of climate change resilience pathways in peri-urban areas, and especially in the context of the global south.}, }
@article {pmid32836575, year = {2020}, author = {Gareau, BJ and Huang, X and Pisani Gareau, T and DiDonato, S}, title = {The strength of green ties: Massachusetts cranberry grower social networks and effects on climate change attitudes and action.}, journal = {Climatic change}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-24}, pmid = {32836575}, issn = {0165-0009}, abstract = {The cranberry, a commodity of social, cultural, and economic importance to New England, is under threat due to climatic change in this region of the United States. Yet, previous research reveals that cranberry growers have mixed attitudes about the anthropogenic roots of climate change, with many being skeptical. Building on the researchers' analysis of the personal and ecological conditions that affect climate change attitudes among cranberry growers, this paper examines the effect that key actors in the growers' social networks have on those attitudes. Through statistical analysis of survey data and content analysis of two important cranberry newsletters, the paper finds that cranberry growers' perceived importance of two key cranberry growing institutions, the &quot;sociopolitically focused&quot; Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association and the &quot;technically focused&quot; University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station, as well as connections to other cranberry growers, is associated in nuanced ways with growers' climate change attitudes. Drawing on the sociological theory of &quot;social capital,&quot; the paper examines how these social ties to key actors/institutions may result in greater threat perception or worry about climate change. It then considers how &quot;green ties,&quot; if harnessed and supported by these important actors in the cranberry grower network, might significantly mitigate climate change in the future.}, }
@article {pmid32836574, year = {2020}, author = {Dietz, T}, title = {Political events and public views on climate change.}, journal = {Climatic change}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, pmid = {32836574}, issn = {0165-0009}, }
@article {pmid32835446, year = {2020}, author = {Burraco, P and Orizaola, G and Monaghan, P and Metcalfe, NB}, title = {Climate change and ageing in ectotherms.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15305}, pmid = {32835446}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {834653//European Research Council Advanced Grant/ ; RYC-2016-20656//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ ; NE/R001510/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; 797879-METAGE//H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions/ ; CT 16:344//Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning/ ; }, abstract = {Human activity is changing climatic conditions at an unprecedented rate. The impact of these changes may be especially acute on ectotherms since they have limited capacities to use metabolic heat to maintain their body temperature. An increase in temperature is likely to increase the growth rate of ectothermic animals, and may also induce thermal stress via increased exposure to heat waves. Fast growth and thermal stress are metabolically demanding, and both factors can increase oxidative damage to essential biomolecules, accelerating the rate of ageing. Here, we explore the potential impact of global warming on ectotherm ageing through its effects on reactive oxygen species production, oxidative damage, and telomere shortening, at the individual and intergenerational levels. Most evidence derives primarily from vertebrates, although the concepts are broadly applicable to invertebrates. We also discuss candidate mechanisms that could buffer ectotherms from the potentially negative consequences of climate change on ageing. Finally, we suggest some potential applications of the study of ageing mechanisms for the implementation of conservation actions. We find a clear need for more ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary studies on the impact of global climate change on patterns of ageing rates in wild populations of ectotherms facing warming conditions. Understanding the impact of warming on animal life histories, and on ageing in particular, needs to be incorporated into the design of measures to preserve biodiversity to improve their effectiveness.}, }
@article {pmid32834341, year = {2020}, author = {Ecker, UKH and Butler, LH and Cook, J and Hurlstone, MJ and Kurz, T and Lewandowsky, S}, title = {Using the COVID-19 economic crisis to frame climate change as a secondary issue reduces mitigation support.}, journal = {Journal of environmental psychology}, volume = {70}, number = {}, pages = {101464}, pmid = {32834341}, issn = {0272-4944}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has understandably dominated public discourse, crowding out other important issues such as climate change. Currently, if climate change enters the arena of public debate, it primarily does so in direct relation to the pandemic. In two experiments, we investigated (1) whether portraying the response to the COVID-19 threat as a &quot;trial run&quot; for future climate action would increase climate-change concern and mitigation support, and (2) whether portraying climate change as a concern that needs to take a &quot;back seat&quot; while focus lies on economic recovery would decrease climate-change concern and mitigation support. We found no support for the effectiveness of a trial-run frame in either experiment. In Experiment 1, we found that a back-seat frame reduced participants' support for mitigative action. In Experiment 2, the back-seat framing reduced both climate-change concern and mitigation support; a combined inoculation and refutation was able to offset the drop in climate concern but not the reduction in mitigation support.}, }
@article {pmid32833339, year = {2020}, author = {Jakubowski, HV and Bock, N and Busta, L and Pearce, M and Roston, RL and Shomo, ZD and Terrell, CR}, title = {Introducing climate change into the biochemistry and molecular biology curriculum.}, journal = {Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bmb.21422}, pmid = {32833339}, issn = {1539-3429}, abstract = {Our climate is changing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases from the production and use of fossil fuels. Present atmospheric levels of CO2 were last seen 3 million years ago, when planetary temperature sustained high Arctic camels. As scientists and educators, we should feel a professional responsibility to discuss major scientific issues like climate change, and its profound consequences for humanity, with students who look up to us for knowledge and leadership, and who will be most affected in the future. We offer simple to complex backgrounds and examples to enable and encourage biochemistry educators to routinely incorporate this most important topic into their classrooms.}, }
@article {pmid32832070, year = {2020}, author = {Gosnell, H and Charnley, S and Stanley, P}, title = {Climate change mitigation as a co-benefit of regenerative ranching: insights from Australia and the United States.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {20200027}, pmid = {32832070}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {'Managed grazing' is gaining attention for its potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing bare ground and promoting perennialization, thereby enhancing soil carbon sequestration (SCS). Understanding why ranchers adopt managed grazing is key to developing the right incentives. In this paper, we explore principles and practices associated with the larger enterprise of 'regenerative ranching' (RR), which includes managed grazing but infuses the practice with holistic decision-making. We argue that this broader approach is appealing due to a suite of ecological, economic and social benefits, making climate change mitigation an afterthought, or 'co-benefit'. RR is challenging, however, because it requires a deep understanding of ecological processes along with a set of skills related to monitoring and moving livestock and feeding the soil microbiome. We review the literature regarding links between RR and SCS, then present results of qualitative research focused on motivators, enablers and constraints associated with RR, drawing on interviews with 52 practitioners in New South Wales, Australia and the western United States. Our analysis is guided by a conceptual model of the social-ecological system associated with RR that identifies determinants of regenerative potential. We discuss implications for rancher engagement and conclude with a consideration of leverage points for global scalability.}, }
@article {pmid32832065, year = {2020}, author = {Taillardat, P and Thompson, BS and Garneau, M and Trottier, K and Friess, DA}, title = {Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration.}, journal = {Interface focus}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {20190129}, pmid = {32832065}, issn = {2042-8898}, abstract = {The cost-effective mitigation of climate change through nature-based carbon dioxide removal strategies has gained substantial policy attention. Inland and coastal wetlands (specifically boreal, temperate and tropical peatlands; tundra; floodplains; freshwater marshes; saltmarshes; and mangroves) are among the most efficient natural long-term carbon sinks. Yet, they also release methane (CH4) that can offset the carbon they sequester. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on wetland carbon dynamics to (i) determine their impact on climate using different metrics and time horizons, (ii) investigate the cost-effectiveness of wetland restoration for climate change mitigation, and (iii) discuss their suitability for inclusion in climate policy as negative emission technologies. Depending on metrics, a wetland can simultaneously be a net carbon sink (i.e. boreal and temperate peatlands net ecosystem carbon budget = -28.1 ± 19.13 gC m-2 y-1) but have a net warming effect on climate at the 100 years time-scale (i.e. boreal and temperate peatland sustained global warming potential = 298.2 ± 100.6 gCO2 eq-1 m-2 y-1). This situation creates ambivalence regarding the effect of wetlands on global temperature. Moreover, our review reveals high heterogeneity among the (limited number of) studies that document wetland carbon budgets. We demonstrate that most coastal and inland wetlands have a net cooling effect as of today. This is explained by the limited CH4 emissions that undisturbed coastal wetlands produce, and the long-term carbon sequestration performed by older inland wetlands as opposed to the short lifetime of CH4 in the atmosphere. Analysis of wetland restoration costs relative to the amount of carbon they can sequester revealed that restoration is more cost-effective in coastal wetlands such as mangroves (US$1800 ton C-1) compared with inland wetlands (US$4200-49 200 ton C-1). We advise that for inland wetlands, priority should be given to conservation rather than restoration; while for coastal wetlands, both conservation and restoration may be effective techniques for climate change mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid32828480, year = {2020}, author = {Nicholas, PK and Breakey, S and White, BP and Brown, MJ and Fanuele, J and Starodub, R and Ros, AV}, title = {Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change: Perspectives for the ED Clinician.}, journal = {Journal of emergency nursing}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {590-599}, pmid = {32828480}, issn = {1527-2966}, }
@article {pmid32826931, year = {2020}, author = {Harris, RMB and Loeffler, F and Rumm, A and Fischer, C and Horchler, P and Scholz, M and Foeckler, F and Henle, K}, title = {Biological responses to extreme weather events are detectable but difficult to formally attribute to anthropogenic climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {14067}, pmid = {32826931}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {As the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts, heatwaves and floods have increased over recent decades, more extreme biological responses are being reported, and there is widespread interest in attributing such responses to anthropogenic climate change. However, the formal detection and attribution of biological responses to climate change is associated with many challenges. We illustrate these challenges with data from the Elbe River floodplain, Germany. Using community turnover and stability indices, we show that responses in plant, carabid and mollusc communities are detectable following extreme events. Community composition and species dominance changed following the extreme flood and summer heatwave of 2002/2003 (all taxa); the 2006 flood and heatwave (molluscs); and after the recurring floods and heatwave of 2010 and the 2013 flood (plants). Nevertheless, our ability to attribute these responses to anthropogenic climate change is limited by high natural variability in climate and biological data; lack of long-term data and replication, and the effects of multiple events. Without better understanding of the mechanisms behind change and the interactions, feedbacks and potentially lagged responses, multiple-driver attribution is unlikely. We discuss whether formal detection and/or attribution is necessary and suggest ways in which understanding of biological responses to extreme events could progress.}, }
@article {pmid32825094, year = {2020}, author = {Parrish, R and Colbourn, T and Lauriola, P and Leonardi, G and Hajat, S and Zeka, A}, title = {A Critical Analysis of the Drivers of Human Migration Patterns in the Presence of Climate Change: A New Conceptual Model.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {}, pmid = {32825094}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {NE/L002485/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Both climate change and migration present key concerns for global health progress. Despite this, a transparent method for identifying and understanding the relationship between climate change, migration and other contextual factors remains a knowledge gap. Existing conceptual models are useful in understanding the complexities of climate migration, but provide varying degrees of applicability to quantitative studies, resulting in non-homogenous transferability of knowledge in this important area. This paper attempts to provide a critical review of climate migration literature, as well as presenting a new conceptual model for the identification of the drivers of migration in the context of climate change. It focuses on the interactions and the dynamics of drivers over time, space and society. Through systematic, pan-disciplinary and homogenous application of theory to different geographical contexts, we aim to improve understanding of the impacts of climate change on migration. A brief case study of Malawi is provided to demonstrate how this global conceptual model can be applied into local contextual scenarios. In doing so, we hope to provide insights that help in the more homogenous applications of conceptual frameworks for this area and more generally.}, }
@article {pmid32824916, year = {2020}, author = {Verma, KK and Song, XP and Li, DM and Singh, M and Rajput, VD and Malviya, MK and Minkina, T and Singh, RK and Singh, P and Li, YR}, title = {Interactive Role of Silicon and Plant-Rhizobacteria Mitigating Abiotic Stresses: A New Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants9091055}, pmid = {32824916}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {Guangxi R and D Program Fund, grant number GK17195100, Fund for Guangxi Innovation Teams of Modern Agriculture Technology, grant number gjnytxgxcxtd-03-01, and Fund of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, grant number 2015YT02.//Yang-Rui Li/ ; }, abstract = {Abiotic stresses are the major constraints in agricultural crop production across the globe. The use of some plant-microbe interactions are established as an environment friendly way of enhancing crop productivity, and improving plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses by direct or indirect mechanisms. Silicon (Si) can also stimulate plant growth and mitigate environmental stresses, and it is not detrimental to plants and is devoid of environmental contamination even if applied in excess quantity. In the present review, we elaborate the interactive application of Si and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) as an ecologically sound practice to increase the plant growth rate in unfavorable situations, in the presence of abiotic stresses. Experiments investigating the combined use of Si and PGPRs on plants to cope with abiotic stresses can be helpful in the future for agricultural sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid32824833, year = {2020}, author = {Riseth, JÅ and Tømmervik, H and Tryland, M}, title = {Spreading or Gathering? Can Traditional Knowledge be a Resource to Tackle Reindeer Diseases Associated with Climate Change?.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {16}, pages = {}, pmid = {32824833}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {This paper inquires whether reindeer herders' traditional knowledge (TK) provides a reservoir of precaution and adaptation possibilities that may be relevant to counteract climate change. As our core example, we used the milking of reindeer-which, in some areas, was practiced up until the 1950s-1960s-and the risk of getting foot rot disease (digital necrobacillosis; slubbo in North Sámi), caused by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum. Via wounds or scratches, the bacterium creates an infection that makes the infected limb swell and, eventually, necrotize. The disease is often mortal in its final stage. Historically, female reindeer were gathered on unfenced milking meadows near herder tents or in small corrals, from early summer onward. When the soil was wet and muddy, the risk of developing digital necrobacillosis was considerable. Our sources included classical Sámi author/herder narratives, ethnographic and veterinary literature, and herder interviews. For this study, we conducted a qualitative review of the literature and carried out individual in-depth interviews with local knowledge holders. Our findings seem consistent: a documented prevention strategy was, in early summer, to move the reindeer to unused grazing land and to avoid staying too long in trampled and dirty grazing land. Contemporary climate change and winter uncertainty due to freeze-thaw cycles and ice-locked pastures challenge this type of strategy. Due to a lack of pasture resources, typical actions today include the increased use of supplementary feeding, which involves more gathering and handling of reindeer, higher animal density, challenging hygienic conditions, and stress, which all contribute to increased risks of contracting and transmitting diseases.}, }
@article {pmid32824250, year = {2020}, author = {Narouei-Khandan, HA and Shakya, SK and Garrett, KA and Goss, EM and Dufault, NS and Andrade-Piedra, JL and Asseng, S and Wallach, D and Bruggen, AHCV}, title = {BLIGHTSIM: A New Potato Late Blight Model Simulating the Response of Phytophthora infestans to Diurnal Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations in Relation to Climate Change.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32824250}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {N/A//Esther B. O'Keeffe Foundation/ ; N/A//US-AID linkage fund project/ ; }, abstract = {Temperature response curves under diurnal oscillating temperatures differ from those under constant conditions for all stages of the Phytophthora infestans infection cycle on potatoes. We developed a mechanistic model (BLIGHTSIM) with an hourly time step to simulate late blight under fluctuating environmental conditions and predict late blight epidemics in potato fields. BLIGHTSIM is a modified susceptible (S), latent (L), infectious (I) and removed (R) compartmental model with hourly temperature and relative humidity as driving variables. The model was calibrated with growth chamber data covering one infection cycle and validated with field data from Ecuador. The model provided a good fit to all data sets evaluated. There was a significant interaction between average temperature and amplitude in their effects on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) as predicted from growth chamber data on a single infection cycle. BLIGHTSIM can be incorporated in a potato growth model to study effects of diurnal temperature range on late blight impact under climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32822078, year = {2020}, author = {ObregÓn, RL and Scolaro, JA and IbargÜengoytÍa, NR and Medina, M}, title = {Thermal biology and locomotor performance in Phymaturus calcogaster: are Patagonian lizards vulnerable to climate change?.}, journal = {Integrative zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12481}, pmid = {32822078}, issn = {1749-4877}, support = {PI 1123//Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco/ ; CRUB UNComahue 04/B196//Universidad Nacional del Comahue/ ; PIP 100271//Argentinean Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/ ; PICT-2014-3100//Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; IOS-1022031//Sinervo by NSF/ ; EF-48//Sinervo by NSF/ ; }, abstract = {Behavioral and physiological traits of ectotherms are especially sensitive to fluctuations of environmental temperature. In particular, niche-specialist lizards are dependent on their physiological plasticity to adjust to changing environmental conditions. Lizards of the genus Phymaturus are viviparous, mainly herbivorous, and inhabit only rock promontories in the steppe environments of Patagonia and the Andes. Herein, we examine the vulnerability of the southernmost Phymaturus species to global warming: the endemic Phymaturus calcogaster, which lives in a mesic environment in eastern Patagonia. We studied body temperatures in the field (Tb), preferred body temperatures in a thermogradient (Tpref), the operative (Te) and environmental temperatures, and the dependence of running performance on body temperature. P. calcogaster had a mean Tb (27.04°C) and a mean Te (31.15°C) both lower than their preferred temperature (Tpref = 36.61°C) and the optimal temperature for running performance (To = 37.13°C). Lizard activity seems to be restraint during the early afternoon due high environmental temperatures. However, both, the high safety margin and warming tolerance suggest that the expected increase in environmental temperatures due to global warming (IPCC report in 2018) would not threaten, but indeed enhance locomotor performance in this population.}, }
@article {pmid32821662, year = {2020}, author = {Ali, MZ and Carlile, G and Giasuddin, M}, title = {Impact of global climate change on livestock health: Bangladesh perspective.}, journal = {Open veterinary journal}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {178-188}, pmid = {32821662}, issn = {2218-6050}, abstract = {The global carbon emission rate, due to energy-driven consumption of fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities, is higher at any point in mankind history, disrupting the global carbon cycle and contributing to a major cause of warming of the planet with air and ocean temperatures, which is rising dangerously over the past century. Climate change presents challenges both direct and indirect for livestock production and health. With more frequent extreme weather events including increased temperatures, livestock health is greatly affected by resulting heat stress, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, resulting in an increased propensity for disease incidence and death. The indirect health effects relate to the multiplication and distribution of parasites, reproduction, virulence, and transmission of infectious pathogens and/or their vectors. Managing the growing crossbreeding livestock industry in Bangladesh is also at the coalface for the emerging impacts of climate change, with unknown consequences for the incidence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Bangladesh is now one of the most vulnerable nations to global climate change. The livestock sector is considered as a major part of food security for Bangladesh, alongside agriculture, and with one of the world's largest growing economies, the impacts are exaggerated with this disaster. There has been no direct study conducted on the impact of climate change on livestock health and the diseases in Bangladesh. This review looks to explore the linkage between climate change and livestock health and provide some guidelines to combat the impact on livestock from the Bangladesh perspective.}, }
@article {pmid32820243, year = {2020}, author = {Garcia, D}, title = {Redirect military budgets to tackle climate change and pandemics.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {584}, number = {7822}, pages = {521-523}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-02460-9}, pmid = {32820243}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {Armed Conflicts/economics/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Artificial Intelligence ; Budgets/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Coronavirus Infections/economics/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Extreme Weather ; *Federal Government ; Global Warming/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/*prevention &amp; control ; Goals ; Humans ; International Cooperation/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Military Science/*economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Pandemics/economics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence/prevention &amp; control ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Security Measures/economics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Violence/prevention &amp; control/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, }
@article {pmid32816556, year = {2020}, author = {Krieger, N}, title = {ENOUGH: COVID-19, Structural Racism, Police Brutality, Plutocracy, Climate Change-and Time for Health Justice, Democratic Governance, and an Equitable, Sustainable Future.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {110}, number = {11}, pages = {1620-1623}, pmid = {32816556}, issn = {1541-0048}, mesh = {Betacoronavirus ; Climate Change ; Coronavirus Infections/economics/*epidemiology/ethnology ; Health Equity/trends ; Healthcare Disparities/economics/ethnology/*trends ; Humans ; Law Enforcement ; *Pandemics/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics/*epidemiology/ethnology ; Police ; Political Systems ; Public Health/*trends ; Racism ; Social Justice ; Social Problems/*trends ; United States/epidemiology ; Violence ; }, }
@article {pmid32814293, year = {2020}, author = {Verrall, B and Pickering, CM}, title = {Alpine vegetation in the context of climate change: A global review of past research and future directions.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {748}, number = {}, pages = {141344}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141344}, pmid = {32814293}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change is causing extensive alterations to ecosystems globally, with some more vulnerable than others. Alpine ecosystems, characterised by low-temperatures and cryophilic vegetation, provide ecosystems services for billions of people but are considered among the most susceptible to climate change. Therefore, it is timely to review research on climate change on alpine vegetation including assessing trends, topics, themes and gaps. Using a multicomponent bibliometric approach, we extracted bibliometric metadata from 3143 publications identified by searching titles, keywords and abstracts for research on 'climate change' and 'alpine vegetation' from Scopus and Web of Science. While primarily focusing on 'alpine vegetation', some literature that also assessed vegetation below the treeline was captured. There has been an exponential increase in research over 50 years, greater engagement and diversification in who does research, and where it is published and conducted, with increasing focus beyond Europe, particularly in China. Content analysis of titles, keywords and abstracts revealed that most of the research has focused on alpine grasslands but there have been relatively few publications that examine specialist vegetation communities such as snowbeds, subnival vegetation and fellfields. Important themes emerged from analysis of keywords, including treelines and vegetation dynamics, biodiversity, the Tibetan Plateau as well as grasslands and meadows. Traditional ecological monitoring techniques were important early on, but remote sensing has become the primary method for assessment. A key book on alpine plants, the IPCC reports and a few papers in leading journals underpin much of the research. Overall, research on this topic is increasing, with new methods and directions but thematic and geographical gaps remain particularly for research on extreme climatic events, and research in South America, in part due to limited capacity for research on these rare but valuable ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32814292, year = {2020}, author = {Ward, RD}, title = {Carbon sequestration and storage in Norwegian Arctic coastal wetlands: Impacts of climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {748}, number = {}, pages = {141343}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141343}, pmid = {32814292}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Coastal wetlands contain some of the largest stores of pedologic and biotic carbon pools, and climate change is likely to influence the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon. Recent studies have attempted to provide data on carbon sequestration in both temperate and tropical coastal wetlands. Alteration of Arctic wetland carbon sequestration rates is also likely where coastal forcing mechanisms interact directly with these coastal systems. At present there are no data available to provide a detailed understanding of present day and historical carbon sequestration rates within Arctic coastal wetlands. In order to address this knowledge gap, rates of carbon sequestration were assessed within five Arctic coastal wetland sites in Norway. This was undertaken using radiometric dating techniques (210Pb and 137Cs) to establish a geochronology for recent wetland development, and soil carbon stocks were estimated from cores. Average carbon sequestration rates were varied, both between sites and over time, ranging between 19 and 603 g C m2 y-1, and these were correlated with increases in the length of the growing season. Stocks ranged between 3.67 and 13.79 Mg C ha-1, which is very low compared with global average estimations for similar coastal systems, e.g. 250 Mg C ha-1 for temperate salt marshes, 280 Mg C ha-1 for mangroves, and 140 Mg C ha-1 for seagrasses. This is most likely due to isostatic uplift and sediment accretion historically outpacing sea level rise, which results in wetland progradation and thus a continuous formation of new marsh with thin organic soil horizons. However, with increasing rates of sea level rise it is uncertain whether this trend is set to continue or be reversed.}, }
@article {pmid32814284, year = {2020}, author = {Fu, H and Yuan, G and Özkan, K and Johansson, LS and Søndergaard, M and Lauridsen, TL and Jeppesen, E}, title = {Seasonal and long-term trends in the spatial heterogeneity of lake phytoplankton communities over two decades of restoration and climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {748}, number = {}, pages = {141106}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141106}, pmid = {32814284}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {World-wide, reducing the external nutrient loading to lakes has been the primary priority of lake management in the restoration of eutrophic lakes over the past decades, and as expected this has resulted in an increase in the local environmental heterogeneity, and thus biotic heterogeneity, within lakes. However, little is known about how the regional spatial heterogeneity of lake biotic communities changes with restoration across a landscape. Using a long-term monitoring dataset from 20 Danish lakes, we elucidated the seasonal and long-term trends in the spatial heterogeneity of climate, local abiotic variables and phytoplankton communities over two decades of restoration and climate change at landscape level. We found significant seasonality in the spatial heterogeneity of most climatic and local drivers as well as in the total beta diversity (Sørensen coefficient) and its turnover components (Simpson coefficient) of phytoplankton communities among the lakes. The seasonality tended to be less marked in deep than in shallow lakes. We found significant spatial homogenisation of most local drivers (except for alkalinity) and phytoplankton communities after two decades of restoration and that turnover dominated the temporal responses of the total beta diversity of phytoplankton communities. Path analyses showed that the homogenisation of phytoplankton communities was mainly due to a decrease in spatial heterogeneity of total phosphorus and Schmidt stability in shallow lakes and to a decrease in spatial total phosphorus and total nitrogen heterogeneity in deep lakes. However, albeit weakly, the spatial heterogeneity of the phytoplankton communities was affected indirectly by climatic warming in both shallow and deep lakes and directly by wind speed in shallow lakes. We conclude that restoration of eutrophic lakes may lead to an increase in the local heterogeneity of phytoplankton communities at lake scale and an increase in homogeneity at landscape scale.}, }
@article {pmid32814000, year = {2020}, author = {Kellermann, V and McEvey, SF and Sgrò, CM and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Phenotypic Plasticity for Desiccation Resistance, Climate Change, and Future Species Distributions: Will Plasticity Have Much Impact?.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {196}, number = {3}, pages = {306-315}, doi = {10.1086/710006}, pmid = {32814000}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {AbstractWhile species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict the vulnerability of species to climate change, they do not explicitly indicate the extent to which plastic responses ameliorate climate change impacts. Here we use data on plastic responses of 32 species of Drosophila to desiccation stress to suggest that basal resistance, rather than adult hardening, is relatively more important in determining species differences in desiccation resistance and sensitivity to climate change. We go on to show, using the semimechanistic SDM CLIMEX, that the inclusion of plasticity has some impact on current species distributions and future vulnerability for widespread species but has little impact on the distribution of arguably more vulnerable tropically restricted species.}, }
@article {pmid32813898, year = {2020}, author = {Radinger, J and García-Berthou, E}, title = {The role of connectivity in the interplay between climate change and the spread of alien fish in a large Mediterranean river.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15320}, pmid = {32813898}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//BiodivERsA/ ; CGL2015-69311-REDT//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; CGL2016-80820-R//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; PCIN-2016-168//Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/ ; 2014 SGR 484//Government of Catalonia/ ; 2017 SGR 548//Government of Catalonia/ ; //DEAL/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding how global change and connectivity will jointly modify the distribution of riverine species is crucial for conservation biology and environmental management. However, little is known about the interaction between climate change and fragmentation and how movement barriers might impede native species from adjusting their distributions versus limit the further spread of alien species. In this study, we modelled the current and future distributions of 11 native and five alien fishes in the large and heavily fragmented Ebro River, located within the Mediterranean region, which has many freshwater endemics severely threatened by global change. We considered 10 climate change models and five modelling algorithms and assessed the effects of connectivity on the accessibility of future suitable habitats. Thereby, we identify most conflict-prone river reaches, that is, where barriers pose a particular trade-off between isolating and negatively impacting native species versus potentially reducing the risk of alien species spread. Our results projected upstream habitat shifts for the vast majority of the species. Climate change affected species differently, with alien species generally showing larger habitat gains compared to natives. Most pronounced distributional changes (i.e. losses of native species and gains of alien species) and compositional turnover might be expected in the lower and mid reaches of large tributaries of the Ebro River. The role of anthropogenic barriers in this context is often ambiguous but rather unfavourable, as they not only restrict native fishes but also alter stream habitats and flow conditions. However, with our spatial modelling framework, we could identify specific river reaches where the connectivity trade-off in the context of climate change is particularly relevant. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of the complex effects that climate change, riverine connectivity and alien species are expected to impose on river communities and the urgent need to adapt management strategies accordingly.}, }
@article {pmid32810503, year = {2020}, author = {Brugueras, S and Fernández-Martínez, B and Martínez-de la Puente, J and Figuerola, J and Porro, TM and Rius, C and Larrauri, A and Gómez-Barroso, D}, title = {Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: A systematic review.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {191}, number = {}, pages = {110038}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.110038}, pmid = {32810503}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Mosquito borne diseases are a group of infections that affect humans. Emerging or reemerging diseases are those that (re)occur in regions, groups or hosts that were previously free from these diseases: dengue virus; chikungunya virus; Zika virus; West Nile fever and malaria. In Europe, these infections are mostly imported; however, due to the presence of competent mosquitoes and the number of trips both to and from endemic areas, these pathogens are potentially emergent or re-emergent. Present and future climatic conditions, as well as meteorological, environmental and demographic aspects are risk factors for the distribution of different vectors and/or diseases. This review aimed to identify and analyze the existing literature on the transmission of mosquito borne diseases and those factors potentially affecting their transmission risk of them in six southern European countries with similar environmental conditions: Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. In addition, we would identify those factors potentially affecting the (re)introduction or spread of mosquito vectors. This task has been undertaken with a focus on the environmental and climatic factors, including the effects of climate change. We undertook a systematic review of the vectors, diseases and their associations with climactic and environmental factors in European countries of the Mediterranean region. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and used explicit and systematic methods to identify, select and critically evaluate the studies which were relevant to the topic. We identified 1302 articles in the first search of the databases. Of those, 160 were selected for full-text review. The final data set included 61 articles published between 2000 and 2017.39.3% of the papers were related with dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus or their vectors. Temperature, precipitation and population density were key factors among others. 32.8% studied West Nile virus and its vectors, being temperature, precipitation and NDVI the most frequently used variables. Malaria have been studied in 23% of the articles, with temperature, precipitation and presence of water indexes as the most used variables. The number of publications focused on mosquito borne diseases is increasing in recent years, reflecting the increased interest in that diseases in southern European countries. Climatic and environmental variables are key factors on mosquitoes' distribution and to show the risk of emergence and/or spread of emergent diseases and to study the spatial changes in that distributions.}, }
@article {pmid32810170, year = {2020}, author = {Behroozian, M and Ejtehadi, H and Peterson, AT and Memariani, F and Mesdaghi, M}, title = {Climate change influences on the potential distribution of Dianthus polylepis Bien. ex Boiss. (Caryophyllaceae), an endemic species in the Irano-Turanian region.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237527}, pmid = {32810170}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Altitude ; Caryophyllaceae/classification/physiology ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; Dianthus/classification/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Geography ; Iran ; Spatial Analysis ; Turkmenistan ; }, abstract = {Endemic and restricted-range species are considered to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental change, which makes assessing likely climate change effects on geographic distributions of such species important to the development of integrated conservation strategies. Here, we determined distributional patterns for an endemic species of Dianthus (Dianthus polylepis) in the Irano-Turanian region using a maximum-entropy algorithm. In total, 70 occurrence points and 19 climatic variables were used to estimate the potential distributional area under current conditions and two future representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) scenarios under seven general circulation models for 2050. Mean diurnal range, iso-thermality, minimum temperature of coldest quarter, and annual precipitation were major factors that appeared to structure the distribution of the species. Most current potential suitable areas were located in montane regions. Model transfers to future-climate scenarios displayed upward shifts in elevation and northward shifts geographically for the species. Our results can be used to define high-priority areas in the Irano-Turanian region for conservation management plans for this species and can offer a template for analyses of other endangered and threatened species in the region.}, }
@article {pmid32807810, year = {2020}, author = {Kuhn, KG and Nygård, KM and Guzman-Herrador, B and Sunde, LS and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Trönnberg, L and Jepsen, MR and Ruuhela, R and Wong, WK and Ethelberg, S}, title = {Campylobacter infections expected to increase due to climate change in Northern Europe.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13874}, pmid = {32807810}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Global climate change is predicted to alter precipitation and temperature patterns across the world, affecting a range of infectious diseases and particularly foodborne infections such as Campylobacter. In this study, we used national surveillance data to analyse the relationship between climate and campylobacteriosis in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and estimate the impact of climate changes on future disease patterns. We show that Campylobacter incidences are linked to increases in temperature and especially precipitation in the week before illness, suggesting a non-food transmission route. These four countries may experience a doubling of Campylobacter cases by the end of the 2080s, corresponding to around 6,000 excess cases per year caused only by climate changes. Considering the strong worldwide burden of campylobacteriosis, it is important to assess local and regional impacts of climate change in order to initiate timely public health management and adaptation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32806406, year = {2020}, author = {Barrios, RE and Akbariyeh, S and Liu, C and Gani, KM and Kovalchuk, MT and Li, X and Li, Y and Snow, D and Tang, Z and Gates, J and Bartelt-Hunt, SL}, title = {Climate change impacts the subsurface transport of atrazine and estrone originating from agricultural production activities.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {265}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {115024}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115024}, pmid = {32806406}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Atrazine ; Climate Change ; Estrone ; Nebraska ; }, abstract = {Climate change will impact soil properties such as soil moisture, organic carbon and temperature and changes in these properties will influence the sorption, biodegradation and leaching of trace organic contaminants to groundwater. In this study, we conducted a modeling case study to evaluate atrazine and estrone transport in the subsurface under current and future climate conditions at a field site in central Nebraska. According to the modeling results, in the future, enhanced evapotranspiration and increased average air temperature may cause drier soil conditions, which consequently reduces the biodegradation of atrazine and estrone in the water phase. On the other hand, greater transpiration rates lead to greater root solute uptake which may decrease the concentration of atrazine and estrone in the soil profile. Another consequence of future climate is that the infiltration and leaching rates for both atrazine and estrone may be lower under future climate scenarios. Reduced infiltration of trace organic compounds may indicate that lower trace organic concentrations in groundwater may occur under future climate scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32806380, year = {2020}, author = {Torres Castillo, NE and Melchor-Martínez, EM and Ochoa Sierra, JS and Ramirez-Mendoza, RA and Parra-Saldívar, R and Iqbal, HMN}, title = {Impact of climate change and early development of coffee rust - An overview of control strategies to preserve organic cultivars in Mexico.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {738}, number = {}, pages = {140225}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140225}, pmid = {32806380}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Basidiomycota ; Climate Change ; *Coffee ; Mexico ; Plant Diseases ; }, abstract = {Coffee is one of the most important commercial traded commodities in the international market, as well as the most popular beverage around the world. In Mexico, organic coffee cultivation (specifically, Arabica coffee crops) is a highly demanded that generates up to 500,000 employments in 14 federal entities. Among various coffee producers, Chiapas, Veracruz, and Oaxaca are responsible of 80% of the total coffee production in the country. Currently, Mexico is the leading producer of organic coffee in the world. However, there have been a slow recovery due to the large production losses since 2012, caused by earlier and highly aggressive outbreaks of coffee leaf rust (CLR), in the country, where the infectious agent is known as Hemileia vastatrix (HV). This phenomenon is becoming frequent, and climate change effects could be the main contributors. This spontaneous proliferation was generated in Mexico, due to the precipitation and temperature variability, during the last decade. As result, in Mexico, the biological interaction between coffee crops and their environment has been harmed and crucial characteristics, as crop yield and quality, are particularly being affected, directly by the negative effects of the greenhouse phenomenon, and indirectly, through diseases as CLR. Therefore, this review discusses the contribution of climate change effects in the early development of CLR in Mexico. The focus is also given on possible schemes and actions taken around the world as control measures to adapt the vulnerable coffee varieties to tackle this challenging issue.}, }
@article {pmid32806345, year = {2020}, author = {LaMere, K and Mäntyniemi, S and Haapasaari, P}, title = {The effects of climate change on Baltic salmon: Framing the problem in collaboration with expert stakeholders.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {738}, number = {}, pages = {140068}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140068}, pmid = {32806345}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Baltic States ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; *Salmon ; }, abstract = {In the Baltic Sea region, salmon are valued for the ecological, economic, and cultural benefits they provide. However, these fish are threatened due to historical overfishing, disease, and reduced access to spawning rivers. Climate change may pose another challenge for salmon management. Therefore, we conducted a problem-framing study to explore the effects climate change may have on salmon and the socio-ecological system they are embedded within. Addressing this emerging issue will require the cooperation of diverse stakeholders and the integration of their knowledge and values in a contentious management context. Therefore, we conducted this problem framing as a participatory process with stakeholders, whose mental models and questionnaire responses form the basis of this study. By framing the climate change problem in this way, we aim to provide a holistic understanding of the problem and incorporate stakeholder perspectives into the management process from an early stage to better address their concerns and establish common ground. We conclude that considering climate change is relevant for Baltic salmon management, although it may not be the most pressing threat facing these fish. Stakeholders disagree about whether climate change will harm or benefit salmon, when it will become a relevant issue in the Baltic context, and whether or not management efforts can mitigate any negative impacts climate change may have on salmon and their fishery. Nevertheless, by synthesizing the stakeholders' influence diagrams, we found 15 themes exemplifying: (1) how climate change may affect salmon, (2) goals for salmon management considering climate change, and (3) strategies for achieving those goals. Further, the stakeholders tended to focus on the riverine environment and the salmon life stages occurring therein, potentially indicating the perceived vulnerability of these life stages to climate change. Interestingly, however, the stakeholders tended to focus on traditional fishery management measures, like catch quotas, to meet their goals for these fish considering climate change. Further, social variables, like &quot;politics,&quot; &quot;international cooperation,&quot; and &quot;employment&quot; comprised a large proportion of the stakeholders' diagrams, demonstrating the importance of these factors for salmon management.}, }
@article {pmid32803604, year = {2020}, author = {Pickson, RB and He, G and Ntiamoah, EB and Li, C}, title = {Cereal production in the presence of climate change in China.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10430-x}, pmid = {32803604}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {This study sought to investigate the impacts of climate change on cereal production in China over the period 1990Q1-2013Q4. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the results showed that CO2 emissions, average temperature, and temperature variability have a significant negative impact on cereal production in the long run. However, energy consumption, average rainfall, labor force, and cultivated area significantly and positively influenced the production of cereal crops in the long run. Meanwhile, the study observed that rainfall variability has no significant effect on cereal production in the long run. The study again found that in the short run, CO2 emissions, average temperature, and temperature variability have a significant negative relationship with cereal production. Besides, energy consumption, average rainfall, rainfall variability, labor force, and the cultivated area had a significant positive association with cereal production in the short run. The results of the Granger causality test showed that there exists a unidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and labor force to the production of cereal crops in China. On the contrary, the study found no causality between cultivated area and cereal production. The study suggests that improved cereal crop varieties ought to be developed and introduced to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change in China. This will help to circumvent Huang et al.'s (2017) prediction of a decline in the total food self-sufficiency of China from 94.5% in 2015 to about 91% by 2025.}, }
@article {pmid32802765, year = {2020}, author = {Duran-Becerra, B and Hillyer, GC and Cosgrove, A and Basch, CH}, title = {Climate change on YouTube: A potential platform for youth learning.}, journal = {Health promotion perspectives}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {282-286}, pmid = {32802765}, issn = {2228-6497}, abstract = {Background: Climate change is one of the most critical threats to our society. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the content of the most viewed climate change videos on YouTube. Methods: The term &quot;climate change&quot; was used to search on YouTube to garner a sample of the 100most widely-viewed videos. Videos in a language other than English, or considered irrelevant, were excluded. Using a fact sheet from National Aeronautics and Space Administration, content categories were created and successively coded. Results: The mean number of views for the 100 videos evaluated was 231,140.2 views (SD=718, 399.5) and the mean length was 12.1 minutes (SD= 24.1). Most videos were uploaded by a news source (77.0%), included a belief that climate change is happening (77.0%), and mentioned the impact of climate change on the environment (71.0%). Only one-third of the videos mentioned how to prevent climate change (33.0%). More than half focused on a specific environment and, of those, 47.2% specifically focused on cities. Compared to videos that did not focus on a specific environment, the videos with an environmental focus were more often intended for adults (87.3% vs. 53.3%, P≤0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the need for climate change YouTube videos intended for youth. Targeting youth may lead to engagement of younger generations in climate change discourse and inspire climate action. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of YouTube as a platform for educational videos on climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32802655, year = {2020}, author = {Brown, C and Meals, C}, title = {Four Ways Plastic Surgeons Can Fight Climate Change.}, journal = {Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e2961}, pmid = {32802655}, issn = {2169-7574}, abstract = {The climate crisis demands that surgeons reduce their environmental impact. Operating rooms are resource-intensive and are often wasteful. This makes them fitting targets for climate-conscious decision making.<br><br>Methods: We searched for peer-reviewed literature describing how plastic surgeons might positively affect the environment through action in the operating room.<br><br>Results: Several evidence-based, pro-climate practices may be undertaken by plastic surgeons. These strategies may be grouped into 4 types: material, energy, technique, and dissemination. Each strategy is a way to reduce, reuse, recycle, research, or rethink.<br><br>Conclusions: Administrative obstacles to greener operating rooms are predictable and surmountable, especially because environmentally minded decisions are likely to save money. We anticipate a surge of environmental consciousness in healthcare. Plastic surgeons, as thought leaders, are well positioned to champion this cause.}, }
@article {pmid32798863, year = {2020}, author = {Gorguner, M and Kavvas, ML}, title = {Modeling impacts of future climate change on reservoir storages and irrigation water demands in a Mediterranean basin.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {748}, number = {}, pages = {141246}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141246}, pmid = {32798863}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Water storage requirements in the Mediterranean region vary in time and are strongly affected by the local geography and climate conditions. The objective of this study is to assess the implications of climate change on the water balance of an agricultural reservoir in a Mediterranean-climate basin in Turkey throughout the 21st century. A monthly dynamic water balance model is developed to simulate the historical and future water availability in the reservoir. The model is driven by the fine-resolution dynamically downscaled climate data from four GCMs from the CMIP5 archive, namely CCSM4, GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and MIROC5, under two different representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and the hydrologic data projected under the same scenarios. The reservoir outflows, including the reservoir evaporation and downstream irrigation water demands, are also modeled using the projected climate variables. The net irrigation water requirement of the crops in the irrigation system, seasonal evapotranspiration rates, and reservoir evaporation rates are estimated based on the Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration method (FAO-56 Method). The study investigates whether the future water supply in the reservoir will be sufficient to meet the future irrigation water demands for the years from 2017 to 2100. The results show that under all eight modeled climate change projections, statistically significant increasing trends for the annual irrigation water demands are expected throughout the 21st century. Moreover, higher evapotranspiration rates are predicted under the ensemble average of the RCP8.5 projections, compared to those of the RCP4.5 projections. Ultimately, seven out of eight projections projected insufficient reservoir water levels during the 21st century, especially during the irrigation seasons when higher water demands are expected. These impacts indicate the importance of sustainable water resources management in the region to provide irrigation water from reservoirs, and to sustain agricultural productivity under projected water limitations due to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32796897, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Y and Marx, E and Williams, S and Gurung, R and Ogle, S and Horton, R and Bader, D and Paustian, K}, title = {Adaptation in U.S. Corn Belt increases resistance to soil carbon loss with climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13799}, pmid = {32796897}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2012-67003-19904//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Increasing the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) has agronomic benefits and the potential to mitigate climate change. Previous regional predictions of SOC trends under climate change often ignore or do not explicitly consider the effect of crop adaptation (i.e., changing planting dates and varieties). We used the DayCent biogeochemical model to examine the effect of adaptation on SOC for corn and soybean production in the U.S. Corn Belt using climate data from three models. Without adaptation, yields of both corn and soybean tended to decrease and the decomposition of SOC tended to increase leading to a loss of SOC with climate change compared to a baseline scenario with no climate change. With adaptation, the model predicted a substantially higher crop yield. The increase in yields and associated carbon input to the SOC pool counteracted the increased decomposition in the adaptation scenarios, leading to similar SOC stocks under different climate change scenarios. Consequently, we found that crop management adaptation to changing climatic conditions strengthen agroecosystem resistance to SOC loss. However, there are differences spatially in SOC trends. The northern part of the region is likely to gain SOC while the southern part of the region is predicted to lose SOC.}, }
@article {pmid32796753, year = {2020}, author = {Huang, X and Ma, L and Chen, C and Zhou, H and Yao, B and Ma, Z}, title = {Predicting the Suitable Geographical Distribution of Sinadoxa Corydalifolia under Different Climate Change Scenarios in the Three-River Region Using the MaxEnt Model.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32796753}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2018-SF-146;2019QZKK0302//the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) &quot;Light of West China&quot; Program (2018), &quot;The effect of grazing on grassland productivity in the basin of Qinghai Lake&quot;, the Key R&amp;D and Transformation Projects in Qinghai Province and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientifi/ ; }, abstract = {Sinadoxa corydalifolia is a perennial grass with considerable academic value as a rare species owing to habitat destruction and a narrow distribution. However, its distribution remains unclear. In this study, we predicted the distribution of Sinadoxa corydalifolia in the three-river region (the source of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River) under the context of climate change using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. Under the current climate scenario, the suitable distribution mainly occurred in Yushu County and Nangqian County. The suitable distribution area of Sinadoxa corydalifolia covered 3107 km2, accounting for 0.57% of the three-river region. The mean diurnal air temperature range (Bio2), temperature seasonality (Bio4), and mean air temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9) contributed the most to the distribution model for Sinadoxa corydalifolia, with a cumulative contribution of 81.4%. The highest suitability occurred when air temperature seasonality (Bio4) ranged from 6500 to 6900. The highest suitable mean air temperature of the driest quarter ranged from -5 to 0 °C. The highest suitable mean diurnal temperature (Bio2) ranged from 8.9 to 9.7 °C. In future (2041-2060) scenarios, the suitable distribution areas of Sinadoxa corydalifolia from high to low are as follows: representative concentration pathway (RCP)26 (6171 km2) > RCP45 (6017 km2) > RCP80 (4238 km2) > RCP60 (2505 km2). In future (2061-2080) scenarios, the suitable distribution areas of Sinadoxa corydalifolia from high to low are as follows: RCP26 (18,299 km2) > RCP60 (11,977 km2) > RCP45 (10,354 km2) > RCP80 (7539 km2). In general, the suitable distribution will increase in the future. The distribution area of Sinadoxa corydalifolia will generally be larger under low CO2 concentrations than under high CO2 concentrations. This study will facilitate the development of appropriate conservation measures for Sinadoxa corydalifolia in the three-river region.}, }
@article {pmid32795762, year = {2020}, author = {Guo, B and Zang, W and Yang, X and Huang, X and Zhang, R and Wu, H and Yang, L and Wang, Z and Sun, G and Zhang, Y}, title = {Improved evaluation method of the soil wind erosion intensity based on the cloud-AHP model under the stress of global climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {746}, number = {}, pages = {141271}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141271}, pmid = {32795762}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Under the stress of global climate change, soil wind erosion has become a major environmental issue in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR) of China. However, few large-scale studies have been conducted on soil wind erosion owing to the lack of investigational data or complex parameters. Moreover, the uncertainty and randomness in the weight determination process cannot be avoided using the traditional method. Thus, a cloud-analytic hierarchy process (cloud-AHP) model was proposed to construct a wind erosion intensity index model for the TRSR based on seven typical land surface parameters. The following results were obtained. (1) The cloud-AHP model can better eliminate the randomness and uncertainty in the weight determination process. (2) The proposed evaluation method of wind erosion intensity has better applicability in the TRSR with overall accuracy of 93%. (3) The overall wind erosion intensity in this region is moderate. The wind erosion intensity was the largest in the Yangtze River (0.55, moderate erosion) and smallest in the source region of the Lancang River (0.50, mild erosion). (4) Significant differences are observed in the influences of various vegetation types on wind erosion intensity. Bare land exhibits the highest wind erosion intensity, whereas a coniferous forest exhibits the smallest. Moreover, grassland is a key control zone of soil and water conservation because it has the largest spatial heterogeneity of internal erosion intensity. These results can provide data and technical support for preventing and controlling soil erosion and protecting the environment in the region.}, }
@article {pmid32792563, year = {2020}, author = {Tabari, H}, title = {Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13768}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-70816-2}, pmid = {32792563}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {12P3219N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, abstract = {The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify with global warming, which likely increases the intensity of extreme precipitation events and the risk of flooding. The changes, however, often differ from the theorized expectation of increases in water-holding capacity of the atmosphere in the warmer conditions, especially when water availability is limited. Here, the relationships of changes in extreme precipitation and flood intensities for the end of the twenty-first century with spatial and seasonal water availability are quantified. Results show an intensification of extreme precipitation and flood events over all climate regions which increases as water availability increases from wet to dry regions. Similarly, there is an increase in the intensification of extreme precipitation and flood with the seasonal cycle of water availability. The connection between extreme precipitation and flood intensity changes and spatial and seasonal water availability becomes stronger as events become less extreme.}, }
@article {pmid32791512, year = {2020}, author = {Jordan, CJ and Palmer, AA}, title = {ACNP efforts toward reducing climate change.}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32791512}, issn = {1740-634X}, }
@article {pmid32791409, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, H and Dobbie, S and Ramirez-Villegas, J and Chen, B and Qiu, S and Ghosh, S and Challinor, A}, title = {South India projected to be susceptible to high future groundnut failure rates for future climate change and geo-engineered scenarios.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {747}, number = {}, pages = {141240}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141240}, pmid = {32791409}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {With an increase in global mean temperature predicted for this century accompanied by more frequent extremes, will farming communities need to brace for increased crop failures and hardship? Solar dimming climate geoengineering has been proposed as a possible solution to combat rising global temperature but what effect will it or other climate related adaptation have on crop failures? We performed a crop modelling study using future climate and geoengineering projections to investigate these questions. Our results indicate that groundnut crop failure rates in Southern India are very sensitive to climate change, and project an increase of approximately a factor of two on average over this century, affecting one out of every two to three years instead of one in every five years. We also project that solar dimming geoengineering will have little impact on reducing these failure rates. In contrast, the projections for the rest of Indian regions show decreasing failure rates of 20-30%. In this research, we indicate why south India is more susceptible than the rest of the country and show that neither Solar dimming geoengineering nor reducing heat or water stress are able to fully counteract the increase in failure rates for this region. Thus our modelling projections indicate the potential for a grountnut crop failure crisis for the South India.}, }
@article {pmid32791326, year = {2020}, author = {Fatorić, S and Egberts, L}, title = {Realising the potential of cultural heritage to achieve climate change actions in the Netherlands.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {274}, number = {}, pages = {111107}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111107}, pmid = {32791326}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; *Climate Change ; Humans ; Netherlands ; }, abstract = {Climate change impacts on diverse cultural heritage is gaining scholarly and policy attention, yet little research has been conducted on how can diverse cultural heritage inform decisionmakers and policymakers in achieving climate change actions (i.e., climate change adaptation and mitigation). For this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with Dutch cultural heritage and environmental or climate change experts (n = 52) and participant observations across the Netherlands to explore the importance of cultural heritage benefits and their relation to climate change actions. We also explored the perceptions of cultural heritage management over time, including the influence of climate policy on heritage practice in the Netherlands. Our findings show that experts perceived a multiplicity of heritage benefits as important in supporting and informing present and future climate change actions. The most salient benefits were informational benefits where diverse cultural heritage is perceived as an important source of knowledge about past societal, economic and environmental developments and changes. Further, heritage management was perceived as constantly changing over time, reflecting the transformative nature of diverse heritage types. Experts agreed that climate policy has already influenced cultural heritage practice in the Netherlands. Lastly, the interrelationships between heritage benefits and management were identified and characterised. This study informs both cultural heritage and climate change research agendas and helps leverage diverse cultural heritage into climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.}, }
@article {pmid32790703, year = {2020}, author = {Naqvi, SAA and Hasis Ul Hassan, R and Wu, W and Shah, AA and Makhdum, MSA and Shah, SAR}, title = {Synergy between adaptations and resilience of livelihood from climate change vulnerability: A group-wise comparison of adapters and non-adapters.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0236794}, pmid = {32790703}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; Family Characteristics ; Farmers/*psychology ; Humans ; Income ; Pakistan ; Poverty ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The similarities, differences, and contradictions regarding climate change adaptation and resilience by academics and practitioners have already been documented. It is the need of time to set new precedence by observing the adaptations and resilience as tools to respond to the climate variations. This study analyzed the influence of climate change adaptations and synergy between resilience from livelihood vulnerability and adaptations. A field survey of 489 farming households is conducted with the help of a well-structured questionnaire from four districts of the south part of Punjab province of Pakistan. This study uses the Endogenous Switching Regression model for the sake of analysis. The outcomes of the study reveal that age, education, family size, total land, and seed price have significant linkage with the adoption of adaptations. The synergistic effects of adaptation and resilience are also visible here as the adaptations factors are significantly contributing towards yield, per capita income, poverty, and poverty gap of the respondents. This study suggests the provision of proper education and smart technology to help in enhancing the adaptive capacity of farmers. More imperatively, adaptations to climate variations can be concluded as a remedial tool for resilient livelihood. It is believed that the present study can be considered as a guide for future research on other regions of Pakistan and neighboring countries.}, }
@article {pmid32790198, year = {2020}, author = {Thaker, J and Smith, N and Leiserowitz, A}, title = {Global Warming Risk Perceptions in India.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13574}, pmid = {32790198}, issn = {1539-6924}, abstract = {Few studies have focused on global warming risk perceptions among people in poor and developing countries, who are disproportionately impacted by climate change. This analysis conducts a comprehensive assessment of global warming risk perceptions in India using a national sample survey. Consistent with cultural theory, egalitarianism was positively associated with global warming risk perceptions. In addition, perceived vulnerability and resilience to extreme weather events were also two of the strongest factors associated with global warming risk perceptions. While worry was positively associated with risk perceptions, it accounted for only a small proportion of the variance, unlike studies in developed countries. Finally, the study also collected global warming affective images. The most common responses were &quot;don't know&quot; or &quot;can't say&quot; (25%), followed by &quot;pollution&quot; (21%), &quot;heat&quot; (20%), and &quot;nature&quot; (16%). The study finds that the predictors of global warming risk perceptions among the Indian public are both similar and different than those in developed countries, which has important implications for climate change communication in India.}, }
@article {pmid32789618, year = {2020}, author = {Bates, CK}, title = {From the Editors Desk: Climate Change in Clinic.}, journal = {Journal of general internal medicine}, volume = {35}, number = {10}, pages = {2835}, doi = {10.1007/s11606-020-06092-7}, pmid = {32789618}, issn = {1525-1497}, }
@article {pmid32786565, year = {2020}, author = {Hunt, ND and Liebman, M and Thakrar, SK and Hill, JD}, title = {Fossil Energy Use, Climate Change Impacts, and Air Quality-Related Human Health Damages of Conventional and Diversified Cropping Systems in Iowa, USA.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {54}, number = {18}, pages = {11002-11014}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.9b06929}, pmid = {32786565}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Cropping system diversification can reduce the negative environmental impacts of agricultural production, including soil erosion and nutrient discharge. Less is known about how diversification affects energy use, climate change, and air quality, when considering farm operations and supply chain activities. We conducted a life cycle study using measurements from a nine-year Iowa field experiment to estimate fossil energy (FE) use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, PM2.5-related emissions, human health impacts, and other agronomic and economic metrics of contrasting crop rotation systems and herbicide regimes. Rotation systems consisted of 2-year corn-soybean, 3-year corn-soybean-oat/clover, and 4-year corn-soybean-oat/alfalfa-alfalfa systems. Each was managed with conventional and low-herbicide treatments. FE consumption was 56% and 64% lower in the 3-year and 4-year rotations than in the 2-year rotation, and GHG emissions were 54% and 64% lower. Diversification reduced combined monetized damages from GHG and PM2.5-related emissions by 42% and 57%. Herbicide treatment had no significant impact on environmental outcomes, while corn and soybean yields and whole-rotation economic returns improved significantly under diversification. Results suggest that diversification via shifting from conventional corn-soybean rotations to longer rotations with small grain and forage crops substantially reduced FE use, GHG emissions, and air quality damages, without compromising economic or agronomic performance.}, }
@article {pmid32785968, year = {2020}, author = {Herrera-R, GA and Oberdorff, T and Anderson, EP and Brosse, S and Carvajal-Vallejos, FM and Frederico, RG and Hidalgo, M and Jézéquel, C and Maldonado, M and Maldonado-Ocampo, JA and Ortega, H and Radinger, J and Torrente-Vilara, G and Zuanon, J and Tedesco, PA}, title = {The combined effects of climate change and river fragmentation on the distribution of Andean Amazon fishes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15285}, pmid = {32785968}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {16-1607-151053-CSD//MacArthur Foundation/ ; G-1607-151047//MacArthur Foundation/ ; AmazonFish (ELAC2014/DCC-0210)//ERANet-LAC/ ; ANR-10-LABX-41//LABEX TULIP/ ; ODYSSEUS project//BiodivERsA/ ; ANR-10-LABX-25-01//LABEX CEBA/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 44842-519-2015//COLCIENCIAS/ ; //EDB Lab/ ; }, abstract = {Upstream range shifts of freshwater fishes have been documented in recent years due to ongoing climate change. River fragmentation by dams, presenting physical barriers, can limit the climatically induced spatial redistribution of fishes. Andean freshwater ecosystems in the Neotropical region are expected to be highly affected by these future disturbances. However, proper evaluations are still missing. Combining species distribution models and functional traits of Andean Amazon fishes, coupled with dam locations and climatic projections (2070s), we (a) evaluated the potential impacts of future climate on species ranges, (b) investigated the combined impact of river fragmentation and climate change and (c) tested the relationships between these impacts and species functional traits. Results show that climate change will induce range contraction for most of the Andean Amazon fish species, particularly those inhabiting highlands. Dams are not predicted to greatly limit future range shifts for most species (i.e., the Barrier effect). However, some of these barriers should prevent upstream shifts for a considerable number of species, reducing future potential diversity in some basins. River fragmentation is predicted to act jointly with climate change in promoting a considerable decrease in the probability of species to persist in the long-term because of splitting species ranges in smaller fragments (i.e., the Isolation effect). Benthic and fast-flowing water adapted species with hydrodynamic bodies are significantly associated with severe range contractions from climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32783853, year = {2020}, author = {Zhu, Y and Zheng, S and Reygondeau, G and Zhang, Z and Chu, J and Hong, X and Wang, Y and Cheung, WWL}, title = {Modelling spatiotemporal trends in range shifts of marine commercial fish species driven by climate change surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {737}, number = {}, pages = {140258}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140258}, pmid = {32783853}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Euphausiacea ; Fishes ; }, abstract = {In recent decades, the relationships between species distributional shifts and climate change have been investigated at various geographic scales, yet there is still a gap in understanding the impacts of climate change on marine commercial fish species surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula. The dynamic bioclimate envelope model (DBEM) is a mechanistic model that encompass species distribution model and population dynamic model approaches to project the spatiotemporal change of marine commercial fish species driven by various climate change scenarios in the Southern Ocean. This paper focuses on the spatiotemporal changes of marine commercial fish species surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5) and a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) from 1970 to 2060 following three different Earth System Models (ESMs), namely, the GFDL-ESM 2G, IPSL-CM5A-MR and MPI-ESM-MR. Results reveal that: i) The general latitudinal gradient patterns in species richness shifts poleward associated with a global abundance decrease ii) The Spp. richness in Eastern Antarctic Peninsula (EAP) is higher than in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) at the same latitude (>65°S latitude). iii) The reasons are that the krill-dependent predators in WAP could face a higher risk of depletion than that in EAP due to ocean warming and anthropogenic activities.}, }
@article {pmid32783089, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, Y and Yu, K and Chen, X and Wang, W and Huang, X and Wang, Y and Liao, Z}, title = {An approach for assessing ecosystem-based adaptation in coral reefs at relatively high latitudes to climate change and human pressure.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {9}, pages = {579}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08534-5}, pmid = {32783089}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {AD17129063//Guangxi scientific project/ ; AA17204074//Guangxi scientific project/ ; 41306100//National Science Foundation of China/ ; XGZ160281//Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; China ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Relatively high-latitude waters are supposed as a refuge for corals under ocean warming. A systematic assessment of the Weizhou Island reef in the northern South China Sea, a relatively high-latitude region, shows that the ecosystem restoration index decreased from 0.96 to 0.62 during the period between 1990 and 2015. Although the biotic community, supporting services, and regulating services remained at good or very good states, the provisioning services, cultural services, and especially habitat structure deteriorated to very poor or moderate states. Gray relational analysis showed that these ecological declines exhibited a strong relationship with human pressures from tourism activities and the petrochemical industry. The recoveries of the biotic community and supporting services that benefited from wintertime warming appeared to be partly offset by intensive human pressures. The long-term effects on ecosystem structure and functions suggest that anthropogenic disturbances have impaired the possibility of this area serving as a potential thermal refuge for reef-building corals in the South China Sea. This study thus provides an integrated approach for assessing the adaptive responses of coral reef ecosystems to climate change and local human activities.}, }
@article {pmid32781413, year = {2020}, author = {Mah, AYJ and Chapman, DA and Markowitz, EM and Lickel, B}, title = {Coping with climate change: Three insights for research, intervention, and communication to promote adaptive coping to climate change.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {75}, number = {}, pages = {102282}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102282}, pmid = {32781413}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {Climate change poses a major threat to human well-being and will be the root cause of a variety of stressors in coming decades. Psychologists have an important role to play in developing interventions and communication strategies to help people understand and cope with climate change impacts. Through a review of the literature, we identify three guiding insights for strategies to promote adaptive coping and resilience to climate change stress. First, it is unlikely that one single &quot;correct&quot; or &quot;best&quot; way of communicating about adaptive coping with climate change exists, but there are established best practices communicators can follow. Second, in implementing these best practices, practitioners must attend to the impact of variability in the nature of different kinds of stress caused by climate change, as well as individual differences in how people chronically respond to stressors. Third, because individuals, communities, and ecosystems are interconnected, work on adaptive coping to climate change must address individual coping in the context of community and ecosystem resilience. These insights from psychological science can be leveraged to promote human flourishing despite increasing stressors posed by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32779793, year = {2020}, author = {Fairweather, V and Hertig, E and Traidl-Hoffmann, C}, title = {A brief introduction to climate change and health.}, journal = {Allergy}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {2352-2354}, doi = {10.1111/all.14511}, pmid = {32779793}, issn = {1398-9995}, }
@article {pmid32778666, year = {2020}, author = {Storlazzi, CD and Cheriton, OM and van Hooidonk, R and Zhao, Z and Brainard, R}, title = {Internal tides can provide thermal refugia that will buffer some coral reefs from future global warming.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13435}, pmid = {32778666}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Observations show ocean temperatures are rising due to climate change, resulting in a fivefold increase in the incidence of regional-scale coral bleaching events since the 1980s; analyses based on global climate models forecast bleaching will become an annual event for most of the world's coral reefs within 30-50 yr. Internal waves at tidal frequencies can regularly flush reefs with cooler waters, buffering the thermal stress from rising sea-surface temperatures. Here we present the first global maps of the effects these processes have on bleaching projections for three IPCC-AR5 emissions scenarios. Incorporating semidiurnal temperature fluctuations into the projected water temperatures at depth creates a delay in the timing of annual severe bleaching ≥ 10 yr (≥ 20 yr) for 38% (9%), 15% (1%), and 1% (0%) of coral reef sites for the low, moderate, and high emission scenarios, respectively; regional averages can reach twice as high. These cooling effects are greatest later in twenty-first century for the moderate emission scenarios, and around the middle twenty-first century for the highest emission scenario. Our results demonstrate how these effects could delay bleaching for corals, providing thermal refugia. Identification of such areas could be a factor for the selection of coral reef marine protected areas.}, }
@article {pmid32775961, year = {2018}, author = {Asiedu, B and Malcolm, D and Iddrisu, S}, title = {Assessing the economic impact of climate change in the small-scale aquaculture industry of Ghana, West Africa.}, journal = {AAS open research}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {26}, pmid = {32775961}, issn = {2515-9321}, abstract = {Background: Aquaculture in Ghana is very profitable, but faces sustainability challenges. This paper assessed the impact pathways by which climate change affects the production and profitability of small-scale aquaculture in Ghana. The study analyzed and compared the economic value of smallholder fish farms with and without the incidence of climatic parameters. Methods: Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study area and farms. A total of 30 farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire-based interview. Additionally, using document analysis, observation, and data on farms' production input and output values, the economic impact of climate change on fish farms was assessed. Results: Extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, drought, storm and erosion are prevalent in fish farms. Available data shows a decrease of 53.4% of small-scale revenue, a 6.9% reduction in small-scale aquaculture value from GH¢ 83,000 to GH¢ 120,000 reducing fish supply by 25%. The findings indicate that the profitability, economic value, and livelihoods of the small-scale aquaculture industry is greatly affected by changes in climate. The incidence of floods, drought, erratic rainfall, erosion, and extreme temperature synergistically induce poverty. The implication on the livelihoods of fish farming households is very alarming and poses a serious threat to food security in the country. Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study concludes that; floods, rainfall temperature, and drought are the major climatic factors affecting the profitability and sustainability of the pond aquaculture industry. The preliminary recommendation is that there is an urgent need to map out flood-free zones close to perennial water bodies to overcome floods and droughts. Planting trees around ponds to create a micro-ecologies ideal for fish culture and also the construction of water storage facilities and proper dyke design would overcome drought and erosion issues. The adaptive capacity of fish-farmers must be built.}, }
@article {pmid32777713, year = {2020}, author = {Pincebourde, S and Woods, HA}, title = {There is plenty of room at the bottom: microclimates drive insect vulnerability to climate change.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {63-70}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.07.001}, pmid = {32777713}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Climate warming impacts biological systems profoundly. Climatologists deliver predictions about warming amplitude at coarse scales. Nevertheless, insects are small, and it remains unclear how much of the warming at coarse scales appears in the microclimates where they live. We propose a simple method for determining the pertinent spatial scale of insect microclimates. Recent studies have quantified the ability of forest understory to buffer thermal extremes, but these microclimates typically are characterized at spatial scales much larger than those determined by our method. Indeed, recent evidence supports the idea that insects can be thermally adapted even to fine scale microclimatic patterns, which can be highly variable. Finally, we discuss how microhabitat surfaces may buffer or magnify the amplitude of climate warming.}, }
@article {pmid32777515, year = {2020}, author = {Pasquini, L and van Aardenne, L and Godsmark, CN and Lee, J and Jack, C}, title = {Emerging climate change-related public health challenges in Africa: A case study of the heat-health vulnerability of informal settlement residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {747}, number = {}, pages = {141355}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141355}, pmid = {32777515}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Cities ; *Climate Change ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Public Health ; Tanzania ; }, abstract = {Heat has the potential to become one of the most significant public health impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Increases in temperature have been linked to both increasing mortality and morbidity. Cities have been recognized as areas of particular vulnerability to heat's impacts on health, and marginalized groups, such as the poor, appear to have higher heat-related morbidity and mortality. Little research has examined the heat vulnerability of urban informal settlements residents in Africa, even though surface temperatures across Africa are projected to increase at a rate faster than the global average. This paper addresses this knowledge gap through a mixed-methods analysis of the heat-health vulnerability of informal settlement residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The heat exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of informal settlement residents were assessed through a combination of climate analyses, semi-structured interviews with local government actors and informal settlement residents, unstructured interviews with health sector respondents, a health impacts literature review, and a stakeholder engagement workshop. The results suggest that increasing temperatures due to climate change will likely be a significant risk to human health in Dar es Salaam, even though the city does not reach extreme temperature conditions, because informal settlement residents have high exposure, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to heat, and because the heat-health relationship is currently an under-prioritized policy issue. While numerous urban planning approaches can play a key role in increasing the resilience of citizens to heat, Dar es Salaam's past and current growth and development patterns greatly complicate the implementation and enforcement of such approaches. For African cities, the findings highlight an urgent need for more research on the vulnerability and resilience of residents to heat-health impacts, because many African cities are likely to present similar characteristics to those in Dar es Salaam that increase resident's vulnerability.}, }
@article {pmid32777500, year = {2020}, author = {Gmitrowicz-Iwan, J and Ligęza, S and Pranagal, J and Kołodziej, B and Smal, H}, title = {Can climate change transform non-toxic sediments into toxic soils?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {747}, number = {}, pages = {141201}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141201}, pmid = {32777500}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Geologic Sediments ; *Metals, Heavy/analysis/toxicity ; Rivers ; Soil ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Our work addresses a neglected aspect of heavy metal (HM) pollution of sediments in small floodplain reservoirs. Very little is known about this type of water bodies, in contrast to oxbow lakes or old river beds. The study examines the spatial horizontal distribution of HM and the effect of texture, organic carbon (OC) content, morphometric and location features on HM concentrations. Moreover, the data from the assessment of sediment toxicity were analysed with respect to recent years' droughts to estimate the potential toxicity of sediments as soils. The statistical analyses showed that the texture and the OC content had a significant impact on the HM concentrations. Fine-grained and OC-rich sediments exhibited higher HM pollution. Only one morphometric/location factor was shown to affect HM levels in sediments - the angle between the reservoir axis and the riverbed. The angle value affected the texture and, consequently, the HM content: with a rising angle the share of the coarse-grained fraction increased leading to a decrease in the HM concentration. The spatial horizontal HM distribution did not show statistically significant results, nonetheless, HM content was found to rise along with the distance from the initial part of reservoir. The toxicity levels were not exceeded in sediments, however, the evaluation of the material as soil showed that, according to European Union guidelines, the content of at least one HM was toxic in 80% of the samples. Contaminated floodplain reservoirs should be regarded as a double threat to riverine ecosystems. On the one hand, they are one of the main non-point sources of river valley pollution; on the other hand, given the drying up of reservoirs, sediments become soils and the soil-bound heavy metals become more toxic to the environment.}, }
@article {pmid32777205, year = {2020}, author = {Zavaleta-Cortijo, C and Ford, JD and Arotoma-Rojas, I and Lwasa, S and Lancha-Rucoba, G and García, PJ and Miranda, JJ and Namanya, DB and New, M and Wright, CJ and Berrang-Ford, L and ,  and Harper, SL}, title = {Climate change and COVID-19: reinforcing Indigenous food systems.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, pages = {e381-e382}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30173-X}, pmid = {32777205}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {Alaska Natives ; *Betacoronavirus ; *Climate Change ; Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology ; *Food Supply/economics/standards/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Indians, South American ; *Indigenous Peoples ; Inuits ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; }, }
@article {pmid32775750, year = {2020}, author = {Sintayehu, DW and Dalle, G and Bobasa, AF}, title = {Impacts of climate change on current and future invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Ethiopia: environmental and socio-economic implications.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, pages = {e04596}, pmid = {32775750}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Prosopis juliflora is a serious invader, causing great ecological and economic damage in Ethiopia. Thus, it is imperative to examine potential invasion dynamics of P. juliflora at national level under climate change scenario to better influence decision making processes on the management of this invasive species. We derived a consensus model from five modeling approaches to examine the current and future (2050 and 2070) climatic suitability for P. juliflora under two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in Ethiopia. Under the current climatic scenario, 94.8% of the country was non-suitable for P. juliflora establishment and invasion while 0.4% (4.56 million ha) was highly suitable. In 2050, highly suitable area for P. juliflora is expected to increase by 55.6% and 63.6%, while moderately suitable area is projected to increase by 33.3% and 42.9% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, respectively. Compared to the current climatic condition, in 2070, highly suitable area for the species is projected to increase by 73.3% (3.43 million ha) and 80.0% (3.65 million ha) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario, respectively. With the current cover, this invasive species had already caused significant impact on rangelands in many parts of the country. Its further expansion would worsen the problem, leading to great environmental and economic damage, thereby threatening the livelihood of the community. Negative environmental and economical impacts caused by the species will be high if preventive and effective management measures are not earnestly taken, and it becomes one of the major challenges for the 21st century pastoralism and their livelihoods. We recommend a national effort be organized towards combating P. juliflora expansion to new areas, especially in regions and protected area predicted as frontiers of potential expansion.}, }
@article {pmid32775711, year = {2020}, author = {Kumar, A and Yadav, J and Mohan, R}, title = {Global warming leading to alarming recession of the Arctic sea-ice cover: Insights from remote sensing observations and model reanalysis.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e04355}, pmid = {32775711}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The present study quantifies the magnitude of Arctic sea-ice loss in the boreal summer (July-September), especially in September at different timescales (daily, monthly, annual and decadal). The investigation on the accelerated decline in the Arctic sea-ice was performed using different datasets of passive microwave satellite imagery and model reanalysis. Arctic sea-ice declined rapidly in the boreal summer (-10.2 ± 0.8 %decade-1) during 1979-2018, while, the highest decline in sea-ice extent (SIE) (i.e., 82,300 km2 yr-1/-12.8 ± 1.1 %decade-1) is reported in the month of September. Since late 1979, the SIE recorded the sixth-lowest decline during September 2018 (4.71 million km2). Incidentally, the records of twelve lowest extents in the satellite era occurred in the last twelve years. The loss of SIE and sea-ice concentration (SIC) are attributed to the impacts of land-ocean warming and the northward heat advection into the Arctic Ocean. This has resulted in considerable thinning of sea-ice thickness (SIT) and reduction in the multiyear ice (MYI) for summer 2018. Global and Arctic land-ocean temperatures have increased by ~0.78 °C and ~3.1 °C, respectively, over the past 40 years (1979-2018) while substantial warming rates have been identified in the Arctic Ocean (~3.5 °C in the last 40-year) relative to the Arctic land (~2.8 °C in the last 40-year). The prevailing ocean-atmospheric warming in the Arctic, the SIE, SIC and SIT have reduced, resulting in the decline of the sea-ice volume (SIV) at the rate of -3.0 ± 0.2 (1000 km3 decade-1). Further, it observed that the SIV in September 2018 was three times lower than September 1979. The present study demonstrates the linkages of sea-ice dynamics to ice drifting and accelerated melting due to persistent low pressure, high air-ocean temperatures, supplemented by the coupled ocean-atmospheric forcing.}, }
@article {pmid32773842, year = {2020}, author = {Entwisle, B and Verdery, A and Williams, N}, title = {Climate Change and Migration: New Insights from a Dynamic Model of Out-Migration and Return Migration.}, journal = {AJS; American journal of sociology}, volume = {125}, number = {6}, pages = {1469-1512}, pmid = {32773842}, issn = {0002-9602}, support = {P2C HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {In popular accounts, stories of environmental refugees convey a bleak picture of the impacts of climate change on migration. Scholarly research is less conclusive, with studies finding varying effects. This paper uses an agent-based model (ABM) of land use, social networks, and household dynamics to examine how extreme floods and droughts affect migration in Northeast Thailand. The ABM explicitly models the dynamic and interactive pathways through which climate-migration relationships might operate, including coupled out and return streams. Results suggest minimal effects on out-migration but marked negative effects on return. Social networks play a pivotal role in producing these patterns. In all, the portrait of climate change and migration painted by focusing only on environmental refugees is too simple. Climate change operates on already established migration processes that are part and parcel of the life course, embedded in dynamic social networks, and incorporated in larger interactive systems where out- and return migration are integrally connected.}, }
@article {pmid32771365, year = {2020}, author = {Rodrigues, M and Santana, P and Rocha, A}, title = {Modelling climate change impacts on attributable-related deaths and demographic changes in the largest metropolitan area in Portugal: A time-series analysis.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {190}, number = {}, pages = {109998}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109998}, pmid = {32771365}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Previous studies have consistently analyzed the impact that extreme temperatures will have on human health. However, there are very few data on temperature-related mortality burden considering future demographic changes in a context of climate change in Portugal. This study aims to quantify the impact of climate change on heat-, cold-, and net change mortality burdens, taking into account the future demographic changes in Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. We applied a time-series generalized linear model with a quasi-Poisson model via a distributed lag nonlinear model to project temperature-related mortality burden for two climatological scenarios: a present (or reference, 1986-2005) scenario and a future scenario (2046-2065), in this case the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5, which reflects the worst set of expectations (with the most onerous impacts). The results show that the total attributable fraction due to temperature, extreme and moderate cold, is statistically significant in the historical period and the future projected scenarios, while extreme and moderate heat were only significant in the projected future summer period. Net differences were attributed to moderate cold in the future winter months. Projections show a consistent and significant increase in future heat-related mortality burden. The attributable fraction due to heat in the future period, compared to the historical period, ranges from 0 to 1.5% for moderate heat and from 0 to 0.5% for extreme heat. Adaptation should be implemented at the local level, so as to prevent and diminish the effects on citizens and healthcare services, in a context of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32770933, year = {2020}, author = {Godfrey, LR and Samonds, KE and Baldwin, JW and Sutherland, MR and Kamilar, JM and Allfisher, KL}, title = {Mid-Cenozoic climate change, extinction, and faunal turnover in Madagascar, and their bearing on the evolution of lemurs.}, journal = {BMC evolutionary biology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {97}, pmid = {32770933}, issn = {1471-2148}, support = {BCS 1750598//National Science Foundation/International ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Was there a mid-Cenozoic vertebrate extinction and recovery event in Madagascar and, if so, what are its implications for the evolution of lemurs? The near lack of an early and mid-Cenozoic fossil record on Madagascar has inhibited direct testing of any such hypotheses. We compare the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Madagascar in the Holocene to that of early Cenozoic continental Africa to shed light on the probability of a major mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction event, followed by an &quot;adaptive radiation&quot; or recovery. We also use multiple analytic approaches to test competing models of lemur diversification and the null hypothesis that no unusual mid-Cenozoic extinction of lemurs occurred.<br><br>RESULTS: Comparisons of the terrestrial vertebrate faunas of the early Cenozoic on continental Africa and Holocene on Madagascar support the inference that Madagascar suffered a major mid-Cenozoic extinction event. Evolutionary modeling offers some corroboration, although the level of support varies by phylogeny and model used. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Kistler and colleagues, RPANDA and TESS offer moderate support for the occurrence of unusual extinction at or near the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) boundary (34 Ma). TreePar, operating under the condition of obligate mass extinction, found peak diversification at 31 Ma, and low probability of survival of prior lineages. Extinction at the E-O boundary received greater support than other candidate extinctions or the null hypothesis of no major extinction. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Herrera &amp; Dàvalos, evidence for large-scale extinction diminishes and its most likely timing shifts to before 40 Ma, which fails to conform to global expectations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While support for large-scale mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction on Madagascar based on phylogenetic modeling is inconclusive, the African fossil record does provide indirect support. Furthermore, a major extinction and recovery of lemuriforms during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) would coincide with other major vertebrate extinctions in North America, Europe, and Africa. It would suggest that Madagascar's lemurs were impacted by the climate shift from &quot;greenhouse&quot; to &quot;ice-house&quot; conditions that occurred at that time. This could, in turn, help to explain some of the peculiar characteristics of the lemuriform clade.}, }
@article {pmid32768913, year = {2021}, author = {Akamatsu, F and Okuda, M and Fujii, T}, title = {Corrigendum to &quot;Long-term responses to climate change of the carbon and oxygen stable isotopic compositions and gelatinization temperature of rice&quot; [Food Chem. 315 (2020) 126239].}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {336}, number = {}, pages = {127727}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127727}, pmid = {32768913}, issn = {1873-7072}, }
@article {pmid32767753, year = {2020}, author = {Chamberlain, CJ and Cook, BI and Morales-Castilla, I and Wolkovich, EM}, title = {Climate change reshapes the drivers of false spring risk across European trees.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16851}, pmid = {32767753}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Center for the Environment, Harvard University/ ; }, abstract = {Temperate forests are shaped by late spring freezes after budburst - false springs - which may shift with climate change. Research to date has generated conflicting results, potentially because few studies focus on the multiple underlying drivers of false spring risk. Here, we assessed the effects of mean spring temperature, distance from the coast, elevation and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) using PEP725 leafout data for six tree species across 11 648 sites in Europe, to determine which were the strongest predictors of false spring risk and how these predictors shifted with climate change. All predictors influenced false spring risk before recent warming, but their effects have shifted in both magnitude and direction with warming. These shifts have potentially magnified the variation in false spring risk among species with an increase in risk for early-leafout species (i.e. Aesculus hippocastanum, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula) compared with a decline or no change in risk among late-leafout species (i.e. Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur). Our results show how climate change has reshaped the drivers of false spring risk, complicating forecasts of future false springs, and potentially reshaping plant community dynamics given uneven shifts in risk across species.}, }
@article {pmid32765541, year = {2020}, author = {Pourkheirandish, M and Golicz, AA and Bhalla, PL and Singh, MB}, title = {Global Role of Crop Genomics in the Face of Climate Change.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {922}, pmid = {32765541}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The development of climate change resilient crops is necessary if we are to meet the challenge of feeding the growing world's population. We must be able to increase food production despite the projected decrease in arable land and unpredictable environmental conditions. This review summarizes the technological and conceptual advances that have the potential to transform plant breeding, help overcome the challenges of climate change, and initiate the next plant breeding revolution. Recent developments in genomics in combination with high-throughput and precision phenotyping facilitate the identification of genes controlling critical agronomic traits. The discovery of these genes can now be paired with genome editing techniques to rapidly develop climate change resilient crops, including plants with better biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and enhanced nutritional value. Utilizing the genetic potential of crop wild relatives (CWRs) enables the domestication of new species and the generation of synthetic polyploids. The high-quality crop plant genome assemblies and annotations provide new, exciting research targets, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and cis-regulatory regions. Metagenomic studies give insights into plant-microbiome interactions and guide selection of optimal soils for plant cultivation. Together, all these advances will allow breeders to produce improved, resilient crops in relatively short timeframes meeting the demands of the growing population and changing climate.}, }
@article {pmid32765360, year = {2020}, author = {Gregersen, T and Doran, R and Böhm, G and Tvinnereim, E and Poortinga, W}, title = {Political Orientation Moderates the Relationship Between Climate Change Beliefs and Worry About Climate Change.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1573}, pmid = {32765360}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Public perceptions are well established as a key factor in support for climate change mitigation policies, and they tend to vary both within and between countries. Based on data from the European Social Survey Round 8 (N = 44,387), we examined the role of climate change beliefs and political orientation in explaining worry about climate change across 23 countries. We show that belief in anthropogenic climate change, followed by expectations of negative impacts from climate change, are the strongest predictors of worry about climate change. While the strength of the association between political orientation and worry about climate change varies across countries, self-positioning further to the right of the political spectrum is associated with lower levels of worry in most of the countries included in the analysis. We further show that political orientation moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and worry. While increased confidence in the anthropogenic nature of climate change and expectations of negative impacts are both associated with increased worry across the political spectrum, the relationship is weaker among right-leaning as compared to left-leaning individuals. Notably, the main effect of political orientation on worry about climate change is no longer statistically significant when the interaction terms are present. Finally, a relatively small amount of the explained variance in worry is attributable to differences between countries. The findings might inform strategies for climate change communication in a European context.}, }
@article {pmid32764646, year = {2020}, author = {Sandi, SG and Rodriguez, JF and Saintilan, N and Wen, L and Kuczera, G and Riccardi, G and Saco, PM}, title = {Resilience to drought of dryland wetlands threatened by climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13232}, pmid = {32764646}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {PhD. Scholarship//University of Newcastle Australia/ ; DP140104178//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Dryland wetlands are resilient ecosystems that can adapt to extreme periodic drought-flood episodes. Climate change projections show increased drought severity in drylands that could compromise wetland resilience and reduce important habitat services. These recognized risks have been difficult to evaluate due to our limited capacity to establish comprehensive relationships between flood-drought episodes and vegetation responses at the relevant spatiotemporal scales. We address this issue by integrating detailed spatiotemporal flood-drought simulations with remotely sensed vegetation responses to water regimes in a dryland wetland known for its highly variable inundation. We show that a combination of drought tolerance and dormancy strategies allow wetland vegetation to recover after droughts and recolonize areas invaded by terrestrial species. However, climate change scenarios show widespread degradation during drought and limited recovery after floods. Importantly, the combination of degradation extent and increase in drought duration is critical for the habitat services wetland systems provide for waterbirds and fish.}, }
@article {pmid32764540, year = {2020}, author = {Hari, V and Rakovec, O and Markonis, Y and Hanel, M and Kumar, R}, title = {Increased future occurrences of the exceptional 2018-2019 Central European drought under global warming.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12207}, pmid = {32764540}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RA 3235/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 19-24089J//Czech Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Since the spring 2018, a large part of Europe has been in the midst of a record-setting drought. Using long-term observations, we demonstrate that the occurrence of the 2018-2019 (consecutive) summer drought is unprecedented in the last 250 years, and its combined impact on the growing season vegetation activities is stronger compared to the 2003 European drought. Using a suite of climate model simulation outputs, we underpin the role of anthropogenic warming on exacerbating the future risk of such a consecutive drought event. Under the highest Representative Concentration Pathway, (RCP 8.5), we notice a seven-fold increase in the occurrence of the consecutive droughts, with additional 40 ([Formula: see text]) million ha of cultivated areas being affected by such droughts, during the second half of the twenty-first century. The occurrence is significantly reduced under low and medium scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5), suggesting that an effective mitigation strategy could aid in reducing the risk of future consecutive droughts.}, }
@article {pmid32763650, year = {2020}, author = {Arrizabalaga-Arriazu, M and Morales, F and Irigoyen, JJ and Hilbert, G and Pascual, I}, title = {Growth performance and carbon partitioning of grapevine Tempranillo clones under simulated climate change scenarios: Elevated CO2 and temperature.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {252}, number = {}, pages = {153226}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153226}, pmid = {32763650}, issn = {1618-1328}, abstract = {Atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperatures are expected to rise in the next decades, and viticulture must face these changes. Within this context, exploiting the intra-varietal diversity of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) can be a useful tool for the adaptation of this crop to climate change. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of elevated temperature and elevated levels of atmospheric CO2, both individually and combined, on the growth, phenology and carbon partitioning of five clones of the cultivar Tempranillo (RJ43, CL306, T3, VN31 and 1084). The hypothesis that clones within the same variety that differ in their phenological development may respond in a different manner to the above mentioned environmental factors from a physiological point of view was tested. Grapevine fruit-bearing cuttings were grown from fruit set to maturity under two temperature regimes: ambient (T) vs elevated (ambient + 4°C, T + 4), combined with two CO2 levels: ambient (ca. 400 ppm, ACO2) vs elevated (700 ppm, ECO2), in temperature-gradient greenhouses (TGGs). Considering all the clones, elevated temperature hastened grape development and increased vegetative growth, but reduced grape production, the later most likely associated with the heat waves recorded during the experiment. Plants in the elevated CO2 treatments showed a higher photosynthetic activity at veraison and an increased vegetative growth, but they showed signs of photosynthetic acclimation to ECO2 at maturity according to the C:N ratio, especially when combined with high temperature. The combination of ECO2 and T + 4, mimicking climate change environmental conditions, showed additive effects in some of the parameters analyzed. The clones showed differences in their phenological development, which conditioned some responses to elevated CO2 and temperature in terms of vegetative production and C partitioning into different organs. The work adds new knowledge on the use of different grapevine clones, that can be useful to improve the viticultural efficiency in future climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32762870, year = {2020}, author = {Motta, M}, title = {Could concern about climate change increase demand for a Lyme disease vaccine in the U.S.?.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {38}, number = {40}, pages = {6191-6193}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.060}, pmid = {32762870}, issn = {1873-2518}, }
@article {pmid32761542, year = {2020}, author = {Castleden, H and Lin, J and Darrach, M}, title = {The public health emergency of climate change: how/are Canadian post-secondary public health sciences programs responding?.}, journal = {Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17269/s41997-020-00386-3}, pmid = {32761542}, issn = {1920-7476}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recently issued a statement that the fate of human society and human health is at serious risk of catastrophic impacts unless we take bold action to keep global warming under 1.5 °C. In 2015, the Canadian Public Health Association noted emerging efforts to embrace intersectoral approaches to global change in public health research and practice. In this study, we question the extent to which Canadian Graduate Public Health Sciences Programs have kept pace with these efforts to see climate change surface as a new frontier for training the next generation of researchers and practitioners.<br><br>METHODS: Semi-structured interviews (19) were conducted with Department Heads (or equivalents) of graduate-level Public Health Sciences Programs at 15 Canadian universities concerning the place of climate change in their respective curricula. Interviews were designed to elicit participants' institutional perspectives on the importance of climate change in the Public Health Sciences and identify perceived challenges and opportunities.<br><br>RESULTS: Despite wide recognition among participants that climate change is a public health &quot;crisis&quot;, very few reported having substantive curricular engagement on the topic. Key challenges identified were lack of resources, organizational issues, and political barriers. Key opportunities to adapt curricula to address this new frontier in Public Health were faculty interest and expertise, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and pressure from the institution.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence for post-secondary Public Health Sciences Programs to understand the need to address their own sluggishness when what is needed are bold, even radical, shifts to existing curricula.}, }
@article {pmid32760561, year = {2020}, author = {Iwabuchi, BL and Gosselin, LA}, title = {Implications of acute temperature and salinity tolerance thresholds for the persistence of intertidal invertebrate populations experiencing climate change.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {14}, pages = {7739-7754}, pmid = {32760561}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {To predict whether populations of marine animals will persist in the face of changing climate conditions, it is informative to understand how past climate conditions have shaped present-day tolerance thresholds. We examined 4 species of intertidal invertebrates (Nucella lamellosa, Littorina scutulata, Littorina sitkana, and Balanus glandula) inhabiting the coasts of Vancouver Island, Canada, where the east coast experiences historically warmer sea surface temperature (SST), warmer low tide (i.e., emersion) rock surface temperature (RST), and lower sea surface salinity (SSS) than the west coast. To determine if east coast populations have higher tolerance thresholds to acute stress than west coast populations, animals from 3 sites per coast were exposed to stressful temperatures and salinities in common garden experiments. Emersion temperature tolerance differed between populations only in N. lamellosa and B. glandula, tolerance thresholds being 1.4-1.5°C higher on the east coast. Water temperature tolerance differed between populations only in B. glandula and L. scutulata but was highest on the west coast. No differences in salinity tolerance were observed within any species. Thus, there is limited evidence of divergence among east and west coast populations in tolerance of acute stress despite the substantial historical differences in extreme temperature and salinity conditions between coasts. However, based on present-day summertime SST and RST and known rates of change in these parameters, we predict present-day tolerance thresholds would be sufficient to allow adults of these populations to tolerate extreme temperatures predicted for the next several hundred years, and that even a slow rate of change in acute tolerance thresholds might suffice to keep up with future temperature extremes.}, }
@article {pmid32759950, year = {2020}, author = {Nisa, CF and Sasin, EM and Faller, DG and Schumpe, BM and Belanger, JJ}, title = {Reply to: Alternative meta-analysis of behavioural interventions to promote action on climate change yields different conclusions.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3901}, pmid = {32759950}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; }, }
@article {pmid32759949, year = {2020}, author = {van der Linden, S and Goldberg, MH}, title = {Alternative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions to promote action on climate change yields different conclusions.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3915}, pmid = {32759949}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; *Crops, Agricultural ; }, }
@article {pmid32759880, year = {2020}, author = {Orr, M and Stewart, A and Grundstein, A}, title = {Investigating Connections between Need for Cognitive Closure and Climate Change Concern in College Students.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {32759880}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Understanding how people's worldviews and individual personality differences affect their thinking about anthropogenic climate change is critical to communication efforts regarding this issue. This study surveyed University of Georgia students to investigate the role that need for cognitive closure plays in level of climate change worry. The relationship between these two was found to involve suppression-a subset of mediation-by the social dimension of political conservatism. Political conservatism was also found to play a mediating role in the relationship between need for cognitive closure and support for governmental and personal climate solutions. However, social conservatism played this mediator role in women, and functioned as a suppressor for men. These findings help inform audience segmentation and creation of climate-related messages based on audience worldview and personality.}, }
@article {pmid32758966, year = {2020}, author = {Kakarla, SG and Bhimala, KR and Kadiri, MR and Kumaraswamy, S and Mutheneni, SR}, title = {Dengue situation in India: Suitability and transmission potential model for present and projected climate change scenarios.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {739}, number = {}, pages = {140336}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140336}, pmid = {32758966}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Aedes ; Animals ; Climate Change ; Dengue/*epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; India ; }, abstract = {Dengue fever is mosquito borne viral disease caused by dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In recent years the dengue has spread rapidly to several regions and it becomes a major public health menace globally. Dengue transmission is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall. In the present study, a climate driven dengue model was developed and predicted areas vulnerable for dengue transmission under the present and future climate change scenarios in India. The study also projected the dengue distribution risk map using representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in India in 2018-2030 (forthcoming period), 2031-2050 (intermediate period) and 2051-2080 (long period). The dengue cases assessed in India from 1998 to 2018 and found that the dengue transmission is gradually increasing year over year. The temperature data from 1980 to 2017 shows that, the mean temperatures are raising in the Southern region of India. During 2000-2017 periods the dengue transmission is steadily increasing across the India in compare with 1980-1999 periods. The dengue distribution risk is predicted and it is revealed that the coastal states have yearlong transmission possibility, but the high transmission potential is observed throughout the monsoon period. Due to the climate change, the expansion two more months of dengue transmission risk occurs in many regions of India. Both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios revealed that dengue outbreaks might occur at larger volume in Southern, Eastern, and Central regions of India. Furthermore a sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the impact of climate change on dengue transmission. These results helps to suggest appropriate control measures should be implemented to limit the spread in future warmer climates. Besides these, a proper plan is required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to reduce the epidemic potential of dengue in India.}, }
@article {pmid32758947, year = {2020}, author = {Honda, T and Kozakai, C}, title = {Mechanisms of human-black bear conflicts in Japan: In preparation for climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {739}, number = {}, pages = {140028}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140028}, pmid = {32758947}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Climate Change ; Cold Temperature ; Humans ; Japan ; Seasons ; *Ursidae ; }, abstract = {Many studies have reported effects of global climate change on wildlife, including changes in species distributions and population sizes but perspectives on interactions between the biosphere and the anthroposphere are limited. Bears have a worldwide range and often come into conflict with humans. We assessed the effects of weather variables including temperature, precipitation, and sunshine on human-bear conflicts. Given that the relationship between climate and bear physiology is poorly understood, we first conducted an exploratory analysis using regression techniques. We then built a final predictive model using generalized linear mixed modelling and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC)-based model selection. Our model highlighted the influence of cold temperatures during denning on the frequency of human-bear conflicts. Cold temperatures during denning are related to increased energy requirements for thermoregulation. It is likely that the resulting increase in demand for food following denning leads to an increase in human-bear conflicts. Our results also indicate that cool springs, lingering winter snowpacks, and hot summers may increase human-bear conflicts due to associated reductions in key food sources.}, }
@article {pmid32758823, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, T and Tang, G and Yuan, Y and Guo, H and Xu, Z and Jiang, G and Chen, X}, title = {Unraveling the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland productivity in Central Asia over last three decades.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {743}, number = {}, pages = {140649}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140649}, pmid = {32758823}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change (CC) and human activities (HA) have severely influenced grassland productivity in Central Asia since the 1980s. However, the relative impacts of CC and HA on grassland productivity are not adequately documented, especially over the past three decades. In this study, we adapted the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to reveal potential timescales at which grassland productivity varied in Central Asia and to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of grassland productivity during 1982-2015. We developed a quantitative method that incorporated the EEMD, along with six scenarios, to disentangle the effects of CC and HA on grassland productivity in Central Asia. Results showed that grassland productivity in Central Asia trended upward significantly at a rate of 0.66 gC m-2 yr-1 and was dominated by a 3-year time scale oscillation. The impacts of CC and HA on grassland productivity varied significantly over space and time. CC mainly facilitated grassland productivity restoration, whereas HA decreased grassland productivity in Central Asia. Besides, varied HA in six regions of Central Asia were due to different policy implementations across these regions. In particular, HA in Xinjiang significantly promoted grassland restoration, accounting for 22.5% of the total human-affected area, mostly because of the implementation of the Grazing Withdrawal Program (GWP), while HA significantly accelerated grassland productivity degradation in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan over last three decades. Additionally, HA promoted the restoration of grassland productivity in Kazakhstan in a short period due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, but degraded it at long-term scale. Further, precipitation was found to be the main climatic factor while grazing be the main human factor for controlling grassland productivity variations in Central Asia, respectively. Overall, our study provides not only a novel way of quantifying the impacts of CC and HA on vegetation variations but also new insights into mechanisms mediating grassland productivity in Central Asia.}, }
@article {pmid32758820, year = {2020}, author = {Williamson, TN and Barton, CD}, title = {Hydrologic modeling to examine the influence of the forestry reclamation approach and climate change on mineland hydrology.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {743}, number = {}, pages = {140605}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140605}, pmid = {32758820}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Forests in the Appalachian region of the U.S. are threatened by a variety of short- and long-term pressures, including climate change, invasive species, and resource extraction. Surface mining for coal is one of the most important drivers of land-use change in the region, reducing native forest cover, causing forest fragmentation, eliminating intact soil, and affecting water resources. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) has been demonstrated as a successful best practice for restoring forests on mine-impacted landscapes, but little information exists on how the practice will affect hydrologic processes. A study was initiated to examine soil-water movement, as in-situ saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), combined with soil porosity to quantify the potential influence on streamflow of reclaimed mines relative to an unmined, forested control site in eastern Kentucky. We compared different reclamation techniques and time since reclamation to determine the extent to which hydrologic function can be restored. We also simulated evapotranspiration at the watershed scale as a function of reclamation technique for both historical and projected (2050) climate. Results indicate that conventional grassland reclamation critically changes how soil water transitions to streamflow, primarily due to Ksat variability that exceeds that measured for intact and FRA soils. Sites reclaimed using FRA exhibited a soil-water environment that was more similar to the unmined control. However, all reclaimed mine soils were thinner, retained and stored less soil water, and thus could provide less plant-available water during the growing season. The plant-available water stored in reclaimed landscapes may not be sufficient to support forest health and this is exacerbated by projected climate conditions. However, soil development under a combination of FRA techniques has the potential to mitigate this limitation.}, }
@article {pmid32758095, year = {2020}, author = {Pollard, AE and Rowlison, DL and Kohnen, A and McGuffin, K and Geldert, C and Kramer, C and MacDonald, L and Kastendieck, EG and Sekhon, SS and Carpenter, MJ and Duncan, C}, title = {Preparing Veterinarians to Address the Health Impacts of Climate Change: Student Perceptions, Knowledge Gaps, and Opportunities.}, journal = {Journal of veterinary medical education}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e20190080}, doi = {10.3138/jvme-2019-0080}, pmid = {32758095}, issn = {0748-321X}, abstract = {Climate change poses a significant and increasing threat to global health. While veterinarians play integral roles in public and environmental health, the profession has been less engaged in the topic of climate change relative to their human medical counterparts. The objective of this study was to synthesize veterinary students' perceptions and knowledge about the relationship between veterinary medicine and climate change to identify educational gaps and opportunities. An online questionnaire was disseminated to American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)-accredited veterinary colleges through the Student American Veterinary Medical Association newsletter. Respondents were overwhelmingly confident that climate change is happening, is due to human activities, and is impacting both human and animal health. Veterinary students also expressed the belief that veterinarians should take a leadership role on the issue of climate change, especially through promoting environmental sustainability in clinical practice. Despite this enthusiasm, most students reported a lack of educational opportunities within their veterinary programs. The results of this survey highlight opportunities for the development of educational resources on the topic, many of which could complement existing material such as that devoted to practice management, economics, and client communication. Veterinarians have the potential to meaningfully contribute to both mitigation and adaptation efforts around climate change; however, they must be equipped with the tools to do so.}, }
@article {pmid32758001, year = {2020}, author = {Chandra, AK and Pandey, D and Tiwari, A and Sharma, D and Agarwal, A and Sood, S and Kumar, A}, title = {An Omics Study of Iron and Zinc Homeostasis in Finger Millet: Biofortified Foods for Micronutrient Deficiency in an Era of Climate Change?.}, journal = {Omics : a journal of integrative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1089/omi.2020.0095}, pmid = {32758001}, issn = {1557-8100}, abstract = {The future of food and sustainability of the staple food crops are of utmost importance in the 21st century. Micronutrient deficiency, for example, in iron and zinc, is a common cause of human diseases. Mineral content of the staple food crops has therefore crosscutting importance for food engineering and planetary health. Finger millet, a staple food of agricultural importance worldwide, is rich in iron and zinc, and an ideal model to study the prospects of biofortified foods in times of climate change. We report here a multiomics study of the iron and zinc homeostasis in the finger millet. We identified and characterized 15 candidate genes potentially involved in iron and zinc homeostasis pathways in the finger millet. Structural and functional annotation of the candidate genes revealed a high similarity index with their respective homologs (Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, and Setaria italica). Transcriptome-wide expression analysis showed that genes involved in uptake and translocation of iron and zinc are highly expressed in the GP-1 genotype, while those involved in bioavailability of iron and zinc are expressed more in the GP-45 genotype of the finger millet. In conclusion, finger millet, being a stress-resilient crop, utilizes a combination of strategies in iron and zinc homeostasis pathway, which appear to play an important role in food crop acquisition of iron and zinc, despite environmentally limiting conditions. These data offer molecular insights on iron and zinc accumulation and paves the way for new strategies toward staple food crop with mineral biofortification.}, }
@article {pmid32756604, year = {2020}, author = {, }, title = {Correction: Explaining public understanding of the concepts of climate change, nutrition, poverty and effective medical drugs: An international experimental survey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e0237445}, pmid = {32756604}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234036.].}, }
@article {pmid32755772, year = {2020}, author = {Won, J and Choi, J and Lee, O and Kim, S}, title = {Copula-based Joint Drought Index using SPI and EDDI and its application to climate change.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {744}, number = {}, pages = {140701}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140701}, pmid = {32755772}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The drought index, which mainly focuses on the moisture supply side of the atmosphere, which has been mainly used in the field of drought monitoring, has limitations that cannot reflect drought caused by changes in various climate variables such as an increase in surface air temperature due to global warming. To overcome these limitations, various evaporation demand-based drought indices have been proposed, focusing on the aspect of atmospheric moisture demand. However, drought indices that consider only precipitation or the demand for atmospheric evaporation are difficult to comprehensively interpret drought caused by various climatic factors. The novelty of this study is to propose a new drought index to simultaneously monitor droughts occurring in terms of atmospheric moisture supply and demand. The proposed Copula-based Joint Drought Index (CJDI) combines the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Evaporative Demand Drought Index using copula. Since CJDI reflects the correlation between the two drought indices, it is shown that CJDI can better monitor Korea's past droughts than other drought indices. It is found that quantification of past drought using CJDI can be used to objectively recognize the level of drought currently in progress by combining with drought severity-duration-frequency curves derived from partial duration series. As a result of analyzing the future drought pattern in Korea, it was revealed that the drought would be alleviated by about 11% in the case of SPI and SPEI, but the drought would intensify by about 89% in the case of EDDI. In the case of CJDI, it is projected that the drought is likely to intensify to about 17%. From the perspective of better reproducing past droughts and projecting a more convincing future drought than other drought indices, CJDI is expected to be fully utilized as a drought index to monitor droughts and establish climate change adaptation policies.}, }
@article {pmid32751787, year = {2020}, author = {Kougioumoutzis, K and Kokkoris, IP and Panitsa, M and Trigas, P and Strid, A and Dimopoulos, P}, title = {Spatial Phylogenetics, Biogeographical Patterns and Conservation Implications of the Endemic Flora of Crete (Aegean, Greece) under Climate Change Scenarios.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {32751787}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2019-050-0503-17842//State Scholarships Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Human-induced biodiversity loss has been accelerating since the industrial revolution. The climate change impacts will severely alter the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns at all scales, leading to biotic homogenization. Due to underfunding, a climate smart, conservation-prioritization scheme is needed to optimize species protection. Spatial phylogenetics enable the identification of endemism centers and provide valuable insights regarding the eco-evolutionary and conservation value, as well as the biogeographical origin of a given area. Many studies exist regarding the conservation prioritization of mainland areas, yet none has assessed how climate change might alter the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of an island biodiversity hotspot. Thus, we conducted a phylogenetically informed, conservation prioritization study dealing with the effects of climate change on Crete's plant diversity and biogeographical patterns. Using several macroecological analyses, we identified the current and future endemism centers and assessed the impact of climate change on the biogeographical patterns in Crete. The highlands of Cretan mountains have served as both diversity cradles and museums, due to their stable climate and high topographical heterogeneity, providing important ecosystem services. Historical processes seem to have driven diversification and endemic species distribution in Crete. Due to the changing climate and the subsequent biotic homogenization, Crete's unique bioregionalization, which strongly reminiscent the spatial configuration of the Pliocene/Pleistocene Cretan paleo-islands, will drastically change. The emergence of the 'Anthropocene' era calls for the prioritization of biodiversity-rich areas, serving as mixed-endemism centers, with high overlaps among protected areas and climatic refugia.}, }
@article {pmid32750540, year = {2020}, author = {Wamelink, GWW and Mol-Dijkstra, JP and Reinds, GJ and Voogd, JC and Bonten, LTC and Posch, M and Hennekens, SM and de Vries, W}, title = {Prediction of plant species occurrence as affected by nitrogen deposition and climate change on a European scale.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {266}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {115257}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115257}, pmid = {32750540}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Nitrogen/*analysis ; Plants ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Plant species occurrence in Europe is affected by changes in nitrogen deposition and climate. Insight into potential future effects of those changes can be derived by a model approach based on field-based empirical evidence on a continental scale. In this paper, we present a newly developed empirical model PROPS, predicting the occurrence probabilities of plant species in response to a combination of climatic factors, nitrogen deposition and soil properties. Parameters included were temperature, precipitation, nitrogen deposition, soil pH and soil C/N ratio. The PROPS model was fitted to plant species occurrence data of about 800,000 European relevés with estimated values for pH and soil C/N ratio and interpolated climate and modelled N deposition data obtained from the Ensemble meteo data set and EMEP model results, respectively. The model was validated on an independent data set. The test of ten species against field data gave an average Pearson's r-value of 0.79. PROPS was applied to a grassland and a heathland site to evaluate the effect of scenarios for nitrogen deposition and climate change on the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI), being the average of the relative probabilities, compared to the maximum probability, of all target species in a habitat. Results for the period 1930-2050 showed that an initial increase and later decrease in nitrogen deposition led to a pronounced decrease in HSI, and with dropping nitrogen deposition to an increase of the HSI. The effect of climate change appeared to be limited, resulting in a slight increase in HSI.}, }
@article {pmid32748042, year = {2020}, author = {Vanderkelen, I and Zscheischler, J and Gudmundsson, L and Keuler, K and Rineau, F and Beenaerts, N and Vangronsveld, J and Vicca, S and Thiery, W}, title = {Correction to: A novel method for assessing climate change impacts in ecotron experiments.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, pages = {1729}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01973-2}, pmid = {32748042}, issn = {1432-1254}, abstract = {The article was published bearing a typographical error to the second author name listed. The author group regret the error and the name should be referenced and credited as Jakob Zscheischler and not the former.}, }
@article {pmid32745275, year = {2020}, author = {González-Del-Pliego, P and Scheffers, BR and Freckleton, RP and Basham, EW and Araújo, MB and Acosta-Galvis, AR and Medina Uribe, CA and Haugaasen, T and Edwards, DP}, title = {Thermal tolerance and the importance of microhabitats for Andean frogs in the context of land-use and climate change.}, journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13309}, pmid = {32745275}, issn = {1365-2656}, abstract = {1. Global warming is having impacts across the Tree of Life. Understanding species' physiological sensitivity to temperature change and how they relate to local temperature variation in their habitats is crucial to determining vulnerability to global warming. 2. We ask how species' vulnerability varies across habitats and elevations, and how climatically-buffered microhabitats can contribute to reduce their vulnerability. 3. We measured thermal sensitivity (critical thermal maximum - CTmax) of 14 species of Pristimantis frogs inhabiting young and old secondary, and primary forests in the Colombian Andes. Exposure to temperature stress was measured by recording temperature in the understory and across five microhabitats. We determined frogs' current vulnerability across habitats, elevations and microhabitats accounting for phylogeny and then ask how vulnerability varies under four warming scenarios: +1.5⁰C, +2⁰C, +3⁰C and +5⁰C. 4. We found that CTmax was constant across species regardless of habitat and elevation. However, species in young secondary forests are expected to become more vulnerable because of increased exposure to higher temperatures. Microhabitat variation could enable species to persist within their thermal temperature range as long as regional temperatures do not surpass +2°C. The effectiveness of microhabitat buffering decreases with a 2-3°C increase, and is almost null under a 5°C temperature increase. 5. Microhabitats will provide thermal protection to Andean frog communities from climate change by enabling tracking of suitable climates through short distance movement. Conservation strategies, such as managing landscapes by preserving primary forests and allowing regrowth and re-connection of secondary forest would offer thermally buffered microhabitats and aid in the survival of this group.}, }
@article {pmid32743086, year = {2020}, author = {Gebru, GW and Ichoku, HE and Phil-Eze, PO}, title = {Determinants of smallholder farmers' adoption of adaptation strategies to climate change in Eastern Tigray National Regional State of Ethiopia.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e04356}, pmid = {32743086}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Climate change has been significantly affecting smallholder farmer's livelihood and food security. However, efforts to support farmer adaptation are hampered by the lack of scientific and context based evidences. Hence, this paper identified the major adaptation strategies to climate change (CC) and analysed the determinants of adoption of adaptation strategies to climate change in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Three-stage sampling technique was used to select the study sites and sample households. Copies of 485 questionnaires were administered and complemented with data from focus group discussion and key informant interviews. Results of the descriptive analysis identified that use of soil and water conservation practices, planting trees, improved crop seeds, irrigation and use of non-farm income generating activities are the most utilized adaptation strategies to climate change. Results of the multinomial logistic regression (MNL) revealed that households' adaptation to climate change was found positively and significantly affected by education, livestock holding, cooperatives membership, extension services, farmers income and households perception to climate change. On the contrary, age of the household head, distance to market and agro-ecology were found negatively and statistically affecting smallholder farmers adoption of adaptation strategies to climate change. Thus, public policy on climate change adaptation need to take into account local people's resource base and their lifelong outlooks so as to reduce the potential drawbacks of climate change on farmers' livelihood.}, }
@article {pmid32741054, year = {2020}, author = {Denechaud, C and Smoliński, S and Geffen, AJ and Godiksen, JA and Campana, SE}, title = {A century of fish growth in relation to climate change, population dynamics and exploitation.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15298}, pmid = {32741054}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {173906-051//Icelandic Research Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Marine ecosystems, particularly in high-latitude regions such as the Arctic, have been significantly affected by human activities and contributions to climate change. Evaluating how fish populations responded to past changes in their environment is helpful for evaluating their future patterns, but is often hindered by the lack of long-term biological data available. Using otolith increments of Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) as a proxy for individual growth, we developed a century-scale biochronology (1924-2014) based on the measurements of 3,894 fish, which revealed significant variations in cod growth over the last 91 years. We combined mixed-effect modeling and path analysis to relate these growth variations to selected climate, population and fishing-related factors. Cod growth was negatively related to cod population size and positively related to capelin population size, one of the most important prey items. This suggests that density-dependent effects are the main source of growth variability due to competition for resources and cannibalism. Growth was also positively correlated with warming sea temperatures but negatively correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, suggesting contrasting effects of climate warming at different spatial scales. Fishing pressure had a significant but weak negative direct impact on growth. Additionally, path analysis revealed that the selected growth factors were interrelated. Capelin biomass was positively related to sea temperature and negatively influenced by herring biomass, while cod biomass was mainly driven by fishing mortality. Together, these results give a better understanding of how multiple interacting factors have shaped cod growth throughout a century, both directly and indirectly.}, }
@article {pmid32740923, year = {2020}, author = {Gade, MR and Connette, GM and Crawford, JA and Hocking, DJ and Maerz, JC and Milanovich, JR and Peterman, WE}, title = {Predicted alteration of surface activity as a consequence of climate change.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e03154}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3154}, pmid = {32740923}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {//Bruce Family Scholarship in Herpetology Grant-in-Aid from Highlands Biological Station/ ; //Herpetologist's League EE Williams Research Grant/ ; //University of Missouri Life Science Fellowship/ ; //EPA STAR Fellowship/ ; //Charles W. Ash Scholarship from Highlands Biological Station/ ; //GAANN Fellowship from the U.S. Department of Education/ ; //Bruce Family Scholarship in Herpetology from Highlands Biological Station/ ; W203-11//National Geographic Society Waitt Grant Program/ ; DEB-0823293//National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research Program to the Coweeta LTER Program at the University of Georgia/ ; DEB-1637522//National Science Foundation Long Term Ecological Research Program to the Coweeta LTER Program at the University of Georgia/ ; }, abstract = {Wildlife are faced with numerous threats to survival, none more pressing than that of climate change. Understanding how species will respond behaviorally, physiologically, and demographically to a changing climate is a cornerstone of many contemporary ecological studies, especially for organisms, such as amphibians, whose persistence is closely tied to abiotic conditions. Activity is a useful parameter for understanding the effects of climate change because activity is directly linked to fitness as it dictates foraging times, energy budgets, and mating opportunities. However, activity can be challenging to measure directly, especially for secretive organisms like plethodontid salamanders, which only become surface active when conditions are cool and moist because of their anatomical and physiological restrictions. We estimated abiotic predictors of surface activity for the seven species of the Plethodon jordani complex. Five independent data sets collected from 2004 to 2017 were used to determine the parameters driving salamander surface activity in the present day, which were then used to predict potential activity changes over the next 80 yrs. Average active seasonal temperature and vapor pressure deficit were the strongest predictors of salamander surface activity and, without physiological or behavioral modifications, salamanders were predicted to exhibit a higher probability of surface activity during peak active season under future climate conditions. Temperatures during the active season likely do not exceed salamander thermal maxima to cause activity suppression and, until physiological limits are reached, future conditions may continue to increase activity. Our model is the first comprehensive field-based study to assess current and future surface activity probability. Our study provides insights into how a key behavior driving fitness may be affected by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32740833, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, J and Zhi, M}, title = {Effects of basin nutrient discharge variations coupled with climate change on water quality in Lake Erhai, China.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09179-0}, pmid = {32740833}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {In Lake Erhai, water quality was affected by the basin nutrient discharge and climate change. To analyze the relationships between the water quality (total nitrogen [TN], total phosphorus [TP], chemical oxygen demand [CODmn], ammonia [NH4], and trophic level index [TLI]) and basin nutrient discharge (TNd, TPd, and CODd) combined with climate changes (air temperature [AT], precipitation [pre], wind speed [wind], and sunshine hours [SHs]), the generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to explore the nonlinear relationships with their interactions using data sets ranging from 1999 to 2012. Our findings revealed that the water quality in Lake Erhai deteriorated in the early twentieth century, and the basin discharge and AT appeared significant (p < 0.05) rising trends in a long time, while the precipitation decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the study period. Single-factor GAM results indicated that the basin nutrient discharge was the main explanatory factor for the variations of TN and TP in lake, while precipitation was the main driver for CODmn and NH4. Besides, the water quality displayed nonlinear responses to the basin discharge, but all of the water quality variables went up as the emission levels increased in the lower range. The results showed that the water quality deteriorated in the lower rainfall, and TN rose as the AT increases, while TP was elevated accompanied by the ascending SHs there. The GAM interaction results suggested that the increase of AT and TPd had a promoting effect on TP in Lake Erhai. Stricter nutrient management measures should be implemented when the impacts of climate change are taken into account.}, }
@article {pmid32738697, year = {2020}, author = {Ojo, TO and Baiyegunhi, LJS}, title = {Impact of climate change adaptation strategies on rice productivity in South-west, Nigeria: An endogeneity corrected stochastic frontier model.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {745}, number = {}, pages = {141151}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141151}, pmid = {32738697}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The study assessed the impact of climate change adaptation strategies on technical efficiency of smallholder rice farmers in South-west Nigeria. An endogeneity corrected stochastic frontier model which account for the endogeneity of adoption of adaptation strategies that is likely to depend on inefficiency was employed for the study. The result of the study revealed that adoption of adaption strategies is endogenously determined with rice productivity and hence, failure to account for endogeneity, the parameter efficiency estimates would be inconsistent. The empirical results from the model show that quantity of labour, herbicides and the interaction of labour with both farm size and insecticides were statistically significant in explaining the variations in the efficiency of rice production in the study area. In addition, the study identified the combined effects of climate change adaptation strategies and some socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, education, farming experience, access to credit, access to information, membership of farmers in agricultural based cooperative and location of rice farmers as sources of technical inefficiencies. The study concluded that increase implementation of climate change adaptation strategies could enhance rice productivity and technical efficiency of rice farmers through timely access to climate change information and other related institutional support. Based on farmers' knowledge and understanding of changes in climatic conditions and the adaptation strategies to mitigate its effect, it is therefore important for the government, stakeholders and donor agencies to involve farmers in the climate change adaptation planning process.}, }
@article {pmid32738058, year = {2020}, author = {D'Amato, G and Akdis, CA}, title = {Global warming, climate change, air pollution and allergies.}, journal = {Allergy}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {2158-2160}, doi = {10.1111/all.14527}, pmid = {32738058}, issn = {1398-9995}, }
@article {pmid32738026, year = {2020}, author = {Masoero, G and Laaksonen, T and Morosinotto, C and Korpimäki, E}, title = {Climate change and perishable food hoards of an avian predator: Is the freezer still working?.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15250}, pmid = {32738026}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {123379//Academy of Finland/ ; 136717//Academy of Finland/ ; 250709//Academy of Finland/ ; //University Of Turku Graduate School (UTUGS)/ ; }, abstract = {Changing climate can modify predator-prey interactions and induce declines or local extinctions of species due to reductions in food availability. Species hoarding perishable food for overwinter survival, like predators, are predicted to be particularly susceptible to increasing temperatures. We analysed the influence of autumn and winter weather, and abundance of main prey (voles), on the food-hoarding behaviour of a generalist predator, the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum), across 16 years in Finland. Fewer freeze-thaw events in early autumn delayed the initiation of food hoarding. Pygmy owls consumed more hoarded food with more frequent freeze-thaw events and deeper snow cover in autumn and in winter, and lower precipitation in winter. In autumn, the rotting of food hoards increased with precipitation. Hoards already present in early autumn were much more likely to rot than the ones initiated in late autumn. Rotten food hoards were used more in years of low food abundance than in years of high food abundance. Having rotten food hoards in autumn resulted in a lower future recapture probability of female owls. These results indicate that pygmy owls might be partly able to adapt to climate change by delaying food hoarding, but changes in the snow cover, precipitation and frequency of freeze-thaw events might impair their foraging and ultimately decrease local overwinter survival. Long-term trends and future predictions, therefore, suggest that impacts of climate change on wintering food-hoarding species could be substantial, because their 'freezers' may no longer work properly. Altered usability and poorer quality of hoarded food may further modify the foraging needs of food-hoarding predators and thus their overall predation pressure on prey species. This raises concerns about the impacts of climate change on boreal food webs, in which ecological interactions have evolved under cold winter conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32737629, year = {2020}, author = {Sharma, A and Batish, DR and Uniyal, SK}, title = {Documentation and validation of climate change perception of an ethnic community of the western Himalaya.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {8}, pages = {552}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08512-x}, pmid = {32737629}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {GAP 0199//Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change/ ; }, mesh = {Aged ; *Climate Change ; Documentation ; Environmental Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Meteorology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {The high-altitude regions of Himalaya are among the best indicators of climate change yet noticeable for the lack of climate monitoring stations. However, they support ethnic communities whose livelihood activities are climate driven. Consequently, these communities are keen observers of the same and documenting their perception on changing climate is now an important area of global research. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the prime objective of documenting the climate change perception of Bhangalis-a resident community of western Himalaya, and analyzing variation in their perceptions in relation to age and gender. For this, respondent surveys (household, n = 430; individual interviews, n = 240) were carried out and the collected data were subjected to statistical analyses. The study also validated the perception of Bhangalis using the available weather data (1974-2017) through the Mann-Kendall test. The results reveal that Bhangalis perceived 11 indicators of changing climate, of which decrease in snowfall was the most prominent (reported by ~ 97% of the respondents). The perceptions varied between the two genders with males having significantly higher proportion of responses for all the 11 indicators. Similarly, differences in perception among the age groups were also observed, elderly people reported higher proportion of climate change indicators as compared to respondents of lower age. Notably, patterns of temperature and rainfall perceptions by the Bhangalis agreed with the trends of meteorological data. This highlights the importance of the study in documenting knowledge of ethnic communities especially from areas that lack monitoring stations. It argues for involving them in climate change programs.}, }
@article {pmid32737451, year = {2019}, author = {Schiermeier, Q}, title = {Climate change made European heatwave up to 3°C hotter.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02384-z}, pmid = {32737451}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32737325, year = {2020}, author = {Liguori, G and McGregor, S and Arblaster, JM and Singh, MS and Meehl, GA}, title = {A joint role for forced and internally-driven variability in the decadal modulation of global warming.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3827}, pmid = {32737325}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Despite the observed monotonic increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations, global mean temperature displays important decadal fluctuations typically attributed to both external forcing and internal variability. Here, we provide a robust quantification of the relative contributions of anthropogenic, natural, and internally-driven decadal variability of global mean sea surface temperature (GMSST) by using a unique dataset consisting of 30-member large initial-condition ensembles with five Earth System Models (ESM-LE). We present evidence that a large fraction (~29-53%) of the simulated decadal-scale variance in individual timeseries of GMSST over 1950-2010 is externally forced and largely linked to the representation of volcanic aerosols. Comparison with the future (2010-2070) period suggests that external forcing provides a source of additional decadal-scale variability in the historical period. Given the unpredictable nature of future volcanic aerosol forcing, it is suggested that a large portion of decadal GMSST variability might not be predictable.}, }
@article {pmid32737311, year = {2020}, author = {Burrell, AL and Evans, JP and De Kauwe, MG}, title = {Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3853}, pmid = {32737311}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Drylands cover 41% of the earth's land surface and include 45% of the world's agricultural land. These regions are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to anthropogenic climate and land use change and are under threat of desertification. Understanding the roles of anthropogenic climate change, which includes the CO2 fertilization effect, and land use in driving desertification is essential for effective policy responses but remains poorly quantified with methodological differences resulting in large variations in attribution. Here, we perform the first observation-based attribution study of desertification that accounts for climate change, climate variability, CO2 fertilization as well as both the gradual and rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use. We found that, between 1982 and 2015, 6% of the world's drylands underwent desertification driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite an average global greening, anthropogenic climate change has degraded 12.6% (5.43 million km2) of drylands, contributing to desertification and affecting 213 million people, 93% of who live in developing economies.}, }
@article {pmid32734542, year = {2020}, author = {Pino-Cortés, E and Carrasco, S and Díaz-Robles, LA and Cubillos, F and Cereceda-Balic, F}, title = {Black and organic carbon fractions in fine particulate matter by sectors in the South Hemisphere emissions for decision-making on climate change and health effects.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {30}, pages = {38344-38352}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10164-w}, pmid = {32734542}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {21150125//Beca Doctorado Nacional ANID/ ; 1120791//FONDECYT ANID/ ; }, mesh = {Air Pollutants/*analysis ; Air Pollution/*analysis ; Carbon/analysis ; Cities ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; }, abstract = {Some databases report global emissions of certain pollutants. Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) project is one of these, which also records emissions by sources. In this study, the emissions of black and organic carbon and fine particulate matter from the EDGAR database were used as an input to process it in the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model. We showed the spatial distribution of the fraction of black and organic carbon in particulate matter from each source in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, we extracted these ratios for several cities in the domain of analysis. The results and methodology of this study could improve the emission inventories with bottom-up methodology in areas without information located at Southern Hemisphere. Also, it could be relevant to obtain better performance in air quality modeling at the local level for decision-making on climate change and health effects.}, }
@article {pmid32734426, year = {2020}, author = {Riquelme, C and Estay, SA and Contreras, R and Corti, P}, title = {Extinction risk assessment of a Patagonian ungulate using population dynamics models under climate change scenarios.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01971-4}, pmid = {32734426}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {7910012016//Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; FB-002//Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; 3110187//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; 1160370//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change affects population cycles of several species, threatening biodiversity. However, there are few long-term studies on species with conservation issues and restricted distributions. Huemul is a deer endemic to the southern Andes in South America and it is considered endangered mostly due to a 50% reduction of its distribution over the last 500 years. To assess environmental variables potentially affecting huemul population viability and the impact of climate change, we developed population dynamics models. We used a 14-year survey data from Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, coastal Chilean Patagonia. We used Ricker models considering winter and spring temperatures and precipitation as variables influencing huemul population dynamics. We used the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to select models with the greatest predictive power. The two best models (ΔBIC < 2) included winter temperature and density-dependence population growth drivers. The best model considered a lateral effect, where winter temperature influences carrying capacity and the second best a vertical effect with winter temperature influencing Rmax and carrying capacity. Population viability was evaluated using those models, projecting them over a 100-year period: (a) under current conditions and (b) under conditions estimated by Global Climate Models for 2050 and 2070. The extinction risk and quasi-extinction were estimated for this population considering two critical huemul abundance levels (15 and 30 individuals) for persistence. The population is currently in a quasi-extinction process, with extinction probabilities increasing with climate change. These results are crucial for conservation of species like huemul that have low densities and are threatened by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32734424, year = {2020}, author = {Huang, W and Dai, J and Wang, W and Li, J and Feng, C and Du, J}, title = {Phenological changes in herbaceous plants in China's grasslands and their responses to climate change: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01974-1}, pmid = {32734424}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {2016YFC0503304//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2018YFA0606102//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 41771056//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Plant phenological events are sensitive indicators of climate change, and their change could markedly affect the structure and function of ecosystems. Previous studies have revealed the spatiotemporal variations in the phenological events of woody plants. However, limited studies have focused on the phenophases of herbaceous plants. In this study, by using a meta-analysis method, we extracted information about the phenological changes in herbaceous plants in China's grasslands from existing studies (including the period, station, species, phenophases, phenological trends, and climatic determinants) and analyzed the patterns manifested in the dataset. The results showed that the spring phenophases (e.g., first leaf date and first flowering date) of the herbaceous plants mainly advanced over the past 30 years, but a large difference existed across grassland types. The spring phenophases of forages (species from the Cyperaceae, Gramineae, and Leguminosae families) became earlier in the desert steppe and alpine steppe but showed no apparent trends in the alpine meadow and even became later in the meadow steppe and typical steppe. In most cases, the increase in spring temperatures and precipitation promoted the greening up of herbaceous plants, while sunshine duration was positively correlated with the green-up date of herbaceous plants. For the autumn phenophases, the proportions of the earlier and later trends were very close, but the trends varied among the grassland types. The leaf coloring dates of the forages were delayed in the meadow steppe and alpine steppe but showed no distinct pattern in the typical steppe or alpine meadow and even became earlier in the desert steppe. In most cases, the increase in growing season temperature led to an earlier leaf coloring date of the herbaceous plants, but the increase in the preseason precipitation delayed the leaf coloring date. Our results suggested that the phenophases of herbaceous plants have complicated responses to multiple environmental factors, which makes predicting future phenological changes difficult.}, }
@article {pmid32734279, year = {2020}, author = {Bellouin, N and Quaas, J and Gryspeerdt, E and Kinne, S and Stier, P and Watson-Parris, D and Boucher, O and Carslaw, KS and Christensen, M and Daniau, AL and Dufresne, JL and Feingold, G and Fiedler, S and Forster, P and Gettelman, A and Haywood, JM and Lohmann, U and Malavelle, F and Mauritsen, T and McCoy, DT and Myhre, G and Mülmenstädt, J and Neubauer, D and Possner, A and Rugenstein, M and Sato, Y and Schulz, M and Schwartz, SE and Sourdeval, O and Storelvmo, T and Toll, V and Winker, D and Stevens, B}, title = {Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change.}, journal = {Reviews of geophysics (Washington, D.C. : 1985)}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {e2019RG000660}, pmid = {32734279}, issn = {8755-1209}, abstract = {Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol-driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of -1.6 to -0.6 W m-2, or -2.0 to -0.4 W m-2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.}, }
@article {pmid32728594, year = {2020}, author = {Munia, HA and Guillaume, JHA and Wada, Y and Veldkamp, T and Virkki, V and Kummu, M}, title = {Future Transboundary Water Stress and Its Drivers Under Climate Change: A Global Study.}, journal = {Earth's future}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, pages = {e2019EF001321}, pmid = {32728594}, issn = {2328-4277}, abstract = {Various transboundary river basins are facing increased pressure on water resources in near future. However, little is known ab out the future drivers globally, namely, changes in natural local runoff and natural inflows from upstream parts of a basin, as well as local and upstream water consumption. Here we use an ensemble of four global hydrological models forced by five global climate models and the latest greenhouse-gas concentration (RCP) and socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios to assess the impact of these drivers on transboundary water stress in the past and future. Our results show that population under water stress is expected to increase by 50% under a low population growth and emissions scenario (SSP1-RCP2.6) and double under a high population growth and emission scenario (SSP3-RCP6.0), compared to the year 2010. As changes in water availability have a smaller effect when water is not yet scarce, changes in water stress globally are dominated by local water consumption-managing local demand is thus necessary in order to avoid future stress. Focusing then on the role of upstream changes, we identified upstream availability (i.e., less natural runoff or increased water consumption) as the dominant driver of changes in net water availability in most downstream areas. Moreover, an increased number of people will be living in areas dependent on upstream originating water in 2050. International water treaties and management will therefore have an increasingly crucial role in these hot spot regions to ensure fair management of transboundary water resources.}, }
@article {pmid32728139, year = {2020}, author = {McMahan, CD and Fuentes-Montejo, CE and Ginger, L and Carrasco, JC and Chakrabarty, P and Matamoros, WA}, title = {Climate change models predict decreases in the range of a microendemic freshwater fish in Honduras.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {12693}, pmid = {32728139}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Despite their incredible diversity, relatively little work has been done to assess impacts of climate change on tropical freshwater organisms. Chortiheros wesseli is a species of Neotropical cichlid (Cichlidae: Cichlinae) restricted to only a few river drainages in the Caribbean-slope of Honduras. Little is known about this species and few specimens had been collected until recently; however, our work with this species in the wild has led to a better understanding of its ecology and habitat preferences making it an excellent model for how freshwater fishes can be affected by climate change. This study assesses the distribution and habitats of Chortiheros wesseli using a combination of field data and species distribution modeling. Results indicate this species is largely limited to its current range, with no realistic suitable habitat nearby. Empirical habitat data show that this species is limited to narrow and shallow flowing waters with rapids and boulders. This habitat type is highly influenced by precipitation, which contributed the greatest influence on the models of present and future habitat suitability. Although several localities are within boundaries of national protected areas, species distribution models all predict a reduction in the range of this freshwater fish based on climate change scenarios. The likelihood of a reduced range for this species will be intensified by adverse changes to its preferred habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32726701, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, W and Bailey, RT and Andersen, HE and Jeppesen, E and Nielsen, A and Peng, K and Molina-Navarro, E and Park, S and Thodsen, H and Trolle, D}, title = {Quantifying the effects of climate change on hydrological regime and stream biota in a groundwater-dominated catchment: A modelling approach combining SWAT-MODFLOW with flow-biota empirical models.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {745}, number = {}, pages = {140933}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140933}, pmid = {32726701}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Biota ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Groundwater ; Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Climate change may affect stream ecosystems through flow regime alterations, which can be particularly complex in streams with a significant groundwater contribution. To quantify the impacts of climate change on hydrological regime and subsequently the stream biota, we linked SWAT-MODFLOW (A model coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the Modular Finite-difference Flow Model) with flow-biota empirical models that included indices for three key biological taxonomic identities (fish, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes) and applied the model-complex to a groundwater-dominated catchment in Denmark. Effects of predicted climate change towards the end of this century relative to the reference period (1996-2005) were tested with two contrasting climate change scenarios of different greenhouse gas emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP 2.6) and RCP 8.5) and analysed for all subbasins grouped into streams of three size classes. The total water yield in the catchment did not change significantly (-1 ± 4 (SD) mm yr-1) from the baseline in the RCP2.6 scenario, while it increased by 9 ± 11 mm yr-1 in the RCP8.5 scenario. The three stream size classes underwent different alterations in flow regime and also demonstrated different biotic responses to climate change. All large and some small streams were impacted most heavily by the climate change, where fish and macrophyte indices decreased up to 14.4% and 11.2%, respectively, whereas these indices increased by up to 14.4% and 6.0%, respectively, in the medium and some small streams. The climate change effects were, as expected, larger in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP2.6 scenario. Our study is the first to quantify the impacts of streamflow alterations induced by climate change on stream biota beyond specific species.}, }
@article {pmid32726345, year = {2020}, author = {Boethius, A and Kjällquist, M and Magnell, O and Apel, J}, title = {Human encroachment, climate change and the loss of our archaeological organic cultural heritage: Accelerated bone deterioration at Ageröd, a revisited Scandinavian Mesolithic key-site in despair.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0236105}, pmid = {32726345}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Archaeology ; Bone and Bones/*pathology ; *Climate Change ; Human Activities/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Preservation, Biological/*methods ; }, abstract = {Ancient organic remains are essential for the reconstruction of past human lifeways and environments but are only preserved under particular conditions. Recent findings indicate that such conditions are becoming rarer and that archaeological sites with previously good preservation, are deteriorating. To investigate this, we returned to the well-known Swedish Mesolithic site Ageröd I. Here we present the result of the re-excavation and the osteological analyses of the bone remains from the 1940s, 1970s and 2019 excavation campaigns of the site, to document and quantify changes in bone preservation and relate them to variations in soil conditions and on-site topography. The results indicate that the bone material has suffered from accelerated deterioration during the last 75 years. This has led to heavily degraded remains in some areas and complete destruction in others. We conclude that while Ageröd can still be considered an important site, it has lost much of the properties that made it unique. If no actions are taken to secure its future preservation, the site will soon lose the organic remains that before modern encroachment and climate change had been preserved for 9000 years. Finally, because Ageröd has not been subjected to more or heavier encroachment than most other archaeological sites, our results also raise questions of the state of organic preservation in other areas and call for a broad examination of our most vulnerable hidden archaeological remains.}, }
@article {pmid32724542, year = {2020}, author = {Quinby, BM and Belk, MC and Creighton, JC}, title = {Behavioral constraints on local adaptation and counter-gradient variation: Implications for climate change.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {13}, pages = {6688-6701}, pmid = {32724542}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Resource allocation to growth, reproduction, and body maintenance varies within species along latitudinal gradients. Two hypotheses explaining this variation are local adaptation and counter-gradient variation. The local adaptation hypothesis proposes that populations are adapted to local environmental conditions and are therefore less adapted to environmental conditions at other locations. The counter-gradient variation hypothesis proposes that one population out performs others across an environmental gradient because its source location has greater selective pressure than other locations. Our study had two goals. First, we tested the local adaptation and counter-gradient variation hypotheses by measuring effects of environmental temperature on phenotypic expression of reproductive traits in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis Say, from three populations along a latitudinal gradient in a common garden experimental design. Second, we compared patterns of variation to evaluate whether traits covary or whether local adaptation of traits precludes adaptive responses by others. Across a latitudinal range, N. orbicollis exhibits variation in initiating reproduction and brood sizes. Consistent with local adaptation: (a) beetles were less likely to initiate breeding at extreme temperatures, especially when that temperature represents their source range; (b) once beetles initiate reproduction, source populations produce relatively larger broods at temperatures consistent with their local environment. Consistent with counter-gradient variation, lower latitude populations were more successful at producing offspring at lower temperatures. We found no evidence for adaptive variation in other adult or offspring performance traits. This suite of traits does not appear to coevolve along the latitudinal gradient. Rather, response to selection to breed within a narrow temperature range may preclude selection on other traits. Our study highlights that N. orbicollis uses temperature as an environmental cue to determine whether to initiate reproduction, providing insight into how behavior is modified to avoid costly reproductive attempts. Furthermore, our results suggest a temperature constraint that shapes reproductive behavior.}, }
@article {pmid32722794, year = {2020}, author = {Footitt, S and Hambidge, AJ and Finch-Savage, WE}, title = {Changes in phenological events in response to a global warming scenario reveal greater adaptability of winter annual compared to summer annual Arabidopsis ecotypes.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcaa141}, pmid = {32722794}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The impact of global warming on life cycle timing is uncertain. We investigated changes in life cycle timing in a global warming scenario. We compared Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes adapted to the warm/dry Cape Verdi Islands (Cvi), Macaronesia, and the cool/wet climate of the Burren (Bur), Ireland, Northern Europe. These are obligate winter and summer annuals respectively.<br><br>METHODS: Using a global warming scenario predicting a 4°C temperature rise from 2011 to circa 2080 we produced F1 seeds at each end of a thermogradient tunnel. Each F1 cohort (cool and warm) then produced F2 seeds at both ends of the thermal gradient in winter and summer annual life cycles. F2 seeds from the winter life cycle were buried at three positions along the gradient to determine the impact of temperature on seedling emergence in a simulated winter life cycle.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: In a winter life cycle, increasing temperatures advanced flowering time by 10.1 days °C-1 in the winter annual and 4.9 days °C-1 in the summer annual. Plant size and seed yield responded positively to global warming in both ecotypes. In a winter life cycle, the impact of increasing temperature on seedling emergence timing was positive in the winter annual, but negative in the summer annual. Global warming reduced summer annual plant size and seed yield in a summer life cycle.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Seedling emergence timing observed in the north European summer annual ecotype may exacerbate the negative impact of predicted increased spring and summer temperatures on their establishment and reproductive performance. In contrast, seedling establishment of the Macaronesian winter annual may benefit from higher soil temperatures that will delay emergence until autumn, but which also facilitates earlier spring flowering and consequent avoidance of high summer temperatures. Such plasticity gives winter annual Arabidopsis ecotypes a distinct advantage over summer annuals in expected global warming scenarios. This highlights the importance of variation in the timing of seedling establishment in understanding plant species responses to Anthropogenic Climate Change.}, }
@article {pmid32722291, year = {2020}, author = {Di Cicco, ME and Ferrante, G and Amato, D and Capizzi, A and De Pieri, C and Ferraro, VA and Furno, M and Tranchino, V and La Grutta, S}, title = {Climate Change and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Call to Action for Paediatricians.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {32722291}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Climate change (CC) is one of the main contributors to health emergencies worldwide. CC appears to be closely interrelated with air pollution, as some pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and black carbon are naturally occurring greenhouse gases. Air pollution may enhance the allergenicity of some plants and, also, has an adverse effect on respiratory health. Children are a uniquely vulnerable group that suffers disproportionately from CC burden. The increasing global warming related to CC has a big impact on plants' lifecycles, with earlier and longer pollen seasons, as well as higher pollen production, putting children affected by asthma and allergic rhinitis at risk for exacerbations. Extreme weather events may play a role too, not only in the exacerbations of allergic respiratory diseases but, also, in favouring respiratory infections. Even though paediatricians are already seeing the impacts of CC on their patients, their knowledge about CC-related health outcomes with specific regards to children's respiratory health is incomplete. This advocates for paediatricians' increased awareness and a better understanding of the CC impact on children's respiratory health. Having a special responsibility for children, paediatricians should actively be involved in policies aimed to protect the next generation from CC-related adverse health effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for them to take action and successfully educate families about CC issues. This paper aims at reviewing the evidence of CC-related environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall and extreme events on respiratory allergic diseases and respiratory infections in children and proposing specific actionable items for paediatricians to deal with CC-related health issues in their clinical practice.}, }
@article {pmid32721755, year = {2020}, author = {Kim, YU and Lee, BW}, title = {Earlier planting offsets the adverse effect of global warming on spring potato in South Korea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140667}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140667}, pmid = {32721755}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Global Warming ; Republic of Korea ; Seasons ; *Solanum tuberosum ; }, abstract = {Potato is one of the most important food crops in South Korea, but the climate change impact on potato production is not clearly understood due to the complex topography across the nation. The climate change impact on spring potato was assessed with a fine-resolution (1-km) simulation using the SUBSTOR-potato model and five regional climate models based on the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5. Compared to the current climate, the future climates were projected to be more favorable for the spring potato production, which contrasts the previous simulation studies using general circulation models with coarse resolutions (0.5-1.0°). Without any adaptations, anticipated warming was projected to decrease potato yield by -7.7% in the 2080s. However, growing season length (GSL) could be extended by 18.5 days with earlier planting, which eventually over-compensated the negative warming effect. With consideration of the CO2 fertilization effect, overall climate change impact could be up to +80% in the 2080s. In addition, replacing the current early cultivar &quot;Superior&quot; with mid-late cultivars will provide additional yield gain in the coastal areas. Meanwhile, in the inland areas, breeding of frost- and heat-tolerance cultivars will be required for additional yield gain. Still, cautious interpretation is needed since the CO2 fertilization effect might be over-estimated and that the farmers may not extend GSL as much as in the current study from the economic point of view (i.e., farmers may harvest earlier when the market price of potato is high). This study highlights that a fine spatial resolution is essential for the realistic simulation of the climate change impact in complex terrain.}, }
@article {pmid32721353, year = {2020}, author = {Perry, DC and Chaffee, C and Wigand, C and Thornber, C}, title = {Implementing adaptive management into a climate change adaptation strategy for a drowning New England salt marsh.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {270}, number = {}, pages = {110928}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110928}, pmid = {32721353}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Drowning ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; New England ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Due to climate change and other anthropogenic stressors, future conditions and impacts facing coastal habitats are unclear to coastal resource managers. Adaptive management strategies have become an important tactic to compensate for the unknown environmental conditions that coastal managers and restoration ecologists face. Adaptive management requires extensive planning and resources, which can act as barriers to achieve a successful project. These barriers also create challenges in incorporating adaptive management into climate change adaptation strategies. This case study describes and analyzes the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council's approach to overcome these challenges to implement a successful adaptive management project to restore a drowning salt marsh using the climate change adaptation strategy, sediment enhancement, at Quonochontaug Pond in Charlestown, RI. Through effective communication and active stakeholder involvement, this project successfully incorporated interdisciplinary partner and stakeholder collaborations and developed an iterative learning strategy that highlights the adaptive management method.}, }
@article {pmid32720216, year = {2020}, author = {Hayes, K and Poland, B and Cole, DC and Agic, B}, title = {Psychosocial adaptation to climate change in High River, Alberta: implications for policy and practice.}, journal = {Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17269/s41997-020-00380-9}, pmid = {32720216}, issn = {1920-7476}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial adaptation to climate change-related events remains understudied. We sought to assess how the psychosocial consequences of a major event were addressed via public health responses (e.g., programs, policies, and practices) that aimed to enhance, protect, and promote mental health.<br><br>METHODS: We report on a study of health and social service responses to the long-term mental health impacts of the 2013 Southern Alberta flood, in High River, Alberta. Qualitative research methods included (i) telephone interviews (n = 14) with key informant health and social services leaders, (ii) four focus group sessions with front-line health and social services workers (n = 14), and (iii) semi-structured interviews with a sample of community members (n = 18) who experienced the flood. We conducted a descriptive thematic analysis, with a focus on participants' perceptions and experiences.<br><br>RESULTS: Findings of this study suggest (1) the long-term psychosocial impacts of extreme weather and climate change require sustained recovery interventions rooted in local knowledge and interdisciplinary action; (2) there are unintended consequences related to psychosocial interventions that can incite complex emotions and impact psychosocial recovery; and (3) perceptions of mental health care, among people exposed to climate-related trauma, can guide climate change and mental health response and recovery interventions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on this initial exploration, policy and practice opportunities for public health to enhance psychosocial adaptation to our changing climate are highlighted.}, }
@article {pmid32719706, year = {2020}, author = {Letelier, L and Gaete-Eastman, C and Peñailillo, P and Moya-León, MA and Herrera, R}, title = {Southern Species From the Biodiversity Hotspot of Central Chile: A Source of Color, Aroma, and Metabolites for Global Agriculture and Food Industry in a Scenario of Climate Change.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1002}, pmid = {32719706}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Two interesting plants within the Chilean flora (wild and crop species) can be found with a history related to modern fruticulture: Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis (Rosaceae) and Vasconcellea pubescens (Caricaceae). Both species have a wide natural distribution, which goes from the Andes mountains to the sea (East-West), and from the Atacama desert to the South of Chile (North-South). The growing locations are included within the Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forest hotspot. Global warming is of great concern as it increases the risk of losing wild plant species, but at the same time, gives a chance for usually longer term genetic improvement using naturally adapted material and the source for generating healthy foods. Modern agriculture intensifies the attractiveness of native undomesticated species as a way to provide compounds like antioxidants or tolerant plants for climate change scenario. F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis as the mother of commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an interesting genetic source for the improvement of fruit flavor and stress tolerance. On the other hand, V. pubescens produces fruit with high level of antioxidants and proteolytic enzymes of interest to the food industry. The current review compiles the botanical, physiological and phytochemical description of F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis and V. pubescens, highlighting their potential as functional foods and as source of compounds with several applications in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and food science. The impact of global warming scenario on the distribution of the species is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32719142, year = {2020}, author = {Driscoll, AW and Bitter, NQ and Sandquist, DR and Ehleringer, JR}, title = {Multidecadal records of intrinsic water-use efficiency in the desert shrub Encelia farinosa reveal strong responses to climate change.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {31}, pages = {18161-18168}, pmid = {32719142}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Asteraceae/*physiology ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate Change ; Desert Climate ; Droughts ; Water/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {While tree rings have enabled interannual examination of the influence of climate on trees, this is not possible for most shrubs. Here, we leverage a multidecadal record of annual foliar carbon isotope ratio collections coupled with 39 y of survey data from two populations of the drought-deciduous desert shrub Encelia farinosa to provide insight into water-use dynamics and climate. This carbon isotope record provides a unique opportunity to examine the response of desert shrubs to increasing temperature and water stress in a region where climate is changing rapidly. Population mean carbon isotope ratios fluctuated predictably in response to interannual variations in temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation, and responses were similar among individuals. We leveraged the well-established relationships between leaf carbon isotope ratios and the ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 concentrations to calculate intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of the plants and to quantify plant responses to long-term environmental change. The population mean iWUE value increased by 53 to 58% over the study period, much more than the 20 to 30% increase that has been measured in forests [J. Peñuelas, J. G. Canadell, R. Ogaya, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 597-608 (2011)]. Changes were associated with both increased CO2 concentration and increased water stress. Individuals whose lifetimes spanned the entire study period exhibited increases in iWUE that were very similar to the population mean, suggesting that there was significant plasticity within individuals rather than selection at the population scale.}, }
@article {pmid32718436, year = {2020}, author = {Gaythorpe, KA and Hamlet, A and Cibrelus, L and Garske, T and Ferguson, NM}, title = {The effect of climate change on yellow fever disease burden in Africa.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32718436}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; OPP1157270//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/International ; OPP1117543//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/International ; MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Yellow Fever (YF) is an arbovirus endemic in tropical regions of South America and Africa and it is estimated to cause 78,000 deaths a year in Africa alone. Climate change may have substantial effects on the transmission of YF and we present the first analysis of the potential impact on disease burden. We extend an existing model of YF transmission to account for rainfall and a temperature suitability index and project transmission intensity across the African endemic region in the context of four climate change scenarios. We use these transmission projections to assess the change in burden in 2050 and 2070. We find disease burden changes heterogeneously across the region. In the least severe scenario, we find a 93.0%[95%CI(92.7, 93.2%)] chance that annual deaths will increase in 2050. This change in epidemiology will complicate future control efforts. Thus, we may need to consider the effect of changing climatic variables on future intervention strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32718434, year = {2020}, author = {Yin, R and Siebert, J and Eisenhauer, N and Schädler, M}, title = {Climate change and intensive land use reduce soil animal biomass via dissimilar pathways.}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32718434}, issn = {2050-084X}, support = {677232/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 201406910015//China Scholarship Council/International ; No. 677232//H2020 European Research Council/International ; FZT 118//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/International ; }, abstract = {Global change drivers, such as climate change and land use, may profoundly influence body size, density, and biomass of soil organisms. However, it is still unclear how these concurrent drivers interact in affecting ecological communities. Here, we present the results of an experimental field study assessing the interactive effects of climate change and land-use intensification on body size, density, and biomass of soil microarthropods. We found that the projected climate change and intensive land use decreased their total biomass. Strikingly, this reduction was realized via two dissimilar pathways: climate change reduced mean body size and intensive land use decreased density. These findings highlight that two of the most pervasive global change drivers operate via different pathways when decreasing soil animal biomass. These shifts in soil communities may threaten essential ecosystem functions like organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling in future ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32715118, year = {2020}, author = {Idrissou, Y and Assani, AS and Baco, MN and Yabi, AJ and Alkoiret Traoré, I}, title = {Adaptation strategies of cattle farmers in the dry and sub-humid tropical zones of Benin in the context of climate change.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, pages = {e04373}, pmid = {32715118}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Cattle farming is directly impacted by climate change (CC), as it utilizes resources whose seasonality and productivity are strongly climate-dependent. Farmers respond to the negative influence of CC by implementing different adaptation strategies, where choices are informed by many factors. This study aims at analyzing the adaptation strategies of cattle farmers in the dry tropical zone (DTZ) and sub-humid tropical zone (STZ) of Benin with regard to climate change, as well as the determinants for the choice of these strategies. For that matter, 360 cattle farmers were surveyed. Data collected were related to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the cattle farmers, their perception and adaptation to CC. The data collected were subjected to frequency analysis and binary logistic regression. The results showed that livestock farmers were partly aware of climate related with CC, especially the increase of temperature. The most important adaptation strategies mentioned by cattle farmers were mobility, integration of livestock and crop husbandry, provision of concentrate feed, reduction of herd size, diversification of livestock, and forage cropping. Farming experience, cattle herd size, membership in an organization, number of farm assets, level of education, and climate zone were the major variables affecting farmers' adaptation strategies. From this study, we recommend that any program promoting adaption of climate change resilience among farmers, especially cattle farmers, should take the identified factors into account.}, }
@article {pmid32715012, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, M and Yang, L and Smith, JA and Vecchi, GA}, title = {Response of Extreme Rainfall for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Undergoing Extratropical Transition to Projected Climate Change: Hurricane Irene (2011).}, journal = {Earth's future}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {e2019EF001360}, pmid = {32715012}, issn = {2328-4277}, abstract = {Extreme rainfall and flooding associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) have large societal impacts, both in fatalities and economic losses. This study examines the response of TC rainfall to climate change projected under future anthropogenic greenhouse emissions, focusing on Hurricane Irene, which produced severe flooding across the Northeastern United States in August 2011. Numerical simulations are made with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, placing Irene in the present-day climate and one projected for the end of 21st century climate represented by Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Projected future changes to surface and atmospheric temperature lead to a storm rainfall increase of 32% relative to the control run, exceeding the rate expected by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation given a ~3-K lower atmospheric warming. Analyses of the atmospheric water balance highlight contributions to the increase in rainfall rate from both increased circulation strength and atmospheric moisture. Storm rainfall rate shows contrasting response to global warming during TC and extratropical transition periods. During the TC phase, Irene shows a significant increase of storm rainfall rate in inner core regions. This increase shifts to outer rainbands as Irene undergoes extratropical transition, collocated with the maximum tangential wind increase and the change of secondary circulation strength. Changes of storm track from the control run to global warming projections play a role in the change of spatial rainfall pattern. Distinct roles of surface and atmospheric warming in storm rainfall and structure changes are also examined.}, }
@article {pmid32714343, year = {2020}, author = {Heckathorn, S and North, G and Wang, D and Zhu, C}, title = {Editorial: Climate Change and Plant Nutrient Relations.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {869}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2020.00869}, pmid = {32714343}, issn = {1664-462X}, }
@article {pmid32713996, year = {2020}, author = {Fahad, AA and Burls, NJ and Strasberg, Z}, title = {How will southern hemisphere subtropical anticyclones respond to global warming? Mechanisms and seasonality in CMIP5 and CMIP6 model projections.}, journal = {Climate dynamics}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {703-718}, pmid = {32713996}, issn = {0930-7575}, abstract = {The anticyclonic high-pressure systems over the southern-hemisphere, subtropical oceans have a significant influence on regional climate. Previous studies of how these subtropical anticyclones will change under global warming have focused on austral summer while the winter season has remained largely uninvestigated, together with the extent to which the dominant mechanisms proposed to explain the multi-model-mean changes similarly explain the inter-model spread in projections. This study addresses these gaps by focusing on the mechanisms that drive the spread in projected future changes across the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 archives during both the summer and winter seasons. The southern hemisphere anticyclones intensify in strength at their center and poleward flank during both seasons in the future projections analyzed. The inter-model spread in projected local diabatic heating changes accounts for a considerable amount of the inter-model spread in the response of the South Pacific anticyclone during both seasons. However, model differences in projected zonal-mean tropospheric static stability changes, which in turn influence baroclinic eddy growth, are most influential in determining the often-strong increases in sea level pressure seen along the poleward flank of all the anticyclones during both seasons. Increased zonal-mean tropospheric static stability over the subtropics is consistent with the poleward shift in Hadley cell edge and zonal-mean sea level pressure increases. The results suggest that differences in the extent of tropical-upper-tropospheric and subtropical-lower-tropospheric warming in the southern hemisphere, via their influence on tropospheric static stability, will largely determine the fate of the anticyclones over the coming century.}, }
@article {pmid32711362, year = {2020}, author = {Marshall, KE and Gotthard, K and Williams, CM}, title = {Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {54-62}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003}, pmid = {32711362}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.}, }
@article {pmid32711311, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, DD and Pei, Q and Lee, HF and Jim, CY and Li, G and Zhang, M and Li, J and Wu, Z and Wang, L and Yue, RPH and Zhang, S}, title = {Climate change fostered cultural dynamics of human resilience in Europe in the past 2500 years.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {744}, number = {}, pages = {140842}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140842}, pmid = {32711311}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Acclimatization ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Climate Change ; Europe ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Humans possess limited knowledge on what generated cultural dynamics to strengthen human resilience to overcome climate-induced stresses. Although the highly developed mental ability of humans could have enabled significant human resilience in history, no study has empirically explained or has even scientifically confirmed how and when such dynamics arose. To fill the current research gap, this study therefore explores the associations among climatic conditions, the evolutional dynamics of human thinkers and their thoughts, and human ecological-socioeconomic conditions in the past 2500 years in Europe. Results from quantitative modellings and causal analyses confirm that climatic-ecological stresses led to human ecological-socioeconomic crises, and thereby dramatically increased twice of the thinkers' number and their thoughts' impact across different philosophies in truth, knowledge, and ethics for adaptation at multi-decadal to centennial temporal scales, especially in spirituality oriented mentality. The process of the stress-generated cultural dynamics displays some similarities with the stress-induced mutagenesis in organism evolution. Ultimately, climatic-ecological stresses prompt the escalation in the number of thinkers and impacts of their thoughts and flourishing of philosophy. Such stress-regenerated cultural dynamics imply that the current climate change threat may stimulate another thriving phase of cultural selection and lift humans to the next homeostatic plateau of civilization. Findings also extend the cognate scope of psychological, sociological, and civilization studies.}, }
@article {pmid32710358, year = {2020}, author = {Chadha, A and Florentine, S and Javaid, M and Welgama, A and Turville, C}, title = {Influence of elements of climate change on the growth and fecundity of Datura stramonium.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {28}, pages = {35859-35869}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-10251-y}, pmid = {32710358}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate Change ; *Datura stramonium ; Droughts ; Fertility ; }, abstract = {In this study, the performance of Datura stramonium, an invasive weed of soybean and solanaceous crops, was examined under different elements of climate change. Experiments conducted in CO2 chambers at ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (700 ppm) levels under both well-watered and drought conditions exhibited the fertilization effect of elevated CO2. This was, however, limited by drought. Clearly, growth of D. stramonium will be significantly enhanced by enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration under well-watered conditions, producing taller plants with greater biomass and higher seed output. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different soil moisture regimes (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% water-holding capacity (WHC)) on the growth and fecundity of D. stramonium. Plants grown in 75% WHC had the highest plant height (15.24 cm) and shoot diameter (4.25 mm). The lowest leaf area (305.91 mm2), fresh weight (14.48 g) and dry weight (4.45 g) were observed in 25% WHC conditions. The ability of D. stramonium plants to grow and complete their life cycle with high seed output, even under limited water availability, shows the weedy nature of this species which is well adapted to survive future inhospitable climatic conditions. Radiant heat treatment on the plants indicated that temperatures of 120 °C and above for more than 180 s were enough to kill the plants, suggesting that thermal weeding or wildfires will be adequate to act as a circuit breaker on the D. stramonium invasion cycle, thus allowing other control measures to be engaged for greater control.}, }
@article {pmid32709871, year = {2020}, author = {Wu, WY and Lo, MH and Wada, Y and Famiglietti, JS and Reager, JT and Yeh, PJ and Ducharne, A and Yang, ZL}, title = {Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability in key mid-latitude aquifers.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3710}, pmid = {32709871}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Groundwater provides critical freshwater supply, particularly in dry regions where surface water availability is limited. Climate change impacts on GWS (groundwater storage) could affect the sustainability of freshwater resources. Here, we used a fully-coupled climate model to investigate GWS changes over seven critical aquifers identified as significantly distressed by satellite observations. We assessed the potential climate-driven impacts on GWS changes throughout the 21st century under the business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). Results show that the climate-driven impacts on GWS changes do not necessarily reflect the long-term trend in precipitation; instead, the trend may result from enhancement of evapotranspiration, and reduction in snowmelt, which collectively lead to divergent responses of GWS changes across different aquifers. Finally, we compare the climate-driven and anthropogenic pumping impacts. The reduction in GWS is mainly due to the combined impacts of over-pumping and climate effects; however, the contribution of pumping could easily far exceed the natural replenishment.}, }
@article {pmid32709742, year = {2020}, author = {Yoccoz, NG}, title = {Seasonal climate change and marmot demography.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {32}, pages = {18921-18923}, pmid = {32709742}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; Mammals ; *Marmota ; Seasons ; }, }
@article {pmid32708953, year = {2020}, author = {Ching, J and Kajino, M}, title = {Rethinking Air Quality and Climate Change after COVID-19.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {32708953}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {14200133//Research Institute for Humanity and Nature/International ; JP19F19402//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; JP19H01155//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; JP16KK0018//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; }, mesh = {*Air Pollution ; Betacoronavirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; Cities ; *Climate Change ; Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology ; Public Health ; }, abstract = {The world is currently shadowed by the pandemic of COVID-19. Confirmed cases and the death toll has reached more than 12 million and more than 550,000 respectively as of 10 July 2020. In the unsettling pandemic of COVID-19, the whole Earth has been on an unprecedented lockdown. Social distancing among people, interrupted international and domestic air traffic and suspended industrial productions and economic activities have various far-reaching and undetermined implications on air quality and the climate system. Improvement in air quality has been reported in many cities during lockdown, while the death rate of COVID-19 has been found to be higher in more polluted cities. The relationship between the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and air quality is under investigation. In addition, the battle against COVID-19 could bring short-lived and long-lasting and positive and negative impacts to the warming climate. The impacts on the climate system and the role of the climate in modulating the COVID-19 pandemic are the foci of scientific inquiry. The intertwined relationship among environment, climate change and public health is exemplified in the pandemic of COVID-19. Further investigation of the relationship is imperative in the Anthropocene, in particular, in enhancing disaster preparedness. This short article intends to give an up-to-date glimpse of the pandemic from air quality and climate perspectives and calls for a follow-up discussion.}, }
@article {pmid32708323, year = {2020}, author = {Shayanmehr, S and Rastegari Henneberry, S and Sabouhi Sabouni, M and Shahnoushi Foroushani, N}, title = {Drought, Climate Change, and Dryland Wheat Yield Response: An Econometric Approach.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {32708323}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Agriculture has been identified as one of the most vulnerable sectors affected by climate change. In the present study, we investigate the impact of climatic change on dryland wheat yield in the northwest of Iran for the future time horizon of 2041-2070. The Just and Pope production function is applied to assess the impact of climate change on dryland wheat yield and yield risk for the period of 1991-2016. The Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) is used to generate climate parameters from General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs. The results show that minimum temperature is negatively related to average yield in the linear model while the relationship is positive in the non-linear model. An increase in precipitation increases the mean yield in either model. The maximum temperature has a positive effect on the mean yield in the linear model, while this impact is negative in the non-linear model. Drought has an adverse impact on yield levels in both models. The results also indicate that maximum temperature, precipitation, and drought are positively related to yield variability, but minimum temperature is negatively associated with yield variability. The findings also reveal that yield variability is expected to increase in response to future climate scenarios. Given these impacts of temperature on rain-fed wheat crop and its increasing vulnerability to climatic change, policy-makers should support research into and development of wheat varieties that are resistant to temperature variations.}, }
@article {pmid32707000, year = {2020}, author = {Madden, DL and McLean, M and Brennan, M and Moore, A}, title = {Why use indicators to measure and monitor the inclusion of climate change and environmental sustainability in health professions' education?.}, journal = {Medical teacher}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, pages = {1119-1122}, doi = {10.1080/0142159X.2020.1795106}, pmid = {32707000}, issn = {1466-187X}, abstract = {Currently, health professionals are inadequately prepared to meet the challenges that climate change and environmental degradation pose to health systems. Health professions' education (HPE) has an ethical responsibility to address this and must include the health effects of climate change and environmental sustainability across all curricula. As there is a narrow, closing window in which to take action to avoid the worst health outcomes from climate change, urgent, systematic, system-level change is required by the education sector. Measuring, monitoring, and reporting activity using indicators have been demonstrated to support change by providing a focus for action. A review of the literature on the use of indicators in medical education for climate change and health, however, yielded no publications. The framework of targets and indicators developed for implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and the UNESCO initiative of the Education for Sustainable Development provide a guide for the development of indicators for HPE. Engaging stakeholders and achieving consensus on an approach to indicator development is essential and, where they exist, accreditation standards may have a supporting role. Creating capacity for environmentally sustainable health care at scale and pace should be our collective goal as health professions' educators.}, }
@article {pmid32703273, year = {2020}, author = {Udayanga, L and Gunathilaka, N and Iqbal, MCM and Abeyewickreme, W}, title = {Climate change induced vulnerability and adaption for dengue incidence in Colombo and Kandy districts: the detailed investigation in Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {102}, pmid = {32703273}, issn = {2049-9957}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Assessing the vulnerability of an infectious disease such as dengue among endemic population is an important requirement to design proactive programmes in order to improve resilience capacity of vulnerable communities. The current study aimed to evaluate the climate change induced socio-economic vulnerability of local communities to dengue in Colombo and Kandy districts of Sri Lanka.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 42 variables (entomological, epidemiological, meteorological parameters, land-use practices and socio-demographic data) of all the 38 Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas in the districts of Colombo and Kandy were considered as candidate variables for a composite index based vulnerability assessment. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used in selecting and setting the weight for each indicator. Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability of all MOH areas for dengue were calculated using the composite index approach recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 42 candidate variables, only 23 parameters (Exposure Index: six variables; Sensitivity Index: 11 variables; Adaptive Capacity Index: six variables) were selected as indicators to assess climate change vulnerability to dengue. Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) MOH area denoted the highest values for exposure (0.89: exceptionally high exposure), sensitivity (0.86: exceptionally high sensitivity) in Colombo, while Kandy Municipal Council (KMC) area reported the highest exposure (0.79: high exposure) and sensitivity (0.77: high sensitivity) in Kandy. Piliyandala MOH area denoted the highest level of adaptive capacity (0.66) in Colombo followed by Menikhinna (0.68) in Kandy. The highest vulnerability (0.45: moderate vulnerability) to dengue was indicated from CMC and the lowest indicated from Galaha MOH (0.15; very low vulnerability) in Kandy. Interestingly the KMC MOH area had a notable vulnerability of 0.41 (moderate vulnerability), which was the highest within Kandy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In general, vulnerability for dengue was relatively higher within the MOH areas of Colombo, than in Kandy, suggesting a higher degree of potential susceptibility to dengue within and among local communities of Colombo. Vector Controlling Entities are recommended to consider the spatial variations in vulnerability of local communities to dengue for decision making, especially in allocation of limited financial, human and mechanical resources for dengue epidemic management.}, }
@article {pmid32702540, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, S and Zhang, Y and Huang, D and Wang, H and Cao, Q and Fan, P and Yang, N and Zheng, P and Wang, R}, title = {The effect of climate change on the richness distribution pattern of oaks (Quercus L.) in China.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {744}, number = {}, pages = {140786}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140786}, pmid = {32702540}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {China ; Climate Change ; Forests ; *Greenhouse Gases ; *Quercus ; }, abstract = {Increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the air is acknowledged as one of the main reason for observed global climatic change. This phenomenon significantly affects the species geographical distribution, and changes their richness distribution pattern. Oak (Quercus L.) is an important component of forests in China, and it has significant ecological value. Based on the distribution data of 35 species and 19 bioclimatic variables, the potential richness distribution of Quercus L. in China was predicted using the MaxEnt model under present climatic conditions and three different emission scenarios in the years 2050 and 2070 with six General Circulation Models (GCMs). The results revealed that Quercus L. at present was primarily distributed in the mountainous areas of southwestern China. The simulations indicated that climate change could affect the spatial pattern of the richness distribution, and if climate change intensified, its impact would gradually increase. As temperatures rise, the distribution of Quercus L. was predicted to be concentrated, and suitable areas of certain species would contract. These species may migrate to high altitudes or high latitudes. The high percentage of species lost is the reason for the higher turnover values in the mountainous areas, while other regions are mostly be influenced by the high percentage of species gained associated with the northward shift of species. Predicting changes in the richness distribution pattern of Quercus L. as a result of climate change can help us understand the biogeography of Quercus L. and enact conservation strategies to minimize the impacts of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32701271, year = {2020}, author = {Pradhan, P and Kriewald, S and Costa, L and Rybski, D and Benton, TG and Fischer, G and Kropp, JP}, title = {Urban Food Systems: How Regionalization Can Contribute to Climate Change Mitigation.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {54}, number = {17}, pages = {10551-10560}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c02739}, pmid = {32701271}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Cities will play a key role in the grand challenge of nourishing a growing global population, because, due to their population density, they set the demand. To ensure that food systems are sustainable, as well as nourishing, one solution often suggested is to shorten their supply chains toward a regional rather than a global basis. While such regional systems may have a range of costs and benefits, we investigate the mitigation potential of regionalized urban food systems by examining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food transport. Using data on food consumption for 7108 urban administrative units (UAUs), we simulate total transport emissions for both regionalized and globalized supply chains. In regionalized systems, the UAUs' demands are fulfilled by peripheral food production, whereas to simulate global supply chains, food demand is met from an international pool (where the origin can be any location globally). We estimate that regionalized systems could reduce current emissions from food transport. However, because longer supply chains benefit from maximizing comparative advantage, this emission reduction would require closing yield gaps, reducing food waste, shifting toward diversified farming, and consuming seasonal produce. Regionalization of food systems will be an essential component to limit global warming to well below 2 °C in the future.}, }
@article {pmid32700850, year = {2020}, author = {Ode Geo,  and Halim,  and Rachmasari Ariani, WO}, title = {Farming Production Analysis of Seaweed and Farmer's Perception towards Climate Change Effect in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, pages = {1004-1009}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2020.1004.1009}, pmid = {32700850}, issn = {1812-5735}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The seaweed farming has a high economic value for the community's economic development as well as one of the cores of the national economic support. Therefore, it is relatively easy for farmers to adopt its technical cultivation. Moreover, 80% of fishery products in Southeast Sulawesi are seaweed commodities. This study was to know the income of seaweed in Southeast Sulawesi and the coping strategy of climate change effect.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was carried out from September-December, 2019 in Regency of Central Buton and Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. There were 311 farmers selected by simple random sampling. Primary data was collected through direct face to face interviews guided by questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from documentary observation from related institutions. This was then analyzed descriptively.<br><br>RESULTS: The result revealed that the average income of seaweed farmers is approximately IDR 8,566,000 for each production season. Moreover, in conforming climate change, farmers had been prepared with superior and qualified seed and strong construction stretch which was relatively safe for deeper waters. At the same time, they also had livelihood alternatives.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results of the analysis and discussion showed that average income of seaweed farmers was IDR 8,566,000 for each production season, R-C ratio value is 2.30 and it means that seaweed farming is financially profitable to continue to work on.}, }
@article {pmid32700843, year = {2020}, author = {Kyu Lee, S and An Dang, T}, title = {Crop Calendar Shift as a Climate Change Adaptation Solution for Cassava Cultivation Area of Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, pages = {946-952}, doi = {10.3923/pjbs.2020.946.952}, pmid = {32700843}, issn = {1812-5735}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Binh Thuan Province is one of the large cassava cultivation areas in Vietnam. However, in recent years the cassava crops are facing the increased risks of irrigation water shortage due to drought and abnormal change of rainfall under the impacts of climate variability (ICV), leading to reduce crop yield. The study was, therefore, conducted to define a suitable period for planting cassava crops in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam to reduce the negative impacts of weather factors.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted using the AquaCrop model to predict the cassava yield corresponding to different crop calendars to define the suitable planting period. The model performance was appraised through the calibration and validation process with the index of agreement (d), correlation coefficient (r) up to 0.80 and RMSE lower than 0.40.<br><br>RESULTS: The results carry out that the cassava yield can be reached 48.18 t ha-1 if the crop calendar (CC) is early shifted from 14-21 days compared with the current crop calendar (CCC) for spring crop while an increase of approximately 5.16% can be achieved if the CC is delayed from 7-14 days for summer crop season. The results stated that the proposed model is suitable for defining the CC based on its simulated biomass and cassava yield.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The study indicated that rainfall plays an important role in the planting calendar of cassava crops. Through, it is also confirmed that planting calendars of cassava crops is not appropriate for current weather conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32700062, year = {2020}, author = {Paudel, S and Lin, PA and Hoover, K and Felton, GW and Rajotte, EG}, title = {Asymmetric Responses to Climate Change: Temperature Differentially Alters Herbivore Salivary Elicitor and Host Plant Responses to Herbivory.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, pages = {891-905}, pmid = {32700062}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {AID-OAA-L-15-00001//United States Agency for International Development/ ; }, abstract = {The effect of temperature on insect-plant interactions in the face of changing climate is complex as the plant, its herbivores and their interactions are usually affected differentially leading to an asymmetry in response. Using experimental warming and a combination of biochemical and herbivory bioassays, the effects of elevated temperatures and herbivore damage (Helicoverpa zea) on resistance and tolerance traits of Solanum lycopersicum var. Better boy (tomato), as well as herbivory performance and salivary defense elicitors were examined. Insects and plants were differentially sensitive towards warming within the experimental temperature range. Herbivore growth rate increased with temperature, whereas plants growth as well as the ability to tolerate stress measured by photosynthesis recovery and regrowth ability were compromised at the highest temperature regime. In particular, temperature influenced the caterpillars' capacity to induce plant defenses due to changes in the amount of a salivary defense elicitor, glucose oxidase (GOX). This was further complexed by the temperature effects on plant inducibility, which was significantly enhanced at an above-optimum temperature; this paralleled with an increased plants resistance to herbivory but significantly varied between previously damaged and undamaged leaves. Elevated temperatures produced asymmetry in species' responses and changes in the relationship among species, indicating a more complicated response under a climate change scenario.}, }
@article {pmid32699234, year = {2020}, author = {Tsai, HY and Rubenstein, DR and Fan, YM and Yuan, TN and Chen, BF and Tang, Y and Chen, IC and Shen, SF}, title = {Author Correction: Locally-adapted reproductive photoperiodism determines population vulnerability to climate change in burying beetles.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3754}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-17567-w}, pmid = {32699234}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid32698499, year = {2020}, author = {Li, F and Zhou, H and Huang, DS and Guan, P}, title = {Global Research Output and Theme Trends on Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: A Restrospective Bibliometric and Co-Word Biclustering Investigation of Papers Indexed in PubMed (1999-2018).}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {32698499}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Climate change is a challenge for the sustainable development of an international economy and society. The impact of climate change on infectious diseases has been regarded as one of the most urgent research topics. In this paper, an analysis of the bibliometrics, co-word biclustering, and strategic diagram was performed to evaluate global scientific production, hotspots, and developing trends regarding climate change and infectious diseases, based on the data of two decades (1999-2008 and 2009-2018) from PubMed. According to the search strategy and inclusion criteria, a total of 1443 publications were found on the topic of climate change and infectious diseases. There has been increasing research productivity in this field, which has been supported by a wide range of subject categories. The top highly-frequent major MeSH (medical subject headings)/subheading combination terms could be divided into four clusters for the first decade and five for the second decade using a biclustering analysis. At present, some significant public health challenges (global health, and travel and tropical climate, etc.) are at the center of the whole target research network. In the last ten years, &quot;Statistical model&quot;, &quot;Diarrhea&quot;, &quot;Dengue&quot;, &quot;Ecosystem and biodiversity&quot;, and &quot;Zoonoses&quot; have been considered as emerging hotspots, but they still need more attention for further development.}, }
@article {pmid32697859, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, J and Tian, H and Shi, H and Zhang, J and Wang, X and Pan, S and Yang, J}, title = {Increased greenhouse gas emissions intensity of major croplands in China: Implications for food security and climate change mitigation.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15290}, pmid = {32697859}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {2017YFA0604702//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 2018YFA0606001//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; KFJ-STSZDTP-0//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; SKLURE2017-1-6//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 41961124006//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 1903722//US National Science Foundation/ ; G-F-19-56910//Andrew Carnegie Fellowship Award/ ; }, abstract = {Balancing crop production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture soil requires a better understanding and quantification of crop GHG emissions intensity, a measure of GHG emissions per unit crop production. Here we conduct a state-of-the-art estimate of the spatial-temporal variability of GHG emissions intensities for wheat, maize, and rice in China from 1949 to 2012 using an improved agricultural ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model-Agriculture Version 2.0) and meta-analysis covering 172 field-GHG emissions experiments. The results show that the GHG emissions intensities of these croplands from 1949 to 2012, on average, were 0.10-1.31 kg CO2 -eq/kg, with a significant increase rate of 1.84-3.58 × 10-3 kg CO2 -eq kg-1 year-1 . Nitrogen fertilizer was the dominant factor contributing to the increase in GHG emissions intensity in northern China and increased its impact in southern China in the 2000s. Increasing GHG emissions intensity implies that excessive fertilizer failed to markedly stimulate crop yield increase in China but still exacerbated soil GHG emissions. This study found that overfertilization of more than 60% was mainly located in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems in the North China Plain, the winter wheat-rice rotation systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwest China, and most of the double rice systems in the South. Our simulations suggest that roughly a one-third reduction in the current N fertilizer application level over these &quot;overfertilization&quot; regions would not significantly influence crop yield but decrease soil GHG emissions by 29.60%-32.50% and GHG emissions intensity by 0.13-0.25 kg CO2 -eq/kg. This reduction is about 29% and 5% of total agricultural soil GHG emissions in China and the world, respectively. This study suggests that improving nitrogen use efficiency would be an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions and sustain China's food security.}, }
@article {pmid32688319, year = {2020}, author = {Kobusińska, ME and Lewandowski, KK and Panasiuk, A and Łęczyński, L and Urbaniak, M and Ossowski, T and Niemirycz, E}, title = {Precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Arctic and Antarctic marine sediments: Environmental concern in the face of climate change.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {127605}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127605}, pmid = {32688319}, issn = {1879-1298}, mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Benzofurans/analysis ; Climate Change ; Dibenzofurans/*analysis ; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated ; Dioxins ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Environmental Pollution ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Pentachlorophenol ; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/*analysis ; }, abstract = {Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and their precursors - pentachlorophenol (PCP) and triclosan (TCS), constitute a group of persistent, highly toxic multimedia pollutants, being easily transported via atmosphere over long distances, thus particularly threatening to the polar areas. The global fate of PCDD/Fs is temperature-dependent, and their transfer and immobilization at the Poles are described by the grasshopper effect and the cold trap phenomenon. The aim of this interdisciplinary study was to perform a preliminary assessment of the present state of pollution of Arctic and Antarctic marine sediments by PCP and TCS along with determination of PCDD/Fs contamination by immunoassay. Sediments from 20 stations were collected during two polar expeditions (2013-2016). The study area covered Hornsund Fjord and the southwest coast of Wedel-Jarlsberg Land (Arctic) - Skodde Bay, Nottingham Bay, Isbjørnhamna Bay and Admiralty Bay (Antarctica) - Suszczewski Cove, Halfmoon Cove and Herve Cove. The studied contaminants were quantified in 60% of the collected sediments, with almost half exceeding the environmentally safe levels according European regulations and worldwide literature. The determined levels of PCP, TCS and PCDD/F in Arctic and Antarctic sediments were to be comparable to those reported in the southern Baltic Sea located in the intense industrialized mid-latitudes. Maximum concentrations were observed in the vicinity of retreating, marine terminating glaciers. This observation confirms reemission of POPs into the global cycle with respect to the worldwide ocean warming. The results of this study should gain attention of the international and regional environmental agencies as well as the main chlorine production decision makers.}, }
@article {pmid32686001, year = {2020}, author = {Nguyen, QA and Hens, L and Nguyen, N and MacAlister, C and Lebel, L}, title = {Explaining Intentions by Vietnamese Schoolchildren to Adopt Pro-Environmental Behaviors in Response to Climate Change Using Theories of Persuasive Communication.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01334-0}, pmid = {32686001}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Climate change adaptation capacity remains low among vulnerable communities in developing countries such as Vietnam. Vector-borne diseases as dengue fever are increasing as a result of changing weather patterns. This study aims to examine the impact of key psychological variables in the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behavior, an Extended Parallel Process Model and the Social Cognitive Theory on the intention of schoolchildren to engage in climate change adaptation behavior-in this study, practices which would help reduce the risks of contracting dengue fever. It also seeks to identify the most salient predictors of the behavioral intention across these theories. Data were obtained from 796 Vietnamese schoolchildren who completed questionnaires measuring constructs of the four theories. Multivariate data analysis demonstrated that self-efficacy and severity appeared to be significant and consistent predictors of the individual's intention to reduce dengue fever. The results provide practical suggestions for the use of the theorical constructs tested in climate change communication campaigns in Vietnam and insights generally on pro-environmental behavior change.}, }
@article {pmid32685164, year = {2020}, author = {Hultine, KR and Allan, GJ and Blasini, D and Bothwell, HM and Cadmus, A and Cooper, HF and Doughty, CE and Gehring, CA and Gitlin, AR and Grady, KC and Hull, JB and Keith, AR and Koepke, DF and Markovchick, L and Corbin Parker, JM and Sankey, TT and Whitham, TG}, title = {Adaptive capacity in the foundation tree species Populus fremontii: implications for resilience to climate change and non-native species invasion in the American Southwest.}, journal = {Conservation physiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {coaa061}, pmid = {32685164}, issn = {2051-1434}, abstract = {Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) is recognized as one of the most important foundation tree species in the southwestern USA and northern Mexico because of its ability to structure communities across multiple trophic levels, drive ecosystem processes and influence biodiversity via genetic-based functional trait variation. However, the areal extent of P. fremontii cover has declined dramatically over the last century due to the effects of surface water diversions, non-native species invasions and more recently climate change. Consequently, P. fremontii gallery forests are considered amongst the most threatened forest types in North America. In this paper, we unify four conceptual areas of genes to ecosystems research related to P. fremontii's capacity to survive or even thrive under current and future environmental conditions: (i) hydraulic function related to canopy thermal regulation during heat waves; (ii) mycorrhizal mutualists in relation to resiliency to climate change and invasion by the non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix; (iii) phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism for coping with rapid changes in climate; and (iv) hybridization between P. fremontii and other closely related Populus species where enhanced vigour of hybrids may preserve the foundational capacity of Populus in the face of environmental change. We also discuss opportunities to scale these conceptual areas from genes to the ecosystem level via remote sensing. We anticipate that the exploration of these conceptual areas of research will facilitate solutions to climate change with a foundation species that is recognized as being critically important for biodiversity conservation and could serve as a model for adaptive management of arid regions in the southwestern USA and around the world.}, }
@article {pmid32683891, year = {2020}, author = {Trájer, AJ}, title = {The changing risk patterns of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece due to climate change.}, journal = {International journal of environmental health research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-26}, doi = {10.1080/09603123.2020.1793918}, pmid = {32683891}, issn = {1369-1619}, abstract = {It has great importance to study the potential effects of climate change on Plasmodium vivax malaria in Greece because the country can be the origin of the spread of vivax malaria to the northern areas. The potential lengths of the transmission seasons of Plasmodium vivax malaria were forecasted for 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 and were combined. The potential ranges were predicted by Climate Envelope Modelling Method. The models show moderate areal increase and altitudinal shift in the malaria-endemic areas in Greece in the future. The length of the transmission season is predicted to increase by 1 to 2 months, mainly in the mid-elevation regions and the Aegean Archipelago. The combined factors also predict the decrease of vivax malaria-free area in Greece. It can be concluded that rather the elongation of the transmission season will lead to an increase of the malaria risk in Greece than the increase in the suitability values.}, }
@article {pmid32683529, year = {2020}, author = {Raoufi, RS and Soufizadeh, S}, title = {Simulation of the impacts of climate change on phenology, growth, and yield of various rice genotypes in humid sub-tropical environments using AquaCrop-Rice.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, pages = {1657-1673}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01946-5}, pmid = {32683529}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Genotype ; Iran ; *Oryza ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In the light of continuing anthropogenic climate change, it is important to gain a deep understanding of rice genotypic behavior under climate change. Most efforts on modeling rice performance under climate change focused on studying some aspects of climate change only such as CO2 concentration ([CO2]) or temperature. A comprehensive study on the role of genotypic variability in rice under diverse [CO2] × temperature × rainfall × representative concentration pathway (RCP) × environment is rare. The objective of the present study was to use AquaCrop-Rice model to study the impact of climate change on different rice cultivars in northern Iran. Three common improved and local rice cultivars were chosen, and their growth and yield behavior were simulated under three environments, three RCPs (2.6, 4.5 and 8.5), four temperature (+ 1 °C, + 2 °C, + 3 °C, + 4 °C), and two rainfall (± 20%) scenarios under two future timeframes (2020-2051 and 2052-2083). Results indicated different responses of rice cultivars under climate change. In general, improved cultivars acted better than the local cultivar although interaction with environment was also observed. Increase in [CO2] and temperature most often favored rice yield. However, RCP8.5 along with temperature scenario + 1 °C resulted in the highest aboveground biomass and yield. Rainfall variation was not of considerable importance. Phenology (flowering and physiological maturity) was accelerated especially by temperature. The length of the vegetative phase was more influenced by temperature than the length of the generative phase. Our simulations also indicated a potential for adaptation of improved cultivars under increasing [CO2] through their reduced stomatal conductance.}, }
@article {pmid32681892, year = {2020}, author = {Cunsolo, A and Harper, SL and Minor, K and Hayes, K and Williams, KG and Howard, C}, title = {Ecological grief and anxiety: the start of a healthy response to climate change?.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {e261-e263}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30144-3}, pmid = {32681892}, issn = {2542-5196}, }
@article {pmid32678946, year = {2020}, author = {Grant, CA and Hicks, AL}, title = {Global Warming Impacts of Residential Electricity Consumption: Agent-Based Modeling of Rooftop Solar Panel Adoption in Los Angeles County, California.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ieam.4315}, pmid = {32678946}, issn = {1551-3793}, support = {//Sustainable LA/ ; //Sustainable LA - UCLA Grand Challenges/ ; }, abstract = {Solar photovoltaics (PV) are a renewable electricity technology with lower carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) impacts compared to fossil electricity, making it a technology of interest with respect to combatting global climate change. This paper combines agent-based modeling (ABM) with life cycle assessment (LCA) to simulate rooftop solar PV adoption in Los Angeles (LA) County from 2018-2050 and generate CO2 e impact data at the societal level to compare PV and grid electricity. With respect to solar PV panels, consumer adoption is the &quot;pull&quot; that moves the system and corresponding life cycle CO2 e impacts forward. ABM is used to evaluate the impact of policies and evolutions in technology regarding the adoption of solar PV. Life cycle assessment is used to quantify the life cycle CO2 e impacts of solar PV (including raw materials, manufacturing, and use). The results show that scenarios that increase PV adoption also increase the CO2 e impacts from solar PV use in the short term, due to the raw materials and manufacturing portions of the life cycle. Yet, in the long term, adoption of solar PV may provide CO2 e impact savings from offsetting grid electricity (although this is dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity sources). The CO2 e impacts of solar panels are dominated by the raw materials and manufacturing phases on a product level basis, but the use phase contributes to the majority of environmental impact savings from an adoption and societal-level perspective. Future work may apply the methodology to other locations in the United States to evaluate if solar panels are an advantageous electricity source compared to the environmental impacts of the electricity grid. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;00:1-11. © 2020 SETAC.}, }
@article {pmid32678834, year = {2020}, author = {de Moraes, KF and Santos, MPD and Gonçalves, GSR and de Oliveira, GL and Gomes, LB and Lima, MGM}, title = {Climate change and bird extinctions in the Amazon.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0236103}, pmid = {32678834}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {In recent years, carbon dioxide emissions have been potentiated by several anthropogenic processes that culminate in climate change, which in turn directly threatens biodiversity and the resilience of natural ecosystems. Tropical rainforests are among the most impacted biological realms. The Belém endemism center, which is one of the several endemism centers in Amazon, is located in the most affected area within the so-called &quot;Deforestation Arc.&quot; Moreover, this region harbors a high concentration of Amazonian endangered bird species, of which 56% of them are considered to be under the threat of extinction. In this work, we sought to evaluate the current and future impacts of both climate change and deforestation on the distribution of endemic birds in the Belém Area of Endemism (BEA). Thus, we generated species distribution models for the 16 endemic bird species considering the current and two future gas emission scenarios (optimistic and pessimistic). We also evaluated climate change impacts on these birds in three different dispersal contexts. Our results indicate that BAE, the endemic taxa will lose an average of 73% of suitable areas by 2050. At least six of these birds species will have less than 10% or no future suitable habitat in all emission scenarios. One of the main mechanisms used to mitigate the impacts of climate change on these species in the near future is to assess the current system of protected areas. It is necessary to ensure that these areas will continue being effective in conserving these species even under climate change. The &quot;Gurupi Mosaic&quot; and the &quot;Rio-Capim&quot; watershed are areas of great importance because they are considered climate refuges according to our study. Thus, conservation efforts should be directed to the maintenance and preservation of these two large remnants of vegetation in addition to creating ecological corridors between them.}, }
@article {pmid32677074, year = {2020}, author = {LeMoine, MT and Eby, LA and Clancy, CG and Nyce, LG and Jakober, MJ and Isaak, DJ}, title = {Landscape resistance mediates native fish species distribution shifts and vulnerability to climate change in riverscapes.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15281}, pmid = {32677074}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//USGS Montana Water Center/ ; //Univeristy of Montana/ ; MONZ17004//USDA McIntire Stennis/ ; }, abstract = {A broader understanding of how landscape resistance influences climate change vulnerability for many species is needed, as is an understanding of how barriers to dispersal may impact vulnerability. Freshwater biodiversity is at particular risk, but previous studies have focused on popular cold-water fishes (e.g., salmon, trout, and char) with relatively large body sizes and mobility. Those fishes may be able to track habitat change more adeptly than less mobile species. Smaller, less mobile fishes are rarely represented in studies demonstrating effects of climate change, but depending on their thermal tolerance, they may be particularly vulnerable to environmental change. By revisiting 280 sites over a 20 year interval throughout a warming riverscape, we described changes in occupancy (i.e., site extirpation and colonization probabilities) and assessed the environmental conditions associated with those changes for four fishes spanning a range of body sizes, thermal and habitat preferences. Two larger-bodied trout species exhibited small changes in site occupancy, with bull trout experiencing a 9.2% (95% CI = 8.3%-10.1%) reduction, mostly in warmer stream reaches, and westslope cutthroat trout experiencing a nonsignificant 1% increase. The small-bodied cool water slimy sculpin was originally distributed broadly throughout the network and experienced a 48.0% (95% CI = 42.0%-54.0%) reduction in site occupancy with declines common in warmer stream reaches and areas subject to wildfire disturbances. The small-bodied comparatively warmer water longnose dace primarily occupied larger streams and increased its occurrence in the lower portions of connected tributaries during the study period. Distribution shifts for sculpin and dace were significantly constrained by barriers, which included anthropogenic water diversions, natural step-pools and cascades in steeper upstream reaches. Our results suggest that aquatic communities exhibit a range of responses to climate change, and that improving passage and fluvial connectivity will be important climate adaptation tactics for conserving aquatic biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid32674064, year = {2020}, author = {Høye, TT}, title = {Arthropods and climate change - arctic challenges and opportunities.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {40-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.002}, pmid = {32674064}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {The harsh climate, limited human infrastructures, and basic autecological knowledge gaps represent substantial challenges for studying arthropods in the Arctic. At the same time, rapid climate change, low species diversity, and strong collaborative networks provide unique and underexploited Arctic opportunities for understanding species responses to environmental change and testing ecological theory. Here, I provide an overview of individual, population, and ecosystem level responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods. I focus on thermal performance, life history variation, population dynamics, community composition, diversity, and biotic interactions. The species-poor Arctic represents a unique opportunity for testing novel, automated arthropod monitoring methods. The Arctic can also potentially provide insights to further understand and mitigate the effects of climate change on arthropods worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid32673912, year = {2020}, author = {Cao, B and Yin, Z}, title = {Future atmospheric circulations benefit ozone pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei with global warming.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {743}, number = {}, pages = {140645}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140645}, pmid = {32673912}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Surface ozone pollution has become increasingly serious in recent years. Ozone pollution will damage human health and reducing social productivity in China. Basing on an ozone weather index (OWI) that captured the effects of climate on the ground-level ozone, large ensemble simulations by the Community Earth System Model were introduced to project future impacts of atmospheric circulation on ozone pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in late-21st century. In the future, atmospheric circulations will favour the control of ozone pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The OWI decreased overall during the 21st century, which was nearly ignored by other studies on ozone projections. The OWI decrease was mainly due to the increase in regional precipitation and partly due to the changes of wind and the temperature difference between 200 hPa and lower-troposphere. The increased total precipitation in the 21st century, mainly due to the increase in convectional precipitation, weakened the production of surface ozone by its shading effect (related to more cloud cover) and wet deposition impact. During 2061-2100, the South Asia High will move southward, and the west Pacific subtropical high will shift eastward; thus, the convergence of water vapour will mainly occur in South China. Consequently, the large-scale precipitation will decrease over northern China. However, because of climate warming, the increase in specific humidity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) will enhance convectional precipitation, which will be more than 4 times the decrease in large-scale precipitation.}, }
@article {pmid32673306, year = {2020}, author = {Cuervo-Robayo, AP and Ureta, C and Gómez-Albores, MA and Meneses-Mosquera, AK and Téllez-Valdés, O and Martínez-Meyer, E}, title = {One hundred years of climate change in Mexico.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {e0209808}, pmid = {32673306}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Biodiversity ; Climate Change/*history ; Databases, Factual ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Mexico ; Rain ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Spatial assessments of historical climate change provide information that can be used by scientists to analyze climate variation over time and evaluate, for example, its effects on biodiversity, in order to focus their research and conservation efforts. Despite the fact that there are global climatic databases available at high spatial resolution, they represent a short temporal window that impedes evaluating historical changes of climate and their impacts on biodiversity. To fill this gap, we developed climate gridded surfaces for Mexico for three periods that cover most of the 20th and early 21st centuries: t1-1940 (1910-1949), t2-1970 (1950-1979) and t3-2000 (1980-2009), and used these interpolated surfaces to describe how climate has changed over time, both countrywide and in its 19 biogeographic provinces. Results from our characterization of climate change indicate that the mean annual temperature has increased by nearly 0.2°C on average across the whole country from t2-1970 to t3-2000. However, changes have not been spatially uniform: Nearctic provinces in the north have suffered higher temperature increases than southern tropical regions. Central and southern provinces cooled at the beginning of the 20th century but warmed consistently since the 1970s. Precipitation increased between t1-1940 and t2-1970 across the country, more notably in the northern provinces, and it decreased between t2-1970 and t3-2000 in most of the country. Results on the historical climate conditions in Mexico may be useful for climate change analyses for both environmental and social sciences. Nonetheless, our climatology was based on information from climate stations for which 9.4-36.2% presented inhomogeneities over time probably owing to non-climatic factors, and climate station density changed over time. Therefore, the estimated changes observed in our analysis need to be interpreted cautiously.}, }
@article {pmid32671669, year = {2020}, author = {Vanderkelen, I and Zscheischler, J and Gudmundsson, L and Keuler, K and Rineau, F and Beenaerts, N and Vangronsveld, J and Vicca, S and Thiery, W}, title = {A novel method for assessing climate change impacts in ecotron experiments.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, pages = {1709-1727}, pmid = {32671669}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {FWOTM920//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; Fel-45 15-1//ETH Zürich Foundation/ ; BOF12BR01//Universiteit Hasselt/ ; 08M03VGRJ//Universiteit Hasselt/ ; G0H4AA7N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Theoretical ; Temperature ; Weather ; }, abstract = {Ecotron facilities allow accurate control of many environmental variables coupled with extensive monitoring of ecosystem processes. They therefore require multivariate perturbation of climate variables, close to what is observed in the field and projections for the future. Here, we present a new method for creating realistic climate forcing for manipulation experiments and apply it to the UHasselt Ecotron experiment. The new methodology uses data derived from the best available regional climate model projection and consists of generating climate forcing along a gradient representative of increasingly high global mean air temperature anomalies. We first identified the best-performing regional climate model simulation for the ecotron site from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment in the European domain (EURO-CORDEX) ensemble based on two criteria: (i) highest skill compared to observations from a nearby weather station and (ii) representativeness of the multi-model mean in future projections. The time window is subsequently selected from the model projection for each ecotron unit based on the global mean air temperature of the driving global climate model. The ecotron units are forced with 3-hourly output from the projections of the 5-year period in which the global mean air temperature crosses the predefined values. With the new approach, Ecotron facilities become able to assess ecosystem responses on changing climatic conditions, while accounting for the co-variation between climatic variables and their projection in variability, well representing possible compound events. The presented methodology can also be applied to other manipulation experiments, aiming at investigating ecosystem responses to realistic future climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32671576, year = {2020}, author = {Odom, RH and Ford, WM}, title = {Assessing the Vulnerability of Military Installations in the Coterminous United States to Potential Biome Shifts Resulting from Rapid Climate Change.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {564-589}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01331-3}, pmid = {32671576}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Climate-change impacts to Department of Defense (DoD) installations will challenge military mission and natural resource stewardship efforts by increasing vulnerability to flooding, drought, altered fire regimes, and invasive species. We developed biome classifications based on current climate for the coterminous United States using the Holdridge Life Zone system to assess potential change on DoD lands. We validated classifications using comparisons to existing ecoregional classifications, the distribution of major forest types, and tree species in eastern North America. We projected future life zones for mid- and late-century time periods under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (low-B1, moderate-A1B, and high-A2) using an ensemble of global climate models. To assess installation vulnerability (n = 529), we analyzed biome shifts using spatial cluster analysis to characterize interregional variation, and identified representative installations for subsequent landscape-level analyses. Although mean annual temperatures are expected to increase, installations located in the Northeast, Lake States, and western Great Plains are likely to experience the largest proportional increases in temperature. Accordingly, forest and grassland communities at these installations managed to support a wide range of training, and environmental objectives may be adversely affected by altered disturbance regimes, heat, and moisture stress. However, precipitation is projected to increase in the Northeast and Lake States mitigating some effects of increased temperatures on biological communities. Given the uncertain response to climate change in different ecoregions, additional environmental and stewardship attributes are needed within a decision-support framework to understand vulnerabilities and provide appropriate responses.}, }
@article {pmid32671314, year = {2020}, author = {Rehr, RC and Bandaragoda, C and Zaitchik, BF and Wimberly, MC}, title = {A GeoHealth Response to a Geoscience Community Climate Change Position Statement.}, journal = {GeoHealth}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {e2020GH000265}, pmid = {32671314}, issn = {2471-1403}, abstract = {The American Geophysical Union (AGU) issues position statements reflecting the state of the science and scientific consensus. AGU position statements can be used to support public and institutional policy development, conversations with peers and policymakers, and formal and informal education. The recent climate change position statement, &quot;Society Must Address the Growing Climate Crisis now,&quot; provides important baseline information but lacks detail on critical climate and health impacts and actions for AGU and members. This commentary shares feedback from the AGU's GeoHealth Section and encourages members to use the AGU statement and engage in the comment process for other statements.}, }
@article {pmid32669351, year = {2020}, author = {Green, L and Wood, S and Bellis, MA}, title = {Rising to the triple challenge of covid-19, Brexit, and climate change.}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {370}, number = {}, pages = {m2798}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.m2798}, pmid = {32669351}, issn = {1756-1833}, mesh = {Betacoronavirus ; *Climate Change ; *Coronavirus Infections ; European Union ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; *Pneumonia, Viral ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United Kingdom ; }, }
@article {pmid32669042, year = {2020}, author = {Lahn, B}, title = {Changing climate change: The carbon budget and the modifying-work of the IPCC.}, journal = {Social studies of science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {306312720941933}, doi = {10.1177/0306312720941933}, pmid = {32669042}, issn = {1460-3659}, abstract = {Over the last 10 years, the concept of a global 'carbon budget' of allowable CO2 emissions has become ubiquitous in climate science and policy. Since it was brought to prominence by the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, the carbon budget has changed how climate change is enacted as an issue of public concern, from determining the optimal rate of future emissions to establishing a fixed limit for how much emissions should be allowed before they must be stopped altogether. Exploring the emergence of the carbon budget concept, this article shows how the assessment process of the IPCC has offered scientific experts the means to modify how the climate issue is problematized, and discusses the implications of this 'modifying-work' for the politics of climate change. It finds that the 'modified climate issue' must be seen as an outcome of the ordinary work within established scientific and political institutions, and the agency these institutions afford scientists to enact the issue differently. On this basis, it argues that the case of the carbon budget holds important insights not only for the relationship between climate science and policy, but also for the pragmatist literature on 'issue formation' in STS.}, }
@article {pmid32668537, year = {2020}, author = {Cai, M and Murtazashvili, I and Murtazashvili, JB and Salahodjaev, R}, title = {Patience and climate change mitigation: Global evidence.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {109552}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109552}, pmid = {32668537}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Complex policy problems such as climate mitigation have an economic, political, and social dimension. We focus on one of the social dimensions of climate change mitigation: the link between society-wide patience (future orientation) and adoption of public policies to combat global greenhouse gas emissions. Theoretically, future-oriented societies are more likely to accept current costs in exchange for long-run benefits posed by climate change mitigation than impatient (present-oriented) ones, cooperate in efforts to combat climate change, and support future-oriented governments. We evaluate this claim using evidence from a cross-section of countries. Controlling for other theoretically relevant factors, we find that patient societies are more likely to adopt public policies to mitigate climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32668366, year = {2020}, author = {de Azevedo, TS and Lorenz, C and Chiaravalloti-Neto, F and Sallum, MAM}, title = {Kerteszia cruzii and extra-Amazonian malaria in Brazil: Challenges due to climate change in the Atlantic Forest.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {104456}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104456}, pmid = {32668366}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {Kerteszia cruzii is a sylvatic mosquito and the primary vector of Plasmodium spp., which can cause malaria in humans in areas outside the Amazon River basin in Brazil. Anthropic changes in the natural environments are the major drivers of massive deforestation and local climate change, with serious impacts on the dynamics of mosquito communities and on the risk of acquiring malaria. Considering the lack of information on the dynamics of malaria transmission in areas across the Atlantic Forest biome, where Ke. cruzii is the dominant vector, and the impact of climate drivers of malaria, the present study aimed to: (i) investigate the occurrence and survival rate of Ke. cruzii based on the distinct vegetation profiles found in areas across the coastal region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome; (ii) estimate the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) and survival rates of P. vivax and P. falciparum parasites in Ke. cruzii under current and future scenarios. The potential distribution of Plasmodium spp. was estimated using simulation analyses under distinct scenarios of average temperature increases from 1 °C to 3.7 °C. Our results showed that two conditions are necessary to explain the occurrence and survival of Ke. cruzii: warm temperature and presence of the Atlantic Forest biome. Moreover, both Plasmodium species showed a tendency to decrease their EIP and increase their estimated survival rates in a scenario of higher temperature. Our findings support that the high-risk malaria areas may include the southern region of the distribution range of the Atlantic Forest biome in the coming years. Despite its limitations and assumptions, the present study provides robust evidence of areas with potential to be impacted by malaria incidence in a future scenario. These areas should be monitored in the next decades regarding the occurrence of the mosquito vector and the potential for malaria persistence and increased occurrence.}, }
@article {pmid32666220, year = {2020}, author = {Fourment, M and Ferrer, M and Barbeau, G and Quénol, H}, title = {Local Perceptions, Vulnerability and Adaptive Responses to Climate Change and Variability in a Winegrowing Region in Uruguay.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, pages = {590-599}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01330-4}, pmid = {32666220}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Understanding climate variability in a winegrowing region is fundamental to understanding how its vineyards can adapt to climate change. For Uruguay, studying the vulnerability and adaptive responses of vineyards to climate change and climate variability is relevant due to its winegrowing region's economic importance and cultural heritage. Winegrowers and technical advisors were interviewed to evaluate their perceptions of climate change, vulnerability of their vineyards and how to adapt them. The main results showed that winegrowers had a clear perception of annual climate variability. The respondents highlighted the extreme climate events that had occurred over the previous few years and 71% of them believed that they had increased in frequency. Despite the perception of increase in climate variability in the region, they did not associate it with climate change. Overall, 43% of respondents agreed that changes in certain viticulture practices in recent years could have been due to climate change, especially those related to the preventive use of pesticides. The respondents identified climate risks that resulted in &quot;bad&quot; years for yield and quality (increase in extreme events (e.g., storms, hail), decrease in &quot;cold&quot; units in winter (i.e., temperatures <0 °C), increase in &quot;hot&quot; hours (i.e., >35 °C), increase in precipitation during the growing season and ripening period) as well as their impacts on vineyards. An adaptation matrix was developed from the viticulture practices that the winegrowers used in response to climate variability. Medium- and long-term adaptive responses to climate change can be based on the knowledge of winegrowers and their advisors.}, }
@article {pmid32662693, year = {2020}, author = {Biagioni, B and Annesi-Maesano, I and D'Amato, G and Cecchi, L}, title = {The rising of allergic respiratory diseases in a changing world: from climate change to migration.}, journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {973-986}, doi = {10.1080/17476348.2020.1794829}, pmid = {32662693}, issn = {1747-6356}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The rising of allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) suggests a decisive role of environmental factors, that have dramatically changed in the last decades.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: This review addresses various aspects of the external exposome acting on the development, progression, clinical presentation and severity of ARDs. Climate change, air pollution and biodiversity loss act directly and through their complex interactions on atopic risk: reacent foundings on these aspects are discussed herein. The review also focuses on migration studies, underling the possible role of migrant status as an experimental model to study environment effects on atopy onset and progression.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: Future perspective on this topic include prevention and mitigation strategies in regard to pollution and climate change, improvement of environmental monitoring methods, implementation of public health policies, further advances in 'omics' research and knowledge, prospective and immunological research on migrant populations and new policies to face human mobility.}, }
@article {pmid32662439, year = {2020}, author = {Champion, C and Broadhurst, MK and Ewere, EE and Benkendorff, K and Butcherine, P and Wolfe, K and Coleman, MA}, title = {Resilience to the interactive effects of climate change and discard stress in the commercially important blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus).}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {105009}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105009}, pmid = {32662439}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Brachyura ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Salinity ; }, abstract = {Globally, millions of people depend on nutritional benefits from seafood consumption, but few studies have tested for effects of near-future climate change on seafood health and quality. Quantitative assessments of the interactive effects of climate change and discarding of fisheries resources are also lacking, despite ~10% of global catches being discarded annually. Utilising the harvested blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus), we experimentally tested the effects of near-future temperature and salinity treatments under simulated capture and discarding on a suite of health and nutritional quality parameters. We show that nutritional quality (protein, lipids, moisture content and fatty acid composition) was not significantly affected by near-future climate change. Further, stress biomarkers (catalase and glutathione S-transferases activity and glycogen content) did not differ significantly among treatments following simulated capture and discarding. These results support the inherent resilience of P. armatus to short-term environmental change, and indicate that negative physiological responses associated with discarding may not be exacerbated in a future ocean. We suggest that harvested estuarine species, and thus the industries and food security they underpin, may be resilient to the future effects of climate change due to their adaptation to naturally variable habitats.}, }
@article {pmid32662432, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Z and Capinha, C and Karger, DN and Turon, X and MacIsaac, HJ and Zhan, A}, title = {Impacts of climate change on geographical distributions of invasive ascidians.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {159}, number = {}, pages = {104993}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104993}, pmid = {32662432}, issn = {1879-0291}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Introduced Species ; Temperature ; *Urochordata ; }, abstract = {Ocean warming associated with global climate change renders marine ecosystems susceptible to biological invasions. Here, we used species distribution models to project habitat suitability for eight invasive ascidians under present-day and future climate scenarios. Distance to shore and maximum sea surface temperature were identified as the most important variables affecting species distributions. Results showed that eight ascidians might respond differently to future climate change. Alarmingly, currently colonized areas are much smaller than predicted, suggesting ascidians may expand their invasive ranges. Areas such as Americas, Europe and Western Pacific have high risks of receiving new invasions. In contrast, African coasts, excluding the Mediterranean side, are not prone to new invasions, likely due to the high sea surface temperature there. Our results highlight the importance of climate change impacts on future invasions and the need for accurate modelling of invasion risks, which can be used as guides to develop management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32662211, year = {2020}, author = {Lertzman-Lepofsky, GF and Kissel, AM and Sinervo, B and Palen, WJ}, title = {Water loss and temperature interact to compound amphibian vulnerability to climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15231}, pmid = {32662211}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Canada Summer Jobs/ ; //National Science and Engineering Research Council/ ; //National Park Service George M. Wright Climate Change Youth Initiative Fellowship Award/ ; //North Coast and Cascades Science Learning Network Award/ ; MORA-2014-SCI-0016//NPS/ ; OLYM-2014-SCI-0045//NPS/ ; EF-1241848//NSF/ ; }, abstract = {Ectotherm thermal physiology is frequently used to predict species responses to changing climates, but for amphibians, water loss may be of equal or greater importance. Using physical models, we estimated the frequency of exceeding the thermal optimum (Topt) or critical evaporative water loss (EWLcrit) limits, with and without shade- or water-seeking behaviours. Under current climatic conditions (2002-2012), we predict that harmful thermal (>Topt) and hydric (>EWLcrit) conditions limit the activity of amphibians during ~70% of snow-free days in sunny habitats. By the 2080s, we estimate that sunny and dry habitats will exceed one or both of these physiological limits during 95% of snow-free days. Counterintuitively, we find that while wet environments eliminate the risk of critical EWL, they do not reduce the risk of exceeding Topt (+2% higher). Similarly, while shaded dry environments lower the risk of exceeding Topt , critical EWL limits are still exceeded during 63% of snow-free days. Thus, no single environment that we evaluated can simultaneously reduce both physiological risks. When we forecast both temperature and EWL into the 2080s, both physiological thresholds are exceeded in all habitats during 48% of snow-free days, suggesting that there may be limited opportunity for behaviour to ameliorate climate change. We conclude that temperature and water loss act synergistically, compounding the ecophysiological risk posed by climate change, as the combined effects are more severe than those predicted individually. Our results suggest that predictions of physiological risk posed by climate change that do not account for water loss in amphibians may be severely underestimated and that there may be limited scope for facultative behaviours to mediate rapidly changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid32661979, year = {2020}, author = {Asadgol, Z and Badirzadeh, A and Niazi, S and Mokhayeri, Y and Kermani, M and Mohammadi, H and Gholami, M}, title = {How climate change can affect cholera incidence and prevalence? A systematic review.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {28}, pages = {34906-34926}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09992-7}, pmid = {32661979}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {1874//Iran University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Cholera ; Climate Change ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Although the number of cholera infection decreased universally, climate change can potentially affect both incidence and prevalence rates of disease in endemic regions. There is considerable consistent evidence, explaining the associations between cholera and climatic variables. However, it is essentially required to compare and interpret these relationships globally. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review in order to identify and appraise the literature concerning the relationship between nonanthropogenic climatic variabilities such as extreme weather- and ocean-related variables and cholera infection rates. The systematic literature review of studies was conducted by using determined search terms via four major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. This search focused on published articles in English-language up to December 31, 2018. A total of 43 full-text studies that met our criteria have been identified and included in our analysis. The reviewed studies demonstrated that cholera incidence is highly attributed to climatic variables, especially rainfall, temperature, sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The association between cholera incidence and climatic variables has been investigated by a variety of data analysis methodologies, most commonly time series analysis, generalized linear model (GLM), regression analysis, and spatial/GIS. The results of this study assist the policy-makers who provide the efforts for planning and prevention actions in the face of changing global climatic variables.}, }
@article {pmid32660973, year = {2020}, author = {Ledoux, JB and Cruz, F and Gómez-Garrido, J and Antoni, R and Blanc, J and Gómez-Gras, D and Kipson, S and López-Sendino, P and Antunes, A and Linares, C and Gut, M and Alioto, T and Garrabou, J}, title = {The Genome Sequence of the Octocoral Paramuricea clavata - A Key Resource To Study the Impact of Climate Change in the Mediterranean.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, pages = {2941-2952}, pmid = {32660973}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {The octocoral, Paramuricea clavata, is a habitat-forming anthozoan with a key ecological role in rocky benthic and biodiversity-rich communities in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic. Shallow populations of P. clavata in the North-Western Mediterranean are severely affected by warming-induced mass mortality events (MMEs). These MMEs have differentially impacted individuals and populations of P. clavata (i.e., varied levels of tissue necrosis and mortality rates) over thousands of kilometers of coastal areas. The eco-evolutionary processes, including genetic factors, contributing to these differential responses remain to be characterized. Here, we sequenced a P. clavata individual with short and long read technologies, producing 169.98 Gb of Illumina paired-end and 3.55 Gb of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) reads. We obtained a de novo genome assembly accounting for 607 Mb in 64,145 scaffolds. The contig and scaffold N50s are 19.15 Kb and 23.92 Kb, respectively. Despite of the low contiguity of the assembly, its gene completeness is relatively high, including 75.8% complete and 9.4% fragmented genes out of the 978 metazoan genes contained in the metazoa_odb9 database. A total of 62,652 protein-coding genes have been annotated. This assembly is one of the few octocoral genomes currently available. This is undoubtedly a valuable resource for characterizing the genetic bases of the differential responses to thermal stress and for the identification of thermo-resistant individuals and populations. Overall, having the genome of P. clavata will facilitate studies of various aspects of its evolutionary ecology and elaboration of effective conservation plans such as active restoration to overcome the threats of global change.}, }
@article {pmid32658689, year = {2020}, author = {Kim, JH and Kim, N and Moon, H and Lee, S and Jeong, SY and Diaz-Pulido, G and Edwards, MS and Kang, JH and Kang, EJ and Oh, HJ and Hwang, JD and Kim, IN}, title = {Global warming offsets the ecophysiological stress of ocean acidification on temperate crustose coralline algae.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {157}, number = {}, pages = {111324}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111324}, pmid = {32658689}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Global Warming ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; *Rhodophyta ; Seawater ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Dramatic increases in the release of anthropogenic CO2 and global temperatures have resulted in alterations to seawater carbonate chemistry and metabolisms of marine organisms. There has been recent interest in the effects of these stressors on crustose coralline algae (CCA) because photosynthesis and calcification are influenced by all components of carbonate chemistry. To examine this, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to evaluate photosynthesis, calcification and growth in the temperate CCA Chamberlainium sp. under acidification (doubled CO2), warming (+5 °C), and greenhouse (doubled CO2 and +5 °C) conditions compared to present-day conditions. After 47 days of acclimation to these conditions, productivity was lowest under acidification, although photochemical properties were improved, while respiration was highest under warming. Likewise, growth was lowest under acidification, but this negative response was offset by elevated temperature under greenhouse. Together, these results suggest that warming offsets the negative effects of acidification by creating more suitable conditions for photosynthesis and growth.}, }
@article {pmid32657822, year = {2020}, author = {Shapiro, LT and Jimenez, V and Espinel, Z and Galea, S and Kossin, JP and Shultz, JM}, title = {Preparing Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury for Catastrophic Hurricanes in the Time of Climate Change.}, journal = {The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1097/HTR.0000000000000571}, pmid = {32657822}, issn = {1550-509X}, }
@article {pmid32654046, year = {2020}, author = {Rollins, HB and Benard, MF}, title = {Challenges in predicting the outcome of competition based on climate change-induced phenological and body size shifts.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {193}, number = {3}, pages = {749-759}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-020-04705-w}, pmid = {32654046}, issn = {1432-1939}, mesh = {Animals ; Body Size ; Bufonidae ; *Climate Change ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Ranidae ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Climate change is creating warmer, earlier springs, which are causing the phenology of many organisms to shift. Additionally, as temperatures increase, the body size of many ectotherms is decreasing. However, phenological and body size shifts are not occurring at the same rates across species, even in species that live in close proximity or have similar life history. Differing rates of phenological and body-size shifts may affect ecological interactions. We investigated whether shifts in phenology and body size had a predictable effect on interspecific competition. We tested three hypotheses. First, priority effects would indicate early arriving organisms gain a competitive advantage. Second, larger organisms would be competitively superior. Third, similarly sized organisms would compete more strongly. We manipulated aquatic larval conditions to create variation in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) size at and date of metamorphosis. Wood frogs were placed in terrestrial enclosures with unmanipulated juvenile American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) where we tracked amphibian growth over 3 months. Consistent with the size superiority hypothesis, initially smaller wood frogs did not compete as strongly with toads. However, the results of the phenological shift were the opposite of our priority effects prediction: early arrival by frogs increased toad mass. Our results could indicate that toads would experience fewer negative effects of competition with wood frogs that metamorphose earlier and smaller under climate change. Our study highlights the challenges of predicting how climate change will affect interspecific interactions and emphasizes the need to investigate the role of shifts in both phenology and body size.}, }
@article {pmid32650875, year = {2020}, author = {Hastings, M}, title = {Climate Change Impact and the Role of the Emergency Nurse.}, journal = {Journal of emergency nursing}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {407-409}, doi = {10.1016/j.jen.2020.05.007}, pmid = {32650875}, issn = {1527-2966}, }
@article {pmid32649915, year = {2020}, author = {Bogdziewicz, M and Kelly, D and Tanentzap, AJ and Thomas, PA and Lageard, JGA and Hacket-Pain, A}, title = {Climate Change Strengthens Selection for Mast Seeding in European Beech.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {30}, number = {17}, pages = {3477-3483.e2}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.056}, pmid = {32649915}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Climate change is altering patterns of seed production worldwide [1-4], but the potential for evolutionary responses to these changes is poorly understood. Masting (synchronous, annually variable seed production by plant populations) is selectively beneficial through economies of scale that decrease the cost of reproduction per surviving offspring [5-7]. Masting is particularly widespread in temperate trees [8, 9] impacting food webs, macronutrient cycling, carbon storage, and human disease risk [10-12], so understanding its response to climate change is important. Here, we analyze inter-individual variability in plant reproductive patterns and two economies of scale-predator satiation and pollination efficiency-and document how natural selection acting upon them favors masting. Four decades of observations for European beech (Fagus sylvatica) show that predator satiation and pollination efficiency select for individuals with higher inter-annual variability of reproduction and higher reproductive synchrony between individuals. This result confirms the long-standing theory that masting, a population-level phenomenon, is generated by selection on individuals. Furthermore, recent climate-driven increases in mean seed production have increased selection pressure from seed predators but not from pollination efficiency. Natural selection is thus acting to restore the fitness benefits of masting, which have previously decreased under a warming climate [13]. However, selection will likely take far longer (centuries) than climate warming (decades), so in the short-term, tree reproduction will be reduced because masting has become less effective at satiating seed predators. Over the long-term, evolutionary responses to climate change could potentially increase inter-annual variability of seed production of masting species.}, }
@article {pmid32646983, year = {2020}, author = {Babin, M}, title = {Climate change tweaks Arctic marine ecosystems.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {369}, number = {6500}, pages = {137-138}, doi = {10.1126/science.abd1231}, pmid = {32646983}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton ; }, }
@article {pmid32645233, year = {2020}, author = {Prietzel, J and Falk, W and Reger, B and Uhl, E and Pretzsch, H and Zimmermann, L}, title = {Half a century of Scots pine forest ecosystem monitoring reveals long-term effects of atmospheric deposition and climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15265}, pmid = {32645233}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {At two forest sites in Germany (Pfaffenwinkel, Pustert) stocked with mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we investigated changes of topsoil chemistry during the recent forty years by soil inventories conducted on replicated control plots of fertilization experiments, allowing a statistical analysis. Additionally, we monitored the nutritional status of both stands from 1964 until 2019 and quantified stand growth during the monitoring period by repeated stand inventories. Moreover, we monitored climate variables (air temperature, precipitation) and calculated annual climatic water balances from 1991 to 2019. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition between 1964 and 2019 was estimated for the period 1969-2019 by combining annual deposition measurements conducted in 1985-1987 and 2004 with long-term deposition records from long-term forest monitoring stations. We investigated interrelations between topsoil chemistry, stand nutrition, stand growth, deposition, and climate trends. At both sites, the onset of the new millennium was a turning point of important biogeochemical processes. Topsoil acidification turned into re-alkalinization, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation stopped and likely turned into SOM depletion. In the new millennium, topsoil stocks of S and plant-available phosphorus (P) as well as S and P concentrations in Scots pine foliage decreased substantially; yet age-referenced stand growth remained at levels far above those expected from yield table data. Tree P and S nutrition as well as climate change (increased temperature and drought stress) have replaced soil acidification as major future challenges for both forests. Understanding of P and S cycling and water fluxes in forest ecosystems, and consideration of these issues in forest management are important for successfully tackling the new challenges. Our study illustrates the importance of long-term forest monitoring to identify slow, but substantial changes of forest biogeochemistry driven by natural and anthropogenic global change.}, }
@article {pmid32645189, year = {2020}, author = {Price, S}, title = {The Temperature&#39;s Rising: Preparing for the Health Effects of Climate Change.}, journal = {Texas medicine}, volume = {116}, number = {5}, pages = {18-23}, pmid = {32645189}, issn = {1938-3223}, mesh = {Air Pollution/*prevention &amp; control ; *Climate Change ; Crop Production ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Health ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; *Public Health ; Texas ; Water Pollution ; Water Quality ; }, abstract = {In Texas, climate change has been blamed for contributing to the severity of several weather and health events, including the 2011 statewide drought, the 2012 outbreak of West Nile virus in Dallas, Hurricane Harvey in 2017, and the steadily increasing prevalence of vector-borne diseases like Zika and chikungunya. Here are some of the most important climate-related health problems Texas physicians can expect according to climate scientists and the physician experts Texas Medicine spoke to.}, }
@article {pmid32643822, year = {2020}, author = {Charles, KM and Stehlik, I}, title = {Assisted species migration and hybridization to conserve cold-adapted plants under climate change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13583}, pmid = {32643822}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Temperature rise due to climate change is putting many arctic and alpine plants at risk of extinction because their ability to react is outpaced by the speed of climate change. We considered assisted species migration (ASM) and hybridization as methods to conserve cold-adapted species (or the genes thereof) and to minimize the potential perturbation of ecosystems due to climate change. Assisted species migration is the deliberate movement of individuals from their current location to where the species' ecological requirements will be matched under climate projections. Hybridization refers to crossbreeding of closely related species, where for arctic and alpine plants, 1 parent is the threatened cold-adapted and the other its reproductively compatible, warm-adapted sibling. Traditionally, hybridization is viewed as negative and leading to a loss of biodiversity, even though hybridization has increased biodiversity over geological times. Furthermore, the incorporation of warm-adapted genes into a hybrid may be the only means for the persistence of increasingly more maladapted, cold-adapted species. If approached with thorough consideration of fitness-related parameters of the source population and acknowledgement of the important role hybridization has played in shaping current biodiversity, ASM and hybridization could help save partial or whole genomes of key cold-adapted species at risk due to climate change with minimal negative effects on ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid32643198, year = {2020}, author = {McCann, BT and Davis, JM and Osborne, D and Durham, C and O'Brien, M and Raymond, NA}, title = {Quantifying climate change relevant humanitarian programming and spending across five highly disaster vulnerable countries.}, journal = {Disasters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/disa.12453}, pmid = {32643198}, issn = {1467-7717}, abstract = {Climate change is increasing the severity and frequency of natural hazards and associated disasters worldwide, yet there is little data tracking how and whether it is being addressed by humanitarian assistance programs. Using publicly available United Nations program data and vulnerability indexes, this study pilots a novel approach for identifying and quantifying the prevalence of climate change-related humanitarian programs from 2016-2018 in five disaster-affected countries. Funding levels of proposed and undertaken interventions were analyzed within specific programmatic sub-areas and across clusters. We found that 1.8% (99 / 5558) of projects included in humanitarian proposals reviewed by the study have a climate change-related component. Of 1361 funded projects, 40 of these projects were climate related and received funding. Methodologies piloted here for assessing and classifying climate change-related humanitarian programs could be expanded to support further tracking of humanitarian responses to climate change across operational contexts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid32642628, year = {2020}, author = {Anenberg, SC and Bindl, M and Brauer, M and Castillo, JJ and Cavalieri, S and Duncan, BN and Fiore, AM and Fuller, R and Goldberg, DL and Henze, DK and Hess, J and Holloway, T and James, P and Jin, X and Kheirbek, I and Kinney, PL and Liu, Y and Mohegh, A and Patz, J and Jimenez, MP and Roy, A and Tong, D and Walker, K and Watts, N and West, JJ}, title = {Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA-Supported Science-Stakeholder Collaborative.}, journal = {GeoHealth}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {e2020GH000270}, pmid = {32642628}, issn = {2471-1403}, abstract = {The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) &quot;Indicators&quot; Tiger Team collaboration between NASA-supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite-derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality. Participatory knowledge production can lead to more actionable information but requires time, flexibility, and continuous engagement. Ground measurements are still needed for ground truthing, and sustained collaboration over time remains a challenge.}, }
@article {pmid32641856, year = {2020}, author = {Louppe, V and Leroy, B and Herrel, A and Veron, G}, title = {Author Correction: The globally invasive small Indian mongoose Urva auropunctata is likely to spread with climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11595}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-68558-2}, pmid = {32641856}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.}, }
@article {pmid32641818, year = {2020}, author = {Lehmann, J and Possinger, A}, title = {Removal of atmospheric CO2 by rock weathering holds promise for mitigating climate change.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {583}, number = {7815}, pages = {204-205}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-01965-7}, pmid = {32641818}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural ; Weather ; }, }
@article {pmid32640918, year = {2020}, author = {Mena, CS and Artz, M and Llanten, C}, title = {Climate change and global health: a medical anthropology perspective.}, journal = {Perspectives in public health}, volume = {140}, number = {4}, pages = {196-197}, doi = {10.1177/1757913919897943}, pmid = {32640918}, issn = {1757-9147}, }
@article {pmid32640654, year = {2020}, author = {Yu, H and Bian, Z and Mu, S and Yuan, J and Chen, F}, title = {Effects of Climate Change on Land Cover Change and Vegetation Dynamics in Xinjiang, China.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {32640654}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Since the Silk-road Economic belt initiatives were proposed, Xinjiang has provided a vital strategic link between China and Central Asia and even Eurasia. However, owing to the weak and vulnerable ecosystem in this arid region, even a slight climate change would probably disrupt vegetation dynamics and land cover change. Thus, there is an urgent need to determine the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land-use/Land-cover (LULC) responses to climate change. Here, the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition (ESMD) method and linear regression method (LRM) were applied to recognize the variation trends of the NDVI, temperature, and precipitation between the growing season and other seasons. Combining the transfer matrix of LULC, the Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to reveal the response of NDVI to climate change and climate extremes. The results showed that: (1) Extreme temperature showed greater variation than extreme precipitation. Both the ESMD and the LRM exhibited an increased volatility trend for the NDVI, with the significant improvement regions mainly located in the margin of basins. (2) Since climate change had a warming trend, the permanent snow has been reduced by 20,436 km2. The NDVI has a higher correlation to precipitation than temperature. Furthermore, the humid trend could provide more suitable conditions for vegetation growth, but the warm trend might prevent vegetation growth. Spatially, the response of the NDVI in North Xinjiang (NXC) was more sensitive to precipitation than that in South Xinjiang (SXC). Seasonally, the NDVI has a greater correlation to precipitation in spring and summer, but the opposite occurs in autumn. (3) The response of the NDVI to extreme precipitation was stronger than the response to extreme temperature. The reduction in diurnal temperature variation was beneficial to vegetation growth. Therefore, continuous concentrated precipitation and higher night-time-temperatures could enhance vegetation growth in Xinjiang. This study could enrich the understanding of the response of land cover change and vegetation dynamics to climate extremes and provide scientific support for eco-environment sustainable management in the arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid32638113, year = {2020}, author = {Berberoglu, S and Cilek, A and Kirkby, M and Irvine, B and Donmez, C}, title = {Spatial and temporal evaluation of soil erosion in Turkey under climate change scenarios using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {8}, pages = {491}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08429-5}, pmid = {32638113}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {110Y338//Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu/ ; FBA-2019-10983//Scientific Projects Administrator Unit of Cukurova University/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; Risk Assessment ; *Soil ; Turkey ; }, abstract = {The impacts of climate change on soil erosion are mainly caused by the changes in the amount and intensity of rainfall and rising temperature. The combination of rainfall and temperature change is likely to be accompanied by negative or positive variations in agricultural and forest management. Turkey contains vast fertile plains, high mountain chains and semi-arid lands, with a climate that ranges from marine to continental and therefore is susceptible to soil erosion under climate change, particularly on high gradients and in semi-arid areas. This study aims to model the soil erosion risk under climate change scenarios in Turkey using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Assessment (PESERA) model, predicting the likely effects of land use/cover and climate change on sediment transport and soil erosion in the country. For this purpose, PESERA was applied to estimate the monthly and annual soil loss for 12 land use/cover types in Turkey. The model inputs included 128 variables derived from soil, climate, land use/cover and topography data. The total soil loss from the land surface is speculated to be approximately 285.5 million tonnes per year. According to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report of four climate change scenarios, the total soil losses were predicted as 308.9, 323.5, 320.3 and 355.3 million tonnes for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively from 2060 to 2080. The predicted amounts of fertile soil loss from agricultural land in a year were predicted to be 55.5 million tonnes at present, and 62.7, 59.9, 61.7 and 58.1 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 respectively. This confirms that approximately 30% of the total erosion occurs over the agricultural lands. In this respect, degraded forests, scrub and arable lands were subjected to the highest erosion rate (68%) of the total, whereas, fruit trees and berry plantations reflected the lowest erosion rates. Low soil organic carbon, sparse vegetation cover and variable climatic conditions significantly enhanced the erosion of the cultivated lands by primarily removing the potential food for organisms. Finally, process-based models offer a valuable resource for decision-makers when improving environmental management schemes and also decrease uncertainty when considering risks.}, }
@article {pmid32636507, year = {2019}, author = {Gaind, N}, title = {Climate activists turn to lawsuits to force action on global warming.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-02121-6}, pmid = {32636507}, issn = {1476-4687}, }
@article {pmid32635435, year = {2020}, author = {Ray, C and Ming, X}, title = {Climate Change and Human Health: A Review of Allergies, Autoimmunity and the Microbiome.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {32635435}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {The impact of climate change on human health is a topic of critical importance. While only recently beginning to gain attention, it is clear that immediate action is necessary to minimize this impact. In our review, we will outline a subset of these effects in detail. We will examine how climate change has worsened respiratory allergic disease. We will discuss how climate change has altered antigen exposure, possibly disrupting antigen-specific tolerance by the immune system, leading, in turn, to an increase in the prevalence of immunologic diseases. Finally, we will explore how the loss of biodiversity related to climate change may affect the microbiome, potentially leading to dysbiosis, inflammatory, autoimmune and neurologic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid32635256, year = {2020}, author = {Shi, Z and Huang, H and Wu, Y and Chiu, YH and Qin, S}, title = {Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Production and Crop Disaster Area in China.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {13}, pages = {}, pmid = {32635256}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, China has always paid close attention to the sustainable development of agricultural production efficiency. However, with global climate change, extreme weather has become an exogenous factor that cannot be ignored, as it affects agricultural production. Most of the existing studies only consider the domestic natural resources and economic factors, without fully considering the external climate factors. This paper uses the super undesirable dynamic Slacks-Based Measures (SBM) under an exogenous variable model to simulate the external environmental factors by adding extreme weather days. The Dagum Gini coefficient and kernel density estimation are used to explore the regional differences in agricultural production in China. The results show that the agricultural production efficiency is higher in the eastern region, and the difference in agricultural production efficiency among the provinces in the middle and western regions is large, showing a trend of polarization. The difference in the Gini coefficient between the middle and western regions is more significant. The main contribution factor of the Dagum Gini coefficient is the inter-regional difference. The regional concentration degree of agriculture in China is decreasing, the regional distribution of agricultural water resources is more balanced, and the national regional difference gradually decreases. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, such as extreme weather control, agricultural water supply, and water-saving measures.}, }
@article {pmid32632156, year = {2020}, author = {Jarić, I and Bellard, C and Courchamp, F and Kalinkat, G and Meinard, Y and Roberts, DL and Correia, RA}, title = {Societal attention toward extinction threats: a comparison between climate change and biological invasions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {11085}, pmid = {32632156}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Public attention and interest in the fate of endangered species is a crucial prerequisite for effective conservation programs. Societal awareness and values will largely determine whether conservation initiatives receive necessary support and lead to adequate policy change. Using text data mining, we assessed general public attention in France, Germany and the United Kingdom toward climate change and biological invasions in relation to endangered amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species. Our analysis revealed that public attention patterns differed among species groups and countries but was globally higher for climate change than for biological invasions. Both threats received better recognition in threatened than in non-threatened species, as well as in native species than in species from other countries and regions. We conclude that more efficient communication regarding the threat from biological invasions should be developed, and that conservation practitioners should take advantage of the existing attention toward climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32631981, year = {2020}, author = {Cordes, LS and Blumstein, DT and Armitage, KB and CaraDonna, PJ and Childs, DZ and Gerber, BD and Martin, JGA and Oli, MK and Ozgul, A}, title = {Contrasting effects of climate change on seasonal survival of a hibernating mammal.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {30}, pages = {18119-18126}, pmid = {32631981}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; Demography ; Environment ; *Hibernation ; *Mammals ; Mortality ; Population Dynamics ; *Seasons ; }, abstract = {Seasonal environmental conditions shape the behavior and life history of virtually all organisms. Climate change is modifying these seasonal environmental conditions, which threatens to disrupt population dynamics. It is conceivable that climatic changes may be beneficial in one season but result in detrimental conditions in another because life-history strategies vary between these time periods. We analyzed the temporal trends in seasonal survival of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) and explored the environmental drivers using a 40-y dataset from the Colorado Rocky Mountains (USA). Trends in survival revealed divergent seasonal patterns, which were similar across age-classes. Marmot survival declined during winter but generally increased during summer. Interestingly, different environmental factors appeared to drive survival trends across age-classes. Winter survival was largely driven by conditions during the preceding summer and the effect of continued climate change was likely to be mainly negative, whereas the likely outcome of continued climate change on summer survival was generally positive. This study illustrates that seasonal demographic responses need disentangling to accurately forecast the impacts of climate change on animal population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid32629267, year = {2020}, author = {Scheidl, C and Heiser, M and Kamper, S and Thaler, T and Klebinder, K and Nagl, F and Lechner, V and Markart, G and Rammer, W and Seidl, R}, title = {The influence of climate change and canopy disturbances on landslide susceptibility in headwater catchments.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140588}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140588}, pmid = {32629267}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Austria ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Forests ; *Landslides ; Norway ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Forests have an important regulating function on water runoff and the occurrence of shallow landslides. Their structure and composition directly influence the risk of hydrogeomorphic processes, like floods with high sediment transport or debris flows. Climate change is substantially altering forest ecosystems, and for Central Europe an increase in natural disturbances from wind and insect outbreaks is expected for the future. How such changes impact the regulating function of forest ecosystems remains unclear. By combining methods from forestry, hydrology and geotechnical engineering we investigated possible effects of changing climate and disturbance regimes on shallow landslides. We simulated forest landscapes in two headwater catchments in the Eastern Alps of Austria under four different future climate scenarios over 200 years. Our results indicate that climate-mediated changes in forest dynamics can substantially alter the protective function of forest ecosystems. Climate change generally increased landslide risk in our simulations. Only when future warming coincided with drying landslide risk decreased relative to historic conditions. In depth analyses showed that an important driver of future landslide risk was the simulated vegetation composition. Trajectories away from flat rooting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests currently dominating the system towards an increasing proportion of tree species with heart and taproot systems, increased root cohesion and reduced the soil volume mobilized in landslides. Natural disturbances generally reduced landslide risk in our simulations, with the positive effect of accelerated tree species change and increasing root cohesion outweighing a potential negative effect of disturbances on the water cycle. We conclude that while the efficacy of green infrastructure such as protective forests could be substantially reduced by climate change, such systems also have a strong inherent ability to adapt to changing conditions. Forest management should foster this adaptive capacity to strengthen the protective function of forests also under changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32628406, year = {2020}, author = {Van Norman, GA and Jackson, S}, title = {The anesthesiologist and global climate change: an ethical obligation to act.}, journal = {Current opinion in anaesthesiology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {577-583}, doi = {10.1097/ACO.0000000000000887}, pmid = {32628406}, issn = {1473-6500}, mesh = {Air Pollution/prevention &amp; control ; Anesthesiologists/*ethics ; Anesthesiology/*ethics ; Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration &amp; dosage/*adverse effects ; *Climate Change ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Operating Rooms ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pollution and global warming/climate change contribute to one-quarter of all deaths worldwide. Global healthcare as a whole is the world's fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and anesthetic gases, intravenous agents and supplies contribute significantly to the overall problem. It is the ethical obligation of all anesthesiologists to minimize the harmful impact of anesthesia practice on environmental sustainability.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Focused programs encouraging judicious selection of the use of anesthetic gas agents has been shown to reduce CO2 equivalent emissions by 64%, with significant cost savings. Good gas flow management reduces nonscavenged anesthetic gas significantly, and has been shown to decrease the consumption of volatile anesthetic agent by about one-fifth. New devices may allow for recapture, reclamation and recycling of waste anesthetic gases. For propofol, a nonbiodegradable, environmentally toxic agent, simply changing the size of vials on formulary has been shown to reduce wasted agent by 90%.<br><br>SUMMARY: The 5 R's of waste minimization in the operating room (OR) (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink and Research) have proven benefit in reducing the environmental impact of the practice of anesthesiology, as well as in reducing costs.}, }
@article {pmid32628332, year = {2020}, author = {Falconnier, GN and Corbeels, M and Boote, KJ and Affholder, F and Adam, M and MacCarthy, DS and Ruane, AC and Nendel, C and Whitbread, AM and Justes, É and Ahuja, LR and Akinseye, FM and Alou, IN and Amouzou, KA and Anapalli, SS and Baron, C and Basso, B and Baudron, F and Bertuzzi, P and Challinor, AJ and Chen, Y and Deryng, D and Elsayed, ML and Faye, B and Gaiser, T and Galdos, M and Gayler, S and Gerardeaux, E and Giner, M and Grant, B and Hoogenboom, G and Ibrahim, ES and Kamali, B and Kersebaum, KC and Kim, SH and van der Laan, M and Leroux, L and Lizaso, JI and Maestrini, B and Meier, EA and Mequanint, F and Ndoli, A and Porter, CH and Priesack, E and Ripoche, D and Sida, TS and Singh, U and Smith, WN and Srivastava, A and Sinha, S and Tao, F and Thorburn, PJ and Timlin, D and Traore, B and Twine, T and Webber, H}, title = {Modelling climate change impacts on maize yields under low nitrogen input conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15261}, pmid = {32628332}, issn = {1365-2486}, abstract = {Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) currently grow rainfed maize with limited inputs including fertilizer. Climate change may exacerbate current production constraints. Crop models can help quantify the potential impact of climate change on maize yields, but a comprehensive multimodel assessment of simulation accuracy and uncertainty in these low-input systems is currently lacking. We evaluated the impact of varying [CO2 ], temperature and rainfall conditions on maize yield, for different nitrogen (N) inputs (0, 80, 160 kg N/ha) for five environments in SSA, including cool subhumid Ethiopia, cool semi-arid Rwanda, hot subhumid Ghana and hot semi-arid Mali and Benin using an ensemble of 25 maize models. Models were calibrated with measured grain yield, plant biomass, plant N, leaf area index, harvest index and in-season soil water content from 2-year experiments in each country to assess their ability to simulate observed yield. Simulated responses to climate change factors were explored and compared between models. Calibrated models reproduced measured grain yield variations well with average relative root mean square error of 26%, although uncertainty in model prediction was substantial (CV = 28%). Model ensembles gave greater accuracy than any model taken at random. Nitrogen fertilization controlled the response to variations in [CO2 ], temperature and rainfall. Without N fertilizer input, maize (a) benefited less from an increase in atmospheric [CO2 ]; (b) was less affected by higher temperature or decreasing rainfall; and (c) was more affected by increased rainfall because N leaching was more critical. The model intercomparison revealed that simulation of daily soil N supply and N leaching plays a crucial role in simulating climate change impacts for low-input systems. Climate change and N input interactions have strong implications for the design of robust adaptation approaches across SSA, because the impact of climate change in low input systems will be modified if farmers intensify maize production with balanced nutrient management.}, }
@article {pmid32627675, year = {2020}, author = {Iniguez-Gallardo, V and Bride, I and Tzanopoulos, J}, title = {Between concepts and experiences: understandings of climate change in southern Ecuador.}, journal = {Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, pages = {745-756}, doi = {10.1177/0963662520936088}, pmid = {32627675}, issn = {1361-6609}, abstract = {For decades, researchers have worried about people's understanding of climate change. Although this understanding varies by cultural context, most studies so far have taken place in industrialised countries. Few studies have explored understandings of climate change in the global South. Through standardised questionnaires and semi-structured interviews conducted in southern Ecuador, this article explores differences between urban and rural dwellers and compares these with farmers' understandings of the causes, consequences and risks. We found urban and rural dwellers hold a similar understanding to that found in other nations, but articulated in ways that reflect their particular realities. Despite reporting firsthand experience of the agricultural effects of climate change, when prompted, farmers do not link climate change to their own experience. It is thus important to go beyond judging knowledge as correct or incorrect, and instead, incorporate local realities in the climate narrative.}, }
@article {pmid32627262, year = {2020}, author = {Bello-Rodríguez, V and Mateo, RG and Pellissier, L and Cubas, J and Cooke, B and González-Mancebo, JM}, title = {Forecast increase in invasive rabbit spread into ecosystems of an oceanic island (Tenerife) under climate change.}, journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e02206}, doi = {10.1002/eap.2206}, pmid = {32627262}, issn = {1051-0761}, support = {REF 1621/2015//Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente/ ; //European Social Fund/ ; //Gobierno de Canarias/ ; }, abstract = {The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a pest and a conservation problem on many islands, where its heavy grazing pressure threatens many endemic plants with extinction. Previous studies in its native and introduced range have highlighted the high spatial variability of rabbit abundance at local and landscape scales, depending on many factors such as the existence of different habitats. Modeling of the species can be useful to better understand spatial patterns and to prioritize actions, especially in those regions in which rabbits have become invasive. Here, we investigate the distribution of the European rabbit in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), where the species was introduced during the 15th century and has subsequently changed vegetation composition. Added to the direct effects of rabbits on vegetation, climate change could also have implications for rabbit populations, especially in the alpine ecosystem. To evaluate that, we estimated rabbit abundance in 216 plots randomly distributed on Tenerife island (61 in the alpine ecosystem), modeled the potential current spatial abundance of the species and considered how it might vary under different climate change scenarios. We associated rabbit abundance to a wide selection of abiotic, biotic, and human variables expected to influence rabbit abundance on the island. We found a positive correlation between rabbit abundance and temperature and a negative correlation in the case of precipitation. Hence, according to the models' projections, climate change is expected to enhance rabbit populations in the future. Current higher densities were related to land disturbance and open areas, and a remarkable increase is expected to occur in the alpine ecosystem. Overall, we consider that this study provides valuable information for land managers in the Canary archipelago as it reveals how global warming could indirectly exacerbate the conservation problems of the endemic flora in oceanic islands.}, }
@article {pmid32623765, year = {2020}, author = {Durant, JM and Ono, K and Stenseth, NC and Langangen, Ø}, title = {Nonlinearity in interspecific interactions in response to climate change: Cod and haddock as an example.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15264}, pmid = {32623765}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {280467//Norges Forskningsråd/ ; 280468//Norges Forskningsråd/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change has profound ecological effects, yet our understanding of how trophic interactions among species are affected by climate change is still patchy. The sympatric Atlantic haddock and cod are co-occurring across the North Atlantic. They compete for food at younger stages and thereafter the former is preyed by the latter. Climate change might affect the interaction and coexistence of these two species. Particularly, the increase in sea temperature (ST) has been shown to affect distribution, population growth and trophic interactions in marine systems. We used 33-year long time series of haddock and cod abundances estimates from two data sources (acoustic and trawl survey) to analyse the dynamic effect of climate on the coexistence of these two sympatric species in the Arcto-Boreal Barents Sea. Using a Bayesian state-space threshold model, we demonstrated that long-term climate variation, as expressed by changes of ST, affected species demography through different influences on density-independent processes. The interaction between cod and haddock has shifted in the last two decades due to an increase in ST, altering the equilibrium abundances and the dynamics of the system. During warm years (ST over ca. 4°C), the increase in the cod abundance negatively affected haddock abundance while it did not during cold years. This change in interactions therefore changed the equilibrium population size with a higher population size during warm years. Our analyses show that long-term climate change in the Arcto-Boreal system can generate differences in the equilibrium conditions of species assemblages.}, }
@article {pmid32623280, year = {2020}, author = {Clayton, S}, title = {Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {74}, number = {}, pages = {102263}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263}, pmid = {32623280}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {Climate change will affect psychological wellbeing. Substantial research has documented harmful impacts on physical health, mental health, and social relations from exposure to extreme weather events that are associated with climate change. Recently, attention has turned to the possible effects of climate change on mental health through emotional responses such as increased anxiety. This paper discusses the nature of climate anxiety and some evidence for its existence, and speculates about ways to address it. Although climate anxiety appears to be a real phenomenon that deserves clinical attention, it is important to distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive levels of anxiety. A focus on individual mental health should not distract attention from the societal response that is necessary to address climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32623168, year = {2020}, author = {Gebrechorkos, SH and Bernhofer, C and Hülsmann, S}, title = {Climate change impact assessment on the hydrology of a large river basin in Ethiopia using a local-scale climate modelling approach.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140504}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140504}, pmid = {32623168}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Local-scale climate change adaptation is receiving more attention to reduce the adverse effects of climate change. The process of developing adaptation measures at local-scale (e.g., river basins) requires high-quality climate information with higher resolution. Climate projections are available at a coarser spatial resolution from Global Climate Models (GCMs) and require spatial downscaling and bias correction to drive hydrological models. We used the hybrid multiple linear regression and stochastic weather generator model (Statistical Down-Scaling Model, SDSM) to develop a location-based climate projection, equivalent to future station data, from GCMs. Meteorological data from 24 ground stations and the most accurate satellite and reanalysis products identified for the region, such as Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data were used. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the impacts of the projected climate on hydrology. Both SDSM and SWAT were calibrated and validated using the observed climate and streamflow data, respectively. Climate projection based on SDSM, in one of the large and agricultural intensive basins in Ethiopia (i.e., Awash), show high variability in precipitation but an increase in maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature, which agrees with global warming. On average, the projection shows an increase in annual precipitation (>10%), Tmax (>0.4 °C), Tmin (>0.2 °C) and streamflow (>34%) in the 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070), and 2080s (2071-2100) under RCP2.6-RCP8.5. Although no significant trend in precipitation is found, streamflow during March-May and June-September is projected to increase throughout the 21 century by an average of more than 1.1% and 24%, respectively. However, streamflow is projected to decrease during January-February and October-November by more than 6%. Overall, considering the projected warming and changes in seasonal flow, local-scale adaptation measures to limit the impact on agriculture, water and energy sectors are required.}, }
@article {pmid32623164, year = {2020}, author = {Jermacz, Ł and Kletkiewicz, H and Krzyżyńska, K and Klimiuk, M and Kobak, J}, title = {Does global warming intensify cost of antipredator reaction? A case study of freshwater amphipods.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140474}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140474}, pmid = {32623164}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Amphipoda ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Global Warming ; Predatory Behavior ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Global warming is a worldwide phenomenon affecting the functioning of diverse ecosystems, including fresh waters. Temperature increase affects physiology and behaviour of ectotherms due to growing energetic demands necessary to sustain increased metabolic rate. Anti-predator responses may resemble temperature-induced changes in organisms, suggesting synergism between these factors. To check how temperature shapes physiological and behavioural responses of ectotherms to predation risk, we exposed amphipods: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to fish kairomones at 10, 17 or 24 °C. Animals were placed in tanks where temperature was gradually adjusted to the desired test temperature and acclimated under such conditions for 3 subsequent days. Then they were exposed to the predator cue (the Eurasian perch kairomone) for 35 min to test their acute responses. We measured metabolic rate (as respiration), antioxidant defence (CAT: catalase activity, TAS: total antioxidant status), oxidative molecules (TOS: total oxidative status), oxidative damage (TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and behaviour (locomotor activity). Amphipods increased respiration with raising temperature and when exposed to predation risk (all temperatures). Only G. jazdzewskii exhibited increased TOS when exposed to 24 °C or to predation risk at all temperatures. Antioxidant defence increased with raising temperature (CAT, TAS) and decreased under predation risk (CAT). Cellular damage increased in G. jazdzewskii under predation risk at 10 and 24 °C, but raised temperature itself did not generate any damage. Amphipods reduced locomotor activity at 24 °C. Thus, at elevated temperatures, amphipods minimized their cellular damage at the cost of increased antioxidant defence and lower locomotor activity (potentially disadvantageous under higher energetic demands). Under predation risk, the performance of antioxidant systems was reduced, probably due to energy allocation into anti-predatory mechanisms, leading to increased cellular damage at suboptimum temperatures. Thus, negative consequences of elevated temperature for organisms may be amplified by changes in behaviour (compromising food acquisition) and non-consumptive predator effects.}, }
@article {pmid32623163, year = {2020}, author = {Govere, S and Nyamangara, J and Nyakatawa, EZ}, title = {Climate change signals in the historical water footprint of wheat production in Zimbabwe.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140473}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140473}, pmid = {32623163}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change has been posited as the biggest threat to crop productivity in agro-systems, yet its impact on the water footprints of crop production for many regions remains uncertain. This study sought to determine evidence of historical climate change (1980-2010) and its resultant impact on the blue water footprint of winter wheat production in Zimbabwe. The analysis involved assessing the impact of climate change on wheat yield and crop water requirements, the key factors determining the blue water footprint. The CROPWAT model and the global water footprint assessment (WFA) standard were used to calculate the blue water footprint. Multiple linear regression was used to correlate climate variables to wheat yield, crop water requirements and the blue water footprint. Results show a significant (p < 0.05) warming of temperatures in the country's main wheat growing areas. Crop water requirements for winter wheat decreased by 4.88%, due to positive and negative trends in humidity and wind speed respectively. Between 1980 and 2000 the coupled effects of solar radiation at anthesis and maximum temperatures in July, August and September reduced wheat yields by 6.65%. The cumulative effects of climate change on crop water requirements and wheat yields increased the blue water footprint by 4%. The results of the study suggest that climate change and agricultural management factors might be equally responsible for the increase in the blue water footprint.}, }
@article {pmid32620772, year = {2020}, author = {Hassanzadeh, P and Lee, CY and Nabizadeh, E and Camargo, SJ and Ma, D and Yeung, LY}, title = {Effects of climate change on the movement of future landfalling Texas tropical cyclones.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3319}, pmid = {32620772}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {The movement of tropical cyclones (TCs), particularly around the time of landfall, can substantially affect the resulting damage. Recently, trends in TC translation speed and the likelihood of stalled TCs such as Harvey have received significant attention, but findings have remained inconclusive. Here, we examine how the June-September steering wind and translation speed of landfalling Texas TCs change in the future under anthropogenic climate change. Using several large-ensemble/multi-model datasets, we find pronounced regional variations in the meridional steering wind response over North America, but-consistently across models-stronger June-September-averaged northward steering winds over Texas. A cluster analysis of daily wind patterns shows more frequent circulation regimes that steer landfalling TCs northward in the future. Downscaling experiments show a 10-percentage-point shift from the slow-moving to the fast-moving end of the translation-speed distribution in the future. Together, these analyses indicate increases in the likelihood of faster-moving landfalling Texas TCs in the late 21st century.}, }
@article {pmid32620579, year = {2020}, author = {Buse, CG and Patrick, R}, title = {Climate change glossary for public health practice: from vulnerability to climate justice.}, journal = {Journal of epidemiology and community health}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, pages = {867-871}, doi = {10.1136/jech-2020-213889}, pmid = {32620579}, issn = {1470-2738}, abstract = {Climate change is an emerging and growing field of practice for the international public health community. As practitioners, researchers and policy-makers grapple with the local health impacts of climate change, there is an increasing need to clarify key terminology to support public health actors engage and respond in ways that promote intersectoral collaboration. This contribution introduces the public health discourse on climate change, with a particular focus on its implications for health equity. After defining key terms and existing adaptation practices, climate justice and assets-oriented inquiry into the intersectional determinants of health are discussed as future opportunities for addressing health equity in climate and health-related research and practice.}, }
@article {pmid32619913, year = {2020}, author = {Gu, S and Zhang, L and Sun, S and Wang, X and Lu, B and Han, H and Yang, J and Wang, A}, title = {Projections of temperature-related cause-specific mortality under climate change scenarios in a coastal city of China.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {143}, number = {}, pages = {105889}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105889}, pmid = {32619913}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have been conducted to project temperature-related mortality under climate change scenarios. However, most of the previous evidence has been limited to the total or non-accidental mortality, resulting in insufficient knowledge on the influence of climate change on different types of disease.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: We aimed to project future temperature impact on mortality from 16 causes under multiple climate change models in a coastal city of China.<br><br>METHODS: We first estimated the baseline exposure-response relationships between daily average temperature and cause-specific mortality during 2009-2018. Then, we acquired downscaled future temperature projections from 28 general circulation models (GCMs) under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Finally, we combined these exposure-response associations with projected temperature to estimate the change in the temperature-related death burden in different future decades in comparison to the 2010 s, assuming no demographic changes and population acclimatization.<br><br>RESULTS: We found a consistently decreasing trend in cold-related mortality but a steep rise in heat-related mortality among 16 causes under climate change scenarios. Compared with the 2010 s, the net change in the fraction of total mortality attributable to temperature are projected to -0.54% (95% eCI: -1.69% to 0.71%) and -0.38% (95% eCI: -2.73% to 2.12%) at the end of the 21st century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. However, the magnitude of future cold and heat effects varied by different causes of death. A net reduction of future temperature-related death burden was observed among 10 out of 15 causes, with estimates ranging from -5.02% (95% eCI: -17.42% to 2.50%) in mental disorders to -1.01% (95% eCI: -5.56% to 3.28%) in chronic lower respiratory disease. Conversely, the rest diseases are projected to experience a potential net increase of temperature-related death burden, with estimates ranging from 0.44% (95% eCI: -4.40% to 6.02%) in ischemic heart disease and 4.80% (95% eCI: -0.04% to 9.84%) in external causes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that the mortality burden of climate change varied greatly by the mortality categories. Further investigations are warranted to comprehensively understand the impacts of climate change on different types of disease across various regions.}, }
@article {pmid32619845, year = {2020}, author = {Manzanedo, RD and Manning, P}, title = {COVID-19: Lessons for the climate change emergency.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {742}, number = {}, pages = {140563}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140563}, pmid = {32619845}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Betacoronavirus ; *Climate Change ; *Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; *Pneumonia, Viral ; }, abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak pandemic is now a global crisis. It has caused 9+ million confirmed cases and 400,000+ deaths at the time of writing and triggered unprecedented preventative measures that have confined a substantial portion of the global population and established 'social distancing' as a new global behavioral norm. The COVID-19 crisis has affected all aspects of everyday life and work, and heavily impacted the global economy. This crisis also offers unprecedented insights into how the global climate crisis may be managed, as there are many parallels between the COVID-19 crisis and what we expect from the imminent global climate emergency. Reflecting upon the challenges of today's crisis may help us better prepare for the future. Here we compile a list, by no means comprehensive, of the similarities and differences between the two crises, and the lessons we can learn from them: (i) High momentum trends, (ii) Irreversible changes, (iii) Social and spatial inequality, (iv) Weakening of international solidarity, and (v) Less costly to prevent than to cure.}, }
@article {pmid32618027, year = {2020}, author = {Gildner, TE and Levy, SB}, title = {Intersecting vulnerabilities in human biology: Synergistic interactions between climate change and increasing obesity rates.}, journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e23460}, doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23460}, pmid = {32618027}, issn = {1520-6300}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Increasing obesity rates and accelerating climate change represent two global health challenges shaped by lifestyle change and human environmental modifications. Yet, few studies have considered how these issues may interact to exacerbate disease risk.<br><br>METHODS: In this theory article, we explore evidence that obesity-related disease and climatic changes share socio-ecological drivers and may interact to increase human morbidity and mortality risks. Additionally, we consider how obesity-climate change interactions may disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and how anthropological research can be applied to address this concern.<br><br>RESULTS: Interactions between heat stress and cardiometabolic disease represent an important pathway through which climate change and obesity-related morbidities may jointly impair health. For example, individuals with higher body fatness and obesity-related metabolic conditions (eg, type 2 diabetes) exhibit a reduced ability to dissipate heat. The risk of poor health resulting from these interactions is expected to be heterogeneous, with low- and middle-income countries, individuals of lower socioeconomic status, and minority populations facing a greater disease burden due to relative lack of resource access (eg, air conditioning). Moreover, older adults are at higher risk due to aging-associated changes in body composition and loss of thermoregulation capabilities.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Few policy makers appear to be considering how interventions can be designed to simultaneously address the medical burden posed by increasing obesity rates and climate change. Anthropological research is well situated to address this need in a nuanced and culturally-sensitive way; producing research that can be used to support community resilience, promote holistic well-being, and improve health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid32616362, year = {2020}, author = {Paliwal, R and Abberton, M and Faloye, B and Olaniyi, O}, title = {Developing the role of legumes in West Africa under climate change.}, journal = {Current opinion in plant biology}, volume = {56}, number = {}, pages = {242-258}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.002}, pmid = {32616362}, issn = {1879-0356}, mesh = {Africa, Western ; Climate Change ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; Droughts ; *Fabaceae/genetics ; }, abstract = {West Africa is faced with significant challenges from climate change, including parts of the region becoming hotter with more variable rainfall. The Sahelian region in particular is already subject to severe droughts. To address this better adapted crop varieties (such as for cowpea) are clearly a central element, a complementary one is a greater use of resilient alternative crops especially underutilized legumes particularly Bambara groundnut, African yam bean, winged bean and Kersting's groundnut. Genetic diversity of these crops conserved in genebanks and farmer's field provides an opportunity to exploit climate resilient traits using cutting-edge genomic tools and to use genomics-assisted breeding to accelerate genetic gains in combination of rapid cycle breeding strategy to develop climate-resilient cultivars for sub-Saharan Africa.}, }
@article {pmid32615065, year = {2020}, author = {Meza-Palacios, R and Aguilar-Lasserre, AA and Morales-Mendoza, LF and Rico-Contreras, JO and Sánchez-Medel, LH and Fernández-Lambert, G}, title = {Decision support system for NPK fertilization: a solution method for minimizing the impact on human health, climate change, ecosystem quality and resources.}, journal = {Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances &amp; environmental engineering}, volume = {55}, number = {11}, pages = {1267-1282}, doi = {10.1080/10934529.2020.1787012}, pmid = {32615065}, issn = {1532-4117}, abstract = {Sugarcane cultivation requires correct fertilizer rates. However, when nutrients are not available, or there is over-fertilization, the yields are significantly reduced and the environmental burden increase. In this study, it is proposed a decision support system (DSS) for the correct NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) fertilization. The DSS consists of two fuzzy models; the edaphic condition model (EDC-M) and the NPK fertilization model (NPK-M). The DSS using parameters from soil analysis and is based on the experience of two groups of experts to avoid the bias to the reality of a single group of professionals. The results of the DSS are compared with the results of soil analysis and those of the group of experts. One hundred and sixty tests were developed in the NPK-M. The N rate shows R2=0.981 for the DSS and R2=0.963 for soil analyzes. The P rate shows R2=0.9702 for the DSS and R2=0.9183 for the soil analyzes. The K rate shows R2=0.9691 for the DSS and R2=0.9663 for the soil analyzes. Environmental results indicate that the estimated rates with the DSS do reduce the environmental impact on the tests performed.}, }
@article {pmid32612881, year = {2020}, author = {Marcinkowski, P and Mirosław-Świątek, D}, title = {Modelling of climate change impact on flow conditions in the lowland anastomosing river.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {e9275}, pmid = {32612881}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {The progressive degradation of freshwater ecosystems worldwide requires action to be taken for their conservation. Nowadays, protection strategies need to step beyond the traditional approach of managing protected areas as they have to deal with the protection or recovery of natural flow regimes disrupted by the effects of future climate conditions. Climate change affects the hydrosphere at catchment scale altering hydrological processes which in turn impact hydrodynamics at the river reach scale. Therefore, conservation strategies should consider mathematical models, which allow for an improved understanding of ecosystem functions and their interactions across different spatial and temporal scales. This study focuses on an anastomosing river system in north-eastern Poland, where in recent decades a significant loss of the anabranches has been observed. The objective was to assess the impact of projected climate change on average flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew River. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT software) for the Narew catchment was coupled with the HEC-RAS one-dimensional unsteady flow model. The study looked into projected changes for two future time horizons 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 using an ensemble of nine EURO-CORDEX model scenarios. Results show that low flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew National Park will remain relatively stable in 2021-2050 compared to current conditions and will slightly increase in 2071-2100. Duration of low flows, although projected to decrease on an annual basis, will increase for August-October, when the loss on anastomoses was found to be the most intense. Hydraulic modeling indicated extremely low flow velocities in the anastomosing arm (<0.1 m/s) nowadays and under future projections which is preferable for in-stream vegetation development and their gradual sedimentation and closure.}, }
@article {pmid32612364, year = {2020}, author = {Tuyet Hanh, TT and Huong, LTT and Huong, NTL and Linh, TNQ and Quyen, NH and Nhung, NTT and Ebi, K and Cuong, ND and Van Nhu, H and Kien, TM and Hales, S and Cuong, DM and Tho, NTT and Toan, LQ and Bich, NN and Van Minh, H}, title = {Vietnam Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, 2018.}, journal = {Environmental health insights}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1178630220924658}, pmid = {32612364}, issn = {1178-6302}, abstract = {Background: The Global Climate Risk Index 2020 ranked Vietnam as the sixth country in the world most affected by climate variability and extreme weather events over the period 1999-2018. Sea level rise and extreme weather events are projected to be more severe in coming decades, which, without additional action, will increase the number of people at risk of climate-sensitive diseases, challenging the health system. This article summaries the results of a health vulnerability and adaptation (V&amp;A) assessment conducted in Vietnam as evidences for development of the National Climate Change Health Adaptation Plan to 2030.<br><br>Methods: The assessment followed the first 4 steps outlined in the World Health Organization's Guidelines in conducting &quot;Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments.&quot; A framework and list of indicators were developed for semi-quantitative assessment for the period 2013 to 2017. Three sets of indicators were selected to assess the level of (1) exposure to climate change and extreme weather events, (2) health sensitivity, and (3) adaptation capacity. The indicators were rated and analyzed using a scoring system from 1 to 5.<br><br>Results: The results showed that climate-sensitive diseases were common, including dengue fever, diarrheal, influenza, etc, with large burdens of disease that are projected to increase. From 2013 to 2017, the level of &quot;exposure&quot; to climate change-related hazards of the health sector was &quot;high&quot; to &quot;very high,&quot; with an average score from 3.5 to 4.4 (out of 5.0). For &quot;health sensitivity,&quot; the scores decreased from 3.8 in 2013 to 3.5 in 2017, making the overall rating as &quot;high.&quot; For &quot;adaptive capacity,&quot; the scores were from 4.0 to 4.1, which meant adaptive capacity was &quot;very low.&quot; The overall V&amp;A rating in 2013 was &quot;very high risk&quot; (score 4.1) and &quot;high risk&quot; with scores of 3.8 in 2014 and 3.7 in 2015 to 2017.<br><br>Conclusions: Adaptation actions of the health sector are urgently needed to reduce the vulnerability to climate change in coming decades. Eight adaptation solutions, among recommendations of V&amp;A assessment, were adopted in the National Health Climate Change Adaptation Plan.}, }
@article {pmid32612126, year = {2020}, author = {Terzi, L and Wotawa, G and Schoeppner, M and Kalinowski, M and Saey, PRJ and Steinmann, P and Luan, L and Staten, PW}, title = {Radioisotopes demonstrate changes in global atmospheric circulation possibly caused by global warming.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10695}, pmid = {32612126}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a new method to study global atmospheric processes and their changes during the last decade. A cosmogenic radionuclide measured at ground-level, beryllium-7, is utilized as a proxy to study atmospheric dynamics. Beryllium-7 has two advantages: First, this radionuclide, primarily created in the lower stratosphere, attaches to aerosols that are transported downwards to the troposphere and travel around the globe with the general atmospheric circulation. By monitoring these particles, we can provide a global, simple, and sustainable way to track processes such as multi-annual variation of the troposphere, tropopause heightening, position and speed of atmospheric interface zones, as well as the poleward movement and stalling patterns of jet streams. Second, beryllium-7 is a product of cosmic rays which are themselves directly linked to solar activity and the earth magnetic field. This study shows whether beryllium-7 observed concentration changes are correlated with such natural processes or independent of them. Our work confirms that major changes in the atmospheric circulation are currently ongoing, even though timeseries are too short to make climatological assessments. We provide solid evidence of significant and progressive changes of the global atmospheric circulation as well as modifications of tropopause heights over the past decade. As the last decade happened to be the warmest on record, this analysis also indicates that the observed changes are, at least to some extent, attributable to global warming.}, }
@article {pmid32611544, year = {2020}, author = {Nybo, L and Flouris, AD and Racinais, S and Mohr, M}, title = {Football facing a future with global warming: perspectives for players health and performance.}, journal = {British journal of sports medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bjsports-2020-102193}, pmid = {32611544}, issn = {1473-0480}, }
@article {pmid32610798, year = {2020}, author = {Keshvardoost, S and Dehnavieh, R and Bahaadinibeigy, K}, title = {Climate Change and Telemedicine: A Prospective View.}, journal = {International journal of health policy and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.15171/ijhpm.2020.08}, pmid = {32610798}, issn = {2322-5939}, }
@article {pmid32609857, year = {2020}, author = {Kameg, BN}, title = {Climate Change and Mental Health: Implications for Nurses.}, journal = {Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services}, volume = {58}, number = {9}, pages = {25-30}, doi = {10.3928/02793695-20200624-05}, pmid = {32609857}, issn = {0279-3695}, abstract = {Climate change has received public health attention over the past 3 decades. It is well established that climate change is associated with myriad health issues, but less has been mentioned in public health discourse about the impacts of climate change on population mental health. The purpose of the current article is to provide an overview of the impacts of climate change on mental health, and to discuss opportunities for mental health nurses to reduce health problems related to climate change. Acute events and chronic consequences of climate change can impact mental health outcomes and contribute to depressive disorders, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders. The nursing profession must be prepared to address climate change to promote best health outcomes for individuals around the globe. It is critical that mental health nurses act as leaders in understanding and addressing climate change to improve the mental health of populations. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(9), 25-30.].}, }
@article {pmid32603347, year = {2020}, author = {da Silva-Pinto, T and Silveira, MM and de Souza, JF and Moreira, ALP and Vieira, EA and Longo, GO and Luchiari, AC}, title = {Damselfish face climate change: Impact of temperature and habitat structure on agonistic behavior.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0235389}, pmid = {32603347}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Agonistic Behavior/*physiology ; Animals ; Brazil ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Global Warming ; Oceans and Seas ; *Temperature ; Territoriality ; }, abstract = {Oceans absorb a huge part of the atmospheric heat, leading to the rise in water temperature. Reefs are among the most affected ecosystems, where the complex behavioral repertoire of fishes is usually an indicator of environmental impacts. Here, we examined whether temperature (28 and 34°C) and habitat complexity (high and low) interact to affect the agonistic behavior (mirror test) of the dusky damselfish (Stegastes fuscus), a key species in Brazilian reefs because of its gardening capacity and territorial behavior. Higher temperatures altered basal behavior in both high and low-complexity conditions. Fish kept at 28°C under the high-complexity condition were more aggressive than those at a higher temperature (34°C) and in a low-complexity condition, which also exhibited lower dispersion. Our data show that changes in behavior of coral reef fish is associated to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Thus, it is important to implement management or conservation strategies that could mitigate global change effects.}, }
@article {pmid32599547, year = {2020}, author = {Kingsolver, JG and Buckley, LB}, title = {Ontogenetic variation in thermal sensitivity shapes insect ecological responses to climate change.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {17-24}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.005}, pmid = {32599547}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Insects have distinct life stages that can differ in their responses to environmental factors. We discuss empirical evidence and theoretical models for ontogenetic variation in thermal sensitivity and performance curves (TPCs). Data on lower thermal limits for development (T0) demonstrate variation between stages within a species that is of comparable magnitude to variation among species; we illustrate the consequences of such ontogenetic variation for developmental responses to changing temperature. Ontogenetic variation in optimal temperatures and upper thermal limits has been reported in some systems, but current data are too limited to identify general patterns. The shapes of TPCs for different fitness components such as juvenile survival, adult fecundity, and generation time differ in characteristic ways, with important consequences for understanding fitness in varying thermal environments. We highlight a theoretical framework for incorporating ontogenetic variation into process-based models of population responses to seasonal variation and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32599389, year = {2020}, author = {Heath, LC and Tiwari, P and Sadhukhan, B and Tiwari, S and Chapagain, P and Xu, T and Li, G and Ailikun,  and Joshi, B and Yan, J}, title = {Building climate change resilience by using a versatile toolkit for local governments and communities in rural Himalaya.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {109636}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109636}, pmid = {32599389}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {With the impacts of climate disruption becoming more evident there has been an increase in the uptake of climate change adaptation &quot;toolkits&quot; to assist local governments build community resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change. There is increasing attention and call for practitioners to adopt proactive and participatory approaches to help in the adaptive response planning process. One such toolkit is the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCRN) Process (IAP). This is a simple but rigorous toolkit developed to help local governments in Asian cities build resilience to the impacts of climate change. This paper outlines the application of the toolkit to determine its versatility in the rural context and was trialled in the Himalayan rural enclave of Ramgad in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Given the differences between urban and rural environments, the outcomes highlighted the need for further investigation and analysis into the process to ensure that the methodology truly reflects the nature of rural systems and their level of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Overall, the toolkit proved to be a simple but versatile toolkit to assess the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of communities in rural Himalaya. Over 40 resilience intervention strategies were developed for the Ramgad enclave and these were prioritized according to their technical, political, social and economic feasibility.}, }
@article {pmid32598391, year = {2020}, author = {Chemura, A and Schauberger, B and Gornott, C}, title = {Impacts of climate change on agro-climatic suitability of major food crops in Ghana.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0229881}, pmid = {32598391}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Crop Production ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth &amp; development ; Feasibility Studies ; *Food ; Ghana ; Models, Statistical ; }, abstract = {Climate change is projected to impact food production stability in many tropical countries through impacts on crop potential. However, without quantitative assessments of where, by how much and to what extent crop production is possible now and under future climatic conditions, efforts to design and implement adaptation strategies under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and National Action Plans (NAP) are unsystematic. In this study, we used extreme gradient boosting, a machine learning approach to model the current climatic suitability for maize, sorghum, cassava and groundnut in Ghana using yield data and agronomically important variables. We then used multi-model future climate projections for the 2050s and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) to predict changes in the suitability range of these crops. We achieved a good model fit in determining suitability classes for all crops (AUC = 0.81-0.87). Precipitation-based factors are suggested as most important in determining crop suitability, though the importance is crop-specific. Under projected climatic conditions, optimal suitability areas will decrease for all crops except for groundnuts under RCP8.5 (no change: 0%), with greatest losses for maize (12% under RCP2.6 and 14% under RCP8.5). Under current climatic conditions, 18% of Ghana has optimal suitability for two crops, 2% for three crops with no area having optimal suitability for all the four crops. Under projected climatic conditions, areas with optimal suitability for two and three crops will decrease by 12% as areas having moderate and marginal conditions for multiple crops increase. We also found that although the distribution of multiple crop suitability is spatially distinct, cassava and groundnut will be more simultaneously suitable for the south while groundnut and sorghum will be more suitable for the northern parts of Ghana under projected climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32597979, year = {2020}, author = {Pollastrini, M and Salvatori, E and Fusaro, L and Manes, F and Marzuoli, R and Gerosa, G and Brüggemann, W and Strasser, RJ and Bussotti, F}, title = {Selection of tree species for forests under climate change: is PSI functioning a better predictor for net photosynthesis and growth than PSII?.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaa084}, pmid = {32597979}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {A Chlorophyll Fluorescence (ChlF) assessment was carried out on oak seedlings (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto) of Italian and Greek provenance, during the years 2017 and 2018, in a common garden in central Italy planted in 2017. This trial aimed to test the relative performances of the oak species in the perspective of assisted migration as part of the actions for the adaptation of forests to climate change. The assessment of the photosynthetic performance of the tree species included the analysis of the Prompt Chlorophyll Fluorescence (PF) transient and the Modulated Reflectance (MR) at 820 nm, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance), plant growth (i.e., height) and mortality rate after two years from the beginning of the experiment. The assessment of the performance of the three oak species was carried out &quot;in vivo&quot;. Plants were generated by seeds and exposed to several environmental factors, including seasonal temperature changing, water availability and soil biological and physical functionality. The results of PF indicate a stable functionality of the photosynthetic system PSII (expressed with FV/FM) across species and provenances and a decline in photochemistry functionality at the I-P phase (ΔVIP) in Q. frainetto, indicating thus a decline of the content of PSI in this species. This result was confirmed by the findings of MR analysis, being the speed of reduction and subsequent oxidation of PSI (VRED and VOX) strongly correlated to the amplitude of ΔVIP. The photosynthetic rates (net photosynthesis, PN) and growth were correlated with the parameters associated with PSI content and function, rather than those related to PSII. The low performance of Q. frainetto in the common garden seem to be related to early foliar senescence with the depletion of nitrogen, due to sub-optimal climatic and edaphic conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence allowed to discriminate populations of oak species and to individuate the less (or/and best) suitable species for future forest ecology and management purposes.}, }
@article {pmid32596440, year = {2020}, author = {Elsen, PR and Monahan, WB and Dougherty, ER and Merenlender, AM}, title = {Keeping pace with climate change in global terrestrial protected areas.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {25}, pages = {eaay0814}, pmid = {32596440}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) are essential to biodiversity conservation, but their static boundaries may undermine their potential for protecting species under climate change. We assessed how the climatic conditions within global terrestrial PAs may change over time. By 2070, protection is expected to decline in cold and warm climates and increase in cool and hot climates over a wide range of precipitation. Most countries are expected to fail to protect >90% of their available climate at current levels. The evenness of climatic representation under protection-not the amount of area protected-positively influenced the retention of climatic conditions under protection. On average, protection retention would increase by ~118% if countries doubled their climatic representativeness under protection or by ~102% if countries collectively reduced emissions in accordance with global targets. Therefore, alongside adoption of mitigation policies, adaptation policies that improve the complementarity of climatic conditions within PAs will help countries safeguard biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid32595660, year = {2020}, author = {Dorado-Liñán, I and Valbuena-Carabaña, M and Cañellas, I and Gil, L and Gea-Izquierdo, G}, title = {Climate Change Synchronizes Growth and iWUE Across Species in a Temperate-Submediterranean Mixed Oak Forest.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {706}, pmid = {32595660}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Tree species have good tolerance to a range of environmental conditions, though their ability to respond and persist to environmental changes is dramatically reduced at the rear-edge distribution limits. At those edges, gene flow conferring adaptation is impaired due to lack of populations at lower latitudes. Thus, trees mainly rely on phenotypic changes to buffer against long-term environmental changes. Interspecific hybridization may offer an alternative mechanism in the generation of novel genetic recombinants that could be particularly valuable to ensure persistence in geographically isolated forests. In this paper, we take advantage of the longevity of a temperate-submediterranean mixed-oak forest to explore the long-term impact of environmental changes on two different oak species and their hybrid. Individual trees were genetically characterized and classified into three groups: pure Quercus petraea (Matt.), Liebl, pure Q. pyrenaica Willd, and hybrids. We calculated basal area increment and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from tree-ring width and δ13C per genetic group, respectively. Tree-growth drivers were assessed using correlation analyses and generalized linear mixed models for two contrasting climatic periods: (1880-1915, colder with [CO2] < 303 ppm; and 1980-2015, warmer with [CO2] > 338 ppm). The three genetic groups have increased radial growth and iWUE during the last decades, being the least drought-tolerant QuPe the most sensitive species to water stress. However, no significant differences were found among genetic groups neither in mean growth rate nor in mean iWUE. Furthermore, little differences were found in the response to climate among groups. Genetic groups only differed in the relationship between δ13C and temperature and precipitation during the earlier period, but such a difference disappeared during the recent decades. Climate change may have promoted species-level convergence as a response to environment-induced growth limitations, which translated in synchronized growth and response to climate as well as a tighter stomatal control and increased iWUE across coexisting oak species.}, }
@article {pmid32594262, year = {2020}, author = {Yildiz, K and Karakaya, N and Kilic, S and Evrendilek, F}, title = {Interaction effects of the main drivers of global climate change on spatiotemporal dynamics of high altitude ecosystem behaviors: process-based modeling.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {7}, pages = {457}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08430-y}, pmid = {32594262}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {117Y193//Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu/ ; }, mesh = {Altitude ; Carbon/analysis ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Soil organic carbon and nitrogen (SOC-N) dynamics are indicative of the human-induced disturbances of the terrestrial ecosystems the quantification of which provides insights into interactions among drivers, pressures, states, impacts, and responses in a changing environment. In this study, a process-based model was developed to simulate the eight monthly outputs of net primary productivity (NPP), SOC-N pools, soil C:N ratio, soil respiration, total N emission, and sediment C-N transport effluxes for cropland, grassland, and forest on a hectare basis. The interaction effect of the climate change drivers of aridity, CO2 fertilization, land-use and land-cover change, and best management practices was simulated on high altitude ecosystems from 2018 to 2070. The best management practices were developed into a spatiotemporally composite index based on SOC-N stock saturation, 4/1000 initiative, and RUCLE-C factor. Our model predictions differed from the remotely sensed data in the range of - 64% (underestimation) for the cropland NPP to 142% (overestimation) for the grassland SOC pool as well as from the global mean values in the range of - 97% for the sediment C and N effluxes to 60% for the total N emission from the grassland. The interaction exerted the greatest negative impact on the monthly sediment N efflux, total N emission, and soil respiration from forest by - 90.5, - 82.7, and - 80.3% and the greatest positive impact on the monthly sediment C effluxes from cropland, grassland, and forest by 139.3, 137.1, and 133.3%, respectively, relative to the currently prevailing conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32591640, year = {2020}, author = {Laurent, L and Buoncristiani, JF and Pohl, B and Zekollari, H and Farinotti, D and Huss, M and Mugnier, JL and Pergaud, J}, title = {The impact of climate change and glacier mass loss on the hydrology in the Mont-Blanc massif.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10420}, pmid = {32591640}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Grant 799904//European Commission Marie Sktodowska-Curie Action/International ; }, abstract = {The Mont-Blanc massif, being iconic with its large glaciers and peaks of over 4,000 m, will experience a sharp increase in summer temperatures during the twenty-first century. By 2100, the impact of climate change on the cryosphere and hydrosphere in the Alps is expected to lead to a decrease in annual river discharge. In this work, we modelled the twenty-first century evolution of runoff in the Arve river, downstream of Mont-Blanc's French side. For the first time for this region, we have forced a hydrological model with output from an ice-dynamical glacier model and 16 downscaled climate projections, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. By 2100, under RCP8.5 (high-emission scenario), the winter discharge of the Arve river remains low but is expected to increase by 80% when compared to the beginning of the century. By contrast, the summer season, currently the most important discharge period, will be marked by a runoff decrease of approximately 40%. These changes are almost similar according to a scenario with a lower warming (RCP4.5) and are mostly driven by glacier retreat. These shifts will have significant downstream impacts on water quantity and quality, affecting hydroelectric generation, agriculture, forestry, tourism and aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32590458, year = {2020}, author = {Deng, SZ and Jalaludin, BB and Antó, JM and Hess, JJ and Huang, CR}, title = {Climate change, air pollution, and allergic respiratory diseases: a call to action for health professionals.}, journal = {Chinese medical journal}, volume = {133}, number = {13}, pages = {1552-1560}, pmid = {32590458}, issn = {2542-5641}, abstract = {Rising emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have warmed the planet substantially and are also accompanied by poor air quality. The increased prevalence of allergic airway disease worldwide can be partially attributed to those global environmental changes. Climate change and air pollution pose adverse impacts on respiratory allergies, and that the mechanisms are complex and interactive. Adverse weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, can act directly on the respiratory tract to induce allergic respiratory illnesses. Thunderstorms and floods can alter the production and distribution of aeroallergens while wildfires and dust storms increase air pollution, and therefore indirectly enhance health risks. Concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the air have been projected to increase with climate warming and air stagnation, and the rising temperatures and CO2 increase pollen, molds, and spores, which escalate the risk of allergic respiratory diseases. The synergistic effects of extreme heat and aeroallergens intensify the toxic effect of air pollutants, which in turn augment the allergenicity of aeroallergens. With the Earth's climate change, migration of humans and plants shift the living environments and allergens of susceptible people. Urban residents are exposed to multiple factors while children are sensitive to environmental exposure. Since climate change may pose many unexpected and persistent effects on allergic respiratory diseases, health professionals should advocate for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize its respiratory health effects.}, }
@article {pmid32589303, year = {2020}, author = {D'Amato, G and Chong-Neto, HJ and Monge Ortega, OP and Vitale, C and Ansotegui, I and Rosario, N and Haahtela, T and Galan, C and Pawankar, R and Murrieta-Aguttes, M and Cecchi, L and Bergmann, C and Ridolo, E and Ramon, G and Gonzalez Diaz, S and D'Amato, M and Annesi-Maesano, I}, title = {The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy and asthma induced by pollen and mold allergens.}, journal = {Allergy}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {2219-2228}, doi = {10.1111/all.14476}, pmid = {32589303}, issn = {1398-9995}, abstract = {The impact of climate change on the environment, biosphere, and biodiversity has become more evident in the recent years. Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Change in climate and the correlated global warming affects the quantity, intensity, and frequency of precipitation type as well as the frequency of extreme events such as heat waves, droughts, thunderstorms, floods, and hurricanes. Respiratory health can be particularly affected by climate change, which contributes to the development of allergic respiratory diseases and asthma. Pollen and mold allergens are able to trigger the release of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators that accelerate the onset the IgE-mediated sensitization and of allergy. Allergy to pollen and pollen season at its beginning, in duration and intensity are altered by climate change. Studies showed that plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis and reproductive effects and produce more pollen as a response to high atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). Mold proliferation is increased by floods and rainy storms are responsible for severe asthma. Pollen and mold allergy is generally used to evaluate the interrelation between air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis and asthma. Thunderstorms during pollen seasons can cause exacerbation of respiratory allergy and asthma in patients with hay fever. A similar phenomenon is observed for molds. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can have positive health benefits.}, }
@article {pmid32588727, year = {2020}, author = {Keten, A}, title = {Forensic medicine and migration relating to anti-democratic governments and climate change.}, journal = {Medicine, science, and the law}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, pages = {326-327}, doi = {10.1177/0025802420934660}, pmid = {32588727}, issn = {2042-1818}, }
@article {pmid32586220, year = {2020}, author = {Heath, A}, title = {Climate change and its potential for altering the phenology and ecology of some common and widespread arthropod parasites in New Zealand.}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1080/00480169.2020.1787276}, pmid = {32586220}, issn = {1176-0710}, abstract = {Climate change, in the form of global warming, is a current concern and because farming systems, livestock parasites and their hosts are influenced by the weather, it is possible to predict (albeit with some uncertainty) changes in these in some broadly descriptive fashion, as climate changes. This review examines the on- and off-host responses to potential changes in temperature and humidity of a representative selection of arthropod ectoparasites (sheep chewing louse, Bovicola ovis; sheep blowflies, Lucilla spp., Calliphora stygia, and Chrysomya rufifacies; cattle tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis; scrotal mange mite, Chorioptes bovis; cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis; and dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis) that occur in New Zealand and in many other countries, and how these environmental factors can be perturbed by host manipulation. The bioclimatic preferences of the parasites are examined in relation to future broad climate parameters and how parasite life cycles, seasonality and population dynamics may be influenced. Likely adaptations of farming systems to meet climate change imperatives are briefly discussed. Collectively it is estimated that regions of New Zealand faced with warmer, wetter conditions under climate change may see an increase in flystrike and cattle tick prevalence, and perhaps an increase in the biting louse, but fewer chorioptic mange and flea infestations. In contrast, drier, warmer regions will possibly experience fewer ectoparasites of all types with the exception of flea infestations. Economic effects of increases in ectoparasite prevalence, using approximate dipping costs as a model are examined, and risks posed to New Zealand by some exotic arthropod parasites with the potential to invade under climate change, are briefly outlined.}, }
@article {pmid32584659, year = {2020}, author = {Giesen, C and Roche, J and Redondo-Bravo, L and Ruiz-Huerta, C and Gomez-Barroso, D and Benito, A and Herrador, Z}, title = {The impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases in Africa.}, journal = {Pathogens and global health}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, pages = {287-301}, pmid = {32584659}, issn = {2047-7732}, abstract = {Despite being one of the continents with the least greenhouse gas emissions, no continent is being struck as severely by climate change (CC) as Africa. Mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) cause major human diseases in this continent. Current knowledge suggests that MBD range could expand dramatically in response to CC. This study aimed at assessing the relationship between CC and MBD in Africa. Methods For this purpose, a systematic peer review was carried out, considering all articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase and CENTRAL. Search terms referring to MBD, CC and environmental factors were screened in title, abstract and keywords.Results A total of twenty-nine studies were included, most of them on malaria (61%), being Anopheles spp. (61%) the most commonly analyzed vector, mainly in Eastern Africa (48%). Seventy-nine percent of these studies were based on predictive models. Seventy-two percent of the reviewed studies considered that CC impacts on MBD epidemiology. MBD prevalence will increase according to 69% of the studies while 17% predicted a decrease. MBD expansion throughout the continent was also predicted. Most studies showed a positive relationship between observed or predicted results and CC. However, there was a great heterogeneity in methodologies and a tendency to reductionism, not integrating other variables that interact with both the environment and MBD. In addition, most results have not yet been tested. A global health approach is desirable in this kind of research. Nevertheless, we cannot wait for science to approve something that needs to be addressed now to avoid greater effects in the future.}, }
@article {pmid32582849, year = {2020}, author = {Jun, SY and Kim, JH and Choi, J and Kim, SJ and Kim, BM and An, SI}, title = {The internal origin of the west-east asymmetry of Antarctic climate change.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {6}, number = {24}, pages = {eaaz1490}, pmid = {32582849}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Recent Antarctic surface climate change has been characterized by greater warming trends in West Antarctica than in East Antarctica. Although this asymmetric feature is well recognized, its origin remains poorly understood. Here, by analyzing observation data and multimodel results, we show that a west-east asymmetric internal mode amplified in austral winter originates from the harmony of the atmosphere-ocean coupled feedback off West Antarctica and the Antarctic terrain. The warmer ocean temperature over the West Antarctic sector has positive feedback, with an anomalous upper-tropospheric anticyclonic circulation response centered over West Antarctica, in which the strength of the feedback is controlled by the Antarctic topographic layout and the annual cycle. The current west-east asymmetry of Antarctic surface climate change is undoubtedly of natural origin because no external factors (e.g., orbital or anthropogenic factors) contribute to the asymmetric mode.}, }
@article {pmid32582678, year = {2020}, author = {Rodriguez, R and Durán, P}, title = {Natural Holobiome Engineering by Using Native Extreme Microbiome to Counteract the Climate Change Effects.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {568}, pmid = {32582678}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {In the current scenario of climate change, the future of agriculture is uncertain. Climate change and climate-related disasters have a direct impact on biotic and abiotic factors that govern agroecosystems compromising the global food security. In the last decade, the advances in high throughput sequencing techniques have significantly improved our understanding about the composition, function and dynamics of plant microbiome. However, despite the microbiome have been proposed as a new platform for the next green revolution, our knowledge about the mechanisms that govern microbe-microbe and microbe-plant interactions are incipient. Currently, the adaptation of plants to environmental changes not only suggests that the plants can adapt or migrate, but also can interact with their surrounding microbial communities to alleviate different stresses by natural microbiome selection of specialized strains, phenomenon recently called &quot;Cry for Help&quot;. From this way, plants have been co-evolved with their microbiota adapting to local environmental conditions to ensuring the survival of the entire holobiome to improve plant fitness. Thus, the strong selective pressure of native extreme microbiomes could represent a remarkable microbial niche of plant stress-amelioration to counteract the negative effect of climate change in food crops. Currently, the microbiome engineering has recently emerged as an alternative to modify and promote positive interactions between microorganisms and plants to improve plant fitness. In the present review, we discuss the possible use of extreme microbiome to alleviate different stresses in crop plants under the current scenario of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32581227, year = {2020}, author = {Kodra, E and Bhatia, U and Chatterjee, S and Chen, S and Ganguly, AR}, title = {Physics-guided probabilistic modeling of extreme precipitation under climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10299}, pmid = {32581227}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Earth System Models (ESMs) are the state of the art for projecting the effects of climate change. However, longstanding uncertainties in their ability to simulate regional and local precipitation extremes and related processes inhibit decision making. Existing state-of-the art approaches for uncertainty quantification use Bayesian methods to weight ESMs based on a balance of historical skills and future consensus. Here we propose an empirical Bayesian model that extends an existing skill and consensus based weighting framework and examine the hypothesis that nontrivial, physics-guided measures of ESM skill can help produce reliable probabilistic characterization of climate extremes. Specifically, the model leverages knowledge of physical relationships between temperature, atmospheric moisture capacity, and extreme precipitation intensity to iteratively weight and combine ESMs and estimate probability distributions of return levels. Out-of-sample validation suggests that the proposed Bayesian method, which incorporates physics-guidance, has the potential to derive reliable precipitation projections, although caveats remain and the gain is not uniform across all cases.}, }
@article {pmid32576822, year = {2020}, author = {Konapala, G and Mishra, AK and Wada, Y and Mann, ME}, title = {Climate change will affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal precipitation and evaporation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {3044}, pmid = {32576822}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; *Rain ; *Seasons ; Water ; }, abstract = {Both seasonal and annual mean precipitation and evaporation influence patterns of water availability impacting society and ecosystems. Existing global climate studies rarely consider such patterns from non-parametric statistical standpoint. Here, we employ a non-parametric analysis framework to analyze seasonal hydroclimatic regimes by classifying global land regions into nine regimes using late 20th century precipitation means and seasonality. These regimes are used to assess implications for water availability due to concomitant changes in mean and seasonal precipitation and evaporation changes using CMIP5 model future climate projections. Out of 9 regimes, 4 show increased precipitation variation, while 5 show decreased evaporation variation coupled with increasing mean precipitation and evaporation. Increases in projected seasonal precipitation variation in already highly variable precipitation regimes gives rise to a pattern of &quot;seasonally variable regimes becoming more variable&quot;. Regimes with low seasonality in precipitation, instead, experience increased wet season precipitation.}, }
@article {pmid32576175, year = {2020}, author = {Ryan, EC and Dubrow, R and Sherman, JD}, title = {Medical, nursing, and physician assistant student knowledge and attitudes toward climate change, pollution, and resource conservation in health care.}, journal = {BMC medical education}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {200}, pmid = {32576175}, issn = {1472-6920}, support = {N/A//Yale Climate Change and Health Initiative/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change and pollution generated by the health care sector impose significant public health burdens. This study aimed to assess medical, nursing and physician assistant student knowledge and attitudes regarding climate change, pollution from the health care sector, and responsibility for resource conservation within professional practice.<br><br>METHODS: In February-March, 2018, medical, nursing, and physician assistant students at Yale University (1011 potential respondents) were sent a 17-question online Qualtrics survey. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, as well as Fisher's exact test and logistic regression to assess associations between variables of interest and the personal characteristics of gender, age, geographic place of origin, school, and year in school (among medical students).<br><br>RESULTS: The response rate was 28% (280 respondents). 90% felt that physicians, nurses, and physician assistants have a responsibility to conserve resources and prevent pollution within their professional practice. 63% agreed or strongly agreed that the relationship between pollution, climate change, and health should be covered in the classroom and should be reinforced in the clinical setting. 57% preferred or strongly preferred reusable devices. 91% felt lack of time and production pressure, and 85% believed that lack of education on disease burden stemming from health care pollution, were barriers to taking responsibility for resource conservation and pollution prevention. Women and physician assistant students exhibited a greater commitment than men and medical students, respectively, to address pollution, climate change, and resource conservation in patient care and professional practice.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We found that health professional students are engaged with the concept of environmental stewardship in clinical practice and would like to see pollution, climate change, and health covered in their curriculum. In order for this education to be most impactful, more research and industry transparency regarding the environmental footprint of health care materials and specific clinician resource consumption patterns will be required.}, }
@article {pmid32576116, year = {2020}, author = {Tang, J and Swaisgood, RR and Owen, MA and Zhao, X and Wei, W and Pilfold, NW and Wei, F and Yang, X and Gu, X and Yang, Z and Dai, Q and Hong, M and Zhou, H and Zhang, J and Yuan, S and Han, H and Zhang, Z}, title = {Climate change and landscape-use patterns influence recent past distribution of giant pandas.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {287}, number = {1929}, pages = {20200358}, pmid = {32576116}, issn = {1471-2954}, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Temperature ; *Ursidae ; }, abstract = {Climate change is one of the most pervasive threats to biodiversity globally, yet the influence of climate relative to other drivers of species depletion and range contraction remain difficult to disentangle. Here, we examine climatic and non-climatic correlates of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) distribution using a large-scale 30 year dataset to evaluate whether a changing climate has already influenced panda distribution. We document several climatic patterns, including increasing temperatures, and alterations to seasonal temperature and precipitation. We found that while climatic factors were the most influential predictors of panda distribution, their importance diminished over time, while landscape variables have become relatively more influential. We conclude that the panda's distribution has been influenced by changing climate, but conservation intervention to manage habitat is working to increasingly offset these negative consequences.}, }
@article {pmid32574509, year = {2020}, author = {Shankar, HM and Ewart, G and Garcia, E and Hicks, A and Hardie, W}, title = {COVID-19, Climate Change, and the American Thoracic Society. A Shared Responsibility.}, journal = {Annals of the American Thoracic Society}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {1052-1055}, pmid = {32574509}, issn = {2325-6621}, mesh = {*Betacoronavirus ; Climate Change/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Congresses as Topic ; Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention &amp; control ; *Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; *Societies, Medical ; *Thoracic Surgery ; United States ; }, }
@article {pmid32572138, year = {2020}, author = {Shiru, MS and Shahid, S and Dewan, A and Chung, ES and Alias, N and Ahmed, K and Hassan, QK}, title = {Projection of meteorological droughts in Nigeria during growing seasons under climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10107}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-67146-8}, pmid = {32572138}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Like many other African countries, incidence of drought is increasing in Nigeria. In this work, spatiotemporal changes in droughts under different representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios were assessed; considering their greatest impacts on life and livelihoods in Nigeria, especially when droughts coincide with the growing seasons. Three entropy-based methods, namely symmetrical uncertainty, gain ratio, and entropy gain were used in a multi-criteria decision-making framework to select the best performing General Circulation Models (GCMs) for the projection of rainfall and temperature. Performance of four widely used bias correction methods was compared to identify a suitable method for correcting bias in GCM projections for the period 2010-2099. A machine learning technique was then used to generate a multi-model ensemble (MME) of the bias-corrected GCM projection for different RCP scenarios. The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was subsequently computed to estimate droughts from the MME mean of GCM projected rainfall and temperature to predict possible spatiotemporal changes in meteorological droughts. Finally, trends in the SPEI, temperature and rainfall, and return period of droughts for different growing seasons were estimated using a 50-year moving window, with a 10-year interval, to understand driving factors accountable for future changes in droughts. The analysis revealed that MRI-CGCM3, HadGEM2-ES, CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, and CESM1-CAM5 are the most appropriate GCMs for projecting rainfall and temperature, and the linear scaling (SCL) is the best method for correcting bias. The MME mean of bias-corrected GCM projections revealed an increase in rainfall in the south-south, southwest, and parts of the northwest whilst a decrease in the southeast, northeast, and parts of central Nigeria. In contrast, rise in temperature for entire country during most of the cropping seasons was projected. The results further indicated that increase in temperature would decrease the SPEI across Nigeria, which will make droughts more frequent in most of the country under all the RCPs. However, increase in drought frequency would be less for higher RCPs due to increase in rainfall.}, }
@article {pmid32571954, year = {2020}, author = {Whitt, DB and Jansen, MF}, title = {Slower nutrient stream suppresses Subarctic Atlantic Ocean biological productivity in global warming.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {27}, pages = {15504-15510}, pmid = {32571954}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Aquatic Organisms/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/analysis/chemistry ; Earth, Planet ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases/adverse effects/analysis ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sunlight ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Earth system models (ESMs) project that global warming suppresses biological productivity in the Subarctic Atlantic Ocean as increasing ocean surface buoyancy suppresses two physical drivers of nutrient supply: vertical mixing and meridional circulation. However, the quantitative sensitivity of productivity to surface buoyancy is uncertain and the relative importance of the physical drivers is unknown. Here, we present a simple predictive theory of how mixing, circulation, and productivity respond to increasing surface buoyancy in 21st-century global warming scenarios. With parameters constrained by observations, the theory suggests that the reduced northward nutrient transport, owing to a slower ocean circulation, explains the majority of the reduced productivity in a warmer climate. The theory also informs present-day biases in a set of ESM simulations as well as the physical underpinnings of their 21st-century projections. Hence, this theoretical understanding can facilitate the development of improved 21st-century projections of marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid32571436, year = {2020}, author = {Prasopdee, S and Kulsantiwong, J and Sathavornmanee, T and Thitapakorn, V}, title = {The effects of temperature and salinity on the longevity of Opisthorchis viverrini cercariae: a climate change concern.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {e165}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X20000498}, pmid = {32571436}, issn = {1475-2697}, abstract = {Research on the effects of environmental factors influenced by climate change on parasite transmissibility is an area garnering recent attention worldwide. However, there is still a lack of studies on the life cycle of Opisthorchis viverrini, a carcinogenic trematode found in countries of the Lower Mekong subregion of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand. To evaluate the influences of environmental factors water temperature and salinity on the transmissibility of the liver fluke O. viverrini through cercarial stage, longevity of O. viverrini cercaria was examined at different experimental temperatures (22°C, 30°C and 38°C) and salinities (2.5 parts per thousand (PPT), 3.75 PPT and 5 PPT). The results reveal that different temperatures have statistically significant effects on cercarial longevity. The cercariae exhibited a thermostability zone ranging between 22°C and 30°C. Cercarial longevity was significantly shortened when water temperatures reached 38°C. Salinity also plays a key role in cercarial longevity, with cercarial survival significantly shorter at a salinity of 3.75 PPT than at 2.5 PPT and 5 PPT. A combined analysis of salinity and temperature revealed unique trends in cercarial longevity. At all experimental salinities, cercarial longevity was lowest when incubated in 38°C, but statistically significant from cercarial longevity at temperatures of 22°C and 30°C, and salinities of 2.5 PPT and 5 PPT. The results suggest that higher temperatures negatively impact parasite longevity. This reflects that O. viverrini transmission patterns may be impacted by changes in water temperature and salinity resulting from climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32570334, year = {2020}, author = {Détrée, C and Navarro, JM and Font, A and Gonzalez, M}, title = {Species vulnerability under climate change: Study of two sea urchins at their distribution margin.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {728}, number = {}, pages = {138850}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138850}, pmid = {32570334}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Oceans and Seas ; *Sea Urchins ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {In order to develop powerful predictions on the impact of climate change on marine organisms, it is critical to understand how abiotic drivers such as temperature can directly and indirectly affect marine organisms. Here, we evaluated and compared the physiological vulnerability of the leading-edge populations of two species of sea urchins Loxechinus albus and Pseudechinus magellanicus in response to predicted ocean warming and food limitation. After exposing sea urchins to a 60-day experimental period to contrasting temperature (1 °C, 7 °C and 14 °C corresponding respectively to the actual average summer temperature in Antarctica, the control treatment temperature and the predicted future temperature in the Strait of Magellan) and diet levels (ad libitum or food limitation), sea urchin stress tolerance was assessed. Sea urchins' physiology was measured at the organismal and sub-cellular level by studying the organisms energy balance (behavior, growth, gonad index, ingestion rate, O2 uptake, energy reserves) and the expression of genes associated with aerobic metabolism. Our results showed that at their distribution edge, and despite their distinct geographical repartition, both species might be resilient to ocean warming. However, the combination of ocean warming and food limitation reduced the stress tolerance of sea urchins. In a warming ocean, another strategy could be to migrate toward the pole to a cooler environment but incubation at 1 °C resulted in a diminution of both species' aerobic scope. Overall, if these engineer species are unable to acclimate to food limitation under future climate, population fitness could be affected with ecological and economic consequences.}, }
@article {pmid32570331, year = {2020}, author = {Smith, W and Grant, B and Qi, Z and He, W and Qian, B and Jing, Q and VanderZaag, A and Drury, CF and St Luce, M and Wagner-Riddle, C}, title = {Towards an improved methodology for modelling climate change impacts on cropping systems in cool climates.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {728}, number = {}, pages = {138845}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138845}, pmid = {32570331}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Assessment of the impact of climate change on agricultural sustainability requires a robust full system estimation of the interdependent soil-plant-atmospheric processes coupled with dynamic farm management. The simplification or exclusion of major feedback mechanisms in modelling approaches can significantly affect model outcomes. Using a biogeochemical model, DNDCv.CAN, at three case-study locations in Canada, we quantified the impact of using commonly employed simplified modelling approaches on model estimates of crop yields, soil organic carbon (SOC) change and nitrogen (N) losses across 4 time periods (1981-2010, 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100). These approaches included using climate with only temperature and precipitation data, annual re-initialization of soil status, fixed fertilizer application rates, and fixed planting dates. These simplified approaches were compared to a more comprehensive reference approach that used detailed climate drivers, dynamic planting dates, dynamic fertilizer rates, and had a continuous estimation of SOC, N and water budgets. Alternative cultivars and rotational impacts were also investigated. At the semi-arid location, the fixed fertilizer, fixed planting date, and soil re-initialization approaches reduced spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield estimates by 40%, 25%, and 29%, respectively, in the 2071-2100 period relative to the comprehensive reference approach. At both sub-humid locations, the re-initialization of soil status significantly altered SOC levels, N leaching and N runoff in all three time periods from 2011 to 2100. At all locations, SOC levels were impacted when using simplified approaches relative to the reference approach, except for the fixed fertilizer approach at the sub-humid locations. Results indicate that simplified approaches often lack the necessary characterization of the feedbacks between climate, soil, crop and management that are critical for accurately assessing crop system behavior under future climate. We recommend that modellers improve their capabilities of simulating expected changes in agronomy over time and employ tools that consider robust soil-plant-atmospheric processes.}, }
@article {pmid32570175, year = {2020}, author = {Terblanche, JS and Hoffmann, AA}, title = {Validating measurements of acclimation for climate change adaptation.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {41}, number = {}, pages = {7-16}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2020.04.005}, pmid = {32570175}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Acclimation and other forms of plasticity that can increase stress resistance feature strongly in discussions surrounding climate change impacts or vulnerability projections of insects and other ectotherms. There is interest in compiling databases for assessing the adequacy of acclimation for dealing with climate change. Here, we argue that the nature of acclimation is context dependent and therefore that estimates summarised across studies, especially those that have assayed stress using diverse methods, are limited in their utility when applied as a standardized metric or to a single general context such as average climate warming. Moreover, the dynamic nature of tolerances and acclimation drives important variation that is quickly obscured through many summary statistics or even in effect size analyses; retaining a strong focus on the temporal-level, population-level and treatment-level variance in forecasting climate change impacts on insects is essential. We summarise recent developments within the context of climate change and propose how future studies might validate the role of acclimation by integration across field studies and mechanistic modelling. Despite arguments to the contrary, to date no studies have convincingly demonstrated an important role for acclimation in recent climate change adaptation of insects. Paramount to these discussions is i) developing a strong conceptual framework for acclimation in the focal trait(s), ii) obtaining novel empirical data dissecting the fitness benefits and consequences of acclimation across diverse contexts and timescales, with iii) better coverage of under-represented geographic regions and taxa.}, }
@article {pmid32569752, year = {2020}, author = {Robert, MA and Stewart-Ibarra, AM and Estallo, EL}, title = {Climate change and viral emergence: evidence from Aedes-borne arboviruses.}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {40}, number = {}, pages = {41-47}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.001}, pmid = {32569752}, issn = {1879-6265}, abstract = {Climate change is leading to increases in global temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns, both of which are contributing to the expansion of mosquito-borne arboviruses and the populations of the mosquitos that vector them. Herein, we review recent evidence of emergence and expansion of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitos that has been driven in part by environmental changes. We present as a case study of recent work from Córdoba, Argentina, where dengue has been actively emerging in the past decade. We review recent empirical and modeling studies that aim to understand the impact of climate on future expansion of arboviruses, and we highlight gaps in empirical studies linking climate to arbovirus transmission at regional levels.}, }
@article {pmid32567564, year = {2020}, author = {Di Giorgi, E and Michielin, P and Michielin, D}, title = {Perception of climate change, loss of social capital and mental health in two groups of migrants from African countries.}, journal = {Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {150-156}, doi = {10.4415/ANN_20_02_04}, pmid = {32567564}, issn = {2384-8553}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The negative effects of climate change affect community subsistence models, thus determining an increase in social conflicts, a loosening of social capital, an increase in the incidence of traumas and diseases, and a push for migration.<br><br>AIM: This exploratory research compares the perception of climate change, as well as the reduction of social capital and mental health, in two groups of migrants arriving in Italy from African countries with high or extreme vulnerability to climate change.<br><br>METHODS: The perception of climate change and the degree of social capital were assessed with a semi-structured interview. The psychological condition was investigated through a clinical psychological interview and tests.<br><br>RESULTS: The group of migrants coming from countries with extreme exposure to climate change perceive greater vulnerability of their country and reports a greater loss of social capital. The level of education does not seem to affect the ability to perceive climate change. In the entire sample, there is a strong correlation between the perception of change and the loss of social capital, and between the loss of social capital and emotional disorders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that actions to preserve the social capital of a community strongly exposed to climate change can mitigate the impact of change on mental health.}, }
@article {pmid32562994, year = {2020}, author = {Gaitán, E and Monjo, R and Pórtoles, J and Pino-Otín, MR}, title = {Impact of climate change on drought in Aragon (NE Spain).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {140094}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140094}, pmid = {32562994}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Droughts are one of the extreme climatic phenomena with the greatest and most persistent impact on health, economic activities and ecosystems and are poorly understood due to their complexity. The exacerbation of global warming throughout this century probably will cause an increase in droughts, so accurate studies of future projections at a local level, not done so far, are essential. Climate change scenarios of drought indexes for the region of Aragon (Spain) based on nine Earth System Models (ESMs) and two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) corresponding to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) have been generated for the first time. Meteorological Drought episodes were analysed from three main aspects: magnitude (index values), duration and spatial extent. The evolution of drought is also represented in a novel way, allowing identification, simultaneously, of the intensity of the episodes as well as their duration in different periods of accumulation and, for the first time, at the observatory level. Future meteorological drought scenarios based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) hardly show variations in water balance with respect to normal values. However, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) which, in addition to precipitation, considers evapotranspiration, shows a clear trend towards increasingly intense periods of drought, especially when considering cumulative periods and those at the end of the century. Representation of the territory of the drought indexes reflects that the most populated areas (Ebro Valley and SW of the region), will suffer the longest and most intense drought episodes. These results are key in the development of specific measures for adapting to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32562990, year = {2020}, author = {Ranjbar, MH and Etemad-Shahidi, A and Kamranzad, B}, title = {Modeling the combined impact of climate change and sea-level rise on general circulation and residence time in a semi-enclosed sea.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {140073}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140073}, pmid = {32562990}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {This study provides an assessment of possible changes in the general circulation and residence time in the Persian Gulf under potential future sea-level rise and changes in the wind field due to the climate change. To determine the climate-change-induced impacts, Mike 3 Flow Model FM was used to simulate hydrodynamic and transport processes in the Persian Gulf in both historical (1998-2014) and future periods (2081-2100). Historical simulation was driven by ERA-Interim data. A statistical approach was employed to modify the values and directions of the future wind field obtained from the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5 (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) scenarios derived from CMCC-CM model of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The numerical model was calibrated and validated using measured data. Results indicated that in the historical period, residence time ranged between values of less than a month in the Strait of Hormuz and 10 years in the semi-enclosed area close to the south of Bahrain. The changes in wind field based on RCP 8.5 scenario were found to be the most disadvantageous for the Persian Gulf's capacity to flush dissolved pollutants out. Under this scenario, residence time would be 17% longer than that of historical one. This is mainly because the change in the wind field is large enough to overwhelm general circulation, showing a relationship between the residence time and the residual circulation. Impact of change in the wind field according to RCP 4.5 scenario on the modeled residence time is negligible. The numerical outputs also showed that the sea-level rise would slightly decrease the current velocity, resulting in a negligible increase in residence time. The findings of this study are intended to support establishing climate-adaptation management plans for coastal zones of the studied area in line with sustainable development goals.}, }
@article {pmid32562983, year = {2020}, author = {Zilli, M and Scarabello, M and Soterroni, AC and Valin, H and Mosnier, A and Leclère, D and Havlík, P and Kraxner, F and Lopes, MA and Ramos, FM}, title = {The impact of climate change on Brazil's agriculture.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {139384}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139384}, pmid = {32562983}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Brazilian agricultural production provides a significant fraction of the food consumed globally, with the country among the top exporters of soybeans, sugar, and beef. However, current advances in Brazilian agriculture can be directly impacted by climate change and resulting biophysical effects. Here, we quantify these impacts until 2050 using GLOBIOM-Brazil, a global partial equilibrium model of the competition for land use between agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy that includes various refinements reflecting Brazil's specificities. For the first time, projections of future agricultural areas and production are based on future crop yields provided by two Global Gridded Crop Models (EPIC and LPJmL). The climate change forcing is included through changes in climatic variables projected by five Global Climate Models in two emission pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) participating in the ISIMIP initiative. This ensemble of twenty scenarios permits accessing the robustness of the results. When compared to the baseline scenario, GLOBIOM-Brazil scenarios suggest a decrease in soybeans and corn production, mainly in the Matopiba region in the Northern Cerrado, and southward displacement of agricultural production to near-subtropical and subtropical regions of the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest biomes.}, }
@article {pmid32562043, year = {2020}, author = {Černý, J and Pokorný, R and Vejpustková, M and Šrámek, V and Bednář, P}, title = {Air temperature is the main driving factor of radiation use efficiency and carbon storage of mature Norway spruce stands under global climate change.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, pages = {1599-1611}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01941-w}, pmid = {32562043}, issn = {1432-1254}, support = {MZE-RO0118//Ministerstvo Zemědělství/ ; QK1810415//Národní Agentura pro Zemědělský Výzkum/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon ; *Climate Change ; Czech Republic ; Norway ; *Picea ; Plant Transpiration ; Temperature ; Trees ; }, abstract = {Plant growth is affected by light availability, light capture, and the efficiency of light energy utilisation within the photosynthetic uptake processes. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) of four even-aged, fully stocked mature Norway spruce stands along a temperature, precipitation, and altitudinal gradient of the Czech Republic was investigated. A new straightforward, methodological approach involving an analysis of digital hemispherical photographs for RUE estimation was applied. The highest annual RUE value (0.72 g MJ-1) was observed in the stand characterised by the lowest mean annual air temperature, the highest annual amount of precipitation, located at the highest altitude, and with the lowest site index reflecting site fertility. From the viewpoint of global climate change mitigation, this stand fixed 4.14 Mg ha-1 and 13.93 Mg ha-1 of carbon units and CO2 molecules into above-ground biomass, respectively. The lowest RUE value (0.21 g MJ-1) within the studied growing season was found in the stand located at the lowest altitude representing the site with the highest mean air temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation where 1.27 Mg ha-1 and 4.28 Mg ha-1 of carbon units and CO2 molecules, respectively, were fixed. From the tested meteorological variables (mean air temperature, the monthly sums of temperature, precipitation, and air humidity), RUE was only significantly dependent on air temperature. Therefore, global warming can lead to diminishing RUE and carbon sequestration in Norway spruce stands, especially at low altitudes.}, }
@article {pmid32561759, year = {2020}, author = {Molina, C and Akçay, E and Dieckmann, U and Levin, SA and Rovenskaya, EA}, title = {Combating climate change with matching-commitment agreements.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {10251}, pmid = {32561759}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Countries generally agree that global greenhouse gas emissions are too high, but prefer other countries reduce emissions rather than reducing their own. The Paris Agreement is intended to solve this collective action problem, but is likely insufficient. One proposed solution is a matching-commitment agreement, through which countries can change each other's incentives by committing to conditional emissions reductions, before countries decide on their unconditional reductions. Here, we study matching-commitment agreements between two heterogeneous countries. We find that such agreements (1) incentivize both countries to make matching commitments that in turn incentivize efficient emissions reductions, (2) reduce emissions from those expected without an agreement, and (3) increase both countries' welfare. Matching-commitment agreements are attractive because they do not require a central enforcing authority and only require countries to fulfil their promises; countries are left to choose their conditional and unconditional emissions reductions according to their own interests.}, }
@article {pmid32561376, year = {2020}, author = {Trebicki, P}, title = {Climate change and plant virus epidemiology.}, journal = {Virus research}, volume = {286}, number = {}, pages = {198059}, doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198059}, pmid = {32561376}, issn = {1872-7492}, abstract = {Changes in global climate driven by anthropogenic activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have been progressively increasing and are projected to intensify. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature will have significant consequences for future food production, quality, distribution and security. The epidemiology of plant viruses will be altered in the future as a result of climate change. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, increased temperature, changes to water availability and more frequent extreme weather events will have direct and indirect effects on plant viruses through changes in hosts and vectors. Predicted climatic changes will affect the distribution and survival of plant viruses and their vectors, which are expected to increase in many geographic regions. Furthermore, climate change can affect the virulence and pathogenicity of plant viruses, consequently increasing the frequency and scale of disease outbreaks. Thus, greater understanding of plant virus epidemiology is needed to better anticipate challenges ahead and to develop effective and robust control strategies that will aid in securing global food production for the future.}, }
@article {pmid32560995, year = {2020}, author = {Su, CW and Naqvi, B and Shao, XF and Li, JP and Jiao, Z}, title = {Trade and technological innovation: The catalysts for climate change and way forward for COP21.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {269}, number = {}, pages = {110774}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110774}, pmid = {32560995}, issn = {1095-8630}, mesh = {Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate Change ; *Commerce ; Internationality ; }, abstract = {Following the adaptation of the Paris Agreement at COP21, it was noted that the traditional measures of carbon emissions have several limitations; and a reliable and relevant carbon emissions measurement is important to formulate a response to the challenge of climate change. This study, therefore, explores the relationship between international trade and consumption-based carbon emissions, which is a trade adjusted indicator; and measures the outflow and the inflow of emissions through exports and imports separately. We also include technological innovation in the model to understand its impact on consumption-based carbon emissions. The results show that exports and consumption-based carbon emissions are negatively associated, and technological innovation helps reducing the adverse effect of CO2 growth. In contrast, Imports and gross domestic product are positively linked with consumption-based carbon emissions. The findings also suggest the countries which embraced the Paris Climate Agreement must focus on consumption-based carbon emissions rather than the production-based carbon emissions.}, }
@article {pmid32560420, year = {2020}, author = {Calderaro, F and Vione, D}, title = {Possible Effect of Climate Change on Surface-Water Photochemistry: A Model Assessment of the Impact of Browning on the Photodegradation of Pollutants in Lakes during Summer Stratification. Epilimnion vs. Whole-Lake Phototransformation.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {32560420}, issn = {1420-3049}, abstract = {Water browning in lakes (progressive increase of the content of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM) has the potential to deeply alter the photodegradation kinetics of pollutants during summer stratification. Browning, which takes place as a consequence of climate change in several Nordic environments, causes the thermocline to be shallower, because higher CDOM decreases the penetration of sunlight inside the water column. Using a model approach, it is shown in this paper that pollutants occurring in the epilimnion would be affected differently depending on their main photodegradation pathway(s): almost no change for the direct photolysis, slight decrease in the degradation kinetics by the hydroxyl radicals (•OH, but the resulting degradation would be too slow for the process to be effective during summer stratification), considerable decrease for the carbonate radicals (CO3•-), increase for the excited triplet states of CDOM (3CDOM*) and singlet oxygen (1O2). Because it is difficult to find compounds that are highly reactive with CO3•- and poorly reactive with 3CDOM*, the degradation rate constant of many phenols and anilines would show a minimum with increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC), because of the combination of decreasing CO3•- and increasing 3CDOM* photodegradation. In contrast, overall photodegradation would always be inhibited by browning when the whole water column (epilimnion + hypolimnion) is considered, either because of slower degradation kinetics in the whole water volume, or even at unchanged overall kinetics, because of unbalanced distribution of photoreactivity within the water column.}, }
@article {pmid32559529, year = {2020}, author = {Gong, X and Chen, Y and Wang, T and Jiang, X and Hu, X and Feng, J}, title = {Double-edged effects of climate change on plant invasions: Ecological niche modeling global distributions of two invasive alien plants.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {740}, number = {}, pages = {139933}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139933}, pmid = {32559529}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Introduced Species ; South America ; }, abstract = {The prediction of the potential distribution of invasive alien species is key for the control of their proliferation. This study developed ensemble niche models to explore the distribution patterns of Cecropia peltata and Ulex europaeus under baseline and future conditions, as well as the factors that regulate them. The models were based on occurrence records as well as climate, land-use and topography datasets. Climatic factors played a stronger role than land-use and topographical factors in their distribution patterns. Additionally, temperature seasonality and temperature annual range were the optimal predictor for the global distributions of C. peltata and U. europaeus, respectively. Under the baseline-RCP 8.5 scenario in 2070, significant increases in habitat suitability for C. peltata were generally detected in tropical regions, while for U. europaeus under the same condition, significant increases in habitat suitability were generally observed in west coast of South America and Europe, suggesting the impacts of climate changes on species distribution may be species specific. The contrast changes of suitable habitat areas for U. europaeus under the baseline-2.6 and 8.5 scenarios may suggest that the scenarios of climate changes may modify its distribution patterns and variations in suitable habitats. The double-edged effects of global warming on plant invasions may be a result of the scenario specific climate change and the species-specific responses to changes in climate. Our findings highlight the importance of climate change scenario specific and species-specific research on the impact of climate change on plant invasions.}, }
@article {pmid32559438, year = {2020}, author = {Williamson, J}, title = {Nuclear war, climate change, and medical activism.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {e221-e222}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30127-3}, pmid = {32559438}, issn = {2542-5196}, }
@article {pmid32559436, year = {2020}, author = {McMichael, C}, title = {Human mobility, climate change, and health: unpacking the connections.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, pages = {e217-e218}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30125-X}, pmid = {32559436}, issn = {2542-5196}, }
@article {pmid32558904, year = {2020}, author = {Gérard, M and Vanderplanck, M and Wood, T and Michez, D}, title = {Global warming and plant-pollinator mismatches.}, journal = {Emerging topics in life sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, pmid = {32558904}, issn = {2397-8554}, abstract = {The mutualism between plants and their pollinators provides globally important ecosystem services, but it is likely to be disrupted by global warming that can cause mismatches between both halves of this interaction. In this review, we summarise the available evidence on (i) spatial or (ii) phenological shifts of one or both of the actors of this mutualism. While the occurrence of future spatial mismatches is predominantly theoretical and based on predictive models, there is growing empirical evidence of phenological mismatches occurring at the present day. Mismatches may also occur when pollinators and their host plants are still found together. These mismatches can arise due to (iii) morphological modifications and (iv) disruptions to host attraction and foraging behaviours, and it is expected that these mismatches will lead to novel community assemblages. Overall plant-pollinator interactions seem to be resilient biological networks, particularly because generalist species can buffer these changes due to their plastic behaviour. However, we currently lack information on where and why spatial mismatches do occur and how they impact the fitness of plants and pollinators, in order to fully assess if adaptive evolutionary changes can keep pace with global warming predictions.}, }
@article {pmid32558115, year = {2020}, author = {Sanderson, CE and Alexander, KA}, title = {Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {4284-4301}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15163}, pmid = {32558115}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {1518663//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, but remain relatively unexplored in marine mammals. Infectious disease-induced MMEs (ID MMEs) have not been reported ubiquitously among marine mammal species, indicating that intrinsic (host) and/or extrinsic (environmental) ecological factors may influence this heterogeneity. We assess the occurrence of ID MMEs (1955-2018) across extant marine mammals (n = 129) in relation to key life-history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variables (season, sea surface temperature [SST] anomalies, El Niño occurrence). Our results show that ID MMEs have been reported in 14% of marine mammal species (95% CI 9%-21%), with 72% (n = 36; 95% CI 56%-84%) of these events caused predominantly by viruses, primarily morbillivirus and influenza A. Bacterial pathogens caused 25% (95% CI 14%-41%) of MMEs, with only one being the result of a protozoan pathogen. Overall, virus-induced MMEs involved a greater number of fatalities per event compared to other pathogens. No association was detected between the occurrence of ID MMEs and host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; χ2 = 9.6, p = .002). In contrast, extrinsic factors significantly influenced ID MMEs, with seasonality linked to frequency (χ2 = 19.85, p = .0002) and severity of these events, and global yearly SST anomalies positively correlated with their temporal occurrence (Z = 3.43, p = 2.7e-04). No significant association was identified between El Niño and ID MME occurrence (Z = 0.28, p = .81). With climate change forecasted to increase SSTs and the frequency of extreme seasonal weather events, epizootics causing MMEs are likely to intensify with significant consequences for marine mammal survival.}, }
@article {pmid32557877, year = {2020}, author = {Carroll, C and Noss, RF}, title = {Rewilding in the face of climate change.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.13531}, pmid = {32557877}, issn = {1523-1739}, abstract = {Expansion of the global protected-area network has been proposed as a strategy to address threats from accelerating climate change and species extinction. A key step in increasing the effectiveness of such expansion is understanding how novel threats to biodiversity from climate change alter concepts such as rewilding, which have underpinned many proposals for large interconnected reserves. We reviewed potential challenges that climate change poses to rewilding and found that the conservation value of large protected areas persists under climate change. Nevertheless, more attention should be given to protection of microrefugia, macrorefugia, complete environmental gradients, and areas that connect current and future suitable climates and to maintaining ecosystem processes and stabilizing feedbacks via conservation strategies that are resilient to uncertainty regarding climate trends. Because a major element of the threat from climate change stems from its novel geographic patterns, we examined, as an example, the implications for climate-adaptation planning of latitudinal, longitudinal (continental to maritime), and elevational gradients in climate-change exposure across the Yellowstone-to-Yukon region, the locus of an iconic conservation proposal initially designed to conserve wide-ranging carnivore species. In addition to a continued emphasis on conserving intact landscapes, restoration of degraded low-elevation areas within the region is needed to capture sites important for landscape-level climate resilience. Extreme climate exposure projected for boreal North America suggests the need for ambitious goals for expansion of the protected-area network there to include refugia created by topography and ecological features, such as peatlands, whose conservation can also reduce emissions from carbon stored in soil. Qualitative understanding of underlying reserve design rules and the geography of climate-change exposure can strengthen the outcomes of inclusive regional planning processes that identify specific sites for protection.}, }
@article {pmid32555535, year = {2020}, author = {Turney, C and Ausseil, AG and Broadhurst, L}, title = {Urgent need for an integrated policy framework for biodiversity loss and climate change.}, journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {996}, pmid = {32555535}, issn = {2397-334X}, }
@article {pmid32552099, year = {2020}, author = {Bonebrake, TC and Rezende, EL and Bozinovic, F}, title = {Climate Change and Thermoregulatory Consequences of Activity Time in Mammals.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {196}, number = {1}, pages = {45-56}, doi = {10.1086/709010}, pmid = {32552099}, issn = {1537-5323}, abstract = {Activity times structure the thermal environments experienced by organisms. In mammals, species shift from being nocturnal to diurnal and vice versa, but the thermal consequences of variable activity patterns remain largely unexplored. Here we used theoretical thermoregulatory polygons bounded by estimates of basal metabolic rates (BMR), maximum metabolic rates (MMR), and thermal conductance (C) in small mammals to explore the metabolic consequences of exposure to global-scale daytime and nighttime temperatures. Model predictions indicated higher metabolic scope for activity for nocturnal species at low latitudes and that reduced minimum C and larger body size increased the geographic range in which nocturnality was advantageous. Consistent with predictions, within rodents nocturnal species have low C. However, nocturnal mammals tend to be smaller than diurnal species, likely reflecting the importance of additional factors driving body size. Projections of warming impacts on small mammals suggest that diurnal species could lose habitable space globally. Conversely, warming could lift cool temperature constraints on nocturnal species and increase habitable space, suggesting that a shift toward nocturnal niches might be favored in a warming world. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the importance of energetic considerations for endotherms in managing global change impacts on nocturnal and diurnal species.}, }
@article {pmid32552020, year = {2020}, author = {Albright, K and Shah, P and Santodomingo, M and Scandlyn, J}, title = {Dissemination of Information About Climate Change by State and Local Public Health Departments: United States, 2019-2020.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {110}, number = {8}, pages = {1184-1190}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2020.305723}, pmid = {32552020}, issn = {1541-0048}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Internet ; *Local Government ; *Public Health/trends ; *Social Media/statistics &amp; numerical data/trends ; *State Government ; United States ; }, abstract = {Objectives. To determine if and how state and local public health departments present information about climate change on their Web sites, their most public-facing platform.Methods. We collected data from every functioning state (n = 50), county (n = 2090), and city (n = 585) public health department Web site in the United States in 2019 and 2020. We analyzed data for presence and type of climate-related content and to determine whether there existed clear ways to find climate change information. We analyzed Web sites providing original content about climate change for explanatory or attributional language.Results. Fewer than half (40%) of state health department Web sites, and only 1.6% of county and 3.9% of city Web sites, provided clear ways to find climate change information, whether through provision of original content or links to external agencies' Web sites. Among Web sites providing original content, 48% provided no explanation of climate change causes.Conclusions. National and global public health associations have identified climate change as a public health emergency, but most state and local public health departments are not delivering that message. These departments must be better supported to facilitate dissemination of reliable, scientific information about climate change and its effects on health.}, }
@article {pmid32551064, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, K and Liu, H and Pan, H and Shi, W and Zhao, Y and Li, S and Liu, J and Tao, J}, title = {Shifts in potential geographical distribution of Pterocarya stenoptera under climate change scenarios in China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {4828-4837}, pmid = {32551064}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Predicting the effects of climate change on the distribution of a species' habitat can help humans address the potential threats which may change the scope and distribution of species. Pterocarya stenoptera is a common fast-growing tree species often used in the ecological restoration of riverbanks and alpine forests in central and eastern China. Until now, the characteristics of the distribution of this species' habitat are poorly known as are the environmental factors that influence its preferred habitat. In the present study, the Maximum Entropy Modeling (Maxent) algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production (GARP) were used to establish the models for the potential distribution of this species by selecting 236 sites with known occurrences and 14 environmental variables. The results indicate that both models have good predictive power. Minimum temperature of coldest month (Bio6), mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio10), annual precipitation (Bio12), and precipitation of driest month (Bio14) were important environmental variables influencing the prediction of the Maxent model. According to the models, the temperate and subtropical regions of eastern China had high environmental suitability for this species, where the species had been recorded. Under each climate change scenario, climatic suitability of the existing range of this species increased, and its climatic niche expanded geographically to the north and higher elevation. GARP predicted a more conservative expansion. The projected spatial and temporal patterns of P. stenoptera can provide reference for the development of forest management and protection strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32546552, year = {2020}, author = {Kuvadia, M and Cummis, CE and Liguori, G and Wu, CL}, title = {'Green-gional' anesthesia: the non-polluting benefits of regional anesthesia to decrease greenhouse gases and attenuate climate change.}, journal = {Regional anesthesia and pain medicine}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, pages = {744-745}, doi = {10.1136/rapm-2020-101452}, pmid = {32546552}, issn = {1532-8651}, abstract = {Volatile halogenated gases and nitrous oxide used as part of a balanced general anesthetic may contribute to global warming. By avoiding volatile inhalational agent use, regional anesthesia may reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help prevent global warming. We present a theoretical calculation of the potential benefits and a real-life example of how much regional anesthesia may reduce greenhouse gas emissions.}, }
@article {pmid32546223, year = {2020}, author = {Marques, R and Krüger, RF and Peterson, AT and de Melo, LF and Vicenzi, N and Jiménez-García, D}, title = {Climate change implications for the distribution of the babesiosis and anaplasmosis tick vector, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {81}, pmid = {32546223}, issn = {1297-9716}, support = {Senior Scholar//Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program/ ; Ph.D Sandwich 47/2017//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change ranks among the most important issues globally, affecting geographic distributions of vectors and pathogens, and inducing losses in livestock production among many other damaging effects. We characterized the potential geographic distribution of the ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an important vector of babesiosis and anaplasmosis globally. We evaluated potential geographic shifts in suitability patterns for this species in two periods (2050 and 2070) and under two emissions scenarios (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). Our results anticipate increases in suitability worldwide, particularly in the highest production areas for cattle. The Indo-Malayan region resulted in the highest cattle exposure under both climate change projections (2050), with increases in suitability of > 30%. This study illustrates how ecological niche modeling can be used to explore probable effects of climate change on disease vectors, and the possible consequences on economic dimensions.}, }
@article {pmid32543219, year = {2020}, author = {Hall, NL and Crosby, L}, title = {Climate Change Impacts on Health in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia.}, journal = {International journal of environmental health research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-16}, doi = {10.1080/09603123.2020.1777948}, pmid = {32543219}, issn = {1369-1619}, abstract = {Human-induced climate change in Australia is affecting the frequency and intensity of extreme events, including bushfires, cyclones and drought. Human health is affected by these climate impacts through direct impacts which include injuries and death from extreme events; indirect impacts through natural system changes such as impacts on water, food and air; and indirect impacts on human systems including mental health, productivity, and damage to housing and health-care facilities. Remote settlements are vulnerable to these climate impacts and associated health impacts due to isolated location, quality of the infrastructure, economic resources, limited transport, and existing health vulnerabilities that enable resilience or vulnerability. Remote Indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable. This research sought to identify vulnerabilities of human health of residents in remote Indigenous communities to human-induced climate change to contribute to adequate responses of prevention and preparation.}, }
@article {pmid32542573, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, K and Vicedo-Cabrera, AM and Dubrow, R}, title = {Projections of Ambient Temperature- and Air Pollution-Related Mortality Burden Under Combined Climate Change and Population Aging Scenarios: a Review.}, journal = {Current environmental health reports}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {243-255}, doi = {10.1007/s40572-020-00281-6}, pmid = {32542573}, issn = {2196-5412}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Climate change will affect mortality associated with both ambient temperature and air pollution. Because older adults have elevated vulnerability to both non-optimal ambient temperature (heat and cold) and air pollution, population aging can amplify future population vulnerability to these stressors through increasing the number of vulnerable older adults. We aimed to review recent evidence on projections of temperature- or air pollution-related mortality burden (i.e., number of deaths) under combined climate change and population aging scenarios, with a focus on evaluating the role of population aging in assessing these health impacts of climate change. We included studies published between 2014 and 2019 with age-specific population projections.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: We reviewed 16 temperature projection studies and 15 air pollution projection studies. Nine of the temperature studies and four of the air pollution studies took population aging into account by performing age-stratified analyses that utilized age-specific relationships between temperature or air pollution exposures and mortality (i.e., age-specific exposure-response functions (ERFs)). Population aging amplifies the projected mortality burden of temperature and air pollution under a warming climate. Compared with a constant population scenario, population aging scenarios lead to less reduction or even increases in cold-related mortality burden, resulting in substantial net increases in future overall (heat and cold) temperature-related mortality burden. There is strong evidence suggesting that to accurately assess the future temperature- and air pollution-related mortality burden of climate change, investigators need to account for the amplifying effect of population aging. Thus, all future studies should incorporate age-specific population size projections and age-specific ERFs into their analyses. These studies would benefit from refinement of age-specific ERF estimates.}, }
@article {pmid32540181, year = {2020}, author = {Ostojic, SM}, title = {Eat less meat: Fortifying food with creatine to tackle climate change.}, journal = {Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, pages = {2320}, doi = {10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.030}, pmid = {32540181}, issn = {1532-1983}, }
@article {pmid32539935, year = {2020}, author = {Muller, JE and Nathan, DG}, title = {COVID-19, nuclear war, and global warming: lessons for our vulnerable world.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {395}, number = {10242}, pages = {1967-1968}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31379-9}, pmid = {32539935}, issn = {1474-547X}, mesh = {*Betacoronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology ; *Global Warming ; Humans ; *Nuclear Warfare ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid32537981, year = {2020}, author = {Ji, XJ and Xu, YH and Zuo, X and Fang, WS and Lu, YY}, title = {[Estimating the climatic capacity of food security in Henan Province, China under the future climate change scenarios].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, pages = {853-862}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202003.011}, pmid = {32537981}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {China ; *Climate Change ; *Food Supply ; Forecasting ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {To explore the effects of future climate change on food production in Henan Province, the climate potential productivity and its change characteristics in Henan Province were calculated by agro-ecological zone (AEZ) model. This study was based on the production potential and climate resource carrying capacity of summer maize and winter wheat, combined with the observation data of 111 meteorological stations in Henan Province from 1961 to 2017 and the meteorological data under two emission scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in 2041-2080. With the grain demand index under different living standards, we analyzed climate carrying capacity and surplus space of Henan Pro-vince. The results showed that the average climatic potential productivity of maize was 18408.87 kg·hm-2 from 1961 to 2017, with high values in the middle and east, and low values in the west. Compared with the reference period (1981-2010), climatic potential productivity of maize under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 decreased by 13.0% and 8.0% respectively, with the high value center shifting from the east to the southwest of Henan. The average climatic potential productivity of wheat was 10889.79 kg·hm-2, which was high in the middle region and low in the north. Compared with the reference period, climatic potential productivity of wheat under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 decreased by 18.6% and 21.7%, respectively. Under the current condition of subsistence and well-off food demand, the maximum carrying capacity of climate resources respectively could support 252 million and 183 million people. In 2070s (2071-2080), the average supporting population of the maximum climate resource carrying capacity (Cmax) would decrease. Compared with the reference period, Cmax under the level of well-off and subsistence would decrease by 9.7% and 18.4% respectively in RCP4.5 scenario, and 7.7% and 16.6% respectively in RCP8.5 scenario. Under current climate condition, the relative surplus rate of climate resources in Henan Province ranged from -93.0% to 356.9%. Compared with the reference period, the relative residual rate of climate resources in the future would reduce nearly 40%.}, }
@article {pmid32537737, year = {2020}, author = {Wooliver, R and Tittes, SB and Sheth, SN}, title = {A resurrection study reveals limited evolution of thermal performance in response to recent climate change across the geographic range of the scarlet monkeyflower.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14041}, pmid = {32537737}, issn = {1558-5646}, support = {1016272//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 1523866//NSF DBI/ ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary rescue can prevent populations from declining under climate change, and should be more likely at high-latitude, &quot;leading&quot; edges of species' ranges due to greater temperature anomalies and gene flow from warm-adapted populations. Using a resurrection study with seeds collected before and after a 7-year period of record warming, we tested for thermal adaptation in the scarlet monkeyflower Mimulus cardinalis. We grew ancestors and descendants from northern-edge, central, and southern-edge populations across eight temperatures. Despite recent climate anomalies, populations showed limited evolution of thermal performance curves. However, one southern population evolved a narrower thermal performance breadth by 1.31°C, which matches the direction and magnitude of the average decrease in seasonality experienced. Consistent with the climate variability hypothesis, thermal performance breadth increased with temperature seasonality across the species' geographic range. Inconsistent with performance trade-offs between low and high temperatures across populations, we did not detect a positive relationship between thermal optimum and mean temperature. These findings fail to support the hypothesis that evolutionary response to climate change is greatest at the leading edge, and suggest that the evolution of thermal performance is unlikely to rescue most populations from the detrimental effects of rapidly changing climate.}, }
@article {pmid32536734, year = {2020}, author = {Woodside, AG}, title = {Interventions as experiments: Connecting the dots in forecasting and overcoming pandemics, global warming, corruption, civil rights violations, misogyny, income inequality, and guns.}, journal = {Journal of business research}, volume = {117}, number = {}, pages = {212-218}, pmid = {32536734}, issn = {0148-2963}, abstract = {This essay applies the &quot;ultimate broadening of the concept of marketing&quot; for designing and implementing interventions in public laws and policy, national and local regulations, and everyday lives of individuals. The ultimate broadening of the concept of marketing: Marketing is any activity, message, emotion, or behavior by someone, firm, organization, government, community, or brand executed consciously or nonconsciously that may stimulate an observable or non-observable activity, emotion, attitude, belief, or thought by someone else, group, organization, firm or community. The broadening definition applies to the current interventions by national and state/provincial governments as well as healthcare facilities, medical science facilities, firms, and individuals to mitigate and eliminate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Framing interventions as experiments is helpful in improving the quality of their designs, implementing them successfully, and validly interpreting their effectiveness. In January and February 2020, a few nations were exemplars for accurately forecasting the coming disaster of COVID-19 as a cause of illness and death and in designing/implementing effective mitigating strategies: Denmark, Finland, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, and Vietnam. While the COVID-19 prevention intervention tests now being run for several promising vaccines are true experiments, the researchers analyzing the data from these interventions may need prompting to examine the efficacy of each vaccine tested by modeling demographic subgroups for the members in the treatment and placebo groups in the randomized control trials.}, }
@article {pmid32535971, year = {2020}, author = {Pierangelini, M and Thiry, M and Cardol, P}, title = {Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.16738}, pmid = {32535971}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {Disentangling the metabolic functioning of corals' endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) is relevant to understand the response of coral reefs to warming oceans. In this work, we first questioned if there is an energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration in Symbiodiniaceae (Symbiodinium, Durusdinium and Effrenium), and second, how different levels of energetic coupling will affect their adaptive responses to global warming. Coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was established by determining the variation of metabolic rates during thermal response curves, and how inhibition of respiration affects photosynthesis. Adaptive responses (not reversible) were studied exposing two Symbiodinium species, with different levels of photosynthesis-respiration interaction, to high temperature (32°C) for one year. We found that some Symbiodiniaceae have a high level of energetic coupling, i.e. photosynthesis and respiration have the same temperature dependency, and photosynthesis is negatively affected when respiration is inhibited. Conversely, photosynthesis and respiration are not coupled in other species. In any case, prolonged exposure to high temperature caused adjustments of both photosynthesis and respiration but these changes were fully reversible. We conclude that energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration has wide variation amongst Symbiodiniaceae and does not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses in Symbiodiniaceae to temperature increase.}, }
@article {pmid32534623, year = {2020}, author = {Choudhary, S and Guha, A and Kholova, J and Pandravada, A and Messina, CD and Cooper, M and Vadez, V}, title = {Maize, sorghum, and pearl millet have highly contrasting species strategies to adapt to water stress and climate change-like conditions.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {110297}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110297}, pmid = {32534623}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {This study compared maize, sorghum and pearl-millet, leading C4 cereals, for the transpiration rate (TR) response to increasing atmospheric and soil water stress. The TR response to transiently increasing VPD (0.9-4.1 kPa) and the transpiration and leaf area expansion response to progressive soil drying were measured in controlled conditions at early vegetative stage in 10-16 genotypes of each species grown in moderate or high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions. Maize grown under moderate VPD conditions restricted TR under high VPD, but not sorghum and pearl millet. By contrast, when grown under high VPD, all species increased TR upon increasing VPD, suggesting a loss of TR responsiveness. Sorghum and pearl-millet grown under high VPD reduced leaf area, but not maize. Upon progressive soil drying, maize reduced transpiration at higher soil moisture than sorghum and pearl millet, especially under high VPD, and leaf area expansion declined at similar or lower soil moisture than transpiration in maize and sorghum. It is concluded that maize conserves water by restricting transpiration upon increasing VPD and under higher soil moisture than sorghum and millet, giving maize significantly higher TE, whereas sorghum and pearl millet rely mostly on reduced leaf area and somewhat on transpiration restriction.}, }
@article {pmid32534610, year = {2020}, author = {Sade, N and Peleg, Z}, title = {Future challenges for global food security under climate change.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {110467}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110467}, pmid = {32534610}, issn = {1873-2259}, }
@article {pmid32534609, year = {2020}, author = {Schlautman, B and Diaz-Garcia, L and Barriball, S}, title = {Reprint of: Morphometric approaches to promote the use of exotic germplasm for improved food security and resilience to climate change: A kura clover example.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {110415}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110415}, pmid = {32534609}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Adaptation of agriculture to climate change and its associated ecological pressures will require new crops, novel trait combinations, and previously unknown phenotypic attributes to deploy in climate resilient cropping systems. Genebanks, a primary source of exotic germplasm for novel crops and breeding materials, need comprehensive methods to detect novel and unknown phenotypes without a priori information about the species or trait under consideration. We demonstrate how persistent homology (PH) and elliptical fourier descriptors (EFD), two morphometric techniques easily applied to image-based data, can serve this purpose by cataloging leaf morphology in the USDA NPGS kura clover collection and demarcating a leaf morphospace for the species. Additionally, we identify a set of representative accessions spanning the leaf morphospace and propose they serve as a kura clover core collection. The core collection will be a framework for monitoring the effects of climate change on kura clover in situ diversity and determining the role of ex situ accessions in modern agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid32533326, year = {2020}, author = {Coelho, S and Rafael, S and Coutinho, M and Monteiro, A and Medina, J and Figueiredo, S and Cunha, S and Lopes, M and Miranda, AI and Borrego, C}, title = {Climate-Change Adaptation Framework for Multiple Urban Areas in Northern Portugal.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {395-406}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01313-5}, pmid = {32533326}, issn = {1432-1009}, abstract = {Climate change is increasingly exerting pressure with intensified impacts in the short-, medium-, and long-term. Cities are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and it is recognized that they play a significant role in the European Strategy on adaptation to climate change. This study intends to develop a climate adaptation framework to identify effective measures that will be evaluated using a multi-urban area located in the north of Portugal, as a case study. The climate adaptation framework was developed following the Urban Adaptation Support Tool (AST), adapted to the Portuguese reality. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to provide future projections with a high level of spatial resolution over the study area, increasing the accuracy of the identification of future climatic vulnerabilities. The results show a tendency for an increase of extreme weather events associated with the increase of both temperature and annual accumulated precipitation variables. A set of both urban and rural measures to promote a sustainable development path to climate adaptability and increase cities resilience to climate change are presented and discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32531093, year = {2020}, author = {Levin, LA and Wei, CL and Dunn, DC and Amon, DJ and Ashford, OS and Cheung, WWL and Colaço, A and Dominguez-Carrió, C and Escobar, EG and Harden-Davies, HR and Drazen, JC and Ismail, K and Jones, DOB and Johnson, DE and Le, JT and Lejzerowicz, F and Mitarai, S and Morato, T and Mulsow, S and Snelgrove, PVR and Sweetman, AK and Yasuhara, M}, title = {Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep-sea resource extraction.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {32531093}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//JM Kaplan Fund/ ; OCE 1634172//National Science Foundation/ ; BGI - 678760 (ATLAS)//European Union Horizon 2020/ ; 679849 (Sponges)//European Union Horizon 2020/ ; 747946//European Union Horizon 2020/ ; NA19OAR0110305//National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ ; CLASS NE/R015953/1//UK Natural Environment Research Council/ ; P2GEP3_171829/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; IF/00029/2014/CP1230/CT0002//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal/ ; IF/01194/2013/CP1199/CT0002//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology/ ; //Pew Charitable Trusts/ ; 108-2611-M-002-001//Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan/ ; 108-//Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan/ ; 2119-M-001-019//Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is projected to affect most deep-ocean ecosystems concomitantly with increasing direct human disturbance. Climate drivers will alter deep-sea biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, and may interact with disturbance from resource extraction activities or even climate geoengineering. We suggest that to ensure the effective management of increasing use of the deep ocean (e.g., for bottom fishing, oil and gas extraction, and deep-seabed mining), environmental management and developing regulations must consider climate change. Strategic planning, impact assessment and monitoring, spatial management, application of the precautionary approach, and full-cost accounting of extraction activities should embrace climate consciousness. Coupled climate and biological modeling approaches applied in the water and on the seafloor can help accomplish this goal. For example, Earth-System Model projections of climate-change parameters at the seafloor reveal heterogeneity in projected climate hazard and time of emergence (beyond natural variability) in regions targeted for deep-seabed mining. Models that combine climate-induced changes in ocean circulation with particle tracking predict altered transport of early life stages (larvae) under climate change. Habitat suitability models can help assess the consequences of altered larval dispersal, predict climate refugia, and identify vulnerable regions for multiple species under climate change. Engaging the deep observing community can support the necessary data provisioning to mainstream climate into the development of environmental management plans. To illustrate this approach, we focus on deep-seabed mining and the International Seabed Authority, whose mandates include regulation of all mineral-related activities in international waters and protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of mining. However, achieving deep-ocean sustainability under the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require integration of climate consideration across all policy sectors.}, }
@article {pmid32531086, year = {2020}, author = {Scheiter, S and Kumar, D and Corlett, RT and Gaillard, C and Langan, L and Lapuz, RS and Martens, C and Pfeiffer, M and Tomlinson, KW}, title = {Climate change promotes transitions to tall evergreen vegetation in tropical Asia.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15217}, pmid = {32531086}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {SCHE 1719/2-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; U1502264//Natural Science Foundation of China - Yunnan Government/ ; 01LL1802B//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; 01LL1801B//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research/ ; 2016CTF096//CAS-TWAS President's Fellowship for International Doctoral Students/ ; }, abstract = {Vegetation in tropical Asia is highly diverse due to large environmental gradients and heterogeneity of landscapes. This biodiversity is threatened by intense land use and climate change. However, despite the rich biodiversity and the dense human population, tropical Asia is often underrepresented in global biodiversity assessments. Understanding how climate change influences the remaining areas of natural vegetation is therefore highly important for conservation planning. Here, we used the adaptive Dynamic Global Vegetation Model version 2 (aDGVM2) to simulate impacts of climate change and elevated CO2 on vegetation formations in tropical Asia for an ensemble of climate change scenarios. We used climate forcing from five different climate models for representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We found that vegetation in tropical Asia will remain a carbon sink until 2099, and that vegetation biomass increases of up to 28% by 2099 are associated with transitions from small to tall woody vegetation and from deciduous to evergreen vegetation. Patterns of phenology were less responsive to climate change and elevated CO2 than biomes and biomass, indicating that the selection of variables and methods used to detect vegetation changes is crucial. Model simulations revealed substantial variation within the ensemble, both in biomass increases and in distributions of different biome types. Our results have important implications for management policy, because they suggest that large ensembles of climate models and scenarios are required to assess a wide range of potential future trajectories of vegetation change and to develop robust management plans. Furthermore, our results highlight open ecosystems with low tree cover as most threatened by climate change, indicating potential conflicts of interest between biodiversity conservation in open ecosystems and active afforestation to enhance carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid32530199, year = {2020}, author = {Li, N and Bai, R and Wu, L and Li, W and Chen, M and Chen, X and Fan, CH and Yang, GS}, title = {[Impacts of future climate change on spring phenology stages of rubber tree in Hainan, China].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {1241-1249}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202004.002}, pmid = {32530199}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; China ; *Climate Change ; *Hevea ; Seasons ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {To explore the impacts of future climate change on spring phenology stages (first leaf storey expansion stage, spring flowering stage) of rubber tree in Hainan Island, we established a rubber tree spring phenology simulation model based on the crop clock model and developed a computer software RubberSP. The model simulation accuracy was examined with experimental observed phenology data. Five global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were integrated using Bayesian Model averaging method (BMA) to predict the impacts of climate change on the spring phenology of rubber tree in 2020-2099 (relative to 1986-2017) under climate scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The results showed that the RubberSP model had good simulation accuracy, with the determination coefficient (R2) values ranging between 0.73-0.87, the root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 3.26 to 4.15 d, and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 3.4%-7.4% between measured and simulated phenology stages. The uncertainty of a single GCM could be avoided by BMA method, which could better reflect the change trend of temperature. Temperature of Hainan Island in the end of 21 century, under the scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, would increase by more than 0.3, 1.0 and 2.5 ℃ compared with the baseline, respectively. The spring phenology stages would appear earlier and yield would increase in the future climate scenario. The time isoline of spring phenology stages would move forward to northwest, which indicated that most suitable area for rubber tree plantation in Hainan Island would expand to the northwest. The spatial difference of the first leaf storey expansion stage would be more evident, but not for spring flowering stage. The amplitude of rubber tree spring phenology variations was closely related to the increases of temperature under different RCP scenarios, with the most apparent change under RCP8.5 scenario and most mild change under RCP2.6 scenario.}, }
@article {pmid32530127, year = {2020}, author = {Andersen, LK and Coates, SJ and Enbiale, W and Boos, MD and Dayrit, JF and Davis, MDP}, title = {Climate change perception among dermatologists: an online survey of International Society of Dermatology members.}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {59}, number = {9}, pages = {e322-e325}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.14984}, pmid = {32530127}, issn = {1365-4632}, }
@article {pmid32530107, year = {2020}, author = {Monaco, CJ and Bradshaw, CJA and Booth, DJ and Gillanders, BM and Schoeman, DS and Nagelkerken, I}, title = {Dietary generalism accelerates arrival and persistence of coral-reef fishes in their novel ranges under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15221}, pmid = {32530107}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {DP170101722//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is redistributing marine and terrestrial species globally. Life-history traits mediate the ability of species to cope with novel environmental conditions, and can be used to gauge the potential redistribution of taxa facing the challenges of a changing climate. However, it is unclear whether the same traits are important across different stages of range shifts (arrival, population increase, persistence). To test which life-history traits most mediate the process of range extension, we used a 16-year dataset of 35 range-extending coral-reef fish species and quantified the importance of various traits on the arrival time (earliness) and degree of persistence (prevalence and patchiness) at higher latitudes. We show that traits predisposing species to shift their range more rapidly (large body size, broad latitudinal range, long dispersal duration) did not drive the early stages of redistribution. Instead, we found that as diet breadth increased, the initial arrival and establishment (prevalence and patchiness) of climate migrant species in temperate locations occurred earlier. While the initial incursion of range-shifting species depends on traits associated with dispersal potential, subsequent establishment hinges more on a species' ability to exploit novel food resources locally. These results highlight that generalist species that can best adapt to novel food sources might be most successful in a future ocean.}, }
@article {pmid32529641, year = {2020}, author = {Linde, S}, title = {The Politicization of Risk: Party Cues, Polarization, and Public Perceptions of Climate Change Risk.}, journal = {Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/risa.13530}, pmid = {32529641}, issn = {1539-6924}, support = {2011-1844//Swedish Research Council/ ; 2016-03058//Swedish Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Previous research shows that public perceptions of climate change risk are strongly related to the individual willingness to support climate mitigation and adaptation policy. In this article, I investigate how public perceptions of climate change risk are affected by communications from political parties and the degree of polarization among them. Specifically, using survey data from Sweden, Norway, Australia, and New Zealand, I study the relationship between party source cues, perceived polarization, and public perceptions of climate change risk. The results reveal a positive relationship between party cues and perceptions of climate change risk, indicating that individuals adjust their risk perceptions to align with their party preference. Furthermore, a negative relationship between perceived polarization and individual risk perceptions is also discovered, showing that individuals tend to be less concerned with climate change the more polarization they perceive. However, the effect of perceived polarization is found to be limited to more abstract perceptions of risk, while being unrelated to perceptions of concrete risks. Even with some contextual variance, the results generally hold up well across the four countries.}, }
@article {pmid32526496, year = {2020}, author = {Uchiyama, C and Stevenson, LA and Tandoko, E}, title = {Climate change research in Asia: A knowledge synthesis of Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (2013-2018).}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {188}, number = {}, pages = {109635}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109635}, pmid = {32526496}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Countering climate challenges requires genuine multi-layered approaches in cooperation with various stakeholders. Spanning 20 years, the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) has been facilitating the research community to provide regional and grassroots results and solutions, while acting as a mechanism to encourage science-policy-stakeholder dialogue. This paper outlines the relevance of APN projects to IPCC policymaking by laying out knowledge products and lessons learned from the projects. It also narrates how regional research and capacity building assist in responding to the increasing urgency across climate change and the SDGs. A synthesis of project-generated knowledge was garnered from research and capacity development studies conducted under the auspices of APN to identify their scope and level of policy relevance. A combined typology and solution scanning with Likert scale as relevance rating was employed to categorize contribution against key themes of the IPCC sixth assessment report. Findings suggest 115 distinct and relevant projects completed mostly in Southeast Asia, South Asia and Temperate East Asia, with many of them asserting community-based adaptation and mitigation surrounding issues on ecosystems and biodiversity, extreme weather events, water-food-energy nexus, sustainable waste management, and climate education. Findings also show 163 knowledge products in which majority of them (66.87%) were peer-reviewed journal articles, 11.04% were reports, 7.98% were policy briefs, 6.75% were guidelines and tools, 4.91% were books and 2.45% were perspectives and opinions. With the evolving synergies between global climate targets and the SDGs, it is recommended that APN solidify its role in science-policy partnerships and networking by creating improved interlinkages for disseminating knowledge gaps filled and in replicating lessons learned and best practices found in APN knowledge products. In addition to science-policy dialogues and output synthesis, a regular review of APN research and capacity development outcomes will help in realizing these important aspects toward wider policy impact.}, }
@article {pmid32524610, year = {2020}, author = {Geffroy, B and Wedekind, C}, title = {Effects of global warming on sex ratios in fishes.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.14429}, pmid = {32524610}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {4320175237//FEAMP/ ; 31003A_125396//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, abstract = {In fishes, sex is determined by genetics, the environment or an interaction of both. Temperature is among the most important environmental factors that can affect sex determination. As a consequence, changes in temperature at critical developmental stages can induce biases in primary sex ratios in some species. However, early sex ratios can also be biased by sex-specific tolerances to environmental stresses that may, in some cases, be amplified by changes in water temperature. Sex-specific reactions to environmental stress have been observed at early larval stages before gonad formation starts. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between temperature effects on sex determination, generally acting through the stress axis or epigenetic mechanisms, and temperature effects on sex-specific mortality. Both are likely to affect sex ratios and hence population dynamics. Moreover, in cases where temperature effects on sex determination lead to genotype-phenotype mismatches, long-term effects on population dynamics are possible, for example temperature-induced masculinization potentially leading to the loss of Y chromosomes or feminization to male-biased operational sex ratios in future generations. To date, most studies under controlled conditions conclude that if temperature affects sex ratios, elevated temperatures mostly lead to a male bias. The few studies that have been performed on wild populations seem to confirm this general trend. Recent findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity could mitigate the effects of warming on sex ratios in some populations.}, }
@article {pmid32523595, year = {2020}, author = {Lyu, D and Backer, R and Subramanian, S and Smith, DL}, title = {Phytomicrobiome Coordination Signals Hold Potential for Climate Change-Resilient Agriculture.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {634}, pmid = {32523595}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {A plant growing under natural conditions is always associated with a substantial, diverse, and well-orchestrated community of microbes-the phytomicrobiome. The phytomicrobiome genome is larger and more fluid than that of the plant. The microbes of the phytomicrobiome assist the plant in nutrient uptake, pathogen control, stress management, and overall growth and development. At least some of this is facilitated by the production of signal compounds, both plant-to-microbe and microbe back to the plant. This is best characterized in the legume nitrogen fixing and mycorrhizal symbioses. More recently lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) and thuricin 17, two microbe-to-plant signals, have been shown to regulate stress responses in a wide range of plant species. While thuricin 17 production is constitutive, LCO signals are only produced in response to a signal from the plant. We discuss how some signal compounds will only be discovered when root-associated microbes are exposed to appropriate plant-to-microbe signals (positive regulation), and this might only happen under specific conditions, such as abiotic stress, while others may only be produced in the absence of a particular plant-to-microbe signal molecule (negative regulation). Some phytomicrobiome members only elicit effects in a specific crop species (specialists), while other phytomicrobiome members elicit effects in a wide range of crop species (generalists). We propose that some specialists could exhibit generalist activity when exposed to signals from the correct plant species. The use of microbe-to-plant signals can enhance crop stress tolerance and could result in more climate change resilient agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid32520971, year = {2020}, author = {Krauss, A and Colombo, M}, title = {Explaining public understanding of the concepts of climate change, nutrition, poverty and effective medical drugs: An international experimental survey.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {e0234036}, pmid = {32520971}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; *Climate Change ; *Comprehension ; Female ; Humans ; *Internationality ; Male ; *Nutritional Status ; *Poverty ; Public Opinion ; Science ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Climate change, nutrition, poverty and medical drugs are widely discussed and pressing issues in science, policy and society. Despite these issues being of great importance for the quality of our lives it remains unclear how well people understand them. Specifically, do particular demographic and socioeconomic factors explain variation in public understanding of these four concepts? To what extent are people's changes in understanding associated with changes in their behaviour? Do people judge scientific practices relying on the more descriptive concepts of climate change and effective medical drugs to be more objective (less controversial) than practices relying on the more value-laden concepts of poverty and healthy nutrition? To address these questions, an experimental survey and regression analyses are conducted using data collected from about one thousand participants across different continents. The study finds that public understanding of science is generally low. A smaller proportion of people were able to correctly identify the common explanation accepted internationally among the scientific community for climate change and effectiveness of medical drugs (42% and 43% of participants in the study, respectively) than for poverty and healthy nutrition (61% and 65% of participants, respectively). Older age and political non-conservativeness were the strongest predictors of correctly understanding these four concepts. Greater levels of education and political non-conservativeness were in turn the strongest predictors of people's reported changes in their behaviour based on their improved understanding of these concepts. Because climate change is among the least understood scientific concepts but is arguably the greatest challenge of our time, better efforts are needed to improve how media, awareness campaigns and education systems mediate information on the topic in order to tackle the large knowledge deficits that constrain behavioural change.}, }
@article {pmid32520636, year = {2020}, author = {Byers, JE}, title = {Marine Parasites and Disease in the Era of Global Climate Change.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-031920-100429}, pmid = {32520636}, issn = {1941-0611}, abstract = {Climate change affects ecological processes and interactions, including parasitism. Because parasites are natural components of ecological systems, as well as agents of outbreak and disease-induced mortality, it is important to summarize current knowledge of the sensitivity of parasites to climate and identify how to better predict their responses to it. This need is particularly great in marine systems, where the responses of parasites to climate variables are less well studied than those in other biomes. As examples of climate's influence on parasitism increase, they enable generalizations of expected responses as well as insight into useful study approaches, such as thermal performance curves that compare the vital rates of hosts and parasites when exposed to several temperatures across a gradient. For parasites not killed by rising temperatures, some simple physiological rules, including the tendency of temperature to increase the metabolism of ectotherms and increase oxygen stress on hosts, suggest that parasites' intensity and pathologies might increase. In addition to temperature, climate-induced changes in dissolved oxygen, ocean acidity, salinity, and host and parasite distributions also affect parasitism and disease, but these factors are much less studied. Finally, because parasites are constituents of ecological communities, we must consider indirect and secondary effects stemming from climate-induced changes in host-parasite interactions, which may not be evident if these interactions are studied in isolation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science, Volume 13 is January 3, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.}, }
@article {pmid32519446, year = {2020}, author = {Kalogirou, MR and Olson, J and Davidson, S}, title = {Nursing's metaparadigm, climate change and planetary health.}, journal = {Nursing inquiry}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {e12356}, doi = {10.1111/nin.12356}, pmid = {32519446}, issn = {1440-1800}, abstract = {This paper offers a theoretical discussion on why the nursing profession has had a delayed response to the issue of climate change. We suggest this delay may have been influenced by the early days of nursing's professionalization. Specifically, we examine nursing's professional mandate, the generally accepted metaparadigm, and the grand theorists' conceptualizations of both the environment and the nurse-environment relationship. We conclude that these works may have encouraged nurses to conceptualize the environment, as well as their relationship with it, mainly in terms of the individual patient, and as such, nurses have not been encouraged to understand these concepts from a broader perspective. By not having the philosophical and theoretical foundations to understand the environment in relation to society, it is not surprising that nurses have had a delayed response to climate change and may not have viewed it as a professional concern. A planetary health perspective is suggested as a theoretical basis for nursing education, research and practice. Taking on a planetary health perspective could help nurses progress the profession and move healthcare systems towards supporting a climate-resilient future.}, }
@article {pmid32518851, year = {2020}, author = {Adjonou, K and Abotsi, KE and Segla, KN and Rabiou, H and Houetchegnon, T and Sourou, KNB and Johnson, BN and Ouinsavi, CAIN and Kokutse, AD and Mahamane, A and Kokou, K}, title = {Vulnerability of African Rosewood (Pterocarpus erinaceus, Fabaceae) natural stands to climate change and implications for silviculture in West Africa.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e04031}, pmid = {32518851}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Pterocarpus erinaceus is a native tree species of the Guineo-Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones where natural stands are under constant pressure and heavily exploited for timber, animal feeding and others uses. A part from the overexploitation, climate change could also become a serious threat to the species natural distribution. For that purposes, this study aims to assess the vulnerability of P. erinaceus potential niche to climate change within its natural distribution area in West Africa. Niche predictions are based on 6,981 natural occurrence of the species and 19 global bioclimatic variables available through WorldClim. The future niche of the species is predicted according to three concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) of BC model for 2050 and 2070, thanks to Maxent software. P. erinaceus is currently reported from Senegal to Cameroon. Its potential niche covers the Sudano-Sahelian zone and the Dahomey gap on approximately 17.42% of the total area of these countries. In general, the niche of the species is not sensitive to climate change, regardless of the climate scenario and the year. Compared to its initial niche, the niche of the species will increase from 22.33% to 43.61% in 2050 and from 27.12% to 53.61% in 2070. However, this ecological expansion observed mainly in the Gulf of Guinea, will be associated with a considerable decrease in the Sahel and central Nigeria. This study shows the importance of promoting the development of innovative silvicultural strategies for the extension and restoration of natural stands of P. erinaceus in order to meet sustainably the timber needs of the West African region. It helps also to strengthening the roles of natural forests in providing ecosystem services and mitigating climate change effects.}, }
@article {pmid32517948, year = {2020}, author = {Gomez-Zavaglia, A and Mejuto, JC and Simal-Gandara, J}, title = {Mitigation of emerging implications of climate change on food production systems.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {134}, number = {}, pages = {109256}, pmid = {32517948}, issn = {1873-7145}, abstract = {Crops, livestock and seafood are major contributors to global economy. Agriculture and fisheries are especially dependent on climate. Thus, elevated temperatures and carbon dioxide levels can have large impacts on appropriate nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability and various other critical performance conditions. Changes in drought and flood frequency and severity can pose severe challenges to farmers and threaten food safety. In addition, increasingly warmer water temperatures are likely to shift the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species, ultimately disrupting ecosystems. In general, climate change will probably have negative implications for farming, animal husbandry and fishing. The effects of climate change must be taken into account as a key aspect along with other evolving factors with a potential impact on agricultural production, such as changes in agricultural practices and technology; all of them with a serious impact on food availability and price. This review is intended to provide critical and timely information on climate change and its implications in the food production/consumption system, paying special attention to the available mitigation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32514221, year = {2020}, author = {Goymann, W}, title = {What the Corona (SARS-CoV 2) pandemic, climate change, and the biodiversity crisis teach us about human nature.}, journal = {Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie}, volume = {126}, number = {6}, pages = {593-594}, pmid = {32514221}, issn = {0179-1613}, }
@article {pmid32514079, year = {2020}, author = {Sanderson, BM and O'Neill, BC}, title = {Assessing the costs of historical inaction on climate change.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9173}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-66275-4}, pmid = {32514079}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {We consider alternative history scenarios in which explicit climate mitigation begins before the present day, estimating the total costs to date of delayed action. Considering a 2(1.5) degree Celsius stabilization target, peak costs are greater and reached sooner with a later start to mitigation, reaching 15(17)% of global GDP in 2085(2070) for a 1990 start and 18(35)% in 2080(2035) for a 2020 start. Further mitigation delay costs a best estimate of an additional 0.5(5) trillion dollars per year. Additional simulations show how optimal mitigation pathways evolve without imposing a warming limit, finding that median abatement levels and costs are not strongly dependent on start date. However, whereas 18(5) percent of optimal solutions starting in 1980 meet the 2(or 1.5) degree target, 5(or 0)% of 2020 simulations meet the goals. Discounted damages due to delayed mitigation action rise by 0.6 trillion US dollars per year in 2020.}, }
@article {pmid32513980, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, R and Yang, H and Wang, M and Zhang, Z and Huang, T and Wen, G and Li, Q}, title = {Predictions of potential geographical distribution of Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) in China under climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9202}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-66274-5}, pmid = {32513980}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Climate change significantly affects geographic distribution of plants pests and diseases worldwide. Understanding the influence of future climate change on the suitable areas of Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) in our country and taking timely countermeasures are crucial for improving the effectiveness of control of pest. Based on the occurrence points of D. citri and the selected environmental variables, the potential suitable areas of this pest under climate change scenarios in China were predicted by using MaxEnt and GIS tools. Our results showed that the higly suitable area were mainly located in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Southern Zhejiang, Southern Jiangxi, Eastern Hunan, Southwestern Guizhou, and the area was 43.7 × 104 km2. Areas of moderate and low suitability were centered on areas of high suitability and radiate to the North successively, with an area of 59.28 × 104 km2 and 93.46 × 104 km2 respectively. From current to 2070 s, the areas of the highly suitable areas will increase, and the geometric center of the highly and total suitable areas will move to north under three climate change scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid32510407, year = {2020}, author = {Basel, B and Goby, G and Johnson, J}, title = {Community-based adaptation to climate change in villages of Western Province, Solomon Islands.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {156}, number = {}, pages = {111266}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111266}, pmid = {32510407}, issn = {1879-3363}, mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Adolescent ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Islands ; Melanesia ; }, abstract = {People, local cultures and the environments they live in are complex and dynamic social-ecological systems that have evolved together over time and are continually affected by a myriad of factors, including climate and global changes. Escalating climate and global changes present an imminent threat to Pacific communities, particularly for food security, livelihoods, health and safety, cultural identity and biodiversity conservation. A participatory community-based climate change adaptation planning process was used to engage with communities on Rendova Island in Western Province, Solomon Islands to identify local adaptation priorities. The methodology recognized that local community members are the managers of the resources they use daily, have direct knowledge of the status of key local resources and have direct influence over ongoing resource governance. The study focused on two objectives: (1) identifying community priorities and documenting them in adaptation plans intended for local implementation, and (2) evaluating whether community adaptation priorities addressed key vulnerabilities identified independently using a semi-quantitative vulnerability assessment. The adaptation priorities identified by the communities encompassed: governance, leadership and planning; farming and livestock; sustainable livelihoods; natural resource management; and youth capacity building. The community adaptation priorities were found to address the key climate change vulnerabilities identified in the semi-quantitative assessment and also addressed additional drivers of social vulnerability and adaptive capacity. This finding reiterates the importance of fully inclusive and participatory vulnerability assessments and community-identification of adaptation priorities coupled with scientific climate projections to comprehensively assess the complexity of social-ecological systems. The climate change adaptation priorities have informed ongoing local actions and are intended to be used by communities, government and NGOs to focus local effort, funding and project development. A review of the suitability of the adaptation priorities by similar villages on neighbouring islands would determine the utility of scaling-up and applying these adaptations to other rural communities in the Solomon Islands, and possibly more widely in other Pacific communities.}, }
@article {pmid32509905, year = {2020}, author = {Mazhin, SA and Khankeh, H and Farrokhi, M and Aminizadeh, M and Poursadeqiyan, M}, title = {Migration health crisis associated with climate change: A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of education and health promotion}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {97}, pmid = {32509905}, issn = {2277-9531}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The empirical assessment of the health outcomes associated with migration caused by climate change is still unclear. However, health outcomes in the early stages are expected to be similar to the health outcomes associated with refugees. The objective of the present study was a systematic review of the health effects of migration caused by climate change.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were used to identify papers published that evaluated the health effects of migration caused by climate change. The search, article selection, and data extraction were carried out by two researchers independently. All English-language articles on the health effects of migration caused by climate change were included in this study.<br><br>RESULTS: An analysis of the complex ways in which climate change influences populations can be facilitated using a three-class classification: compulsory displacement, resettlement planning, and migration. Subsequent to climate changes, other changes, and environmental deficiencies, compulsory displacement may occur in case of inadequacy of compatibility responses. A part of migration-related health outcomes caused by climate change is from displacement from rural to urban areas, especially in developing countries. There is significant documentation on health and livelihood inequalities between migrant groups and host populations in developed countries.<br><br>CONCLUSION: If climate change continues in its current direction, it is likely that the number of refugees and crises will increase in the coming decades. Although the domain and the extent of health hazards caused by the displacement of the population associated with climate change cannot be clearly predicted, by reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, along with social and environmental adaptation strategies, migration caused by climate change, health risks and its relevant crises can be greatly reduced.}, }
@article {pmid32508427, year = {2020}, author = {Rizvi, A and Chaudhary, R and Haider, M and Naseem, I}, title = {How climate change affects parasites: the case of trematode parasite Clinostomum complanatum and its fish host Trichogaster fasiatus.}, journal = {Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {476-480}, pmid = {32508427}, issn = {0971-7196}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to understand the impact of climate change on the ecology of infection of Clinostomum complanatum, a model trematode parasite. We analysed climate change data and data from infected fish over a period of seven years (2007-2013) from the Aligarh region (India) in this retrospective study. We show that infection of the trematode parasite Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) in the forage fish Trichogaster facsiatus (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801) is dependent on surface air temperature amongst the (ecologically) relevant climate change variables for both the parasite and its host. This study is the first to implicate surface air temperature as an environmental variable that may contribute towards parasitism, particularly for parasites with a piscine host. The biological relevance of changing climate on the ecology of this parasite is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid32507491, year = {2020}, author = {Sorensen, CJ and Salas, RN and Rublee, C and Hill, K and Bartlett, ES and Charlton, P and Dyamond, C and Fockele, C and Harper, R and Barot, S and Calvello-Hynes, E and Hess, J and Lemery, J}, title = {Clinical Implications of Climate Change on US Emergency Medicine: Challenges and Opportunities.}, journal = {Annals of emergency medicine}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, pages = {168-178}, doi = {10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.010}, pmid = {32507491}, issn = {1097-6760}, mesh = {Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chronic Disease ; *Climate Change ; *Delivery of Health Care ; Disaster Medicine ; *Disasters ; *Emergency Medicine ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Heat Stress Disorders ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; *Public Health ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; Social Class ; United States ; Vector Borne Diseases ; *Vulnerable Populations ; Wounds and Injuries ; }, abstract = {The adverse influences of climate change are manifesting as health burdens relevant to clinical practice, affecting the very underpinnings of health and stressing the health care system. Emergency medicine is likely to bear a large burden, with its focus on urgent and emergency care, through its role as a safety-net provider for vulnerable populations and as a leader in disaster medicine. Clinically, climate change is affecting emergency medicine practice through the amplification of climate-related disease patterns and epidemiologic shifts for conditions diagnosed and treated in emergency departments (EDs), especially for vulnerable populations. In addition, climate-driven intensification of extreme weather is disrupting health care delivery in EDs and health care systems. Thus, there are significant opportunities for emergency medicine to lead the medical response to climate change through 7 key areas: clinical practice improvements, building resilient EDs and health care systems, adaptation and public health engagement, disaster preparedness, mitigation, research, and education. In the face of this growing health threat, systemwide preparation rooted in local leadership and responsiveness is necessary to efficiently and effectively care for our vulnerable communities.}, }
@article {pmid32503239, year = {2020}, author = {B Yeh, K and M Fair, J and Smith, W and Martinez Torres, T and Lucas, J and Monagin, C and Winegar, R and Fletcher, J}, title = {Assessing Climate Change Impact on Ecosystems and Infectious Disease: Important Roles for Genomic Sequencing and a One Health Perspective.}, journal = {Tropical medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {32503239}, issn = {2414-6366}, abstract = {Changes in the Earth's climate and weather continue to impact the planet's ecosystems, including the interface of infectious disease agents with their hosts and vectors. Environmental disasters, natural and human-made activities raise risk factors that indirectly facilitate infectious disease outbreaks. Subsequently, changes in habitat, displaced populations, and environmental stresses that affect the survival of species are amplified over time. The recurrence and spread of vector-borne (e.g., mosquito, tick, aphid) human, animal, and plant pathogens to new geographic locations are also influenced by climate change. The distribution and range of humans, agricultural animals and plants, wildlife and native plants, as well as vectors, parasites, and microbes that cause neglected diseases of the tropics as well as other global regions are also impacted. In addition, genomic sequencing can now be applied to detect signatures of infectious pathogens as they move into new regions. Molecular detection assays complement metagenomic sequencing to help us understand the microbial community found within the microbiomes of hosts and vectors, and help us uncover mechanistic relationships between climate variability and pathogen transmission. Our understanding of, and responses to, such complex dynamics and their impacts can be enhanced through effective, multi-sectoral One Health engagement coupled with applications of both traditional and novel technologies. Concerted efforts are needed to further harness and leverage technology that can identify and track these impacts of climate changes in order to mitigate and adapt to their effects.}, }
@article {pmid32502870, year = {2020}, author = {Ashiq, W and Nadeem, M and Ali, W and Zaeem, M and Wu, J and Galagedara, L and Thomas, R and Kavanagh, V and Cheema, M}, title = {Biochar amendment mitigates greenhouse gases emission and global warming potential in dairy manure based silage corn in boreal climate.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {265}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {114869}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114869}, pmid = {32502870}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Charcoal ; Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Gases ; Manure ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Silage ; Soil ; Zea mays ; }, abstract = {About 11% of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions result from agricultural practices. Dairy manure (DM) application to soil is regarded as a best management practice due to C sequestration and improvement of soil physiochemical properties. However, GHGs emissions from the soil following the DM application could offset its advantages. Biochar (BC) is known to affect N transformation and GHGs emissions from soil. There had been considerably less focus on the BC amendment and its effects on GHGs emissions following DM application under field conditions. The objectives of this study were; i) to determine the temporal patterns and cumulative GHGs fluxes following DM and inorganic nitrogen (IN) application and, ii) to investigate BC amendment impact on DMY, GWP, direct N2O emission factor (EFd) and the response of CH4 emissions (RC) in DM based silage corn. To achieve these objectives a two-year field experiment was conducted with these treatments: 1) DM with high N conc. (DM1: 0.37% N); 2) DM with low N conc. (DM2: 0.13% N); 3) IN; 4) DM1+BC; 5) DM2+BC; 6) IN + BC; and 7) Control (N0); and were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. BC amendment to DM1, DM2 and IN significantly reduced cumulative CO2 emission by 16, 25.5 and 26.5%, CH4 emission by 184, 200 and 293% and N2O emission by 95, 86 and 93% respectively. It also reduced area-scaled and yield-scaled GWP, EFd, RC and enhanced DMY. Thus, BC application showed great potential to offset the negative effects of DM application i.e GHGs emissions from the silage corn cropping system. Further research is needed to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics (substrates for GHG emissions) after DM and BC application on various soil types and cropping systems under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid32501189, year = {2020}, author = {Riddell, E and Sears, MW}, title = {Terrestrial Salamanders Maintain Habitat Suitability under Climate Change despite Trade-Offs between Water Loss and Gas Exchange.}, journal = {Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, pages = {310-319}, doi = {10.1086/709558}, pmid = {32501189}, issn = {1537-5293}, abstract = {Physiological acclimation has the potential to improve survival during climate change by reducing sensitivity to warming. However, acclimation can produce trade-offs due to links between related physiological traits. Water loss and gas exchange are intrinsically linked by the need for respiratory surfaces to remain moist. As climates warm and dry, organisms may attempt to lower desiccation risk by limiting water loss but at a cost of inhibiting their ability to breathe. Here we used laboratory experiments to evaluate the trade-off between water loss and gas exchange in a fully terrestrial, lungless salamander (Plethodon metcalfi). We measured acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates in response to long-term exposure to temperature and humidity treatments. We then integrated the trade-off into a simulation-based species distribution model to determine the consequences of ignoring physiological trade-offs on energy balance and aerobic scope under climate change. In the laboratory, we found a close association between acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates indicative of a trade-off. After incorporating the trade-off into our simulations, we found that energy balance and aerobic scope were reduced by 49.7% and 34.3%, respectively, under contemporary climates across their geographic range. Under future warming scenarios, incorporating the trade-off lowered the number of sites predicted to experience local extirpation by 52.2% relative to simulations without the trade-off; however, the number of sites capable of supporting the energetic requirements for reproduction declined from 44.6% to 32.6% across the species' geographic range. These experiments and simulations suggest that salamanders can maintain positive energy balance across their geographic range under climate change despite the costs associated with trade-offs between water loss and gas exchange.}, }
@article {pmid32499923, year = {2020}, author = {Kluczkovski, A and Cook, J and Downie, HF and Fletcher, A and McLoughlin, L and Markwick, A and Bridle, SL and Reynolds, CJ and Rivera, XS and Martindale, W and Frankowska, A and Moraes, MM and Birkett, AJ and Summerton, S and Green, R and Fennell, JT and Smith, P and Ingram, J and Langley, I and Yates, L and Ajagun-Brauns, J}, title = {Interacting with Members of the Public to Discuss the Impact of Food Choices on Climate Change-Experiences from Two UK Public Engagement Events.}, journal = {Sustainability}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {2323}, pmid = {32499923}, issn = {2071-1050}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Food systems contribute to up to 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions are increasing. Since the emissions vary greatly between different foods, citizens' choices can make a big difference to climate change. Public engagement events are opportunities to communicate these complex issues: to raise awareness about the impact of citizens' own food choices on climate change and to generate support for changes in all food system activities, the food environment and food policy. This article summarises findings from our 'Take a Bite Out of Climate Change' stand at two UK outreach activities during July 2019. We collected engagement information in three main ways: (1) individuals were invited to complete a qualitative evaluation questionnaire comprising of four questions that gauged the person's interests, perceptions of food choices and attitudes towards climate change; (2) an online multiple-choice questionnaire asking about eating habits and awareness/concerns; and (3) a token drop voting activity where visitors answered the question: 'Do you consider greenhouse gases when choosing food?' Our results indicate whether or not people learnt about the environmental impacts of food (effectiveness), how likely they are to move towards a more climate-friendly diet (behavioural change), and how to gather information more effectively at this type of event.}, }
@article {pmid32498206, year = {2020}, author = {Pérez-Martínez, C and Rühland, KM and Smol, JP and Jones, VJ and Conde-Porcuna, JM}, title = {Long-term ecological changes in Mediterranean mountain lakes linked to recent climate change and Saharan dust deposition revealed by diatom analyses.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {727}, number = {}, pages = {138519}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138519}, pmid = {32498206}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Africa, Northern ; Climate Change ; *Diatoms ; Dust ; Ecosystem ; *Lakes ; Spain ; }, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change and the recent increase of Saharan dust deposition has had substantial effects on Mediterranean alpine regions. We examined changes in diatom assemblage composition over the past ~180 years from high-resolution, dated sediment cores retrieved from six remote lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Southern Spain. In all lakes, changes in diatom composition began over a century ago, but were more pronounced after ~1970 CE, concurrent with trends in rising regional air temperature, declining precipitation, and increased Saharan dust deposition. Temperature was identified as the main predictor of diatom assemblage changes, whereas both Saharan dust deposition drivers, the Sahel precipitation index and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, were secondary explanatory variables. Diatom compositional shifts are indicative of lake alkalinization (linked to heightened evapoconcentration and an increase in calcium-rich Saharan dust input) and reduced lake water turbulence (linked to lower water levels and reduced inflows to the lakes). Moreover, decreases in epiphytic diatom species were indicative of increasing aridity and the drying of catchment meadows. Our results support the conclusions of previous chlorophyll-a and cladoceran-based paleolimnological analyses of these same dated sedimentary records which show a regional-scale response to climate change and Saharan dust deposition in Sierra Nevada lakes and their catchments during the 20th century. However, diatom assemblages seem to respond to different atmospheric and climate-related effects than cladoceran assemblages and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The recent impact of climate change and atmospheric Saharan deposition on lake biota assemblages and water chemistry, as well as catchment water availability, will have important implications for the valuable ecosystem services that the Sierra Nevada provides.}, }
@article {pmid32498159, year = {2020}, author = {Gouvêa, LP and Assis, J and Gurgel, CFD and Serrão, EA and Silveira, TCL and Santos, R and Duarte, CM and Peres, LMC and Carvalho, VF and Batista, M and Bastos, E and Sissini, MN and Horta, PA}, title = {Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {729}, number = {}, pages = {138745}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138745}, pmid = {32498159}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Biomass ; Carbon ; Carbon Sequestration ; *Climate Change ; Forests ; *Sargassum ; Trees ; Tropical Climate ; }, abstract = {Marine climate change mitigation initiatives have recently attracted a great deal of interest in the role of natural carbon sinks, particularly on coastal systems. Brown seaweeds of the genus Sargassum are the largest canopy-forming algae in tropical and subtropical environments, with a wide global distribution on rocky reefs and as floating stands. Because these algae present high amounts of biomass, we suggest their contribution is relevant for global carbon stocks and consequently for mitigating climate change as CO2 remover. We modelled global distributions and quantified carbon stocks as above-ground biomass (AGB) with machine learning algorithms and climate data. Sargassum AGB totaled 13.1 Pg C at the global scale, which is a significant amount of carbon, comparable to other key marine ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, salt marshes and seagrass meadows. However, specific techniques related to bloom production and management, or the utilization of biomass for biomaterials, should be fostered.}, }
@article {pmid32494906, year = {2020}, author = {Papa, C and Nzokou, P and Mbow, C}, title = {Farmer Livelihood Strategies and Attitudes in Response to Climate Change in Agroforestry Systems in Kedougou, Senegal.}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, pages = {218-231}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-020-01302-8}, pmid = {32494906}, issn = {1432-1009}, support = {A1102.2//US Borlaug Fellows in Global Food Security/ ; }, abstract = {Farmers managing agroecological systems across sub-humid West Africa face a variety of challenges in meeting their needs. In the face of adverse conditions, farmers have successfully managed agroforestry parklands to create an ecological equilibrium. However, climate change presents a challenging and new disturbance to farmer livelihood strategies. Using a qualitative approach and a rural livelihood framework, we analyzed and assessed farmer livelihood strategies, attitudes, and responses to climate change. Results showed that farmers are constantly changing management strategies through flexible and adaptable decision-making to mitigate negative disturbances, but climate change as a primary driver to change cannot be distinguished from other normal challenges that farmers face inter- and intra-annually. Through the accumulation of knowledge and adaptive management, farmers in Kedougou derive a variety of livelihood strategies to reduce risk in the face of uncertainty and variable climatic conditions. Furthermore, farmers used trees on farms to derive a multitude of ecosystem services provided not only provisioning services such as fuel, food, and fiber, but increased biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation. Additional research is still needed to understand to what extent the inclusion of trees on farms affect various biophysical properties as well as rationale behind species choice.}, }
@article {pmid32494569, year = {2020}, author = {Palit, P and Kudapa, H and Zougmore, R and Kholova, J and Whitbread, A and Sharma, M and Varshney, RK}, title = {An integrated research framework combining genomics, systems biology, physiology, modelling and breeding for legume improvement in response to elevated CO2 under climate change scenario.}, journal = {Current plant biology}, volume = {22}, number = {}, pages = {100149}, pmid = {32494569}, issn = {2214-6628}, abstract = {How unprecedented changes in climatic conditions will impact yield and productivity of some crops and their response to existing stresses, abiotic and biotic interactions is a key global concern. Climate change can also alter natural species' abundance and distribution or favor invasive species, which in turn can modify ecosystem dynamics and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Basic anatomical differences in C3 and C4 plants lead to their varied responses to climate variations. In plants having a C3 pathway of photosynthesis, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) positively regulates photosynthetic carbon (C) assimilation and depresses photorespiration. Legumes being C3 plants, they may be in a favorable position to increase biomass and yield through various strategies. This paper comprehensively presents recent progress made in the physiological and molecular attributes in plants with special emphasis on legumes under elevated CO2 conditions in a climate change scenario. A strategic research framework for future action integrating genomics, systems biology, physiology and crop modelling approaches to cope with changing climate is also discussed. Advances in sequencing and phenotyping methodologies make it possible to use vast genetic and genomic resources by deploying high resolution phenotyping coupled with high throughput multi-omics approaches for trait improvement. Integrated crop modelling studies focusing on farming systems design and management, prediction of climate impacts and disease forecasting may also help in planning adaptation. Hence, an integrated research framework combining genomics, plant molecular physiology, crop breeding, systems biology and integrated crop-soil-climate modelling will be very effective to cope with climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32494031, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, S and Dai, J and Ge, Q}, title = {Responses of Autumn Phenology to Climate Change and the Correlations of Plant Hormone Regulation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9039}, pmid = {32494031}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Current understanding of autumn phenological responses to climate change in deciduous tree species remains limited, mainly due to the difficulties in defining autumn events and the lack of knowledge about its mechanism. Here we applied a method based on measuring chlorophyll A (Chla) content in leaf tissue during the entire autumn senescence processes to appropriately quantify autumn phenological processes. Beginning of leaf coloring could be defined as when about 50% of the Chl was lost. End of leaf coloring could be defined as when about 95% of the Chl was lost. Then the mechanism behind the timing of autumn senescence responses to climate change through hormone regulation was studied for the first time. Four dominate deciduous tree species with representative senescence type (Salix babylonica, Ginkgo biloba, Acer mono, Cotinus coggygria) were chosen as the subject of study. Variations in climate factors (temperature, day length, precipitation, humidity) were recorded and nine major endogenous hormones (IAA, IPA, ZR, DHZR, GA3, GA4, ABA, MeJA, BR) in leaf tissues were monitored during the entire autumn senescence processes. The experimental results verified temperature and day length are the major climate factors affecting autumn phenology. Low temperature and short day length could result in the decrease of ZR level and the increase of ABA level in leaf tissue, which directly trigger/promote senescence. Meanwhile, low temperature and short day length could cause the decrease of MeJA level and the increase of GA3 and GA4 level, which regulate the timing of autumn senescence indirectly through ZR, ABA, and IAA. Our study improves the understanding of autumn phenological response to climate change in deciduous trees.}, }
@article {pmid32493944, year = {2020}, author = {Contador, T and Gañan, M and Bizama, G and Fuentes-Jaque, G and Morales, L and Rendoll, J and Simoes, F and Kennedy, J and Rozzi, R and Convey, P}, title = {Assessing distribution shifts and ecophysiological characteristics of the only Antarctic winged midge under climate change scenarios.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {9087}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-65571-3}, pmid = {32493944}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Parts of Antarctica were amongst the most rapidly changing regions of the planet during the second half of the Twentieth Century. Even so, today, most of Antarctica remains in the grip of continental ice sheets, with only about 0.2% of its overall area being ice-free. The continent's terrestrial fauna consists only of invertebrates, with just two native species of insects, the chironomid midges Parochlus steinenii and Belgica antarctica. We integrate ecophysiological information with the development of new high-resolution climatic layers for Antarctica, to better understand how the distribution of P. steinenii may respond to change over the next century under different IPCC climate change scenarios. We conclude that the species has the potential to expand its distribution to include parts of the west and east coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula and even coastal ice-free areas in parts of continental Antarctica. We propose P. steinenii as an effective native sentinel and indicator species of climate change in the Antarctic.}, }
@article {pmid32492591, year = {2020}, author = {Chen, H and Rücker, AM and Su, Q and Blosser, GD and Liu, X and Conner, WH and Chow, AT}, title = {Dynamics of dissolved organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors along a low elevation gradient in woody wetlands - an implication of hydrologic impacts of climate change on source water quality.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {181}, number = {}, pages = {115908}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2020.115908}, pmid = {32492591}, issn = {1879-2448}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Disinfection ; South Carolina ; Trihalomethanes ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; *Water Purification ; Water Quality ; Wetlands ; }, abstract = {Foliar litter is an important terrestrial source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the source water supply. Climate changes could alter precipitation patterns and hydroperiods in woody wetlands, resulting in a hydrologic shift along the low elevation gradient and change the productions of DOC and DBP precursors and their exports to source water. Here, we conducted an 80-week field decomposition study using fresh-fallen leaves along an elevation gradient, representing well-drained, relatively moist, and inundated environments, in Congaree National Park, South Carolina. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) yield and formation potential (FP) of trihalomethanes (THMs; a dominant category of studied DBPs) were 48.9-79.7 mg-DOC/g-litter and 2.23-6.57 mg/g-litter in the freshly fallen leaf litter, respectively. The level of leachable DOM and its DBP FP decreased with time, and during the first 16 weeks of decomposition, the decomposing litter served as an important source of leachable DOM and DBP precursors. Week 28 was a turning point for DOM optical properties, with fewer tyrosine/tryptophan/soluble microbial byproduct-like compounds and more aromatic, humified, and fulvic/humic acid-like compounds. Litterfall primarily occurred from September to January, while less precipitation occurred from October to January, indicating that large amounts of DOC and DBP precursors could be leached from litterfall in February. In the first 16 weeks of field exposure study, we observed higher residual mass and lower water-extractable DOC and DTN in more inundated environments, demonstrating that the shifts of DOM composition and DBP precursors if climate reduces rainfall in the southeastern US.}, }
@article {pmid32489602, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, Y and Meng, Q and Wang, Y and Zhang, X and Wang, W}, title = {Climate change-induced migration patterns and extinction risks of Theaceae species in China.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {4352-4361}, pmid = {32489602}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Theaceae, an economically important angiosperm family, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical forests in Asia. In China, Theaceae has particularly high abundances and endemism, comprising ~75% of the total genera and ~46% of the total species worldwide. Therefore, predicting the response of Theaceae species to climate change is vital. In this study, we collected distribution data for 200 wild Theaceae species in China, and predicted their distribution patterns under current and future climactic conditions by species distribution modeling (SDM). We revealed that Theaceae species richness is highest in southeastern China and on Hainan Island, reaching its highest value (137 species) in Fujian Province. According to the IUCN Red List criteria for assessing species threat levels under two dispersal assumptions (no dispersal and full dispersal), we evaluated the conservation status of all Theaceae species by calculating loss of suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. We predicted that nine additional species will become threatened due to climate change in the future; one species will be classified as critically endangered (CR), two as endangered (EN), and six as vulnerable (VU). Given their extinction risks associated with climate change, we recommended that these species be added to the Red List. Our investigation of migration patterns revealed regional differences in the number of emigrant, immigrant, and persistent species, indicating the need for targeted conservation strategies. Regions containing numerous emigrants are concentrated in Northern Taiwan and coastal regions of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, while regions containing numerous immigrants include central Sichuan Province, the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region, southwest Yunnan Province, northwest Sichuan Province, and the junction of Guangxi and Hunan provinces. Lastly, regions containing persistent species are widely distributed in southern China. Importantly, regions with high species turnover are located on the northern border of the entire Theaceae species distribution ranges owing to upwards migration; these regions are considered most sensitive to climate change and conservation planning should therefore be prioritized here. This study will contribute valuable information for reducing the negative impacts of climate change on Theaceae species, which will ultimately improve biodiversity conservation efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid32488356, year = {2020}, author = {Azhdari, Z and Rafeie Sardooi, E and Bazrafshan, O and Zamani, H and Singh, VP and Mohseni Saravi, M and Ramezani, M}, title = {Impact of climate change on net primary production (NPP) in south Iran.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {6}, pages = {409}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08389-w}, pmid = {32488356}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {China ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Iran ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {Climate change is a natural hazard which threatens the sustainable development of human health, food security, economic well-being, and natural resources. It also affects photosynthesis, plant respiration, and decomposition of organic matter that contribute to atmospheric carbon flow. The net primary production (NPP) is one of the main components of carbon balance. This study investigated the impact of climatic change on the net production in the Hormozgan county in south Iran. To obtain NPP, MODIS NPP product (MOD17A3) was used and future temperature and precipitation values were obtained using the HadGEM2-ES model under the RCP4.5 scenario. These values were downscaled using the LARSWG 6 statistical model, and precipitation and temperature were simulated for the RCP4.5 scenario. For further analysis, NPP was simulated based on the BIOME-BGC model and compared with the NPP data obtained from the MODIS images. Comparison of the climatic parameters of the basic (2001-2015) and future (2016-2030) periods indicated an increase in precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature of the study area and subsequently an increase in the NPP value in all biomes (averagely 17.73%) in the future. The highest NPP values were observed in the central and western parts of the region in biomes 4 (mangrove forest cover), 10 (broadleaf forest vegetation), and 6, 5, and 1 (rangeland vegetation), respectively, and the lowest values were observed in the eastern parts. Results showed that the increase in future NPP could be due to the increase in precipitation.}, }
@article {pmid32488006, year = {2020}, author = {Seersholm, FV and Werndly, DJ and Grealy, A and Johnson, T and Keenan Early, EM and Lundelius, EL and Winsborough, B and Farr, GE and Toomey, R and Hansen, AJ and Shapiro, B and Waters, MR and McDonald, G and Linderholm, A and Stafford, TW and Bunce, M}, title = {Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2770}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3}, pmid = {32488006}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Paleontology ; Plants/genetics ; Sequence Analysis ; Texas ; }, abstract = {Large-scale changes in global climate at the end of the Pleistocene significantly impacted ecosystems across North America. However, the pace and scale of biotic turnover in response to both the Younger Dryas cold period and subsequent Holocene rapid warming have been challenging to assess because of the scarcity of well dated fossil and pollen records that covers this period. Here we present an ancient DNA record from Hall's Cave, Texas, that documents 100 vertebrate and 45 plant taxa from bulk fossils and sediment. We show that local plant and animal diversity dropped markedly during Younger Dryas cooling, but while plant diversity recovered in the early Holocene, animal diversity did not. Instead, five extant and nine extinct large bodied animals disappeared from the region at the end of the Pleistocene. Our findings suggest that climate change affected the local ecosystem in Texas over the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, but climate change on its own may not explain the disappearance of the megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene.}, }
@article {pmid32487279, year = {2020}, author = {Mörchen, M and Ocasiones, E and Relator, R and Lewis, D}, title = {Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Disability: Do We &quot;Leave No One Behind&quot;?.}, journal = {Disaster medicine and public health preparedness}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1017/dmp.2020.79}, pmid = {32487279}, issn = {1938-744X}, }
@article {pmid32485868, year = {2020}, author = {Azarkamand, S and Wooldridge, C and Darbra, RM}, title = {Review of Initiatives and Methodologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions and Climate Change Effects in Ports.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {32485868}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {*Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Footprint ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Gases ; Greenhouse Effect ; }, abstract = {Ports are important infrastructures for economic growth and development. Among the most significant environmental aspects of ports that contribute to the issue of climate change are those due to carbon dioxide emissions generated by port activities. Given the importance of this topic, this paper gathers initiatives and methodologies that have been undertaken to calculate and reduce CO2 emissions and climate change effects in ports. After studying these methodologies, their strengths and opportunities for further enhancement have been analyzed. The results show that, in recent years, several ports have started to calculate their carbon footprint and report it. However, in some of the cases, not all the sources of GHG gases that are occurring actually in ports are taken into account, such as emissions from waste treatment operations and employees' commuting. On other occasions, scopes are not defined following standard guidelines. Furthermore, each authority or operator uses its own method to calculate CO2 emissions, which makes the comparison of results difficult. For these reasons, this paper suggests the need for creating a standardized tool to calculate carbon footprint in ports, which will make it possible to establish a benchmark and a potential comparison of results among ports.}, }
@article {pmid32485751, year = {2020}, author = {Looks, P and Borchers, P and Reinfried, F and Oertel, H and Kugler, J}, title = {[Environmental Justice: Subjective Heat Exposure as a Result of Climate Change in Contrasting Urban Neighborhoods].}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany))}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1055/a-1138-0355}, pmid = {32485751}, issn = {1439-4421}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The City of Dresden has no data on the perception of climate change and the associated increase in the average temperature during summer times yet. The data are needed to develop targeted action for vulnerable groups.<br><br>METHOD: To close this gap, a representative survey of the population was carried out in Dresden in 2017. Two urban districts, which differ from one another both in terms of urban planning and social structure, were compared, in particular, regarding the question of whether there was a fair distribution or procedural justice concerning the effects of subjective heat burden and influencing factors.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that especially inhabitants of the urban area with predominantly prefabricated buildings, less green space and an increased proportion of socially disadvantaged felt more exposed to the summer heat and had fewer opportunities to adapt to the high temperature.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In addition to urban development measures, the results can be used to derive measures for the prevention of heat-related illnesses. These require, for example, increased advice and health education locally to reach people.}, }
@article {pmid32485590, year = {2020}, author = {Gibson, KE and Barnett, J and Haslam, N and Kaplan, I}, title = {The mental health impacts of climate change: Findings from a Pacific Island atoll nation.}, journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {102237}, doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102237}, pmid = {32485590}, issn = {1873-7897}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change is anticipated to have profound effects on mental health, particularly among populations that are simultaneously ecologically and economically vulnerable to its impacts. Various pathways through which climate change can impact mental health have been theorised, but the impacts themselves remain understudied.<br><br>PURPOSE: In this article we applied psychological methods to examine if climate change is affecting individuals' mental health in the Small Island Developing State of Tuvalu, a Pacific Island nation regarded as exceptionally vulnerable to climate change. We determined the presence of psychological distress and associated impairment attributed to two categories of climate change-related stressors in particular: 1) local environmental impacts caused or exacerbated by climate change, and 2) hearing about global climate change and contemplating its future implications.<br><br>METHODS: The findings draw on data collected in a mixed-method study involving 100 Tuvaluan participants. Data were collected via face-to-face structured interviews that lasted 45 min on average and were subjected to descriptive, correlational, and between-group analyses.<br><br>RESULTS: The findings revealed participants' experiences of distress in relation to both types of stressor, and demonstrated that a high proportion of participants are experiencing psychological distress at levels that reportedly cause them impairment in one or more areas of daily life.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings lend weight to the claim that climate change represents a risk to mental health and obliges decision-makers to consider these risks when conceptualizing climate-related harms or tallying the costs of inaction.}, }
@article {pmid32485455, year = {2020}, author = {Zhang, P and Dong, X and Grenouillet, G and Lek, S and Zheng, Y and Chang, J}, title = {Species range shifts in response to climate change and human pressure for the world's largest amphibian.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {735}, number = {}, pages = {139543}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139543}, pmid = {32485455}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Amphibians ; Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Humans ; Urodela ; }, abstract = {The Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, the world's largest amphibian, is critically endangered and has an extremely unique evolutionary history. Therefore, this species represents a global conservation priority and will be impacted by future climate and human pressures. Understanding the range and response to environmental change of this species is a priority for the identification of targeted conservation activities. We projected future range shifts of the Chinese giant salamander under the independent and combined impacts of climate change and human population density (HPD) variations by using ensemble species distribution models. We further evaluated the sustainability of existing nature reserves and identified priority areas for the mitigation or prevention of such pressures. Both climate change and increasing HPD tended to reduce the species range, with the latter leading to greater range losses and fragmentation of the range. Notably, 65.6%, 18.0% and 18.4% of the range loss were attributed solely to HPD change, solely to climate change and to their overlapping impacts, respectively. Overall, the average total and net losses of the species range were 52.5% and 23.4%, respectively, and HPD and climate changes were responsible for 71.4% and 28.6% of the net losses, respectively. We investigated the stability of the remaining species range and found that half of the nature reserves are likely vulnerable, with 57.1% and 66.7% of them likely to lose their conservation value in 2050 and 2070, respectively. To effectively protect this salamander, conservation policies should address both pressures simultaneously, especially considering the negative impact of human pressures in both contemporary periods and the near future. The species range shifts over space and time projected by this research could help guide long-term surveys and the sustainable conservation of wild habitats and populations of this ancient and endangered amphibian.}, }
@article {pmid32485454, year = {2020}, author = {Nascimbene, J and Benesperi, R and Casazza, G and Chiarucci, A and Giordani, P}, title = {Range shifts of native and invasive trees exacerbate the impact of climate change on epiphyte distribution: The case of lung lichen and black locust in Italy.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {735}, number = {}, pages = {139537}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139537}, pmid = {32485454}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Italy ; *Lichens ; *Robinia ; Trees ; }, abstract = {While changing climatic conditions may directly impact species distribution ranges, indirect effects related to altered biotic interactions may exacerbate range shifts. This situation fully applies to epiphytic lichens that are sensitive to climatic factors and strongly depend on substrate occurrence and features for their dispersal and establishment. In this work, we modelled the climatic suitability across Italy under current and future climate of the forest species Lobaria pulmonaria, the lung lichen. Comparatively, we modelled the suitability of its main tree species in Italy, as well as that of the alien tree Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust, whose spread may cause the decline of many forest lichen species. Our results support the view that climate change may cause range shifts of epiphytes by altering the spatial pattern of their climatic suitability (direct effect) and simultaneously causing range shifts of their host-tree species (indirect effect). This phenomenon seems to be emphasized by the invasion of alien trees, as in the case of black locust, that may replace native host tree species. Results indicate that a reduction of the habitat suitability of the lung lichen across Italy should be expected in the face of climate change and that this is coupled with a loss of suitable substrate. This situation seems to be determined by two main processes that act simultaneously: 1) a partial reduction of the spatial overlap between the climatic niche of the lung lichen and that of its host tree species, and 2) the invasion of native woods by black locust. The case of lung lichen and black locust in Italy highlights that epiphytes are prone to both direct and indirect effects of climate change. The invasion of alien trees may have consequences that are still poorly evaluated for epiphytes.}, }
@article {pmid32485369, year = {2020}, author = {Rocha, J and Carvalho-Santos, C and Diogo, P and Beça, P and Keizer, JJ and Nunes, JP}, title = {Impacts of climate change on reservoir water availability, quality and irrigation needs in a water scarce Mediterranean region (southern Portugal).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {736}, number = {}, pages = {139477}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139477}, pmid = {32485369}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Future climate for the Mediterranean climatic region is expected to bring an increase in temperatures, decrease in the precipitation quantity and shifts in the seasonal precipitation pattern. Although the impacts of climate change on water resources have been relatively well explored for the Mediterranean climatic region, the specific consequences for reservoirs and, in particular, water availability and irrigation issues have been less studied. The objective of this work is two-fold: (i) to assess the impacts of future climate changes on water resources availability, quality (focusing on phosphorus loads as this is the limiting nutrient for eutrophication) and irrigation needs for two multipurpose reservoirs in southern Portugal; (ii) to suggest climate change adaptation strategies, especially for the agricultural sector. To this end, the SWAT model was first calibrated against existing data on reservoir inflows as well as phosphorus loads. Then, SWAT was run with climate derived EURO-CORDEX models (RCA4/RACMO22E) for four periods (1970-2000, 2010-2040, 2040-2070 and 2070-2100). Water availability was analysed using the Water Exploitation Index (WEI) that was calculated for both reservoirs combining changes of inflows and irrigation requirements. The results indicated that climate change will negatively impact water availability in both reservoirs, especially under RCP8.5. In the case of the Monte Novo reservoir, future domestic water supply could be constrained by water quality problems related with phosphorus loads. For Vigia reservoir, the high water exploitation will lead to water scarcity problems, mainly as this reservoir on present-day conditions is restrictive on irrigation requirements. Adaptation strategies such as the implementation of high end technology (e.g. soil moisture and plant water stress probes, satellite imagery and drones to evaluate water stress - NDVI) as well as the renewal of the irrigation network and adequate crop selection can help attenuating the effects of climate change on the water resources in this region.}, }
@article {pmid32483816, year = {2020}, author = {Paltseva, AA and Neaman, A}, title = {An Emerging Frontier: Metal(loid) Soil Pollution Threat Under Global Climate Change.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology and chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/etc.4790}, pmid = {32483816}, issn = {1552-8618}, support = {&quot;5-100&quot; project//RUDN University/ ; 19-77-30012//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid32483233, year = {2020}, author = {Johansson, F and Orizaola, G and Nilsson-Örtman, V}, title = {Temperate insects with narrow seasonal activity periods can be as vulnerable to climate change as tropical insect species.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8822}, pmid = {32483233}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The magnitude and ecological impact of climate change varies with latitude. Several recent models have shown that tropical ectotherms face the greatest risk from warming because they currently experience temperatures much closer to their physiological optimum than temperate taxa. Even a small increase in temperature may thus result in steep fitness declines in tropical species but increased fitness in temperate species. This prediction, however, is based on a model that does not account for latitudinal differences in activity periods. Temperate species in particular may often experience considerably higher temperatures than expected during the active season. Here, we integrate data on insect warming tolerance and temperature-dependent development to re-evaluate latitudinal trends in thermal safety margins after accounting for latitudinal trends in insect seasonal activity. Our analyses suggest that temperate and tropical species differ far less in thermal safety margins than commonly assumed, and add to the recent number of studies suggesting that tropical and temperate species might face similar levels of threat from climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32481503, year = {2020}, author = {Timmusk, S and Nevo, E and Ayele, F and Noe, S and Niinemets, Y}, title = {Fighting Fusarium Pathogens in the Era of Climate Change: A Conceptual Approach.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {32481503}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {2017-5224//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; }, abstract = {Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium pathogens is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of small grain cereals worldwide, substantially reducing yield quality and food safety. Its severity is increasing due to the climate change caused by weather fluctuations. Intensive research on FHB control methods has been initiated more than a decade ago. Since then, the environment has been rapidly changing at regional to global scales due to increasing anthropogenic emissions enhanced fertilizer application and substantial changes in land use. It is known that environmental factors affect both the pathogen virulence as well as plant resistance mechanisms. Changes in CO2 concentration, temperature, and water availability can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on pathogen spread depending on the environmental optima of the pathosystem. Hence, there is a need for studies of plant-pathogen interactions in current and future environmental context. Long-term monitoring data are needed in order to understand the complex nature of plants and its microbiome interactions. We suggest an holobiotic approach, integrating plant phyllosphere microbiome research on the ecological background. This will enable the development of efficient strategies based on ecological know-how to fight Fusarium pathogens and maintain sustainable agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid32481213, year = {2020}, author = {Arunrat, N and Pumijumnong, N and Sereenonchai, S and Chareonwong, U and Wang, C}, title = {Assessment of climate change impact on rice yield and water footprint of large-scale and individual farming in Thailand.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {726}, number = {}, pages = {137864}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137864}, pmid = {32481213}, issn = {1879-1026}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; Farms ; *Oryza ; Thailand ; Water ; }, abstract = {Large-scale farming (participation in large-scale agricultural extension program) and individual farming (no participation) are two farming management practices of rice cultivation in Thailand, both of which cause significant water consumption and degradation and are vulnerable to climate change. However, given that climate change will influence both grain yield and water resource availability, it is not fully understood which type of farming management practice is more adaptive to climate change. This study aims to evaluate the adaptation capabilities of large-scale and individual farming by simulating rice yield changes under future climatic conditions and estimating the climate change impact on the water footprint (WF) of rice production. Rice management practices were obtained from large-scale and individual farming. Five General Circulation Models of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios under four future time periods were used as future climate projections. Simulation results show a remarkable increase in rice yield of individual and large-scale farming under RCP4.5, ranging from 1.3 to 29.8% and 2.0 to 30.8%, respectively, whereas it fluctuates from 11.7 to -29.0% and 8.3 to -20.8% under RCP8.5 for individual and large-scale farming, respectively. The projected total WF of rice production under RCP4.5 will decline, ranging from -10.0 to -43.0% and -0.5 to -67.0% for individual and large-scale farming, respectively. Conversely, the RCP8.5 shows a fluctuation in projected total WF of -26.5 to 63.3% and -51.1 to 60.0% for individual and large-scale farming, respectively. The total WF, mainly grey WF, in large-scale farming is lower than in individual farming. The increase of rice yield under RCP4.5 is due to an increment of temperature and precipitation, resulting in a decrease of the total WF and vice versa for RCP8.5. The large-scale farms are highlighted as adopting appropriate management practices for rice production in which they can maintain rice yield and reduce grey WF.}, }
@article {pmid32479675, year = {2020}, author = {Astigarraga, J and Andivia, E and Zavala, MA and Gazol, A and Cruz-Alonso, V and Vicente-Serrano, SM and Ruiz-Benito, P}, title = {Evidence of non-stationary relationships between climate and forest responses: Increased sensitivity to climate change in Iberian forests.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15198}, pmid = {32479675}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//FPI fellowship of the Department of Education of the Basque Government/ ; RTI2018-096884-B-C32//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/ ; //Fundación BBVA/ ; TE-CM S2018/EMT-4338//REMEDINAL4 (Madrid Government, Spain)/ ; S-2013/MAE2719//REMEDINAL3 (Madrid Government, Spain)/ ; //Complutense University of Madrid/ ; }, abstract = {Climate and forest structure are considered major drivers of forest demography and productivity. However, recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and tree growth are generally non-stationary (i.e. non-time stable), and it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate, forest structure, demography and productivity are stationary or are being altered by recent climatic and structural changes. Here we analysed three surveys from the Spanish Forest Inventory covering c. 30 years of information and we applied mixed and structural equation models to assess temporal trends in forest structure (stand density, basal area, tree size and tree size inequality), forest demography (ingrowth, growth and mortality) and above-ground forest productivity. We also quantified whether the interactive effects of climate and forest structure on forest demography and above-ground forest productivity were stationary over two consecutive time periods. Since the 1980s, density, basal area and tree size increased in Iberian forests, and tree size inequality decreased. In addition, we observed reductions in ingrowth and growth, and increases in mortality. Initial forest structure and water availability mainly modulated the temporal trends in forest structure and demography. The magnitude and direction of the interactive effects of climate and forest structure on forest demography changed over the two time periods analysed indicating non-stationary relationships between climate, forest structure and demography. Above-ground forest productivity increased due to a positive balance between ingrowth, growth and mortality. Despite increasing productivity over time, we observed an aggravation of the negative effects of climate change and increased competition on forest demography, reducing ingrowth and growth, and increasing mortality. Interestingly, our results suggest that the negative effects of climate change on forest demography could be ameliorated through forest management, which has profound implications for forest adaptation to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32477890, year = {2020}, author = {Ros, AV and LaRocque, R and Fortinsky, R and Nicholas, P}, title = {Addressing Climate Change Communication: Effective Engagement of Populations for Climate Action in the US and Globally.}, journal = {Annals of global health}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, pages = {54}, pmid = {32477890}, issn = {2214-9996}, abstract = {Background: Communication about climate change is critical in addressing the greatest public health challenge of our time. Public health professionals must convey the human implications of climate change and educating populations regarding climate change as a threat to the health and wellbeing of people globally. Effective communication to engage individuals, communities, and populations is critical to debate as we focus on the most urgent public health problem of our time.<br><br>Objective: Public health professionals are aware of the deleterious health consequences related to climate change; however, key segments of the population are not. This paper addressed key concepts related to climate change communication.<br><br>Methods: Databases were searched including PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus from 2015 to 2020 to obtain the most recent relevant literature using search terms that included climate change, climate communication, climate action, and climate change engagement.<br><br>Findings: Climate change communication as viewed through the lens of Six Americas-a national survey that categorized people regarding their beliefs about climate change from those who are Dismissive, Doubtful, Disengaged, Cautious, Concerned, or Alarmed is a valid perspective for engaging populations in climate communication and climate action.<br><br>Conclusions: Using the framework developed by the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication and the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, we suggest that adopting this framework from a US perspective to a global perspective and surveying across countries and context is imperative to advance global understanding of the impact of climate change on health.}, }
@article {pmid32477395, year = {2020}, author = {Frioni, T and Bertoloni, G and Squeri, C and Garavani, A and Ronney, L and Poni, S and Gatti, M}, title = {Biodiversity of Local Vitis vinifera L. Germplasm: A Powerful Tool Toward Adaptation to Global Warming and Desired Grape Composition.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {608}, pmid = {32477395}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Global warming is endangering maintenance of optimal grape composition in white varietals aimed at sparkling wine making due to difficulties to maintain adequate acidity and fresh aromas. These troubles are being faced by the main white varietal of the Colli Piacentini district, named Ortrugo. Its vegetative and reproductive behavior was compared over 3 years with that of other minor autochthonous white varietals. Criteria set for adequate grape composition under sparkling vinification (total soluble solids at 20-21°Brix) and titratable acidity (TA) ≥ 6.5 g/L combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the measured variables allowed a thinnning down of the initial group of 17 to 7 varietals including Ortrugo, Bucalò, Barbesino, Lecco, Melara, Santa Maria and Molinelli. PCA isolated Ortrugo's behavior for inadequacy to maintain sufficient TA at harvest mostly due to extremely low malic acid concentration. However, time trend analyses of accumulation and degradation patterns of tartaric and malic acids disclosed that, in Ortrugo, the most limiting factors were more intense post-veraison tartaric acid dilution and a lower malic acid pool at veraison as compared to any other varietal. Conversely, Molinelli and Barbesino proved to be ideal material for sparkling wine purposes, as they associated to desirable agronomic features a strong ability to retain high TA with a well-balanced tartrate-to-malate ratio. Our study emphasizes that often neglected or superficially evaluated germplasm genetic resources might hide strong potential for adapting to challenges imposed by climate change in that representing an excellent tool for adaptation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid32477275, year = {2020}, author = {Garcia, MO and Templer, PH and Sorensen, PO and Sanders-DeMott, R and Groffman, PM and Bhatnagar, JM}, title = {Soil Microbes Trade-Off Biogeochemical Cycling for Stress Tolerance Traits in Response to Year-Round Climate Change.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {616}, pmid = {32477275}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Winter air temperatures are rising faster than summer air temperatures in high-latitude forests, increasing the frequency of soil freeze/thaw events in winter. To determine how climate warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles affect soil microbial communities and the ecosystem processes they drive, we leveraged the Climate Change across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the northeastern United States, where replicate field plots receive one of three climate treatments: warming (+5°C above ambient in the growing season), warming in the growing season + winter freeze/thaw cycles (+5°C above ambient +4 freeze/thaw cycles during winter), and no treatment. Soil samples were taken from plots at six time points throughout the growing season and subjected to amplicon (rDNA) and metagenome sequencing. We found that soil fungal and bacterial community composition were affected by changes in soil temperature, where the taxonomic composition of microbial communities shifted more with the combination of growing-season warming and increased frequency of soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter than with warming alone. Warming increased the relative abundance of brown rot fungi and plant pathogens but decreased that of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, all of which recovered under combined growing-season warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter. The abundance of animal parasites increased significantly under combined warming and freeze/thaw cycles. We also found that warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles suppressed bacterial taxa with the genetic potential for carbon (i.e., cellulose) decomposition and soil nitrogen cycling, such as N fixation and the final steps of denitrification. These new soil communities had higher genetic capacity for stress tolerance and lower genetic capacity to grow or reproduce, relative to the communities exposed to warming in the growing season alone. Our observations suggest that initial suppression of biogeochemical cycling with year-round climate change may be linked to the emergence of taxa that trade-off growth for stress tolerance traits.}, }
@article {pmid32474785, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmad, D and Afzal, M}, title = {Climate change adaptation impact on cash crop productivity and income in Punjab province of Pakistan.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {30767-30777}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09368-x}, pmid = {32474785}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Climate Change ; *Farmers ; Farms ; Humans ; Pakistan ; }, abstract = {Assessing the current farm-level efforts of climate change adaptation is essential to distinguish their usefulness and implying policy level advance measures for future. The present study investigated cotton farmers' climate change adaptation and its impact on increasing cotton productivity and net cotton income in Punjab province of Pakistan. A pretested and well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection of 480 cotton farmers from three major cotton-producing divisions of cotton-wheat zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Logistic regression analysis approach was used in this study to find out the factors of adaptation and propensity score matching method employed to identify connecting adaptation impact on cotton productivity and cotton income. Empirical estimates of this study indicated as owing to some external and internal constraint farmers were limited focused on adaptation while conscious about adverse effects of climate change. Usage of required and recommended types of fertilizer, variation in planting dates, and changing varieties of crop were main adaptation strategies implemented by cotton farmers. Cotton farmers' adaptation decision was significantly influenced by some major factors as weather forecasting, market information, easy access to agricultural extension services, farming experience, and education of cotton farmer. Farm-level increase in cotton productivity and net cotton crop income was direct while overall increases in national output and improving rural area farmer well-being were indirect and significant outcomes of implementing climate change adaptation of cotton farmers. Cotton farmers were using various combinations of adaptation strategies and achieving more benefits regarding their crop productivity and net returns. Findings of the study suggest need for larger investment in farm-level extension services, farmers' schooling, and develop climate change institutional setup for enhancing farmers' adaptation capability to increasing cotton productivity, improving well-being of farming community, and securing agriculture from future climatic uncertainties. Future policies must deal with farm-level limitations of advanced adaptation measures like making available information and sustaining sponsoring soil conservation practices, launching climate smart varieties and advanced adaptation measures based on various agro-ecological zones.}, }
@article {pmid32474308, year = {2020}, author = {Yang, L and Liu, C and Bi, P and Vardoulakis, S and Huang, C}, title = {Local actions to health risks of heatwaves and dengue fever under climate change: Strategies and barriers among primary healthcare professionals in southern China.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {187}, number = {}, pages = {109688}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2020.109688}, pmid = {32474308}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change and extreme weather poses significant threats to community health, which need to be addressed by local health workforce. This study investigated the perceptions of primary healthcare professionals in Southern China on individual and institutional strategies for actions on health impacts of climate change and the related barriers.<br><br>METHODS: A mixed methodological approach was adopted, involving a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 733 primary healthcare professionals (including medical doctors, nurses, public health practitioners, allied health workers and managers) selected through a multistage cluster randomized sampling strategy, and in-depth interviews of 25 key informants in Guangdong Province, China. The questionnaire survey investigated the perceptions of respondents on the health impacts of climate change and the individual and institutional actions that need to be taken in response to climate change. Multivariate logistic regression models were established to determine sociodemographic factors associated with the perceptions. The interviews tapped into coping strategies and perceived barriers in primary health care to adapt to tackle challenges of climate change. Contents analyses were performed to extract important themes.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The majority (64%) of respondents agreed that climate change is happening, but only 53.6% believed in its human causes. Heat waves and infectious diseases were highly recognized as health problems associated with climate change. There was a strong consensus on the need to strengthen individual and institutional capacities in response to health impacts of climate change. The respondents believed that it is important to educate the public, take active efforts to control infectious vectors, and pay increased attention to the health care of vulnerable populations. The lack of funding and limited local workforce capacity is a major barrier for taking actions. Climate change should be integrated into primary health care development through sustainable governmental funding and resource support.}, }
@article {pmid32468376, year = {2020}, author = {Ahmad, M and Raza, MY}, title = {Role of public-private partnerships investment in energy and technological innovations in driving climate change: evidence from Brazil.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {30638-30648}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09307-w}, pmid = {32468376}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Brazil ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate Change ; Economic Development ; *Inventions ; Investments ; Public-Private Sector Partnerships ; }, abstract = {This study aims to examine the impact of public-private partnerships (PPP) investment in energy, technological innovations (TI), economic growth (EG), exports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions in Brazil over the period from 1984 to 2018. In doing so, we employ the Ng-Perron unit root test to examine the stationarity and autoregressive lag distributed (ARDL) model for cointegration between CO2 emissions and its determinants. The outcomes are as follows: first, in the long run, the PPP investment in energy deteriorates the environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions, while TI has a significant negative effect on CO2 emissions. It is also found that the exports and FDI degrade the environmental quality and the relationship between EG and CO2 emissions is inverted U-Shaped, presence of the EKC hypothesis. Second, in the short run, PPP investment in the energy sector is negatively influencing, while TI has a positive association with carbon emissions. The empirical findings provide new insights for policymakers to regulate PPP investment in the energy sector for the improvement of environmental quality in Brazil. Graphical abstract.}, }
@article {pmid32468367, year = {2020}, author = {Shehzad, K and Xiaoxing, L and Sarfraz, M and Zulfiqar, M}, title = {Signifying the imperative nexus between climate change and information and communication technology development: a case from Pakistan.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {30502-30517}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09128-x}, pmid = {32468367}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {71673043//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Climate Change ; *Economic Development ; Investments ; Pakistan ; }, abstract = {The globe has faced technological affluence that enormously revolutionized the lives of humankind. Today, the manufacturing process of the energy sector, production sector, agriculture sector, and service sector is exclusively or partially based on ICT tools. The key intention of this investigation is to find out the impacts of the utilization of ICT on CO2 emission. However, this investigation also evaluates the influence of investment in ICT and the trade of ICT tools on CO2 emission. Further, the estimation examined the subsistence of environment Kuznets curve (EKC) theory, for the nation of Pakistan. The investigation employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and found that the utilization of ICT has a negative impact on CO2 emission. Moreover, the long-run results revealed that the import of ICT equipment is more beneficial for the environment quality of Pakistan. However, ICT apparatus manufactured in Pakistan might produce electronic waste due to non-utilization of green technology. The study reported bidirectional causality between ICT and CO2 emission. These results point towards that the emergence of ICT in industries and daily life possesses a significant and positive role in climate change in Pakistan. Also, this study corroborates the veracity of EKC in Pakistan.}, }
@article {pmid32466335, year = {2020}, author = {Blechschmidt, J and Wittmann, MJ and Blüml, C}, title = {Climate Change and Green Sea Turtle Sex Ratio-Preventing Possible Extinction.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32466335}, issn = {2073-4425}, abstract = {Climate change poses a threat to species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). A recent study on green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) at the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) showed a highly female-skewed sex ratio with almost all juvenile turtles being female. This shortage of males might eventually cause population extinction, unless rapid evolutionary rescue, migration, range shifts, or conservation efforts ensure a sufficient number of males. We built a stochastic individual-based model inspired by C. mydas but potentially transferrable to other species with TSD. Pivotal temperature, nest depth, and shading were evolvable traits. Additionally, we considered the effect of crossbreeding between northern and southern GBR, nest site philopatry, and conservation efforts. Among the evolvable traits, nest depth was the most likely to rescue the population, but even here the warmer climate change scenarios led to extinction. We expected turtles to choose colder beaches under rising temperatures, but surprisingly, nest site philopatry did not improve persistence. Conservation efforts promoted population survival and did not preclude trait evolution. Although extra information is needed to make reliable predictions for the fate of green sea turtles, our results illustrate how evolution can shape the fate of long lived, vulnerable species in the face of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32464708, year = {2020}, author = {Boulton, CA and Ritchie, PDL and Lenton, TM}, title = {Abrupt changes in Great Britain vegetation carbon projected under climate change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {4436-4448}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15144}, pmid = {32464708}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {NE/P007880/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; RPG-2018-046//Leverhulme Trust/ ; }, abstract = {Past abrupt 'regime shifts' have been observed in a range of ecosystems due to various forcing factors. Large-scale abrupt shifts are projected for some terrestrial ecosystems under climate change, particularly in tropical and high-latitude regions. However, there is very little high-resolution modelling of smaller-scale future projected abrupt shifts in ecosystems, and relatively less focus on the potential for abrupt shifts in temperate terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we show that numerous climate-driven abrupt shifts in vegetation carbon are projected in a high-resolution model of Great Britain's land surface driven by two different climate change scenarios. In each scenario, the effects of climate and CO2 combined are isolated from the effects of climate change alone. We use a new algorithm to detect and classify abrupt shifts in model time series, assessing the sign and strength of the non-linear responses. The abrupt ecosystem changes projected are non-linear responses to climate change, not simply driven by abrupt shifts in climate. Depending on the scenario, 374-1,144 grid cells of 1.5 km × 1.5 km each, comprising 0.5%-1.5% of Great Britain's land area show abrupt shifts in vegetation carbon. We find that abrupt ecosystem shifts associated with increases (rather than decreases) in vegetation carbon, show the greatest potential for early warning signals (rising autocorrelation and variance beforehand). In one scenario, 89% of abrupt increases in vegetation carbon show increasing autocorrelation and variance beforehand. Across the scenarios, 81% of abrupt increases in vegetation carbon have increasing autocorrelation and 74% increasing variance beforehand, whereas for decreases in vegetation carbon these figures are 56% and 47% respectively. Our results should not be taken as specific spatial or temporal predictions of abrupt ecosystem change. However, they serve to illustrate that numerous abrupt shifts in temperate terrestrial ecosystems could occur in a changing climate, with some early warning signals detectable beforehand.}, }
@article {pmid32463845, year = {2020}, author = {Elston, DM}, title = {Climate change and expansion of tick geography.}, journal = {Cutis}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, pages = {161-162}, pmid = {32463845}, issn = {2326-6929}, }
@article {pmid32458307, year = {2020}, author = {Sardá, LG and Higarashi, MM and Nicoloso, RS and Falkoski, C and Ribeiro, SMS and Silveira, CAP and Soares, HM}, title = {Effects of dicyandiamide and Mg/P on the global warming potential of swine slurry and sawdust cocomposting.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {24}, pages = {30405-30418}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09244-8}, pmid = {32458307}, issn = {1614-7499}, support = {02.12.08.004//Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (BR)/Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipú (BR)/ ; 401196/2016-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Gases ; Guanidines ; Methane/analysis ; Nitrous Oxide/analysis ; Soil ; Swine ; }, abstract = {Composting is an emerging strategy for swine slurry treatment; nonetheless, significant greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions may occur during this process. We carried out two separate assays with increasing doses of dicyandiamide (DCD; up to 1.1% w/w) as a nitrification inhibitor and solutions of MgCl2 and H3PO4 (Mg/P; up to 0.09/0.06 mol kg-1) to promote struvite crystallization in order to assess their efficiencies as additives to decrease GHG emission during swine slurry cocomposting with sawdust (1:1v/v). We monitored the nitrous oxide (N2O-N), methane (CH4-C), and carbon dioxide (CO2-C) emissions and the ammonia (NH4+-N) and nitrate/nitrite (NOx-N) concentrations in compost reactors (35 L) during the first 4-5 weeks of composting. DCD had no effect on CH4-C and CO2-C emissions but decreased N2O-N losses by up to 56% compared with control. However, DCD inactivation was favored by thermophilic conditions and N2O-N emissions increased to same levels of control after 13 days. Mg/P was effective to decrease N2O-N losses only at the highest dose, which also sustained higher [NH4+-N] in the compost by the end of the assessment. Nonetheless, the use of 0.09/0.06 mol kg-1 of Mg/P also decreased CH4-C and CO2-C emissions compared with lower doses of Mg/P and unamended treatments. Overall, DCD and Mg/P amendments decreased the global warming potential (GWP) of swine slurry composting by up to 46 and 28%, respectively. The Mg/P application may be also interesting to increase the compost quality by increasing its NH4+-N availability. Graphical abstract.}, }
@article {pmid32457782, year = {2020}, author = {Calleja-Cabrera, J and Boter, M and Oñate-Sánchez, L and Pernas, M}, title = {Root Growth Adaptation to Climate Change in Crops.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {544}, pmid = {32457782}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Climate change is threatening crop productivity worldwide and new solutions to adapt crops to these environmental changes are urgently needed. Elevated temperatures driven by climate change affect developmental and physiological plant processes that, ultimately, impact on crop yield and quality. Plant roots are responsible for water and nutrients uptake, but changes in soil temperatures alters this process limiting crop growth. With the predicted variable climatic forecast, the development of an efficient root system better adapted to changing soil and environmental conditions is crucial for enhancing crop productivity. Root traits associated with improved adaptation to rising temperatures are increasingly being analyzed to obtain more suitable crop varieties. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the effect of increasing temperatures on root growth and their impact on crop yield. First, we will describe the main alterations in root architecture that different crops undergo in response to warmer soils. Then, we will outline the main coordinated physiological and metabolic changes taking place in roots and aerial parts that modulate the global response of the plant to increased temperatures. We will discuss on some of the main regulatory mechanisms controlling root adaptation to warmer soils, including the activation of heat and oxidative pathways to prevent damage of root cells and disruption of root growth; the interplay between hormonal regulatory pathways and the global changes on gene expression and protein homeostasis. We will also consider that in the field, increasing temperatures are usually associated with other abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, salinity, nutrient deficiencies, and pathogen infections. We will present recent advances on how the root system is able to integrate and respond to complex and different stimuli in order to adapt to an increasingly changing environment. Finally, we will discuss the new prospects and challenges in this field as well as the more promising pathways for future research.}, }
@article {pmid32457557, year = {2020}, author = {García-Del-Amo, D and Mortyn, PG and Reyes-García, V}, title = {Including Indigenous and local knowledge in climate research. An assessment of the opinion of Spanish climate change researchers.}, journal = {Climatic change}, volume = {160}, number = {1}, pages = {67-88}, pmid = {32457557}, issn = {0165-0009}, abstract = {Researchers have documented that observations of climate change impacts reported by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities coincide with scientific measurements of such impacts. However, insights from Indigenous and Local Knowledge are not yet completely included in international climate change research and policy fora. In this article, we compare observations of climate change impacts detected by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities from around the world and collected through a literature review (n=198 case studies), with climate scientists' opinions on the relevance of such information for climate change research. Scientists' opinions were collected through a web survey among climate change researchers from universities and research centres in Spain (n=191). In the survey, we asked about the need to collect local level data regarding 68 different groups of indicators of climate change impacts to improve the current knowledge, and about the feasibility of using Indigenous and local knowledge in climate change studies. Results show consensus on the need to continue collecting local level data from all groups of indicators to get a better understanding of climate change impacts, particularly on impacts on the biological system. However, while scientists of our study considered that Indigenous and local knowledge could mostly contribute to detect climate change impacts on the biological and socioeconomic systems, the literature review shows that information on impacts on these systems is rarely collected; researchers instead have mostly documented the impacts on the climatic and physical systems reported by Indigenous and local knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid32457461, year = {2020}, author = {Palmer, T}, title = {Short-term tests validate long-term estimates of climate change.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {582}, number = {7811}, pages = {185-186}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-01484-5}, pmid = {32457461}, issn = {1476-4687}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; }, }
@article {pmid32457414, year = {2020}, author = {Lembo, V and Lucarini, V and Ragone, F}, title = {Beyond Forcing Scenarios: Predicting Climate Change through Response Operators in a Coupled General Circulation Model.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {8668}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-65297-2}, pmid = {32457414}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Global Climate Models are key tools for predicting the future response of the climate system to a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here we show how to use statistical mechanics to construct operators able to flexibly predict climate change. We perform our study using a fully coupled model - MPI-ESM v.1.2 - and for the first time we prove the effectiveness of response theory in predicting future climate response to CO2 increase on a vast range of temporal scales, from inter-annual to centennial, and for very diverse climatic variables. We investigate within a unified perspective the transient climate response and the equilibrium climate sensitivity, and assess the role of fast and slow processes. The prediction of the ocean heat uptake highlights the very slow relaxation to a newly established steady state. The change in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is accurately predicted. The AMOC strength is initially reduced and then undergoes a slow and partial recovery. The ACC strength initially increases due to changes in the wind stress, then undergoes a slowdown, followed by a recovery leading to a overshoot with respect to the initial value. Finally, we are able to predict accurately the temperature change in the North Atlantic.}, }
@article {pmid32457137, year = {2020}, author = {Rushing, CS and Royle, JA and Ziolkowski, DJ and Pardieck, KL}, title = {Migratory behavior and winter geography drive differential range shifts of eastern birds in response to recent climate change.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {23}, pages = {12897-12903}, pmid = {32457137}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {Animal Distribution/*physiology ; Animal Migration/*physiology ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Geography ; North America ; Population Dynamics/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Seasons ; }, abstract = {Over the past half century, migratory birds in North America have shown divergent population trends relative to resident species, with the former declining rapidly and the latter increasing. The role that climate change has played in these observed trends is not well understood, despite significant warming over this period. We used 43 y of monitoring data to fit dynamic species distribution models and quantify the rate of latitudinal range shifts in 32 species of birds native to eastern North America. Since the early 1970s, species that remain in North America throughout the year, including both resident and migratory species, appear to have responded to climate change through both colonization of suitable area at the northern leading edge of their breeding distributions and adaption in place at the southern trailing edges. Neotropical migrants, in contrast, have shown the opposite pattern: contraction at their southern trailing edges and no measurable shifts in their northern leading edges. As a result, the latitudinal distributions of temperate-wintering species have increased while the latitudinal distributions of neotropical migrants have decreased. These results raise important questions about the mechanisms that determine range boundaries of neotropical migrants and suggest that these species may be particularly vulnerable to future climate change. Our results highlight the potential importance of climate change during the nonbreeding season in constraining the response of migratory species to temperature changes at both the trailing and leading edges of their breeding distributions. Future research on the interactions between breeding and nonbreeding climate change is urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid32454547, year = {2020}, author = {Treptow, TM}, title = {[Impact of Corona Crisis on European Climate Change Policy].}, journal = {Wirtschaftsdienst (Hamburg, Germany : 1949)}, volume = {100}, number = {5}, pages = {364-366}, doi = {10.1007/s10273-020-2656-9}, pmid = {32454547}, issn = {0043-6275}, abstract = {The actual Corona crisis has a negative impact on the economic situation of the affected economies. This has direct consequences for the EU-wide trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances, which is an important building block of European climate change policy. In contrast, although there is an expected short-term decrease in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions due to the emerging economic recession, we should also expect lower prices of emission allowances in the mid to long term, which will make current production technologies more attractive. One important goal of European climate change policy - changing existing manufacturing technologies to less greenhouse gas emitting alternatives - will become even more difficult.}, }
@article {pmid32451968, year = {2020}, author = {Ginbo, T and Di Corato, L and Hoffmann, R}, title = {Investing in climate change adaptation and mitigation: A methodological review of real-options studies.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01342-8}, pmid = {32451968}, issn = {1654-7209}, abstract = {Uncertain future payoffs and irreversible costs characterize investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Under these conditions, it is relevant to analyze investment decisions in a real options framework, as this approach takes into account the economic value associated with investment time flexibility. In this paper, we provide an overview of the literature adopting a real option approach to analyze investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation, and examine how the uncertain impacts of climate change on the condition of the human environment, risk preferences, and strategic interactions among decisions-makers have been modeled. We found that the complex nature of uncertainties associated with climate change is typically only partially taken into account and that the analysis is usually limited to decisions taken by individual risk neutral profit maximizers. Our findings call for further research to fill the identified gaps.}, }
@article {pmid32449267, year = {2020}, author = {Venäläinen, A and Lehtonen, I and Laapas, M and Ruosteenoja, K and Tikkanen, OP and Viiri, H and Ikonen, VP and Peltola, H}, title = {Climate change induces multiple risks to boreal forests and forestry in Finland: A literature review.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, pages = {4178-4196}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.15183}, pmid = {32449267}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {314224//Academy of Finland/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change induces multiple abiotic and biotic risks to forests and forestry. Risks in different spatial and temporal scales must be considered to ensure preconditions for sustainable multifunctional management of forests for different ecosystem services. For this purpose, the present review article summarizes the most recent findings on major abiotic and biotic risks to boreal forests in Finland under the current and changing climate, with the focus on windstorms, heavy snow loading, drought and forest fires and major insect pests and pathogens of trees. In general, the forest growth is projected to increase mainly in northern Finland. In the south, the growing conditions may become suboptimal, particularly for Norway spruce. Although the wind climate does not change remarkably, wind damage risk will increase especially in the south, because of the shortening of the soil frost period. The risk of snow damage is anticipated to increase in the north and decrease in the south. Increasing drought in summer will boost the risk of large-scale forest fires. Also, the warmer climate increases the risk of bark beetle outbreaks and the wood decay by Heterobasidion root rot in coniferous forests. The probability of detrimental cascading events, such as those caused by a large-scale wind damage followed by a widespread bark beetle outbreak, will increase remarkably in the future. Therefore, the simultaneous consideration of the biotic and abiotic risks is essential.}, }
@article {pmid32447805, year = {2020}, author = {Patruno, C and Nisticò, SP and Fabbrocini, G and Napolitano, M}, title = {Is climate change the next pandemic for dermatology? Lessons from COVID-19.}, journal = {Dermatologic therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e13682}, pmid = {32447805}, issn = {1529-8019}, }
@article {pmid32446069, year = {2020}, author = {López-Ballesteros, A and Senent-Aparicio, J and Martínez, C and Pérez-Sánchez, J}, title = {Assessment of future hydrologic alteration due to climate change in the Aracthos River basin (NW Greece).}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {733}, number = {}, pages = {139299}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139299}, pmid = {32446069}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Climate change is a worldwide reality with significant effects on hydrological processes. It has already produce alterations in streamflow regime and is expected to continue in the future. To counteract the climate change impact, a better understanding of its effects is necessary. Hydrological models in combination with Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) suppose an up-to-date approach to analyze in detail the impacts of climate change on rivers. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration in Rivers (IAHRIS) software were successfully applied in Aracthos River basin, an agricultural watershed located in the north-western area of Greece. Statistical indices showed an acceptable performance of the SWAT model in both calibration (R2 = 0.74, NSE = 0.54, PBIAS = 17.06%) and validation (R2 = 0.64, NSE = 0.36, PBIAS = 12.31%) periods on a daily basis. To assess the future hydrologic alteration due to climate change in Aracthos River basin, five Global Climate Models (GFDL-ESM2, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M) were selected and analyzed under two different emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for a long-term period (2070-2099). Results indicate that precipitation and flow is expected to be reduced and maximum and minimum temperature to be increased, compared to the historical period (1970-1999). IHA, obtained from IAHRIS software, revealed that flow regime can undergo a severe alteration, mainly on droughts that are expected to be more significant and longer. All these future hydrologic alterations could have negative consequences on the Aracthos River and its surroundings. The increase of droughts duration in combination with the reduction of flows and the alteration of seasonality can affect the resilience of riverine species and it can produce the loss of hydraulic and environmental diversity. Therefore, this study provides a useful tool for decision makers to develop strategies against the impact of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32445137, year = {2020}, author = {Abbas, S}, title = {Climate change and cotton production: an empirical investigation of Pakistan.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {27}, number = {23}, pages = {29580-29588}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-09222-0}, pmid = {32445137}, issn = {1614-7499}, mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Climate Change ; Economic Development ; Pakistan ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between climate change, the area under cultivation, fertilizer consumption, and cotton production in Pakistan from 1980 to 2018. The existence and nature of the short-term and long-term relationships are explored by using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model bounds testing approach. The estimated result of the ARDL bounds testing approach has shown the presence of cointegration between dependent and explanatory variables. The long-term estimates have revealed that the increasing average temperature has a positive insignificant effect, which implies that rising temperature is not increasing cotton yield in Pakistan. The findings of the area under cultivation and fertilizer consumption have revealed significant positive effects in both the long run and short run. This study urges Pakistan to reduce the pace of climate changes and increase water conservation by planting forests and constructing dams across major rivers along with the adoption of environmentally friendly production techniques and inputs.}, }
@article {pmid32444801, year = {2020}, author = {Theodoridis, S and Fordham, DA and Brown, SC and Li, S and Rahbek, C and Nogues-Bravo, D}, title = {Evolutionary history and past climate change shape the distribution of genetic diversity in terrestrial mammals.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {2557}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-16449-5}, pmid = {32444801}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Mammals/classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Knowledge of global patterns of biodiversity, ranging from intraspecific genetic diversity (GD) to taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, is essential for identifying and conserving the processes that shape the distribution of life. Yet, global patterns of GD and its drivers remain elusive. Here we assess existing biodiversity theories to explain and predict the global distribution of GD in terrestrial mammal assemblages. We find a strong positive covariation between GD and interspecific diversity, with evolutionary time, reflected in phylogenetic diversity, being the best predictor of GD. Moreover, we reveal the negative effect of past rapid climate change and the positive effect of inter-annual precipitation variability in shaping GD. Our models, explaining almost half of the variation in GD globally, uncover the importance of deep evolutionary history and past climate stability in accumulating and maintaining intraspecific diversity, and constitute a crucial step towards reducing the Wallacean shortfall for an important dimension of biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid32444051, year = {2020}, author = {Kemper, KJ and Etzel, RA}, title = {Addressing climate change: Academic pediatricians' personal and professional actions.}, journal = {Complementary therapies in medicine}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {102386}, doi = {10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102386}, pmid = {32444051}, issn = {1873-6963}, }
@article {pmid32443221, year = {2020}, author = {McDonnell, TC and Reinds, GJ and Wamelink, GWW and Goedhart, PW and Posch, M and Sullivan, TJ and Clark, CM}, title = {Threshold effects of air pollution and climate change on understory plant communities at forested sites in the eastern United States.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {262}, number = {}, pages = {114351}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114351}, pmid = {32443221}, issn = {1873-6424}, mesh = {*Air Pollution ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Tennessee ; United States ; Virginia ; }, abstract = {Forest understory plant communities in the eastern United States are often diverse and are potentially sensitive to changes in climate and atmospheric inputs of nitrogen caused by air pollution. In recent years, empirical and processed-based mathematical models have been developed to investigate such changes in plant communities. In the study reported here, a robust set of understory vegetation response functions (expressed as version 2 of the Probability of Occurrence of Plant Species model for the United States [US-PROPS v2]) was developed based on observations of forest understory and grassland plant species presence/absence and associated abiotic characteristics derived from spatial datasets. Improvements to the US-PROPS model, relative to version 1, were mostly focused on inclusion of additional input data, development of custom species-level input datasets, and implementation of methods to address uncertainty. We investigated the application of US-PROPS v2 to evaluate the potential impacts of atmospheric nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition, and climate change on forest ecosystems at three forested sites located in New Hampshire, Virginia, and Tennessee in the eastern United States. Species-level N and S critical loads (CLs) were determined under ambient deposition at all three modeled sites. The lowest species-level CLs of N deposition at each site were between 2 and 11 kg N/ha/yr. Similarly, the lowest CLs of S deposition, based on the predicted soil pH response, were less than 2 kg S/ha/yr among the three sites. Critical load exceedance was found at all three model sites. The New Hampshire site included the largest percentage of species in exceedance. Simulated warming air temperature typically resulted in lower maximum occurrence probability, which contributed to lower CLs of N and S deposition. The US-PROPS v2 model, together with the PROPS-CLF model to derive CL functions, can be used to develop site-specific CLs for understory plants within broad regions of the United States. This study demonstrates that species-level CLs of N and S deposition are spatially variable according to the climate, light availability, and soil characteristics at a given location. Although the species niche models generally performed well in predicting occurrence probability, there remains uncertainty with respect to the accuracy of reported CLs. As such, the specific CLs reported here should be considered as preliminary estimates.}, }
@article {pmid32442491, year = {2020}, author = {Armitage, R and Nellums, LB}, title = {Water, climate change, and COVID-19: prioritising those in water-stressed settings.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {e175}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30084-X}, pmid = {32442491}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {Betacoronavirus/*isolation &amp; purification ; *Climate Change ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/virology ; Hand Disinfection ; Humans ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/virology ; *Water Supply ; }, }
@article {pmid32442490, year = {2020}, author = {Herrero, M and Thornton, P}, title = {What can COVID-19 teach us about responding to climate change?.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {e174}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30085-1}, pmid = {32442490}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {Adaptation, Psychological ; Betacoronavirus ; Climate Change/*economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Coronavirus Infections/*economics/epidemiology ; Financing, Government/*economics ; Pandemics/*economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/*economics/epidemiology ; Relief Work/economics ; Sustainable Growth ; }, }
@article {pmid32442176, year = {2020}, author = {Mausio, K and Miura, T and Lincoln, NK}, title = {Cultivation potential projections of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) under climate change scenarios using an empirically validated suitability model calibrated in Hawai'i.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {e0228552}, pmid = {32442176}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Artocarpus/genetics/*growth &amp; development ; *Climate Change ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Ecosystem ; Food Supply ; Hawaii ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Humanity faces significant challenges to agriculture and human nutrition, and changes in climate are predicted to make such challenges greater in the future. Neglected and underutilized crops may play a role in mitigating and addressing such challenges. Breadfruit is a long-lived tree crop that is a nutritious, carbohydrate-rich staple, which is a priority crop in this regard. A fuzzy-set modeling approach was applied, refined, and validated for breadfruit to determine its current and future potential productivity. Hawai'i was used as a model system, with over 1,200 naturalized trees utilized to calibrate a habitat suitability model and 56 producer sites used to validate the model. The parameters were then applied globally on 17 global climate models at the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 global climate projections for 2070. Overall, breadfruit suitability increases in area and in quality, with larger increases occurring in the RCP 8.5 projection. Current producing regions largely remain unchanged in both projections, indicating relative stability of production potential in current growing regions. Breadfruit, and other tropical indigenous food crops present strong opportunities for cultivation and food security risk management strategies moving forward.}, }
@article {pmid32438186, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, H and Huang, B and Yang, C}, title = {Assessing the coordination between economic growth and urban climate change in China from 2000 to 2015.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {732}, number = {}, pages = {139283}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139283}, pmid = {32438186}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The balance between economic growth and environmental protection has been a critical concern for sustainable urban development. However, among the multiple research efforts exploring the coordination between the two aspects, the widespread urban climate change has rarely been considered. This study encompasses urban climate change into the cross-system coupling analysis framework to assess its coordination with economic growth using the Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) model. The two aspects are respectively represented using indicators of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Specifically, China is selected as case study, and a total of 259 cities from the 2000-2015 period are analyzed. The spatio-temporal patterns of CCD are investigated through time series clustering to uncover its performance under diversified economic and climatic contexts. The regional inequality and spatial agglomeration effects are also examined. Results reveal significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity of CCD. Geographically, CCD varies from uncoordinated to high-level coordination. Wealthier cities in the eastern coastal region are significantly better coordinated than their inland counterparts. Temporally, the uptrend of CCD is not significant for most cities due to the relatively insufficient emphasis on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation in previous efforts. Evident spatial inequality and agglomeration patterns are also observed with slight downtrends. The spatio-temporal patterns of CCD revealed in this study indicate great necessity for the central government to develop policies suiting cities' special characteristics and contexts, and more efforts should be targeted on reducing regional imbalance. Hence, a nation-city-community policy skeleton is last outlined to enhance the pursuit of a more climate-friendly urban environment under rapid economic development. Overall, this study advances the understanding of economy-urban climate interactions and facilitates the future pursuit of better sustainable cities. The proposed workflow can be utilized for other countries with diversified urbanization processes and potentially used for comparison among different countries.}, }
@article {pmid32435692, year = {2020}, author = {Jin, S}, title = {COVID-19, Climate Change, and Renewable Energy Research: We Are All in This Together, and the Time to Act Is Now.}, journal = {ACS energy letters}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {1709-1711}, pmid = {32435692}, issn = {2380-8195}, }
@article {pmid32435603, year = {2020}, author = {Sarkar, S and Maity, R}, title = {Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in the context of climate change.}, journal = {MethodsX}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {100904}, pmid = {32435603}, issn = {2215-0161}, abstract = {Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is the maximum depth of precipitation at a location for a given duration that is meteorologically possible. It is a crucial information for any water infrastructure, such as dams, culverts, drainage network in order to ensure a desirable probability of exceedance. This paper proposes a technique for estimation of PMP, suitable in the context of climate change. Out of several available methods, Hershfield method is considered as a convenient and effective statistical method of PMP estimation, provided sufficiently long precipitation records are available. The most crucial step in Hershfield method is the precise estimation of frequency factor (K) and its enveloping technique. There is no universally accepted enveloping technique of K. Different values of K and different types of enveloping techniques have been suggested and used by various investigators across the world. We introduce an upgradation in the existing enveloping technique in order to bring clarity and universality in the estimation, particularly in the context of climate change. This updated enveloping technique and the conventional Hershfield method-both are applied to develop PMP maps for the entire Indian mainland over the past century (1901-2000). Comparison between the proposed and existing methods of PMP estimation reveals a better estimation of spatio-temporal variation of PMP, avoiding unusual overestimation of PMP in the low rainfall extreme regions of India by existing Hershfield method. In brief, the contributions of this paper are as follows:•An upgradation of the existing Hershfield Method [1] by introducing a new enveloping technique for the frequency factor (K).•The single envelope curve in the existing Hershfield method is modified as a composite curve, consisting of a straight-line portion and an exponentially decaying portion.•Development of PMP maps over India using both Hershfield method and the proposed technique.}, }
@article {pmid32435111, year = {2020}, author = {Vellingiri, S and Dutta, P and Singh, S and Sathish, LM and Pingle, S and Brahmbhatt, B}, title = {Combating Climate Change-induced Heat Stress: Assessing Cool Roofs and Its Impact on the Indoor Ambient Temperature of the Households in the Urban Slums of Ahmedabad.}, journal = {Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {25-29}, pmid = {32435111}, issn = {0973-2284}, abstract = {Background: The rising global temperature and frequent heatwaves are the adverse effects of climate change. The causalities and ill impacts of the heat stress were higher among the slum dwellers because of the vulnerable household structures, which were made by heat-trapping materials like tin sheets, cement sheet (asbestos), plastic, and tarpaulin. The houses are not only dwellings but also a source of livelihood for many slum dwellers as they are involved in home-based work. The increase in the temperature of more than 40°C severely affects health and increases energy expenditures.<br><br>Objective: The present study conducted to identify the efficient cool roof technologies that reduce indoor temperature of the households and improve the heat resilience of dwellings located in the urban slums of Ahmedabad.<br><br>Methodology: The performances of cool roof interventions were compared with the nonintervention - roof types, namely, tin, asbestos/cement sheet, and concrete. Relative humidity/temperature data loggers (Lascar EL-USB-2-LCD, Sweden) were used to measure the indoor ambient temperature and humidity. The questionnaire-based survey also has been conducted to understand the socioeconomic status and the perceptions related to roofing and health.<br><br>Results: The results revealed that selected cool roof technologies including Thermocol insulation, solar reflective white paint on the outer surface of the roof, and Modroof are effectively reducing the indoor temperature as compared to the nonintervention roofing.<br><br>Conclusion: Cool roof technologies have a wider scope as number of informal settlements are increasing across the cities in India and other developing countries. The governments may not able to provide proper housing to all these inhabitants due to various reasons including the land tenure of the habitats. Validated cool roof technologies can be promoted as these structures are not requires legal sanctions and easily dismantled and installed in multiple places and safeguards the investment of urban poor.}, }
@article {pmid32433979, year = {2020}, author = {Skole, K and Mahpour, N}, title = {Additional Thoughts on &quot;How Can Individuals and the GI Community Reduce Climate Change&quot;.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {798-799}, doi = {10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.069}, pmid = {32433979}, issn = {1528-0012}, }
@article {pmid32432423, year = {2020}, author = {Delorme, H and Gonzalez Holguera, J and Niwa, N and Backes, C and Senn, N}, title = {[Co-benefits of health promotion on global warming - The example of food and mobility].}, journal = {Revue medicale suisse}, volume = {16}, number = {694}, pages = {1049-1055}, pmid = {32432423}, issn = {1660-9379}, mesh = {Agriculture/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Diet/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Exercise ; Global Warming/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Health Promotion/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Public Health/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {Global warming is considered by most scientists as one of the greatest public health threats of the 21st century. Some individual behaviours and consumption habits related to the food and mobility sectors are responsible for a high amount of CO2 emissions, the main greenhouse gas. Thus, some messages promoted by health professionals will have an impact on the fight against the epidemic of lifestyle-related chronic diseases but will also have an environmental co-benefit. With a population increasingly aware of current environmental issues, environmental considerations could be an additional motivating factor for patients when promoting a healthier diet or physical activity.}, }
@article {pmid32432122, year = {2020}, author = {Ferrari, M and Benvenuti, L and Rossi, L and De Santis, A and Sette, S and Martone, D and Piccinelli, R and Le Donne, C and Leclercq, C and Turrini, A}, title = {Could Dietary Goals and Climate Change Mitigation Be Achieved Through Optimized Diet? The Experience of Modeling the National Food Consumption Data in Italy.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {48}, pmid = {32432122}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study is to define a healthy and sustainable diet model with low GHGE, fulfilling dietary requirements, and considering current Italian food consumption patterns. Design: A duly designed database was developed, linking food nutritional composition and GHGE based on 921 food items consumed in Italy according to the last national food consumption survey (INRAN-SCAI 2005-2006). Linear programming was used to develop new diet plans separately for males and females, aged 18-60 years (n = 2,098 subjects), in order to minimize GHGE. The program is based on dietary goals and acceptability constraints as well as on 13 nutrient requirement constraints aiming to reach a healthy and acceptable diet for the Italian population. Results: Diet optimization resulted in a nutritionally adequate pattern minimizing GHGE values (4.0 vs. 1.9 kg CO2e/day for males and 3.2 vs. 1.6 kg CO2e/day for females). In both sexes, the nutrient intake of the optimized diet was at the established lower bound for cholesterol and calcium and at the established upper bound for free sugar and fiber. In males, intake of zinc was at the established lower bound whereas iron was at the established upper bound. Consumption of red meat and fruit and vegetables was at the established lower and upper bound, respectively, in both males and females. Despite the decrease in meat consumption, especially red meat, in the optimized diet with respect to the observed diet, levels of iron intake in females increased by 10% (10.3 vs. 11.3 mg/day) but remained below the adequate intake established in Italian national DRIs. Conclusions: An attainable healthy dietary pattern was developed that would lead to the reduction of GHGE by 48% for males and by 50% for females with respect to current food consumption in the Italian adult population. Health-promoting dietary patterns can substantially contribute to achieve related Sustainable Development Goals.}, }
@article {pmid32430321, year = {2020}, author = {Overpeck, JT and Udall, B}, title = {Climate change and the aridification of North America.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {117}, number = {22}, pages = {11856-11858}, pmid = {32430321}, issn = {1091-6490}, }
@article {pmid32429607, year = {2019}, author = {Pinkerton, KE and Felt, E and Riden, HE}, title = {Editorial: Extreme Weather Resulting from Global Warming is an Emerging Threat to Farmworker Health and Safety.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural safety and health}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {189-190}, doi = {10.13031/jash.13555}, pmid = {32429607}, issn = {1074-7583}, mesh = {Agriculture ; *Extreme Weather ; *Farmers ; *Global Warming ; Humans ; *Occupational Health ; *Safety ; Weather ; }, abstract = {A warming climate has been linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including heat and cold waves, extreme precipitation, and wildfires. This increase in extreme weather results in increased risks to the health and safety of farmworkers.}, }
@article {pmid32429527, year = {2020}, author = {Joy, A and Dunshea, FR and Leury, BJ and Clarke, IJ and DiGiacomo, K and Chauhan, SS}, title = {Resilience of Small Ruminants to Climate Change and Increased Environmental Temperature: A Review.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32429527}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {The University of Melbourne ECR Grant 2019//Dookie Campus, University of Melbourne/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change is a major global threat to the sustainability of livestock systems. Climatic factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, direct and indirect solar radiation and wind speed influence feed and water availability, fodder quality and disease occurrence, with production being most efficient in optimal environmental conditions. Among these climatic variables, ambient temperature fluctuations have the most impact on livestock production and animal welfare. Continuous exposure of the animals to heat stress compromises growth, milk and meat production and reproduction. The capacity of an animal to mitigate effects of increased environmental temperature, without progressing into stress response, differs within and between species. Comparatively, small ruminants are better adapted to hot environments than large ruminants and have better ability to survive, produce and reproduce in harsh climatic regions. Nevertheless, the physiological and behavioral changes in response to hot environments affect small ruminant production. It has been found that tropical breeds are more adaptive to hot climates than high-producing temperate breeds. The growing body of knowledge on the negative impact of heat stress on small ruminant production and welfare will assist in the development of suitable strategies to mitigate heat stress. Selection of thermotolerant breeds, through identification of genetic traits for adaption to extreme environmental conditions (high temperature, feed scarcity, water scarcity), is a viable strategy to combat climate change and minimize the impact on small ruminant production and welfare. This review highlights such adaption within and among different breeds of small ruminants challenged by heat stress.}, }
@article {pmid32427222, year = {2020}, author = {Booth, L and Fleming, K and Abad, J and Schueller, LA and Leone, M and Scolobig, A and Baills, A}, title = {Simulating synergies between Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction stakeholders to improve management of transboundary disasters in Europe.}, journal = {International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR}, volume = {49}, number = {}, pages = {101668}, pmid = {32427222}, issn = {2212-4209}, abstract = {Natural hazards and climate-related disasters disregard political borders, where additional barriers can complicate mitigation, response and recovery efforts within and between the sectors of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). The ESPREssO Project (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union) aims to improve management of transboundary disasters by encouraging closer synergies between the CCA and DRR communities. Using targeted stakeholder interviews, questionnaires, Think Tank discussions and purpose-built serious games, ESPREssO draws on both CCA and DRR stakeholder experiences and informed perspectives in order to identify current gaps. Set within a fictitious border zone, ESPREssO's RAMSETE II serious game challenges CCA and DRR stakeholders in making coordinated decisions before, during and after a simulated disaster, in protection of population and critical infrastructure. Results highlight the essential role of local governance mechanisms as the sharp end of the policy wedge, with current examples of proactivity that require to be championed and supported at national level in order to thrive. These good practice examples reflect the fact that transboundary settings, despite their challenges, act as fertile ground for mutual growth, offering opportunities for CCA and DRR communities to find innovative ways to cooperate and unite in developing synergies and strengthening their mutual efforts towards resilience. Stakeholders emphasise a need to invest more resources in informal cooperation and call on policy makers to recognise that each border zone raises its own unique set of complex challenges that requires flexibility and special consideration by transboundary authorities in management of disasters.}, }
@article {pmid32424389, year = {2020}, author = {Eftaiha, AF and Qaroush, AK and Alsayyed, AW and Al-Qaisi, F and Alsoubani, F and Assaf, KI}, title = {The eternal battle to combat global warming: (thio)urea as a CO2 wet scrubbing agent.}, journal = {Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP}, volume = {22}, number = {21}, pages = {11829-11837}, doi = {10.1039/d0cp00629g}, pmid = {32424389}, issn = {1463-9084}, abstract = {(Thio)Urea scaffolds are best known for their importance as intermediates in organic synthesis. In this work, a mechanistic study of the reaction between urea (U), (2-hydroxyethyl)urea (U-EtOH) and thiourea (tU)/NaH in DMSO with CO2 was carried out. While both U/tU reacted with CO2via a 1 : 2 mechanism through the formation of the keto (thio)carbamide-carboxylate adducts (k-U/tU-CO2- Na+), U-EtOH gave mixed CO2-adducts composed of organic carbonate and carbamide-carboxylate moieties (Na+-CO2-U-Et-OCO2- Na+). Moreover, we recorded for the first time, a new type of bond, namely sodium carbamimidothiocarbonate (e-tU-SCO2- Na+), upon bubbling CO2 in the DMSO solution of tU due to the persistence of the enol form (e-tU) and the better nucleophilicity of sulfur over nitrogen focal points. The reaction mechanisms were proven by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ex situ attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies. The stability of these bonds was studied following the changes in 1H-NMR as a function of temperature, which indicated the reversibility of these reactions. Furthermore, the proposed mechanisms were explored theoretically via density functional theory (DFT) calculations by analyzing the energetics of the anticipated products.}, }
@article {pmid32423079, year = {2020}, author = {Tuno, N and Phong, TV and Takagi, M}, title = {Climate Change May Restrict the Predation Efficiency of Mesocyclops aspericornis (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {32423079}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {No. 14256003, No. 19256002//Grands-in-aid for Scientific Research/ ; }, abstract = {(1) Dengue is the most spread mosquito-borne viral disease in the world, and vector control is the only available means to suppress its prevalence, since no effective treatment or vaccine has been developed. A biological control program using copepods that feed on mosquito larvae has been practiced in Vietnam and some other countries, but the application of copepods was not always successful. (2) To understand why the utility of copepods varies, we evaluated the predation efficiency of a copepod species (Mesocyclops aspericornis) on a vector species (Aedes aegypti) by laboratory experiments under different temperatures, nutrition and prey-density conditions. (3) We found that copepod predation reduced intraspecific competition among Aedes larvae and then shortened the survivor's aquatic life and increased their pupal weight. In addition, the predatory efficiency of copepods was reduced at high temperatures. Furthermore, performance of copepod offspring fell when the density of mosquito larvae was high, probably because mosquito larvae had adverse effects on copepod growth through competition for food resources. (4) These results suggest that the increase in mosquitoes will not be suppressed solely by the application of copepods if the density of mosquito larvae is high or ambient temperature is high. We need to consider additional control methods in order to maintain the efficiency of copepods to suppress mosquito increase.}, }
@article {pmid32420634, year = {2020}, author = {Nogueira, LM and Yabroff, KR and Bernstein, A}, title = {Climate change and cancer.}, journal = {CA: a cancer journal for clinicians}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, pages = {239-244}, doi = {10.3322/caac.21610}, pmid = {32420634}, issn = {1542-4863}, }
@article {pmid32419148, year = {2020}, author = {Ottenburghs, J and Bosse, M}, title = {Digest: Climate change and agricultural intensification influence the strength and direction of natural selection in tree swallows.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, pages = {1226-1227}, doi = {10.1111/evo.14003}, pmid = {32419148}, issn = {1558-5646}, abstract = {How does environmental heterogeneity affect natural selection on tree swallow nestlings? Houle et al. (2020) show that more precipitation and higher temperatures result in stronger selection on body mass and wing length and that agricultural intensity can affect the direction of selection. These findings raise the question of how genetic diversity changes under strong selection pressures, which will be especially important under ongoing agriculture intensification and climate change.}, }
@article {pmid32417982, year = {2020}, author = {Jinga, P and Palagi, J}, title = {Dry and wet miombo woodlands of south-central Africa respond differently to climate change.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {6}, pages = {372}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08342-x}, pmid = {32417982}, issn = {1573-2959}, support = {Not applicable//Bindura University of Science Education/ ; }, mesh = {Africa, Central ; Angola ; *Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; *Forests ; Malawi ; South Africa ; Tanzania ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe ; }, abstract = {It is important to understand how species distributions will shift under climate change. While much focus has been on species tracking temperature changes in the northern hemisphere, changing precipitation patterns in tropical regions have received less attention. The aim of the study was to estimate the current distribution of wet and dry miombo woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa and to predict their distributions under different climate change scenarios. A maximum entropy method (Maxent) was used to estimate the distributions and for projections. Occurrence records of dominant tree species in each woodland were used for modeling, together with altitude, soil characteristics, and climate variables as the environmental variables. Modeling was done under all four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and three general circulation models. Three dominant tree species were used in models of dry miombo while seven were used for wet miombo. Models estimated dry miombo to cover almost the entire known distribution of miombo woodlands while wet miombo were estimated to predominate in parts of Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Future climate scenarios predict a drier climate in sub-Saharan Africa, and as a result, the range of dry miombo will expand. Dry miombo were predicted to expand by up to 17.3% in 2050 and 22.7% in 2070. In contrast, wet miombo were predicted to contract by up to - 28.6% in 2050 and - 41.6% in 2070. A warming climate is conducive for the proliferation of dry miombo tree species but unfavorable for wet miombo tree species.}, }
@article {pmid32417970, year = {2020}, author = {Zeydalinejad, N and Nassery, HR and Shakiba, A and Alijani, F}, title = {Prediction of the karstic spring flow rates under climate change by climatic variables based on the artificial neural network: a case study of Iran.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {192}, number = {6}, pages = {375}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-020-08332-z}, pmid = {32417970}, issn = {1573-2959}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Iran ; *Natural Springs ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Seasons ; Water Movements ; }, abstract = {Few studies have evaluated the impact of climate change on groundwater resources for a region with no pumping well. Indeed, the uncertainty of pumping wells may undesirably influence the results. Therefore, a region without any pumping well was selected to assess the impact of climate change on the karstic spring flow rates. NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) dataset was used to extract the climatic variables for the pr